POZAR chapter 02 Transmission Line Basics: Example 01 12/04/2023 17:19:25.

EXAMPLE 2.1
Click any to open the MATLAB script solving this exercise. Run script to read question and calculate solution.
On 1st run, the exercise is solved and results are stored in .mat file. Parameters can be modified to solve exercise
solved with variations. MATLAB student licences are free for students in university or college, toolboxes upgrades are cheap and
open points there is a licence type that does not even require to be registered in any learning institution.

To download and install MATLAB as well as review help on specific commands click any MATLAB icon:

Document author: John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com jgb2014@live.co.uk https://jgb2012.wixsite.com/microwave-eng-matlab

Transmission Line Parameters of Coaxial Line Download .mlx

Contents

Background
1.- E H Fields
2.- Grid
3.- Inductance
4.- Capacitance
5.- Resistance
6.- Conductance
7.- Checks
8.- Same fields for Wm We Pc
9.- Coaxial cables examples
9.1.- Metallic Coaxial in-out parts
9.2.- Radio Spares intro to coaxial cables
9.3.- Sample of top operational frequencies for a few coaxial connectors
9.4.- List of Coaxial connectors available at Fairview Microwave
9.5.- Broad range of coaxial cable at CEF
9.6.- Coaxial Attenuation and Signal Power Limitations
9.7.- Same denomination may have many variants
10.- Permittivity, refractive index, and extinction coefficient
11.- (wave) Intrinsic Impedance etha is not (circuit) Characteristic Impedance Z0
Further Reading
References

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Background

Coaxial is being replaced with optical fiber, all over, any sector or
application, you name it, if not there yet, sure someone is thinking how
to replace metal (expensive) with plastic (cheap).

For broadband internet it's being done at an optimal cost fo r the

operators, meaning at slow pace, which is not optimal for the end
customers. But what's the point of holding a legal cartel if one cannot
dictate prices and technology deployments at one's convenience?

So knowing that industry is replacing coaxial with fiber, now let's solve
this example with a typical UHF coaxial : RG58U. With a calliper or from
Horng Jih Cables [1] (in their website also written Hong Yi 弘億 ) one
reads core  0.8mm .

From Belden-Kabel specs in Farnell's website [2] one gets dielectric  2.95mm (=116.141732mil,=.11614173in)
with range [2.8 3.1] mm, or [110.23622 122.04724] mil, or [.11023622 .12204724] in, in or that is not the
outer (braid) shield  3.5mm (137.79527 mil) with range [3.3 3.7] mm [129.92125 145.66929] mil.

PE: Polyethylene is a plastic [3] with fairly flat relative permittivity er throughout the intended frequency band of
use for RG58U.

Note that coaxial manufacturers sometimes refer to any type of Poly-Ethylene variant as simply 'PE' but there
are many different types of plastics that may be used as waveguide dielectric: PET PETP TPX POMC POM-H .. .
List of plastic abbreviations in [10]. Even for exactly PE, it may be High (HDPE) or Low density (LDPE) both
having slightly different er ranges; [2.3 2.4] and [2.2 2.35] respectively.

Z0=50  expected. Quick check using [POZAR] table 2.1 [4]

eps0 = 8.854187817e-12 % [F/m]=[C^2/N*m^2] permittivity empty space eps0 = 8.8542e-12

mu0 = 4*pi*1e-7 % permeability empty space mu0 = 1.2566e-06
a=.8e-3 % [m] a = 8.0000e-04
b=2.95e-3 % [m] b = 0.0029
er=2.4 % PE relative permittivity er = 2.4000
L=mu0/(2*pi)*log(b/a) % coaxial inductance /metre L = 2.6099e-07
C=2*pi*eps0*er/log(b/a) % coaxial capacitance /metre C = 1.0232e-10

Z0=(L/C)^.5 Z0 = 50.5055

One has to consider how much does it cost to control Z0 variations. All revolves around how much margin the
product budget has to precisely avoid specs deviations that may end up upsetting customer, or customers may
be ok otherwise, given the competitive price offered.

