MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL:

Data Management

Mr. Armando U. Miranda Jr., MATM 111 Instructor

BASIC STATISTICS
Introduction to Statistics
• Statistics itself came from the Latin
word “status” which means state.
• Data in statistics is always a result
of experiment, observation,
investigation and other means and
often appears as a numerical figure
and then evaluated to make it into
useful knowledge.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics – deals with the collection and
Types of Statistics presentation of data and collection of summarizing values to
describe its group characteristics.

 The most common summarizing values are the measure of

central tendency and variation.
Descriptive Inferential  Inferential Statistics – deals with the predictions and
Statistics Statistics inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the
results of the information gathered by the statistician.

 Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics

are the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square, and
Pearson r.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
Data can be classified into major groupings namely:

Quantitative Data Qualitative Data

(Numerical) (Categorical)

Discrete Continuous

Interval Ratio Nominal Ordinal

 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
Variable – a numerical
Nominal
characteristic or attribute Categorical
(qualitative)
associated with the Ordinal
population being studied.
Variable
They are further classified
as categorical or Discrete
Numerical
qualitative and numerical (quantitative)
Continuous
or quantitative.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
Discrete variables – values
obtained by counting.
Continuous variables –
values obtained by
measuring, all of which
cannot be put into a list
because they can have any
value in some interval of
real numbers.
BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
a) Nominal – classifies
elements into two or
more categories or
classes, the numbers
indicating that the
elements are different
but not according to
order or magnitude
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
b) Ordinal – a scale
that ranks individual in
terms of the degree to
which they possess a
characteristic of
interest.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
c) Interval – in addition to
ordering scores from high to
low, it also establishes a
uniform unit in the scale so
that any equal distance
between two scores is of
equal magnitude. There is
no absolute zero in this
scale.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Division of Statistics
d) Ratio – in
addition to being
an interval scale, it
also has an
absolute zero.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Population and Sample
Population – defined as groups of
people, animals, places, things or
ideas to which any conclusions
based on characteristics of a sample
will be applied.
Sample – a subgroup of the
population.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Parameter and Statistic
Parameter – a numerical
measure that describes a
characteristic of the
population.
Statistic – numerical
measure that is used to
describe a characteristic of a
sample.
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