Directions: To complete this activity, download this document and type directly onto it.

Under the heading, BOOK DEF

the definition for the word exactly as it is written from the online book. Under the heading, PERSONAL DEFINITION, ty
definition as you understand it from the online book in your own words. The CLUE is a hint to help you remember the
this column you must copy and paste an image from the internet which you feel represents the word and helps you w
remembering the word’s meaning.
The test is based off of the information from the book. Some words have many meanings, so when you use the intern
be using a meaning of the word which does not relate to our class and can even confuse you when it comes time to ta
This is why your definitions must only come from the online book, not the internet. Once you have the definition expl
the book typed in the BOOK DEFINITION portion of the activity and you have typed your personal version of the defin
own words under the PERSONAL DEFINITION portion, it will be okay to get the image you need to complete the CLUE
the internet because at that time you should have an understanding of the meaning of the word you are supposed to

CHAPTER 14: HUMAN POPULATION AND URBANIZATION

WORD BOOK PERSONAL CLUE
DEFINITION DEFINITION
SECTION 14.1
1. fertility Number of births in a How many births there are in
population. a population

2. mortality Number of deaths in a How many deaths there are

population. in a population

3. population Increase or decrease in Change in the size of a

change the size of a population. It population
is equal to (births +
immigration) − (deaths +
emigration).

SECTION 14.2
4. total fertility Average number of The average of how many
rate (TFR) children born to women of children are born from
childbearing age in a women of childbearing age,
population.

5. life expectancy Average age a person can An estimate of how many

be expected to live based years a person will live based
on the year and country or on the year, country or region
region of his or her birth. of the their birth

6. infant mortality Number of babies out of Amount of babies that die

rate every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday out
before their first birthday. of every 1,000

SECTION 14.3
7. urbanization Trend in which more and The increase of people living
more people live in urban in urban areas
areas.

8. urban sprawl Growth of low-density The growth in large cities of

development on the edges low density development
of cities and towns.
See smart growth.

SECTTION 14.4
9. eco-city Ecologically sustainable A city that is ecologically
city. Residents can walk, sustainable.
bike, or use low-polluting
mass transit for most
travel. Residents grow
their own food and recycle
or reuse most of their
wastes. Abandoned lots
and industrial sites are
cleaned up and nearby
forests, grassland,
wetlands, and farms are
preserved.
10. smart growth Set of policies and tools Encouragement of a more
that encourage more environmentally sustainable
environmentally urban development with an
sustainable urban increase on car usage
development with less
dependence on cars.

CHAPTER 15: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND HUMAN HE

WORD BOOK PERSONAL CLUE
DEFINITION DEFINITION
SECTION 15.1
11. risk Probability of suffering The likability or possibility of
harm from a hazard that suffering a harm or hazard
can cause injury, disease, that can cause effects such as
death, economic loss, or death.
damage. See risk
analysis, risk assessment,
risk management.

12. risk Process of using statistical The statistics that show how
assessment methods to estimate how much a hazard will actually
much harm a particular cause harm to human health
hazard can cause to or to the environment.
human health or to the
environment. See risk, risk
analysis, risk
management.
13. risk Deciding whether and how
management to reduce a particular risk
to a certain level and at
what cost. See risk, risk
analysis, risk assessment.
Deciding if it is worth
reducing the hazard or ways
to prevent it from causing too
much harm at a cost.

14. pathogen Disease-causing agent, A disease causing agent

such as a bacterium, virus,
or parasite.
See bacterium, virus,
parasite.

SECTION 15.2
15. infectious Disease caused when a Disease caused by pathogen
disease pathogen such as a when it enters the body and
bacterium, virus, or multiplies in its cells and
parasite invades the body tissues.
and multiplies in its cells
and tissues. Examples
include flu, AIDS,
tuberculosis, diarrheal
diseases, and malaria.
See transmissible disease.
Compare nontransmissibl
e disease.
16. bacterium Single-celled organism An example of a pathogen
that can multiply very that can multiply very rapidly
rapidly. Most are harmless
but some may cause
diseases such as strep
throat and tuberculosis.
17. virus Infectious agent that is An agent that is smaller than
smaller than a bacterium; a bacterium that is very
it works by invading a cell infectious
and taking over its genetic
machinery to copy itself. It
then multiplies and
spreads throughout the
body, causing a viral
disease such as flu or
AIDS.
18. parasite Organism that lives on or Organism that takes
inside another organism advantage of another
and feeds on it. Parasites organism by living on it or
can cause serious inside and feeding on it
infectious diseases.

19. transmissible Infectious disease that can Infectious disease that is

disease be transmitted from one transmissible from one to the
person to another. Some other
transmissible diseases are
bacterial, such as
tuberculosis, meningitis
and gonorrhea. Others are
viral, such as the common
cold, flu, and AIDS.
Compare nontransmissibl
e disease.
20. Disease that is caused by Disease that cannot be
nontransmissible something other than a transmitted from one to
disease living organism and does another and it is not caused
not spread from one by a living organism
person to another.
Examples include most
cancers, diabetes,
cardiovascular disease,
and asthma.
Compare transmissible
disease.
SECTION 15.3
21. toxic chemical Element or compound that An element that can cause
can cause temporary or potential death
permanent harm or death.
See carcinogen, mutagen,
teratogen.

22. carcinogen Chemical, type of Any type of radius or virus

radiation, or virus that can that influences or promotes
cause or promote cancer. cancer
Compare mutagen,
teratogen.

23. mutagen Toxic agent such as a Toxic agents that increased

chemical or form of the frequency of mutation in
radiation that causes or the DNA molecules found in
increases the frequency of cells
mutations in the DNA
molecules found in cells.
See carcinogen, mutation,
teratogen.

24. teratogen Chemical that harms a Chemical that causes birth

fetus or embryo or causes defects and can harm a fetus
birth defects.
Compare carcinogen,
mutagen.
SECTION 15.4
25. toxicology Study of the harmful The study of chemicals and its
effects of chemicals on harmful effects on humans or
humans and other other organisms
organisms.

26. toxicity Measure of the ability of a The measure of the capability

substance to cause injury, of a substance to cause injury
illness, or death to a living and etc
organism.

27. dose Amount of a harmful The measure of the amount

chemical that a person of chemicals consumed or
has ingested, inhaled, or inhaled by someone
absorbed through the skin
at any one time.
Compare response.

28. response Health reaction resulting The health result after

from exposure to a exposure to a chemical
chemical. See dose.
29. precautionary Principle holding that
principle when there is substantial
preliminary evidence that
an activity, technology, or
chemical can harm living
things or the environment,
decision makers should
take action to reduce such
harm without waiting for
more conclusive evidence.
when there is substantial
preliminary evidence that an
activity can harm living things
or the environment, decision
makers should take action to
reduce such harm without
waiting for more conclusive
evidence.