Holy Cross College Pampanga

School of Engineering, Library, and Computer Studies

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

First Semester, AY 2022-2023

DETAILED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

FOR THE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A
FORTY-TWO (42) METER TRUSS BRIDGE FOR
SUTHERLAND INDUSTRIES

Submitted by: LA ULTIMA

Ericka S. Manalang
(Student Number)

Jealina M. Salas Jonald Alcomendas

(Student Number) (Student Number)

Ashley C. Fabro John Carlo Soriano

(Student Number) (Student Number)

Section
2B

Submitted to:
Engr. Jaydee N. Lucero, RCE

Date Submitted:
(insert date submitted here)
Statics of Rigid Bodies Manalang, Salas, Fabro, Alcomendas, Soriano
Design Project

1 INTRODUCTION

Sutherland industries is a manufacturing company, considered as one of the massive

production company, and holds the number one position as prime electronic technology supplier in
the world that produced unique product to the market. The industry’s primary manufacturing facility
is located in the middle of a vast ocean, which useful for the sector because it can instantly reach
various locations around the world.

The idea of this project is to connect the two small islands which are the manufacturing site
on the west called Andromeda and the delivery site on the east called Celestia, due to the fact that the
traditional delivery of goods between the two islands are done by boats. Getting goods from one
island to the other proved to be expensive and time-consuming, and the management of Sutherland
Industries concluded that a bridge connecting the two islands was necessary to improve the industry’s
overall efficiency.

In this project, the goal of the group is to construct, and test a 42 meters long truss bridge
where the main bridge composed of eleven joints and has 4.2 meter intervals equally spaced. In
addition, the truss bridge must pass the fourteen load cases obtained by passing a single truck over the
main road. The aim of this project is to design the best and most efficient bridge so that the movement
of goods between the two islands more convenient.

The group come up with a possible design of the trusses for the bridge. Then the preliminary
sketches of the possible designs for the bridge was made. And, selected the final bridge design among
the three preliminary sketches which is symmetrical and statically determinate. The truss bridge is a
simple truss that is simply supported with pin at one end and a roller at the other. The group proved
the determinacy of the truss, also no internal instability therefore the truss is stable.

SW Truss is used for the layout of the bridge and to calculate the Internal Forces of each
member to prove that the bridge selected is “Statically Determinate”. After the calculation and
comparing of the Internal Forces In fourteen (14) Cases, the group came up with this final sections.
The Total Cost of the Bridge is Php319,992.14.

2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Check Determinacy and Stability

1. Check determinacy and stability

This is a simple truss that is simply supported (with a pin at one end and a roller at the other).
From figure below:

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A statically determinate structure is one that can be mathematically solved.

J = Number of Joints

M = Number of Members 43=M+R

R = Number of Reactions

m = 43
r=3
j = 23

The truss is therefore statically determined. The truss is stable because there is no internal
instability.

In physics, a force is any action that aims to maintain, alter, or deform a body's motion. All
forces acting on a bridge must be contained by the structure because it must remain stationary
when it is loaded. In other words, all forces are in a state of equilibrium.

2.2 Identify Zero Force Members

In a truss, zero force members are those that have no force at all. There are two rules that may be used
to look for zero-force members in a truss.

Case 1:
Each of the two members of a joint with two members is a zero force if the members are not parallel
and there are no extra external loads or reactions present.

Case 2: If two of the members of a three-member joint are parallel and there are no extra external
loads or reactions at the joint, the nonparallel member is a zero-force member that you sent.

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and stability

This is a simple truss that is simply supported (with a pin at one end and a
roller at the other). From figure below:

( INSERT BRIDGE DESIGN)

A statically determinate structure is one that can be mathematically solved.

J = Number of Joints

M = Number of Members 43=M+R

R = Number of Reactions

Therefore, the truss is statically determinate. There is also no internal

instability, and therefore the truss is stable.

