Principles of Teaching and Learning Review

A. Teaching Principles
1. Acquire relevant knowledge about students.
2. Align three major components of instruction: learning objectives, instructional materials
and activities, assessment tools.
3. Articulate learning objectives and classroom rules.
4. Know subject matter thoroughly.
5. Adopt appropriate teaching roles
6. Progressively refine teaching style
7. Establish and develop constructive and healthy relationship with learners
8. Connect learning in the classroom concerns of the communities encouraging “practice-
beyond-the-classroom”
9. Create and maintain positive learning environment.

“We praise in public; we criticize in private”

Learning Principles

1. Student’s prior knowledge can help or hinder learning.

2. Student’s ways of organize knowledge affect how they learn and apply what they know.
3. Student’s motivation determines, directs, and sustains what they do learn.
o Find positive value in a learning goal or activity.
o Expect to achieve success in a desired learning outcome.
o Perceive support from their environment.
4. Students develop mystery when they: acquire component skills, practice integration of
knowledge, can determine when and how to apply knowledge (Discovery Learning).
5. Goal-directed practice and targeted feedback leads to quality learning.
6. Students find significance in learning when the classroom climate interacts with their level of
social, emotional, and intellectual development. (AQ – Adversity Quotient)
7. Students become self-directed learners when they learn to monitor and adjust their
metacognitive processes to gain intellectual habits and develop higher order thinking skills.

Approach – Idea
Mo
Methods – Step by Step of the
Device – Teaching tools
Technique – Strategies

Inductive Approach
Learner Centered – Students are given more responsibility on their own learning

 Method: Specific examples or activities towards general rules or principles; Begins with concrete
experience, details and examples.
 Models of Inductive Learning

1. Inquiry Learning: Students formulate questions, investigate, answers, create new knowledge and
communicate their learning to others.
2. Problem-based Learning: Students gain learning from complex questions which further their
thinking.
3. Project-based Learning: Students produce proposal project (concrete answers and
investigations).
4. Case-based Learning: Students develop skills in analytic thinking and reflective judgement by
reading and discussing complex, real-life scenarios.
5. Discovery Learning: Students draw from his or her own past experience and existing knowledge
to discover facts and their relationships.
6. Concept Formation: Students form a clear understanding of a concept through a small set of
examples of the concept.
7. Concept Attainment: Students compare and contrast examples that contain the attributes of the
concept with examples that do not contain those attributes.
8. Inductive Reasoning: Students focus on observations and discern a pattern.

Deductive Approach
Teacher – Centered – Teacher gives the students a new concept, explains it, and then allows the
students to apply this concept through an activities.

 Method: Teaching from General rules or principles towards SPECIFIC examples or activities.
Begin with the rules, organization, abstraction and ends with concrete detail.

Models in Deductive Learning

1. Lecture – Oral presentation given by an instructor.

2. Lecture-Discussion – combination of lecture and teacher questioning.
3. Presentation Teaching – Teacher provides students with advance organizers before presenting
new information and exerts special efforts.
- Advance Organizer: Standard exams
4.