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uwEng_02_example_01.m

1.- E H Fields

Assume E H TEM fields of the propagating signal inside the coaxial have these shapes
then E=V0/(r*log(b/a))*exp(-gamma*z) and H=I0/(2*pi*r)*exp(-gamma*z)

Let be L Inductance/m, C Capacitance/m, R Resistance/m, G Conductance/m, We stored Electric

Energy/m, Wm stored Magnetic Energy/m, and Pd Power Loss/m. This example calculates L C R G.

c0=299792458; % [m/s] light velocity

sigma_Cu = 5.813e7; % [mho/m] Tinned Copper
f=1e9; % [Hz] as example
ds =
% good conductor : 2.087468689778981e-06
% 1. imag(permittivity)>>real(permittivity) gamma =
% 2. sigma>>2*pi*f*permittivity 4.790491013811943e+05 +
4.790491013811943e+05i
ds=(1/(pi*f*mu0*sigma_Cu))^.5 % [m] skin depth beta =
4.790491013811943e+05
% assumed TEM propagation alpha =
% fields inside coaxial do not have transversal components 4.790491013811943e+05
lambda =
% complex propagation constant 1.311595260081672e-05
gamma=(1+1j)*((2*pi*f*mu0*sigma_C u)/2)^.5 vp =
beta=imag(gamma) % phase constant aka wave number 1.311595260081672e+04
alpha=real(gamma) % attenuation constant etha =
lambda=2*pi/beta % wavelength inside coaxial 0.008240996067112 +
vp=2*pi*f/beta % wave propagation inside coaxial 0.008240996067112i
etha=(1+1j)*1/(sigma_Cu*ds) % [ohm] intrinsic impedance Rs =
Rs=1/(sigma_Cu*ds) % [ohm/m^2] surface resistance 0.008240996067112

Let's assume 1W signal through this RG58U. Then

P=1; % [W] signal power

R0=50; % [ohm] Z0
V0=(P/R0)^.5; % [V]
I0=V0/R0; % [A]
a=.8e-3; % [m]
b=2.95e-3; % [m]
er=2.4;
Nn=200; % angle step
dn=2*pi/Nn; % angle differential
n=[0:dn:2*pi-dn]; % angle range
Nr=200; % cyl radius step
dr=(b-a)/Nr;
r=[a:dr:b];

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2.- Grid

For this example the grid is not really needed, because the question already supplies the expressions for both E electric field
and H magnetic field. Nevertheless for this example the grid to use could well be radial points as shown below

In any integral and integral2 expect cartesian [x y z] inputs, but both fields E H are defined in cylindrical [r phi theta]
yet we need a cylindrical grid, which means some differential correction has to be applied before feeding integral
integral2.

X=r'*cos(n);Y=r'*sin(n);
figure
ax=gca
plot(X(:),Y(:),'r.')
ax.DataAspectRatio=[1 1 1]

axis([.0018 .0025 .0008 .0015])

3.- Inductance

L[H]/m

H=I0./(2*pi*r); % [A/m] magnetic field

% |H|^2
% .*r_ because integral2 needs [x y z] input
L1 =
H2=@(r_,phi_) I0^2./(2*pi*r_).^2.*r_
L1=mu0/I0^2*integral2(H2,a,b,0,2*pi) 2.609897443030448e-07

Lcheck=mu0/(2*pi)*log(b/a) Lcheck =
2.609897443331876e-07

% tried direct integration, cyl coordinates has an area differential

% that changes with r shifting from a to b
%
% X=r'*cos(n);Y=r'*sin(n);
% H=I0./((2*pi)*(X.^2+Y.^2).^.5);
% H2c=H.*conj(H);
% mu0/I0^2*sum(H2c(:))*numel(r)*(dn*dr*(b-a)/2)

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4.- Capacitance

C[F]/m

E=V0./(r*log(b/a)); % [V/m] electric field

% |E|^2
E2=@(r_,phi_) V0^2/log(b/a)*(1./r_.^2).*r_ C1 =
1.335180067016583e-10
C1=eps0*er/V0^2*integral2(E2,a,b,0,2*pi)
Ccheck =
Ccheck=2*pi*eps0*er/log(b/a)
1.023166692302098e-10

