WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION
TECHINICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD GRADE
AGRI-FISHERY ARTS

FOOD(FISH) PROCESSING
12
SECOND
LEARNING SEMESTER

MODULE WEEK 3-6

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 MODULE
IN
FOOD (FISH) PROCESSING
GRADE 12 SHS

QUARTER 4
WEEK 3-6
DAY 1-20

PACKAGE FINISHED/PROCESSED FOOD

PRODUCTS
(Paper, Corrugated Paper, Fiber Board,
Wood, And Metal Packaging)
Development Team
Writer: Charmine Dawn P. Ramos
Editor: Liezl R. Quitoriano
Reviewers: Efren D. Marcos Romeo G. Uganiza
Joseph C. Salvador
Layout Artist: Jhone Terence C. Marucut
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marju R. Miguel

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Lesson PAPER, CORRUGATED PAPER,

2 FIBER BOARD, WOOD, METAL

PACKAGING
Characteristics of paper, corrugated paper, fiber board and wood, and metal
packaging will be discussed in this module.
In your journey through the discussion and different tasks, you are expected
to attain the following:
Content Standard:
Demonstrate an understanding in packaging of finished/processed food
products.

Performance Standard:
Demonstrate the procedures in packaging of finished/processed food
products independently.

Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the characteristics of paper, corrugated paper, fiber board, and wood
in packaging;
2. Explain the characteristics of metals for packaging;
3. Check, select, inspect, and prepare paper, corrugated paper for packaging;
and
4. Perform metal canning.

2
 What I Know

Before you go over this module, answer the succeeding Pre-test. This will
enable you to find out what you already know and what you still need to know about
the lesson. Good luck!
Pre-Test
Read and analyze each item carefully. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What do you call a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, or for
packaging?
A. metal B. paper
C. paperboard D. wood

2. The following are example of soft wood EXCEPT one.

A. birch B. cedar
C. pine D. spruce

3. What do you call a material with a higher thickness than paper usually over 0.25
mm. or 10 points or grammage over 150 g/cm²?
A. corrugated B. paper
C. paperboard D. wood

4. Which of the following is a two-stage process which results in a very high yield of
the wood being converted?
A. chemical pulping B. mechanical pulping
C. plies D. pulping

5. What do you call the “FBB” in the classification of paper board?

A. Filing Box Board B. File Box Board
C. Fold Box Board D. Folding Box Board

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 What’s In

Activity 1
Word Search
Direction: Locate the given words in the grid. Use a separate answer sheet.

1. WOOD
2. METAL
3. PAPER
4. FIBERBOARD
5. CORRUGATED

P S S T I N G F A D E N V
A T M O S P H E R E D G A
C E E B P E S N B F S F C
K R T R U U H T U D A G U
A P A P E R C R R S Z J U
G L L N U I U A O I W T M
I I C U M O D I F W E D N
N Z A F I B E R B O A R D
G E P I C K N S S O Y J E
C O R R U G A T E D T I T

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 What’s New

Before we go further, try to recall the meaning of some terms which you might
have come across.
Definition of terms:
Aluminum cans attractive, light, and strong, but requires a lot of energy and raw
materials to produce the packaging cans
Chemical pulping uses chemical solutions to convert wood into pulp but yields around
30% less than mechanical pulping
Corrugated paper-based construction material consisting of a fluted corrugated
fiberboard sheet and one or two flat linerboards
Mechanical a two-stage process which results in a very high yield of the wood
pulping being converted
Metal Packaging appropriate for packaging of light, moisture, and oxygen sensitive
products and carbonated beverages such as soft drinks, flavored
milk
Paper a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, or for
packaging
Paperboard a material with a higher thickness than paper, usually over 0.25 mm
or 10 points or grammage over 150 g/cm²

What is It

PAPER AND PAPER BOARD

Paper and board are very popular packaging materials. Paper is thin material
mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, or for packaging. It is produced by
pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags, or
grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.
Paper is a versatile material with many uses. While the most common is for
writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as a packaging material.
Paper pulp is produced from wood chips by acid or alkaline hydrolysis. The
pulp is suspended in water and beaten with rotating impellers and knives to split the
cellulose fibers longitudinally. The fibers are then refined, pressed, and passed
through heated rollers to reduce the moisture content and then through finishing
rollers to give the final surface properties to the paper.

