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Activity 9
Using the Venn Diagram, compare and contrast nation and state. (20
points)

 A state is a political body with distinct geographical boundaries. A state is

an association of people characterized by formal institutions
of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries;
and sovereignty (political independence).
 state is a political and legal entity
 A state also has fixed geographical boundaries. It is also not dependent or
subordinate to any other state; it has an independent governance system.
 The population of the state may be made up of more than one nation.
 A state can be created with a conscious effort.
 A state is a territory considered as an organized political community under
one government.

Nation is considered as ruling state and state

tends to have ruling government. Thus, any
state of the nation tends to be under sovereign
government of the complete nation.

 A nation is a group of people with a common language, history,

culture, and (usually) geographic territory.
 A nation may be represented in (or ruled by) one or more (usually
contiguous) states
 A nation is formed by factors like common race, common language,
common culture, common history, common territory, etc. But none of
these are absolute essentials.
 Nation is not a legal entity. It is the strong bond between people and
common elements like ethnicity, language, and descent that keeps
the nation together.
 Nation doesn’t have a fixed territory.
 Nation cannot be created consciously.
 Nation can exist without sovereignty.
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Activity 10A
Among the four challenges of the government, which do you think is the
easiest to deal with? Why? (20 points)

Lack of Transparency
While government agencies are working to improve their transparency to respond to the
needs of citizens, outdated technology solutions are holding these efforts back. In order
to respond to citizens' technology expectations for convenience, agencies must focus
on the Internet, mobile devices, and social media to communicate with citizens and to
provide better services.

Activity 10B
How globalization affect the Philippine government? (20 points)

Globalization is the means by which countries interact with each other. It is growth to a
global or worldwide scale. It is the process of interaction and integration among the
people and government of different nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. In simple terms, it is the flow of money,
goods, information, and people in increasing speed and magnitude of movement. The
globalization of the Philippines, in my opinion, has grown since the development of the
country. There are a lot of technological and global advances that have gone on in the
Philippines and I feel that if this country continues to progress in this direction, it will
eventually reach the goals that have been set. Globalization has been very effective in
the Philippines. There have been major changes in the economy since 1995 when the
Philippines took part in signing agreements with World Trade Organization. There have
been changes in the country such as more labor and more companies that have
emerged to help the economy. Globalization has been rapidly developing in the
Philippines ever since the influence of the United States during World War II.

Activity 11A
How will international relations affect your future career? Briefly explain
your answer. (20 points)

International relations promote successful trade policies between nations. International

relations encourage travel related to business, tourism, and immigration, providing
people with opportunities to enhance their lives. In practice, engineers could boost the
CANLAS, PRINCESS ERIKA R. BSCE-2B
diplomatic enterprise in a multitude of ways. These include helping translate various
countries’ S&T policies into implementation, advancing humanitarian applications for
engineering, and creating technologies for sustainable development. On the last item,
one annual event, the IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, offers a
venue, and discussions have centered on the role of engineers in helping fulfill the UN’s
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The leap from participating in technology-
related activities to higher-level policy engagement may not be as large as it may
appear, if we are willing to make the effort. To paraphrase from a recent UNESCO report,
science has value beyond obviously scientific issues, and science should be integral to
policy discussions; indeed, science and engineering can be a game changer in dealing
with global challenges and meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. A willingness
to explore opportunities in government or diplomacy is essential for engineers to fully
realize their potential contributions to society. In local contexts, models for such a path
are cropping up, such as the USC course mentioned earlier. The goal now is to create
increased awareness of science and engineering diplomacy and to transform that
awareness into tangible actions.

