HANOI STAR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL  ADVANCED ENGLISH

Name:……………………………………………. CLASS: …… Week: …….
Class:………………………………...…………… Date: ……./……/2020

ESSAY WRITING
Four Major Types of Essays
Distinguishing between types of essays is simply a matter of determining the writer’s goal. Does the writer want to tell about a personal
experience, describe something, explain an issue, or convince the reader to accept a certain viewpoint? The four major types of essays
address these purposes:
1. Narrative Essays: Telling a Story 
In a narrative essay,
essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. While telling a story may sound easy to do, the narrative essay
challenges students to think and write about themselves. When writing a narrative essay, writers should try to involve the reader by
making the story as vivid as possible. The fact that narrative essays are usually written in the irst person helps engage the reader. “I”
sentences give readers a feeling of being part of the story. A well-crafted narrative essay will also build towards drawing a conclusion or
making a personal statement.
2. Descriptive Essays: Painting a Picture
A cousin of the narrative essay, a descriptive essay paints
essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even
memory of special signiicance. However, this type of essay is not description for description’s sake. The descriptive essay strives to
communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of
colorful words and sensory details. The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative.

3. Expository Essays: Just the Facts

essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer
The expository essay is
explains or deines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such
as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Because expository essays are based
on facts and not personal feelings, writers don’t reveal their emotions or write in the irst person.
4. Persuasive/ Discursive Essays:
Discursive Essays: Convince Me
While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is
essay is to convince the reader to accept the
writer’s point of view or recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and

sound reasoning.
equivocation whyThe writerposition
a certain should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without
is correct.

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DISCURSIVE  ESSAY

TYPES Opinion Essay Balanced-argument Essay questions Essay

Two questions  Essay
(For and against)
What is your opinion? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages Problem and solution

Do you agree or disagree…..? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages Cause and solution
and give your own opinion
To what extent do you agree or Opinion and solution
disagree….? Discuss both points of view and give your
Question
opinion
words
Do the advantages outweigh the
disadvantages? Discuss.

Computers are being used more and Computers are being used more and more Alcohol abuse is becoming more and
more in education and so there will in education. Some people say that this is a more common in many countries.
soon be no role for the teacher in positive trend, while others argue that it is
Example education. leading to negative consequences. What are some of the problems
question associated with alcohol abuse? And
words To what extent do you agree or Discuss both sides of this argument and what are some of the possible
disagree? then give your own opinion. solutions?

Rephrase question Rephrase question This essay discusses Rephrase question

[both sides + opinion]

State your opinion Without stating your opinion. This essay discusses [problem and
Intro solution]……
(how much agree/disagree)
agree/disagree)

Para 1: reason 1. Para 1: advantages/for: 1.2.3 Problems: 1,2,3....

Body
Para 2: reason 2. Para 2: disadvantages/against:
disadvantages/against: 1.2.3 Solutions: 1,2,3....

Para 3: reason 3. Note: keep your own self “I think” and Prob 1+solution1

opinion out of
what people inthe body.may
general It is think.
only about

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Para 4: Counter argument (optional) Prob 2+solu 2

 Summary Opinion State that both are important/has Summary of problems and solutions
merits (rephrased)Opinion/recommendation
Conclusion  Opinion/recommenda
Opinion/recommendation
tion
State which one is more important/better

 A discursive essay
essay

A discursive essay is
essay is a piece of formal writing which discusses a particular issue, situation or problem.
There are three main types of discursive essays.
essays.

I. For and against essays present

essays present both sides of an issue,
i ssue, discussing points in favour of a particular topic as well as those against, or the
advantages and disadvantages of a particular question. Each point should be supported by justiications, examples, and/or reasons. The
writer's own opinion should be presented only in the inal paragraph.
II. Opinion essays present
essays present the writers personal opinion concerning the topic, clearly stated and supported by reasons and/or examples.
The opposing viewpoint and reason should be included in a separate paragraph before the closing one, together with an argument that
shows it is an unconvincing viewpoint. The writer's opinion should be included in the introduction, and summarized/restated in the
conclusion.
problems,, in which the problem(s) associated with a particular issue or situation are analysed and
III. Essays suggesting solutions to problems
possible solutions are put for-ward, together with any expected results/consequences. The writer's opinion may be mentioned, directly
or indirectly, in the introduction and/or conclusion.