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Paper Types, Thickness and Weight
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in
thousandths of an inch. Paper may be between 0.07 millimeters (0.0028 in) and 0.18
millimeters (0.0071 in) thick.

Paperboard is a material with a higher thickness than paper, usually over 0.25
mm or 10 points or grammage over 150 g/cm². It can be either single or multi-ply and
is most often used in packaging and graphic printing. It is sturdier than paper but is
thinner than corrugated board. Paperboard is widely used to package many popular
items, most notably food products and ice cream packaging. It can be easily cut and
formed, is lightweight, and is strong; paperboard is popular in many industries as a
packaging option.

Cardboard
Paperboard

General steps of paper making

1. Pulping
2. Washing
3. Settling
4. Squeezing of slurry
5. Pressing
6. Drying, calendaring, and sizing

Raw materials
1. Hard wood: 0.05 inches (length) such as birch which has short fibers. It is
generally more difficult to work with however does provide higher strength.
2. Soft wood: 0.13 inches (length) such as pine and spruce which have
typically long fibers.
3. Recycled: Recycled material is collected and sorted and usually mixed
with virgin fibers to make new material. This is necessary as the recycled
fiber often loses strength when reused and gets this from the added virgin
fibers.

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 Mixed wastepaper is not usually deinked for paperboard manufacture;
hence, the pulp may contain traces of inks, adhesives, and other residues
which together give it a grey color.
4. Others: Straw, Hemp, Cotton, Flax

Pulping

1. Mechanical Pulping: It is a two-stage process which results in a very

high yield of the wood being converted.

2. Chemical Pulping: It uses chemical solutions to convert wood into pulp

but yields around 30% less than mechanical pulping. It involves different
processes like Soda process, Sulfate/Kraft process, Sulfite process,
Semi chemical, or a combination process.

Bleaching

Pulp used in the manufacture of paperboard can be bleached to increase

color and purity. Virgin pulp is naturally brown in color because of the presence of
lignin. Recycled paperboard may contain traces of inks, bonding agents and other
residue which causes a grey coloration. Although bleaching is not necessary for all
end uses, it is vital for many graphical and packaging purposes.

Plies

Multi-ply paperboard generally has higher creasing and folding performance

than single ply because of layering different types of pulp in a single product. In
cases, where the same kind of pulp is being used in several layers, each separate
layer is treated and shaped individually to create the highest possible quality. The
benefits of multi-ply paperboard are for example its higher creasing and folding
performance.

Coating

To improve whiteness, smoothness, and gloss of paperboard, one or more

layers of coating are applied. Coatings are usually made up of a pigment, which
could be China clay, calcium carbonate or titanium dioxide, an adhesive or binder
and water.

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 Table 4.1 Grades of paper boards
First letter Second letter Number
(surface (main furnish)
treatment)
A = cast-coated Z = bleached virgin chemical pulp (all except D grades):
G = pigment C = virgin mechanical pulp 1 = white reverse side
coated N = unbleached virgin chemical pulp 2 = cream reverse side
U = uncoated T = recycled/secondary fiber with white, 3 = brown reverse side
cream, or brown reverse (D grades only):
D = recycled/secondary fiber with grey 1 = bulk >= 1.45 cm³/g
back 2 = bulk < 1.45 cm³/g, > 1.3
cm³/g
3 = bulk <= 1.3 cm³/g

Classifications of paper board

1. FBB (Folding Box Board)
2. SBB (Solid Bleached Board)
3. SUB (Solid Unbleached Board)
4. WLC (White Lined Chipboard)

Table 4.2 Types of paper commonly used as packaging material

No. Product Characteristics Example

1 Kraft paper Brown, unbleached paper Heavy duty bags and sacks
Good strength and resistant to A layer in multilayer paper
bursting board for increased strength
Aseptic packaging material in
India
2 Bleached paper White paper may be glossy. White bags, wrapping paper
Less strength than unbleached
paper

3 Vegetable Translucent paper treated with Butter and margarine wrap

Parchment paper H2SO4 to gelatinize surface
layers

4 Greaseproof High-density paper, very smooth Wrapping paper requiring

paper surface high resistance to grease

5 Glassine High-density, greaseproof paper Over wraps on candy

brittle

6 Tissue Light weight paper produced Light weight and used to

from most pulps protect soft products from
dust and bruising

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7 Paperboard or Compacted paper pulp Cartons, boxes, trays,
cardboard separators

8 Corrugated Paperboard sheets interspersed Secondary boxes of many

paper board with paper corrugations kinds

Kraft paper is made of at least 80% sulphate wood pulp. It is a very strong
paper, which is used to make grocery bags, multiwall bags, shipping sacks, and
specialty bags that require both economy and strength for bulk packaging of
powders, flour, sugar, fruits, and vegetables. Bleached papers are more expensive
and weaker than unbleached ones, and they have excellent printability.

