Reading 1c WOCABUUARY! Read the clues and complete the puzzle. What ‘What reason does she give to support is the hidden word? the argument that people shouldn't worry about flying? a Air travels responsible for only a small 1. Several villages have fallen into as people move to live in big cites. amount of damage to the environment. 2. Although wages have increased, some people are b Reducing pollution is the responsibilty of now than they were, governments around the world. 3. They her offer of help and decided to do the € There are better ways to reduce the work by themselves. 4 cies = , The benefits of fying are greater than its 4. Speaking several languages is when applying for neler 9 many jobs; 3. What do we know abouther view of tourism? The actor’ reputation was by the scandal. a) She sist thet if on valcable floc] People were towards a crowd of noisy fans people benefit. who'd arrived for the match, b She thinks its good for both travellers and 7 Thenewspeper Wasvey ints erticism of people in touris-based economies. ¢ She argues that it can have both benefits and harmful effects on tourist locations. d_ She believes that it's beneficial if people Visit places in small numbers. 4 Why does she cite the example of the green fuel project? 2 toiillustrate how recycled waste will fuel planes in the future b to indicate that the aviation industry needs support for green projects € to demonstrate the need for sustainable alternatives to current fuel sources strike action. 8 Hidden word |b Write the number of the words in 1a next to these d_ to provide evidence of the industry opposites. concern for environmental issues a slam e detrimental 5 What does she conclude about carbon offsets? b paid attention to # growth a They have a significant impact on ter of Shona balancing the negative effects of flying © Benen Cs b They are one of the best options under d_ enhanced h troubled ‘the current circumstances. They are a small price to pay if we want to 2. Read the article about flying. What is the writer’s opinion continue flying. about air travel? Choose the correct option. d_ They are effective in encouraging people 1. It's bad for the environment, so we should all stop flying, to take more flights. 2. Flying is inevitable, but we should be taking steps to minimise its impact. 4 3 ae Panes improve, the impact of flying will cease to be What evidence would you give that the writer presents a balanced argument? 2. Are there any points where the argument could be more balanced? 3. What would you suggest as effective ways to encourage people to think about the environmental impact of flying? 3 Read the article again and choose the best answers. 11 What does the writer suggest about air travellers at the beginning of the article? ‘a They are not aware of the impact of flying on the environment. b They will continue to fly in the same numbers as today. ¢ They think that fying is justified because famous people doit. article mean? Guess and then check in They don't prioritise the environment when they travel your dictionary. Pee eeReading About Archives Home To fly or not to fly? It's fast, convenient, and still the safest way to travel. What's more, nothing can beat the thrill of flying. So why consider any other form of transport? School is finally over for the summer and you're setting off to catch a flight. Pethaps you're looking forward to a well-earned holiday, fof about to ‘an adventure. Your mind is busy with the prospect o head spent on golden beaches, having fun with family or friends, or exploring a place you've never visited before. So how much brain space is left to consider the environmental impact of your flight?” Not much, probably. Yet for some, the choice to fly is controversial. The environmental damage done by planes has become a headline-grabbing issue in recent years. Politicians are regularly slammed by the press for fying ‘to meetings abroad, and carbon emissions are calculated when bands go on world tours. Still, passenger numbers are increasing at a phenomenal pace, ‘About eight milion people fly every day, that’s around three billion 2 year. This growth is driven partly by the arrival of low-cost airlines worldwide, and partly by booming air travel in countries with growing economies. Forecasters predict that the number of air travellers will double in the next 20 years. Campaigns such 35 No Fly Day on 24% October have @@ With 770 million tons of carbon dioxide produced as result of air travel every year ‘every year, maybe it's time to ask: should we continue to We continue to fly on holiday? qq 2% travel by offering carbon offset passes. These allow done little to influence this trend, Only a small percentage of travellers have either cut back or stopped flying altogether as a result of concerns for the environment, But with in excess of 770 million tons ‘of carbon dioxide produced as a result of air travel fly on holiday? Some would argue that with power stations being built, ‘mostly coal-fired, in some parts of the world, its not