 A good discursive
discursive essay should cconsist
onsist of:
a) an introductory paragraph in which you clearly state the topic to be discussed;
b) a main body, in which points are clearly stated in separate paragraphs and exempliied or justiied
c) a closing paragraph summarising the main points of the essay, in which you stale/restate your opinion, and/or give a balanced
consideration of the topic.

Points to consider
• Present each point in a separate paragraph. A well-developed paragraph contains a clear topic sentence, which summaries the
contents of the paragraph, as well as a clear justiication, explanation or example in support of the point presented.
• Well-known quotations (e.g. As writer Somerset Maugham once said, 'It is bad enough to know the past; it would be intolerable to
know the future."). rhetorical questions (e.g. If people today are not concerned enough about tomorrow, will the future still be there for

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man?) or thought-provoking statements (e.g. The fact is mat one's future is what one makes it. There is no such thing as chance.) are
useful devices to make your composition more interesting.
• Before you begin writing, you should always make a list of the points you will present.
• Do not use informal style (e.g. contracted forms, colloquial language, etc) or very strong language (e.g. I know. I am sure…)

words/phrases  to show the links between paragraph, as well as to link sentences within paragraphs.
Use appropriate linking words/phrases to

Topic sentence
Many people, however, prefer living in lats because they feel safer.
Justiication
With increasing crime rates, people are afraid to live in a house, as they feel more vulnerable to burglars and other criminals. Therefore,
they prefer the feeing of security that the proximity of neighbouring lats offers them.

Formal style
• Discursive essays are written in formal style.
style.

This means you should use:

-passive voice, impersonal constructions
(e.g. It is argued that It Is a common belief that…)
- a range of advanced vocabulary (verbs, adjectives, abstract nouns, etc)
(e.g. heated debate concerning the controversial issue…)

-formal linking words/phrases (e.g. furthermore, however, nonetheless)

- complex sentences with a variety of links, dependent clauses, etc (e.g. Although it is widely accepted that compulsory military service,
which provides an army with abundant manpower, is beneicial to a country's ability to defend itself, closer analysis of military
eficiency suggests that it is advanced weaponry which plays a crucial role in…)
- inversion, especially in conditionals
(e.g. Were this true, we would…; Never has this been more obvious…)

-Use more N than V

You should not use.

-short forms (e.g. I'm, It’s) except when these are part of a quotation
-colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, idioms

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(e.g. lots of, put up with, be over the moon about…)

- simplistic vocabulary (e.g. Experts say they think this is bad….)
- a series of short sentences (e.g. Many people think so. They are wrong.)
- simple linking words (e.g. and, but, so) except for variety

Beginning and Ending Discursive Essays

In the irst paragraph, you should state the topic and/or your opinion, and you may include one or more of the following techniques.
• Make reference to an unusual or striking idea/scene/situation e.g.
idea/scene/situation  e.g. Imagine millions of people coming home from school or work
every day to sit staring at a wall for four hours.
• Address the reader
reader direct
directly  e.g. You may think this is an exaggeration. and/or ask a rhetorical question. e.g. Have you ever wondered
ly e.g.
what the world would be like without cars?
• Start with a quotation or thought-provoking statement 
statement ,, e.g. "Television is an invention
i nvention that permits you to be entertained in your
living room by people you wouldn't have in your home." David Frost once said.

In the last paragraph, you should state your opinion and/or give a balanced consideration of the topic, and you may iinclude
nclude one or more
of the following techniques.
• Finish with a quotation
• Ask a rhetorical
rhetorical quest
question
ion
• Give the reader something to consider e.g.
consider  e.g. Perhaps then people will re-discover what It is like to actually communicate with each
other.

