BRITISH STANDARD BS 873-1:1983

Road traffic signs and

internally illuminated
bollards —
Part 1: Methods of test
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UDC 625.745.5/.6:628.975:656.055.969

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 BS 873-1:1983

Cooperating organizations

The Road Engineering Standards Committee, under whose direction this

British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following:

Asphalt and Coated Macadam Association Greater London Council

Association of Consulting Engineers
British Quarrying and Slag Federation*
British Tar Industry Association
Cement and Concrete Association
Concrete Society Limited
Contractors Plant Association
Convention of Scottish Local Authorities
County Surveyor’s Society*
Department of the Environment (PSA)
Department of the Environment
(Transport and Road Research Laboratory)
Department of Transport*
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Federation of Manufacturers of Construction
Equipment and Cranes
Institute of Petroleum
Institute of Quarrying
Institution of Civil Engineers*
Institution of Highway Engineers*
Institution of Municipal Engineers*
Institution of Structural Engineers
Ministry of Defence
Refined Bitumen Association Ltd.
Road Emulsion Association Ltd.
Road Surface Dressing Association
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry
Trades Union Congress

The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the
following, were directly represented on the Technical Committee entrusted
with the preparation of this British Standard:

Aluminium Federation Electricity Supply Industry in England and

Association of Public Lighting Engineers Wales
Association of Road Traffic Sign Makers Fibre Building Board Development
British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Organization Ltd.
Association (BEAMA) Lighting Industry Federation Ltd.
British Plastics Federation Paint Research Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. Post Office
British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association Retroreflective Equipment Manufacturers’
British Sign Association Association
British Steel Industry Vitreous Enamel Development Council
Chartered Institution of Building Services Coopted members
Confederation of British Road Passenger
Transport

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Road
Engineering Standards
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes
into effect on
31 January 1983 Amendments issued since publication
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© BSI 02-1999 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference RDB/6
Drafts for comment 78/14585 DC
78/12447 DC

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 BS 873-1:1983

Contents

Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Test samples of sign face sheet materials or sign face materials 2
4 Photometric properties 2
5 Measurement of coefficient of retroreflection (R9) 3
6 Colorimetric properties 5
7 Impact resistance 5
8 Wind resistance 5
9 Resistance to twisting 9
10 Strength of bond between sign face sheet material
and sign plate material 9
11 Strength of bond between sign faces and solid glass beads 9
12 Resistance to solvents 10
13 Corrosion resistance to saline solution 10
14 Corrosion resistance to sulphur dioxide 11
15 Resistance to weathering 11

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16 Measurement of coefficient of retroreflection of wet
retroreflective signs after exposure 15
17 Measurement of coefficient of retroreflection of dirty
retroreflective signs after exposure 15
Appendix A Relationship between the Regulations, the Traffic Signs
Manual and BS 873 17
Figure 1 — Areas for determining luminance gradient 3
Figure 2 — Plan of arrangement of apparatus for measuring the
coefficient of retroreflection 4
Figure 3 — Arrangement of apparatus for measurement of resistance
to impact of internally illuminated sign panel and luminaire face panel
materials 6
Figure 4 — Arrangement of apparatus for measurement of
resistance to impact of non-internally illuminated sign plate material 7
Figure 5 — Assembly of specimens for bond strength test
(sheet materials) 10
Figure 6 — Arrangement for testing bond strength of solid
glass beads 11
Figure 7 — Apparatus for sulphur dioxide test 12
Figure 8 — Apparatus for accelerated weathering test 13
Figure 9 — Typical arrangement of atomizers as used in
accelerated weathering test 14
Figure 10 — Test arrangements for measurement of coefficient
of retroreflection of wet retroreflective samples 16
Table 1 — Impact tests 8
Publications referred to Inside back cover

