2012

Machine Design II

Joseph Caesar B. Torres

5MEB
 Mechanical
Driver
System
 Shaft
 Belt
 I.C.E
 Chain
 Motor
 Ropes
 Water Driven
 Clutch
Power
 Wind
Power
 Pump
Wave
 Compressor
 Mixer
 Crusher
 Elevator
 Hoist

( )
BELTS
*Flat Belt *V Belt

Flat Belt

( )

( )

Nomenclature:
F1 - tight side tension
F2 - slack side tension
Fc - centrifugal tension
f - coefficient of friction (text)
- arc of contact
b - belt width
t - belt thickness (text)
S - allowable stress on belt = 400
- efficiency of joint (text) ex:
- belt density (text)
V - belt speed
N - ⁄
g - ⁄ ⁄

( )

( )

Length of Belt
(Open Belt)
 ( )
[ ]

Where:

L - length of belt
D - diameter of large pulley
d - diameter of small pulley
C - centerline distance

Another method of solving for belt width develops by American Leather Belt
Association (ALBA):
 ( ) ( ) ( )

Rated HP text Belt Width Correction factor (text)

Name plate Cm – kind of driven motor
transmitted Cp – size of pulley

Cf1 correction factor

Cf2 - for environmental
Cf3 condition

A 25 HP, 870 rpm induction motor is used to drive a ventilating fan at

485 ⁄ . The motor pulley is 10 inches in diameter. Determine the
following: a) minimum angle of contact, b) cross-sectional area of the leather
belt, c) what is the width of medium double-belt, cemented joint, d) what is the
length of the belt.

485𝑟𝑒𝑣⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 fan pulley

𝛼 870rpm
f = 0.3 leather on steel
25HP 𝐷 𝑑 f = 0.5 leather on paper
𝛼 𝐵 pulley
A
𝜃

C = 5ft

Solving for DB:

( )
For angle of contact, :

( )

( ⁄ )
[ ]

For velocity:

( ⁄ ⁄ )

⁄ ⁄

Tension Ratio

( )( )

( )( )

For the cross-sectional area:

( )
⁄
 ⁄

Where:

( )

( )

* ⁄ ( ) + * ⁄+
( )( )

( )( )
⁄
{ }

For medium ply leather

⁄
For the length of belt:

( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]

A flat leather belt medium double ply 300mm wide is used to transmit the
power at 350 ⁄ . The driving and driven pulley are both 1.2m in diameter.
Centerline distance is 5m. Using the data available in your text, estimate the
capacity of the leather belt drive. Use cemented joint. What is the length of the
belt and total weight?
At page 350; MD Faires; For Medium Double Ply:

Where the driving and driven pulley are both 1.2m in diameter, therefore the
angle of contact is equal to 180 .

( )

Where:

( )
For Stress:

⁄
⁄
⁄

For density:

( ) ( ) ⁄

For Tension Ratio:

( )( )

( )( )
For velocity:
( ⁄ )

( ( ) )

⁄
. . ⁄ / /

For the length of belt:

 ( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]

For the weight:

BELT CONVEYOR LAYOUT

Simple Conveyor Layout

- Alternate
- Material conveyed
- Maximum loading rate
- Belt (width, speed, and type)
- Center to center distance
- Pulley
- Idlers
- Type of loading
 Driver Driven

A 420rpm blower is belt driven by 10HP synchronous motor at 1800rpm.

Determine the standard suitable size and number of V-belt and suitable pitch
diameter on sheave based on a belt speed of 3500 ⁄ . Find the length of belt
and specify standard V-belt, center distance between sheave should be
approximately 32in.

𝑓𝑡
3500 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 420rpm
1800rpm sheave
10HP blower
motor sheave motor

32in

I. Design HP = Transmitted HP (Nameplate HP)(service factor)

 *Text – SF = 1.2 at table 17.7 p.460
Design HP = 10 x 1.2 = 12

II. Section A, B, C, D *Figure 17.14 p.457

Section B:
A B C D
1800rpm

t
12HP

III. Sheave Sizes *consult your text, standard size p. 458 table 17.3; use the
column for section B

⁄ ⁄

⁄
 ( )

Actual Velocity:

⁄
⁄

IV. HP/strand

[ ( ) ]

*page 456 MD by Faires

Section a c E
A 2.684 5.326 0.0136
B 4.737 13.962 0.0234
C 8.792 38.819 0.0416
D 18.788 137.7 0.0848
 ⁄
[ ( )

( ⁄ ) ⁄

For Corrected HP/Strand:

Where:

