NUTAN MAHARASHTRA VIDYA PRASARAK MANDAL'S

NUTAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

RESEARCH (NCER)
Under administrative support of Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust
Affiliated To Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University (DBATU ID-6419), Lonere

SEMINAR REPORT ON

Automatic Street Light Controller Using Arduino

BY
Seminar Group Members
Name of Student Roll. No.
i. Yogesh Agwal 64

Under the Guidance Of

Mr. Ravi Gahane sir

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2022-23

1
 NUTAN MAHARASHTRA VIDYA PRASARAK MANDAL'S

NUTAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

RESEARCH (NCER)
Under administrative support of Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust
Affiliated To Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University (DBATU ID-6419), Lonere

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, this SEMINAR report entitled:
Automatic Street Light Controller Using Arduino
Is a record SEMINAR work carried out in this college

BY
Project Member
Name of Student Roll. No.

i.Yogesh Agwal 64

(Mr.Ravi Gahane sir) (Prof. Ravindra K.Bhegade)

Guide H.O.D (ECE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2022-23

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to express our hearty gratitude and
sincere thanks towards our guide Mr.Ravi Gahane sir mam for her invaluable
assistance and support for our project. We express our sincere thanks to Prof.
Ravindra K. Bhegade sir, HOD of ECE Department and our respected principal
Dr.Aparna Pande mam for making full time availability of all the laboratories
and necessary equipment. We would like to thank all the staff members of ECE
Department for their encouragement, suggestions during the partial fulfillment
of the project.

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 INDEX

Sr.No. Particulars Page No.

1. Aim Objectives 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Literature Review 7
4. Background/History 8
5. Proposed System Working 9
6. Conclusion 23
7. Advantages & Disadvantages Applications 24
8. References 25

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 CHAPTER 1
Objectives
This project aims to design an automatic streetlight that works in conventional (electrical).
Using LDR we control the Streetlight, when the LDR value falls above the threshold value the
lights are switched on & when the value falls below the threshold value the lights are switched
off. In order to save and conserve energy in an efficient way an intensity controller, based on
movement detection is used.

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 CHAPTER 2
Introduction
➢ The idea of designing a new system for the streetlight that do not consume huge amount
of electricity and illuminate large areas with the highest intensity of light is concerning
each engineer working in this field. Providing streetlight is one of the most important and
expensive responsibilities of a city.
➢ We need to save or conserve energy because most of the energy source we depend on,
like coal and nature gas can’t be replaced. Once we use them up, they are gone forever.
Saving power is very important, instead of using the power in unnecessary times it should
be switches off. In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major problem consuming
factors. Most of the times we see streetlight are on even after sunrise thus wasting lot of
energy. Over here we are avoiding the problem by having an automatic system which
turns on and off the streetlight at given time or when ambient light falls below a specific
intensity. LDR is used to detect the ambient light. If the ambient light is below a specific
value the light are turned on.
➢ It automatically switches on lights when the light goes below ambient light. This is done
using LDR which sense the light.
➢ Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic timers
previously used for streetlight ON-OFF operation.They come with energy conservation
options like twilight saving, staggering or dimming. Also many street light controllers
come with an astronomical clock for a particular location or a Global Positioning System
(GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving.
➢ Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, by using this
system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight
goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under
illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
which senses the light actually like our eyes.
➢ By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now-a-days the
manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and
also not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF
time differ significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or
manual .
➢ A streetlight, lamp post, streetlamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of
light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every
night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off
at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would
have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for streetlights to be
on poles which have wires strung between them, or mounted on utility poles.