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 BS 873-1:1983

Foreword

This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Road
Engineering Standards Committee. BS 873 was first published in 1939 in
response to a request from the Association of Road Traffic Sign Makers, and was
revised in 1959 and 1970. As a result of subsequent experience and the advent of
new materials and methods of construction, it is being further revised to bring it
up-to-date. This process will continue in future revisions.
A sign normally consists of a legend carried by a sign face which may be of sheet
or other applied material (e.g. paint or print) mounted on a substrate and fixed to
a frame and supported by a post or posts. Other types of signs (e.g. traffic cones)
may be of more simple construction and self supporting.
Requirements for the various elements and signs are laid down in the further
Parts of this British Standard, which generally refer back to the test methods
described in this Part.
The revised standard is being published in the following separate Parts, relating
to the various aspects of road traffic signs and internally illuminated bollards
which are considered to be suitable for standardization.
— Part 1: Methods of test. This describes test procedures for signs and
components specified in the other Parts. Definitions of terms used in all Parts
are included, together with guidance on the relationship between BS 873 and
the various statutory provisions;
— Part 2: Specification for miscellaneous traffic signs. This specifies the
requirements for miscellaneous road traffic signs such as portable signs, flap
signs, hazard markers, cones, cylinders, crossing and refuge beacons;
— Part 3: Specification for internally illuminated bollards. This specifies the
requirements for single- and multi-aspect bollards both partially and totally
illuminated, but excluding the spring-back type;
— Part 4: Specification for road studs. This specifies the requirements for both
reflecting and non-reflecting road studs either bonded to or anchored within the
road surface;
— Part 5: Specification for internally illuminated signs and external lighting
luminaires. This specifies luminance requirements in addition to
constructional and electrical requirements;
— Part 6: Specification for retroreflective and non-retroreflective signs. This
specifies photometric and colorimetric requirements in addition to
constructional details for sign plates and frames. Material finishes are also
specified;
— Part 7: Specification for posts and fittings. This specifies the requirements for
posts and fittings for all types of signs (excluding plates and plate frames), and
luminaires.
Parts 1, 5, 6 and 7 were previously all combined in BS 873-1:1970. The new
division of subjects is as follows:
— Part 1: previously clause 1 and all appendices;
— Part 5: previously clauses 2 and 4;
— Part 6: previously clause 3;
— Part 7: previously clause 5.

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 BS 873-1:1983

BS 873-1:1970 has been renumbered as BS 873-7 and superseded clauses have

been deleted by amendment. However, BS 873-7 is in course of revision.
The previous clause 6 of BS 873-1:1970 is now incorporated as appropriate into
the various Parts of the revised standard.
The Committee reconsidered the need for requirements for resistance to abrasion
and concluded that, while perhaps desirable, it was not practicable to establish
suitable conditions of test bearing in mind the wide variety of finishes available
within the specification. Experience had indicated there was no need for signs of
greater strength and no fundamental changes were thought necessary as regards
thickness of sheet sign plate materials. Corrosion is not a problem if sign plates
are protected in accordance with this specification.
Many of the components used in the construction of road traffic signs are not
designed specifically for that purpose, and for any one sign they may be
purchased from a number of different suppliers. For this reason this standard
emphasizes the need to ensure that the various materials are comptaible when
brought together in the finished product. This includes the avoidance of corrosion
at bimetallic contacts.
Some of the tests described in this standard are such as to necessitate a
programme of routine sampling. Such a procedure should be agreed between the
purchaser and manufacturer at the time of ordering. Attention is drawn to
BS 2635, BS 6000, BS 6001 and BS 6002.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations. In particular, attention is drawn to the following
(see Appendix A).
The Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions
The Traffic Signs (Speed Limits) Regulations and General Directions
The Pedestrian Crossing Regulations

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 18, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
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 BS 873-1:1983