Vegetable parchment is produced from sulphate pulp, which is passed

through a bath of sulfuric acid. It has a more intact surface than kraft paper and
therefore has a greater grease resistance and wet strength properties than kraft
paper. Because of its high grease resistance and wet strength, it is used for
packaging butter and shortening.

Sulfite paper is lighter and weaker than sulphate papers. Greaseproof paper
is made of sulfite pulp in which the fibers are more thoroughly beaten to produce a
closer structure. It is resistant to oils and fats when dry, but these properties are lost
when the paper becomes wet. Packaging applications for greaseproof papers
include margarine wraps, French-fry bags, inner liners for multiwall sacks, and a
liner in composite cans for packaging frozen juices. Glassine is a greaseproof sulfite
paper that is given a high-gloss finish by the finishing rollers. It is used as a wrapping
material for candy products and certain bakery products. Tissue paper is a soft, non-
resilient paper used to protect fruits against dust and bruising.

A major disadvantage of paper as a packaging material is its poor barrier

properties against moisture, gases, grease, and odors. Furthermore, it cannot be
heat-sealed. To improve its barrier and heat-sealing properties, paper is often
combined with wax, plastic film, metal foil, or a combination of foil and plastic film.

Paperboard is made in a similar way to paper but is thicker in order to protect

foods from mechanical damage. The main characteristics of board are thickness,
stiffness, the ability to crease without cracking, the degree of whiteness, surface
properties, and suitability for printing. White board is suitable for contact with food
and is often coated with polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, or wax for heat-sealability.
It is commonly used to prevent freezer burn in stored frozen products. Pulp
containers are made from paper pulp compressed in molds to remove moisture.
Pulp containers are used for egg cartons, low-cost food trays, and cushioning of
food products.

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CORRUGATED FIBERBOARD

Corrugated fiberboard, also known as corrugated cardboard, is a paper-

based construction material consisting of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two
flat linerboards. Corrugated board is the most common form of secondary food
packaging and is used by virtually every industry in the manufacture of corrugated
boxes and shipping containers.

Corrugated board has an outer and inner lining of kraft paper with a central
corrugating (or fluting) material. This is made by softening kraft paperboard with
steam and passing it over corrugating rollers. The liners are then applied to each
side using a suitable adhesive. The board is formed into cutouts, which are then
assembled into cases at the filling line.

The corrugated medium and linerboard are made of paperboard, a paper-

like material usually over ten mils (0.010 inch, or 0.25 mm) thick. Paperboard and
corrugated fiberboard are sometimes called cardboard by non-specialists,
although cardboard might be any heavy paper pulp-based board.

Common corrugation/flute sizes are "A", "B", "C", "E" and "F" or micro flute.
The letter designation relates to the order that the flutes were invented, not the
relative sizes. These vary in height and the number of flutes per unit length of
board. Flute size refers to the number of flutes per linear foot, although the actual
flute dimensions for different corrugator manufacturers may vary slightly.
Measuring the number of flutes per linear foot is a more reliable method of
identifying flute size than measuring board thickness, which can vary due to
manufacturing conditions.

They can be used alone or in combination with one another to give single-
face, single-wall, double-wall, and triple-wall corrugated board constructions.
Corrugated board has good impact abrasion and compression strength and is
mainly used as secondary packaging containers. The most standard type of
secondary packaging material is single wall C flute. High storage humidity may
cause delamination of the corrugated material. This is prevented by lining with
polyethylene or greaseproof paper or coating with microcrystalline wax and
polyethylene.
Table 4.3 Standards of corrugated flutes

Flute Flutes per Flute Flutes per Flute

Designation lineal foot thickness (in) lineal meter thickness
(mm)
A flute 33 +/- 3 3/16 108 +/- 10 4.8
B flute 47 +/- 3 1/8 154 +/- 10 3.2
C flute 39 +/- 3 5/32 128 +/- 10 4.0

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E flute 90 +/- 4 1/16 295 +/- 13 1.6
F flute 128 +/- 4 1/32 420 +/- 13 0.8

Chip board

Old newspapers, other scrap papers, various sizing material are beaten and
converted into paper/board known as chipboard. Most often, it comes with two to
three layers of coating on the top and one layer on the reverse side. Because of its
recycled content, it will be grey from the inside. It is mainly used in packaging of
shoes, toys etc.

