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FOREIGN MICROBIOLOGIST

1. EDWARD JENNER

The world's first vaccination, the smallpox vaccine, was developed by

English physician and scientist Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January
1823). The majority of Edward Jenner's life was spent in Berkeley,
Gloucestershire, where his father served as the vicar.

After completing his study at St. George's Hospital in London, where he was a
student and lodger of the eminent surgeon John Hunter, he served an
apprenticeship to a physician in Bristol, where he overheard a milkmaid claim
that because she had had cowpox, she could not catch smallpox.

He still recalled the milkmaid's statement from Bristol, and his persistent harping
on cowpox and its prevention earned him the reputation of being boring. Finally,
and completely unethically, he removed lymph from a pustule on a milkmaid's
hand and injected it into a healthy youngster, who developed cowpox as usual
but later tested immune to smallpox vaccination.

2. ANTOINE LEEUWENHOEK

The first person to examine bacteria and protozoa was a Dutch microscopist
who was born on October 24, 1632, and died on August 26, 1723, in Delft. His
studies of lesser animals disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, and
his results contributed to the development of the fields of bacteriology and
protozoology.

When compared to compound microscopes, which exacerbated the issue of

chromatic aberration, Leeuwenhoek produced simple microscopes with a single
high-quality lens with a very short focal length. Even though Leeuwenhoek's
studies lacked the structure of traditional scientific inquiry, he was nonetheless
able to make important discoveries through diligent observation. He probably first
saw protozoa in 1674, and then bacteria a few years later. He was able to
separate such "extremely small animalcules" from a variety of fluids, including
rainwater, pond and well water, as well as human mouth and intestine. He
determined their sizes as well.

Although Stephen Hamm was likely a codiscoverer, he characterized

spermatozoa from insects, canines, and humans for the first time in 1677. With
his research on the tiny structure of plants, the optic lens, muscle striations,
insect mouthparts, and the optic nerve, Leeuwenhoek found parthenogenesis in
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aphids. He discovered that yeasts are made up of tiny spherical particles in 1680.
By providing the first accurate description of red blood cells, he expanded
Marcello Malpighi's demonstration of the blood capillaries from 1660.

3. LOUIS PASTEUR

He is a famous French chemist and microbiologist who made the ideas of

pasteurization, microbial fermentation, and immunization.

Few men have their names integrated into numerous languages and a number of
research centers named after them, but Louis Pasteur has received this honor.
He was raised in the east of France and, when he was fifteen years old and sent
to school in Paris, he was so homesick that he went to study at Besançon
instead, where he was regarded as a mediocre student. More prosperous, he
returned to Paris in 1842, where he taught and attended Sorbonne lectures on
chemistry to support himself.

Work on tartar crystallography led to advancements in the research of racemic

acid, which was his first step on the path to renown. Pasteur was so ecstatic
about his finding that he sprinted out of his lab, approached the first bystander,
and told him everything. A grateful people awarded him a reward of 1500 francs
and membership in the Légion d'Honneur in appreciation of his efforts. He was
appointed a professor of physics at the University of Dijon before moving to
Strasbourg in 1849 to take a position as a professor of chemistry. He published
his groundbreaking paper on the souring of milk and its thermal preservation
eight years later, which formed the groundwork for the study of bacteriology.

In 1873 he, a chemist, was elected an associate of the Academie de Médecine

where, to convince the sceptical, he gave practical demonstrations of the germ
theory by showing that a hen could develop anthrax if its body temperature were
lowered by plunging it in a bowl of cold water and that it would recover when it
was dried and returned to normal. Through serendipity he discovered the efficacy
of attenuated vaccines in building up resistance to infectious diseases and these
researches culminated in his work on rabies and the development of a vaccine
which gave protection against this terrifying disease.

4. ALFRED GILMAN

The 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for figuring out the
optimum molecular mechanism for signal transduction across eukaryotic
plasma membranes, which included the identification of the first
heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding (G-) protein. Gilman also held
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positions as a scientific director of a state-sponsored institute for cancer
research, advisor to government and business, dean of a medical school, editor
of a top pharmacology textbook, and dean of a medical school, setting a high bar
for a generation of biomedical experts.

