14 Oscillations: Level - I

Level - I
Chapter 14
Oscillations
Solutions (Set-1)
SECTION - A
1. Answer (2)
10  2  
vmax = A =   m/s
100  2  10
2. Answer (4)
U = 2x2 – 6x
U  3
 F=  = –4x + 6 = –4  x    k = 4
x  2
1 k 2
So, f =  .
2 m 
3. Answer (2)
l
T = 2
g
1.44 l
T = 2  1.2 T
g
0.2T  100
% change =  20%
T
4. Answer (2)
M 2 2 
T = 2  2   s
2k 100  2 10 5
K K
M
5. Answer (3)
R 6400  103
T  2  2  2  800 s
g 10
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2 Oscillations Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level-I)
2  800
 hours
3600
4
 hours
9
6. Answer (4)
 3
 or
4 4
x = –A x=0 A x= A
x
2
3  
   
4 4 2
7. Answer (4)
2A = a0
a0
Or,  
A
a0
Vmax  A  A  a0 A
A
8. Answer (2)
l
T  2
g
l
T  2
2g
So, l = 2l
9. Answer (1)
A T
Time required to travel from x  A to x  is .
2 6
10. Answer (1)
y = 5sin(t + 4) = 5sint
A=5m
2
  T 2 s
T
11. Answer (3)
logx is a non-periodic function.
12. Does not
13. Periodic
 2 
14.  
 

15.
2
T
16.
2
Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) (Level-I) Oscillations 3
17. No, it is a circular and periodic motion but not to and fro about a mean position, which is essential for SHM.
18. The condition is not sufficient as it gives no reference to the direction of acceleration, whereas in S.H.M, the
acceleration is always in a direction opposite to that of displacement.
19. Effective value of acceleration due to gravity decreases
l
g '  g  a and T  . so, time period increases.
g
20. Total energy of bob in simple pendulum remains constant.
21. Yes, as it is periodic as well as oscillatory.
22. The time period remains same.
23. This is due to resonant vibrations.
24. No.
25. No, as there exists a state of weightlessness in an artificial satellite.
26. Due to increase in value of g, time period shall decrease. So, the pendulum will vibrate faster.
1
27. Total energy of the bob of a simple pendulum is given by E  m2a 2 i.e. E  a2
2
2
E1 a12  1  1
  2    .
E2 a2  2  4
4 2 x 4 2 x
28. Acceleration, a  2 x    
T2 3 3T 2
29. y = sint – cost
 
 sin t  sin  t  
 2
   
 t  t  2   t  t  2 
 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
   
  
 2sin  t   cos
 4  4
2    
 sin  t    2 sin  t  
2  4  4
2
 Time period, T 

30. Maximum energy, E  1 m2 r 2 where r is the amplitude

2
PE at a distance x from the mean position is
1 1
PE = m2 x 2  E
2 2
1 1
 m2 x 2  m2 r 2
2 4
r
or x  
2
31. (i) Acceleration of a particle executing S.H.M. is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle.
(ii) Acceleration and displacement of the particle are directed in opposite directions.
32. Amplitude, r = 10 cm = 10 × 10–2 m
k 100
  5 rad s–1
m 4
Using x = r sint