Bogus is a paper product which is made from recycled fiber, paper, or an

inferior pulp to imitate higher quality grades. They are usually grey or light
brownish in color due to the raw material used. It is used as packaging material,
void fill, wipes, bedding and cushioning etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of wood as a packaging material

• With a good strength-to-weight ratio, wood is an economical structural material.
• It does not require very sophisticated equipment to make a box or crate and for
very rigid structures in small quantities; it is the material of choice.
• For small packages or for large quantities, however, wood does not lend itself to
high-speed operations or automatic assembly. It therefore has a high labor factor in
relation to material costs.
• It is also bulky and often presents a problem of storage space and shipping
cubage.

METAL PACKAGING
Metal packaging materials are appropriate for packaging of light, moisture and
oxygen sensitive products and carbonated beverages such as soft drinks, flavored
milk etc.
1. Mainly aluminum is used as a packaging material in the form of cans.
2. Also tin plates are now a day used as metal packaging material.
3. Tin plate is solid, heavy steel covered with tin to protect it against rust. It is
used to package canned foods. It can be recycled and again can be used
as an outer packing material.
4. The earliest metals used by man were those found in native state, which
were soft and easily workable. These include copper, silver, and gold.
5. The commercial packaging of food stuffs in metal containers began in the
early 19th century.
6. Metal cans, made from steel or aluminum, are widely used by the food
industry to pack a wide range of foods.
Table 6.1 Chemical composition of type-I steel

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 Constituent % Maximum
Carbon 0.13
Manganese 0.60
Phosphorus 0.15
Sulphur 0.05
Silica 0.01
Copper 0.06

TYPES OF CANS
Most cans are produced from tinplate. Tinplate is a thin sheet of steel, about
1/128-1/64 inch (0.2-0.4 mm) which is electrolytically coated with a very thin layer of
tin on both sides. In addition, the interior of the cans is coated with a synthetic
compound to prevent chemical reaction of the tinplate with the food.
1. Three-piece cans
Three-piece steel cans are composed of the body, the bottom end, and the
top end (lid). The body is made of a sheet of tinplate; the sheet is made into a
cylindrical shape and the ends slightly overlap. Then, the ends are soldered, and the
soldering area is covered inside with a strip of coating for protection.
One of the most used primary packaging containers for a wide variety of
processed fruits and vegetables is the three-piece can or sanitary can.
It is made from steel that is electrolytically coated on both sides with either a
thin layer of tin (tin-plated steel) or a layer of chromium–chromium dioxide (tin-free
steel).

Source: https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn
Soldered cans were made with lead solder. This procedure is not allowed
anymore, and lead solder cans cannot be legally imported into the USA.

Source: https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn

All 3-part metal cans are welded today.

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 Protection coating strip over the weld inside of the can

This refers to the weld line outside of the can. The can is ribbed to increase its
strength.

No. 2 can. Left: underside lid, center: the body, right: top lid. Enamel coating inside
the can and underside the lid. Sealing compound visible on underside of the lid.

Source: https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn

13
 Underside view of the lid. Compound sealant in the perimeter area under the
curl. The sealant is delicate, so the lids should not be washed in hot water.
After the body of the can is formed, one end is applied by the manufacturer,
called the manufacturer's end, and the other called the canner's end, is applied by
the canner using can sealer.

2. Two-piece cans
The bottom end and the body are formed from one sheet of metal by
stamping or a combination of stamping and deep drawing. It is easy to recognize a
two-piece can because it has no seam at the bottom.

left, 3-piece can. Right, 2-piece can

Source: https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn
There is a limitation to how much steel can be drawn and usually the side
walls are twice the diameter of the can (1:2), for example, a popular 1/2 lb. tuna fish
can is a two-piece drawn can of 87 x 45 mm.