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➢ Automatic Streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF. The system
itself detects whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value

CHAPTER 3
Literature Survey
➢ The system used here is a closed loop on-off system. Controlling lighting system by
means of LDR and Arduino together on Indian streets is relatively a new concept. Still
today research has been done only on street light system based on Arduino Uno & LDR.
Some were controlled by wireless GSM/GUI networks which are too costly and not
affordable. The disadvantages of current system used are: o Need a manual operator to
operate the lights on the street. o Switching time is same in all climates.There are many
streets on India where Lights are kept ‘ON’ even during the day. Energy is wasted due to
this carelessness. Hence by using arduino and LDR system conseverable amount of
energy can be saved.
➢ Streetlight monitoring system based on wireless sensor network. The system are often set
to run in automatic mode, which control streetlight consistent with Sunrise and Sunset
Algorithm and light weight intensity. This control can make an inexpensive adjustment
consistent with the latitude, longitude and seasonal variation and arduino coding. Also
this system can run in controlled mode. In this mode, we can take the initiative to control
street lights.The system is equipped with the high-power relay output and can be widely
applied in all places which need timely control like streets, stations, mining, schools, and
electricity sectors then on.
➢ Automatic street light controller using light dependent resistor (LDR) removes manual
works.The streetlights are automatically switched ON when the sunlight goes below the
visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF the streetlights under
illumination by sunlight. The component used for light sensing is a Light Dependent
Resistor. By using the LDR we can operate the streetlight automatically, when ample
amount of light is available the streetlight will be in the OFF state and when it is dark the
light will be in ON state, it means LDR resistance is inversely proportional to light falling
on it. LDR, which varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface, this gives
an induction for whether it is a day-night time.

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 CHAPTER 4
Background/History
This project proposes an effective scheme for controlling the wastage of electricity due to
streetlights. It reduces the manual effort by automatic the Streetlight on the basis of light
intensity. The electricity wastage can be reduced by glowing the light on the basis of movement
detection. Here the three parts have been included under this topic for completed this study.
Design architecture is the main block function for the proposed design. While, the hardware
specification will detail out the components involved in this design from the sensor component
until the controller selection. Software development based on the proposed design will be detail
out in software part where the flow of the system operation will be detailed out elaborated.

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 CHAPTER 5
Working Principle
➢ When LDR allows the current to flow this block diagram of circuitry goes into working
condition.
➢ The working principle of LDR is that it gives less resistance in high light intensity and
high resistance in low light intensity it gives high resistance in dark or night and low
resistance in day or light.
➢ LDR module generates its output depending upon the light that falls on its upper surface.
During the daytime, the sunlight falls on LDR so the AC bulbs are off, and after sunset,
there is no source of bright light so the AC bulbs are turned on. By using this concept we
can manage to save a sufficient amount of energy per day.

Block Diagram

Power Adapter Relay Street

Modul
Light
e

LDR Arduino UNO Board

Fig.: Block Diagram of Project

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 In this project we used following Components

1. Arduino Uno
2. LDR
3. Relay Module
4. Connecting Wires
5. Power Adapter ➢ Arduino Uno :

Fig.: Arduino Uno Board

In this project we used one Arduino uno board. The Arduino UNO board is a
microcontroller based on the ATmega328p. It has 14 digital input/output pins in which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6
analog inputs, a power jack, and a reset button.This contains all the required support needed for
the microcontroller. In order to get started, they are simply connected to a computer with a USB
cable or with an AC-to- DC adapter or battery. Arduino UNO Board varies from all other boards
and they will not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip in them. It is featured by the
ATmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-use programmable open-source

microcontroller board that can be integrated into a variety of electronic projects. This board can
be interfaced with other Arduino boards, Arduino shields, Raspberry Pi boards and can control
relays, LEDs, servos, and motors as an output. Arduino UNO features AVR microcontroller
Atmega328, 6 analogue input pins, and 14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 are used as PWM
output.

This board contains a USB interface i.e. USB cable is used to connect the board with the
computer and Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software is used to program
the board. The unit comes with 32KB flash memory that is used to store the number of
instructions while the SRAM is 2KB and EEPROM is 1KB. The operating voltage of the unit is
5V which projects the microcontroller on the board and its associated circuitry operates at 5V

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while the input voltage ranges between 6V to 20V and the recommended input voltage ranges
from 7V to 12V. o ATmega328p : This is the brain of the board in which the program is stored.

