2ª Lista de Exercícios 2 – Cálculo III (MA3S3)

1. Calcule os seguintes limites, caso existam:

𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −16𝑥+12
a. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+6) (𝑥+6) (2+6) 8
= lim (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) = lim (𝑥+2) = (2+2) = 4 = 2
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

√𝑥−1
b. lim 𝑥
𝑥→+∞

√𝑥−1 𝑥−1 1 1
= lim = lim √ = lim √ − =0−0= 0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥2 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥2

𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)+1
c. lim 𝑥 3 −𝑥
𝑥→0−
𝑥+1 1
= lim− 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) = lim− 𝑥(𝑥−1) = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

√𝑥 2 +16−5
d. lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 +3𝑥

2
√𝑥 2 +16−5 √𝑥 2 +16+5 (√𝑥 2 +16) −(5)2
= lim ∙ 2 = lim =
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 +3𝑥 √𝑥 +16+5 𝑥→−3 (𝑥 2 +3𝑥)(√𝑥 2 +16+5)

𝑥 2 +16−25 (𝑥−3)(𝑥+3) (𝑥−3)

lim = lim = lim ==
𝑥→−3 (𝑥 2 +3𝑥)(√𝑥 2 +16+5) 𝑥→−3 𝑥(𝑥+3)(√𝑥 2 +16+5) 𝑥→−3 𝑥(√𝑥 2 +16+5)

(−3−3) −6 2 1
= −3( = (5+5) =
−3(√(−3)2 +16+5) √9+16+5) 5

2. Calcular a derivada da dada função diretamente a partir da definição de derivada:

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0

((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 −2(𝑥+∆𝑥))−(𝑥 2 −2𝑥)

= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

(𝑥 2 +2𝑥∆𝑥+(∆𝑥)2 −2𝑥−2∆𝑥)−(𝑥 2 −2𝑥)

= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑥 2 +2𝑥∆𝑥+(∆𝑥)2 −2𝑥−2∆𝑥−𝑥 2 +2𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
2𝑥∆𝑥+(∆𝑥)2 −2∆𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0

= lim 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 2
∆𝑥→0

= 2𝑥 − 2
1
b. 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 3 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
1 1
( (𝑥+∆𝑥)3 +(𝑥+∆𝑥))−( 𝑥 3 +𝑥)
6 6
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
 1 1
( (𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 ∆𝑥+3𝑥(∆𝑥)2 +(∆𝑥)3 )+𝑥+∆𝑥)−( 𝑥 3 +𝑥)
6 6
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑥3 𝑥2 ∆𝑥 𝑥(∆𝑥)2 (∆𝑥)3 1
+ + + +𝑥+∆𝑥− 𝑥 3 −𝑥
6 2 2 6 6
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑥2 ∆𝑥 𝑥(∆𝑥)2 (∆𝑥)3
+ + +∆𝑥
2 2 6
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑥2 𝑥(∆𝑥) (∆𝑥)2
= lim + + +1
∆𝑥→0 2 2 6

𝑥2 𝑥(0) (0)2
= + + +1
2 2 6

𝑥2
= 2
+1
3
c. 𝑦 = 4 √2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
3 3
( √2−(𝑥+∆𝑥))−( √2−𝑥)
4 4
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

3 (√2−𝑥−∆𝑥)−(√2−𝑥)
= lim
4 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

3 √2−𝑥−∆𝑥−√2−𝑥
= 4 lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
3 (√2−𝑥−∆𝑥−√2−𝑥) (√2−𝑥−∆𝑥+√2−𝑥)
= lim ∙
4 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 (√2−𝑥−∆𝑥+√2−𝑥)
2 2
3 (√2−𝑥−∆𝑥) −(√2−𝑥)
= lim
4 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥(√2−𝑥−∆𝑥+√2−𝑥)
3 2−𝑥−∆𝑥−2+𝑥
= 4 lim ∆𝑥(√2−𝑥−∆𝑥+
∆𝑥→0 √2−𝑥)
3 −∆𝑥
= 4 lim ∆𝑥(√2−𝑥−∆𝑥+
∆𝑥→0 √2−𝑥)
3 −1
= 4 lim
∆𝑥→0 (√2−𝑥−∆𝑥+√2−𝑥)
−3
= 4(
√2−𝑥−0+√2−𝑥)
−3
= 4(
√2−𝑥+√2−𝑥)

−3
= 8(√2−𝑥)

Pela regra da cadeia e a regra do tombo:

𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑎
= ( )∙( ) com 𝑎 = 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
𝑑𝑎
= 2 (𝑎)2−1 = 2 (𝑎)−2 = 2
√𝑎
𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑥
= −1
𝑑𝑦 3 1 −3 −3
𝑑𝑥
= 4 (2 𝑎) ∙ (−1) = 8( = 8(
√ √𝑎) √2−𝑥)
 1
d. 𝑦 = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
1 1
(− )−(− )
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
1 1
− +
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
−𝑥+𝑥+∆𝑥
(𝑥+∆𝑥)(𝑥)
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
∆𝑥
= lim (𝑥+∆𝑥)(𝑥)∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
1
= lim
∆𝑥→0 (𝑥+∆𝑥)(𝑥)
1 1
= (𝑥+0)(𝑥) = 𝑥2