worth ‘agonising over this dilemma. Afterall, power stations are responsible {or around a quarter of global greenhouse emissions, while fying ‘causes just 2%. And compared with 18% caused by deforestation, the ‘amount is minimal Perhaps we should devote nine times more effort to fighting deforestation, rather than worry about flying? Or maybe the solution 's to offset our carbon footprint in some other way? Replacing Ordinary light bulbs with energy-saving ones, or throwing out your plasma TV could easily make up for a flight. Even turning off appliances instead of leaving them on standby would allow for a short-distance trip, Environmentalists would say that theres a bankrupt logic in ths kind of carbon offsetting. You could stil take all those carbon-saving Steps and cancel your holiday, Except the problem with this is that ftassumes travelling is a frivolous activity. Even putting aside the benefits to travellers, th Comments (12) ‘The tourism industry employs around 280 million people worldwide and generates income for many countries. Take the area around Lake Turkana in the north of Kenya, for example. If it weren't for the small ‘number of visiting tourists each year, this area would never have been developed. As its, the rough grassland has been transformed into 2 pristine conservation site. About a hundred women are employed in the workshop at the tourist centre making traditional crafts for export. The men would still be working in the fields ifthe hotels hadn't provided them with better paid jobs, ‘The aviation industry itself wants to. myths about ar travel. ‘There are reports claiming that some ferries emit more carbon dioxide than planes, and that a full plane can compete with a car. Some trains ~ high-speed trains in particular ~ can be just as polluting as planes. it seems that when you take into account the length of the journey, the speed and number of passengers, just about any form of transport can come out on top. What's true, though, is that pollution ‘rom planes is emitted high in the atmosphere and for that reason, its effects are far worse. So airlines are working to develop less polluting aircraft, and are ‘exploring alternative fuel sources, especially sustainable fuels. ‘One British airline recently developed a plan to create jet fuel from London's rubbish. The groundbreaking scheme was to turn household ‘waste, which would otherwise be destined for landfills, into ‘gas. Unfortunately, the plan was shelved due to a lack ‘of suppor from the government. Had it gone ahead, the airline would have produced enough green fuel 10 power all their flights from London twice over. In carbon savings, that’s the equivalent of taking 150,000 Should cS off the road, Meanwhile, airline ticket companies are encouraging flyer to calculate the approximate amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced by their flight and to invest in clean energy and carbon reduction projects that counterbalance its effects. Other incentives such as one by a tour group in Thailand are also designed to ease the travellers conscience. The company promises to invest a portion of its profits in reforestation projects, which helps to offset carbon emissions produced by a return fight to the country So should we stop fiying or not? The facts are complex and difficult to unravel. There's no doubt that ar travel is detrimental to the ‘environment, but the idea that it wil cease is unrealistic. Flying is stil the fastest and most convenient way to travel over long distances, If planes hadn't been invented, a journey that now takes a few hours ‘might take days or even weoks. What's more, people in tourism-based economies are much better off as long as we continue to fly, Perhaps the best thing we can do when we next go on holiday isto choose an airline that goes out of its way to prioritise environmental concerns. That, and take advantage of the various ways that exist 10 ‘offset carbon emissions. FT ee Re eee |CTT tol m Umer Jo Read the sentences. Which refer(s) to the present and past? Which refer(s) to the past only? 1 If it weren't for the small number of visiting tourists each year, this area would never have been developed. 2. The men would still be working in the fields if the hotels hadn't provided them with jobs. 3 Had it gone ahead, the airline would have produced enough green fuel to power all their flights from London twice over. 4 If planes hadn’t been invented, a journey that now takes a few hours might take days or even weeks. Present and past: Past: Ib Complete the rules with present form or past form. Mixed conditionals: Unreal present situation -» past result f+ (a) , would have + past participle Unreal past situation -> present result {f+ past perfect, (b) lc Circle the correct alternatives that are possible in the sentences. 1) fitweren‘t for/Weren‘t it for/Were it not for the small number of visiting tourists, this area would never have been developed 2 if were we to/if we were to/Were we to replace all our light bulbs with energy-saving ones, it could easily make up for a fight. 