Activity 11B
What do you think the world would be without United nations (UN)? (20
points)

Without the United Nations there would be no action on environmental change, like the
Paris climate accords, or global agreements on human rights. The League of Nations
never had a mechanism for civil society to engage with the organization, but the United
Nations bake that ability into the charter. Less Coordination on Global Issues; The UN is
the world forum where states come together to work on global issues. If it didn't exist,
there would be a lack of dialogue and coordination between countries since the UN
Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security. The
General Assembly and the Secretary-General play major, important, and
complementary roles, along with other UN offices and bodies. Historically, many
engineering advances have precipitated major changes in interactions between
nations and have influenced the conduct and direction of foreign policy. Far more also
remains to be done to address the related challenges to world sustainability, such as
global warming, increases in carbon dioxide emissions, the predicted rise in sea levels,
over-fishing, over-consumption, and the disappearance of species. Sustainability will
require not only working defensively, but also creating imaginative new projects, like
environmentally benign infrastructural systems in homes and cars and water-efficient
desert agriculture. Sustainability and combating poverty are the foundations of a stable
civil society, and they require the crossing of boundaries and the pooling of crucial
human resources - particularly engineers.
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Activity 12
Briefly discuss the advantage and disadvantage of informationalism on
your course. (30 points)

Informationalism refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the

previous paradigm of industrialism (Castells 1996). From metallurgy to transportation,
industrialism was marked by a revolution in materials engineering triggered by the
Industrial Revolution. Informationalism, on the other hand, is connected with the
information revolution that begins after World War II, covering developments associated
with computer science and its various expressions in electronics and telecommunication
networks. Informationalism manifests itself in the added importance of knowledge,
information, and communication in the globalized world where human labor is
increasingly involved in the production of immaterial goods (Hardt & Negri 2000).
However, the rise of informationalism as the new paradigm does not suggest that
industrialism disappears as a material fact; it only suggests that industrialism loses
centrality in discourses of technology; indeed, informationalism subsumes and transforms
industrial technologies from within. For example, the automobile, an important industrial
artifact, does not become less important; it retains its role and appearance while
undergoing an informational transformation whereby the automobile becomes an
assemblage of computers and data-communication networks that begin to mediate its
basic functions, including acceleration, breaking, and steering. A growing number of
workers are dedicated to the manipulation of symbols to ensure better services, maintain
the rhythm of innovation, and resolve complex new problems (Reich, 1993). This
orientation produces new social divisions linked to the intensity of knowledge. More
specifically, a growing inequality is being produced between those that possess
technological control and mass media resources and those that do not (Carnoy,
Castells, Cohen, & Cardoso, 1993). According to Reich (1991), the growing importance
of knowledge and in particular the manipulation of symbols in economic activity has
influenced the unsuitability of the traditional classification of white-collar workers (office
workers) and blue-collar workers (factory labourers). Reich (1991) goes on to say that
nowadays there are three groups of workers: 1) routine production service workers, a
category that includes industrial labourers, as well as workers of the information sector
with very routine, repetitive and processing functions such as data processors; 2) in-
person service workers, referring to workers who, even though their tasks may be routine
and repetitive, are in direct contact with the final customer. This group includes jobs such
as doormen, hospital orderlies, drivers, and 3) symbolic analysts, workers who dedicate
much of their time to analyzing the information contained in numeric and textual
symbols; this group includes engineers, consultants, planners, lawyers, scientists. The
required or crucial qualifications for a group of workers include analysis, evaluation,
experimentation, collaboration, abstraction, systematic thinking and communication.
The admission, status and opportunities for symbolic analysts are growing whereas the
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admittance, status and professional opportunities of the other two categories are
waning. The number of workers affected by linguistic diversity in the performance of their
jobs has increased significantly during the second quarter of the 20th century. The
evolution of working methods and of the nature of the goods produced,
computerization and the importance of services in the economy have transformed the
nature of employment and made language a working instrument at all company levels.
Heller (2005) indicates that what is new in the new globalized economy from a
sociolinguistic point of view is not so much the globalization but the economic conditions
of the new economy, where if before we saw our physical work, we now see our
intellectual and communicative work, both as a skill and a cultural artefact. This process
means a mercantilisation of language and the growing development of the role of the
linguistic worker in different business areas.
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Activity 10.1
Compare and contrast Virtue Ethics and Natural Law.