Source: https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn
Two-piece tuna has no seam on the bottom. The can has been flipped over
(bottom on top). In both types of cans, the three-piece and the two-piece cans, the
top end (lid) is applied with a can sealer.
Aluminum cans offer better deep-drawing capability so the walls of two-piece
cans can be longer. They are more expensive; however, they offer benefits of low
weight, an excellent heat transfer conductivity and strong resistance to corrosion.
3. Tapered cans
Two-part tapered cans are the real space savers as they can be stacked
inside one another. This lowers costs of shipping and facilitates storage. There are
two tapered cans which are very popular for canning salmon: 307 x 200, 8 oz, and
301 x 408, 16 oz. The fact that there is only one seam (the lid) to worry about makes
them especially attractive for home applications.

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 Source: https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn
Three different diameter cans. From left to right: 307 x 200, 8 oz tapered can,
301 x 408, 16 oz, tapered can, No. 2, 307 x 409, 20 oz, straight can. Straight cans
cannot be stacked.

3. Easy to open cans

Easy to open cans are extremely popular; however, they require specialized
sealing equipment which is not available to a homeowner.

Easy to open cans. Round cans made of steel; flat rectangular cans made of
aluminum.
Fish cans are usually made from aluminum and they come in many shapes
and sizes. Commercial producers need to create their own process.
Advantages of using metal cans
1. They have a high strength-to-weight ratio.
2. They can be heat processed.
3. They have excellent barrier and protective properties.
4. They produce shelf-stable products that are safe and nutritious to eat and
can be stored at ambient temperature.
5. They are tamperproof.
6. When sealed with a double seam, they provide total protection of the
contents,
7. They can be made in a wide range of shapes and sizes.

Limitations of metal cans

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 1. High cost of metal and relatively high manufacturing costs make cans
expensive.
2. They are heavier than other materials, except glass, resulting in increased
transportation costs for the finished product.
Two main types of base steel are commonly used in can manufacturing:
Type L: It is very corrosion-resistant and is used in canning of very corrosive
products, e.g., apple juice, berries, prunes, and pickles.
Type MR: It is more suitable for canning moderately to mildly corrosive
products, e.g., grapefruit, peaches, peas, and corn.
Plain, uncoated tin plate or tin-free plate can be used to make cans when the
interactions between the food and the container are not significant or when the
quality of the food is better in an uncoated can.
However, to further improve the tin plate or tin-free plate for use with certain
classes of food products, it is coated with a lacquer or enamel.
There are certain desirable qualities that enamels (lacquers) should possess
before being applied to food cans. They should:
1. be non-toxic;
2. not affect the flavor or color of the food;
3. provide a good barrier between the food and the container;
4. be easy to apply to the tin plate;
5. not peel off during sterilization or storage of canned product;
6. have mechanical resistance can manufacturing; and
7. be economical.

Aluminum Cans
Aluminum is attractive, light, and strong, but requires lot of energy and raw
materials to produce the packaging cans. Most cans of soft drinks, lids, and foils are
made from aluminum. Two-piece cans made of aluminum are commonly used for
packaging fruit drinks and beverages. Aluminum cans were first used for food
products in Europe.
Aluminum can be used for making rigid containers/cans, Aluminum foil,
collapsible metal tubes.
Properties of aluminum
1. It is lightest of the commonly used metals. Density is 2700 kg/m3.
2. Melting point is 660°C.
3. High electrical and thermal conductivity
4. Soft, ductile, and low tensile strength
Advantages of aluminum
1. In comparison to tin plate and TFS, Aluminum is lighter and more ductile.
2. It has lower transportation costs, thus economical.
3. It has a good weight-strength ratio.

16
 4. It has a high-quality surface for decorating or printing.
5. It is easier to recover or recycle.
6. It is more resistant to corrosion as compared to tin plate.
7. It is easier to open (pull tab).
8. It is pleasant to handle.
9. Aluminum is non-toxic, odorless, and does not have metallic taste.
10. Even thin aluminum foils are impervious to moisture and gases.
Disadvantages of aluminum
1. It cannot be soldered.
2. Its chemical resistance is limited.
3. Aluminum is softer than tin plate.
4. Aluminum bleaches the pigments in food.