x  10  102 sin5t m 
33. As the particle moves from A to Q in anticlockwise direction, the velocity of the projection is towards O i.e.,
along negative X-axis. So, sign of the velocity will be negative.
34. Consider the spring be made of combination of two springs in series each of spring constant k. The effective
spring constant k is given by
1 1 1 2
   or k = 2K
K k k k
Time period of vibration of a body attached to the end of this spring,
m m 2m
T = 2  2  2 ...(i)
K (k / 2) k
When the spring is cut into two pieces, the spring constant = k. Time period of vibration of a body attached
m
to the end of this spring, T '  2 ...(ii)
k
T' 1 T
From (i) and (ii)  ; or T ' 
T 2 2
35. If amplitude of motion is made large,  is large. In that case, sin , restoring torque will not be linear, so
motion will not remain SHM but will become oscillatory. If angular amplitude is 0, time period will be
given as
L 1  
T = 2 1  sin2 0  ... 
g  22 2 
L  02 
 2  1  
g  16 
1 1
36. KE, K  mv 2  m2 (a 2  x 2 )
2 2
1
PE, U = m2 x 2
2
K a2  x 2
so 
U x2
L
37. T = 2
g
gT2 9.8  22
L=   0.99 m.
4 2  22 
2
4 
 7 
38. a = 5 cm, T = 2 s, t = 1 s, v = ?
v = a cost
2 2
= a cos t
T T
52  2  1
= cos
2 2
= –5 cm/s
R = mg'
a
39. (a) R – Mg = Ma R = M (g + a)
mg
g = g + a
L 1
T  2 T  , so, T decreases.
g g
R = mg'
(b) mg – R = ma R = m (g – a) g’ = g – a
a
mg
1
T  so, T increases
g
L
40. T  2
g
In both cases, T is same  L  g
1
On the moon, acceleration due to gravity is one-sixth of that on the Earth, so the required length = m.
6
41. (a) At x = 0, the system is at its mean position, so, total energy is kinetic. Thus, KE at x = 0 is equal to
total energy i.e., (4 + 2) J or 6 J.
(b) It follows from the symmetry considerations that the elastic potential energy at x = –1.5 cm will be the
same as elastic potential energy at x = +1 .5 cm, i.e., 2 J.
(c) At x = – xm, total energy is potential,
So, PE at x = – xm is (4 + 2) J = 6 J.
1 2 1
42. (1) KE = kx   6  105 (4  102 )2  480 J
2 2
(2) Minimum PE = 600 – 480 = 120 J.
43. If the sign of the force term is changed, the force and hence acceleration will not be opposite to displacement.
So, the body will not oscillate but it will be accelerated in the direction of displacement. So, the motion will
become a linearly accelerated motion.
44. Periodic motion–is that motion which is repeated identically after a fixed internal of time e.g., revolution of
Earth around the Sun is a periodic motion with a period of revolution of one year.
Oscillatory motion–is that motion in which a body moves to and fro about a fixed point (called mean or
equilibrium position) in a definite internal of time e.g. motion of pendulum of a wall clock.
45. Simple harmonic motion is a special type of periodic motion in which a particle moves to and fro repeatedly
about a mean (i.e., equilibrium) position under action of a restoring force, which is always directed towards
the mean position and whose magnitude at any instant is directly proportional to the displacement of the
particle from the mean position at that instant.
B A
–a O P +a
x
Consider a particle executing SHM along x-axis between A and B with O as the mean position. OA = +a,
OB = – a. Let at an instant t, the particle be at P, where OP = x, which is displacement of the particle from
the mean position. The restoring force, F = – kx where k is the force constant. Negative sign shows that the
restoring force is always directed towards the mean position.
h 0.5 1
46. T  2  2  3.14   6.28   1.4 s
g 10 20
2 2  22
Angular frequency,     4.49 s1
T 7  1.4
47.
Q1
y
P P1 2y
y
Q
h
Consider a liquid of density , contained in a vertical U tube of uniform area of cross-section A. In equilibrium
position, let P and P1 be the levels of liquid in the two limbs and L be the total length of liquid column from
P to P1.
Mass of the liquid in U tube, m = LA ( is density of liquid)

Let the liquid in left limb of U tube be depressed from P to Q by a small distance y i.e., PQ = y liquid level
in right limb rises from P1 to Q1 by same distance y i.e., P1Q1 = y. This is due to the small pressure difference
maintained between the two columns.
The difference of levels of liquid in two limbs of U tube is QQ1 = 2y
The weight of the liquid column of length 2y in U tube will provide a restoring force to mercury.
 Restoring force on liquid , F = – (weight of liquid column of height 2y)
or F = – (2yA)g = – (2A g)y ...(i)
From equation (i), we note that F  y and F is directed towards equilibrium position. Hence, if pushing force
is removed from the mercury column in U tube (i.e., when the suction pump is removed) it will start executing
linear SHM in U tube with equilibrium position as mean position.
In S.H.M. the restoring force F = –ky ...(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii), we have
Spring factor, k = 2Ag
Here, inertia factor, m = mass of liquid = LA
inertia factor
Periodic time, T = 2
springfactor
LA
= 2
2 Ag
L
T = 2 ...(iii)
2g
1 1 2g
Frequency,  
T 2 L
If h is the height of undisturbed mercury in each limb above the base of U tube, then L = 2h
2h h
 T  2  2 ...(iv)
2g g
From (iv), we find that time period does not depend upon the area of cross-section of the U tube, density of
liquid but depends upon the length of the liquid column and acceleration due to gravity.
48. X Y
y
l
l
(Figure)
Consider a cylinder of mass m, length L, density of material  and uniform area of cross-section A. Therefore,
m = LA ...(i)
Let the cylinder be floating vertically in a liquid of density . In equilibrium position, let l be the length of the
cylinder dipping in the liquid shown by position X in figure. The upward thrust F1 acting on the cylinder,
according to Archimedes principle, will be equal to weight of the liquid displaced by length l of the cylinder.
So, F1 = (Al)g = Alg

Weight of cylinder acting downward = mg
As, cylinder is in equilibrium position,

mg = Alg
or m = Al ...(ii)
Let the cylinder be pushed down into the liquid through a small vertical distance y as shown by position Y in
figure in this position, the total upward thrust F2 acting on the cylinder is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the length ( + y) of the cylinder.
F2 = A(l + y)  g ...(iii)
Restoring force, F acting on the cylinder will be

F = – (F2 – mg).
= – [A (l + y)g –Ag]
= –Ayg
= –(Ag)y ...(iv)
Equation (iv) shown that the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement y and is directed towards
the equilibrium position of cylinder. If the applied force is removed, the cylinder is left free, it will start executing
linear SHM, about equilibrium position as mean position.
In SHM restoring force F = –ky ...(v)

