BAB 3: FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA/ CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif (JAR) dan Jisim Molekul Relatif (JMR) {Relative Atomic Mass(RAM) and Relative
Molecular Mass(RMM)

1. Jisim atom sangat kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang.

2. Tapi, jisim atom dapat ditentukan dengan membandingkan jisim atom semua unsur dengan jisim atom satu unsur
yang dipilih sebagai piawai/Standard atom.
3. Jisim atom relatif (Ar)bukan jisim sebenarnya tetapi nilai perbandingan sahaja. Jadi, jisim atom relatif tidak
mempunyai unit./Relative atomic mass is not the actual mass of an atom. It is only a comparison value. So, it has
no unit.
4. Pada mulanya, atom ________________ telah dipilih sebagai piawai:
 Unsur yang paling _______________/ the __________________ element.
 Tetapi, terdapat beberapa kelemahan:
- Tidak semua unsur dapat berpadu dengan hidrogen/ Not many elements can react with hydrogen.
- Jisim atom relatif beberapa unsur tidak tepat/ The relative atomic mass of some elements are not accurate.
- Jisim hidrogen sukar disukat (gas)/ The mass of hydrogen is hard to measured since it exists as gas.
5. Lepas itu, _________________ dipilih untuk menggantikan hidrogen. Tetapi masih wujud kelemahan:
 Kewujudan ______________ oksigen ,O-16, O-17 dan O-18./ Existence of ___________________ of oxygen,
O-16, O-17 dan O-18.
6. Pada tahun1961, Kesatuan Antarabangsa Kimia Tulen dan Gunaan/International Unions of Chemists and
Physician(IUPAC) bersetuju menggunakan karbon-12/carbon -12 sebagai piawai kerana:
 Terdapat banyak sebatian yang mengandungi karbon-12./ Carbon -12 is present in many compounds.
 Karbon-12 merupakan isotop utama karbon, iaitu kira-kira 98.89%./ Carbon-12 is the most abundant carbon
isotope, occurring about 98.89%.
 Karbon -12 mudah dikendalikan kerana wujud dalam keadaan pepejal pada suhu bilik./ Carbon-12 exists as a
solid at room temperature, can be easily handled.

Jisim Atom Relatif/ Relative Atomic Mass

1. Jisim atom relatif (JAR) suatu unsur ialah bilangan kali jisim ___________________ berkenaan lebih besar
1
daripada kali jisim satu atom karbon-12. Jisim relatif karbon-12 ialah 12.000 .
12
The relative atomic mass(RAM) of an element is defined as the number of times ________________________ is
heavier than one twelfth of an atom of carbon-12. The relative atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12.000.

Jisim satu atom unsur

Jisim Atom Relatif Suatu Unsur = 1
x jisim satuatom karbon−12
12

Mass of an atom of the element

Relative Atomic Mass of an element = 1
x mass of one carbon−12 atom
12
2. Simbol untuk JAR /RAM ialah Ar .

Contoh:

1. Calculate how many times bigger is one magnesium atom compared to one helium atom?
(RAM: He, 4 ; Mg, 24 )

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

 2. Calculate how many times heavier are 4 carbon atoms compared to 3 helium atoms?
(RAM: He, 4 ; C, 12 )

3. How many magnesium atoms will have the same mass as two silver atoms?
(RAM: Mg, 24 ; Ag, 108 )

4. The mass of three atoms of element Y is equal to the mass of five carbon atoms. What is the relative atomic
mass of element Y? (RAM: C,12)

5. The relative atomic mass of element X, Y and Z are 12, 16 and 24 respectively.
a. How many times is an atom Z heavier than an atom of Y?
b. How many atoms of X will have the same mass as the sum of three atoms of Y and two atoms of Z?

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Jisim Molekul Relatif/ Relative Molecular Mass

1. Jisim molekul relatif (JMR) suatu bahan ialah bilangan kali jisim ______________________ itu lebih besar
1
daripada kali jisim satu atom karbon-12. Jisim relatif karbon-12 ialah 12.000 .
12
The relative molecular mass(RMM) of an element is defined as the number of times one _____________________
is heavier than one twelfth of an atom of carbon-12. The relative atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12.000.

Jisim satu molekul bahan

Jisim Molekul Relatif Suatu Unsur = 1
x jisim satuatom karbon−12
12

Mass of one molecule of substance

Relative Molecular Mass of an element = 1
x mass of one carbon−12 atom
12
2. Simbol untuk JMR/RMM ialah Mr .
3. Jisim molekul relatif bahan dihitung dengan menjumlahkan jisim atom relatif semua atom yang membentuk
molekul bahan itu.
4. Bagi sebatian yang terdiri daripada ion, ‘Jisim formula relatif”/Relative Formula Mass akan digunakan.