5.- Resistance

R[]/m

H2a=@(phi_) H2(a,phi_)
H2b=@(phi_) H2(b,phi_)

% integral(@(x) H2a(x),0,2*pi,'ArrayValued',true)
R_=... R_ =
Rs/I0^2*(integral(@(x) H2a(x),0,2*pi,'ArrayValued',true) + ... 2.084102637841639
integral(@(x) H2b(x),0,2*pi,'ArrayValued',true))
Rcheck=Rs/(2*pi)*(1/a+1/b) Rcheck =
2.084102637841640

% again crashing on direct assault because of not controlling the differentials

% X1=r(1)*cos(n);Y1=r(1)*sin(n); % r=a
% X2=r(end)*cos(n);Y2=r(end)*sin(n); % r=b
% H=I0./((2*pi)*(X.^2+Y.^2).^.5);
% H2_1=I0./((2*pi)*(X1.^2+Y1.^2).^.5)*a*dn;
% H2_2=I0./((2*pi)*(X2.^2+Y2.^2).^.5)*b*dn;
% R=Rs/I0^2*(sum(H2_1)+sum(H2_2))

6.- Conductance

G[ -1]/m

From the general expression of gamma=1j*2*pi*f*(mu*eps)^.5 one can derive

eps=eps1+1j*eps2; eps1=real(eps);eps2=imag(eps)

eps2=imag(-gamma^2/(4*pi^2*f^2*mu0)) eps2 = -0.009251676841932

G=2*pi*f*eps2/V0^2*integral2(E2,a,b,0,2*pi) G= -3.652415618641660e+08

Gcheck=2*pi*2*pi*f*eps2/log(b/a) Gcheck = -2.798895894085943e+08

I consider this resulting G an open point because G and Gcheck do not match.
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7.- Checks

gamma check with null G

gamma_check=((R_+1j*2*pi*f*L)*(0+1j*2*pi*f*C))^.2 gamma_check =
3.255545810136486 + 2.364028404883563i
gamma gamma =
4.790491013811943e+05 + 4.790491013811943e+05i
Z0_check=((R_+1j*2*pi*f*L)/(0+ 1j*2*pi*f*C))^.5
Z0_check =
50.505492647673179 - 0.032094028479342i
Z0 Z0 =
50.505482450497446

gamma checks with obtained G do not match

gamma_check=((R_+1j*2*pi*f*L)*(G+1j*2*pi*f*C))^.2 gamma_check =
2.155992335193640e+02 - 7.011302964575334e+01i
gamma gamma =
4.790491013811943e+05 + 4.790491013811943e+05i
Z0_check=((R_+1j*2*pi*f*L)/(G+1j*2*pi*f*C))^.5
Z0_check =
0.001497340553061 - 0.001499244749135i
Z0
Z0 =
50.505482450497446

gamma_check=((R_+1j*2*pi*f*L)*(Gcheck+1j*2*pi*f*C))^.2 gamma_check =
2.044224190712830e+02 - 6.647832137374380e+01i
gamma
gamma =
4.790491013811943e+05 + 4.790491013811943e+05i
Z0_check=((R_+1j*2*pi*f*L)/(Gcheck+ 1j*2*pi*f*C))^.5
Z0_check =
Z0 0.001710477280991 - 0.001712652526122i

Z0 =
50.505482450497446

8.- Same fields for Wm We Pc

The magnetic energy in the waveguide Wm, as well as the electric energy We and the power loss Pc caused by good
conductors could be calculated with the following expressions:

should be

check

check P(1)=P(0)*exp(-2*alpha)

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9.- Coaxial cables examples

9.1.- Metallic Coaxial in-out parts: Some jacket  The right cable for
• core (metal) each application:
• insulator (dielectric) RG-58 4.95mm 0.195"
• shield (metal) RG6 for TV
• jacket (rubber) RG-59 6.15mm 0.242"
RG6 for video
RG-6 6.90mm 0.275"
Replaced with Optical Fibre, yet still useful and superior to fiber in
some applications. RG6 for internet
RG-62 6.15mm 0.242"