Comparing (iv) and (v),
Spring factor, k = Ag
Inertia factor, m = Al
Inertia factor
 Periodic time, T = 2
Spring factor
AL
= 2
Ag
L
= 2 ...(vi)
g
Using m = Al,
Al  l
T = 2  2
Ag g
1 1 g
 Frequency,    ...(vii)
T 2 l
49. Consider a light and highly elastic massless spring AB of spring constant k suspended from a rigid support
at A, as shown in figure.
B B
B
l m l
C
C mg y
D m
mg
Figure (a) (b) (c)
The spring is unstretched and is in relaxed state. Let a body of mass m be attached to the lower end B of
the spring. The spring gets stretched and suffers an extension, BC = l figure (b). Let F1 be the restoring force
setup in the spring. Then
F1 = – kl ...(i)
Here, negative sign shows that the extension ‘l’ is directed downwards and restoring force F1 is directed
upwards. As the system is in equilibrium.
F1 + mg = 0 or F1 = –mg ...(ii)
mg
Hence, mg = kl or k  ...(iii)
l
Let the body be pulled downwards through a small distance CD = y(< l), figure (c). Now the total extension
in the spring is (l + y). If F2 is the restoring force in this position, then
F2 = –k (l + y) ...(iv)
The effective restoring force will be F = F2 – F1
= –k (l + y) – (– lk)
= –ky ...(v)
From equation (v), we note that F  y and F is directed towards equilibrium position. Hence, if the pull from
the suspended body is released, it will start executing SHM with C as mean position.
Here, spring factor = spring constant = k
Inertia factor = mass of body = m
inertia factor m m l
 Periodic time, T = 2 = 2 = 2 = 2
spring factor k mg / l g
1 1 g
Frequency,   
T 2 l
50. A body of weight mg is suspended by two springs in parallel combination as shown in figure. Let the body
be pulled downwards through a small distance y. If F1 and F2 are the restoring forces set up due to extension
of springs, then
F1 = – k1y
and F2 = –k2y
k1 k2
Total restoring force, F = F1 + F2 = – (k1 + k2)y
If K is the spring constant of this combination then restoring force m
F = – Ky mg
 K = k1 + k2
If the body is left free after pulling a little distance down, it will start executing S.H.M. of period T given by
Inertia factor
T = 2
Spring factor
m
= 2
K
m
= 2 ...(i)
k1  k2
1 1 k1  k2
Frequency,  =  ...(ii)
T 2 m
Special case, k1 = k2 = k, then K = k + k = 2k
m
T = 2
2k
1 2k
and  =
2 m
51. A body of weight mg is suspended at the free end of the two springs in series combinations, as shown in
figure. When the body is pulled downwards through a little distance y, the two spring suffer different extensions
say, y1 and y2. But the restoring force is same in each spring.
 F = – k1 y1 and F = –k2y2
F F
or y1   k and y 2   k k1
1 2
 Total extension, y = y1 + y2
k2
F F
= k k
1 2 m
mg
 k1  k2 
= F  
 k1k2 
 k1k2 
or F =  y
 k1  k2 
If K is the spring constant of series combination, then, F = –Ky
k1k2
 K
k1  k2
If the body is left free after pulling down, it will execute SHM of period
Inertia factor m m(k1  k2 )

T = 2 = 2 = 2
Spring factor K k1k2
1 1 k1k2
Frequency,  = T  2 m(k  k )
1 2
Special case : k1 = k2 = k
k k k
Then, K  
k k 2
2m
 T = 2
k
1 k
and  =
2 2m
52. A body of weight mg is connected in between the springs. When it is pulled to one side through a small
distance y, one spring gets compressed by length y and other spring gets stretched by length y. The restoring
force F1 and F2 setup in both the springs will act in the same direction, then,
F1 = –k1y and F2 = –k2y
Total restoring force, F = F1 + F2
= –k1y – k2y
= –(k1 + k2)y
If K is the spring constant of this combination of springs, then
F = –Ky
 K = k 1 + k2
If the body is left free after pulling down a little, it executes SHM of period
m
T = 2
k
m
= 2
k1  k2
1 1 k1  k2
Frequency,   
T 2 m
Special case : k1 = k2 = k
Then K = k + k = 2k
m
And T = 2
2k
53. Consider an air chamber of volume V with a long neck of uniform area of cross-section A, and a frictionless
ball of mass m fitted smoothly in the neck at position C. The pressure of air below the ball inside the
chamber = atmospheric pressure. Increase the pressure on the ball by a little amount p, so that the ball is
depressed to position D where CD = y
C y
D
V
Air
There will be decrease in volume and hence, increase in pressure of air inside the chamber. The decrease in
volume of air inside the chamber, V = Ay
Change in volume
Volumetric strain =
Original volume
Stress (or increase in pressure)

 Bulk modulus of elasticity, E =
Volumetric strain
p  pV
= 
Ay / V Ay
Here, –ve sign shows that increase in pressure will decrease the volume of air in the chamber.
EAy
p
V
Due to this excess pressure, the restoring force acting on the ball is
EAy EA2
F  pA   ,A  y ...(i)
V V
Since F  y and –ve sign shows that the force is directed towards equilibrium position. If the applied increased
pressure is removed from the ball, it will start executing linear SHM in the neck of chamber with C as the
mean position.
In SHM, the restoring force, F = –Ky ...(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii),
EA2
Spring factor, K 
V
Inertia factor = mass of ball = m
Inertia factor
Periodic time, T = 2
Spring factor
m
 2
EA2 / V
2 mV