Example:
1. Calculate the relative molecular mass/relative formula mass of

a) HCl b) Al(NO3)3 c) Na2CO3 d) CuSO4. 5H2O e)Br2

f) NO2 g) Cu(OH)2 h) C6H12O6 i) PbSO4 j) (NH4)2SO4

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k) N2 l) CoCl2.6H2O m) NH3 n) O2 o) C3H8

{RAM: H=1; Cl= 35.5; Na=23;C=12 ;O=16; Al=27; Cu=64; N=14; Br=80,; Pb = 207; S=32; Co=59}

3.2 Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah/ The Mole and the Number of Particles

1. _________________ ditakrifkan sebagai kuantiti bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang sama dengan
bilangan atom dalam 12.000 g karbon, iaitu ___________________ zarah.(Pemalar Avogadro – NA)
_______________ is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in
exactly 12g of carbon-12, which is ________________particles. (Avogadro Constant- NA)
2. ______________________, NA ditakrifkan sebagai bilangan zarah(atom, molekul atau ion) yang terdapat dalam
satu mol sebarang bahan iaitu 6.02x1023 mol-1./ The ____________________ , NA is defined as the number of
particles(atom, molecule or ions) in one mole of a substance, that is 6.02x1023 mol-1.
3. Simbol untuk mol/mole ialah mol.
4.
1 mol atom = 6.02x1023 atom

1 mol molekul = 6.02x1023 molekul

1 mol ion = 6.02x1023 ion

5.

X NA

Bilangan mol/ Bilangan zarah/

Number of moles Number of Particles

÷ NA
6.

Bahan yang terdiri Natrium/sodium, Na; Magnesium, Mg; Zink/zinc, Zn; Helium, He ;
daripada atom Karbon/carbon, C; Neon, Ne
Substances that
consists of atoms
Bahan yang terdiri Hidrogen/hydrogen, (H2); Oksigen/oxygen (O2); Nitrogen (N2) ; fluorin/fluorine (F2)
daripada molekul ; Klorin/chlorine (Cl2), Bromin/bromine(Br2); iodin/iodine (I2); Sulfur/sulphur(S8);
SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
 Substances that Fosforus/phosphorus(P4); air/water(H2O); karbon dioksida/carbon dioxide (CO2)
consists of molecules
Bahan yang terdiri Natrium klorida/sodium chloride(NaCl); Zink oksida/zinc oxide(ZnO), kalium
daripada ion hidroksida/potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Substances that
consists of ions

Pengiraan: (NA = 6.02x1023 mol-1)

1. Calculate the number of particles in :
a. 0.2mole carbon atom.[1.204x 1023]
b. 0.1 mole oxygen gas. [6.02 x 1022]
c. 0.5 mole of potassium chloride, KCl[3.01x1023]
2. Calculate the number of moles of the following
substances
a. 1.5 x 1024 atoms of silver, Ag [2.492]
b. 3 x 1022 oxide ions, O2- [0.05]
c. 4.5 x 1023 nitrogen molecules, N2 [0.75]

3. Find the number of atoms in: 4. Calculate the number of particles in :

a. 1.5 mole Cl2 [1.806 x 1024] a. 1.25 mole of sodium ions, Na+.[7.525 x 1023]
b. 0.75 mole NO2 [1.355 x 1024] b. 0.03 mole of water molecules, H2O. [1.806 x 1022]

5. Calculate the number of atoms in:
a. 0.25 mole of carbon dioxide gas, CO2 [4.515 x 1023]
b. 0.075 mole of ammonia gas, NH3 [1.806 x 1023]
6. A beaker contains 6.02x 1021 carbon dioxide
molecules. Calculate :
a. number of mole of carbon dioxide [0.01]
b. the number of carbon atoms[6.02 x 1021]
c. the number of oxygen atoms. [1.204 x 1022]

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 7. 0.3 mole of zinc bromide, ZnBr2 dissolved in a 8. 0.4 mol copper(II) chloride, CuCl2 dissolved in a
beaker of water. Calculate the total number of ions beaker of water. Calculate the total number of ions
present in the beaker. . [5.418 x 1023] present in the beaker. [7.224x 1023]