1 Scope
The Part of BS 873 defines general terms and
describes photometric tests for internally and
externally illuminated signs and for the coefficient
of retroreflection for retroreflective materials. It
also describes the methods of testing signs and
luminaires or their components for resistance to
impact, wind pressure, dirt and corrosion. Tests for
bonding sheet sign face materials and for the
efficiency of bond of superimposed solid glass beads
are also described.
NOTE 1 Additional methods of test are described in other Parts
of this standard.
NOTE 2 The titles of the standards publications referred to in
this standard are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 873 the following
definitions apply.
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2.1.8
one-aspect bollard
a bollard designed to display a sign or a plain white
circle in one direction only
2.1.9
width of body
the horizontal dimention of the body on the side or
sides of the bollard having a sign or plain white
circle
2.2
entrance angle
an angle characterizing the angular position of a
retroreflector with respect to the direction of its
illumination
NOTE For test purposes it is the angle between the projector’s
beam and a line normal to the test surface where the projector,
receiver and the line normal to the test surface are all contained
within a common horizontal plane (see 5.3). The angle is positive

if the line normal to the test surface lies to the right of the
2.1 Bollards projector beam; otherwise it is negative.
2.1.1 2.3
bollard hazard marker
a device placed on a refuge or traffic island to warn a retroreflector erected at the edge of a carriageway
drivers of those obstructions. It may contain a to indicate a hazard or the alignment of a
prescribed traffic sign carriageway
2.1.2 2.4
base luminaire face panel
that part of a bollard that is fixed to the refuge or the light transmitting part of the luminaire, i.e. the
traffic island by means of holding-down bolts and in lighting cover as defined in BS 4533-1.1
which the incoming electrical supply is terminated 2.5 Luminance
2.1.3 2.5.1
body luminance
that part of a bollard situated below the head see BS 4727-4:Group 01
NOTE The head and the body may be combined into one
structure.
2.5.2
mean luminance
2.1.4
depth of body the arithmetic mean of the luminance values of all
points in the inner area of the sign face (see 4.3)
the horizontal dimension of the body on the side or
sides of the bollard having no sign or plain white 2.6
circle observation angle
2.1.5 the angle by which the direction of observation of a
head retroreflector departs from the direction of its
illumination
that part of the bollard containing the sign
NOTE For test purposes it is the angle between the projector’s
2.1.6 beam and the return beam to the receiver where the projector and
housing receiver are in the same horizontal plane and the test surface is
vertical (see 5.3).
the structural part of the bollard
2.1.7
manufacturer’s stated ground line
the horizontal line marked on the bollard that
should be level with the surrounding surface of the
refuge or traffic island when the bollard has been
correctly installed

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 BS 873-1:1983

2.7 2.12
retroreflector1) sign panel
a material or device capable of reflecting light in the a transparent or translucent substrate to which the
general direction of the light source sign face is applied, on which it is mounted or into
2.8 Road studs which it is incorporated
2.8.1 2.13
anchorage sign plate
that part of a road stud that is below the road an opaque substrate to which the sign face is
surface when the road stud is fixed in position in the applied, on which it is mounted or into which it is
road incorporated
2.8.2 2.14
head traffic cone
that part of a road stud that is above the road a device, conical in shape, used to delineate the edge
surface when the road stud is fixed in position in the of a route for traffic through or past a temporary
road obstruction
2.8.3 2.15
non-reflecting road stud traffic cylinder
a device that is bonded to or anchored within the a device, cylindrical in shape, used to delineate the
road surface in order to warn, guide or inform road edge of a route for traffic
users 2.16
2.8.4 traffic sign
reflecting road stud an object or device either fixed or portable, for
a device that is bonded to or anchored within the warning, regulating, guiding or informing road
road surface in order to warn, guide or inform road users
users. It reflects incident light in directions close to
the direction from which it came. The reflecting 3 Test samples of sign face sheet
portion may be either depressible or non-depressible materials or sign face materials
and the stud may be constructed in either one or 3.1 Unmounted samples. Unmounted samples
more integral parts shall be taken at random following the procedures
2.8.5 laid down in BS 2635, BS 6001 or BS 6002, and
upper surface shall be representative of the normal production of
the material to be tested.
that part of the external surface of a road stud that
is visible when the road stud is fixed in position in 3.2 Mounted samples. If it is necessary for the
the road material under test to be mounted on a substrate
the material to be tested shall be sampled in
2.9
accordance with 3.1, and unless otherwise agreed it
sign face
shall be applied to 3 mm aluminium NS4 (half hard)
that part of a sign that bears the legend and/or grade complying with BS 1470 in accordance with
symbols, background and border the manufacturer’s instructions. Any protective
2.10 coats required by the manufacturer shall be applied
sign face materials in accordance with his instructions.
paints, pastes, inks or dyes used in the production of 3.3 Dimensions of samples. The dimensions of
a non-retroreflective or retroreflective sign face test samples shall be as specified under each
particular method of test.
2.11
sign face sheet materials 4 Photometric properties
prefabricated retroreflective or non-retroreflective 4.1 Principle. To measure the luminance and
sheet materials used in the production of the sign luminance gradient of an internally illuminated
face sign, or of a reference panel simulating a sign and
illuminated by an external lighting luminaire.
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1)
“reflex reflector” was formerly used but use of this term is deprecated.