The general precepts of natural law do not function as proximate principles of

human action. But the special function of moral virtue is to provide the agent with
the necessary proximate principles of human action. Virtue is an acquired
disposition of the soul that functions as a proximate principle of action. The Natural
law philosophy is a system in place for the right of all humans. “The natural law
theory is a theory of ethics that holds that there are moral laws found in nature
and discernable by the use of reason” (MacKinnon 2015). This theory law theory
identifies the actions of humans and categorized them either right or
wrong. Virtue Ethics is often used to define characteristics standard of a person.
Virtue Ethics normative theory that maintains that the focus of morality is habits,
dispositions, and character traits” (MacKinnon 2015).
Natural law and Virtue Ethics could be compared side by side because it helps
determines the actions of a person ethical and moral decision. Natural law
applies when faced with decision that impacts others depending on a person
culture or religion. Natural law will help guide a person decision. Virtue ethics can
be used to help a person moral character at work by setting standards that help
them make their decision while at work.
Depending on the culture or religion natural law is going to have an effect on a
person decision of what is right or wrong. This theory has shape many different
cultures on how they view other people decision and acts. Virtue ethics tackles
or focuses more on the person's attitude, conduct or behavior while natural law
focuses more on what rational human beings will do naturally based on norms,
morality and beliefs. Both are part of ethics and both will help on deciding or
judging if the action done is right or wrong.
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Activity 10.2
How will your knowledge and understanding on Virtue Ethics and
Natural Law can help you in your future career? Briefly explain your
response.

Virtue ethics is a more appropriate vehicle for expressing these aspects of

engineering professionalism. Some of the unique features of virtue ethics are
the greater place it gives for discretion and judgment and also for inner
motivation and commitment. The following examples of applying virtue ethics to
codes of conduct are expansions and adaptations from the author’s 2002 paper.
There are many aspects of the codes we could examine. To illustrate our
perspective, we will look at four different parts of the NSPE code.

Section II.1.a
An Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
If engineers’ judgement is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or
property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may
be appropriate.
This section is at the heart of the concept of a code of conduct. Engineers should
primarily be concerned with the safety and welfare of the public. A virtue ethics
perspective would endorse this position, as engineers of good moral character
should always be concerned with the welfare of the public whom they are
serving.

Section II.2.c
Engineers shall endeavor to extend public knowledge and appreciation of
engineering and its achievements.
This policy appears to be one that is concerned with promoting the image of the
profession as much as promoting safety of the public. One virtue ethics person
might approve this as being the natural outgrowth of what a good engineer
should do—share his work with others. Another virtue ethics person might see this
policy as a self-serving one, promoting arrogance in our profession rather than
anything useful.

Section II.5.a
Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts. Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications
or permit misrepresentation of their or their associates’ qualifications.
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This policy would probably be endorsed by a virtue ethics perspective. Being

deceptive in getting work, is certainly not a positive character trait that virtue
ethics would endorse. An engineer who got work by deceptive means has a
great possibility of being incompetent in the area. For otherwise, why would
someone use deceptive techniques if their abilities were good enough to
legitimately get their work? The incompetent practice of engineering is something
that could hurt large numbers of people.
Let us examine the note at end of the NSPE code relating to competitive bidding.
By order of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, former
Section 11(c) of the NSPE Code of Ethics prohibiting competitive bidding, and all
policy statements, opinions, rulings or other guidelines interpreting its scope, have
been rescinded as unlawfully interfering with the legal right of engineers,
protected under the antitrust laws, to provide price information to prospective
clients.
Statement of NSPE Executive committee
In order to correct misunderstandings which have been indicated in some
instances since the issuance of the Supreme Court decision and the entry of the
Final Judgement, it is noted that in its decision of April 25, 1978, the Supreme Court
of the United States declared: The Sherman Act does not require competitive
bidding
1. Engineers and firms may individually refuse to bid for engineering services.
4. State societies and local chapters are free to actively and aggressively seek
legislation for professional selection and negotiation procedures by public
agencies.