A E
54. The pendulum has infinite length, so, the pendulum bob would travel along the arc of a circle of infinite radius
i.e., along a straight line path as shown. The direction of the Earth’s gravitational field is everywhere radially
towards the centre of the Earth.
mgcos x
 
mg
Re
So, the direction of the gravitational field changes along the arc.
G Me m
F  mg
Re2
x GMe m
Fx  F cos   F  x
Re Re3
The –ve sign indicates that the force is directed opposite to the displacement.
G Me m
Or Fx = – kx where k  is a constant.
Re3
Time period of a simple harmonic oscillator
m m
T = 2 k  2
GMe m / Re3
Re R
 2  2 e
GMe g
2
Re
55. To establish that the motion of the ball is SHM,
R
y
 d
g d  g  1  
 R 
R d 
 g  
 R 
g
or gd =  y where y = R – d
R
displacement
T = 2
acceleration
y
 2
gy / R
R
or T  2
g
6.37  106
T = 2 × 3.14 ×
9.8
 5058 s  84.3 minute
56. (a) When car is moving with constant velocity, there will be no change in time period and equilibrium position.
(b) When car is accelerating horizontally with acceleration ‘a’, effective acceleration due to gravity will be
g 2  a2 .
L
Time period will be T  2
g  a2
2
i.e., Time period T will decrease
a
Equilibrium position will not be vertical but will make an angle   tan1   to the vertical in a direction
g 
opposite to the acceleration.
(i) When pendulum is taken to moon, ‘g’ decreases and hence T will increase, so a clock based on simple
pendulum will go slow.
In case of (ii), (iii) and (iv) the value of g = 0
So, T will become infinity. That means the pendulum will not oscillate and will remain where it is left.
57. If the bob of simple pendulum has charge Q and is oscillating in a uniform electric field which is (i) in the
direction of g
QE
Electric force QE will support the weight mg and the effective acceleration due to gravity, g '  g 
m
L
So, time period T '  2 is less than the normal value.
QE
g
m
QE
(ii) If the electric force is opposite to weight effective acceleration due to gravity, g '  g  .
m
L
So, time period T '  2 , which is more than the normal value.
QE
g
m
(iii) If the electric force is perpendicular to the weight, then effective acceleration due to gravity,
g '  g 2  (QE / m )2 and time period
L
T '  2 and it will be less than the normal value.
g  (QE / m )2
2
58. Let the mercury be depressed by x in left arm of v-tube so it rises by x along the length of the tube in the
right arm of V tube. The restoring force to the mercury is provided by the pressure difference in the two arms.
 F = – (P)A ...(i)
Here P1 = h1g sin1 = (l – x)sin1 × gsin1
= (l – x)gsin21
(l  x )g
x
 (∵1  45º ) l l x l–x
2
x
h h h2
l+
h1
and P2 = (l + x) gsin22 1 = 45º 2 = 45º 1 2
(l  x )  g

2
 P = (P2 – P1)
g
 (l  x  l  x )
2
= gx
Hence, restoring force, F = –gAx
F gAx
 Acceleration of mercury column  a  
m m
But, m = lA
gAx g 
 a    x
lA l 
Hence, motion of mercury column is S.H.M.
x l
 T  2  2
a g
59.
Gas M
P A
h
x
Let the piston be displaced through distance x towards left, then volume decreases, pressure increases. If P
is increase in pressure and V is decrease in volume, then considering the process to take place gradually
(i.e., isothermal)
P1V1 = P2V2
 PV = (P + P) (V – V)
PV = PV + PV – PV –PV
PV – PV = 0 (neglecting PV)
P (Ah) = P(Ax)
Px
 P 
h
This excess pressure is responsible for providing the restoring force (F) to the piston of mass m,
PAx
Hence, F  PA 
h
Comparing with |F| = Kx
PA
k = M2 =
h
PA Mh
  T 
h PA
60. N N
N
mg
mg – Fmax
mg + Fmax
Upper extreme Equilibrium Lower extreme
2
 2
The maximum force acting on the body executing SHM is m2a  m(2 )2 a  30   2   0.1 N
 
 5 kgf and this force is towards the mean position.
The reaction of the force on the platform is away from the mean position. It reduces the weight of boy on upper
extreme i.e, net weight = 30 – 10 = 20 kgf
This force adds to weight at lower extreme position, i.e., net weight becomes = 30 + 10 = 40 kgf
 The reading of the weight recorded by spring balance fluctuates between 20 kgf and 40 kgf.
61. Let a rigid body be suspended from a fixed support. If constitutes a physical pendulum if it is capable of
swinging in a vertical plane about some axis passing through the fixed support.
o
l

l G'
G
mg
Let l = the separation between the point of suspension (O) and the centre of mass (G)
 = the angle through which it is displaced from the equilibrium position.
m = mass of the body
I = the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation.
Torque,  = –mgl(sin)
= (–mgl) (for small )
 mgl
Angular acceleration,      2 
I I
2 mgl
where  
I
2 I
 Time period, T   2
 mgl
SECTION - B
1. Answer (1)
k 2 2
2   
m 42 8
 2 
  
2 2 T 2 2
or, T  4 2 s
2. Answer (2)
2 kg
T  2
300 N/m
2
T  s
150
3. Answer (4)
Exponential function is not harmonic.
4. Answer (3)
At t = 1 s,
 
= 1 .
2 2
5. Answer (3)
2 = 9  2 = 3
2
T= s
3
6. Independent
7. 
8. 2s
9. Zero
10. Zero
11. 4A
12. They are equal.
13. It is simple harmonic with amplitude A2  B 2 .