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4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 Photometric apparatus, specified in BS 5225-1.
4.2.2 White reference panel for testing external
lighting luminaires to simulate a sign having a high
gloss finish and having a luminance factor
of 0.85 to 0.95.
4.3 Procedure
4.3.1 Mounting
4.3.1.1 Internally illuminated signs. Mount the
complete sign with the sign face(s) vertical.
4.3.1.2 External lighting luminaires. Mount the
reference panel (4.2.2) vertically.
Mount the luminaire(s) in relation and attitude to
the reference panel as intended to be used with a
sign.
4.3.2 Test squares. Divide the face area of an
internally illuminated sign, or of the reference panel
for a luminaire, into a minimum of 100 equal test
squares each with a maximum dimension
of 200 ± 2 mm × 200 ± 2 mm.
4.3.3 Measurement of luminance
4.3.3.1 Make all luminance measurements at an
ambient temperature of 23 °C to 27 °C as described
in BS 5225-1.
4.3.3.2 Measure the luminance in a direction
normal to the test square over a circular area of
diameter 20 ± 0.5 mm in the centre of each test
square.
Measure the luminance of each test square unless
an image of the light source caused by a specular
reflection of the light source is visible in that square.
Adjust all luminance measurements by the ratio of
the rated luminous flux of the lamp(s) specified for
the equipment, to the actual luminous flux of the
lamp(s) under test. Calculate the mean luminance.
Figure 1 — Areas for determining luminance gradient
2)
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage.
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BS 873-1:1983
4.3.4 Determination of luminance gradient.
Determine the luminance gradient at each selected
position by measuring the luminance of each of
three circular areas of 20 ± 0.5 mm diameter, with
their centres on a straight line and having a spacing
of 25 ± 0.5 mm, as shown in Figure 1.
The luminances of the three circles are designated
in order, L1, Lz and L2, such that L1 > Lz > L2 where
Lz is the luminance at the midpoint. Select the
position on the sign face so that L1 – L2 is at its
maximum value. Calculate the luminance gradient,
G, from the following equation:
L1 – L2
G = -------------------
-
50
4.4 Test report
4.4.1 Luminance. Report the test details, the
luminance of each of the squares tested and the
mean luminance.
4.4.2 Luminance gradient. Report the test details,
the luminance gradient, G, and the midpoint
luminance, Lz, for each selected position.
4.4.3 Report the substrate used for mounting the
sample if other than that specified in 3.2.
5 Measurement of coefficient of
retroreflection (R9)
5.1 Principle. To measure the coefficient of
retroreflection of retroreflective material by use of a
CIE2) method at controlled, coplanar entrance and
observation angles.
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 CIE standard light source A, and photometric
equipment described in the CIE reference in 5.3.
3
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 BS 873-1:1983
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NOTE The arrangement illustrated shown a measurement being taken with a negative entrance angle. In the case of
measurements at positive entrance angles, the projector will be to the left of plane A-A. The positions of the projector and receiver
relative to one another remain the same, the only movement being to adjust the observation angle.
Figure 2 — Plan of arrangement of apparatus for measuring coefficient of retroreflection
5.3 Procedure 5.3.2 Measure the coefficient of retroreflection with
5.3.1 The procedure specified in CIE Publication the sample illuminated by CIE standard light
No. 7, volume D, pages 566 to 571 shall be used source A, and with entrance and observation angles
on 150 mm × 150 mm samples of the material. in the same plane, as shown in Figure 2. The angle
subtended by the sample at the receiver shall not
exceed 809.