K ; arc of contact factor *table 17.5 p.459

KL; length of belt factor

( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
 Use B128 pitch length of 129.8in *table 17.3 p.458
Table 17.6 p.459 B128  KL = 1.08

Say use 2 strands, B128 V-belt with pitch length of 129.8

A centrifugal pump is to deliver 7,500 ⁄ of water against a head of 40m at

shaft speed of 375 ⁄ . The pump which has an efficiency of 65% is driven
by 1180 ⁄ motor compensator started.
Determine:

a) The power required to drive the pump

b)
c) For a multiple V-belt drive, find a suitable size, number of V-belt and
suitable sheave for a belt speed of 4000 ⁄ . Center distance is about
45in. Specify the length of belt.
Power out

Power in

Eff 65% pump

 ⁄ ⁄

⁄ ⁄

I. Design HP

Design HP = (75.38KW)(1.2) = 90.46KW = 121.3 HP

II. Section Referring to Faires M.D, at page 457

At 1180 rpm and 121.3 HP SECTION D

III. Sheave sizes

⁄ ⁄

( )
Actual Velocity:

⁄
⁄

IV. HP/strand

[ ( ) ]

*page 456 MD by Faires

Section a C E
A 2.684 5.326 0.0136
B 4.737 13.962 0.0234
C 8.792 38.819 0.0416
D 18.788 137.7 0.0848

⁄
[ ( )

( ⁄ ) ⁄

]
For Corrected HP/Strand:

Where:

K ; arc of contact factor *table 17.5 p.459

KL; length of belt factor

( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]

Use D173 pitch length of 176.3in *table 17.3 p.458

Table 17.6 p.459 D173  KL = 0.93
 Say use 6 strands, D173 V-belt with pitch length of 176.3in

Corrected center to center distance:

( )
[ ]

( )
[ ]

Seatwork:
An oil field pumping jack is filled with gear reduction unit delivery 30, 000 in-
lb torque at 26 ⁄ . The reduction in the gear is 40%. The gear unit is filled
with 13in pitch diameter pulley and is driven by a 1200 ⁄ motor. The
centerline distance is about 50in. Determine the V-belt drive to be used.

a) Estimate the power requirement

b) Section
c) Sheave style; standard size
d) No. of belt
e) Belt length
f) Corrected centerline distancE
Power:
( ) ( )

( )

Speed Reducer

( ) ( )

( )

I. Design HP

Design HP = (transmitted HP) (service factor)

= 15HP x 1.2 = 18 HP

II. Section Referring to Faires M.D, at page 457

At 1200 rpm and 18 HP SECTION B

III. Sheave sizes

 Actual Velocity:

⁄
⁄
V. HP/strand

[ ( ) ]

*page 456 MD by Faires

Section a c e
A 2.684 5.326 0.0136
B 4.737 13.962 0.0234
C 8.792 38.819 0.0416
D 18.788 137.7 0.0848

⁄
[ ( )

( ⁄ ) ⁄

For Corrected HP/Strand:

 Where:

K ; arc of contact factor *table 17.5 p.459

KL; length of belt factor

( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]

Use B128 pitch length of 129.8in *table 17.3 p.458

Table 17.6 p.459 B128  KL = 1.08

Corrected center to center distance:

( )
[ ]
 ( )
[ ]

1400𝑚⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 1200 mm Leather belt drive

{
400mm
f = 0.3 efficiency of joint
is 80%
Medium double
ply leather belt
b = 300mm belt width
Estimate the power that
can be handled by the belt
drive

3000mm
Stress = 400 ⁄

( )

( )

Chain
Roller
Silent – inverted tooth
Block – tooth cylinder

*tension ration is negligible because of the occurrence of tooth

Direct Drive

Driver Driven

Dual Drive:

Driver

Driven Driven

Driver

idler

USEFUL EQUATIONS:

Driven Driven
⁄
[ ]

, [ ( )] -
Where:

V = velocity, ⁄
P = pitch, inch
Ns = ⁄ of small sprocket
L = length of chain in links
T = no. of teeth
D = pitch diameter
S.F. = service factor
C = centerline distance

( )

Standard Chain No. Silent Chain Standard No.

RC SC 3
25 ( ) SC 4 ( )
35 SC 5
41 SC 6
40 SC 8
50 ( ) SC 10
60 SC 12
80 SC 16
100 ( )
In chain, tension ratio is not applicable.

