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Impact of the regulators on the size of the short-circuit currents

Conference Paper · September 2013

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 Impact of the regulators on the size of the
short-circuit currents
Zsolt Čonka
Department of Electric Power Engineering
Mäsiarska 74
041 20 Kosice, Slovakia
zsolt.conka@tuke.sk
Michal Kolcun
Department of Electric Power Engineering
Mäsiarska 74
041 20 Kosice, Slovakia
michal.kolcun@tuke.sk
Pavol Hocko
Department of Electric Power Engineering
Mäsiarska 74
041 20 Kosice, Slovakia
Abstrakt — Tento článok opisuje vplyv regulátorov na
veľkosť rôznych typov skratových prúdov. Pre ukážku
vplyvu regulátorov na veľkosť rôznych typov skratových
prúdov bola namodelovaná veľká sústava. Každý
generátor obsahuje regulátor AVR. Tento článok popisuje
vplyv týchto regulátorov na skratové prúdy.
Kľúčové slová: skrat; AVR;
Abstract — This paper describes the impact of regulators
on the different types of short circuits currents of power
system. To preview the effects of regulators of the size of
various types of short-circuit currents were modeled large
system. Each generator contains AVR controller. The
impact of these regulators is described in this article.
Keywords: short circuit; AVR;
I. INTRODUCTION
During operation of the system leads to various
transients that can cause serious damage in a variety of
devices, which are involved in the system. The most severe
transient effects include short circuits. Due to significant
dynamic and thermal effects of short-circuit currents,
electrical equipment’s must be designed for the worst case
scenario, which may occur in the system. However, in the
system works many devices that can affect the magnitude of
short-circuit currents up to such an extent that the original
sizing may not be sufficient, which can have destructive
consequences for different devices.
One of these devices is the voltage regulator, which
stabilize the voltage at the desired level. During operation may
cause faulty of these devices, possibly to poor design or poor
controller settings, which can cause various problems in the
system. One of them is the effect on short-circuit currents,
which this article discusses.
pavol.hocko@tuke.sk
Matúš Novák
Department of Electric Power Engineering
Mäsiarska 74
041 20 Kosice, Slovakia
matus.novak@tuke.sk
Dušan Medveď
Department of Electric Power Engineering
Mäsiarska 74
041 20 Kosice, Slovakia
dusan.medved@tuke.sk
II. SHORT CIRCUITS
Adverse conductive connection between phases or
phase and earth in effectively grounded systems we call short
circuits. This unwanted coupling leads to a significant
reduction of circuit impedance and thus of adverse short-
circuit currents.
In the place where there is a short circuit, the voltage
drops. Voltage at the point of metal shorting is practically
zero.
To the place of short-circuit, flows current from all
resources which are connected in to the power system. Size of
the short circuit currents, which resources supplies to short
circuit depend on the performance and distance from the place
of short circuit. From the short circuits to resources the voltage
drops, which cause voltage drop into the whole power system.
The most vulnerable place in terms of short-circuit currents is
the place of short circuit, into whom the total short-circuit
current flows. With quickest removing such defects from
power system can minimize their impact. [1]
To correct setting and sizing of electrical equipment
in the power system is necessary to know the size of the short-
circuit currents, which may occur in the system.
Three-phase short circuit
Suppose three-phase system, which is powered by a
symmetrical voltage source. In the site was occurs three-phase
short circuit. [1]
Size of the initial shock short-circuits current in three phases
short circuit is calculated by:
| |
√
where E1 – phase voltage of the source
UV – rated grouped voltage
 C – voltage coefficient which respects the operation
of generators with nominal parameters or running in idle
state
Two-phase short circuit
Suppose formation of metal two-phase short circuit
between phases B and C in the three-phase system. [1]
Size of the initial shock short-circuit current of the metal two-
phase short circuit is calculated by :
√ and turned off at the time 0.07s. Short-circuit current were
√ | | read at the time of 0.06 s. Places of short circuits in the system
Single-phase short circuit
Suppose the formation of single-phase short-circuit
in phase A of the three-phase system. [1]
Size of the initial shock short-circuit current of the
single-phase short circuit is calculated by :
III. SIMULATION
To determine the impact of regulators to the size of
short-circuit currents, it was established model of the power
system with considering Slovak Republic transmission system
(400, 220 kV) and cross-border exchanges in electricity.
Balance values are shown in Fig. 1 by arrows in the direction
of power flow.
Circles in Figure 1 show the location and the amount
of electricity produced. Little circles with lightning’s shows
point, where there was a short circuit. In each of these points
were simulated following types of short circuits:
 Three-phase short circuit.
 Two-phase short circuit metal.
 Two-phase earth fault.
 Single-phase short circuit.
Figure. 1 Power system [2]
Each short circuit was simulated as a bus bar short
circuit on the line at the station with the value Xd =0 Ω a Rd =
0 Ω. Each of the short-circuits was simulated with controllers
connected to generators and subsequently simulated short-
circuits without controllers. These we can easily see the
effects of regulators of the size of short-circuit currents,
because the only differences between the simulations were
only performed by regulators and no other changes have been
made.
Each short circuit occurred at the same time 0.05 s
are:
 Branch V409 with sort-circuits in station
Lemešany,
 Branch V439 with sort-circuits in station Pod.
Biskupice,
 Branch V425 with sort-circuits in station Križovany,
 Branches V 490, V491 a V492 with sort-circuits in
station EMO.
Into the power system worked 13 generators, each of which
was modeled with AVR.
The automatic voltage regulator or AVR, is a device
intended to regulate voltage automatically: that is to take a
varying voltage level and turn it into a constant voltage level.
Fig. 2 shows the AVR controller that was used in
this simulation. Each generator in the system was equipped
with just this controller.
As a further have simulated two-phase metal short-circuits on
those lines. As in the previous case, here also made
simulations without and with regulators of the generators.
Differences in short-circuit current is shown in
Graph 2. The two-phase metal short-circuit occurs the greatest
differences between short-circuit current with and without
regulators on the line V491.
 Figure. 2 Automatic voltage regulator
(AVR)