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Any action that seeks to preserve, modify, or deform a body's motion is

considered a force in physics. Since a bridge is required to be motionless
when it is loan other words, there is equilibrium between all force

3 METHODOLOGY
Our group made its own bridge design. Then we all chose what Bridge Design we would use. We
make sure that our design is Symmetrical and Statically Determinate. The next step is that test the
stability of our design if it is "Statically Determinate".

To test the stability of our design we use the formula

Where:

m = 43

r=3

j = 23

We proved that our bridge is “Statically Determinate”

We use SW TRUSS for the layout of our Bridge Design.

To calculate the Internal Forces of each member, our group decide to

use SW TRUSS

(INSERT LOAD CASES)

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Figure 1. Establishing the circular section.

Figure 2. Calculating the reduced Prandtl stress function Φ i , j .

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Figure 3. Calculating the angle of twist θ and θ' and shear stresses τ xz , τ yz and τ .

Below shows the algorithm-pseudocode used in this problem.

ALGORITHM-PSEUDOCODE PROBLEM 1

BEGIN

Input parameters R , G , L, T .
Input step sizes h , k .

Calculate enclosure matrix size m , n .

Create matrix section[m][n].

From i=−R to R at i=i +h,
From j=−R to R at j= j+k ,
If i 2+ j 2 ≤ R2, section[I][J] = 1. // Point on or within
the circle
Othewise, section[I][J] = 0. // Point outside the

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circle
Transfer data on section[m][n] to .csv file SECTION.

Create matrix prandtl[m][n].

Initialize values of prandtl[I][J] to 0.0.
From N=0 to N <mn at N ++, // Gauss-seidel iteration
begins
From I =1 to I < m−1 at I ++,
From J=1 to J <n−1 at J ++,
If section[I][J] = 0 do nothing. // Point outside the
circle
Otherwise,
Initialize a=b= p=q=1 //
interior point
If section[I-1][J] = 0,

|√ ( ) ( )|
2
2 m−1
2 n−1
R −h I− +k J−
2 2 // left neighbor
a=
k

If section[I+1][J] = 0,

|√ ( ) ( )|
2
2 2 m−1 n−1
R −h I− −k J −
2 2 // right neighbor
b=
k

If section[I][J-1] = 0,

|√ ( ) ( )|
2
n−1 m−1
R2−k 2 J− +h I −
2 2 // lower neighbor
p=
h

If section[I][J+1] = 0,

|√ ( ) ( )|
2
n−1 m−1
R 2−k 2 J − −h I −
2 2 // upper neighbor
q=
h

Calculate Φ i , j from Equation 18.

Transfer values from prandtl[I][J] to .csv file PRANDTL STRESS.csv.

' T
θ=
Calculate Φi . j +Φi , j+ 1+Φ i+1 , j +Φi +1 , j +1 .
m−2 n−2
2 Ghk ∑ ∑
i=0 j=0 4
' T
Calculate θtheoretical = .
JG

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Create matrices tau_xz[I][J], tau_yz[I][J] and tau[I][J].

Initialize all elements of tau_xz and tau_yz to 0.
From I =0 to I < m at I ++,
From J=0 to J <n at J ++,
If section[I][J] = 0, do nothing. // Outside the circle.
Otherwise,
If point is on left edge, use forward difference.
Otherwise, if point is on right edge, use backward difference.
Otherwise,
If left neighbour point is outside the circle, find a , and use
CDF.
Otherwise if right neighbour point is outside the circle, find
b , use CDF
Φi+1 , j−Φ i−1 , j
Otherwise, τ xz =Gθ ' .
2h
If point is on lower edge, use forward difference.
Otherwise, if point is on upper edge, use backward difference.
Otherwise,
If lower neighbour point is outside the circle, find p, and use
CDF.
Otherwise if upper neighbour point is outside circle, find b ,
use CDF
Φ i , j+1−Φ i , j+1
Otherwise, τ yz=−Gθ ' .
2k
√
Calculate τ = τ 2xz +τ 2yz.