3.3 Bilangan Mol dan Jisim/ The Mole and Mass

1.
x Jisim Molar/ Molar mass

Bilangan mol/ Jisim (g) /

Number of moles Mass(g)

÷ Jisim Molar/ Molar mass

2. Jisim Molar /Molar Mass

 ________________________ dalam unit gram./ ________________________________________ in grams.
 Unit - grams per mole (g mol-1).
 = Jisim bagi satu mol bahan/ mass of one mole of substance
 = Jisim bahan yang mengandungi 6.02 x 1023 zarah./ mass of substance that consists of 6.02 x 1023particles.
 Jisim Molar = JAR/JMR/JFR
Molar mass = RAM/RMM/RFM
 Contoh: CO2 , JMR/RMM = 12 + (16x2) = 44, jadi, jisim molar/molar mass = 44 g mol-1.
3. Formulas yang perlu diingati:

BILANGAN
ZARAH/ NUMBER Mol GRAM
OF PARTICLES

Pengiraan

1. Calculate the mass for the following:

a. 0.3 mole chlorine atom, Cl [10.65]

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 1
b. mole CO2 [5.5]
8
c. 3.2 mole ammonia gas, NH3 [54.4]
(RAM : Cl, 35.5; C, 12; O, 16; N,14; H,1)

2. Find the number of moles in:

a. 2.0g NaOH[0.05]
b. 45g C2H6 [1.5]
c. 49.2g Ca(NO3)2 [0.3]
(RAM: Na=23; O=16; H=1; C=12, Ca= 40;
N=14)

4. Calculate the mass of the following:

a. 1.2 x 1022 zinc atoms [1.296]

b. 2 x1024 atoms of oxygen, O [53.16]
c. 1.2 x 1022 molecules of nitrogen dioxide, NO2
[0.917]
d. 1.56 x 1023 atoms of silver, Ag [27.99]
(RAM: Zn=65, O=16, N=14, Ag= 108, NA =
6.02x1023)

3. Calculate the number of particles in:

a. 1.4g iron, Fe [1.505 x 1022]

b. 3.3g CO2 [4.515 x 1022]
c. 20g CH4 [7.525 x 1023]
d. 372.6g Pb [1.0836 x 1024]
e. 4.68g H2O [1.5652 x 1023]
(RAM: C=12, O=16, Fe=56, H=1, Pb=207, NA =
6.02x1023)
SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
5. What is the mass of hydrogen gas that has twice
the number of molecules in 3.55g chlorine gas?
[0.2g]
(RAM: H=1, Cl=35.5)

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3.4 Bilangan Mol dan Isipadu Gas/The Mole and the Volume of Gas

1.
x Isipadu Molar/ Molar Volume

Bilangan mol/ Isipadu gas /

Number of moles Volume of gas

÷ Isipadu Molar/ Molar Volume

2. Isipadu Molar gas / Molar Volume of a gas

 Isipadu yang ditempati oleh _____________ , iaitu ___________ dm3 pada s.t.p. atau ______ dm3
pada keadaan bilik.{ catatan: s.t.p – suhu dan tekanan piawai iaitu suhu 00C dan tekanan 1
atmosfera ; keadaan bilik – suhu bilik 250C dan tekanan 1 atmosfera}
Volume of __________________ that is ______ dm3 at s.t.p. or ___ dm3at room conditions.{ Note:
s.t.p – standard temperature of 00C and pressure of 1 atmosphere; room conditions- temperature
of 250C and the pressure of 1 atmosphere.}

1 dm3 = 1000cm3

Pengiraan

1. Find the volume of 0.3mole sulphur dioxide gas at s.t.p? [6.72dm3]

2. Calculate:
a. The number of moles of 720cm3 of ammonia, NH3 at room conditions. [0.03]
b. The number of molecules in 0.48dm3 of oxygen at s.t.p. [1.29x 1022]
c. The mass of 1.2dm3 of methane, CH4 at s.t.p. [0.853]

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

 3. Find the volume of:
a. 51g ammonia gas, NH3 at s.t.p. [67.2 dm3]
b. 1.6g sulphur dioxide at room conditions. [0.6 dm3]
(RAM:N=14, H=1, S=32, O=16)

4. What is the volume of 24g of methane, CH4 at s.t.p? (RAM: C=12 , H=1) [33.6 dm3]

5. How many hydrogen molecules are there in 6dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions? {molar
volume = 24dm3mol-1at room conditions, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1}[1.505x 1023]

6. Find the volume of nitrogen gas in cm3 at room conditions that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen
molecules. {Molar volume = 24dm3mol-1 room conditions , Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1}
[9600]