ATmega328P is a high performance microcontroller chip. Today we are going discuss its pinout
diagram or pin configuration, uses, description, datasheet and other details on how to use this
microcontroller.

Fig.: Pin Diagram of ATmega328p.

▪ ATmega328P Features / Technical Specifications :

✓ High performance design.
✓ Low power consumption.
✓ Total number of Analog Input pins are 6.
✓ Contains 32 kilobytes of flash memory.
✓ Contains 2 kilobytes of SRAM.
✓ Contains 1 kilobytes of EEPROM.
✓ 16 MHz clock speed.
✓ Minimum & maximum temperature -40 degree centigrade to 105 degree
centigrade.
✓ Total number of Digital I/O pins are 14.
✓ Advance RISC.
✓ Lock program functionality for programming code security.
✓ Contains total three timers two 8-bit and one 16 bit.
✓ Total number of I/O pins are 23.
✓ Total number of PWM channels are 6.
✓ Minimum and maximum operating voltage from 1.8V DC to 5.5V DC.

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 Pin Configuration :

Pin # Pin Description Pin Function Pin Function Description

1 PC6 Reset When this reset pin goes low the

microcontroller & its program gets
reset.

2 PD0 Digital Pin (Rx) Input pin for serial communication.

3 PD1 Digital Pin (Tx) Output pin for serial communication.

4 PD2 Digital Pin Pin 4 is used as an external interrupt 0.

5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM) Pin 5 is used as an external interrupt 1.

6 PD4 Digital Pin Pin 6 is used for external counter

source Timer0.

7 Vcc Positive Voltage Positive supply of the system.

8 GND Ground Ground of the system.

9 XTAL Crystal Oscillator This pin should be connected to one pin

of the crystal oscillator to provide
external clock pulse to the chip.

10 XTAL Crystal Oscillator This pin should also be connected to

another pin of the crystal oscillator to
provide external clock pulse to the chip.

11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM) Pin 11 is used for external counter

source Timer1.

12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM) Positive Analog Comparator inputs.

13 PD7 Digital Pin Negative analog Comparator inputs.

14 PB0 Digital Pin Counter or timer input source.

15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM) Counter or timer compare match A.

16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM) This pin is act as a slave choice input.

17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM) This pin is used as a master data output

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 and slave data input for SPI.

18 PB4 Digital Pin This pin is act as a mater clock input

and slave clock output.

19 PB5 Digital Pin This pin is act as a master clock output

and slave clock input for SPI.

20 AVcc Positive Voltage Positive voltage for ADC (power).

21 AREF Analog Reference Analog Reference voltage for ADC.

22 GND Ground Ground of the system.

23 PC0 Analog input Analog input digital value channel 0.

24 PC1 Analog Input Analog input digital value channel 1.

25 PC2 Analog Input Analog input digital value channel 2.

26 PC3 Analog Input Analog input digital value channel 3.

27 PC4 Analog input Analog input digital value channel 4.

This pin can also be used as serial
interface connection for data.

28 PC5 Analog input Analog input digital value channel 5.

This pin also used as serial interface
clock line.

Fig.: Pin Configuration of Atmega328p

▪ Applications of ATmega328p :
There are thousands of applications for Atmega328P also more to come in near future
depends on how creative one can think. Every day we see a new application built
using the this chip by electronic students, engineers, hobbyists, tinkerers. Some of the
applications for the chip are as follow. ✓ Industrial machinery controlling systems
✓ Solar powered machinery and applications
✓ IOT based applications
✓ Power supply and charger based applications
✓ Weather systems
✓ Wireless communication applications
✓ Security based applications
✓ Medical & health related projects & systems

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 ✓ Automobile related applications
✓ And many more…

▪ Alternative part numbers :

The alternative microcontrollers for Atmega328P are Atmega8535, Atmega16 and
Atmega32.

