Fmtrf id kcjad y id afjad

I   

Uhrh ZctuhrZf

Fstf jhpîtuid trhth ih ckfh kf utciczhr ihs phihgrhs phrh ahjfr jdshs, jdnd
rfhiczhr cmvcthjcdmfs d su`frfmjchs. Fsth ahgcickhk fs hi`d quf ids mcøds
hprfmkfm kfskf pfquføds phrh jugrcr sus mfjfsckhkfs y kfsfds. H phrtcr
kf fsth ckfh, fsjrcgh umh icsth kf ihs prcnfrhs jdshs quf hprfmkfm h ahjfr
ids mcøds jdm phihgrhs. ´Xuã umjcdmfs jdnumcjhtcvhs sdm ihs nès
fsfmjchifs phrh ids mcøds4
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33

855 ids hjtds kf ahgih

  ’Zo    o        „. F
      ihs phihgrhs mumjh nf ahrèm khød    
   ø           
 . Z ,   b       
    . F   ,      ø.
J    if jdmkfmd h nufrtf, è    ,  

   è ø        .
  Z        sdihnfmtf phihgrhs,    
              
  . I       
  ,         . I    -
       ids kfjihrd nhrckd y nulfr,
nulfr,  
               
 ahsth quf ih nufrtf ids sfphrf. F   ,  
  
        . F     
    ,        ,   -

  è      , 

  @   C.
A       . J    fstè ustfk
hrrfsthkd,     ,      . F
 ,   è  pfmhitc,         
      . F     x
   ?        Sd hjfptd ihs jdmkcjcdmfs
kf fstf jdmtrhtd,       
      ,
     ,       .
F             
    ,     è     

,  js k,

ü  , .  H 
, 
,  
,  
, <
,
  . I          , è
     ,        
      ,        
.    ,    jdm   nfkchmtf     
   ,   ,    ,   , . I
            ,   -
         ü   .
U    ,          
      fmumjchkd< 

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  858

  8) F    <

 Jhnhrfrd< ´Xucfrf Vk. umh nfsh kfmtrd d ufrh4
  Jicfmtf< Kfmtrd. 

V è  kfmtrd      ,   ,
   . Z  ø   kfmtrd,  -

,     . V         .

J    (8)  kfmtrd,        
   . V      ,   
       ,     < ady fs
ncãrjdifs, nf iihnd Brhm, ahjf jhidr, . V       è
     x      . H   -
,            . C-
       <

7) Adih. 

:) ¡Xuã gdmcths sdm tus gdths!

;) ´Kúmkf qufkh umh `hsdicmfrh pdr hquî4
6) ´Xucfrfs tdnhr um jhã jdmnc`d4

Z ,      x,  è   (7) 
   (:)   ,    (;)  
 . H 
 (;)   ,       
ü      . B      -
     (´Xuã thi4 ´Júnd fstès4). H    (;)  (6) 
,   .
 . F (;)    

  , 

 ,
C 
,
   (6)
   
 

   .
, 
x           -
. F   ,  ,   x  
  . F -
 (:)   x    ,  ,  x-
       ,     (2)  (0)<

  2) H L        

  @   <
 L d r ` f < ¡Xuã tdmtd sdy!  ()
 Ld  ()
  0) S           <
¡Xuã rîd tfm`d!  ()
 ()

857 ids hjtds kf ahgih

 ©
N
c  
 `
 u
  f
i  
G 
r 
c  
 f
v
 h

´Kúmkf fstè fi aundr fm fsth

vcøfth4

    ,  ,        
 (F. hgrf ih pufrth, md ah`hm ruckd, .),      
 <

1) Zîrvftf dtrh jdph sc qucfrfs. ()

  3) Ufrkúmhnf. ()
  85) Uèshtfid gcfm. ()

  N         

     ,     ,       
         . F   
       8,       -
  . I        
,       ,       
 (F.  ),       ù,  
 ,     . M ,       
,,    
      
    ,   -
       
   ,    ,  
  



  ids hjtds kf ahgih  85:

. Z        x    
  x    . F  è     
 .

phrh jdnumcjhrsf fm fsphødi

H vfjfs, juhmkd ids fstukchmtfs vchlhm h phîsfs acsphmdahgihmtfs sf khm

jufmth kf quf pufkf sfr kcîjci hprfmkfr h rfhiczhr ids hjtds kf ahgih thi y
jdnd ids iifvhrîhm h jhgd ids ahgihmtfs mhtcvds, cmjiusd ids hjtds nès sfm-
jciids. Fstd sf kfgf sdgrf tdkd h ih vhrchjcúm icm`ùîstcjh quf fxcstf fm fi
numkd acsphmdahgihmtf.
acsphmdahgihmtf. Udr flfnpid, phrh pfkcr hi`d kf gfgfr fm um ghr d
jhã, ihs jdmvfmjcdmfs vhrîhm sutcinfmtf. Fm Fsphøh, fmtrf ihs jdmvfmjcdmfs
nès jdnumfs sf fmjufmtrhm ´Nf pdmf(s) um jhã4, d scnpifnfmtf Vm jhã,
pdr hvdr. Fm hi`umds phîsfs kf Ihtcmdhnãrcjh, jdnd Jdsth Wcjh y Jdidngch,
sf pufkfm fsjujahr kcfrfmtfs vfrscdmfs jdm fi vfrgd rf`hihr, jdnd ´Nf
rf`hihs um jhã4 Fm Hr`fmtcmh, umh dpjcúm cmtfrfshmtf fs ´Uufkf sfr um jhã4 
H pfshr kf fsths kcfrfmjchs, ahy úrnuihs nès fstèmkhrfs quf umjcdmhm
fm juhiqucfr phîs, jdnd ´Nf trhf(s) um jhã4 d ´Nf scrvf(s) um jhã, pdr hvdr4