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5.4 Test report. Report the test details and the
coefficient of retroreflection together with the
corresponding entrance and observation angles.
6 Colorimetric properties
6.1 Principle. To measure the chromaticity
coordinates and luminance factors of sign surfaces
by use of CIE methods and with reference to
standard reflective surfaces.
6.2 Apparatus
6.2.1 Apparatus, as specified in CIE
Publication No. 15.
6.2.2 White reference surface. If a white diffusing
reference surface is used it shall be of pressed
barium sulphate or a grade specially supplied for
the purpose, or pressed pure magnesium oxide. Any
other surface shall be calibrated against a known
reference surface before use.
6.3 Procedure
6.3.1 The procedure specified in CIE Publication
No. 15 shall be used on 150 mm × 150 mm samples
of the sign surface. The chromaticity coordinates
and luminance factors shall be calculated for CIE
standard illuminant D65.
6.3.2 Illuminate the sample at 45° to the surface and
measure the reflected light in a direction normal to
its surface (CIE 45/0 geometry).
Measure the white reference surface under the
same conditions.
6.3.3 Make measurements of chromaticity and
luminance factor over a circular area of
minimum 25 mm diameter of a flat test sample.
6.3.4 For measurements on retroreflective
materials restrict the angle subtended by the
projector and the receiver at the surface of the
sample to ± 5°.
6.3.5 For surfaces with luminance factors
below 0.10 check the linearity of the instrument
over the range used.
NOTE Special precautions are necessary to avoid errors due to
stray light.
6.4 Test report. Report the test details, the
chromaticity coordinates to the third place of
decimals, and luminance factors to two places of
decimals.
7 Impact resistance
7.1 Principle. To determine the impact resistance
of sign face and sign plate materials, and of
complete internally illuminated signs and
luminaires by impacts with appropriate missiles
from various heights and at suitable angles.
Compliance with the tests is judged by freedom from
damage on visual inspection.
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BS 873-1:1983
7.2 Apparatus
7.2.1 For tests on sign face materials
7.2.1.1 A solid steel ball, of mass 0.45 kg.
7.2.1.2 Means of freely supporting the sample, on
two 20 mm thick low carbon steel spacers
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at 100 mm separation.
7.2.2 For tests on internally illuminated sign panel
and luminaire face panel materials
7.2.2.1 A solid steel ball, of mass 5 kg.
7.2.2.2 Equipment, as shown in Figure 3.
7.2.3 For tests on non-internally illuminated sign
plate material
7.2.3.1 A solid steel ball, of mass 0.45 kg.
7.2.3.2 Means of mounting the sample, horizontally
on a support which simulates the method of
mounting in service, and of providing the impact
specified in Table 1, as shown in Figure 4.
7.2.4 For tests on complete internally illuminated
signs and luminaires
7.2.4.1 A solid steel ball, of mass 5 kg.
7.2.4.2 Means of mounting the sample, and of
providing the impact specified in Table 1.
7.3 Procedure
7.3.1 Condition the test samples specified in Table 1
for 24 h at the appropriate temperature indicated
7.3.2 Carry out the test as specified in Table 1 for
the appropriate type of sample.
7.3.3 Examine the sample for visible signs of
damage.
7.4 Test report. Report details of any damage
observed, or the absence of damage. Report the
substrate used for mounting the sample if other
than that specified in 3.2.
8 Wind resistance
8.1 Principle. To determine the resistance of the
complete sign to wind pressure by applying a
uniformly distributed static load, simulating wind
pressure, to both front and back of internally
illuminated sign housings, or to both front and back
of non-internally illuminated sign faces.
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 BS 873-1:1983
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Figure 3 — Arrangement of apparatus for measurement of resistance to impact

of internally illuminated sign panel and luminaire face panel materials

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 BS 873-1:1983

Figure 4 — Arrangement of apparatus for measurement of resistance to impact of

non-internally illuminated sign plate material

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 BS 873-1:1983

Table 1 — Impact tests

Type of material Conditioning Sample Mass of Drop Angle of Number of drops
temperature size missile height impact aa