Transfer values of tau_xz, tau_yz and tau to.csv files SHEAR STRESS XZ, SHEAR STRESS
YZ and SHEAR STRESS TOTAL, respectively.

Display values of mn , N , θ=θ ' L, and error percentage.

END

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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In figure 1, shows the final design of the bridge. The group, come up with a total of 43
members and 23 joints that has one pin support and one roller support. The designed bridge is
symmetrical, considering the centerline of the bridge.

Figure 1. Final Design of the Bridge

Using the SW Truss, the group input the given loads in every cases, that shows in figures 2-15.

Figure 2. Load case 1. User input the required load

Figure 3. Load case 2. Users input the required load

Figure 4. Load case 3. User input the required load

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Figure 5. Load case 4. User input the required load

Figure 6. Load case 5. User input the required load

Figure 7. Load case 6. User input the required load

Figure 8. Load case 7. User input the required load

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Figure 9. Load case 8. Users input the required load

Figure 10. Load case 9. User input the required load

Figure 11. Load case 10. User input the required load

Figure 12. Load case 11. User input the required load

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Figure 13. Load case 12. User input the required load

Figure 14. Load case 13. User input the required load

Figure 15. Load case 14. User input the required load

In figure 16-30, shows the calculated values in each cases. In every figure, each member has
corresponding internal forces that applied.

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Figure 2. The calculated values in load case 1

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Figure 2. The calculated values in load case 2

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 3

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 4

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 5

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 6

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 7

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 8

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 9

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 10

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 11

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 12

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 13

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Figure 3. The calculated values in load case 14

The table shows the summary of the ……………………….

M SECTION LENGTH r F(max) PRICE SLENDER TOTAL PRICE

(m) -NESS
RATIO

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0 M250P46 4.2 32.73 413.28 ₱ 1,535.62 128.3226 ₱ 6,449.60