3. Ifithad gone ahead/Had it gon Vif had it gon ahead, the airline would have produced enough green fuel to power all their flights from London twice over. 2 Match the halves to make sentences. If'd finished my project at the weekend, | wouldn't have been late for class You have to hand in your exam now 1 2 3 4 Had | known you were coming, 5 If 'd been told the class was cancelled, 6 I wouldn't speak French so well 7 If Kyle hadn't given me a lift if hadn't overslept. I might have been able to go home early. | wouldn't be working on it now. if hadn't spent six months in Paris. I'd have been late for my interview. even if you haven't finished I'd have come to the station to meet you erteance ee ee eta ee) 3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. 1. Sorry, if'd known you were busy, | (not call. | 2 Ifthey (not win) the match, I'd be feeling really sad right now. 3. Sarah (enjoy) the film with us here now if she hadn't gone away for the weekend. 4. Were it not for the fact that he fell, I'm sure Niall (win) the race. 5 ifl (can) sing, | would have got up! on stage with everyone else. 6 lwe (give) the choice later, we might have changed our minds. 4. Write the sentences again using a conditional form. 11 We didn’t go walking because the weather was bad 2. I'm not feeling tired now because I didn't stay up late last night. it 3. Jamie got that job because his teacher recommended him. Were 4. They didn't take @ map with them as | suggested, so they got lost. Had 5. The house wasn't built because they ran out of money. i 6 Its possible that Sam would be famous now, but he left the band. If'Sam |'@ GRAMMAR CHALLENGE 5. Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences. 1. Were they offer you a place to study at that university, would you accept? 2. You should happen to get hungry, there's some salad in the fridge. 3. | usually have to walk home unless someone doesn't give mea lift. 4 My parents have promised to buy me a new phone, provided that I'll take good care of it 5 We'd be enjoying ourselves at the concert now if it wouldn't be cancelled. & You might run into Vietor if you'd gone to the match last weekend, 7 Had I known anything about it, I'd definitely had told you. 8 Even they'd taken a taxi, they'd still have missed their flight.Developing vocabulary and listening Ja Choose the correct answers. 1. I didn’t like this haircut at frst, but i’s grown me. Ain Bon C for 2. Could you just... through the instructions ‘one more time, please? Arun B take Cc see 3 | think I've taken too much. | never have any free time these days. A up Bout = € on 4 My economics course was difficult, but I'm glad I... it through, A saw B faced € got 5 Tom knew about the surprise party. | don’t. know who gave the secret A up B away C over 6 It. pity you couldn't come with us. You missed .... all the fun! A outof B out © outon 7 Lin speaks quietly. Sometimes I can't ‘out what she’s saying. A hear B make 8 The guide pointed all the architectural details of the old buildings. B up c © get A out into Ib Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs and a particle. Sicacanilene pick « point + run see + take » turn ‘away « for | into » on + out x2) through + up| 1 We thought that entry to the museum was free, but it that we had to pay. 2. The ability to things is one of the keys to success. 3 Nick Paula at the concert. He hadn't expected to see her there. 4. Travelling alone was more difficult than had 5. After days of rain, the weather finally 6 No-one else wanted to do the project, so we decided to it . 7 We knew that Lawrence had done it. The {guilty expression on his face him - 8 Ashe was leaving, she that he had forgotten his coat. etc een) 2 Cerca 3 ustexné © 1° Listen to three people talking about working and travelling. Choose the best answers. Extract One 1 What is Jessica’s attitude to travel? a It's something she'll only do while she’s young. b She wants to see as much of the world as possible. It’s a way for her to meet new people. 2 How does she pay for her travels now? a She works in different jobs while she's travelling b She uses the money she saved before she left home. © She has set up @ business to finance her travels. Extract Two 3 Why did Alex choose his job? He wanted to do something related to his passion b He wanted to work and travel at the same time. ¢ He was following the suggestion of a friend. 4 What does he see as the main disadvantage of his job? a He has to do different kinds of work. b There isn’t enough space for him to work ¢ He is with his workmates all the time. Extract Three 5. What is the main reason Ben started writing? a to remember the things he had seen b_ to eam money at the same time as travelling € to force himself to look closely at the places he visited 6 What advice does he give to people starting in his profession? a to go to places other people don’t normally visit b to write about a particular aspect of a place € to include details of things they've seen These phrasal verbs all have the particle through. | Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs. Use a dictionary if necessary. | fall + follow » push = sail » win 1 We were going to go camping next weekend, but unfortunately the plan through, 2. This may be difficult, but in the end you'll through, 3 Helen any difficulty through all her exams without 4 Martin is always starting projects, but he rarely them through. 