°C mm kg mm °

Sign face materials 0±5 150 × 150 0.45 250 90 1 on centre

Internally illuminated sign 20 ± 5 600 dia. 5 3 000 85 1 on centre
panel and luminaire face
panel materials
Non-internally illuminated 20 ± 5 600 dia. 0.45 2 000 90 1 on centre
sign plate material
Complete internally 20 ± 5 Complete 5 3 000 85 1 on centre of face
illuminated signs and 90 On housingb
luminaires
a
Relative to a horizontal plane.
b
Apply the test to the part or parts that appear by inspection to be the most vulnerable points of the housing.

8.2 Apparatus and materials
8.2.1 Sufficient bags of shot or dry sand, to provide
a uniformly distributed test load equivalent to
at least 1.5 kPa wind pressure over the test surface.
NOTE Uniform distribution of load may be ensured by dividing
the surface under test into squares and loading the area of each
square to the required amount.
8.2.2 Any framework, that is securely fixed to, or
forms part of, the supporting structure when the
sign is in use.
8.2.3 Means of supporting the signs, by posts etc.
representative of normal use, and of measuring
their deflection under load.
8.3 Procedure
8.3.1 Internally illuminated signs. Support the sign
(with any structural framing, see 8.2.2)
horizontally.
Apply a uniformly distributed test load equivalent
to 1.5 kPa ± 2.5 % in turn to both the face and the
back of the housing.
Apply a uniformly distributed test load equivalent
to 0.75 kPa ± 2.5 % to the inside of the illuminated
face.
Examine the sign for visible damage.
8.3.2 Non-internally illuminated signs
8.3.2.1 Triangular and circular signs not
exceeding 1.25 m in perpendicular height or
diameter. Fix the sign at the central “vertical” axis
to a single post supported adjacent to the clamping
brackets so that the sign is horizontal, and so that
the post is prevented from rotating.
Apply a uniformly distributed test load equivalent
to 1.5 kPa ± 2.5 % over the area of the sign.
Measure the deflections at the extremities of the
sign with the load applied.
Remove the load and measure the deflection at the
extremities of the sign not less than 5 min after
removal of the load.
Repeat the procedure on each side of sign.
8.3.2.2 Small rectangular and rectangular pointed
signs not exceeding either 0.7 m2 in area or 1.25 m in
width. Fix small rectangular signs to a single post
placed at one of the shorter edges. Fix rectangular
pointed signs to a single post along the square end.
With the sign horizontal, support the post adjacent
to the clamping brackets and hold the post rigidly at
this point to prevent its rotation.
Apply a uniformly distributed test load equivalent
to 1.5 kPa ± 2.5 % (including the weight of the
relevant area of the sign) over the area of the sign.
Measure the deflection at the extremity of the sign
with the load applied.
Remove the load and measure the deflection at the
extremity of the sign not less than 5 min after
removal of the load.
Repeat the procedure on each side of the sign.
8.3.2.3 Triangular and circular signs
exceeding 1.25 m in perpendicular height or
diameter, and rectangular and rectangular pointed
signs exceeding 1.25 m in width
8.3.2.3.1 Signs with greatest dimension not
exceeding 4 m.Place the sign on two supports so that
the supports are parallel to the intended vertical
axis of the sign and so that the distance from either
support to the adjacent edge of the sign does not
exceed L/10 where L is the maximum horizontal
dimension of the sign.
Where the self-weight of the overhanging parts of
the sign outside the supports introduces deflection
before loading greater than 5 mm, place
supplementary supports outside the test area.