▪ Use of ATmega328p :
Using an Atmega328P is same like any other microcontrollers, it is also required to
be programmed before use. There are multiple programmers softwares are available
to program the chip, one of the easy and more common way to program the chip is by
using arduino board and the arduino software named Arduino IDE. The other
programmer is the IDP program made for AVR controllers named “Atmel Studio”
that can be downloaded free from Atmel and Microchip Technology websites. After
installing the desired IDE or IDP software the user has to write the functions /
program codes in the IDE or IDP programmer. There are several guides and tutorials
are available online from where one can learn how to program the microcontroller to
get the desired task from the chip.

o Applications of Arduino UNO : The Arduino boards can work as a stand-alone project
and can be interfaced with other Arduino boards or Raspberry Pi boards. Arduino UNO
board is used in the following applications.
▪ Weighing Machines
▪ Traffic Light Count Down Timer
▪ Parking Lot Counter
▪ Embedded systems
▪ Home Automation
▪ Industrial Automation
▪ Medical Instrument
▪ Emergency Light for Railways

o Difference between Microcontroller and Arduino UNO

Arduino boards can perform some functions that a single microcontroller is capable of
doing. But hobbyists and experts still prefer the Arduino board over the microcontroller. Why?
Because Arduino boards are easy to use and you don’t require a lot of expertise to run these
units. Simply plug the board into the computer and start playing with it.

Moreover, while using Arduino boards, you don’t require extra peripherals and components
to run the boards. Arduino is the complete board that comes with GPIO pins, analogue pins, and
a microcontroller as the heart of the board. A microcontroller, on the other hand, is a chip where

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all the necessary parts like microprocessor, ram, and flash memory are incorporated into a single
chip.

➢ LDR :

Fig.: LDR Sensor

An LDR or photocell, photoconductor. It is one type of resistor whose resistance varies

depending on the amount of light falling on its surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then
the resistance changes. These resistors are often used in many circuits where it is required to
sense the presence of light. These resistors have a variety of functions and resistance. For
instance, when the LDR is in darkness, then it can be used to turn ON a light or to turn OFF a
light when it is in the light. A typical light dependent resistor has a resistance in the darkness of
1Mohm and in the brightness a resistance of a couple of Kohm. It is connected to the A 0 pin of
Arduino UNO in resistive voltage divider circuit.

Light dependent resistors, LDRs or photoresistors are electronic components that are often
used in electronic circuit designs where it is necessary to detect the presence or the level of light.

LDRs are very different to other forms of resistor like the carbon film resistor, metal oxide
film resistor, metal film resistor and the like that are widely used in other electronic designs.
They are specifically designed for their light sensitivity and the change in resistance this causes.
These electronic components can be described by a variety of names from light dependent
resistor, LDR, photoresistor, or even photo cell, photocell or photoconductor.

Although other electronic components such as photodiodes or photo-transistor can also be

used, LDRs or photo-resistors are a particularly convenient to use in many electronic circuit
designs. They provide large change in resistance for changes in light level. In view of their low
cost, ease of manufacture, and their ease of use, LDRs have been used in a variety of different
applications.

At one time LDRs were used in photographic light meters, and even now they are still used
in a variety of applications where it is necessary to detect light levels. Light dependent resistors
are widely available:- they are normally stocked by electronic component distributors, and in
view of the way the electronics industry supply chain operates these days, this is the normal way
to obtain them. Electronic component distributors large and small will typically have a good
selection.