14. 2f
15. f
16. It remains same.
17. Periodic motion.
18. Maximum PE = Max. KE
Minimum PE = Min. KE
19. Equivalent length of simple pendulum = distance between centre of ball and centre of bowl
=R–r
Rr
 Time period, T = 2
g
1
20. Total energy, E = m 2 a 2
2
a
When y = ,
2
m 2  a 2  y 2 
1
K.E., K =
2
1  y2 
= m 2a2  1  2 
2  a 
 1  3E
= E  1   
4 4
K
So,  3:4
E
21. The P.E. of a harmonic oscillator is maximum at extreme positions and KE is maximum at the mean position.
 1 
The maximum value of PE or KE = total energy   m 2a2 
 2 
22. (i) (a) Radial towards the point of suspension.
(b) Tangential towards the mean position.
(ii) No, the tension is
(a) Least at end points.
(b) Greatest at the mean position.
1 a2
KE 2
2
 2
m a  y 2
 a 2

p2
23.    p2  1
PE 1 2 2 a 2
m y
2 p2
24. f(t) = sin t + cos t
 1 1 
= 2 sin t  cos t 
 2 2 
  
= 2  sin t cos  cos t sin 
 4 4
 
= 2 sin  t  
 4
  
= 2 sin  t   2
 4 
  2   
= 2 sin    t  
    4 
2
This represents SHM with period .

25. x =  sin t +  cos t
Let  = r cos  and  = r sin 
x = r cos  sin t + r sin  cos t
= r sin (t + )
It is an equation of SHM, where amplitude is r.
 2 +  2 = r 2 cos2 + r 2 sin2 = r 2
Or r =  2  2
26. V =  A2  y 2
2 A2
= A2 
T 4
3 A
=
T
1
KE = mV 2
2
2
1  3 A 
= m
2  T 
3mA2  2
=
2T 2
27. (a) Vmax = a. If amplitude is halved, maximum velocity is also halved.
1
(b) Total energy E = m 2 a 2
2
1
If a is halved, E becomes times.
4
m
(c) T = 2 ; m and k do not change with the change in amplitude, so period of oscillation remains the
k
same.
28. Undamped simple harmonic oscillations : When a simple harmonic system oscillates with a constant
amplitude, which does not change with time, its oscillations are called undamped simple harmonic oscillations.
The variation of displacement x with time for undamped simple harmonic oscillations is shown in figure. The
1 2
total energy of the system remains constant and is independent of time. It is given by E = kx0 , where k
2
is force constant and x 0 is amplitude of oscillation. It shows that dissipative forces are not present e.g., the
bob of a simple pendulum in vacuum is displaced a little from its equilibrium position and let free.
x0

xO
t
29. Phase of a vibrating particle at any instant is a physical quantity which expresses completely the position
and direction of motion of the particle at that instant w.r.t. its mean position. It is measured in terms of fraction
of time period or fraction of 2 angle, which has elapsed since the vibrating particle has crossed its mean
position in positive direction.
30. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
KE and PE of a particle in SHM vary between zero and their maximum values.
The velocity of a particle executing SHM is zero at the extreme positions (It is a periodic function of time).
So, the kinetic energy (K) of such a particle is
1
K= mV 2
2
1
= m 2 A2 sin2  t  
2
1 2
= kA sin2  t    …(1)
2
This is also a periodic function of time, being zero when the displacement is maximum and maximum when
T
the particle is at the mean position. As the sign of v is immaterial in k, the period of k is .
2
The concept of potential energy is possible only for conservative forces. The spring force, F = –kx is a
conservative force with associated potential energy
1 2
U= kx …(2)
2
So, the PE of a particle executing SHM is,
1 2
U(x) = kx
2
1 2
= kA cos2  t    …(3)
2
T
So, PE of a particle executing SHM is also periodic, with period , being zero at the mean position and
2
maximum at the extreme displacements.
From equations (1) and (3),
The total energy, E of the system is,
E=U+K
1 2 1
= kA cos2  t     kA2 sin2  t   
2 2
=
1 2
2