5. The government they could. through the bill as quickly 51CTT tem UML | Read the sentences. Match the halves to make Py a. I don't want to look back when I'm older and say "Lwish/if only I'd done that’ b | covered 80 towns in 90 days, sleeping in hostels and eating things I'd rather not have eaten, You just have to say ‘'d sooner you hadn't done that,’ and that’s it. d_ | used to have all these incredible experiences and impressions, and then afterwards, half of them just got lost, so | remember thinking | should have written them down 1 Iwishvif only + 2 past participle 2 I'drather + b past perfect 3. Ishouldin't) have + subject + past perfect 4 I'd sooner + d_ (not) have + past participle Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. 1 I wish | (take up) the piano when Thad the chance. 2 Ishould (go) on the school trip last summer ~ everyone said it was great! 3 Idrather (not spend) so long working on my essay, but | wanted to do my best. 4 ifonly! favourite vase. (not break) my mother’s 5 I wish our teacher (not give) us so much homework this weekend, Write the sentences again using the word given so that they have a similar meaning. 1. I'm somry I didn’t start learning English sooner. ONLY 2. It’s pity Graeme didn’t come camping with us last weekend, RATHER 3. | regret taking my new tablet to school. SHOULDN'T 4 I'm sorry | ate that second pizza wisH 5 I'm not happy my brother didn't drive me to school. SOONER 6 I'm sorry now that I didn’t choose to do maths. SHOULD 7 I'd have preferred to do the project in groups. SOONER 8 I'm not very happy that you left my bike outside the cinema. RATHER ees 4. Match these sentences with the sentences in 3. 5 Choose the correct answers. ‘Complete the sentences with the correct conditional form. a ..Then! (leave) it on the bus. b ... Then! {have to) walk in the rain. eal (speak) it fluently now. Then we (be able) to share our ideas. elt (be) much more fun foul (feel) s0 ill now. g It (might/steal). howl (canvapply) for the course | wanted, 1. Ifonly | hadn't stayed up late last night. If 1... | wouldn't feel so tired now. A didn't B hadn't © hadn't been 2. | should have cleaned my room last weekend, Then it wouldn't... in such a mess now. A be B been © have been 3. If Louise weren't so brave, she... what she did. A didn't do © wouldn't have done B wouldn't do 4 I wish Carlos hadn't invited me to the party because I... to go. A didn't want B_ hadn't wanted wouldn't have wanted 5. You won't have any problems... you follow my advice. A incase B_evenif © provided that, 6 Were they to build this motorway, it communications in the area, A improve B_ would improve © would have improved 7 'drather not have arrived late, but | A couldn't © wouldn't have been able to avoid it B can't 8 You shouldn't have made that promise unless you to keep it A don’tmean B meent | © wouldn't meanDeveloping speal 1 Circle the correct alternative. 1 Ihave a vague memory of to go/going to France by bus. 2. To-think/Thinking back, we were travelling very fast. 3. Ifl remember right/tightly, | was sitting near the front. 4 forgot mentioning/to mention | wes on a school trip. | shouldn't leave/let out that | was feeling very nervous. 5 6 As far as what | learnt/learnt goes, | discovered | loved travelling. 7 On the question of why it was/was it important, I've been travelling ever since. 2. USTENING © 14 Read the two sets of notes. Then listen to two students and complete the notes. ‘A memorable journey you have made Student 1 where you went ‘from Lecce to Naples how you travelled (@) iy you went (b) one of us had been there what was most memorable for you Naples in the morning A decision you made Student 2 what the decision was (@) hhow you made your decision fier a test wat the results of the decision were @ wy it yas important ‘made me the person | am now eee ent 3 @ 14 Listen again. How do the speakers make their stories more interesting? Add useful expressions to what they say. Student 1 1 thave a memory of a journey | made from a place called Lecce to Naples. avery vivid memory 2. But we almost didn’t go at all, because it was winter. 3. But anyway, we decided to go, and this was an overnight train. 4... $0 one of the things was that we were hoping to sleep on the train, 5. | remember arriving in Naples in the morning Student 2 6 | just read through the chapter and that was it... 7 My best friend got nine out of ten, which made it even worse. 