PHYSICS OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES

PROBLEM 1
DIODE APPLICATION & BJT

Prob 1:
a. Calculate the value of I 𝑎𝑛𝑑 v 0 in the following circuits, use V γ = 0.7 V .
b. Assume the reverse saturation current of each diode is I S = 5 ×10−14 A . Determine the
voltage through diode in each case.

a.
Picture (a) : We have forward polarity
5−0.7
=> I = =0.215 mA
20
V 0=I × R=0.215 ×20=4.3 V

Picture (b): We have a circuit

 5+ 5−0.7
I= =0.2325 mA
20 K + 20 K
V R =0.2325 ×20=4.65 V
2

Grid 1 to the source

−5+ 4.65−V 0 =0

=> V 0=−0.35 V
Picture (c): We have circuit

2+ 8−0.7
I= =0.372 mA
25 K
Grid 1 to the source
−8+ 0.7+0.372 ×20−V 0=0
=> V 0=0.14 V
Picture (d): We have reverse polarity
=> I =0
V 0=−5V

b.

( )
VD
With formula: I =I × e V −1 T
D S

K ×T
With V T = =0.025
q

( )
VD
Picture (a): I =0.215 ×10−3 A=5× 10−14 × e 0.025 −1
D

VD
0.215× 10−3
 −14
+1=e 0.025
5 ×10

( )
−3
0.215× 10
 V D=0.025× log e −14
+1
5 ×10
¿ 0.554 V

( )
−3
0.2325× 10
Picture (b): V D=0.025× log e −14
+1
5 ×10
¿ 0.556 V

Picture (c): V D=0.025× log e ( 0.372× 10−3

5 ×10
−14
+1 )
¿ 0.568 V

Picture (d): V D=0.025× log e ( 0

5 × 10
−14
+1
)
¿0V
Prob 2:
a. Draw a diagram showing the relationship of v 0 with respect to v1 in the range of input
signal −10 V ≤ v 1 ≤+10 V for the Figure 1. Assume V γ =0.7 V , V Z 1=2.3V and
V Z 2=5.6V .
b. Draw a diagram showing the relationship of v 0 with respect to v1 in the range of input
signal −10 V ≤ v 1 ≤+10 V for the Figure 2. Assume V γ =0 V . Draw the diagram of i 1in
the range of input signal as above.
a.
 x ≤ vi ≤+10 V : We have:
D2 is a reverse-bias, which means is an open circuit, no electronic go through it =>
remove it.
D1 is a forward-bias, and Z1 is reverse-bias, has the electrician.
Re-draw the circuit:

x=0,7+ 2,3=3 V
Kirchoffs-law for grids, we have:
Grid 1: vi −v R−v D 1 −v Z 1−v R 1=0
Grid 2: v R 1 +v Z 1+ v D 1−v 0 =0
Grid 1: vi −i.0,5 k −0,7−2,3−i .1 k=0
Grid 2: i.1 k +2,3+ 0,7−v 0=0
v i−3
Grid 1: i= (1)
1,5 k
v 0 −3
Grid 2: i= (2)
1k
v i−3 v 0−3
From (1), (2) we have: =
1,5 k 1k
23
We have vimax =10 V => v 0 max= V
3
 −10 V ≤ v i ≤ x : We have:

D1 is reverse-bias, which means is an open circuit, no electronic go through it => remove

it.
D2 is a forward-bias, and Z2 is reverse-bias, has the electrician.
Re-draw the circuit:

x=−0,7−5,6=−6,3 V
Kirchoffs-law for grids, we have:
Grid 1: vi −v R +v D 2 +v Z 2−v R 2=0
Grid 2: v R 2 +v Z 2+ v D 2−v 0 =0
Grid 1: vi −i.0,5 k +0,7 +5,6−i .2 k=0
Grid 2: i.2 k −5,6−0,7−v 0=0
 v i +6,3
Grid 1: i= (3)
2,5 k
v 0 +6,3
Grid 2: i= (4)
2k
v i +6,3 v 0 +6,3
From (3), (4) we have: =
2,5 k 2k
We have vimin =−10 V => v 0 min=−9,26 V
We have this diagram:

b. −10 V ≤ v i ≤+10 V
v D =v i−v Z =v i−3

 v D <0  vi −3<0 => vi <3

=>−10 V ≤ v i< 3V
Diode zener forward-bias => v D =v 0 =v γ =0 V

 v D ≥ 0  vi −3 ≥0  vi ≥ 3

=>3 V ≤ v i ≤ 10 V
Diode zener reverse-bias, re-draw the circuit, we have:
Kirchoffs-law for grids, we have:
Grid 1: vi −v R−v Z −v R =0
Grid 2: v R−v 0=0
Grid 1: vi −i.10 k −3−i .10 k=0
Grid 2: v 0−i.10 k =0
v i−3
Grid 1: i= (1)
20 k
v0
Grid 2: i= (2)
10 k
v i−3 v0
From (1), (2) => =
20 k 10 k
=>0 ≤ v 0 ≤3,5
We have the diagram:
Prob 3: Determine the kind of logic gates as in the following circuits. Assume the didode
has V γ =¿ 0.6𝑉.
a. Determine the correlation and the state of V O 1 and V O 2 when the input signals V 1 and V 2
are a combination of 0V and 5V values. (Figure 1)
b. Determine the state function of V O with respect to 4 inputs.
(Figure 2)