2.8 idZ hJtdZ Kf ahgih UfrdrnhtcvdZ

  F          è, L H, 

   ’A   [  w
w„
„ (8327). F  , H 
     ,   ,  ü
   . H         vfrgds pfrdr-

nhtcvds , è    ’„  , ’  

      „. F ø,  ,     rfhic-
zhtcvd     rfhiczhr,       
   pfrdrnhtcvd     x     ’-
„. Hè    ,     js  j-
ks ps,       x   
      . U ,        
[f drkfmd quf tf vhyhs h tu juhrtd,     drkfmhr  è  
   è .  x  tf ficjctd,  ,  tf
 prdnftd,  ,       -

85; ids hjtds kf ahgih

. F         tf vfd fm fi phrquf   tf
 jhmtd umh jhmjcúm,             
    x   .
H 
      , H (8327)     
     . U ,     ’„
 ’„        . J  

<
88) Cmscstd fm quf tf vhyhs.
  87) Cmscstd fm quf ih rfspufsth fstè fm ih pè`cmh jcmjd.

F (88),   cmscstcr         b 
    (       ø). Z ,
 (87), cmscstcr         ?  , 
   kfjcr (F. Kc`d quf ih rfspufsth fstè fm ih pè`cmh jcmjd)   x
 è . H  (88)          (87) 

 
  ,
  I
 cmscstcr.    (88)
  
(87)   ,
 
  -
    ,          
     x.
J     , H     -
    ,        -
,        ids kfjihrd nhrckd y nulfr   
  è. F , è,     
          ,  -
 ,    
   
  . U , 
   ,           
     . J        
, H        , 
   j jsk   ksk. C     
  ,  ,         -
          . H
(832:)               
  .
  J        
      x<

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  856

  8:) [f prdnftd quf crã nhøhmh.

8;) [f prdnftfnds quf crfnds nhøhmh.
   86) Fiih tf prdnftf quf crè nhøhmh.
  82) [f ficjctd pdr fi gufm trhghld.
80) [f ficjctã hyfr pdr fi gufm trhghld.

   ,       . U U  
 (  )   ,
,        
        . U ,    
   ,   x (8;)  (86),     
    (80). Fx          
      (tf ficjctd pdr fi gufm trhghld hyfr),     
         .
    (81)         <

81) Sd tf prdnftd nujahs

n ujahs jdshs.

H    (81)         ,
, 
 ,   prfsfmtf ahgctuhi,   ,  b     
è         . U  , (81)    
.
  ,    H,   
    x   . N    -
           , 
          .
U   , tf prdnftd quf crã nhøhmh    x 
 ,   crã nhøhmh,   . V 
      ù? è   , crã nhøhmh -
      ,       xè
è .
 L Z     è    -
  H     . J     ,
Z (8303) ø       ,    , -
. Kfjcr  hbrnhr      . F    ,  
       ,      
     , ü    . U  

852 ids hjtds kf ahgih

, bx             
x  ,     x   <
 83) Kc`d quf ahjf gufm tcfnpd ady. (x)
  75)  Hrnd quf ahjf gufm tcfnpd ady. (x)
78) Ahjf gufm tcfnpd ady. ()

F (83), (75)  (78)     ,     ?  
       , kc`d quf   hbrnd
quf,     ahjf gufm tcfnpd ady,     
        . V        -
      ady fs ncãrjdifs pfrd md fs vfrkhk  nf iihnd Uhjd pfrd
md id jrfd. F ,           . F 
           , 
    ü     . M ,
           ,     ,

   ø. J

J  <
77) [f dkcd. 
7:) [f juipd h tc pdr nc cmficjckhk. 

F (77),       ,

 ,    tf dkcd  è -
     dkchr,       .
U,  (7:),          
,       è    
    .

2.7 ih ufrzh cidJutcvh

cidJutcvh y ihZ JdmKcJcdmfZ
Kf hJtdZ Kf ahgih

F   Zpffja Hjts (8323), Z      

  j,        . I   
          . F   
x   
        . U -
,              -
  .   ,      

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  850

         

   . Z  
          , 
 <   (         ),  
  ,   (F. tf prdnftd, tf cmvctd),    (.. tf prdnftd 
 tf prdnftî )   x.
F           

          <

7;) Fiih md qucfrf cr. (↚)
  76) ´Fiih md qucfrf cr4 (↘)

H,         ,     

    (76)       ?  
     (7;)       .
H              
    . S         bx 
ø,       è    
   bx<

72) C saduik `d mdw. (↚)

  70) Zaduik C `d mdw4 (↘)

F (72)     è      drhjcdmfs

kfjihrhtcvhs      è<        
 (’C„)      (’ „). F ,
    è,       . F
,      (70)       , ’C„, -
 è   x, ’„,      -
      .
H           (72)  (70),  
        è    
    ù è    è 
 . F  ,         
   . Z      -
,             -
. U      ,    
 x     ,        

851 ids hjtds kf ahgih

    è    x  . Z , 
         nhøhmh tf phsd h
 gusjhr h ihs sfcs x     . F 
   x
  ,     è    
.
. J
      ,    jrfd quf vh h mfvhr
nhøhmh,            

?
    ü
     
  
   ,
   


 
,, 
,   . F       
    
     x         
      .
       pjj 
V      
(H 8327? Z 8323). F           
 . U ,          
             
  .
    H,     Z
(8323),            ü  
 . F            -  -
            x. U  
, Z ,   ,      -
    <

. F   (   

)<
)<    

  .
. I  <       
       ?       ,  
              
.
. I   <      
   .
  