AVR controller has two inputs and one output. Changes of two-phase metal short-circuit current due
First input (marked A) is the input frequency of the to regulators in the power system
machine, and reference frequency fref 50 Hz.
Input B is the input voltage at the node and the 5 4,63
reference voltage value Vref. 4
The output is the field voltage of the machine. 4
As first there are simulated single-phase short
3
circuits without and subsequently with regulators AVR Follow [%]
2,13 2,02
differences in percentage between the short-circuit currents in 2
each of the above lines is shown in Graph 1.
As the largest difference proved short-circuits in 1 0,71 0,89
lines 490, V491 and V 492 at EBO station, where there are 0,19
four generators. The biggest difference occurred when 0
Br. 490 Br. 491 Br. 492 Br. 493 Br. 425 Br. 439 Br. 409
comparing short-circuit currents on the line 491 and to 2.5%.
Ik2" [%] 4 4,63 2,13 0,71 2,02 0,89 0,19
This means that adding regulators on generators,
which operate within the system, single-phase short-circuit Graph 2 Changes of two-phase metal short-circuit current due to
current increased by 2.5%. In case of short circuit on the line regulators in the power system
439 the addition of regulators on generators causes the
decreased of short-circuit current by 0.31%. As others were simulated two-phase earth faults on
these lines. Differences in short-circuit current is plotted on
Graph 3. As in the two-phase metal short circuit the two-phase
Changes of single-phase short-circuit current due to ground-fault shows the biggest difference on the line V491.
regulators in the power system In the case of two-phase earth fault the short-circuit
3
current with regulators against short-circuit currents without
2,5
2,5 regulators increased up to 5.84%.
2,06
2
Changes of two-phase ground short-circuit current due
[%]