8 And so it really showed me that if | worked hard 9... and it was a good thing | failed that test Choose one of the topics in 2 and make notes Write sentences for your story words: = vivid memory = recall = stands out = memorable because Practise telling your story. Use your sentences from 5 and other useful expressions.Developing writing 1a Match the adjectives and nouns. 1 snow-capped a plants and trees 2. choppy/calm b cliffs 3. deep/fertile/wooded sand dunes. 4 rolling d river 5. rocky e plain & topical f mountains 7 fast-flowing/winding —g__valley 8 vastifeatureless h sea Ib Add these adjectives to the lists. arduous + budget « dilapidated + family fascinating + pavement « picturesque « sweltering 1a Jpretty/ancient town or village 2 cheap/, accommodation Ba Jnigh-rise/single-storey building 4a museum 5 a luxurious! hotel 6 heat 7 bustiingy. cafés 8 asteep/ climb or walk 2. Read the review quickly. Which age group is the castle best suited to? 1. children and teenagers 2 adults 3. people of all ages 3. Complete the review with these words. as far as I'm + frankly « | found this the best time to visit + the biggest attraction there's something for + without doubt 4 Underline eight adjective + noun combinations in the review. 5 Make notes about a historical place you know, or a museum you've visited. Include adjectives in your description. Pee eee re Pee iG! a. review of a historical pla To be honest, when we were told we were going on Metso ak ee ees Eee aur Ce re a RC Ra aniad Castle was both interesting and fun. The castle is an imposing mecieval fortress, Its a family home too, so you can visit the luxurious state rooms and see all the classical art. (a) | wouldn't suggest spending much tie there ~ there are more interesting things to see. The castle sets out to show ‘you what life was lke in the Middle Ages, so you can dress Up as a knight and practise your sword technique, visit a busting medieval marketplace or go on a dragon quest. ) , the best part for me ‘was visting the dungeons, which were really scary! In case you didn't know, this is where the Harry Potter films were made, so you can learn how to ride a broomstick with actors who look just like the real ones. © bi childish, to tell the truth, but its (d) so if you want to try, i's best to get there early or book a ticket in advance, ‘Alot of people just go to the castle to take a leisurely wak through the gardens. These are fll of exotic plants and trees, and there's also a garden with plants used to make po'sons in medieval times. Should you happen to get hungry, you can stop at the tree-house restaurant here. I's a bit expensive, but the food is delicious and the views from the top are stunning, ) every age group at the castle. The only drawback is that it gets very crowded 50 o is during the wook @ concerned though, its one ofthe few places I've been to that realy makes history ccome alive, and that’s why | think i's well worth visting. “ iis Falconry display at Alnwick CastleRevision: Unit 1-2-3 ) Grammar 1 Circle the correct alternative. 1. | had/would rather not have had such a big meal last night. 2. If hadn't taken a break, | would be feeling/have felt really tired now. 3. If we were/had been younger, we wouldn't have been able to see that flm last weekend. 4 I'd sooner /he hadn't moved away to another city. 5. Stephan wouldn‘vmight not have been angiy if you'd been honest with him 6 Ifonly | had/would started my homework sooner. 7. If people hadn't donated funds, the new school jouldn't have n_built. 2 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the verbs given. 1 A: Iwish | {know) you were going to the cinema last night. 1 (come) with you. B: I'm sorry. | should butt slipped my mind, (cell you, 2. A; It’s a good thing | reminded you about basketball practice tonight. You (forget) otherwise. B: I'd sooner you (not say) anything. | was planning to have a relaxing evening, 3. A: You shouldn't (go out) without asking your parents B: | know, then they (not stop) my pocket money. 4 A Tf (have) my driving licence, \ (rive) Bryan to the airport yesterday. B: I know, I'd rather not him at the bus stop. (leave) 3. Complete the sentences with one word in each gap. 1 Inthe past, people they had to go long distances. travel by ship when 2 Ifplanes hadn't invented, perhaps we would stil be travelling that way. 3 We been using planes now for nearly a hundred years. 4 Planes existed for a long time before they became available to ordinary people. 5 More and more people by plane in the future. 6 By 2040, they'll we have now. likely to travel improved the planes Vocabulary | Tick (V) the correct sentences and change the incorrect words in bold to their opposites. 1 Anyone who pays attention to the rules will face a punishment. 2 Eating lots of fatty foods is advantageous for your health. 3. I'm glad no-one was hostile at the meeting. Everyone accepted our proposal. 4. Areas of the city have fallen into growth since the factory's closure. 5. Big businesses have been enhanced by corruption in, recent years. 