NSPE originally had in its code of ethics an explicit ban on using competitive
bidding to obtain engineering services. The federal court system has ruled that
this is a violation of the antitrust laws of the United States and cannot be enforced.
This shows that there is nothing unique to these codes that makes them self-
authoritative. They must be adapted and changed to correspond to the laws of
our society. The further note by NSPE notes that no engineering firm is required to
engage in competitive bidding, so if an agency seeks bids on this basis, any (and
every) firm is allowed to not respond to such a request for bids. Engineers are even
allowed to lobby state legislatures to come up with alternative methods to
competitive bidding. This means that while NSPE cannot call an engineer
unethical for engaging in competitive bidding, it can still discourage her from
doing so. This former code item is an example of things that were put into the
codes of conduct to protect those who are already in the profession more than
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those who are just entering it. For the people most likely to win by competitive
bidding are young engineers (and young firms) that are willing to work for less
money to get more work. The firms most likely to lose by this method are older,
more established ones who have higher overheads and must charge more for
their services. A virtue approach would criticize this former policy. This policy is
based on protecting those already in the profession and hurts those who are just
starting out. It is not promoting justice in the awarding of bids. It is promoting the
vice of greed within the established engineering firms.

Activity 11.1
Give one scenario in your future career where it can be considered
as hypothetical imperative on one side and categorical imperative
on the other.

A hypothetical imperative is a moral law that depends on an end goal or

condition. An example of a hypothetical imperative is "don't be rude, if you don't
want others to be rude to you".
The categorical imperative is an absolute and unconditional moral law, that is, it
does not depend on any particular end goal. An example of a categorical
imperative is "don't be rude".
As such, the difference between subjunctive imperative and categorical
imperative is that the subjunctive imperative depends on a condition whereas
the categorical imperative does not. This means that hypothetical imperatives
should only be followed if you want to achieve a particular goal, while explicit
commands should always be followed, regardless of your goal. For example:
"Don't steal if you want to avoid jail" is a hypothetical imperative, while "don't steal"
is an absolute imperative.

Activity 11.2
Compare and contrast legal and moral by using a scenario or
example in your future career.

Legal principles are based on the rights of the citizens and the state expressed in
the rules. An action is permissible if it does not violate any of the written
rules. Morality is a body of principles that attempt to define what is good and bad
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conduct. Ethical standards are those codes of conduct that are observed in
specific industries by professionals, while legal standards are stipulations that are
mandatory under the law enforced by government authority. Both ethical and
legal standards provide a benchmark on acceptable modes of practice, which
all engineers must abide by in their work. Both standards guide engineers to utilize
their skills well to ensure positive results are achieved. Ethics is more concerned
with moral codes of conduct, which an engineer needs to observe as part of his
professional duty. On the other hand, legal standards mandate engineers to
adhere to stipulated laws, some of which are not morally right. Harris, Pritchard,
and Rabins reveal that ethics and legal standards are not immutable because
they need to be amended from time to time to make them more effective (137).
This ensures that the codes of conduct set for engineering practice are responsive
to the physical environment where engineers have to work.

Patenting an improved version of a program that belongs to a company an

engineer is working for is unethical. This is because the original version of the
program was registered in the name of the company, and they have exclusive
rights on how that name is used. This is a violation of intellectual property laws
because the law recognizes the company as the owner of the program. This also
shows the conflict of interest because an employer cannot patent an improved
product while still working for the company, which has rights over a previous
version of the program (Whitbeck 45). Using management techniques that were
developed in one company to benefit another company is not unethical. An
engineer has to learn different management techniques in different companies
to grow his knowledge to enable him to understand innovative engineering
concepts. This shows that an engineer is experienced and is ready to use the
knowledge he has acquired from previous employers to deliver good results
(Whitbeck 53). Using ideas developed in one company to work for a different
chemical process in another company is not ethical. This is because these two
companies have different operations, and their work processes are not
compatible. An engineer has to understand the processes involved to perform a
specific task before using ideas developed in a different company (Whitbeck 77).
This prevents any mishap from taking place. An engineer should not engage in
consultations with two companies that are competing against each other. This is
unethical because it shows that he is not committed to his clients and lacks
professional skills. An engineer who consults for two competing firms betrays the
trust his clients have in him and violates the codes of conduct that govern his
professional practice. This act shows that an engineer does not care about the
CANLAS, PRINCESS ERIKA R. BSCE-2B

moral consequences of his actions and could be sued by both companies for
breach of trust (Whitbeck 93).