.. I  <       
  
  è    .

U    nhøhmh crã h vfrtf. Zü (),      
   x,          ,   
 ,  ,   nhøhmh crã h vfrtf,      

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  853

è   . Hè,      -
              ,  
 ,   .
. F ,   x      -
    . H , ü (),      ,  
            .
H,      nhøhmh crã h vfrtf,    -


   
  
 
  . C,
  

 ,
  
 è   
 
 
   nhøhmh crã h vfrtf. F    . I   
    è 
   () ,    ,
            . F ,
     ,         
   . F       
          .
@    (),   H
H   ,    
              
 (   ,       ). F   
  ’     o„       ,
   è        . Z -
,      è     
ù  prdnftfr
 prdnftfr..
  [          
    x  . U U ,     
,            , 
                
        . C    -
             
        .

2.: Jhtf`drÎhZ Kf idZ hJtdZ Kf ahgih

  J    ,       , 

         è  (F.  prdnftfr
 prdnftfr,, rfjdnfmkhr,
rfjdnfmkhr,
cmscstcr, .)      . Hè,      
     x,      -
      . Z (8303)     -

885 ids hjtds kf ahgih

        ,      

,    x      ø. H , 
      Z,     <

. H < F          x-

   ,      x    

  
. F . U,
   
    
   
 -

<
Ih tcfmkh fstè hgcfrth.
[f jufmtd quf ih tcfmkh fstè hgcfrth.
[f `hrhmtczd quf ih tcfmkh fstè hgcfrth.
Cmscstd fm quf ih tcfmkh fstè hgcfrth.
. H < F         
 . F      
   <
Kfgfrîhs cr hi supfrnfrjhkd.
  Kfgfs cr hi supfrnfrjhkd.
  Fs ur`fmtf quf vhyhs hi supfrnfrjhkd.
[f ruf`d quf vhyhs hi supfrnfrjhkd.
supfrn frjhkd.
F         (),  -
 ()     ()<
  ) ´Nf trhfs um vhsd kf h`uh4
) Mfjfscths kdrncr nès.
  ) ´Udr quã md mds pckfs umh pczzh4
. H < F         
   . F         
 ()   ()<
) [f prdnftd quf crã nhøhmh.
) Zhnufi< ´Xucfrfs cr hi jcmf jdmnc`d nhøhmh4
Nhrth<  Zî, nf fmjhmthrîh.
. H x< F      x   -
 (  )     .
  [f ficjctd pdr fi gufm trhghld.
Nf hif`rd kf quf fstãs hquî.
@rhjchs pdr tu hyukh. (> fstdy h`rhkfjckd pdr tu hyukh)
  . H <
< F        ? -

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  888

         . @

  ü     
<
<
   F   < If jdmkfmd h trfs høds kf prcscúm. 
F   < Fstè Vk. kftfmckd.

  J     ,      -

    . J     
   ,        -
  è   . F      . U  ,
       è      
   b     ,    ,  -
   ,         
   . F ü         
       ,  ,     
   .
     x       -
   . U   ,
 ,   
  
j-  j-js.  B    ,      -
   <

71) V ø     <

<
Fs nuy thrkf y tfm`d um fxhnfm nhøhmh.  (-< )
  ´Uufkfs ghlhr ih nüscjh4 (-< )
  Nf ndifsth quf md tfm`hs nès rfspftd. (-< x)

V   (71)    -      

,             
ü. Z    è,  -  ( ´Uufkfs ghlhr ih
nüscjh4)    j pjp,      è è. I -
ø      -,     
,  x  
     . H ,    
 j    k p (G-Oo 8313)     
 
     . F ü -  (71),    

  x,   
         -
             ø 
. F ,         

887 ids hjtds kf ahgih

 ,            ,

,  
     è      
    .
  V    -      
   
 . (73)       ,       ,
  ,   <

  73) Hmk rfh < Dyf, ´quã vhs h ahjfr fsth mdjaf4
Gfhtrcz< Mhkh. Md tfm`d pihmfs.
Hmkrfh< Fmtdmjfs md mfjfscths tu jdjaf, ´vfrkhk4
  Gfhtrcz< Md, ´pdr quã4 
Hmkrfh< Udrquf fi nîd fstè fm fi thiifr. ´Nf kflhs ushr fi tuyd4

H      , H     . I

              
                -
. F (73), H         G -
   . F    è     1 
    .
   ,   Z-
Z- (7555< 7:),    - 
 (  ). H     -  
 ,       
    <

  :5) . W x< Md pufkd cr. ( )

  Fx  < (Ufrd) `rhjchs pdr ih cmvcthjcúm.
. Fx
  . Fx  x< (Fs quf) vdy h fsthr djuphkd.
  .
. Fx
Fx   < Id scfmtd.
  . Fx     < Dlhiè pukcfrh cr.
  . V < Zc nf id augcfrhs kcjad hmtfs, ahgrîh ckd jdmtc`d.
  .    < ´Xuã tf phrfjf fi kdncm`d4

M   ,    ,     
    <
 <

  :8) H< ´Xucfrfs cr hi jcmf fsth mdjaf4 

G< Dlhiè pukcfrh cr.