kA cos2  t     sin2  t    
1 2
E= kA …(4)
2
The total mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator is thus independent of time as expected for motion under
any conservative force. The time and displacement dependence of PE and KE of a linear simple harmonic
oscillator are shown in figure.
Y Y E = K(x) + U(x)
E = K(t) + U(t) E
Energy 
E U(x)
Energy 
K
KE
U K(x)
X X' X
O T T –A O +A
2
(a) Time (t)  (b)
KE, PE and total energy as a function of time shown in (a) and displacement shown in (b) of a particle in
T
SHM. The KE and PE both repeat after a period . The total energy remains constant at all t or x.
2
31.
x
–A +A
x=0
Consider small oscillation of a block of mass m fixed to a spring, which is fixed to a rigid wall as shown in
figure. The block is placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. When it is pulled to one side and released, it
moves to and fro about a mean position. Let x = 0, indicates the position of the centre of the block when spring
is in equilibrium. Maximum and minimum displacements to the left and right of the mean position are marked
as – A and +A. When a spring is deformed, it is subject to a restoring force, whose magnitude is proportional
to the displacement and acts in opposite direction. This is known as Hooke's law. Displacement is supposed
to be small in comparison to the length of the spring. At any time t, if the displacement from the mean position
is x, the resting force acting on the block is F(x) = – kx. …(1)
The constant of proportionality k, is called the spring constant. Equation (1) is same as the force law for SHM.
So the system executes SHM.
k
= …(2)
m
Period, T of the oscillator is given by
m
T = 2 …(3)
k

Solutions (Set-2)
SECTION - A
1. Answer (4)
All the above definitions are true.
Hence answer is (4)
2. Answer (2)
x = 0.01 sin 100(t + 0.05)
Here  = 100 
2 2 1
T=   = 0.02 s
 100 50
3. Answer (2)
A swing is like a pendulum. So
l
T = 2
g
When the boy stands the C.O.M. will become higher. Thus ‘l’ will become shorter and so according to the
equation of time period. Time period will decrease.
4. Answer (2)
l
T
g
In a freely falling lift g = 0.

Hence, T = infinite.
5. Answer (4)
2 2
v =  A x
v1 = 3 m/s x1 = 4 m
v2 = 4 m/s x2 = 3 m
3 =  A2  42 ... (i)
4 =  A2  32 ... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
A = 5 m and  = 1 rad/s
6. Answer (3)
kold
old =
m
When divided into 3 parts the spring constant of smaller parts
 kfinal = 3kold
 final = 3 old
 = 2 
Hence final = 3 old  2  31
7. Answer (4)
The fourth option is a superposition of two S.H.M.'s will different frequencies and time periods.
Hence it is not a true S.H.M.
8. Answer (3)
If a particle is executing S.H.M.
a – 2x
Hence it is not uniform and depends on x rather than time.
Hence answer is (3).
9. Answer (2)
v = A cos (t + )
and a = – A2 sin (t + )
∵ cos(t + + /2) = – sin (t + )
a = A2 cos (t + + /2)
Hence velocity lags /2 with acceleration.
10. Answer (2)
v2 v2 x2
2
v =  A x
2
 x 2  A2   1
2 2 A2 A2
This is the equation of an ellipse.
Hence answer is (2)
11. Answer (4)
The total mechanical energy doesn't change in an undamped S.H.M.  frequency = 0.
Hence time period is infinite.
12. Answer (1)
In S.H.M..
a = – 2x
Thus acceleration varies linearly with time.
13. Answer (4)
Total distance covered by particle = 4 A
5 1 T
For of oscillation means that it has completed the oscillation taking seconds. Now it has to cover
8 2 2
1 A A
oscillation more. The whole path may be divided into 8 parts of hence it has to travel distance from
8 2 2
mean position.
A
= A sin t
2

= 8 t
6
T  2 
t=
12 Putting   T 
T T 7T
Total time =  
2 12 12
14. Answer (1)
A A
The velocity is greater closer to the mean position so it will take less time gains from 0 to than from
2 2
to A.
15. Answer (4)
Maximum speed is given by
v = A
2
and =
T
2
Hence v = A
T
16. Answer (1)
v =  A2  x 2
3
x= A
4
9 A2 7
v =  A2  = A
16 16
7
or v = v 0 as (v0 = A)
4
17. Answer (4)
x = A sin t
When displacement
A
x=
2
A
= A sin (t + )
2
1
sin–1 = t + 
2
t + = 30° or 150°

When particles are in opposite direction at one lime phase is 30° and at the other 150°. So phase difference
is 120°.
18. Answer (4)
Phase difference between them is just difference in the angular values.
 2    
Phase difference =        
 3  2  6
19. Answer (1)
F = –5(x – 2)2
The motion depicts a non uniform translatory motion as the acceleration just keeps increasing in the negative
direction. This is because (x – 2) is always positive.
20. Answer (4)
Force varies linearly with time with respect to – (x – 2)
F  – (x – 2)
Hence motion of the particle is an S.H.M.
21. Answer (3)
d2x
4 + 320x = 0
dt 2
4a = – 320 x
a = – 80 x
Since a = –2 x in S.H.M.
80 = 2
16  5 = 
or  = 4 5
2 2 
T=   s
 4 3 2 5
22. Answer (4)

T = 0.1 m = 0.01 kg
  = 20  rad/s
Amplitude A = 0.1 m
a = – 2x
Maximum acceleration = –2 A
Maximum force = – m2 A
Fmax = – 0.01 × (20 )2 × 0.1
Fmax = – 0.001 × 400 2
= –3.95 N
or –4 N approximately.
23. Answer (2)
a = – kx is an S.H.M.
Hence it will be a straight line with negative slope as in option (2)
24. Answer (2)
m
T = 2
K
Time period is maximum when K is minimum.
In (1), (3) and (4) the spring constants are in parallel so the Keq = 2K.
Only in case (2) springs are in series.
K
So, Keq =
2
Hence time period in this case will be maximum.
25. Answer (4)