F1=___
_

F2 0

[ ]
( )

Service Factor

Uniform average load 1.0 1.2

Moderate shock 1.2 1.4
Heavily Shock 1.4 1.7

A 10 HP motor running at 1150 rpm is to drive a compressor by means of a roller

chain. The compressor runs about 350 rpm and is to be located at about 20 inches
from the motor shaft. Due to space limitation the motor sprocket must have a
diameter of about 5 inches. Determine the following:
a) Pitch of the chain
b) No. of teeth on motor and compressor
c) Length of chain
 d) No. of strands

10 HP
1150 rpm motor

Belt drive

Compressor

Pitch of the Link:

⁄ ⁄
[ ] [ ]

( )

For number of teeth:

For velocity:
 ⁄

Length of chain:

( )

( ) ( )

For :

, [ ( )] -
 ⁄

{
⁄
[ ( )]

For no. of strands:

Say used 1 strand, RC 60 with a pitch of 0.75 inches

101 links for length of chain
21 teeth for the smaller sprocket
69 teeth for the bigger sprocket
For a dual drive shown, estimate the power that can be transmitted by the roller
chain drive if it is made of 1 strand RC 41. Use a service factor of 1.2.

N=100rpm
Driver
11 teeth sprocket

idler

Driven Driven

Solving for :

, [ ( )] -
Where:

⁄
⁄

{
⁄
[ ( )]

}
For transmitted power:

Solving for Torque:

A dual chain drive consists of a double strand RC 120 has a driving sprocket A
has 11 teeth rotating at 100 rpm. While the driven sprocket B has 17 teeth and
requires 5KW power. The driven sprocket C has 21 teeth and requires 7 KW
power. For the system shown, find:
a) Torque on shaft B and shaft C
b) Service factor of the drive
c) Tension on various sections

C B

Wire Rope

6x7
6 x 19
6 x 37
 Strands x Wire D, rope

Application:

1. Elevators 8 to 12
2. Hoist 3 to 5
3. Haulage
4. Derricks
5. Tramways
6. Cable Car
7. Guard Roil etc…

Elevator
Where:
 Nomenclature:
Fu - ultimate load or breaking load
F.S. - factor of safety
Ft - total load
Fb - equivalent bending load
k - 12x106 ⁄ constant for steel rope

A - Cross-sectional area
dw - wire diameter
Ds - sheave or drum diameter
Wp - weight of passenger
Ws - weight of skip or cage
Wr - weight of rope (text)
Wacc - load due to acceleration
=( )

Values for C for wire rope

Rope C Rope C
diameter diameter
⁄ 1.09 ⁄ 1.046

⁄ 1.083 1.04

⁄ 1.076

⁄ 1.07

⁄ 1.064

⁄ 1.054

Recommended minimum factor of safety

Track 3.2
 Cable
Guy wires 3.5
Mine Hoist 5 to 8
Haulage 6
Cranes 6
Sling 8
Elevators 8 to 12

P
Where:
T5 T4 T3 T2 T1

Therefore:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
 ( )
( )

For Smooth Pulley

Find the force P

𝑚 Given:
𝑠
P ⁄

D
T4 T3 T2 T1
Solution:

Where:

Q=5KN

( )

( ) ( ) ( )
 [ ]
[ ]

[ ]

BRAKES

 Band Brake
 Block Brake
 Disk Brake
Band Brake
Useful Equation
*Tension Ratio

*Net Pull

*Power
( )

( )

Max Band Pressure:

Tensile Stress on Band

Nomenclature
F1 – tight side tension St –tensile stress on band
F2 – slack side tension V – peripheral speed of brake
drum
f – coefficient of ( F1 – F2 )– net pull
friction
θ – arc of contact w – band width
Tq – brake torque t –band thickness
D – drum diameter
P –band pressure

Block Brake

FL – friction resistance on
f ‘ – equivalent coefficient of friction = f [ ]
block
FR – friction resistance on pv – design factor
block
2 θ – arc of contact p – pressure
PL – normal reaction v – rubbing velocity
(FL + FR) = Tq Aproj – projected area

FL + FR = Aproj = 2hw
D – drum diameter

Example: The band brake shown is to absorb 15kW at 1500 rpm. Estimate the
force Q required to absorb the power f = 0.3; b = 1.75m; d = 1m
 θ = 270

Tension Ratio
( )( )

F1 = 4.11 F2

Tq = 95.5 Nm > torque to be absorbed

Tq = (F1 + F2) x

( )( )
F1 – F2 = = = 191 N

4.11F2 – F2 = 191

F2 = = 61 N
F1 = 4.11(61) = 252 N

∑m @ 0 = 0

0 = F1 (280) + F2 (280) – Q (1750)

( ) ( )

Example: For the band break shown, find Q need to absorb 18kW at 500 rpm, f =
0.3