Useful Tips for Discursive Essays

• When writing a discursive essay, you should:

- use formal, impersonal style
- use topic sentences to introduce the subject of each paragraph
- write well-developed paragraphs, giving reasons/examples
- use generalisations (e.g. ln most developed countries, education…)
- use sequencing (e.g. First/ly, Second/ly, etc) and linking words/phrases (e.g. however, although, etc)
- make references to other sources (e.g. Experts have proved that…)

- use quotations, either word-for-word or in paraphrase, being careful to identify the source (e.g. As Winston Churchill said,”…)

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• You should not:

-use short forms, informal/colloquial language, etc
- use very emotional language (e.g. I absolutely detest people who…)
- express personal opinions too strongly (e.g. I know…); instead, use milder expressions (e.g. It seems to me that…)
- use over-generalisation (e.g. All politicians are…)
- refer blindly to statistics without accurate reference to their source (e.g. "A recent study showed…" - which study?)
- use cliches (e.g. Rome was not built in
i n a day.)
- use personal examples (e.g. In my school…)

PRACTICE

1: Look at the essay plans below for the three types of discursive essays, then say what features the plans have in
EXERCISE 1: 
common and how each plan differs from the others.

For and against essay

Introduction
Paragraph 1
state topic (without stating your opinion)
Main body
Paragraphs 2 - 3
arguments for & justiications, examples or reasons
Paragraphs 4-5
arguments against & justiications, examples or reasons

Conclusion
Final Paragraph
balanced consideration or opinion

Opinion essay
Introduction
Paragraph 1
state the topic and your opinion

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Main body
Paragraphs 2 - 4
viewpoints & reasons/ examples
Paragraph 5
opposing viewpoint  and
 and reason/example

Conclusion
Final Paragraph
summarise/restate your opinion

Solutions to Problems Essay

Introduction
Paragraph 1
state the problem and its cause(s)/effect(s)

Main body
Paragraphs 2 - 5
suggestions & results

Conclusion
Final Paragraph
summarise your opinion

EXERCISE 2 Look at the essay topics below, and say whether each topic asks for a "for and against" essay, an opinion essay or
an essay suggesting solutions to problems. Then, choose two of the topics and make a list of the points you would include in an
essay on each topic.
1 "Animals should be treated with the same respect as humans." Do you agree with this view?
2 "The generation gap is one which cannot be bridged." Discuss.
3 Do you believe that equality for women means that women should also do such things as military service?
4 "One language spoken worldwide would lead to better international relations." Discuss.
5 Genetic engineering poses a number of worrying problems, both moral and practical. Discuss some of these problems and suggest
what could be done to overcome them.

6
7 "Celebrities should be
"Fear and ignorance allowed
are tocauses
the root keep their private
of racial lives private,
hatred." Discuss without the invasion
this statement of the
and offer media."
some Discuss.
possible solutions to the problem of
racial prejudice.

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8 "The motion picture industry is threatening to destroy culture and tradition." Do you agree?
9 "Too much money is spent on sport when it could be used to help the poor." What are your views on this issue?
10 What are the advantages and disadvantages of our ever-increasing use of computer technology?

EXERCISE 3 Match the following beginnings 1-3 and endings A,B,C. Then, say which technique has been used in each.  Refer
each. Refer
to beginnin
beginning
g and ending discursive essays.
1 You may live in a comfortable house in a clean neighbourhood with all the amenities. You would probably not be so lucky in one of the
cities where urban growth has been allowed to get completely out of control. This problem is virtually destroying a number of large
cities, particularly in developing countries, and a solution must be found before it is too late.

2 "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" is the biblical phrase we use to refer to capital punishment, the killing of criminals in order to
punish them for their crimes. But whether the neat balance suggested by the phrase is relected by the actual practice is a moot point,
and whether one human has the right to kill another in any circumstances remains a much-debated question.

3 While most people agree that a woman has the right to work as a heavy-machine operator and a man to become a midwife, is this
supposed open-mindedness being put into practice? There is plenty of evidence to suggest that workers are still being judged by their
gender and not by their skills, and this is a situation which needs to be dealt with.

A On the whole, I believe that those cities suffering as a result of urban growth could solve their problems, given inancial support. Sadly,
however, the chances of this happening are slight, especially in developing countries. Should we not, therefore, be thinking about
encouraging people to return to rural areas in order to shift the balance of populations?