Total mechanical energy will never change so T     T  
T
26. Answer (2)
Potential energy at displacement x from mean position is given by
1 2
P.E. = kx
2
1 2
Let total energy be E = kA
2
1 2 E 1 2
kx =  kA
2 4 8
A
x=
2
27. Answer (4)
Mass = 4 kg joule
1 2
Maximum P.E. = kA
2
1
1=  k  (0.2)2
2
2
= k
0.04
k = 50 N/m
m
T = 2
k
4 2 2
T = 2 = s
50 5
28. Answer (2)
1 2
Total energy = kA
2
When P.E. is half of total energy P.E. = K.E.
1 2 1
 kx  k ( A2  x 2 )
2 2
x2 = A2 – x2  2x2 = A2
A
x=
2
29. Answer (1)
If the phase difference is constant, they are moving with same frequency and .
Since maximum velocity A = v (given)
Maximum velocity of other will still be v.
30. Answer (2)
Time period of a pendulum
l l
T = 2 or T2
g g
If g becomes 4 times. l must also be increased by 4 times to keep T constant.
31. Answer (2)
l
Normal time period T = 2
g
When immersed in a liquid. It experiences an upthrust.

Upthrust = × volume g
4
g
Upward acceleration = Upward force/mass of ball =
4
l
T = 2
geff
g 3
geff = g   g
4 4
l 2T
T = 2  4 
3g 3
32. Answer (1)
Lengths l1 = 1.21 m l2 = 1 m
l1 l2
T1 = 2 T2 = 2
g g
11
T1 = T
10 2
or 10 T1 = 11T2
Hence it oscillations of longer pendulum is equal to 11 oscillation of shorter one.
Hence the will be in phase again after 10 oscillations of longer pendulum.
33. Answer (4)
Let initial length be l1.
144
Final length l2 = l1 
100
l1
T1 = 2
g
l1 144
T2 = 2 
g 100
or T2 = 1.2 T1
T1 = 60 s
So T2 = 72 s
34. Answer (1)
l
Time period = 2
g
T l
T l

T l
l  l  
T = T
l
 1 
T = T 1    [  0.002]
 2 
1
T = T – T = T   T  0.001
2
Time lost in time t is
1
T = t = 1 day = 24 × 3600 s = 86400 s
2
 T   t
T =  
 T 
T = 0.001 × 86400
T = 86.4 s
35. Answer (4)
Gm
g1 =
R2
G  2m g1
g2 = 
4R 2 2
l
T1 = 2 g
1
l
T2 = 2 g
2
T2 = 2T1
Since T1 is time period of seconds pendulum T1 = 2.
Hence T2 = 2 2
36. Answer (2)

37. Answer (4) P
As the water level goes down, the distance of C.O.M.
From point of oscillation P keeps increasing.
l
Since T = 2
g
The time period of pendulum keeps increasing.
38. Answer (2)
k
Time period of spring = 2
m
l
Time period of pendulum = 2
g
Time period of spring will not be affected by gravitational acceleration.
Let mass of earth be m
4 3
Mass of new planet =   (2R ) = 8 m
3
GM2 G  8M
g2 = 2
 =2g
(R2 ) (2R )2
l
T2 = 2
2g
T
T2 =
2
Hence P will move faster.
39. Answer (4)
At point of equilibrium kx = mg
k × 9.8 × 10–2 = 100 × 10–3 × 9.8
k = 100 × 10–1
k = 10 N/m
Period of vibration needed = 6.28 s
m
T = 2
k
m
6.28 = 2 × 3.14
10
m
1=
10
m = 10 kg or 104 g
40. Answer (3)
When spring is cut into 4 parts, the spring constant of each part will become 4k.
m
T2 = 2
4k
T
T2 =
2
41. Answer (1)
A = A0 e–bt
Amplitude becomes half hence
A0
A e–bt [t = 1]
2 0
1
 e–b =
2
 In two seconds
2
 1
A = A0  
2
A0
A=
4
42. Answer (1)
In forced oscillations a particle oscillator simple harmonically with a frequency equal to driving frequency.
43. Answer (1)
Resonance is a special case of force oscillation due to which oscillation to place with greater amplitude.
44. Answer (4)
x = 2 sin t + 4 cos t
It can also be written as
 2 4 
x= 22  4 2  sin t cos t 
2 2 2 2
 2 4 2 4 
x= 20 sin(t  )
20 = Amplitude
or amplitude = 2 5
45. Answer (4)
All of them are superposition of two S.H.M. in the same phase and hence they all represent S.H.M’s.
SECTION - B
1. Answer (1)
y = a0sin (3t)
Amplitude of the particle is a0
Here 0 = 3
2
 3
T
2
T 
3
2. Answer (3)
a = – 2x, v    A2  x 2
In SHM acceleration is maximum at extreme position. Speed is maximum at mean position.
Direction of acceleration and velocity may be in opposite direction.
3. Answer (2)
a = – 2x
Slope of straight line

m = tan(180 – )
m = – tan
 – 2 = – 8
 = 2 2
2
 f  Hz

4. Answer (1)

K  K
4
 K = 4K
m
T  2
4k
m

k
5. Answer (4)
A T  2 
Time taken to move from mean position to is where T 
2 12   
d 2y
16  9y  0
dt 2
d 2y 9
 y 0
dt 2 16
3
    rad/s
4
8
T  s
3
T 8
Required time t = 
12 3  12
2
 s
9
6. Answer (1)
kx = 4
k(2 × 10–2) = 4
k = 200 Nm–1
1
 