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  88:

  :7) H< ´Xucfrfs cr hi jcmf fsth mdjaf4

  G< ´Xuã tf phrfjf fi kdncm`d4
 F  ,    (:8)  (:7)    , 
   ,        
,    . Xè       (:7) 
  ? G        ,  è,
         .

phrh jdnumcjhrsf fm fsphødi

Vmh fstrhtf`ch ütci fm fsphødi fs fi usd kf ¡júnd quf. . .!, fi juhi fxprfsh
cmjrfkuickhk hmtf hi`d. Udr flfnpid, sc um hnc`d if kcjf h Vk. quf md tcfmf
ahngrf y md qucfrf shicr h jfmhr jdm Vk., if pufkf jdmtfsthr< ¡Júnd quf md
tcfmfs ahngrf!, d sc Vk. md jrff quf h su nhkrf if ah tdjhkd ih idtfrîh, umh
rfhjjcúm iú`cjh sfrîh ¡Júnd quf ahs `hmhkd ih idtfrîh!  Fi
 Fi fqucvhifmtf kf fsth
fxprfscúm fm cm`iãs fs ’waht kd ydu nfhm. . .4„ (Fl. ’Paht kd ydu nfhm ydu
wdm taf idttfry4„)

2.; idZ hJtdZ Kf ahgih cmKcrfJtdZ

2.;.8 is ks k s js kjs

  F   s js k  kjs     

       x,   ,  -
 ü, . F      bx    
è .
Z (8303)            
    . [    è ,    
           ,   ,
  ,      ´Nf pufkfs phshr ih shi4  Z 
    
  ,  

 ´Nf pufkfs phshr ih shi4 
            ,     -
   . A     x   
          . F  -
  ,       ,    -

88; ids hjtds kf ahgih

. W         
             -
  . C      ù   
,   ,
,      
 ù 
x           ü . H-
  ù        ?
    nès kf id quf kcjf,    
  
,    è. H ,    
 x           
  . U , Z (8303)    
          , x  
  . H ,     <

. Z      ,     0,

è . U     
     è -
    è   ø  .
. V         
,   ,   , .
. Z        ,  x,
,  , .

2.;.7 is js kjs  jjs

             

     md ,     è   -
. F    , ´Nf pufkfs phshr ih shi4, 
,
 x  js kjs  jjs. F  -
,   x
        ’„    cmkcrfjths
 ø. F    ü     ,   -
  è  x      (G-Oo
8313). J ,  è    ()  (), 
. F    x         -
    . U   ,    
       J (Wo 7550). F   
,         . F    
,               
    . U ,     

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  886

  ,       x    
  <
   ::) Nu lf r< _. . .^ y kf vfrkhk quf, quf vfmîhm jdshs nuy cmtfrfshmtfs _. . .^ nuy
gufmhs.
  Urfsfmthkdr< Sh ihs jdnphrtcrè jdm mdsdtrds.
  Nulfr< Gufmd, sf`urd quf sî. (Wo 7550< 881;)

B             
  ,         
,     .  ,    <   
è               
. I , ,       ( jdnphrtcrè)   
   ?  ,          
,         . X    
    (Gufmd, sf`urd quf sî )        
       ,      
           . F  
          
     ,      
   .
U       ,   
 è        
     ,  ,  
   ø           .
U    ,        -
,        x     <

:;) Gufmd, kfshdrtumhkhnfmtf tfm`d quf ifvhmthrnf tfnprhmd nhøhmh.

U         (:;),  

     ø  ù (F. , 
  ,        , .). F ,  -
    (::)          
.
V          
     pdr hvdr (A 8313). U      
 x,    pdr hvdr      -

882 ids hjtds kf ahgih

 Ah`h um hmèicscs kf fstf iftrfrd. ´Xuã tcpd kf
hjtd kf ahgih fs, kcrfjtd d cmkcrfjtd,
cmkcrfjtd, y juèi fs
su umjcúm4

     . FF       -
  (::)  (:;)      pdr hvdr.
hvdr.

2.;.: is js kjs jjs

  v       , Z  

     x x è,   , 
  è.
 è. [        7     x-
 è,  ,        
        x. J     -
,             -
 . V     x sfrîh thm hnhgif kf  
 <

:6) ´Zfrîh Vk. thm hnhgif kf hph`hr ih nüscjh4

I         . F    
  (sfrîh),              
        (Ao 833;). F  
,
, 
       ü. F    
   x         . H
  x ,        ,

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  880

       ,       
 
     . U
U ü,           ((:6)
:6)
   ,        ,  , 
       ,  
 sî  
  md.
  H    è è,     -
       x. U ,   -
   è       ø   , 
          <
´Uufkf hgrcr ih pufrth4 H         
       ø  .    
  ´pdr quã md. . .4        <

:2) Uhtrcjch< Dyf, ´tf cnpdrthrîh kflhrnf kdrncr fm tu sdè fsth mdjaf4
Jhthicmh< Jihrd quf md, ´pfrd pdr quã md vhs h ih jhsh kf tus phkrfs4
Uhtrcjch< Udrquf fstèm kf vhjhjcdmfs y md tfm`d ih iihvf.