6 Now that there are more tourists, there is more employment and people are better off. 2 Complete the sentences with one word in each gap. 1 hope the weather up soon. I'm tired of all this rain. 2. Don't give up now, you might as well see the course to the end, 31 into my cousin at the market. | hadn't seen him for ages! 4 I didn’t like the colour of the paint at first, but its growing me. 5. We knew the project would be difficult, but it was harder than we for. 6 Cole out on the chance to play in the final after hurting his leg. 7 The book review actually gave the ending of the story. I couldn't believe it! 3. Choose the correct answers. 1. Some people have ..... doubt about the benefits of tourism. A wiced —B said told 2 Local residents have to put the summer months. A outof higher prices during B upwith € upto 3. Cities have set historical sites. A out to limit the negative impact on B up © about 4 Environmentalists have A call for in support of No Fly Day. B heldup © come out 5. The prevailing ....is that we should be aware of the issue. A evidence B view © question 6 Prosperity often A carries out because of tourism. B adds up C comes about eee kere tones|\/ Gateway to exams: Units 5-6 Reading Read the article and answer the questions. Which TWO of the following statements are made about tourism on the islands? 1 2 A. The majority of residents now earn a living in the tourist industry. B The intake of tourists has made it possible for conservation efforts to continue. © Local people have objected to the way tourism has been managed. D Visitors to the island are predominantly from the home country of Ecuador. E There is evidence of the detrimental effect of tourism Which TWO of the following opinions are expressed by the writer of the article? 3 4 A. Land:-based tourism is preferable to sea-based tourism. B Efforts so far to preserve the wildlife are worthy of praise © Unless action is taken, a number of unique species will become extinct. D It's inevitable that tourists will harm the environment. E Local authorities need to do more to combat invasive species on the islands. on the environment. ial for conservation. Can it remain a force for good or does it threaten the very species it sets out to protect? sword. While it provides income and employment for local communities, it can also be a source of problems, especially if not managed correctly. A the beauty and character of a tourist destination over time. Nowhere is that more clear than in the Galapagos Islands. For decades, tourism revenues have provided the incentive to protect this archipelago’s unique wildlife. The islands and the surrounding waters are home to giant tortoises, Galapagos penguins, blue-footed boobies, marine iguanas, and a distinctive species of Darwin to formulate the theory of evolution. The range of species eared the area World Heritage status in 1978, year. And with that growth come huge risks. “The most common form of tourism is sea-based. Visitors typically arrive by plane and then transfer to ships for tours. They then take short hikes on designated trails and may also choose to snorkel or dive, Admirable efforts TN NT NNT TT NT Tae ey Secu TOURISM: A D ife tourism has become popular ‘They say that tourism is a double-edged constant flow of visitors can undermine finch, the songbird that inspired Charles But tourism is growing - around 200,000 visitors are attracted to the islands each have been made to limit disruption to the wildlife during these visits. Park authorities, scientists and tour operators have calculated the timing of excursions and number of tourists, to reduce undue damage However, until recently, few of the benefits of tourism extended to residents on the islands. As visitors would land and immediately board ships, locals received little profi. This ‘even led to a rebellion by fishermen who confronted employees at the national park office to protest against fishing restrictions in the 1990s. So over the last few years, a different style of tourism has emerged. Nowadays, some 45% of tourists choose land based options. They stay in hotels or other types of accommodation on the ‘main islands, and take short-distance day tours from there. Visits to the islands have become more affordable, attracting more tourists, above all from the home country of Ecuador, as well as younger international travellers. But this too has its downside. A glance at the harbour of Puerto Ayora, the ‘main town on the island of Santa Cruz, shows that it is no longer pristine Hotels and tour businesses have popped up, and there is a Disney: style train running through the main business district. While ships are hardly carbon-neutral themselves, laundry is done less frequently, food is z 4 Poiea ares m needs to OUBLE-EDGED measured and rarely wasted, and ships leave little or no litter. In comparison, even the most responsible tourists on land inevitably degrade the environment in some way. Perhaps the most significant threat of all though comes from invasive species. The arrival of rats, as well as ants and other insects, has endangered the delicate ecosystems, Possibly the worst culprit is a type of fly which