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 Fig.: Typical leaded light dependent light

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is an electronic component that is sensitive to

light. When light falls upon it, then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR
may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of light
increases. It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to be
several megohms in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such a
wide variation in resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuits available.
The sensitivity of light dependent resistors or photoresistors also varies with the wavelength of
the incident light. LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their
light sensitive properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these
photoresistors is cadmium sulphide, CdS, although the use of these cells is now restricted in
Europe because of environmental issues with the use of cadmium. Similarly other cadmium
based semiconductor materials like cadmium CdSe are also restricted. Other materials that can
be used include lead sulphide, PbS and indium antimonide, In Sb. Although a semiconductor
material is used for these photoresistors, they are purely passive devices because they do not
possess a PN junction, and this separates them from other photodetectors like photodiodes and
phototransistors.

o LDR / photoresistor symbol

The LDR symbol used in electronic circuits is based around the resistor circuit symbol, but
shows the light, in the form of arrows shining on it. In this way it follows the same convention
used for photodiode and phototransistor circuit symbols where arrows are used to show the light
falling on these components.

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 Fig.: Photoresistor/LDR circuit symbols

The light dependent resistor / photoresistor circuit symbols are shown for both the newer
style resistor symbol, i.e. a rectangular box and the older zig-zag line resistor circuit symbols.
Often the light dependent resistor symbol may be shown without the circle around it. This is
often done on the electronic circuit schematic to save space and reduce the number of lines and
circles ont he diagram to redice complication.

o Working of LDR

It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without delving into
complicated explanations. It is first necessary to understand that an electrical current consists of
the movement of electrons within a material. Good conductors have a large number of free
electrons that can drift in a given direction under the action of a potential difference. Insulators
with a high resistance have very few free electrons, and therefore it is hard to make the them
move and hence a current to flow.

An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high resistance. It has
a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move - the vast
majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move. Therefore in this
state there is a high LDR resistance. As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are
absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons.
The amount of energy transferred to the electrons gives some of them sufficient energy to break
free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity. This results in a lowering of
the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR resistance.

The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor, so more
electrons are released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further.

o Photoresistor/LDR Structure

Structurally the photoresistor is a light sensitive resistor that has a horizontal body that is
exposed to light. The basic format for a photoresistor is that shown below:

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 Fig.: Photoresistor Structure

The active semiconductor region is normally deposited onto a semi-insulating substrate and
the active region is normally lightly doped. In many discrete photoresistor devices, an interdigital
pattern is used to increase the area of the photoresistor that is exposed to light. The pattern is cut
in the metallisation on the surface of the active area and this lets the light through. The two
metallise areas act as the two contacts for the resistor. This area has to be made relatively large
because the resistance of the contact to the active area needs to be minimised.

o LDR frequency dependence

The sensitivity of photoresistors is shown to vary with the wavelength of the light that is
impacting the sensitive area of the device. The effect is very marked and it is found that if the
wavelength is outside a given range then there is no noticeable effect. Devices made from
different materials respond differently to light of different wavelengths, and this means that the
different electronics components can be used for different applications.

It is also found that extrinsic photoresists tend to be more sensitive to longer wavelength
light and can be used for infrared. However when working with infrared, care must be taken to
avoid heat build-up caused but he elating effect of the radiation.

o Photoresistor/LDR latency

One important aspect associated with photoresistors or light dependent resistors is that of
the latency, or the time taken for the electronic component to respond to any changes. This
aspect can be particularly important for a circuit design. It takes a noticeable amount of time
from any changes in light level before the LDR / photoresistor attains its final value for the new
level of light and for this reason the LDR / photo resistor is not a good choice where there are
reasonably rapid changing values of light. However when the light changes take place over a
period of time they are more than adequate.

The rate at which the resistance changes is called the resistance recovery rate. The LDR /
photoresistor normally responds within a few tens of milliseconds when light is applied after
total darkness, but when light is removed it can take up to a second or so for the resistance to
reach its final level.

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 It is for this reason that one of the specifications normally quoted in the electronic
component datasheets for photo-resistors is the dark resistance after a given time, typically in
seconds. Often two values are quoted, one for one second and another for five seconds. These
given an indication of the latency of the resistor.

o Photoresistor applications

Photoresistors are found in many different applications and can be seen in many different
electronic circuit designs. They have a very simple structure and they are low cost and rugged
devices. They are widely used in many different items of electronic equipment and circuit
designs including photographic light meters, fire or smoke alarms as well as burglar alarms, and
they also find uses as lighting controls for street lamps.