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

 Latihan:

1. 63.5g of gas X is found to occupy a space of 2. Calculate the mass of carbon that consists of the
5600cm3 at s.t.p. Calculate the molar mass of gas same number of atoms with:
X.[254 g mol-1] a. 2 g of hydrogen gas. [12]
b. 5.6g iron, Fe (RAM: H=1, Fe=56) [1.2]

3. What is the number of moles of gas at s.t.p. for 4. Calculate the number of atoms found in 1.2g of
5.6dm3 of oxygen? [0.25] magnesium, Mg. (RAM: Mg=24, NA= 6.02 x
1023 mol-1) [3.01 x 1023]

5. Calculate the mass in gram for 1.5x 1023 chlorine 6. Find the mass of sulphur dioxide, SO2, that
molecules, Cl2. occupy the space of 360cm3 at room conditions?
(RAM: Cl=35.5 ,NA= 6.02 x 1023 mol-1) [17.69] (RAM: O=16, S=32; Molar volume =
24dm3mol-1room conditions) [0.96]

7. Calculate the number of atoms in 2.2g of carbon 8. What is the number of moles of copper(II)
dioxide, CO2. (RAM: C=12,O=16; NA= 6.02 x nitrate in 56.4g of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2?
1023 mol-1) [9.03x 1022] (RAM: Cu=64,O=16, N=14) [0.3]

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

3.5 Formula Kimia/Chemical Formulae

C6H12O6 Mg(NO3)2

Formula Empirik dan Formula Molekul/ Empirical Formalae and Molecular Formulae

1. Formula Empirik menunjukkan ____________________ bagi bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur yang
terdapat dalam suatu sebatian.
Empirical formula gives the ________________________________ of atoms of each element present in
the compound.
2. Formula Molekul menunjukkan __________________ atom-atom setiap jenis unsur yang terdapat
dalam satu molekul bahan itu.
Molecular formula gives the ____________________ of atoms of each element present in one molecule
of the compound.
3. For example: C2H4 (molekur formula)-----------------------CH2 (Empirical Formula)

Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n

Contoh:
1. 2.24g of iron combines chemically with 0.96g of oxygen in an experiment. What is the empirical
formula for the compound formed?(RAM: Fe=56; O=16)

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

2. In an experiment, a metal X combines with 4.32g oxygen to form 13.68g of a metallic oxide of X. Find
the empirical formulae of the metallic oxide. (RAM: X =52; O=16)

3. Hydrazine can be used as rocket fuel. It contains 87.5% of nitrogen and 12.5% of hydrogen. The relative
molecular mass of hydrazine is 32.
(i) Determine the empirical formula of hydrazine.
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of hydrazine. (RAM: H=1, N=14)

4. A compound, CxHyOz consists of 40% carbon and 53.3% oxygen. If its relative molecular mass is 180.
Identify:
(i) empirical formula
(ii) molecular formula
(RAM: H=1, C=12, O=16)

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

5. 2.07 g of element Z react with bromine gas to form 3.67g compound with the empirical formula ZBr2.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element Z. (RAM: Br=80)

6. A metallic oxide , M2O3 is formed when 5.4g of the metal M combines with m gram of oxygen. Find the
value of m. (RAM: O=16, M=27)

7. 4.80g of element P combine chemically with 3.20g of element Q. What is the empirical formula for the
compound formed?
[RAM: P=24, Q=16]

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Formula Kimia Sebatian Ion/ Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

Cas Kation Formula Cas Anion Formula

(Cas positif) (Cas negatif)

+1 Ion litium Li+ -1 Ion florida F-

Ion natrium Na+ Ion klorida Cl-
Ion kalium K+ Ion bromida Br-
Ion argentum Ag+ Ion iodida I-
Ion hidrogen H+ Ion hidroksida OH-
Ion ammonium NH4+ Ion nitrat NO3-
Ion kuprum(I) Cu+ Ion nitrit NO2-
Ion nikel(I) Ni+ Ion hidrida H-
Ion klorat (I) ClO-
Ion klorat(V) ClO3-
Ion bromat(I) BrO-
Ion bromat(V) BrO3-
Ion iodat (I) IO-
Ion iodat(V) IO3-
Ion etanoat CH3COO-
Ion manganat(VII) MnO4-
+2 Ion magnesium Mg2+ -2 Ion oksida O2-
Ion kalsium Ca2+ Ion sulfida S2-
Ion zink Zn2+ Ion sulfat SO42-
Ion barium Ba2+ Ion sulfit SO32-
Ion ferum(II) Fe2+ Ion tiosulfat S2O32-
Ion plumbum(II) Pb2+ Ion karbonat CO32-
Ion nikel(II) Ni2+ Ion kromat(VI) CrO42-
Ion stanum(II) Sn2+ Ion dikromat(VI) Cr2O72-
Ion kuprum(II) Cu2+