I   (:2)   ´pdr quã md vhs h ih jhsh kf tus phkrfs4     
 <         .
F       
  è    
    . F ,  ,    
               
     .   ,    
    
,,     ,      -
 . F (:0)         (:2),  
U      ?    -
     ( pdrquf
 pdrquf fstèm kf vhjhjcdmfs y md tfm`d ih iihvf),  
     ( pfrd
 pfrd pufkd iihnhr h Jihukch sc prfbfrfs
prfbfrfs quf md
vhyh h tu jhsh). I,
I,  , J       
  <

  :0) Uhtrc jc h< Dyf, ´tf cnpdrthrîh kflhrnf kdrncr fm tu sdè fsth mdjaf4
Jhthicmh< Jihrd quf md, ´pfrd pdr quã md vhs h ih jhsh kf tus phkrfs4
Uhtrcjch< Udrquf fstèm kf vhjhjcdmfs y md tfm`d ih iihvf, pfrd pufkd iihnhr h
Jihukch sc prffrfs quf md vhyh h tu jhsh.
  Jhthicmh< ¡Md md, vfm! Zúid nf fxtrhøhgh quf md ufrhs h ih jhsh kf tus
phkrfs.

881 ids hjtds kf ahgih

  I           .

M     (:1)         
    x    ,       <

  :1) Núm cjh < ´[f `usthrîh shicr h jfmhr jdmnc`d fstf vcfrmfs4
 Ld
 L d s ã < Zî, nf fmjhmthrîh, pfrd yh tfm`d pihmfs.

I          

       ,  ü Z (8303),    x
è    ,         è
. Z            
       , 
     è  
            . U
U
  ø   ,           
,    . Z       ,
    
    ,   
 
,   Z, x  ø   ,   -
      <

. F  

      
  (´Uufkfs/pdkrîhs hyukhrnf4).
  . F       (Xucfrd quf nf hyukfs?
Nf `usthrîh quf nf hyukhrhs? Fsthrîh nuy h`rhkfjckd sc nf hyukhrhs).
  . F 
 
     
   
 (´Nf hyukhs/hyukhrès/hyukhrîhs4).
  
.. F    
     
(´[
´[ff cnpdrthrîh hyukhrnf4 ´Xucfrfs hyukhrnf4).
  . F
F         
    (´Udr quã md nf hyukhs4? Kfgfs/kfgfrîhs hyukhrnf?
Zfrîh gufmh ckfh quf nf hyukhrhs).

H        ,   -

 ss         
 
    . U   ,     (),
 è          
 (´Uufkfs/pdkrîhs hyukhrnf4),       
  (wo 8316)     (Z 8303).  ,   

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  883

  ù    ø  , F

F
,,   
       ´pufkf(s) Q4  , -
    b  , 
  
      
    (A 8336).

phrh jdnumcjhrsf fm fsphødi

Fm fi jdmtfxtd jdtckchmd kfi fsphødi fs jdnüm ahgihr kf ihs cmkcrfjths quf

`fmfrhinfmtf sf jdrrfspdmkfm jdm hjtds kf ahgih cmkcrfjtds. Ih phihgrh
cmkcrfjth sf pufkf jdngcmhr jdm kcfrfmtfs vfrgds jdnd jd`fr/jdnprfmkfr/ 
jhpthr ih cmkcrfjth. Ih fxprfscúm fqucvhifmtf fm cm`iãs fs ’td thof h acmt„.
Fmtdmjfs, juhmkd hi`ucfm dgsfrvh quf dtrh pfrsdmh md ah pfrjcgckd ih cm-
tfmjcúm fm id quf sf ah kcjad, sf pufkf kfjcr quf ãi/fiih md ah jhpthkd ih
cmkcrfjth. Fm jhngcd, sc umh pfrsdmh qucfrf rfshithr fi afjad kf quf ah jhp-
thkd ih cmkcrfjth kcrè af jd`ckd ih cmkcrfjth. Dtrh phihgrh fm fsphødi quf sc`-
mcbjh ’acmt„ fs pcsth, pfrd sf fnpifh fm dtrds jdmtfxtds. Udr flfnpid, juhmkd
hi`ucfm fstè trhthmkd kf hkcvcmhr ih rfspufsth kf umh prf`umth, dtrh pfrsdmh
if pufkf khr pcsths.

2.6 idZ hJtdZ Kf ahgih y ih JdmvfrZhJcúm

  I            (N 7555) 
              ,  ,  
    x  . Hè,
Hè,     
      
         
. Z   
          
    ,     -
            è    -
. C       ,  
       x ,      
     
       
  . H        -
      ,    
        . C   -
 x   ,        
  è      è   x  

875 ids hjtds kf ahgih

. U
U  ,
,      
   -
            
    (Nè W  U 7556).
F  è     ,       -
    
    ,  ,    , 
          
(F 8333). C   ,     , è   
   ,  ,          
¡Jhrhld!  F      x è, 
 x    ,    
 
         . Fx   
       ?  , èè  
               ,  
. U ,    x        
  . V     x ¡Jhrhld!    
       è,    -
     ,         ,
                 
x. Z      ,   ,  
       è       -
   
   .
U  ,   ,       -
           ,  
          
    .   ,      
        . v 
         x ¡Jhrhld!,    -
            
       <

:3) Adngrf< ¡Jhrhld! 

  N u l f r < _H 
    
^
^ ¡Hy pdgrf! Kãlhnf vfr fi kfkd.
I    x     .
  ;5) Adn grf < ¡Jhrhld! 
  N u l f r < _H 
    ^ Fspfrh, quf tf pdm`d umh tcrcth.
^
I    x     .
  ;8) Adn grf < ¡Jhrhld! 

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  878

  N u l f r < _H 

    ^ ´[f ahs jdrthkd dtrh vfz4 Uufs kãlhid y
^
tfrncmd yd kf prfphrhr ih jfmh.  
 I    x   .

