GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT
 Development must benefit
both men and women

I. Introduction:
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
- is about removing explicit, implicit, actual
and potential gender biases within
organizations and programs, projects and
activities of those who are concerned with
development.
 Influential and most Popular
Filipino Women
• Pia Wurtzbach – Miss Universe 2016
• Hidilyn Diaz – Olympic Gold Medalist Weight lifting
• Jessica Cox - World's First licensed armless pilot, First
armless black-belt in the American Taekwondo
Association
• Miriam Defensor Santiago
• Charice Pempengco
• Lea Salonga - voice of Jasmine in Alladin
• Jessica Elizabeth Sanchez - top 7 finalist on the season
of American Idol
• Venerable mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo - founder
of the congregation of the Sisters of the Religious of
the Virgin Mary 3
 Select this paragraph to edit
• Melanie Marquez - 1979 miss international, face
of the 80s winner in New York and most admired
beauty queen in the Philippine showbiz
• Imelda R Marcos - elected as members of house
of representative in 3 different geographical
locations - Ilocos, Leyte, manila
• Donita Rose - Villarama - FHM's sexiest of the
Phil in 2001
• Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuanco - Aquino
• Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo

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 WHAT IS SEX?
WHAT IS GENDER?
What is gender ?
What is sex?

Gender is very much related to

sex and many people are often
confused about the distinction
between sex and gender
SEX

• physical differences between men and women

 t is t o c o n c e ptually
g poin
A good startin n d GENDER
t e S E X a
differentia

SEX: a natural distinguishing variable

based on biological attributes, such as -

• physical – genitalia, reproductive organs

• genetic – chromosomes, hormones

Sex is universal, biological & fixed

DETERMINANTS OF SEX

FEMALE MALE

GENITALIA vagina, clitoris penis, scrotum

INTERNAL
REPRODUCTIVE uterus, ovaries testes
ORGANS

CHROMOSOMES XX XY

HORMONES estrogen, testosterone

progesterone
 Sex
• Biological fact; a natural distinguishing variable
– Genetic : Chromosomes, hormones
– Physical: body contour, features, genitals, reproductive
organs
– Label: female or male; man or woman; boy or girl

Sex is what you are born with. Gender is what happens

afterwards!
 GENDER is . . .

* CULTURALLY DETERMINED

- refers to socially differentiated roles

and characteristics attributed by a
given culture to women and men
 GENDER is . . .

* SOCIALLY INFLUENCED

- refers to socially learned behavior

and expectations associated with
two sexes
 GENDER is . . .

* Learned through socialization

- gender is a product of culture; it is
learned
* Gender differences are imposed
through:
• roles
• rules
• responsibilities
• resources
 GENDER

• Frequently, those who follow these

gendered social rules are praised; those
who defy or violate them are punished

• Gender can be changed or altered

 Feminine Masculine

PERCEPTION Weak, emotional,

secondary, can’t
Strong, rational,
primary, can’t feel
think

No hard work, no Hard work, leader,

ROLES leadership, not a boss, no care-giving
boss, no decision-
making

Stay at home, just Don’t make women

EXPECTATIONS obey, don’t assert, do hard work,
don’t participate in always be smart, get
deciding the best, don’t cry
 Chapter III

GENDER
BIASES Inherently aggressive and violent
AGAINST
Don’t feel pain/incapable of
MEN
experiencing human relations
Inherently expressive in their
sexuality
Don’t need closeness, reassurance
and attention
etc.
 Gender Issues - are issues,
concerns, and problems
It is because of
arising from different roles
these gender
constructions or played by men and women
impositions that in society, as well as those
GENDER ISSUES that arise from questioning
arise. the relationship between
them.
-They surface or
get manifested
at any stage in a
person’s life.
Because of uneven and unjust
GENDER POWER RELATIONS
women and men are boxed into
situations – which constrain their

Capacity to do and to be
WOMEN’S
N
O
A TI
SU

GENDER
Z
ALI BO
IN RD
RG
ISSUES
IN
A AT
M VIOLENCE IO
N

NEGATIVE
EFFECTS ON
PERSONHOOD

E N
RD
ST GE AGAINST WOMEN U
ER N B
EO DE LE
TY R T IP
PI
NG UL
M

Manifestations of gender biases

 MANIFESTATIONS OF
GENDER BIASES

• Economic marginalization/ exploitation (

pagsasantabi/ paglalapastangan)

- value of women’s work is undermined

- unequal pay for work of equal value
- limited access to training, employment,
and promotion opportunities
 MANIFESTATIONS OF
GENDER BIASES

• Subordination (Politikal or Pagmamaliit)

- positions of power and leadership are
largely dominated by men
- women holding elective positions from
the national down to local levels are
in the minority
- Status
- Decision Making
- Process of Socialization
 MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIASES

• Multiple burden
- housework and child and family care
are still primarily considered as a
woman’s concern.
 MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIASES

• Gender stereotyping (Pagkakahon)

- biased perception of women as the
weaker sex
- their roles, functions, and abilities are
primarily tied at home
 MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIASES

• Violence against women

- women are more potential victims
of all forms of violence (battering, rape,
sexual harassment, sexual objects,
mail order brides, prostitution, etc)
Manifestations of Gender Bias
MARGINALIZATION
* Value of Women
SUBORDINATION
* Positions of powers
MULTIPLE BURDEN
*Housework, child and family care
considered as a women ___
GENDER STEREOTYPING
*Women as a ___
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Women are potential victims(rape,
buttering, sexual harassment, sexual
object, prostitution)
PERSONAL
Love self esteem
Principles for a Gender-fair Society
•Equal pay for work of equal value
•Economic opportunity
•Economic independence
•Work are undermined
•Unequal pay for work and equal volume
•Limited access to training
•Employment, Promotion opportunities
•Quality participation in decision-making
•Recognition of capabilities
•On Leadership we largely dominates by men
•Discriminating status
•Shared parenting
•Shared housework
•Liberation form stereotyped images
•Non-sexist child rearing
•Non-sexist language
•Freedom from violence
•Freedom from harassment
•Personhood development
•Control over one’s body
 Development means increasing capacities
• Capacity to do
to do productive and satisfying work
to have control over one’s income
to enjoy nature and the natural environment
to care for others
to bear and rear children
to travel in search of opportunities

Development means increasing capacities

Capacity to be
to be knowledgeable and skillful
to be well-nourished
to be confident of one’s abilities, achievements,
independence, power, etc.
 Development means increasing capacities TO DO and
TO BE
• Underlying these capacities is the freedom of choice. Hence,
development is also about expanding the range of choices.

Development also means

Improving the quality of life in all aspects

Economic Cultural

Social

Political Ecological

Including the delivery of basic social services

 The Basic Principle of Development
DEVELOPMENT IS FOR ALL
Fairness and Equity
Demands that everyone
in society,
whether male or female,
has the right to the same
opportunities to achieve a better life.

“Do no Harm”
At its most basic level, a gender approach is seeking to
ensure that the position of women DOES NOT WORSEN,
rather necessarily promotes change.

Ensure that interventions are EFFECTIVE and NOT

DANGEROUS, and do not compromise women’s HUMAN
RIGHTS.
 The Role of Government
• The inequality in opportunities arising from
gender expectations and roles (manifested in
terms of different limitations of opportunities
for women and men) cannot always be
overcome by individual action because they
are created and reinforced by society.
• Hence, there is a need for collective action
through government.
Gender Development Programs and Laws on Woman

• GAD examines the social, cultural, political and

economic realities in society and how they assign
difference roles, responsibilities and expectations to
women and men.
• Because of these disparities, women and men have
different needs and interest.
• Thus program, projects, and activities for
development affect them differently as well.
• LGU draft their plans, allocate resources for them,
implements their program projects and activities, and
monitor and evaluate their impact.
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 Philippine plan for Gender
responsive Development (PPGD)
• 1995 - 2025 program
• Guides agencies in responding to GAD issues
and concerns that needs to be addressed in
the long term.
• Plans spells out gender related goals of various
sectors and sets forth policies, strategies and
programs that needs to be implemented

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 Executive Order 273
• Take appropriate steps to ensure that policies,
programs, projects and strategies, outline in the
PPGD are fully implemented
• Institutionalize GAD efforts by incorporating
gender concerns when agencies formulate, assess
and update their respective annual plans and their
inputs to the medium, and long term development
plans; and
• Include GAD in the annual budget proposals and
work financial plans of agencies and local
governments units.
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 Other Laws
• RA 7877 - anti-sexual Harassment Act

• RA 7192 - an act promoting the integration of

women as full and equal partners of men the
development and nation building.

• RA 7882 - an act providing assistance to

women engaging in micro and cottage business
enterprise and for other purposes

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 Select this paragraph to edit
• RA 3835 - an act establish women's auxiliary
corps In the armed forces of the Philippines, to
provide the procurement of its officers and
enlisted personnel, and for other purposes.
• PD 1910 - an act authorizing female military
men per of the armed forces of the Philippines
to marry upon completion of three years
service.

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 Development must benefit
both men and women
THE END GOAL OF GENDER MAIN-STREAMING IS TO ENABLE MEN
AND
WOMEN TO EQUALLY CONTRIBUTE TO
DEVELOPMENT AND BENEFIT FROM ITS FRUITS.

GENDER EQUALITY
Women and men equally
contributing
to and benefiting
from development.
DEVELOPMENT IS
EVERYBODY’S CONCERN!
THANK YOU!!
 Group Activity
• Group 1 and 2
– List down Gender Issues and how to address it.

• Group 3 and 4
– Formulate a project proposal on Gender and
Development activities for the approval of the Chief
of Police (COP) for the one (1) month celebration of
Women’s Month yearly.