Always Assemble according to specs, not what you think is correct. RG-11 10.30mm 0.405" RG11 for HDTV
Neither pull too hard nor twist too sharp; these actions may
damage coaxial structure rendering hours of installation to be RG-12 14.10mm 0.555" RG59 for CCTV
repeated.
RG-213 10.30mm 0.405"
The ultimate result; data-in-the-pipe with correct signal levels/BER,
signals flowing through, not what is printed on paper.

9.2.- Radio Spares intro to coaxial cables

9.3.- Sample of top operational frequencies for a few coaxial connectors

• RP BNC Connectors for Coax (fairviewmicrowave.com) up to 4GHz, but 1GHz tops would be safer
• N Connectors for Terminal (fairviewmicrowave.com) up to 11GHz
• RA BMA Jack Connectors for Coax (fairviewmicrowave.com) up to 12GHz
• SMP mini Right Angle Mini (Plug) Smooth Bore PCB Surface Mount, Solder (fairviewmicrowave.com) up to ~40GHz

These top operational frequencies are manufacturers' estimates assuming correct handling, assembling, and that whatever is
behind or ahead of the connector is not going to degrade performance.

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9.4.- List of Coaxial connectors available at Fairview Microwave

1. 1.0/2.3 Connectors 20. Mini SMP Connectors 37. RA MC-Card 54. Radius RA SMP
2. 1.0mm Connectors 21. MMBX Connectors Connectors 55. RP BNC Connectors
3. 1.85mm Connectors 22. MMCX Connectors 38. RA MCX Connectors 56. RP RA TNC
4. 10-32 Connectors 23. N Connectors 39. RA MHV Connectors Connectors
5. 2.4mm Connectors 24. NEX10 Connectors 40. RA Mini SMP 57. RP SMA Connectors
6. 2.92mm Connectors 25. QMA Connectors Connectors 58. RP TNC Connectors
7. 3.5mm Connectors 26. QN Connectors 41. RA MMBX Connectors 59. SC Connectors
8. 4.1/9.5 Mini DIN 27. RA 1.0/2.3 42. RA MMCX Connectors 60. SHV Connectors
9. 4.3-10 Connectors 28. RA 10-32 Connectors 43. RA N Connectors 61. SMA Connectors
10. 7/16 DIN Connectors 29. RA 4.1/9.5 Mini DIN 44. RA QMA Connectors 62. SMB Connectors
11. BMA Connectors 30. RA 4.3-10 Connectors 45. RA QN Connectors 63. SMC Connectors
12. BNC Connectors 31. RA 7/16 DIN 46. RA SMA Connectors 64. SMP Connectors
13. C Connectors Connectors 47. RA SMB Connectors 65. SSMA Connectors
14. F Connectors 32. RA BMA Connectors 48. RA SMC Connectors 66. SSMC Connectors
15. FAKRA Connectors 33. RA BNC Connectors 49. RA SMP Connectors 67. TNC Connectors
16. HN Connectors 34. RA F Connectors 50. RA SSMA Connectors 68. UHF Connectors
17. LC Connectors 35. RA FAKRA 51. RA SSMC Connectors

18. MCX Connectors

Connectors 52. RA TNC Connectors
19. MHV Connectors 36. RA HN Connectors 53. Radius RA SMA

9.5.- Broad range of coaxial cable, good prices , at CEF

9.6.- Coaxial Attenuation and Signal Power Limitations D(mm) diameter, P(W), Att(dB(W)) source

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9.7.- Same denomination may have many variants, as shown at Horng Jih RG-TYPE Coaxial Cable (horngjih.com.tw)

the figure for the RG58U core 0.8mm seems to be clear that it is .
But the 2.9mm insulation, is it  too? or is it radius? or thickness?