Z            ,  

    è          -
,               .
  H         
          .
H      ü   è,   
 ,         
   . Hè,  bx     
          .
  F  ,         è,  
    è    è   
   . F  ,       è
è        ø   . H  
      è. J J
     
. Z      è
 è      <

;7) ´Zhgãcs yh id kf Cm`rck4

Z     x,        
   ,  ,   ,    -
 è . F        ø,
@ @ (7555‚7558)         -
       . J  , 
             -
,    
      

 .  ,
       ,       -
      ,        ,  
, . U ,       ,
      @ @ (7555‚7558< 8:7)<

;:) Nulfr 8< [fm`d mdtcjchs lu`dshs.

Nulfr 7< ´Zî4
  Nulfr :< ¡Zufith! Rhnds. . .

877 ids hjtds kf ahgih

    ,   ,      

        ø     
  x. V    x  . V   
      <    ,  , 
, .,           ,    -
  ,       < @rhjchs pdr hph`hr su
tfiãdmd. F ,         
     .
                 
      . V  
  ø          . Z  -
     , ü Z,        
     ,     è    
. Z ,           
             ,  
    ø,     ,   
 è     .
H     ,         , 
 ,     è è
 è   è.

Uhrh rfZuncr

  Fm fstf jhpîtuid sf ahm cmjiuckd ihs sc`ucfmtfs ckfhs<

◂  Ih kfbmcjcúm kf hjtd kf ahgih.

◂ Ih jihscbjhjcúm kf Hustcm sdgrf ids hjtds kf ahgih pfrdrnhtcvd
pfrdrnhtcvdss y ihs ndkc-

bjhjcdmfs pdstfrcdrfs kf Zfhrif.

◂ Ih ufrzh cidjutcvh kf ids hjtds kf ahgih.
◂  Ih prdpufsth kf Zfhrif sdgrf ihs jhtf`drîhs kf ids hjtds kf ahgih< hjtds

hsfrtcvds, hjtds kcrfjtcvds, hjtds jdncscvds, hjtds fxprfscvds y hjtds kf-

jihrhtcvds.
◂  Fi nhjrd-hjtd kf ahgih y fi ncjrd-hjtd kf ahgih< fi hjtd prcmjcphi y ids fif-

nfmtds kf hpdyd.
◂  Ih kcstcmjcúm fmtrf ids hjtds kf ahgih cmkcrfjtds jdmvfmjcdmhifs y md

jdmvfmjcdmhifs.

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  87:

Uhrh UrhJtcJhr

  8. Kfjckh sc fi vfrgd prcmjcphi, fm jhkh umd kf ids sc`ucfmtfs jhsds, pufkf umjcdmhr
 jdnd pfrdrnhtcvd d md (fs kfjcr,
kfjcr, sc fi vfrgd rfhiczh ih ncsnh hjjcúm fxprfshkh).
Zc pufkf sfr pfrdrnhtcvd, fstcpuif ihs jcrjumsthmjchs y/d ih rfihjcúm quf ahy fmtrf
ids cmtfridjutdrfs phrh quf fi hjtd sfh hdrtumhkd. 

h. [f qucfrd nujad.
g.  Hprufgd tu kfjcscúm.
j. Nf kfspckd kf tc.
k. [f kfspckd kf tu trhghld.
f. Kcnctd kf nc trhghld.
. [f ncfmtd.
`. [f hsf`urd kf quf md fstdy n
ncmtcfmkd.
cmtcfmkd.
a. Ficld ih pufrth münfrd umd.
c. [f ruf`d quf tf vhyhs.
l. Kfkcjd fsth jhmjcúm h nc mdvch.
o. Nf rîd kf tc.
i. If fmtrf`d h Vk. ih iihvf kf ih jcukhk.
n. [f drfzjd nci kúihrfs pdr tu jdjaf.
m. [f cmsuitd.
d. Sd tf kdy nc phihgrh kf quf vdy h fsthr hquî nhøhmh.
p. Urdpdm`d quf vhyhnds hi jcmf fsth mdjaf.
q. [f hpufstd kcfz kúihrfs.
r.  Hjfptd su dfrth.
s. Nf qufld kf nc trhghld.

7. [rhtf kf cnh`cmhr ihs jdmkcjcdmfs phrh ids sc`ucfmtfs hjtds kf ahgih. Cmjiuyh< c) fi
jdmtfmckd prdpdscjcdmhi (id quf sf prdpdmf)? cc) ihs jdmkcjcdmfs prfphrhtdrchs? y
ccc) ihs kf scmjfrckhk.

h. ihs kcsjuiphs (pfkcr pfrkúm)

g. ihs quflhs
j. ihs cmvcthjcdmfs
k. ids junpickds
f. ids rfjahzds
. khr ih gcfmvfmckh

87; ids hjtds kf ahgih

  :. Ucfmsf fm um flfnpid fm fsphødi phrh jhkh tcpd kf hjtd kf ahgih, supdmcfmkd quf
fi rfjfptdr fs um/h hnc`d/h nès d nfmds kf ih ncsnh fkhk kf Vk. Iuf`d kfjckh
h quã `rupd pfrtfmfjf jhkh umd< hsfrtcvds, kcrfjtcvds, fxprfscvds, jdncscvds d
 kfjihrhtcvds.

h. um junpickd
g. umh cmvcthjcúm
j. umh hnfmhzh
k. um mdngrhncfmtd
f. khr fi pãshnf
. umh su`frfmjch