attacks young finches, causinga rise in mortality rates of up to 95%, Every new planeload of tourists increases the risk of these destructive species entering the islands, Since its establishment in 1959, the Galapagos National Park and the Charles Darwin Foundation have worked hard to control and eradicate invasive species. So what is the solution? It seems clear that businesses, ecologists, the government, travellers and the people of the Galapagos Islands all need to collaborate to ensure that the wildlife is protected. The livelihoods of the residents cannot be ignored, but tourism needs to develop responsibly. And for anyone planning a trip, there are also measures that you can take. Ty to buy locally-produced souvenirs, eat in local establishments, stay in eco-friendly hotels and use resources sparingly. ‘And, of course, if at all possible, leave a donation for the conservationists and scientists who need your support.Listening Use of English 2 USTEWNG 15 You will hear three different 3. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the fits each gap. answer (2, b or c) which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions We live ina modern world with global communication based on for each extract. written and spoken words. Exner One! But how did written forms (1)....? Scientist Genevieve von Petzinger believes the secret lies in rock paintings found all across Europe. (2)... you visit any of the 350 Ice Age rock art sites, you'll see walls decorated with animals and abstract shapes. Since their discovery, it's the animals that have received the majority of study. (3)... at ‘most sites the abstract signs (4). outnumber the animal images. You hear two people talking about machine translators. 1. According to the man, the biggest advantage of machine translators is a they increase business opportunities. ‘Are they the earliest form of written words? b they allow you to communicate without ‘The evidence seems to back up this theory. Von Petzinger has been pronouncing (6)... Out research into these abstract signs. She has discovered that only 32 signs appear in the caves during a 30,000-year timespan, (6) ..i8 a very small number. Some signs appear early on and disappear, (7)... other signs are later inventions. ‘This (@)...... support to the idea that the signs were deliberate creations, meaning that our ancestors (9)... already translate communicating with each other in a written form. b the future of translating technology © they enable more people to communicate. 2. What do the speakers disagree about? a. the number of languages a machine can € the effectiveness of current machines 1A growup B comeabout C pickup D setto 2 A Evenif B Providedthat € If D Incase eee 3A However B Although € Despite D Allinall You hear two students talking about a project oe ena Te ee oon disappearing languages. 3. What do the students agree to make the 5 A carrying B looking € doing D making main focus of their project? 6 A that B what © which Dit a howa language became extinct 7 A onthe B despite this, € while D onthe b_ how technology is important in reviving contrary, otherhand, a language 8 A holds B provides lends comes out how education can contribute to 9 A are B were © had D had been keeping a language alive 4 According to the girl, what is the most Writing impressive aspect of the story? a that people are using music to keep their language alive 4 Choose one of these two writing tasks. Write between 220 and 260 words. b that a small number of people were 11 Read the school announcement and write your proposal responsible for the revival ‘We would like to improve the language learning experience of our that children are communicating with students. Describe the facilities currently available and suggest others in a similar language ‘ways that you think these could be improved. Give reasons to support your ideas. Extract Three You hear two people talking about pictures as a2 You recently attended a local festival and have been asked to write about it for a local entertainments magazine. Write a review of the event saying how successful you think the festival is in attracting visitors to your area. Make recommendations about how you think the festival could be improved in the future. means of communication. 5 The woman and man agree that pictures will become more important in communication b the number of signs in cities will increase, € pictures are universally understood 5 Correct the mistakes in the sentences. 6 According to the woman, pictures are limited because | 1. You should get lost, just give me a call | 2. We won't be able to go unless my parents will take us there. | ‘a speaking to people is more enjoyable. Sue f | ee ee ae wish you can come to visit us this summer. ae 4 I've already been going to three concerts this year. people will eventually have to learn a 5. 'llbe finishing by seven and then you can use the computer. 6 new language. Its OK to make mistakes as long that you learn from them. DIRS NA AAAAGNANAG NANG NA NNN NN oh