+3 Ion ferum(III) Fe3+ -3 Ion fosfat PO43-

Ion aluminium Al3+
Ion kromium(III) Cr3+

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 Charge Cation Formula Charge Anion Formula
(Positive Charge) (Negative Charge)

+1 Lithium ion Li+ -1 Fluoride ion F-

Sodium ion Na+ Chloride ion Cl-
Potassium ion K+ Bromide ion Br-
Silver ion Ag+ Iodide ion I-
Hydrogen ion H+ Hydroxide ion OH-
Ammonium ion NH4+ Nitrate ion NO3-
Copper(I) ion Cu+ Nitrite ion NO2-
Nickel(I) ion Ni+ Hydride ion H-
Chlorate(I) ion ClO-
Chlorate (V) ion ClO3-
Bromate (I) ion BrO-
Bromate(V) ion BrO3-
Iodate(I) ion IO-
Iodate (V) ion IO3-
Ethanoate ion CH3COO-
Manganate (VII) ion MnO4-
+2 Magnesium ion Mg2+ -2 Oxide ion O2-
Calcium ion Ca2+ Sulphide ion S2-
Zinc ion Zn2+ Sulphate ion SO42-
Barium ion Ba2+ Sulphite ion SO32-
Iron(II) ion Fe2+ Thiosulphate ion S2O32-
Lead(II) ion Pb2+ Carbonate ion CO32-
Nickel(II) ion Ni2+ Chromate(VI) ion CrO42-
Tin(II) ion Sn2+ Dichromate (VI) ion Cr2O72-
Copper(II) ion Cu2+

+3 Iron(III) ion Fe3+ -3 Phosphate ion PO43-

Aluminium ion Al3+
Chromium(III) ion Cr3+

Ionic Compound/Sebatian ion

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
1. sodium choride 2. Hydrogen chloride 3. aluminium bromide 4. copper(II) iodide
natrium klorida Hidrogen klorida aluminium bromida kuprum(II) iodida

5. silver iodide 6. silver sulphate 7. potassium hydroxide 8. ammonium nitrate

argentum iodida argentum sulfat kalium hidroksida ammonium nitrat

9. calcium oxide 10. magnesium carbonate 11. zinc sulphate 12. barium chromate(VI)
kalsium oxide magnesium karbonat zink sulfat barium kromat(VI)

13. iron(II) thiosulphate 14. iron(III) thiosulphate 15. lead(II) chloride 16. lead(IV) chloride
ferum(II) tiosulfat ferum(III) tiosulfat plumbum(II) klorida plumbum(IV) klorida

17. tin(II) oxide 18. tin(IV) oxide 19. aluminium oxide 20. chromium(III) oxide
stanum(II) oksida stanum(II) oksida aluminium oksida kromium(III) oksida

21.aluminium thiosulphate 22. sodium sulphate 23.sodium thiosulphate 24. sodium manganate(VII)
aluminium tiosulfat natrium sulfat natrium tiosulfat natrium manganat(VII)

25.zinc bromide 26. zinc carbonate 27. zinc ethanoate 28. sodium hydroxide
zink bromida zink karbonat zink etanoat natrium hidroksida

29. sodium carbonate 30. sodium nitrate 31.ammonium thiosulphate 32. ammonium chloride
natrium karbonat natrium nitrat ammonium tiosulfat ammonium klorida

33. sodium phosphate 34. ammonium phosphate 35.aluminium phosphate 36. ammonium manganate(VII)
natrium fosfat ammonium fosfat aluminium fosfat ammonium manganat(VII)

37. ammonium sulphate 38. ammonium hydroxide 39.aluminium chloride 40. aluminium nitrate
ammonium sulfat ammonium hidroksida aluminium klorida aluminium nitrat

41. aluminium sulphate 42. aluminium bromide 43.aluminium carbonate 44.copper(II) thiosulphate
aluminium sulfat aluminium bromida aluminium karbonat kuprum(II) tiosulfat

45. copper(II) sulphate 46. copper(II) phosphate 47.copper(II) chloride 48. magnesium phosphate
kuprum(II) sulfat kuprum(II) fosfat kuprum(II) klorida magnesium fosfat