  ;. Cmtfmtf drnuihr um hjtd kf ahgih quf, h su lucjcd, if phrfzjh hprdpchkd phrh ids
sc`ucfmtfs jhsds<

h. Vk. fmtrh fm um jhã y kfspuãs kf ph`hr, jrff quf md ah rfjcgckd fi jhngcd

lustd. (Ih pfrsdmh fmjhr`hkh fs umh nulfr kf umds ;6 høds).
g. Vk. md fmjufmtrh su gdiî`rhd y if qucfrf pfkcr umd h su jdnphøfrd/h
jdnphøfrd/h kf jihsf,
quf fstè h su ihkd.
j. Uckh h su supfrcdr fm fi trhghld quf if kflf shicr
shicr umh adrh hmtfs phrh cr hi nãkcjd.
k. Vk. qucfrf pfkcrif umh jcth h hi`ucfm (phrh cr h um jdmjcfrtd).
jdmjcfrtd).
f. Zu tîh if fmvîh pdr jdrrfd fifjtrúmcjd umh cmvcthjcúm phrh jfmhr, pfrd Vk. md
qucfrf cr. Jdmtfstf fi nfmshlf.
. Zu vfjcmd kfi pcsd kf hrrcgh fstè khmkd umh bfsth y Vk. fstè trhthmkd kf kdrncr
kdrncr..

6. ´Uufkf pfmshr fm um hjtd cmkcrfjtd md jdmvfmjcdmhi (h acmt) phrh h, g, j, k  y

cmkcrfjtd  y  kf ih
hjtcvckhk hmtfrcdr4

2. Fxpicquf ids sc`ucfmtfs fl

flfnpids
fnpids sf`üm ihs cmkcjhjcdmfs<
cmkcjhjcdmfs<
h. ´Xuã hjtd(s) kf ahahgih
gih sf fxprfsh(m) fm fstf jhsd4
Vmh sføhi kf trèbjd fm ih jhrrftfrh pdmf<
  Adngrfs trhghlhmkd h 755 nftrds.
g. ´Júnd sf fxpic
fxpicjh
jh ih kcsjrfphmjch quf ahy fmtrf ih cmtfmjcúm kf ih prf`umth y ih
cmtfrprfthjcúm pdr phrtf kfi sfødr 74
Fm umh fsthjcúm kf hutdgusfs, kds sfødrfs fstèm fm ih shih kf fspfrh y umd
fnpcfzh h unhr<
  Zfødr 8< ´Xucfrfs kflhr kf unhr4 
Zfødr 7< Zî, qucfrd kflhrid, pfrd fs kcîjci.

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  876

j. ´Júnd sf fxpicjh ih kcsjrfphmjch quf ahy fmtrf ih cmtfmjcúm kf ih prf`umth y ih

cmtfrprfthjcúm pdr phrtf kfi acld4
Nhkrf< ´Juèmths vfjfs tf af kcjad ady quf md ncrfs ih tfif4 
 Acld< [rfs. 

0. Uhrh ids turmds fmunfrhkds kf ids sc`uc

sc`ucfmtfs
fmtfs kcèid`ds, prcnfrd kfjckh juèi fs fi
hjtd prcmjcphi. Iuf`d fxpicquf, ushmkd sus prdpchs phihgrhs, juèifs sdm ihs umjcd-
mfs kf ids fifnfmtds kf hpdyd. Uufkf ahgfr nès kf umh cmtfrprfthjcúm pdscgif.

H< ´[cfmfs pihmfs fstf sèghkd4 (8)

G< Md, md tfm`d mhkh pihmfhkd. ´Udr quã4 
H< Udrquf nf ahm rf`hihkd kds fmtrhkhs phrh fi jdmjcfrtd kf Dlds kf Gruld. (7)
´Xucfrfs cr4 (:)

H< Gufmds kîhs. 

G< Gufmds kîhs. 
H< Rfmîh h prf`umthrif sc md nf pdkîh hyukhr fm hi`d.  (8)
G<  H vfr.
vfr. . . ´quã ah phshkd4
H< Uufs nf iif`hrdm ihs hjturhs kf ih fifjtrcjckhk y tfm`d quf ph`hr.  (7)
Zc md ph`d, ih vfrkhk fs quf nf vhm h fjahr kf ih jhsh.  (:)
Xufrîh pfkcrif pdr hvdr, sc Vk. nf pdkîh prfsthr hi`d kf kcmfrd.  (;).

H< Dyf, nc jdjaf fstè fstrdpfhkd ady y tfm`d quf cr h trhghlhr. ´Nf pdkrîhs iifvhr fm
tu jdjaf4 
G< Uufs md tf pufkd iifvhr. . . (8)
. . .pfrd tf hjfrjd id nès pdscgif y tf kdy phrh fi thxc. (7)
Zc ufrh dtrd kîh sî, pfrd ady md. (:)
Ufrkúm. (;)

Dyf, fstuvd nuy gcfm tu prfsfmthjcúm. (8)

Nf cmtfrfsú nujad. (7)
´Zhgfs kúmkf pdkrîh jdmsf`ucr nès cmdrnhjcúm sdgrf fi tfnh4 (:)

  1. ´Uufkf prdpdrjcdmhr umh vfrscúm fqucvhifmtf fm fsphødi kf ihs sc`ucfmtfs drhjcd-

mfs4 Cmtfmtf md rfhiczhr umh trhkujjcúm ictfrhi. Uufkfm fxcstcr vhrchs dpjcdmfs.

h. ’Pduik ydu ncmk ifttcm` nf sff ydur phsspdrt4„

g. ’Uifhsf afip ydu
ydursfi
rsfi td ndrf jhof„.
j. ’[af krcmos hrf dm nf„.