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10.- Permittivity, refractive index, and extinction coefficient

The squared imaginary part of the permittivity eps is called extinction coefficient [5] k_ext and is related to optical energy
absorption which is characteristic to each material.

When a sample illuminated with a solid beam alpha(f)=2*k_ext(f)*f/vp

The square root permittivity is the refractive index nref

nref=eps^.5
eps=eps1+1j*eps2
eps1=ndiff^2-k_ext^2
eps2=2*nref*k_ext

reversing

nref=(eps1/2+.5*(eps1^2+eps2^2)^.5)^.5
k_ext=eps2/(2*nref)

11.- (wave) Intrinsic Impedance etha is not (circuit) Characteristic Impedance Z0

Z0 is used to model waveguides as circuits. etha is the actual impedance that the travelling wave finds between E H fields
abs(E)/etha=abs(H) . The following 3 expressions of etha are the same

etha=1j*2*pi*f*mu0/gamma etha =
0.008240996067112 + 0.008240996067112i
(1+1j)*(2*pi*f*mu0/(2*sigma_Cu))^ .5 ans =
0.008240996067112 + 0.008240996067112i
(1+1j)*1/(sigma_Cu*ds) ans =
0.008240996067112 + 0.008240996067112i

Further Reading

[6] Waveguide Dielectric Permittivity Measurement Technique Based on Resonant FSS Filters
Filippo Costa, Claudio Amabile, Agostino Monorchio, Senior Member, Enrico Prati.

[7] Photochemistry Terms Glossary

[8] R&S application note : Measuring Permittivity with VNA

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Comments and References

[1] 弘億實業股份有限公司 HORNGYI

327, Taoyuan City, Xinwu District, 望間村 8 鄰 13-8 號

No. 8-13, Neighborhood 8, Wangma Village, Xinwu District, Taoyuan City

tel. (886) 3-476 0250 fx. (886) 3-476 0275 sales@horngjih.com.tw peter@horngjih.com.tw；chien_wei@horngjih.com.tw

https://www.horngjih.com.tw/product/%E5%90%8C%E8%BB%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C/rg-type-coaxial-cable

[2] Belden data sheet for RG58U local copy

https://www.farnell.com/datasheets/2626167.pdf

[3] Professional Plastics table showing electrical properties of different plastics local copy

https://www.professionalplastics.com/professionalplastics/ElectricalPropertiesofPlastics.pdf

[4]

[5] AMOLF : NL Research Institute, chapter of electromagnetics in metals, Maier

Science Park 104
1098 XG Amsterdam
The Netherlands
T. +31 (0)20 754 7100
F. +31 (0)20 754 7290
E-mail: info@amolf.nl
https://amolf.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Maier_PLASMONICS.pdf

[6] Waveguide Dielectric Permittivity Measurement Technique Based on Resonant FSS Filters
Filippo Costa, Claudio Amabile, Agostino Monorchio, Senior Member, Enrico Prati.

[7] Photochemistry Terms Glossary

[8] R&S application note : Measuring Permittivity with VNA

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[9]
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electricity_and_Magnetism/Book%3A_Electromagnetics_II_(Ellingson)/03%3A_Wa
ve_Propagation_in_General_Media/3.04%3A_Complex_Permittivity
Steven W. Ellingson
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University via Virginia Tech Libraries' Open Education Initiative

[10] British Plastics Federation

https://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/abbreviations/default.aspx

ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

ASA acrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile

ATH aluminium trihydrate

BDS butadiene-styrene block copolymer

BMC bulk moulding compound

BOPP biaxially oriented polypropylene

BR butadiene rubber

CA cellulose acetate

CAB cellulose acetate-butyrate

CAP celluse acetate propionate

CE cellulose

CMC carboxymethyl celluse

CN cellulose nitrate

CP cellulose propionate

CSM chopped strand mat (or) chlorosulphonated polyethylene (rubber)

DMC dough moulding compound

ECTFE ethylene chlorotrifluoro ethylene copolymer

EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (elastomer)