49. barium phosphate 50. copper(II) carbonate 51.magnesium sulphate 52. magnesium chloride
barium fosfat kuprum(II) karbanat magnesium sulfat magnesium klorida

53. magnesium bromide 54. barium carbonate 55.barium nitrate 56. copper(II) nitrate
magnesium bromida barium karbonat barium nitrat kuprum(II) nitrat

57. magnesium manganate(VII) 58. barium bromide 59. copper(II) hydroxide 60. magnesium nitrate
magnesium manganat(VII) barium bromida kuprum(II) hidroksida magnesium nitrat

61. magnesium hydroxide 62. lead(IV) sulphate 63. lead(IV) hydroxide 64. lead(IV) thiosulphate
magnesium hidroksida plumbum(IV) sulfat plumbum(IV)hidroksida plumbum(IV) tiosulfat

65. potassium thiosulphate 66. iron(II) ethanoate 67. iron(III) ethanoate 68. aluminium ethanoate
kalium tiosulfat ferum(II)etanoat ferum(III)etanoat aluminium etanoat

69. Silver carbonate 70. lead(IV) ethanoate 71. lead(II) oxide 72. barium nitrate
Argentum karbonat plumbum(IV) etanoat plumbum(II) oksida barium nitrat

3.6 Persamaan Kimia/ Chemical Equation

Persamaan kimia merupakan suatu cara penulisan untuk menghuraikan sesuatu tindak balas kimia.
SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
Chemical equation is a precise description of a chemical reaction.

Exercise:
1. Balance the following chemical equation:
(a). ( ) Na(s) + ( ) Cl2 (g) ( ) NaCl(s)
(b) ( ) Mg(s) + ( ) HNO3(aq) ( ) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + ( )H2(g)
(c) ( ) C2H4 (g) + ( ) O2(g) ( ) CO2 (g) + ( ) H2O(l)
(d) ( ) Cu (s) + ( ) AgNO3(aq) ( ) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + ( ) Ag(s)
(e) ( ) Pb(NO3)2 (s) + ( ) PbO(s) ( ) NO2 (g) + ( ) O2 (g)
(f) ( ) Ca (s) + ( ) H2O(l) ( ) Cu(OH)2 (aq) + ( ) H2(g)
(g) ( ) Cl2 (g) + ( ) NaBr(aq) ( ) NaCl (aq) + ( ) Br2(l)
(h) ( ) CuO (s) + ( ) Al(s) ( ) Al2O3 (s) + ( ) Cu(s)
(i) ( ) Na (s) + ( ) O2(g) ( ) Na2O(s)
2. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang untuk tindak balas yang berikut:
(a) Logam magnesium bertindak balas dengan gas klorin membentuk pepejal magnesium klorida.
Magnesium metal reacts with the chlorine gas to form solid magnesium chloride.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Pepejal kalsium karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik membentuk larutan kalsium klorida
dan air serta membebaskan gas karbon dioksida.
Solid calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride solution, water and
carbon dioxide gas.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Asid sulfuric cair bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida membentuk larutan natrium sulfat
dan air.
Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium sulphate solution and water.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
(d) Logam kalium bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan kalium hidroksida dan membebaskan gas
hidrogen.
Potassium metal reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide and release hydrogen gas.
____________________________________________________________________________________
(e) Pepejal natrium oksida bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan natrium hydroksida.
Solid sodium oxide reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide and release hydrogen gas.
____________________________________________________________________________________
(f) Larutan argentum nitrat ditambah dengan larutan natrium klorida. Mendakan argentum klorida dan
larutan natrium nitrat dihasilkan.
A solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride. A precipitate of silver chloride and
a solution of sodium nitrate are produced.
____________________________________________________________________________________
(g) Pepejal plumbum(II) karbonat terurai kepada pepejal plumbum(II) oksida dan gas karbon dioksida
apabila dipanaskan dengan kuat.
When solid lead(II) carbonate is heated strongly, it decomposes into solid lead(II) oxide and carbon
dioxide gas is released.
____________________________________________________________________________________
(h) Gas nitrogen bertindak balas dengan gas hidrogen untuk membentuk gas ammonia.
Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas.
___________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Pepejal kalsium oksida larut dalam asid hidroklorik cair untuk menghasilkan larutan kalsium klorida dan
air.
Solid calcium oxide dissolves in hydrochloric acid, producing calcium chloride solution and water.
SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
 _______________________________________________________________________________
______
(j) Gas sulfur trioksida + air asid sulfuric
Sulphur trioxide gas + water sulphuric acid
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(k) Zink bertindak balas dengan asid nitrat cair menghasilkan pepejal zink nitrat dan gas hidrogen.
Zinc reacts with dilute nitric acid to produce solid zinc nitrate and hydrogen gas.
____________________________________________________________________________________
(l) Pepejal kuprum(II) karbonat terurai kepada pepejal kuprum(II) oksida dan gas karbon dioksida apabila
dipanaskan.
When solid copper(II) carbonate is heated, it decomposes into copper(II)oxide and carbon dioxide.
____________________________________________________________________________________