Extrinsic photoresistors are provide sensitivity for longer wavelengths and as a result they
are popular in various electronic circuit designs as info-red photodetectors. Photoresistors can
also be used to detect nuclear radiation.

➢ Relay Module :

Fig.: Relay Module

The relay module is an electrically operated switch that allows you to turn on or off a circuit
using voltage and/or current much higher than a microcontroller could handle. The relay protects
each circuit from each other. Relays are element connected to the output pins of the
microcontroller & are used to turn on/off all that being out of board. There are various types of
relays but all have same operating principles : when a current flows through the coil, it makes or
breaks the electrical connections, between one or more pair of contacts. Relay usually demands
both higher voltage and current to start operating but there are also miniature versions which can
be activated with a low current directly obtained from a microcontroller port pins.

o The advantages of the relay module include the following :

▪ A remote device can be controlled easily

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 ▪ It is triggered with less current but it can also trigger high power machines
▪ Easily contacts can be changed
▪ At a time, several contacts can be controlled using a single signal
▪ Activating part can be isolated
▪ It can switch AC or DC
▪ At high temperatures, it works very well

o The disadvantages of the relay module include the following :

▪ When contacts of relay modules are used overtime then they may damage ▪ Noise can
be generated through the opening & closing of the contacts.
▪ Time taken for switching is High

o Relay modules are used in different applications which include the following :
▪ Used in over voltage/under voltage protection system
▪ Mains Switching
▪ Speed control of motors through start-delta converters
▪ Automatic electrical appliances
▪ Electrical isolation in between high & low power sources
▪ Lights
▪ AC voltage load switching using less voltage DC
▪ Delivery of Isolated power
▪ Home automation projects
▪ Switching with High Current

➢ Connecting wires :

Fig.: Connecting Wires

Wires are used for establishing electrical conductivity between two devices of an electrical
circuit. They possess negligible resistance to the passage of current.This type of wire is normally
thought of as being a single wire covered in some form of insulation. It is normally used for

20
point to point connections, or a variety of wires may be used for different connections. Under
these circumstances the wires may be bundled together in a wiring loom.

o Three types of wire used are :

▪ Live wire (Red colour) : The live is the wire that has a high potential. It means
it carries the high voltage and delivers it to the appliance.

▪ Neutral wire (Black colour) : Neutral is the wire that has zero potential.

▪ Earth wire (Green colour) : The earth wire is a safety wire that is needed for
earth appliances with a metal case.

➢ Power Adapter :

Fig.: Power Adapter

Also called an "AC adapter" or "charger," power adapters plug into a wall outlet and
convert AC to a single DC voltage. Computers use multiple DC voltages, and the power adapter
is the external part of the power supply for a laptop. The additional DC voltages are created by
internal circuits. A simple AC adapter consists of a transformer, a rectifier, and an electronic
filter. The transformer initially converts a relatively high-voltage alternating current that is
supplied by an electrical outlet to a lower voltage suitable for the device being powered. The
adapter is simply a connector that changes the plug shape to match the outlet. It does not change
the voltage or electrical output in any way. If you know that the plug shape is the only difference
between your equipment and the electrical system you are planning to use, then an adapter is all
you need.

o Advantages of Power Adapter

External AC adapters are widely used to power small or portable electronic devices. The
advantages include:

▪ Safety – External power adapters can free product designers from worrying about
some safety issues. Much of this style of equipment uses only voltages low enough