𝑥 2 −3
e. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
(𝑥+∆𝑥)2 −3 𝑥2 −3
((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 )−( 2 )
+3 𝑥 +3
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 −3)(𝑥2 +3)−(𝑥2 −3)((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 +3)
((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 +3)(𝑥2 +3)
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 −3)(𝑥 2 +3)−(𝑥 2 −3)((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 +3)
= lim ((𝑥+∆𝑥)2 +3)(𝑥 2 +3)∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
((𝑎)2 −3)(𝑥 2 +3)−(𝑥 2 −3)((𝑎)2 +3)
= lim ((𝑎)2 +3)(𝑥 2 +3)(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑎→𝑥
(𝑎 2 𝑥 2 +3𝑎 2−3𝑥 2 −9)−(𝑎2 𝑥 2 +3𝑥 2 −3𝑎2 −9)
= lim (𝑎 2 +3)(𝑥 2 +3)(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑎→𝑥
𝑎 2 𝑥 2 +3𝑎 2 −3𝑥 2 −9−𝑎2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥 2 +3𝑎2 +9
= lim (𝑎 2 +3)(𝑥 2 +3)(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑎→𝑥
3𝑎2 −3𝑥 2 −3𝑥 2 +3𝑎 2
= lim (𝑎2 +3)(𝑥2 +3)(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑎→𝑥
6(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )
= lim (𝑎2 +3)(𝑥2 +3)(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑎→𝑥
6(𝑎+𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥)
= lim (𝑎2 +3)(𝑥2 +3)(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑎→𝑥
6(𝑎+𝑥)
= lim (𝑎2
𝑎→𝑥 +3)(𝑥 2 +3)

6(𝑥+𝑥) 12𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +3)(𝑥 2 +3) = (𝑥 2 +3)2

Pela regra do quociente teríamos o mesmo resultado:

𝑑(𝑥2 −3) 𝑑(𝑥2 +3)
𝑑𝑦 ∙(𝑥 2 +3)− ∙(𝑥 2 −3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +3)2

(2𝑥)∙(𝑥 2 +3)−(2𝑥)∙(𝑥 2 −3)

= (𝑥 2 +3)2
 2𝑥 3 +6𝑥−2𝑥 3 +6𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +3)2
12𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +3)2

f. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥−3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
(𝑒 2(𝑥+∆𝑥)−3 )−(𝑒 2𝑥−3 )
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑒 2(𝑥+∆𝑥)−3 −𝑒 2𝑥−3
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
𝑒 2∆𝑥 −1
= lim (𝑒 2𝑥−3 ) ( ∆𝑥
)
∆𝑥→0
𝑒 2∆𝑥 −1
= (𝑒 2𝑥−3 ) lim ( )
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Para resolver esse limite, devemos lembrar da definição do número 𝑒:

1 𝑛 1
𝑒 = lim (1 + ) = lim (1 + 𝑛)𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→0

Voltando a expressão que tínhamos escontrado e substituindo:

𝑛 = 𝑒 2∆𝑥 − 1 ⟹ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑒 2∆𝑥
ln(𝑛 + 1) = 2∆𝑥
ln(𝑛 + 1)
∆𝑥 =
2
Portanto:
𝑑𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 2𝑥−3 ) lim ( ln(𝑛+1) )
𝑛→0
2

2
= (𝑒 2𝑥−3 ) lim ( ln(𝑛+1) )
𝑛→0
𝑛

2𝑥−3 ) 1
= 2(𝑒 ln(𝑛+1)
lim
𝑛→0 𝑛

1
= 2(𝑒 2𝑥−3 ) 1
ln(lim ((𝑛+1)𝑛 ))
𝑛→0

1
= 2(𝑒 2𝑥−3 ) ln(𝑒)

= 2(𝑒 2𝑥−3 )
Pela regra da cadeia também chegaríamos nesse resultado:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑎 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 com 𝑎 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑎 ) ∙ (2) = 2(𝑒 2𝑥−3 )

g. 𝑦 = −6𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑦(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
 (−6(𝑥+∆𝑥)3 +12(𝑥+∆𝑥)2 −4(𝑥+∆𝑥)+7)−(−6𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 −4𝑥+7)
= lim ∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥→0
(−6(𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 ∆𝑥+3𝑥∆𝑥 2 +∆𝑥 3 )+12(𝑥 2 +2𝑥∆𝑥+∆𝑥 2 )−4(𝑥+∆𝑥)+7)−(−6𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 −4𝑥+7)
lim ∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥→0
−6𝑥 3 −18𝑥 2 ∆𝑥−18𝑥∆𝑥 2 +3∆𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 +24𝑥∆𝑥+12∆𝑥 2 −4𝑥−4∆𝑥+7+6𝑥 3 −12𝑥 2 +4𝑥−7
lim ∆𝑥
=
∆𝑥→0
−18𝑥 2 ∆𝑥−18𝑥∆𝑥 2 +3∆𝑥 3 +24𝑥∆𝑥+12∆𝑥 2 −4∆𝑥
lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0

= lim −18𝑥 2 − 18𝑥∆𝑥 + 3∆𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 12∆𝑥 − 4

∆𝑥→0

= −18𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 ∙ 0 + 3 ∙ 02 + 24𝑥 + 12 ∙ 0 − 4

= −18𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 4