Calculations:

1. 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

1.12g of iron burns completely in chlorine. What is the mass of the product?
(RAM: Cl=35.5; Fe=56) [3.25g]

2. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

What is the volume of the carbon dioxide formed when 5g of calcium carbonate react with
hydrochloric acid at room conditions? [1.2dm3]
(RAM: C=12, O=16, Ca=40; Molar Volume = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions)

3. 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

The chemical equation shows the complete combustion of ethane gas.
What is the volume of ethane needed to produce 2.2g of cardon dioxide at standard temperature
and pressure? [0.56dm3]

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

 (molar mass of CO2 = 44 g mol-1; molar volume of gas at s.t.p = 22.4dm3 mol-1)

4. Lead is extracted according to the following equation.

C + 2PbO CO2 + 2Pb
(a) Determine the number of moles of lead extreacted from 0.5 mole of lead(II)oxide.
(b) How many lead atoms are produced if 44.6g of lead(II)oxide is heated with excessive carbon?
(RAM:O=16, Pb=207, Avogadro Constant: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1)

5. The equation below shows the reaction between the sodium metal and water:
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
(a) Calculate the number of moles of sodium which react with 3 mole of water?
(b) Calculate the mass of sodium that is required to form 3.01 x 1023 of hydrogen molecules.
(RAM: Na= 23, Avogadro constant= 6.02 x 1023 mol-1)

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
Observation
Observation/Pemerhatian
1. Copper(II)oxide ___________________.
Kuprum(II)oksida _________________.
2. The colour of copper(II)oxide changes from
______________ to ___________________.
Kuprum(II) oksida berubah warna daripada
_____________ menjadi ____________________.
Inference/ inferens
A reaction occurs between _________________ and
_____________________.
Tindak balas berlaku antara ________________ dan
______________________.
The _________________ metal is formed.
Logam _________________ terbentuk.

3. ________________________________ are formed at ________________ is formed.

the end of the combustion tube. Logam __________________ terbentuk.
________________________________ terbentuk di
hujung tabung pembakaran.

Results:

Description/Ciri-ciri Mass/Jisim (g)

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring porselin x
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper oxide
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring porselin + kuprum oksida y
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring porselin + kuprum z
Copper
kuprum z–x
Oxygen
Oksigen y–z

Calculation:
(Relative Atomic Mass/ Jisim Atom Relatif : O=16, Cu =64)
Element/Unsur Copper/kuprum , Cu Oxygen/oksigen, O
Mass/jisim(g) z–x y–z
Number of moles/Bilangan mol z–x y– z
64 16
Simplest ratio/nisbah paling ringkas m n
Therefore, the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CumOn.
Jadi, formula empirik untuk kuprum(II) oksida ialah CumOn.
Discussion:
1. What is the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride?
Apakah fungsi kalsium klorida kontang?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. What is the function of the mixture of zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid in the flask?
(a) Apakah fungsi campuran zink dan asid hidroklorik cair di dalam kelalang?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in the flask.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam kelalang.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Why hydrogen gas is allowed to flow into the set of apparatus for a few minutes?
Mengapa gas hidrogen dibenarkan mengalir melalui radas selama beberapa minit?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Explain why the combustion tube must be filled up with hydrogen before the hydrogen is ignited at hole X?
SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013
 Terangkan mengapa tabung pembakaran perlu diisi penuh dengan hidrogen sebelum hidrogen dinyalakan di
lubang X?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Describe the steps that should be taken to ensure that all the air in the combustion tube has been removed.
Huraikan langkah yang perlu diambil untuk memastikan semua udara dalam tabung pembakaran telah
disingkirkan.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Explain why the flow of hydrogen must be continuous throughout the experiment?
Terangkan mengapa aliran hidrogen perlu berterusan sepanjang eksperimen?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Explain why the hydrogen gas is still passed through the apparatus during cooling of the combustion tube and
copper to room temperature after heating has stopped.
Terangkan mengapa gas hidrogen masih dialirkan melalui radas semasa penyejukan tabung pembakaran dan
kuprum ke suhu bilik selepas pemanasan tamat.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
8. Why the process of heating, cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained?
Mengapa proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang sehingga satu jisim tetap diperoleh?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Write two chemical equations for the reactions that occur in this experiment.
Tulis dua persamaan kimia lain bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam eksperimen ini.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. State one precautionary step while carrying out this experiment.
Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga lain semasa mengendalikan eksperimen ini.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. State one example of a metal oxide which has an empirical formula that
Nyatakan satu contoh oksida logam yang mempunyai formula empirik yang
(a) can also be determined in this experiment. Give one reason.
boleh ditentukan daripada eksperimen ini. Nyatakan satu sebab.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) cannot be determined in this experiment. Give one reason.
tidak boleh ditentukan daripada eksperimen ini. Nyatakan satu sebab.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