Calculate the tensile stress on band if band width and thickness is 120 mm and 12
mm, respectively.
 α = cos-1 = 41.41

θ = 360 – 41.41 – 90

θ = 228.59

( )( )

( )

∑m @ 0 = 0

Tq = 343.77 Nm 0 = F2 (150mm) – Q (760mm)

F1 – F2 = Q = 195.81 Nm

( )
3.31F2 – F2 = ( )

F2 = 992.12 N St =

F1 = 3283.92 N St = x
( )

St = 2.28 MPa

Example: The 300 mm diameter brake drum is used in a band brake that absorbs
18kW at 520 rpm, f = 0.4. Estimate the force Q to operate the system. What is the
max tensile stress on the band of width and thickness are 120mm and 12mm,
respectively. What is the band pressure?

Calculate the power loss at 1500 rpm for the double block brake drum shown.

f = 0.3
angle of contact, 2 = 110
Ddrum = 200 mm

Equivalent coefficient of friction

f‘=f[ ] = 0.3 [ ]

f ‘ = 0.343

F=f‘xP

(FL + FR) = Tq (1713.6 + 1502) N (0.1m) – Tq = 321 Nm

lever

∑m @ B = 0

0 = Ah (75) – 350 (450) Power = 50 kW

Ah = 2100 N
∑m @ A = 0

0= Bh (75) – 350 (450)

Bh = 2100 N
∑Fv = 0

0 = Bv – 350

Bv = 350
 Left Block Right Block

∑m @ D = 0 ∑m @ E = 0

0 = Ch (300) – PL (125) 0 = Bh – PR (125) + FR (150 – 110)

( ) ( )
FL = FR = = 1502 N

Spring Set Brake

Spring Brake

d = 8 mm diameter wire D = 300 mm diameter

c=6= spring index a = 200 mm

ne = 12 active coils b = 250 mm

G = 80 GPa f = 0.4

N = 300 rpm

a.) Determine the spring force on spring to absorb the torque 800 Nm at 300
rpm
b.) Calculate the shoe width based on design pv = 28000
c.) Determine the spring rate and compressed length of the spring

Spring Rate

( )
( ) ( )
 ( )

( )

(S)(1.585 +0.775) = 5333 N

Left Block Right Block

∑m @ 0 = 0 ∑m @ 0 = 0

PL (200 mm) = S (450 mm) + FL (150 mm) S (450 mm) = PR (200 mm) + FR (150
mm)

(200 mm) – FL (150 mm) = S (450 mm) = (200 mm) + FR (150 mm)

FL = 1.58 mm (S) FR = 0.77 mm (S)

FL = 3585 N FR = 1747 N
Compressed Length

LC = Lf –

LC = 240 mm – 71.7 mm = 168.3

Pave = 5795 N x x = 1300 lbs

V = DN = ( )( )

V = __ x = 927

FLYWHEEL

Flywheel and governor are devices to control the speed variation in an

engine. The difference being that flywheel redistributes the energy within in a
cycle of control speed while the governor controls the amount of fuel supplied
to an engine to match the load requirement to maintain a specified speed.

Flywheels are mechanical device which is used to store energy and

distribute it when needed. It is also used to smoothen power transmission where
energy input or output are varying.

Useful Equation

Kinetic Energy, KE = 1/2m = 1/2w /g

Change in Kinetic

[ ]

[ ]

( )

Nomenclature:

Wf- Weight of flywheel = Wrim + Cb- 1/Cf Coefficient of Steadiness

W(hub+arm)
V2- Final Velocity - Density of Steel = 0.28 lb/cu.in.
V1- Initial Velocity - Density of Cast Iron = 0.26 lb/cu.in.
g- Gravitational Acceleration
(V2+V1)/2 = Va, Average Velocity
(V2-V1)/Va = Cf, Coefficient of Fluctuation (see text)
CLUTCH (Disk Clutch and Plate Clutch)
Disk Clutch

T = Torque
P = Axial Force
f = Coefficient of Friction
D = Outside Diameter
d = Inside Diameter
P = pressure
n = No. of Friction Surface
N = No. of Plate (Driver and
Driven)
New Clutch

( )* +

( )[ ]

Total Torque = RT

Old Clutch

( )[ ]
*Wear is proportional to the work of friction

( )

[ ] ( )[ ]

Power = Total Torque (Angular Speed)

Cone Clutch
D = Outside Diameter

X = D/2 = d/2

X = (D-d)/2

Sin

[ ] ( )( )

A multi-disk clutch has six pairs of contact surfaces of an alternate steel

and aspestus line steel. The outside diameter and inside diameter of contact
surface are 250mm and 180mm respectively. If the coefficient of friction is taken
as 0.2 and the pressure is taken as 130kPa. Determine the power that can be
handled at 1000rpm. Assume new clutch.