B To sum up, gender should not be an issue

i ssue in any workplace, since a powerfully-built female is just as capable of hard manual labour as
a kind and gentle male is of childcare. The only obstacles are those which exist in our own minds; as the American therapist Dr F. S. Perls
once said, "We have to lose our minds to come to our senses."

C All in all, it is easy to understand the reasons behind the continued existence of capital punishment in a number of countries, in spite of 
this, however, I cannot personally condone it, since to my mind the act itself is simply legalised murder, the ultimate crime.

EXERCISE 4 Read the two models and give reasons why model A is good and model B is bad.  Refer to Useful Tips.
bad. Refer
"Money is not the most important thing in life." Discuss.

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A) Money is certainly something which is often discussed in today's world. Hardly a day goes by without the subject of money being
raised in most people's lives. However, it is highly debatable whether it is more important
i mportant than other considerations, such as health and
happiness, which some people consider to be of greater signiicance.
si gniicance.

To begin with, it is often argued that having money enables people to exert inluence over others. Wealthy businessmen, for example, are
often the most highly respected members of society, and business tycoons are often consulted by world leaders, who then make policies
which affect the whole population. As a consequence, money can be seen as the single most important factor in daily life.
Secondly, from the point of view of the individual, money is vital for survival. Western society is structured in such a way that, without
money; people are deprived of the means to obtain proper nutrition and health care. Furthermore, in some cases where state beneits
are inadequate, the inability to pay heating bills
bi lls can indeed become a matter of life and death. This is clearly illustrated by the fact that,
according to Social Services, the majority of deaths due to hypothermia each winter occur among low-income groups.

On the other hand, many people claim that one of the factors in which is undoubtedly of greater importance than money is health. Izaak
Walton said, health is "a blessing that money cannot buy.” What is more, money is of little consolation to those who are suffering from
health problems. Despite the fact that money can pay for the best medical care available, this is no guarantee of a longer life.
In addition, most people would agree that personal happiness easily outweighs money in importance. Even if an individual extremely
rich, this does not necessarily lead to happiness. In some cases, the contrary is true and vast wealth brings with it a whole range of
problems and insecurities. Genuine happiness cannot be bought and is usually independent of inancial status.

On the whole, although there are those who would rank money the single most important thing in life, the vast majority would disagree.
Money, they argue, has an important part to play but perhaps the world would be a more harmonious place to live in if this were kept in
proportion and society put more emphasis on moral issues.

B) In recent years life has greatly improved. The standard of living is higher and all people can afford to buy things they couldn't in the
past. I truly believe that life today is better and many things make people happy.

To begin with, unless people are healthy; a person's life is unbearable and not worth living. When my father was seriously ill in hospital,
I clearly remember how nothing else mattered to any of us, and we then learnt that the people we love are more important than money.

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Then there's the question of your boyfriend or girlfriend. I don't think it matters if they're rich - although it would be nice! What more
important is whether you see eye to eye. I once went out with a really rich guy bi we didn't get on and I inished with him. This shows
that money isn't everything.

Also, statistics show that different people can be unhappy. Rich people can be just as unhappy as poor people. So why do some people
always say that money is everything? I know they're wrong to think that. Money can't buy happiness.
But it's nice to live a life of luxury. Why take the bus when you can take a taxi? And why not send your children to the best schools and
pay for the best doctors? There's no doubt about it, it's a good feeling being rich and powerful.

So, money is great - while it lasts! But you can't beat having a good time. So if you've got money, make the most of it and if you're happy,
enjoy yourself.

5 Read the following excerpts and ind examples of each of the features of formal and informal style.
EXERCISE 5 

EXCERPT A
A matter of considerable controversy at present is the issue of whether works of art should remain in their country of origin, or rather
the owners of such works should be allowed to sell them to collectors abroad, thus depriving the country's population of a vital part of
its cultural heritage. Strong arguments exist in support of both sides of this debate, which implies that it is worth examining both points
of view before reaching any conclusions.