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Apply a uniformly distributed test load equivalent
to 1.5 kPa ± 2.5 % (including the weight of the
relevant area of the sign) over the area of the sign
for a period of 5 min.
Measure the deflection of the sign from the plane of
the supports at a point midway between the
supports with the load applied.
Remove the load and measure the deflection from
the plane of the supports at a point midway between
the supports not less than 5 min after removal of the
load.
Repeat the procedure on each side of the sign.
8.3.2.3.2 Signs with greatest dimension
exceeding 4 m. Place the sign on two supports 3 m
apart and parallel to the intended vertical axis of
the sign, with one of the supports at a distance
of 300 mm from the edge of the sign.
Apply a uniformly distributed test load equivalent
to 1.5 kPa ± 2.5 % over the area of the sign
(including the weight of the relevant area of the
sign).
Measure the deflection of the sign at a point midway
between the supports with the load applied.
Remove the load and measure the deflection 5 min
to 10 min after removal of the load.
Repeat the test on the remaining area of the sign
until the whole sign area has been tested.
Repeat the procedure on each side of the sign.
8.4 Test report
8.4.1 Internally illuminated signs. Report test
details and details of any damage or the absence of
any damage.
8.4.2 Non-internally illuminated signs. Report test
details and the deflections recorded under load and
after removal of load.
9 Resistance to twisting
9.1 Principle. To determine whether the clamping
arrangements onto single posts and the sign or
luminaire construction are such as to prevent their
being twisted about any axis of rotation.
9.2 Apparatus
9.2.1 Means of fixing the sign or luminaire to a
single post as in usual practice.
9.2.2 Means of applying torque, at the extremity of
the sign or luminaire.
9.2.3 Means of measuring the resultant deflection.
9.3 Procedure. Apply a force of 625 N at a rate
of 6 N/s to 8 N/s at the extremity of the sign or
luminaire so as to provide maximum torque about
any possible axis of rotation.
Maintain the loading for a period of 5 min.
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Measure the deflection under load and 5 min
to 10 min after removal of load.
9.4 Test report. Report the details of the test and
the deflections measured both under load and after
removal of load.
10 Strength of bond between sign face
sheet material and sign plate material
10.1 Principle. To determine whether a sample of
sign face material bonded to a sample of sign plate
material can withstand a specified load when tested
in shear.
10.2 Apparatus and materials
10.2.1 Amine-cured epoxide resin adhesive, having a
bond strength of not less than 3.4 N/mm2 when
tested in single shear.
10.2.2 A testing machine, capable of applying load at
a constant rate.
10.3 Procedure
10.3.1 Use two unmounted samples of sign face
sheet material each 25 ± 0.5 mm × 25 ± 0.5 mm and
two samples of sign plate material
each 50 ± 0.5 mm × 25 ± 0.5 mm × 1.25 ± 0.05 mm
thick to prepare two test samples each consisting of
sign face sheet material and sign plate material
bonded together using adhesive appropriate to the
sign face sheet material under test.
10.3.2 Bond together these two samples, with the
faces of the sign face sheet materials in contact,
using the amine-cured epoxy resin adhesive.
10.3.3 Apply a tensile load to the complete assembly
(see Figure 5) at a rate of loading such that a force
of 440 N will be reached in 50 s to 70 s.
10.4 Test report. Report the test details and any
failure observed at or before the force of 440 N.
11 Strength of bond between sign faces
and solid glass beads
11.1 Principle. To examine the bond strength
between sign faces and superimposed solid glass
beads by placing two such samples together under
pressure, with beads in contact, and by sliding one
out from beneath the other.
11.2 Apparatus and materials
11.2.1 Solid glass beads, as used on the sign.
11.2.2 A testing machine, capable of applying load at
a constant rate.
9
Not for Resale
 BS 873-1:1983
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Figure 5 — Assembly of specimens for bond strength test (sheet materials)
11.3 Procedure
11.3.1 Use two unmounted samples of sign face
material each 25 ± 0.5 mm × 25 ± 0.5 mm and two