Uses
For increasing strength, aluminum alloys contain Magnesium and
Manganese. Pure or commercially pure aluminum (Type 1100 and 1050) is used for
the manufacture of foil and extruded containers.
Lacquers are applied internally to prevent interactions between the metal and
the product. The type of lacquer used depends on the type of product packed.
Epoxy-phenolic or vinyl-based lacquers are commonly used.
Aluminum foil
Aluminum foil is usually defined as pure aluminum (not less than 99.4%
purity) which has been rolled to a thickness not more than 0.152 mm.
Commercial foils generally range in thickness of 30-70 gauge. In thinner
gauges pinholes are problems in aluminum foils.

Properties
Aluminum foil is impermeable to light, gas, moisture, odors, solvents and has
the stiffness. However, Aluminum foil is subject to abrasion, scratching and rupture.
Uses
1. 0.009 mm thickness foils are used for wrapping confectionary, processed
cheese.
2. 0.05 mm foils are used for milk bottle caps.
3. 0.05 to 0.1 mm thickness is used for making rigid and semi rigid foil
containers.
4. Thin foils are used for laminates (e.g., Tetra Pak film etc.).

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HOW TO CAN FOODS IN TIN CANS

1. Adjust the machine so that it will seal the cans you intend to use. Cans come
in a variety of sizes. The adjustment dial on the bottom raises the can
pedestal up or down. Some can sealer machines may not have a dial
function; instead, they use a raising arm.
2. Fill the can to within 1/4-inch of the top. Can sealers are typically used for
dry goods such as beans, flour, rice and other staple foods. It is possible to
seal wet foods. Use the canning guide that came with the machine for
instructions to do so.
3. Place an absorbing packet on top of your dry goods. Most dry goods require
the use of an oxygen-absorbing packet to keep them fresh.
4. Put the lid on the top of the can. Make sure the lid is facing the right way;
ridges should be on the top. Place the can on the can pedestal. Press the
lower level on your machine to lift the raising disk or can pedestal. Press the
lever down and to the left to lock it into position.
5. Push the sealing handle away from you to begin the sealing operation.
Increase pressure on the sealing arm for approximately five seconds.
Repeat the action with the sealing handle pulled toward you. This completes
the can seam or sealing process.
Wooden and Cardboard Boxes
The different types of packaging made from wood include baskets and
hampers, tight and slack barrels, nailed wood boxes and crates, wire bound boxes
pallets and skids, and containerization units. They are made from lumber, veneer, or
plywood.
Veneer is defined as wood that is less than 3/8" thick, regardless of whether it
is sawed, sliced, or rotary-cut. The types of fasteners that are used include wire,
nails, screws, staples, and bands.
Advantages and disadvantages
1. With a good strength-to-weight ratio, wood is an economical structural
material.
2. It does not require very sophisticated equipment to make a box or crate and
for very rigid structures in small quantities, it is the material of choice.
3. For small packages or for large quantities, however, wood does not lend
itself to high-speed operations or automatic assembly. It therefore has a
high labor factor in relation to material costs.
4. It is also bulky and often presents a problem of storage space and shipping
cubage.
5. If rigidity, stacking, strength, protection from the hazards of shipping and
light weight are essential, it is difficult to find a better material than wood.
6. But if protection from moisture, rapid assembly, low cost, ready availability,
or attractive appearance is more important, then wooden containers may
not be the best choice.

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Composite Containers
A composite container is a container made from two or more constituent
materials. It usually consists of a paperboard body with metal or plastic ends. The
basic principle in a composite type of structure is to use the competition of materials
which is best suited for the purpose, in the minimum amounts that are necessary to
accomplish the packaging objectives.
Three basic types are the following:
1. Spiral-wound containers: They are made in cylindrical shapes where two or
more plies of board are glued together around a mandrel.
2. Convolute-wound composites: They are produced by straight winding and
is used for squares, oblongs, and ovals in addition to the cylindrical type.
3. Lap-wound: Lap-seam bodies are made from laminated material cut into
blanks and joined at the side with adhesive.

What’s More

Activity 2
Direction: Identify what is being asked. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
__________1. They are made in cylindrical shapes where two or more plies of board
are glued together around a mandrel.
__________2. They are produced by straight winding and is used for squares,
oblongs, and ovals in addition to the cylindrical type.
__________3. They are made from laminated material cut into blanks and joined at
the side with adhesive.
__________4. It is a container made from two or more constituent materials. It
usually consists of a paperboard body with metal or plastic ends.
__________5. This is made of aluminum which are commonly used for packaging
fruit drinks and beverages.