( )* + ( )( )* +

T = 6650N*mm = 6.65 N*m

Power

Total = 6615 (6) = 339 N*m

( )( )( )
Power = Total Torque (Original Angular Speed)

P= ( )( )

P = 3,073 N
 A plate clutch has a single pair of mating surface. OD is 200mm and ID =
100mm. The coefficient of friction is taken as 0.3. What is the maximum pressure
corresponding to an actuating force at 15kN. Estimate the power that can be
handled at 1000rpm.

SPUR GEAR
A device used to transmit power between shafts that are parallel to each other
at a constant angular velocity ratio.

Proportions of tooth profile (page 362; Machine Design by Faires)

1. Addendum Distance
2. Dedendum Distance
3. Clearance
4. Tooth thickness
5. Space width
6. Backlash
7. Face width
8. Diametral pitch
9. Circular pitch
10. Whole depth
11. Working depth
12. Fillet radius
13. Addendum circle
14. Dedendum circle
15. Module

Lewis Equation for Induced Stress

Where:
T - torque
Dp - diametral pitch
n - number of teeth
y - lewis tooth form factor
Cp - circular pitch
K - 3 to 4

Barth Equation For Allowable Stress

Where:
So - basic static sale stress
Cv - velocity factor

Common Standard Diametral Pitch

1 2 5 9 16
1 2 6 10 18

1 3 7 12 20

1 4 8 14 24
Buckingham Equation for Dynamic Tooth Load
( )
√
Where:
Wt - tangential load
V - velocity
F - face width
C - deformation factor

Buckingham Equation for Weak Tooth Load

Where:
D - pitch diameter Ses - surface endurance
F - face width limit
Q - ratio factor Ses = 400(BHN) –
10000psi
- pressure angle
Ep - elasticity of
Pinion
Eg - elasticity of
Gear

K - load stress factor

[ ]

Dynamic Stress

Where:
f – margin of safety
f = 1.25 ; steady load
f = 1.35 ; pulsating load
f = 1.5 ; shock load

For gear tooth to be satisfactory on standpoint of dynamic loading Sd< Sef

flexural endurance limit.
For gear tooth to be satisfactory on standpoint of wear Wd < Ww

For Common Material Static Gate Stress

SD, psi
Cast iron ordinary 8,000
Cast iron medium grade 10,000
Cast iron highest grade 15,000
Cast iron 0.20% C untreated 20,000
Cast iron 0.20% C heat treated 28,000

Forged Carbon Steel

SAE1020 Cage hardened 18,000

SAE1030 Untreated 20,000
SAE1035 Untreated 23,000
SAE1040 Untreated 25,000
SAE1045 Heat Treated 25,000

Pinion
Gear
V – Velocity
Da Db - Pitch Diameter
na nb – number of teeth
Dp – diametral pitch
Na Nb – rpm
CL - centerline distance
 A cargo winch of a maritime vessel is driven by a 35 HP motor at 480 rpm,
through single reduction gear mechanism so that the speed of the drum is 60
rpm. Using the bur’s equation determine a) which of the gear’s has weaker teeth
b) diametral pitch c) pitch diameter d) face width proportions of tooth profile.
The number of teeth on the pinion is 22. Material for pinion SAE 1040 Si = 25,000
psi and gear material is cast steel with So = 20,000 psi.

Tq g=

Tq =

Tq = 4595 in lb

n Y SY
Pinion SAE1040 So= 25,000 22 0.404 10100
gear Cast steel So= 20,000 176 0.518 10360
 npNp = ngNg
( )
ng = = = 176 teeth

Sa = SoCv = So [ ]

( )
S= = = 94 = Sa = 25000 ( ) = 8332
[ ]( )

Dp = 4.4 tentative
If SoYp < SoYg , the pinion is weaker than gear.

Based the design on pinion

0.3 to 0.4 ~ 0. 333 or 1/3
Dp 4 5 6

Si = 94 6015 11,700 20,300

D= = 5.5in 4.4 3.67

V = πDN = 691 550 460

( )

Sa= 25000 (Cv) 11,600 13,000 14,100

Si is closest Sa when Dp = 5
Therefore, used Dp = 5 proceed to the proportions of tooth profile from your
text

 Addendum
 Dedendum
 Whole Depth
 Space width
 Tooth thickness
 Backlash
 Clearance