1,54
1,5 to regulators in the power system
1 7
0,51 5,84
0,5 6
-0,28 -0,31 5,18
-0,11 5
0
4
[%]

-0,5
Br. 490 Br. 491 Br. 492 Br. 493 Br. 425 Br. 439 Br. 409
Ik1"[%] 2,06 2,5 1,54 -0,28 0,51 -0,31 -0,11
3 2,7 2,8

2
Graph 1 Changes of single-phase short-circuit current due to
0,94 1,12
regulators in the power system 1
0,12
In the case of two-phase metal short circuit is 0
Br. 490 Br. 491 Br. 492 Br. 493 Br. 425 Br. 439 Br. 409
increased short-circuit current with regulators against short- Ik2e" [%] 5,18 5,84 2,7 0,94 2,8 1,12 0,12
circuit currents without regulators up to 4.63%.
Graph 3 Changes of two-phase ground short-circuit current due to
regulators in the power system

The biggest short-circuit in the system is three-phase

short circuit. Three-phase short circuits were simulated on
these lines in the same place as the previous sort-circuits. In
this type of short-circuiting the regulators have an impact on
 the size of the short-circuit currents proved to be significant 12.23%. Such an increase over the original can have serious
and to increase by 12.23% on V 491 line. consequences in the event of insufficient dimensioning.
The reason for such increases in short-circuit
currents due to the regulator, may also be a bad setting of the
Changes of three-phase short-circuit current due to regulators, however, even with such cases it would be
regulators in the power system appropriate to deal with because of the possibility of bad
14 settings or fault on the controller in the power system.
12 ACKNOWLEDGMENT (HEADING 5)
10 This work was supported by Slovak Research and
8 Development Agency under the contact No. APVV-0385-07
[%]

and VEGA 1/0388/13 projects.

6

0
Br. Br.
Br. 490 Br. 492 Br. 425 Br. 439 Br. 409
491 493
Ik3" [%] 12,21 12,23 11,63 2,58 11,31 3,26 0,32

Graph 4 Changes of three-phase ground short-circuit current due to

regulators in the power system

Impact of the regulators on the size of the short-circuit currents

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
(%)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
490 491 492 493 425 439 409
Ik3" [%] 12,21 12,23 11,63 2,58 11,31 3,26 0,32
Ik2e" [%] 5,18 5,84 2,7 0,94 2,8 1,12 0,12
Ik2" [%] 4 4,63 2,13 0,71 2,02 0,89 0,19
Ik"1 [%] 2,06 2,5 1,54 -0,28 0,51 -0,31 -0,11

Graph 5 Comparing the impact of regulators on different types of short-circuit currents in the power system

IV. CONCLUSION REFERENCES

This article shows the influence of regulators on the
size of short-circuit currents. In the case of single-phase short
circuit, the impacts of the regulators are small but not
negligible.
In some cases, when the lines in which there is a
short circuit are located far from the place where the
production is concentrated, the influence of the regulators to
short-circuit currents appear smaller. In the case of single-
phase short circuit comes to reduce the short-circuit current.
For other types of short circuits as the greatest
deterioration shown the three-phase short circuit up to
[1] Kolcun, M. et al. Analýza elektrizačnej sústavy, TU
Košice, KOPRINT B.Bystrica, 2005, 323 – 341s, ISBN
80-89057-09-8
[2] Prenosova sústava Slovenskej republiky [online] <
[http://sepsas.sk/seps/images/schemasiete/PSS2012_12_3
1.png>
[3] Mešter, M. – Hvizdoš, M.: Short-Circuit Current of
Power-Units Calculation Methodology According to STN
60909. In: 7th International ScientificConference on
Electric Power Engineering - EPE 2006, Brno, Czech
Republic, May 2006, p. 189-194, ISBN 80-214-3180

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