Should such sales be permitted, it is argued that the country of origin would lose pieces of art which rightfully belong where they were
created. In addition, works of art which were created to be viewed in a certain setting, or as part of a particular structure, lose a great
deal of their artistic impact when removed from this context. Venus de Milo, an ancient statue of Aphrodite is a clear case in point: this
conspicuous example of the Hellenistic sculptural tradition, carved in 150 BC and found on the Aegean island of Melos in 1820, is now
decorating nothing more inspiring than a room at the Louvre Museum in Paris …

EXCERPT B
People argue a lot nowadays about whether or not works of art from one country should be sold to another, don't think they should be.
If they are then the people in the country of origin lose out on the chance to see stuff that really belongs to them. This just isn't right. It's
a problem, too, when you see works of art in the wrong place. I mean the Parthenon friezes look boring the way they show them in the
British Museum. That's just not where they belong. But if you could see them on the Parthenon, they'd look great…

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OPINION ESSAY 
Computers are a necessity. Do you agree or disagree? Support your opinion with arguments and examples.
Computers play an important role in the lives of most of us today, whether we realize it or not. Some people, however, are beginning to ask if we

really need them. In my opinion, computers have become a necessary part of modern life.

In the irst place, computers can save a lot of storage space. Storing information on computer disks is one of the most eficient ways of keeping data.
One computer disk can hold the same amount of information as several books.

Furthermore, computers save everyone a lot of valuable time. Stored information can be found at the touch of a button, whereas searching for it 
manually takes much longer. Therefore,
Therefore, our every-day lives are made easier - from going to the bank to doing the shopping.

Nevertheless, there are those who claim that computers are unnecessary and make our lives more complicated. They argue that in the past we
managed very well using other methods and that we have become too dependent on computers. However, they fail to consider that the time saved
by using computers for repetitive tasks enables us to use our own time more creatively and productively.

All in all, I strongly believe that computers are a useful tool. They have changed our lives for the better and there is no reason why we should not 

make them work to our advantage.

 Answer the following

following True /F
/False
alse statements.
statements.
(i) All viewpoints are given in one paragraph.
(ii) The writer's opinion is presented in the irst paragraph only.
(iii) Viewpoints should be linked with sequence words.
(iv) The opposing viewpoint should never be stated.
(v) 
(v) Each viewpoint is supported by a reason.
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(vi) A topic sentence summarizes each paragraph.

FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY 

 Should mobile phones be bann
banned
ed in schools? Discuss.

In the last few years there has been an explosion in the use of new communications technologies, including mobile phones; it is estimated
that over 70% of young people aged 10–14 now own one. Considerable debate has taken place in the press recently as to whether pupils should be
allowed to take their mobile phones into school.

No one can deny the positive beneits of children communicating freely with each other,
other, and pupils argue that using a mobile phone to talk to
or text-message their friends is simply one way of doing this, using new technology. Many parents are in favor too, and like the reassurance of 
knowing their child can be safer and more independent
independent if they have a mobile phone, since they can contact them at any time if necessa
necessary.
ry. They cite

potential risks faced by some children travelling alone.

However, schools point out that carrying a mobile phone could in itself make a child more vulnerable
vulnerable to theft or mugging, both on the street 
and even in the playground. Police igures conirm that a high proportion of crimes committed against young people involv
involve
e thefts of mobile
phones. Schools are concerned, moreover,
moreover, that allowing pupils to bring their mobiles to school could create a competitive atmosphere amongst 
children and result in some children
children feeling left out and unvalued. In addition, they claim that pupils’ education
education would be affected by the distraction
of phones ringing in class.

Some doctors fear that children using mobiles could suffer

suffer long-term brain damage. Until this is disproved, it would seem that schools might 
best protect their pupils from this and other problems by making them leave their mobile phones at home.

Question: Some people think that it is better to educate boys and girls in separate schools. Others, however, believe that boys and girls
beneit more from attending mixed schools. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

It is argued by some that students would beneit more when they attend single-sex schools.
schools . In my opinion, however, it would be better for
them to enter mixed-gender education.
education.

On the one hand, the primary reason why some people support single-gen
single-gender
der educatio
educationn would be students’ better academic results.
results.
When boys and girls are taught separately, there is little chance for early relationships.
relationships. This is considered as one of the most distracting
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 for teenage and adolescent students. Without worrying about these distractions, students might be able to concentrate more on their
problems for
problems on  their
study, and therefore, might get higher grades than
grades  than those at co-ed schools.
schools. Despite this being true to some extent, having no interaction with the
with  the
opposite sex will cause these students a lot of troubles later in life, especially in their careers.