21
 not to be a safety hazard internally, although the power supply must out of necessity
use dangerous mains voltage. If an external powersupply is used (usually via a power
connector, often of coaxial type), the equipment need not be designed with concern
for hazardous voltages inside the enclosure. This is particularly relevant for
equipment with lightweight cases which may break and expose internal electrical
parts.
▪ Heat reduction – Heat reduces reliability and longevity of electronic components,
and can cause sensitive circuits to become inaccurate or malfunction. A separate
power supply removes a source of heat from the apparatus.
▪ Electrical noise reduction – Because radiated electrical noise falls off with the
square of the distance, it is to the manufacturer's advantage to convert potentially
noisy AC line power or automotive power to "clean", filtered DC in an external
adapter, at a safe distance from noise-sensitive circuitry.
▪ Weight and size reduction – Removing power components and the mains connection
plug from equipment powered by rechargeable batteries reduces the weight and size
which must be carried.
▪ Ease of replacement – Power supplies are more prone to failure than other circuitry
due to their exposure to power spikes and their internal generation of waste heat.
External power supplies can be replaced quickly by a user without the need to have
the powered device repaired.

22
 CHAPTER 6
Conclusion
➢ This is the design and implementation of Automatic Streetlight/Light System. This
system was designed to automatically detect Light and switch one's light. The design
makes use of a microcontroller to control the outputs. This design can be used in different
areas like Streetlights, Public parks, and lights outside of houses etc.
➢ By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually
operated street lights are not switched off even after the sunlight comes visible and also
switching ON earlier before sunset.
➢ The project has scope in various other applications like for providing lighting in
industries, campuses and parking lots of huge shopping malls. This can also be used for
surveillance in corporate campuses and industries.
➢ The main aim of this project was to design and implement an automatic streetlight using
Arduino uno board, which can be used to avoid manual operation for switching streetlight
on and off. In order to save and conserve energy in an efficient manner, streetlights are on
only when a movement is detected sensors.
➢ This report elaborates the design and construction of automatic street control system
circuit. Circuit works properly to turn street lamp ON/OFF. After designing the circuit
which controls the light of the street as illustrated in the previous sections. LDR sensor
are the two main conditions in working the circuit. If the two conditions have been
satisfied the circuit will do the desired work according to specific program. Sensor
controls the turning ON or OFF the lighting column. The street lights have been
successfully controlled by microcontroller. With commands from the controller the lights
will be ON in the places of the movement when it’s dark. Furthermore the drawback of
the street light system using timer controller has been overcome, where the system
depends on LDR sensor. Finally this control circuit can be used in school, colleges, malls,
etc.

23
 CHAPTER 7
Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications
o Advantages ▪ Power wastage can be reduced.
▪ Automated Operation.
▪ Low power consumption.
▪ Very flexible.
▪ Easy to manufactured.

o Disadvantages
▪ Sometimes streetlighting is an expensive process.
▪ During installation on highways, it can jam traffic.
▪ Also requires a good amount of electricity.

o Applications
▪ Traffic light controller system.
▪ Advance lighting system.
▪ Used in Streetlight applications.
▪ Used in domestic applications.

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25
 CHAPTER 8
References
➢ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333370876_Automated_Street_Lighting_Syste
m

➢ https://www.slideshare.net/AnuAntony19/automatic-street-light-64727362

➢ https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/electronicsfan123/interfacing-arduino-uno-with-ldr-
8760ba

26
➢ https://qdoc.tips/automatic-street-light-project-report-pdf-free.html

➢ https://www.academia.edu/29682314/A_Project_Based_Lab_Report_On_STREET_LIG
HT_USING_LDR_A_mini_project_work_on_Anolog_electric_circuit_design

➢ https://www.componentsinfo.com/atmega328p-pinout-configuration-datasheet/

➢ https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/what-is-arduino-uno-a-getting-started-guide

27
➢ https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/resistors/
lightdependent-resistor-
ldr.php#:~:text=An%20LDR%20or%20photoresistor%20is,lattice%20and%20unable
%2
0to%20move

➢ https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/electronicprojects/automatic-street-light-
controlsystem-with-arduino-ea1c70

28