What I Have Learned

Paperboard is thicker than average paper, but it is still just one

layer. Cardboard is three layers of heavy paper, two flats with a wavy one in the
middle. Because they have different layers of paper and different weights, these two
products cannot be recycled together or in the same way.

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Factors to consider in closure selection of metal cans:
1. Compatibility with glass containers
2. Compatibility of the product
3. Compatibility with customers operations and end-used
4. Tamper evident/safety features.
5. Product image
6. Availability
7. Cost

Though tin cans can be either made from steel/iron materials or treat metals
like aluminum ones, they basically undergo the same manufacturing processes.
These processes ensure that the cans will not be affected by other elements that can
cause rusting and corrosion. Thus, protecting the packaged products from damages
and increasing product shelf lives.

What I Can Do

WEEK 3-4
PART 1: UNDERSTAND
(Creative constructed response)

LEARNING COMPETENCY: (U)

Students are expected to explain the characteristics of paper and paperboard for
packaging (U).
SITUATION:
You are planning to have a business in your community, and you decided to use
paper as your packaging. Answer the questions below why you choose paper as your
packaging materials.
QUESTION AND CREATIVE WRITTEN OUTPUT:
Answer the following questions below.
1. What are the advantages of using paper and paperboard in packaging?
2. What are the environmental benefits of using paper packaging?
SAMPLE PROMPTS/OUTLINE
The advantages of using paper and paperboard packaging are…
The environmental benefits are…

STUDENT’S WRITTEN OUTPUT:

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CREATIVE CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE HOLISTIC RUBRIC:

RATING DESCRIPTION
4 The answers are correct and complete. They are very detailed.
3 The answers are correct and complete.
2 The answers are correct but there are some items that are left
unanswered.
1 The answers are vague, and they are not related to the questions.
0 There are no answers from the questions given.

PART 2: DO
(PERFORMANCE TASK GRASPS APPROACH)

PERFORMANCE TASK (1 PRODUCT)

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learner demonstrates in checking, selecting, inspecting, and preparing paper and
paperboard used in food packaging.
SITUATION:
You are a newly hired at BFAR-Food Processing Plant at Bonuan, Dagupan,
Pangasinan. The production manager instructed you to check, select, inspect, and prepare
the secondary packaging of your products for the delivery of Bottled Bangus and asked
you to submit a report about this. Your report must be written or computerized and contain
the accurate conditions of the paperboard and cardboard packaging to secure the bottled
Bangus.
GOAL: To inspect and make a report on the secondary packaging used in the delivery of
Bottled Bangus
Follow the table below in making the report.
Boxes Condition/s

Example Box 1 Edge Damage

2.
3.
ROLE: Food Processor

PRODUCT: Make a written or computerized checklist report.

AUDIENCE: Production Manager

STANDARDS: Your output will be evaluated in terms of:

Content of the Report
Reliability of the Report

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22
PERFORMANCE TASK ANALYTIC RUBRIC:

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1 0 RATI
OUTSTANDIN SATISFACTO DEVELO BEGINNING MISSIN NG
G RY PING G
Content of The content The content The ideas The ideas or No
the Report ideas or ideas or or judgments submis
judgments are judgments are judgments are not sion
clearly supported with may be stated, and
supported or details. supported facts and
explained with with some details from
details. details. the text are
not used.
Reliability of All statements Most Some Statements No
Report are arranged statements statement are not submis
in order that are arranged s are arranged that sion
they lead to an in order that arranged they don’t
organized they lead to an in order lead to an
thought. organized that they organized
thought. lead to an thought.
organized
thought.
TOTAL
:

WEEK 5-6
PART 1: UNDERSTAND
(Creative constructed response)

LEARNING COMPETENCY: (U)

Students are expected to explain the characteristics of metals and metallic
packaging in foods (U).
SITUATION:
You belong to the food packaging and materials migration testing team who
are in charge in testing tin can food packaging and food contact materials on
overall chemical migration and specific chemical migration of monomers, additives,
and other trace residual substance.
In a Food Processing Plant, the types of food packaging that would be tested
during an inspection is the mixture of paper, plastic, metal, glass, and the
packaging also undergo chemical testing. To quality assure the processed
products, you must answer the following questions.