On the other hand, I would argue that mixed-sex education is

education is a better option because students are better prepared for their
for  their future jobs.
Nowadays, it is almost impossible to ind a company where there is only male or female staff. Therefore, those who graduate from single- sex
schools, despite their higher academic results,
results, might ind it hard to work collaboratively with their
with their colleagues of the opposite sex. By contrast,
people from mixed schools might easily cooperate with their
with their opposite-gender partners since they have learned how to communicate and
with opposite-sex classmates during their time at school.
interact effectively with opposite-sex

In conclusion, although some people think that it is more beneicial to send students to single- sex schools, I personally believe that mixed-
gender education brings more beneits for students.
for students.
(257 words, Band 8.5)

In order to solve trafic problems, governments should tax private car owners heavily and use the money to improve public transportation.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution? 

(Topic) Trafic problems in many cities around the world are becoming more and more serious. (Background Information) One
Information) One possible solution
to this problem is to impose heavy taxes on car drivers and use this money to make public transport better. (Mentioning the areas covered in the
 Such a measure has its own advantages and disadvantages.
body) Such
body)

(Topic sentence 1) It is clear that imposing heavy taxes on car drivers has some noteworthy positive effects. (Supporting idea 1) One
1) One of the irst 
beneits of such a measure is that the heavy taxes would discourage car owners from using their cars because it would become very expensive to
drive.
drive. This would mean that they would
would begin to make use of public
public transport
transport instead,
instead, thus redu
reducing
cing traf
trafic
ic probl
problems
ems and pollution
pollution as
well. (Supporting idea 2) Another beneit would be that much more use would be made of public transport if it were improved. It is often the case
that public transport in cities is very poor. For example, we often see old buses and trains that people would rather not use. High taxes could
generate enough money to make the necessary changes.

(Topic sentence 2) Nevertheles

Nevertheless,
s, there are drawbacks to such a solution. (Supporting idea 1) First and foremost, this might be a heavy burden on
the car drivers. At present, taxes are already high for a lot of people, and so further taxes would only mean less money at the end of the month for
most people who may have no choice but to drive every day. (Supporting idea 2) In 2) In addition, this type of tax would likely to be set at a ixed
amount. This would mean that it would hit those with less money harder, whilst the rich could likely afford it. It is therefore not a fair tax.

To conclude, this solution is worth considering to improve the current situation, but there are advantages and disadvantages of introducing such a
policy.
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(277 words - band 8)

PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS ESSAY 

The internet has transformed the way information is shared and consumed, but it has also created problems that did not exist before.
What are the most serious problems associated with the internet and what solutions can you suggest? 
Model Answer

The enormous growth in the use of the internet over the last decade has led to radical changes to the way that people consume and share
information. Although serious problems have arisen as a result of this, there are solutions.

One of the irst problems of the internet is the ease with which children can access potentially dangerous sites. For example, pornography sites are

easily accessible
development, to them
which becauseimpact
is a negative they can
for register withand
the children a site
forand claim
society. to be an
Another adult.
major There is
problem is no
thedoubt that
growth this affects
of online fraudtheir thoughts
and hacking. and
These
days, there are constant news stories about government and company websites that have been hacked, resulting in sensitive information falling into
the hands of criminals.

It is important that action is taken to combat these problems. Governments should ensure that adequate legislation and controls are in place that 
will prevent young people from accessing dangerous sites, such as requiring more than simply conirming that you are an adult to view a site.
Parents also have a part to play. They need to closely monitor the activities of their children and restrict their access to certain sites, which can now
be done through various computer programs. Companies must also improve their onsite IT security systems to make fraud and hacking much more
dificult by undertaking thorough reviews of their current systems for weaknesses.

To conclude, the internet is an amazing technological innovation that has transformed people’s lives, but not without negative impacts. However,
with the right action by individuals, governments and businesses, it can be made a safe place for everyone.