Electrical currents and specialized molecules are used to transmit signals

within and between the body's many organs and cells in order for an
organism to function. Martin Rodbell and Alfred Gilman demonstrated the
process of signal transmission via the cell wall. In the 1970s, Rodbell made it
clear that there are three stages to the signal transfer process—reception,
transfer, and reinforcement—and that guanosine triphosphate acts as a catalyst
for the transfer. Gilman found in 1980 that the transfer molecules are a particular
class of protein that interacts with GTP—G proteins.

5. JORG HACKER

Microbiologist Jörg Hacker is a professor. He was named professor of

microbiology at the University of Würzburg in 1988, and starting in 1993, he
served as the director of the Center for Molecular Infection Biology there. From
2003 to 2009, he served as the German Research Foundation's vice president.
From 2008 to 2010, he served as the Robert Koch Institute's president. In
addition to serving as President of the German National Academy of Sciences
(Leopoldina) since 2010, Prof. Hacker served as a member of Ban Ki-Scientific
moon's Advisory Board from 2014 to 2016.\

The distribution and variety of bacterial infections, as well as their

interactions with host cells, are among Hacker's key areas of scientific
interest. He oversaw the BMBF initiatives PathoGenoMik and PathoGenoMik
Plus from 2001 to 2008. The phrase "pathogenicity island," which refers to a
section of a bacterial genome that encodes features that cause disease, was
created by Hacker.
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LOCAL MICROBIOLOGIST:

1. NOEL G. SABINO

Curator of bacteria, yeasts, and molds at the MNH. Sir Noel received his PhD in
Environmental Science with a minor in Microbiology in 2016 and is currently an
Associate Professor 7 at the Microbiology Division of the Institute of Biological
Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, UPLB. His MA in Microbiology with a
Soil Science minor (1995) and BS in Biology with a Microbiology major, cum
laude, (1988) both came from UPLB.

His scientific interests include honeybees, lactic acid bacteria, bacterial

diversity in bees, bee pathology, bee products, and propolis. He is an
expert in microbiology, soil science, and microbial ecology.

He belongs to the Philippine Society for Microbiology, Inc., the Philippine Network
of Microbial Culture Collections, the Association of Systematic Biologists of the
Philippines, the Philippine Society for Lactic Acid Bacteria, Inc., the Beekeepers
Network Foundation Philippines, Inc., the Philippine Phycological Society, Inc.,
and the Biology Teachers' Association.

The Philippine Society for Microbiology, Inc. presented Dr. Sabino with the
prestigious Professor William L. Fernandez Award for Excellence in Teaching
Microbiology in 2014. In 2000, the Philippine Academy of Microbiology
recognized him as a Specialist Microbiologist.

2. DR. PEDRO B. ESCURO

Escuro is a scientist who has significantly improved rice breeding through

her work as a plant breeder professor, extension agent, and consultant on
agricultural initiatives. He had a key role in the creation, isolation, and release
of nine Seed Board rice varieties, including C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168, Milpal
4, HBD-2, Azmil 26, and C-22 (upland) (lowland). Escuro has received 18 medals
and distinctions, including two from the President of the Philippines, the Rizal Pro
Patria award and the Presidential Plaque of Honor for great achievements in rice
improvement (1967). Moreover, he was given the D. and the University of the
Philippines' 1973 Outstanding Professorial Award in Agriculture. Sc. 1974
honoris causa as well as the agricultural science Ayala award.
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REFERENCES FOR FOREIGN MICROBIOLOGIST

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) | LSHTM. (n.d.). LSHTM.

https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/introducing/history/frieze/edward-jenner

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) | LSHTM. (n.d.). LSHTM.

https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/introducing/history/frieze/louis-pasteur

Prof. Jörg Hacker - wpn2030. (2020, May 5). Wpn2030.

https://www.wpn2030.de/en/profile/prof-joerg-hacker/

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023, January 12). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
Biography, Discoveries, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994. (n.d.). NobelPrize.org.

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1994/gilman/biographical/

REFERENCES FOR LOCAL MICROBIOLOGIST

Romulo, K. E. (n.d.). Pedro B. Escuro.

http://www.spheres.dost.gov.ph/profiles/524-pedro-b-escuro

UPLB Museum of Natural History. (2022, August 7). Noel G. Sabino, PhD - UPLB
Museum of Natural History. https://mnh.uplb.edu.ph/people/ngsabino