2
K.Emax   200 10  102
2
K.Emax = 1 J
7. Answer (2)
l
T  2
geff
l
T1  2
g
g
2
2 l 2
T1  2  T
3g 3
8. Answer (1)
The least time interval after which particle repeats its motion is called time period.
2
Least time for given combination is

9. Answer (4)
If function increases or decreases monotonically with time, function is non-periodic.
1
(1) y = cos3t =
4
3 cos t – cos 3t 
it is periodic but not SHM
 
(2) y  2 sin  t   
 SHM
 4
(3) y = cos 2t, it is SHM
(4) y = aet is non periodic
10. Answer (4)
2 
The angle at time (t )  t .
T 4
The projection on y axis
 2   2 
y (t )  R sin  t    R sin  t
 T 4  120 4 
 
y  R sin  t  
 60 4
11. Answer (1)
A T
Time taken from x = A to x  is . x = A cost
2 6
A 2
 A cos 3
2 T
1 2
 cos 3
2 T
 2
  3
3 T
 T = 18 s
12. Answer (2)
x = A sin t

x  (10 cm)sin t
2

v max  (10 cm)  rad s–1  5 cm s–1
2
13. Answer (3)
m 3m
T  2  2
2  2k
3k
 
14. Answer (1)


v  10 sin t
5
x   vdt

–10 cos t  C
x 5

5

x  –50 cos t  C 
5
at t = 0, v = 0, x = – 50 so, C  = 0
 
 x  50cos  t   
 5 
15. Answer (1)
md 2 x dx
b  kx  0 ...(i)
dt 2 dt
d 2 x dx
2  x 0
dt 2 dt
This is equation of damped oscillation.


14 Oscillations: Level - I

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14 Oscillations: Level - I

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Level - I

30. Maximum energy, E  1 m2 r 2 where r is the amplitude

32. Amplitude, r = 10 cm = 10 × 10–2 m

In both cases, T is same  L  g

(c) At x = – xm, total energy is potential,

(2) Minimum PE = 600 – 480 = 120 J.

Mass of the liquid in U tube, m = LA ( is density of liquid)

The difference of levels of liquid in two limbs of U tube is QQ1 = 2y

 Restoring force on liquid , F = – (weight of liquid column of height 2y)

or F = – (2yA)g = – (2A g)y ...(i)

In S.H.M. the restoring force F = –ky ...(ii)

Comparing (i) and (ii), we have

Spring factor, k = 2Ag

Here, inertia factor, m = mass of liquid = LA

So, F1 = (Al)g = Alg

As, cylinder is in equilibrium position,

Restoring force, F acting on the cylinder will be

In SHM restoring force F = –ky ...(v)

The effective restoring force will be F = F2 – F1

Here, spring factor = spring constant = k

Inertia factor = mass of body = m

Inertia factor m m(k1  k2 )

F1 = –k1y and F2 = –k2y

Total restoring force, F = F1 + F2

If K is the spring constant of this combination of springs, then

Stress (or increase in pressure)

Inertia factor = mass of ball = m

55. To establish that the motion of the ball is SHM,

 5058 s  84.3 minute

i.e., Time period T will decrease

g '  g 2  (QE / m )2 and time period

Here P1 = h1g sin1 = (l – x)sin1 × gsin1

Hence, restoring force, F = –gAx

Hence, motion of mercury column is S.H.M.

Upper extreme Equilibrium Lower extreme

13. It is simple harmonic with amplitude A2  B 2 .

16. It remains same.

17. Periodic motion.

18. Maximum PE = Max. KE

22. (i) (a) Radial towards the point of suspension.

(b) Tangential towards the mean position.

(a) Least at end points.

(b) Greatest at the mean position.

24. f(t) = sin t + cos t

Let  = r cos  and  = r sin 

x = r cos  sin t + r sin  cos t

It is an equation of SHM, where amplitude is r.

30. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

So, the PE of a particle executing SHM is,

From equations (1) and (3),

The total energy, E of the system is,

Period, T of the oscillator is given by

All the above definitions are true.

Hence answer is (4)

x = 0.01 sin 100(t + 0.05)

A swing is like a pendulum. So

In a freely falling lift g = 0.

When divided into 3 parts the spring constant of smaller parts

Hence final = 3 old  2  31

Hence it is not a true S.H.M.

If a particle is executing S.H.M.

Hence it is not uniform and depends on x rather than time.

Hence answer is (3).