1 M250P46 4.2 32.73 413.28 ₱ 1,535.62 128.3226 ₱ 6,449.60

2 M250P87 4.2 68.03 1005.89 ₱ 3,737.57 61.7375 ₱ 15,697.79

3 M250P87 4.2 68.03 1005.89 ₱ 3,737.57 61.7375 ₱ 15,697.79

4 M250P72 4.2 61.75 261.27 ₱ 970.80 68.0162 ₱ 4,077.36

5 M250P72 4.2 61.75 261.27 ₱ 970.80 68.0162 ₱ 4,077.36

6 M250P79 4.2 58.03 1100.9 ₱ 4,090.58 72.3764 ₱ 17,180.44

7 M250P79 4.2 58.03 1100.9 ₱ 4,090.58 72.3764 ₱ 17,180.44

8 M250P47 4.2 32.23 473.85 ₱ 1,760.67 130.3134 ₱ 7,394.81

9 M250P47 4.2 32.23 473.85 ₱ 1,760.67 130.3134 ₱ 7,394.81

10 M250P41 4.888 35.36 74.82 ₱ 278.00 138.2353 ₱ 1,358.86

11 M250P42 2.5 34.82 147.26 ₱ 547.18 71.7978 ₱ 1,367.95

12 M250P61 4.888 53.32 112.82 ₱ 419.21 91.6729 ₱ 2,049.10

13 M250P49 4.888 31.28 587.86 ₱ 2,184.29 156.2660 ₱ 10,676.81

14 M250P42 2.5 34.82 147.26 ₱ 547.18 71.7978 ₱ 1,367.95

15 M250P72 4.888 61.75 261.27 ₱ 970.80 79.1579 ₱ 4,745.27

16 M250P94 4.888 78.61 655.05 ₱ 2,471.12 62.1804 ₱ 12,078.83

17 M250P42 2.5 34.82 147.26 ₱ 547.18 71.7978 ₱ 1,367.95

18 M250P57 4.888 41.16 606.86 ₱ 2,254.89 118.7561 ₱ 11,021.90

19 M250P53 4.888 43.25 274.33 ₱ 1,019.34 113.0173 ₱ 4,982.53

20 M250P42 2.5 34.82 147.26 ₱ 547.18 71.7978 ₱ 1,367.95

21 M250P75 4.888 60.12 635.36 ₱ 2,360.80 81.3041 ₱ 11,539.59

M SECTION LENGTH r F(max) PRICE SLENDER TOTAL PRICE

(m) -NESS
RATIO
22 M250P71 4.888 62.3 131.82 ₱ 489.81 78.4591 ₱ 2,394.19
23 M250P42 2.5 34.82 147.26 ₱ 547.18 71.7978 ₱ 1,367.95

24 M250P41 4.888 35.36 74.82 ₱ 278.00 138.2353 ₱ 1,358.86

25 M250P41 4.46 35.36 74.82 ₱ 278.00 126.1312 ₱ 1,239.88

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26 M250P93 4.46 79.16 502.35 ₱ 1,866.58 56.3416 ₱ 8,324.95

27 M250P64 4 51.69 437.04 ₱ 1,623.88 77.3844 ₱ 6,495.52

28 M250P68 4.46 49.6 836.07 ₱ 3,106.55 89.9194 ₱ 13,855.21

29 M250P59 4.46 40.17 758.87 ₱ 2,819.72 111.0281 ₱ 12,575.95

30 M250P67 4.46 50.11 739.87 ₱ 2,749.12 89.0042 ₱ 12,261.08

31 M250P68 4.46 49.60 836.07 ₱ 3,106.55 89.9194 ₱ 13,855.21

32 M250P92 4.46 79.71 337.28 ₱ 1,253.21 55.9528 ₱ 5,589.32

33 M250P41 4.46 35.36 74.82 ₱ 278.00 126.1312 ₱ 1,239.88

34 M250P38 4 22.9 380.03 ₱ 1,412.07 174.6725 ₱ 5,648.28

35 M250P71 4.46 62.3 131.82 ₱ 489.81 71.5891 ₱ 2,184.55

36 M250P94 4.46 78.61 665.05 ₱ 2,471.12 56.7358 ₱ 11,021.20

37 M250P95 4.46 78.07 825.38 ₱ 3,066.83 57.1282 ₱ 13,678.06

38 M250P68 4.46 49.6 836.07 ₱ 3,106.55 89.9194 ₱ 13,855.21

39 M250P72 8.4 61.75 261.27 ₱ 970.80 136.0324 ₱ 8,154.72

40 M250P75 4.46 60.12 635.36 ₱ 2,360.80 74.1850 ₱ 10,529.17

41 M250P61 4.46 53.32 112.82 ₱ 419.21 83.6459 ₱ 1,869.68

42 M250P62 8.4 52.77 223.27 ₱ 829.59 159.1814 ₱ 6,968.56

TOTAL ₱ 71,861.03 ₱ 319,992.14

5 CONCLUSIONS AND/OR RECOMMENDATIONS

The group was

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Timoshenko, S. and J. N. Goodier, THEORY OF ELASTICITY 2e, The McGraw-Hill Book

Company, 1951.

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2. Sadd, M., ELASTICITY: THEORY, APPLICATIONS AND NUMERICS 2e, Elsevier Inc.,
2009.
3. Stefan, A., M. Lupoae, D. Constantin and C. Baciu, “Numerical Determinations with Finite
Differences Method of Prismatic Beams Subjected to Torsion”, PROCEEDINGS OF THE
WORLD CONGRESS ON ENGINEERING 2012 VOL. III, 2012.
4. Kreyszig, E., ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 10e, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,
2011.
5. Beer, F. et al, MECHANICS OF MATERIALS IN SI UNITS 4e, The McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 2006

A APPENDIX A: (insert name of appendix here)

Insert content here, if there is any. Otherwise,

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