EPM ethylene-propylene rubber = EPR

EPR ethylene-propylene rubber = EPM

EPS expanded polystyrene

EVA ethylene vinyl acetate

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EVOH ethylene vinyle achol

FEP fluorinated ethylene-propylene

FRP fibre reinforced polyester/plastics

GMT glass mat thermoplastic

GPPS general purpose polystyrene

GRP glass reinforced plastic

HDPE high density polyethylene

HEMA hydroxyethyl methacrylate polymer

HIPS high impact polystyrene = TPS

LCP liquid crystal polymer = SRP

LDPE low density polyethylene

LLDPE linear low density polyethylene

MBS methacrylate-butadiene-styrene terpolymer

MDPE medium density polyethylene

MF melamine formaldehyde

NBR nitrile rubber = acrylonitrile butadiene rubber

NR natural rubber

OPP oriented polypropylene

PA polyamide = nylon

PA 11 nylon 11

PA 12 nylon 12

PA 46 nylon 46

PA 6 nylon 6

PA 610 nylon 610

PA 66 nylon 66

PA 66/610 nylon 66/610 copolymer

PAA polaryl amide

PAI polyamide imide

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PAN polyacrylonitrile

PB polybutylene

PBT polybutylene terephthalate = PTMT

PC polycarbonate

PE polyethylene

PEBA polyether block amide

PEEK polyetheretherketone

PEEL polyester elastomer

PEI polyester imide

PEK polyetherketone

PES polyether sulphone

PETG PET copolymer

PETP polyethylene terephthalate

PF phenol formaldehyde

PFA perfluoro alkoxyl alkane

PHB polyhydroxybutyrate

PI polyimide

PIR polyisocyanurate rigid (foam)

PMMA polymethyl methacrylate

PMP polymethyl pentene

POM polyoxymethylene

POM-H polyoxymethylene-homo-polymer

POM-C polyacetal-copolymer, aka Polyacetal, Polyoxymethylene, Polyformaldehyde

PP polypropylene

PPE polyphenylene ether

PPO polyphenylene oxide

PPS polyphenylene sulphide

PPSS polyphenylene sulphide sulphone

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PS polystyrene

PSU polysulphone

PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene

PTMT polytetramethylene terephthalate = PBT

PUR polyurethane

PVA polyvinyl acetate

PVB polyvinyl butytral (butyrate)

PVC polyvinyl chloride

PVCC chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

PVCP polyvinyl chloride plasticised

PVCU polyvinyl chloride unplasticised

PVDC polyvinylidene chloride

PVDF polyvinylidene flouride

PVF polyvinylflouride

PVOH polyvinyl alcohol

SAN styrene acrylonitrile (copolymer)

SBR styrene butadiene rubber

SBS styrene-butadiene-styrene (block copolymer)

SEBS styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene

SIS styrene-isoprene-styrene

SMA styrene maleic anhydride

SMC sheet moulding compond

SRP self reinforcing polymer = LCP

TPE thermoplastic elastomer

TPO thermoplastic olefin (rubber)

TPR thermoplatic rubber

TPS toughened polystyrene = HIPS

TPU thermoplastic polyurethane (rubber) = TPUR

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TPUR thermoplastic polyurethane (rubber) = TPU

TPX* polymethyl pentene copolymer

UF urea formaldehyde

UHMWPE ultra high molecular weight PE

VC vinyl chloride = VCM

VCM vinyl chloride monomer = VC

XLPE cross-linked polyethylene

Where is the whole collection of exercises?

This exercise is part of the collection of exercises Microwave Engineering POZAR 4th ed solved with MATLAB
available in this website: https://jgb2012.wixsite.com/microwave-eng-matlab

How can one get the main literature reference?

For instance from: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Microwave-Engineering-David-M-Pozar/dp/0470631554

What about the solutions manual?

It's freely available https://www.scribd.com/doc/176505749/Microwave-engineering-pozar-4th-Ed-solutions-manual

For educational purposes only: https://www.copyrightuser.org/understand/exceptions/education/

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: [3][5][6][7][8] 16 / 16