a.
Figure 1: is diode AND gate
 We have status board of AND gate

Infer we have the correlation and the state of V O 1 and V O 2 when the input signals V 1
and V 2 are a combination of 0 V and 5 V values.

=> (V ¿ ¿ 1 ×V 2 )¿

𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉𝑂1 𝑉𝑂2
0V 0V 0V 0V
0V 5V 0V 0V
5V 0V 0V 0V
5V 5V 5V 5V

b.
Figure 2: is diode OR gate
 We have status board of OR gate

Infer we have the state function of V O with respect to 4 inputs.

=> (V ¿ ¿ 1 ×V 2 )+(V ¿ ¿ 3 ×V 4)¿ ¿

V1 V2 V3 V4 VO
0V 0V 0V 0V 0V
0V 0V 0V 5V 0V
0V 0V 5V 0V 0V
0V 0V 5V 5V 5V
0V 5V 0V 0V 0V
0V 5V 0V 5V 0V
0V 5V 5V 0V 0V
0V 5V 5V 5V 5V
5V 0V 0V 0V 0V
5V 0V 0V 5V 0V
5V 0V 5V 0V 0V
5V 0V 5V 5V 5V
5V 5V 0V 0V 5V
5V 5V 0V 5V 5V
5V 5V 5V 0V 5V
5V 5V 5V 5V 5V

Prob 4: (2.0) Determine the function of capacitors C 1, C 2, 𝑣à C 3 as in the following circuit

(bypass capacitors or coupling capacitors). Calculate the voltage V B of Q 1.
a. Sketch the DC equivalent circuit. Determine the Q-point. Use
β F =65 , V CC =5 V ,−V EE=−5 V , R I =0,47 K Ω, R B=3 K Ω , R C =33 K Ω , R E=68 K Ω∧R3=120 K Ω
.
b. Sketch the AC equivalent circuit. Determine Z I , Z O , A I ∧A V .
This circuit have 1 bypass capacitor and 2 coupling capacitors:
- C 1 is a bypass capacitor.
- C 2∧C3 are couling capacitor.
This circuit is a common base configuration circuit, so we have V EB=0,7 V .
We have: V B=I B . R B
⟺ V E−V EB=I B RB
⟺ V CC −I E RE −V EB=I B RB
⟺ V CC −( β+1 ) I B RE −V EB=I B RB
V CC −V EB
⟺ I B=
R B+ ( β+1 ) R E
V CC −V EB 5 V −0,7 V
⟺ V B= RB= 3 K Ω=2,872.10−3 V
R B + ( β +1 ) R E 3 K Ω+ ( 65+1 ) 68 KΩ
a) DC quivalent polarity circuit:
*The current direction of the two circles above goes clockwise.
Applying the Kirchhoff’s law circle (I) to the circuit above:
V CC−V EB
−V CC + I E R E +V EB + I B RB =0⟺ I B=
R B+ ( β+1 ) R E
5 V −0.7 V
⟺ I B= =0,957.10−3 mA (1)
3 K Ω+ ( 65+1 ) 68 K Ω
I C =β I B =65 ( 0,957.10−3 mA ) =0,06223 mA (2)
Applying the Kirchhoff’s law circle (II) to the circuit above:
V CC −I E R E +V CE −I C RC −(−V EE )=0
Because I E ≈ I C so :
V CE =−5 V +0,06223 mA .68 K Ω+ 0,06223 mA .33 K Ω+ (−5 V )=−3,71477 V (3)
So we have the Q – point from (1), (2) and (3):

{
I B=0,957.10−3 mA
I C =0,06223 mA
V CE =−3,71477 V

b) AC quivalent polarity circuit:

We have:
26 mA 26 mA
re= = ≈ 411,6 Ω
IE ( β+ 1 ) I B
I B get in DC position.

v o=−i o .( RC / ¿ R3 )
⟺ v o=−(−α i e ) .(RC /¿ R3 )
β RC R 3
⟺ v o= ie
β+1 RC + R3
vi R E
v e=
RI +RE
ie r e ( R I+ R E )
⟺ vi =
RE
Voltage gain:
β R C R3 65 33 K Ω. 120 K Ω
v o β +1 RC + R3 65+1 33 K Ω+120 K Ω
AV = = = ≈ 61,5
vi re ( R I + R E ) 411,6 Ω ( 0,47 K Ω+68 K Ω )
RE 68 K Ω