Activity 12.1
By using the Venn Diagram, compare and contrast Act Utilitarianism
and Rule Utilitarianism.

 Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that a person's

act is morally right if and only if it produces the best possible results in that
specific situation.
 An act is right if and only if it results in at least as much overall well-being as
any act the agent could have performed. In other words, in any situation,
an agent acts rightly if she maximizes overall well-being, and wrongly if she
does not.
 The act utilitarian considers only the results or consequences of the single
act
 In any situation, an agent acts rightly if she maximizes overall well-being,
and wrongly if she does not.
 Act utilitarianism is distinguished from others by the extremely direct and
straightforward way in which it specifies the basic utilitarian idea.

Both rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism adhere to the

utility principle, but differ on the best way to achieve its
aims. They both seek to judge action 'according to the
tendency which it appears to have to augment or
diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in
question. Both determine the moral significance of an
action by its outcome. They reflect on the consequences
or usefulness of an action to a majority of the people,
which is the core element of utilitarianism.
 The idea behind Rule Utilitarianism is that whenever you are in a situation and
have alternatives you calculate the utility to be produced by adopting a
course of action (rule) which would produce the greatest utility in the long
run if it were followed every time that situation arose.
 Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it
conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or
wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule
of which it is an instance".[1] Philosophers Richard Brandt and Brad
Hooker are major proponents of such an approach.
 Strong rule utilitarianism (SRU) gives a utilitarian account for the claim that
moral rules should be obeyed at all places and times.
 Weak rule utilitarianism (WRU) attempts to handle SRU counterexamples as
legitimate exceptions.
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Activity 12.2

Give a one positive and one negative scenario based from your future
career that exhibit utilitarianism.

Design with a Utilitarian Approach in engineering is more about identifying these

tradeoffs in design dilemmas, and weighing the costs and benefits that come with
them. Enumerating certain trade-offs as a result of making design choices is a
great example of using utilitarianism in engineering design. While not all trade-offs
are as simple as increasing “A”, but decreasing “B”, some helpful considerations
to analyze the ethical outcomes of design decisions are:

 With regard to functionality and user-simplicity: Value may be added to the

design with the addition of peripheral functionalities. At the same time, user-
simplicity demands that your product achieve its main functionality while
being as simple as possible to operate. Does including certain
functionalities in your design solution increase its value without
compromising simplicity?
 With regard to functionality and cost: Similarly, the addition of peripheral
functionalities can require more hardware, programming, and aesthetic
work that can make the design more expensive. How does including
certain functionalities in your design solution contribute to the
efficiency/effectiveness/simplicity of the product while limiting additional
costs?
 With regard to cost and safety: Sometimes it is necessary in the design
process to consider cheaper options to design problems to maintain a
budget or meet a target cost. Would lowering the cost of production of
your product to fit a team or customer budget put your product at risk of
being less safe?
 With regard to cost and functionality: Implementing cheaper design
solutions may solve immediate problems with the design, however, it is
possible that these solutions will not be robust and compromise the main
functionality of the design. Would lowering the cost of production of your
product to fit a team or customer budget reduce the effectiveness or
efficiency of certain functionalities of your product?
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 With regard to customer expectations and safety: While it is important to

listen to customer input on your design, their input may not always consider
human safety. Would increasing the value of your product by implementing
desired functionalities put your product at risk of being less safe?
 With regard to cost and sustainability: Implementing design solutions that
rely on non-reusable materials such as non-recyclable plastics, soiled
aluminum, or glass in your design may be cheaper, but also less sustainable
in practice. Would lowering the cost of production of your product to fit a
team or customer budget decrease the sustainability of your project?

A principle of utilitarianism is that the right action will have the best consequences,
and the best consequences are those that lead to the greatest happiness or well-
being of everyone affected by the action. Consider the following case. Kevin is
the engineering manager for the county road commission. He must decide what
to do about Forest Drive, a local, narrow, two-lane road. Every year for the past
seven years, at least one person has crashed a car into trees close to the road
and been killed. Many other accidents have also occurred, causing serious
injuries, wrecked cars, and damaged trees. Kevin is considering widening the
road, which would require that 30 trees be cut down. Kevin is already receiving
protests from local citizens who want to protect the beauty and ecological
integrity of the area. Should Kevin widen the road?