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QUESTION AND CREATIVE WRITTEN OUTPUT:
Answer the following questions below.
1. What are the factors to consider in metal canning?
2. Why do you need to know the characteristics of metal canning?
SAMPLE PROMPTS/OUTLINE
The factors to consider in tin can packaging are …
It is important to know the characteristics of tin can packaging so that…

STUDENT’S WRITTEN OUTPUT:

CREATIVE CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE HOLISTIC RUBRIC:

RATING DESCRIPTION
4 The answers are correct and complete. They are very detailed.
3 The answers are correct and complete.
2 The answers are correct, but there are some items that are left
unanswered.
1 The answers are vague, and they are not related to the questions.
0 There are no answers to the questions given.

PART 2: DO
(PERFORMANCE TASK GRASPS APRROACH)

PERFORMANCE TASK (1 PRODUCT)

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:
The learner performs metal canning.
SITUATION:
You are a newly hired food processor in the production area of Sardines
Incorporation. One of your main tasks is in metal canning. For you to be
familiarized with the procedure in canning, make a Food Canning Guide (steps to
be undertaken) and have it posted in your workstation. After accomplishing your
task, the guide will be presented to your family, relatives, friends, and neighbors
who are planning to start a business.
GOAL: Create a guide (handwritten, computerized soft copy, or printed).

ROLE: Food Processor

PRODUCT: Food Canning Guide

AUDIENCE: Family members, relatives, friends, and neighbors

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STANDARDS: Your output will be evaluated in terms of:
Content of the Report
Reliability of the Report

PERFORMANCE TASK ANALYTIC RUBRIC:

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1 0 RATI
OUTSTAND SATISFAC DEVELO BEGINN MISSIN NG
ING TORY PING ING G
Content of The content The content The ideas The No
the Report ideas or ideas or or ideas or submis
judgments judgments judgments judgment sion
are clearly are may be s are not
supported or supported supported stated,
explained with details. with some and facts
with details. details. and
details
from the
text are
not used.
Reliability All Most Some Stateme No
of Report statements statements statement nts are submis
are arranged are s are not sion
in order that arranged in arranged arranged
they lead to order that in order that they
an organized they lead to that they do not
thought. an lead to an lead to
organized organized an
thought. thought. organize
d
thought.
TOTAL
:

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 Assessment

Now that you are through with the module, CONGRATULATIONS! You are
ready for the post-test to find out how well you have gone through the module.
Compare your score with the pre-test. If you get higher, that means that you have
learned something. GOOD LUCK!

Post-Test
Read and analyze each item carefully. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following paper product is made from recycled fiber, paper, or an
inferior pulp to imitate higher quality grades?
A. board B. bogus
C. chip board D. corrugated board

2. This refers to low-carbon mild steel sheet varying in thickness from 0.15 mm to 0.5
mm with a coating of tin between 2.8 g/m2 and 7 g/m (0.4mm to 2.5mm thick) on
each surface of material.
A. aluminum B. aluminum plate
C. metal D. tin plate

3. Which of the following paper product is the most common form of secondary food
packaging and used for shipping?
A. board B. bogus
C. corrugated board D. paperboard

4. This is one is the most used primary packaging containers for a wide variety of
processed fruits and vegetables.
A. one-piece can B. two-piece can
C. three-piece can D. four-piece can

5. This is a pure aluminum not less than 99.4% purity which has been rolled to a
thickness not more than 0.152 mm
A. aluminum B. aluminum foil
C. steel D. tin plate

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Answer Key

27
References
Book
DepEd, Competency-Based Learning Material for 4th Year Food/Fish Processing NC
II (CBLM)-Packaging and Labelling, Public Technical-Vocational High
Schools.
Online Sources

Ecoursesonline. Characteristics of metals. Accessed April 8, 2021.

https://tinyurl.com/b4a4bhmr.

Ecoursesonline. Characteristics of paper. Accessed April 8, 2021

https://tinyurl.com/vwvpf46y.

Econocorp. Paperboard vs. Cardboard. Accessed May 10, 2021.

https://www.econocorp.com

Homesteady. How to use a can sealer. Accessed May 9, 2021.

https://homesteady.com/how-5101519-use-foodsaver.html.

Pictures

Meatsandsausages.com. Metal Cans. Accessed May 10, 2021.

https://tinyurl.com/wf6we3fn.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: laoag.city@deped.gov.ph

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