Input impedance:
REr e 68 K Ω. 411,6 Ω
Z I =R I serial ( R E /¿ r e )=RI + =0,47 K Ω+ ≈ 0,879 K Ω
R E +r e 68 KΩ +411,6 Ω
Output impedance:
RC R 3 33 K Ω. 120 K Ω
ZO =RC ¿/ R3= = =25,88 K Ω
RC + R3 33 KΩ +120 KΩ
Current gain:
 −v o
i o ZO ZI 0,879 K Ω
A I= = =− A V ≈−61,5 ≈−2,08 8
ii vi ZO 25,88 K Ω
ZO

Prob 5: (2.0) Determine the function of capacitors C 1 , C2 v à C 3 as in the following circuit

(bypass capacitors or coupling capacitors). Calculate the voltage V C of Q1.
a. Sketch the DC equivalent circuit. Determine the Q-point. Use
β F =100 , V CC =9 V ,−V EE=−9 V , RI =1 K Ω, R1=43 K Ω, R2=43 K Ω, R3=24 K Ω∧R E=82 K Ω .
b. Sketch the AC equivalent circuit. Determine Z I , Z O , A I ∧A V

This circuit have 1 bypass capacitor and 2 coupling capacitors:

- C 2 is a bypass capacitor.
- C 1∧C3 are couling capacitor.
We have:
V C ≡V CC =9 V
So V C of Q1=9V
c) DC quivalent polarity circuit:
*The current direction of the two circles above goes clockwise.
Applying the Kirchhoff’s law circle (I) to the circuit above:
−I B (R ¿ ¿1+ R2 )−V BE−I E R E +V EE=0 ¿

⟺−I B (R ¿ ¿ 1+ R2 )−V BE−( β+1)I B R E +V EE=0 ¿

V EE−V BE
⟺ I B=
9−0,7
( β +1 ) R E +( R ¿ ¿ 1+ R2)= =0.99 μA (1) ¿
( 100+1 ) 82+43+ 43

I C =β I B =99 μA

Applying the Kirchhoff’s law circle (I) to the circuit above:

V CE −V CC −V EE+ I E R E =0
⟺ V CE −V CC −V EE+ I B R E ( β+ 1 )=0
⟺ V CE =−I B R E ( β +1 ) +V CC +V EE
−6 −3
¿−0,99.10 . 82.10 ( 100+1 ) +9+ 9

¿ 9,8 V (3)

So we have the Q – point from (1), (2) and (3):

 {
I B=0.99 μA
I C =99 μA
V CE =9,8 V

d) AC quivalent polarity circuit:

We have:

26 mA 26 mA
r E= = =260 Ω
IE ( β+ 1 ) × I B

I B get in DC position.

V 0= ( β+1 ) ×i b ( R E /¿ R3 /¿ R2 )

V0 R E R2 R 3
⟺ =( β+1 ) =1309,688 K Ω
ib R 2 R3 + R E R 2+ RE R 3

V b =i b × β r e + ( β+ 1 ) ×i b ( R E /¿ R3 /¿ R2 )

Vb R E R2 R3
⇔ =R ib= β r e + ( β+ 1 )
ib R2 R 3+ R E R 2 + R E R 3

¿ 1335,688 K Ω

Rib /¿ R 1
V b= ×V i (differential pressure)
Ri + Rib /¿ R1

Vb
⇔ =0.99
Vi
Input impedance:

Zi =RI serial( R 1 /¿ β r e )

R 1× β re
¿ Ri + =17,203 K Ω
R1 + β r e

Output impedance:

R E R2 R 3
Z 0=R E ¿ / R 2 /¿ R 3=
R 2 R 3 + R E R 2 + R E R3

43 K Ω .24 K Ω. 82 K Ω
¿ =12,967 K Ω
43 K Ω. 24 K Ω+24 K Ω. 82 K Ω+ 43 K Ω. 82 K Ω

Voltage gain:

V o V o ib V b
AV = = × × =0.97
V i ib V b V i

Current gain:

io
Ai =
ii

Vi −V o
ii= , i o=
Zi R E /¿ R 3 /¿ R2

−V o
i o R E /¿ R3 /¿ R2
Ai = =
ii Vi
Zi

−V o Zi
¿ ×
Vi R E R2 R 3
R2 R 3 + R E R2 + R E R 3

3
17.203 ×10
¿−0.97 ×
43 K Ω .24 K Ω. 82 K Ω
43 K Ω. 24 K Ω+24 K Ω . 82 K Ω+ 43 K Ω. 82 K Ω

¿−1.327