In this case, the conflicting values are public health and safety on the one hand
and the beauty and ecological integrity of the area on the other. Let us suppose
that widening the road will save one life and prevent two serious injuries and five
minor injuries a year. Not widening the road will preserve the beauty and
ecological integrity of the area. Even though the preservation will increase the
happiness of many people, the deaths and injuries are far more serious negative
consequences for those who experience them. Therefore, the greatest total utility
is probably served by widening the road.

Activity 13.1
Give a scenario based on your future career that will show justice
and fairness.
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Fairness, in the context of teamwork and completing the senior design project
and thesis, is about making sure that everyone has an equitable share of the work
in the project-- and that the right skills are being applied to the right tasks.
Engineers, like all other professions, require integrity and honesty in their jobs.
Codes of ethics enable them to be accountable for their actions. They act as
guiding principles for determining what is right or wrong. A code of ethics for
engineers ensures that they remain honest in all their transactions. Finally, fairness
comes into play when considering the future of your design beyond the senior
design project. Because of the limited time in the design project, it is common for
senior design teams to not reach the point of a testable or deployable prototype.
The senior thesis asks your team to document the processes and results of your
design process-- but for the most part, teams are not kept from graduating if their
prototype is not ready for implementation. This doesn’t mean, however, that you
and your teammates should attempt to do the bare minimum in design work to
graduate. As engineering design is always a people’s service, fairness to potential
users demands that you and your team do as much as possible in the senior
design project to fully iterate upon, prototype, and experimentally validate your
design.

Ensuring that your team works to produce a tangible prototype to present to your
customer/target community is part of giving each person their due as an
engineering team looking to address the needs, wants, and concerns of the
people you are looking to serve. This also calls upon respect for the rights of the
customer to quality, honest work from the engineers delivering their product, and
implicates personal virtues of honesty, reliability, and integrity for engineers to live
up to in doing their part in the project and thesis.

Activity 13.2
Briefly discuss on how to promote the common good during the time
of a pandemic.

There are many ways you can contribute to the common good. Try one of these
activities to give back where you live: Connect individuals with jobs that sustain a
family. Help adults get advanced educations so they have access to higher
paying and more secure jobs. Examples of particular common goods or parts of
the common good include an accessible and affordable public health care
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system, an effective system of public safety and security, peace among the
nations of the world, a just legal and political system, an unpolluted natural
environment, and a flourishing economic system. The “common good” refers
to those facilities or institutions that benefit all members of a given community.
The common good contrasts with those things that benefit only specific
individuals or parts of the community.

Activity 14
Compare and contrast fundamentalism and pluralism using real-life
situations. (20 points)

Pluralism is the holding of two or more beliefs or concepts in a society. It is the

dominant idea that is brought into the modern world to make it a better place to
live. Pluralistic ideology is based on the following premises:
1) Pluralism is a commitment to diversity. This means that the walls that
separate people because of their religious beliefs must be removed,
now that there is religious diversity but no religious pluralism. That is, in
some countries, religious slums allow religious minorities to exist in their
communities but are still shunned by adherents of the dominant religion
due to prejudice.
2) Pluralism is an understanding that transcends divergent boundaries.
Many people mistakenly believe that we have to learn all the religious
teachings of others, only a part of it is enough to at least build a bridge
to connect them. The lack of understanding of another culture has led
to prejudice and alienation.
3) Pluralism is a committed encounter, simply expressing empathy with
people of different religions. We should not isolate ourselves from what
we know but break the boundaries.
4) Pluralism is based on dialogue – talking is the most basic means of
communication, silence will get us nowhere.

Fundamentalism is defined as a strict belief in the literal interpretation of a religious

principle. Fundamentalists' views of other religious beliefs as biased and contrary
to their fundamental beliefs are considered "heretics". Their religious tenets adhere
to the idea that morality declines due to modernization.