 Observation
Observation/Pemerhatian
1. A ____________________ is seen.
_______________________________ diperhatikan.
2. _______________________________ is released.
_______________________________ terbebas.
A _______________________ is formed.
__________________________ terbentuk.
Inference/ inferens
________________________ reacts with oxygen.
________________________ bertindak balas dengan
oksigen.
________________________ combines with
___________________.
________________________ bergabung dengan
___________________.

Results:
Description/Ciri-ciri Mass/Jisim (g)
Mass of crucible + lid
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup x
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium y
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida z
Magnesium
magnesium y– x
Oxygen
Oksigen z–y

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

Calculation:
(Relative Atomic Mass/ Jisim Atom Relatif : O=16, Mg =24)
Element/Unsur Magnesium/magnesium , Mg Oxygen/oksigen, O
Mass/jisim(g) y–x z–y
Number of moles/Bilangan mol y– x z− y
24 16
Simplest ratio/nisbah paling ringkas r s
Therefore, the empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgrOs.
Jadi, formula empirik untuk magnesium oksida ialah MgrOs
Discussion:
1. Based on the calculation obtained, how many moles of magnesium atoms and oxygen atoms have
reacted?
Berdasarkan penghitungan yang diperoleh, berapakah bilangan mol atom magnesium dan atom oksigen
yang telah bertindak balas?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction between magnesium and oxygen.
Tulis persamaan kimia untuk mewakili tindak balas antara magnesium dengan oksigen.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
3. Why must the magnesium ribbon be cleaned with sandpaper?
Mengapakah pita magnesium perlu dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Explain why the crucible must be closed while the magnesium is being heated.
Terangkan mengapa mangkuk pijar perlu ditutup semasa magnesium dipanaskan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
5. Explain why the lid of the crucible must be opened once in a while during the heating process of magnesium.
Terangkan mengapa penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala semasa magnesium dipanaskan.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......
.
6. Why the process of heating, cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained?
Mengapa proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang sehingga satu jisim tetap diperoleh?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. When the burning ceases, open the lid and heat the crucible strongly, why?
Apabila tiada lagi nyalaan, buka penutup mangkuk pijar dan panaskannya dengan kuat, kenapa?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Give two reasons to explain why the formula of magnesium oxide determined in this experiment does not agree
with the expected formula (if any).
Beri dua alasan jika formula magnesium oksida yang ditentukan dalam eksperimen ini tidak sama dengan formula
yang dijagka.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
9. The empirical formula of magnesium oxide cannot be determined by using hydrogen gas. Why?
Mengapa formula empririk magnesium oksida tidak boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan gas hidrogen.?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. State one example of a metal oxide which has an empirical formula that can also be determined in this
experiment. Give one reason.

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013

 Nyatakan satu contoh oksida logam yang mempunyai formula empirik yang boleh ditentukan dengan eksperimen
yang sama? Terangkan sebab.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Conclusion:
1. Sulphuric acid H2SO4
2. Nitric acid HNO3
3. Hydrochloric acid HCl
4. Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
5. Ammonia NH3
6. Sulphuric dioxide SO3
7. Carbon dioxide CO2
8. Oxygen O2
9. Hydrogen H2
10.Nitrogen N2
11.Carbon monoxide CO
12.Chlorine gas Cl2
13.Bromine gas Br2
14.Iodines gas I2
15.Fluorine gas F2

SSY_FORM 4- CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 3 _SMKK2@2013