Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C-THC3
Module 5
Tourism Planning and Development
Tourism Planning Dimensions decisions directly affecting long-
Tourism Policy And Planning term tourism development and the
These two terms are largely daily activities within a destination
interchangeable. are taken
Components of tourism
Tourism policy and planning typically involves a number of components, namely:
Components Elements/ Samples
Tourism attractions and activities all natural, cultural and special features
of an area which attracts tourists to visit
the area
Accommodation hotels and other types of facilities
Other tourist facilities and services eating establishments, outlets for
handicrafts and souvenir, tourist
information offices, medical facilities,
etc.
Transportation facilities and services access into the country or area, internal
transport, and facilities related to all
modes of transportation
Other infrastructure water supply, power and sewage
systems, telecommunications as well as
drainage systems
Institutional elements manpower planning and educational
programs, training and development,
public and private sectors investment
policies and control of tourism impacts
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C-THC3
Levels Of Tourism Planning
Module 6
Approaches to Tourism Planning and Development
Tourism Platforms It is very similar to the concept of
Platform paradigm which is a way of looking
Is a common theme shared by each at a nature of something, identifying
batch of studies of tourism. issues which are most important to
Micro Perspectives of Tourism and Hospitality
C-THC3
consider and thinking of ways to 2 sets that constitutes Alternative
solve those issues. Tourism:
a. Environmentally Oriented:
Five Platforms: Ecotourism, soft tourism, and
1. Advocacy Platform green tourism.
2. Cautionary Platform b.Socially Oriented: Altruistic
3. Adaptancy Platform tourism, volunteer tourism, just
4. Knowledge-based Platform tourism, accessible tourism, ethnic
5. Social Justice Platform tourism, community -based
tourism, responsible tourism, pro-
1. Advocacy Platform poor tourism and fair - trade
It sees tourism as a good thing and tourism.
celebrates tourism’s positive impacts
on the economy, environment, and 4. Knowledge-Based Platform
society. It views tourism from a holistic
The end result of advocacy is mass perspective; not just from the
tourism. impacts and forms but in terms of
Related Theories: Modernization underlying structures and functions.
theory and trickle-down theory. It supports critical analysis of
tourism and is not inclined to
2. Cautionary Platform labeling certain forms of tourism.
It views tourism as a bad thing and Example: Sustainable tourism
decries the negative effects of mass development concept.
tourism that the advocacy platform
has endangered. 5. Social Justice Platform
Related Theories: Dependency It embraces “participatory processes
theory and Irritation index model. involving open dialogue inclusivity,
3. Adaptancy Platform resource distribution, equity,
It acknowledges that mass tourism equality, pro-poor planning; gender
has negative impact but these can be sensitivity responsiveness to
minimized or avoided by diversity”
“alternative tourism” which refers to It states that tourism that not only
low-volume low impact forms of exploits community resources but
tourism. also tries to “put back” into the
community.
Tourism Development Theories
Advocacy Theories 1. Laissez Faire Theory
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Assumes that an industry will
function best when it is left solely to 4. Neoliberal Theory
market forces Assumes that the economy functions
A.k.a. Liberal economic theory, best when there is minimal
which means that the government government intervention
does not intervene in terms of In context of philippines tourism,
policy, plans, regulations, neoliberalism would manifest in the
guidelines, codes or standards. deregulation of the airline industry
and the privatization of government
2. Modernization Theory controlled tourism assets.
Assumes that tourism contributes to Accepts government regulation but
the economic progress and rejects government competing with
transformation of “traditional” the private sector by being a
societies into modern ones business operator itself
The advocates of modernization
tends to think of new as being better
than old, and this can lead to the
destruction of heritage – rich places
or old buildings in favor of
“modern” structures. Even local
cultures may disappear
Assumes that tourism improves the Cautionary Theories
standard of living through 1. Dependency Theory
technology transfer, improvement of States that tourism can worsen the
knowledge and skills, and the plight of third world countries
adoption of “western culture” because first world countries exploit
and siphon off the resources of the
former
Destination depends on foreign
3. Trickle-down Theory countries for technology, know-how,
Assumes that any form of economic and products to satisfy the demands
growth will lead to the improvement of international tourists.
of the living conditions of all In the process, the local economy
Related to the concept of multiplier suffers from leakages in the form of
effect, where the value of the repatriated income, imports,
original tourist expenditure seems to royalties and management services.
become greater as the money passes
hands among different sectors of the 2. Irridex theory
economy.
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C-THC3
Doxey’s Irritation Index model is a It states that residents’ attitudes
theory about the social impacts of towards tourism will deteriorate over
tourism. the destination life cycle as the
negative consequences of tourism
intensify.
Approaches to Tourism Planning
1. No Planning Sees tourism as a positive force for
Planning may not be seen as economic development.
necessary when the place has Its primary goal is to maximize
underdeveloped supply and demand, tourism revenues through mass
or when visitation rates are so small tourism.
as not to perceive any impact from The main strategies are to expand
it. tourism physical capacity and
There may be a felt need to plan but conduct heavy international
a destination or local government promotion campaigns.
unit may not have the capacity in Primary indicators of success are
terms of planning skills or budget to increasing tourist arrivals and
invest in tourism. receipts on the demand side and
number of hotel rooms and air seats
2. Ad-hoc Planning on the supply side.
Planning only as the need arises. This may be a product-led or
Planning done on a piecemeal basis market-led, state-led, industry-led or
and there is no established tourism a shared enterprisebetween the
agenda at all. public and private sector.