872 ids hjtds kf ahgih

k. ’Ct–s ny turm td trfht„.

f. ’Idm` tcn
tcnff md sff!„
. Hi trdpfzhr jd
jdmm hi`ucfm< ’C–n sdrry.
sdrry. C kckm–t kd ct dm purpdsf„
purpdsf„..
 `. ’Sdu hrf ndrf tahm wfijdnf td sthy dr kcmmfr„.

3. [fmcfmkd fm jufmth ihs kcfrfmtfs tfdrîhs kf ids hjtds kf ahgih, ´quã kcfrfmjch
ahy fmtrf ids sc`ucfmtfs phrfs kf flfnpids4

h. [f pckd pfrkúm y Id scfmtd.

g. [f kdy nc gfmkcjcúm y [f vdy h khr nc gfmkcjcúm.
j. ¡Xuã sfk tfm`d!   yy ´Nf pufkfs khr um vhsd kf h`uh4 

Uhrh Zf`ucr rfifxcdmhmKd

  8. h. Fm su fxpfrcfmjch jdnd fstukchmtf kf fsphødi, y scm tdnhr fm jufmth fstf jursd

kf prh`nètcjh, ´jrff quf Vk. ah hprfmkckd h drnuihr hi`umds kf ids hjtds kf
ahgih nès jdnumfs fm fsphødi4
g. ´Xuã hjtds kf ahgih sdm ids nès prdgifn
prdgifnètcjds
ètcjds phrh Vk. fm fsphødi4 ´Juèifs
sdm ids nès èjcifs4 ´Udr quã4 (Jdmsckfrf, pdr flfnpid, shiukds, kfspfkckhs, cmvc-
thjcdmfs, dfrths, rfjahzds, kcsjuiphs, pftcjcdmfs, quflhs, su`frfmjchs/jdmsflds,
prdnfshs, hnfmhzhs, fxprfscdmfs kf h`rhkfjcncfmtd, ficjcthjcdmfs, fxprfscdmfs
kf kfshjufrkd, junpickds, rfspufsths h um junpickd, rfprcnfmkhs, ftj.).

7. Ucfmsf fm hi`umhs jfrfndmch

jfrfndmchss fm ihs quf Vk. ah phrtcjcphkd d ah dgsfrvhkd h id
ihr`d kf su vckh (Fl. gdkhs, ghutczds, fmtcfrrds, ftj.). ´Uufkf rfjdrkhr hi`üm hjtd
kf ahgih, fm cm`iãs d fsphødi, quf drnhrh phrtf kf ih jfrfndmch4

:. ´Zhgf Vk. quã sdm ids pcrdpds4 ´Júnd sf fxprfshrîh fstf fmúnfmd fm cm`iãs4
´Jrff quf ids pcrdpds sdm sfxcsths4

;. Kfspuãs kf ahgfr hprfmkckd sdgrf ids hjtds kf ahgih, ´júnd pufkf fsth cmdr-
nhjcúm sfr vfmthldsh fm fi prdjfsd kf hprfmkczhlf kf umh ifm`uh fxtrhmlfrh4 ´If
ah afjad rffxcdmhr sdgrf júnd sf utciczhm jcfrtds fifnfmtds kf ih ifm`uh fm cm-
`iãs d fm fsphødi4

6. Fm juhmtd h ih ckfh kf ihs cmtfmjcdmfs kfi fncsdr

fncsdr,, ´Vk. scfnprf tcfmf umh cmtfmjcúm
jihrh f ckfmtcbjhgif juhmkd rfhiczh um fmumjchkd4 Fs kfjcr
kfjcr,, ´scfnprf fs jdmsjcfmtf
jdmsjcfmtf
kf su prdpch cmtfmjcúm hi kfjcr hi`d4 ´Uufkf pfmshr fm umh sctuhjcúm juhmkd md
uf hsî4

  ids hjtds kf ahgih  870

Uhrh cmvfZtc`hr nèZ

Nuikfr, @cls. 8331. ’Vm fstukcd fnpîrcjd kf ids hjtds kf ahgih kcrfjtcvds fm fsphødi„.
 Fm Ih prh`nètcjh icm`ùîstcjh kfi fsphødi< Wfjcfmtfs kfshrrdiids,  fkcthkd pdr Afmo
Ahvfrohtf, @cls Nuikfr y Jhrdicmh B. Nhikdmhkd, 7:0‚706. Hnstfrkhn< Wdkdpc.
Udrtdiãs, Ldsã. 7550. Urh`nètcjh phrh acsphmcsths (jhpîtuid 3). Nhkrck< Zîmtfscs.
Zgcså, Nhrcmh. 7557. ’Zpffja hjts cm jdmtfxt.„ Ihm`uh`f hmk Jdnnumcj
Jdnnumcjhtcdm
htcdm 77< ;78‚
;:2.
Zfhrif, Ldam. 8303. Fxprfsscdm hmk Nfhmcm`< Ztukcfs cm taf [afdry d Zpffja Hjts.  Jhn-
grck`f< Jhngrck`f Vmcvfrscty Urfss.
Rhmkfrvfofm, Khmcfi. 8335. Nfhmcm` hmk Zpffja Hjts. Rdi. 8, Urcmjcpifs d Ihm`uh`f Vsf. 
Jhngrck`f<
Jhngrck` f< Jhngrck`
Jhngrck`ff Vmcvfrscty Urfss.

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