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Chapter 7
Noise in CW Modulations
Dr. Le Dang Quang
Department of Telecommunications (113B3)
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ldquang@hcmut.edu.vn
If the effect of channel noise can be decreased in the receiver end, then we
can use lower transmission power. This is especially important, e.g., in
mobile phones and in satellite communications, where the power of the
transmitter should be minimized.
Assumptions:
▪ Message signal x(t) is ergodic with bandwidth W,
The input signal for the detector (pre-detection signal) can be given by:
The last part of the system after the detector is a Low Pass Filter HD(f).
The de-emphasis can be included in this filter.
Recall: the noise power is the integral of the PSD over the bandwidth of
interest.
where
where ni(t) and nq(t) are also stationary Gaussian noise, they are
independent and have the properties:
The following relations hold between the above form and the quadrature
form:
Hence
The problem is now to determine the output signal yD(t) and the S/N ratio
at the output denoted by (S/N)D for different modulations and detector
types. (S/N)D: post-detection SNR.
Telecomm. Dept. CS-2016
Faculty of EEE 16 HCMUT
Noise in Linear Modulation
❑ Synchronous Detection for DSB
Ideal synchronous detection separates the in-phase component of v(t).
For example, in DSB modulation:
We assume that the frequency response of the filter before the detector
is nearly rectangular, having the bandwidth of BT = 2W centred at fc.
Hence, the power spectrum of the noise is:
Now,
In this case,
Therefore,
where
Through signal and noise were additive at input, the detected
message term is multiplied by noise in form of cosn(t), which
is random. Thus, the message is hopelessly mutilated.
Telecomm. Dept. CS-2016
Faculty of EEE 26 HCMUT
Noise in Linear Modulation
There is a threshold effect when using the envelope detection: for
moderate-to-high (S/N)R ratio (i.e., pre-detection SNR), the envelope
detector works as well as the synchronous detector. But, under certain
threshold SNR level, the message signal is lost in noise.
In audio broadcasting, the smallest useful S/N ratio is about 30 dB, and
thus, the threshold effect is not a problem. However, the threshold effect
is a problem in some digital modulation methods, which are used in much
lower S/N ratios.
Received signal:
Pre-detection SNR
It shows that
since
Comments:
– Post-detection noise spectral densities have out-of-band
components that must be removed by LPF.
– PM-noise is flat whereas FM-noise spectrum increases
parabolically (higher baseband frequencies suffer from
more noise contamination than lower frequencies). De-
emphasis/pre-emphasis filtering compensates for this
effect.
– The destination noise power decreases when signal
power SR increases (noise quieting).
But there are some limitations. Recall that the deviation ratio increases
when the transmission bandwidth BT increases.
▪ with pre-emphasis:
Therefore in the case (S/N)R <<1, the noise dominates and the message
contained in (t) can not be recovered.
Note: The threshold point and threshold for baseband SNR also apply to
PM with D replaced by .
▪ When bandwidth conservation is important SSB and VSB are the best.