samples of sign plate material
each 50 ± 0.5 mm × 25 ± 0.5 mm × 1.25 ± 0.05 mm
thick to prepare two test samples each consisting of
sign face and sign plate material bonded together
using adhesive appropriate to the sheet material
under test.
11.3.2 Apply solid glass beads to the sign faces,
using adhesive quantities and methods
recommended by the manufacturer.
11.3.3 Place the two samples horizontally face to
face, the solid glass beads in each being in contact.
Apply a uniform pressure of 3.5 kPa to the upper
specimen.
11.3.4 Maintaining the pressure on the upper
specimen, withdraw the lower specimen by sliding it
horizontally from beneath the upper (see Figure 6).
11.4 Test report. Report the test details and
details (or absence) of any damage.
12 Resistance to solvents
12.1 Principle. To determine whether sign face
sheet material or sign face material is affected by
wiping with rag soaked in certain solvents.
10
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12.2 Apparatus and materials
12.2.1 Cotton rags.
12.2.2 White spirit, mineral turpentine and kerosine.
12.3 Procedure. Use three 150 mm × 150 mm
mounted samples of sign face sheet material or sign
face material. Wipe each sample for 1 min with a
cotton rag saturated with each of the three specified
solvents (12.2.2). Use a fresh rag for each solvent.
Inspect each sample after drying for change of
colour.
Inspect each rag after wiping for stains.
12.4 Test report. Report the details of the test and
any change in colour of a sample, or staining of a
rag.
Report the substrate used for mounting the sample
if other than that specified in 3.2.
13 Corrosion resistance to saline
solution
13.1 Principle. To examine the resistance of sign
sheet face material or sign face material to repeated
treatments by saline mist each followed by drying.
13.2 Apparatus and materials
13.2.1 A saline solution, obtained by
dissolving 20 ± 2 parts by mass of sodium chloride
in 80 parts of distilled water containing not more
than 0.02 % of impurities.
13.2.2 Means of producing a saline mist, by
atomizing the solution at a temperature of 35 ± 2 °C.
© BSI 02-1999
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13.3 Procedure. Subject a 150 mm × 150 mm
sample of sign face sheet material or sign face
material to 10 periods of exposure of 22 h to the
saline mist, each period being separated by suitable
periods during which the sample is allowed to dry.
Examine the sample for corrosion using an
untreated comparator for reference
13.4 Test report. Report details of the test and of
any change in the appearance of the sample.
Report the substrate used for mounting the sample
if other than that specified in 3.2.
14 Corrosion resistance to sulphur
dioxide
14.1 Principle. To examine the resistance of sign
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
face sheet material or sign face material to
treatment with an artificial dilute sulphur dioxide
atmosphere.
14.2 Apparatus and materials
14.2.1 A supply of an atmosphere, comprising
between 1 part and 10 parts sulphur dioxide (SO2)
to 1 000 000 parts of air.
14.2.2 An apparatus similar to that shown in
Figure 7 in which the samples are exposed to the
sulphur dioxide atmosphere.
14.3 Procedure. Place a 150 mm × 150 mm
mounted sample of sign face sheet material or sign
face material in the desiccator bowl and evacuate
the air.
Restore the bowl to atmospheric pressure by
bleeding in the dilute sulphur dioxide atmosphere.
Repeat the process of evacuating and bleeding in
new dilute gas once every 24 h for 7 days.
Figure 6 — Arrangement for testing bond strength of solid glass beads
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BS 873-1:1983
Examine the sample for corrosion using an
untreated comparator for reference.
14.4 Test report. Report details of the test and of
any change in the appearance of the sample.
Report the substrate used for mounting the sample
if other than that specified in 3.2.
15 Resistance to weathering
15.1 Principle. To examine the resistance of sign
face material or sign face sheet material to either
natural continuous exposure or to an accelerated
weathering test in the laboratory.
15.2 Apparatus
15.2.1 Natural exposure test
15.2.1.1 Racks to support the samples, at least 1 m
above the level of the test site and at an angle of 45°
to the horizontal and facing the equator. The racks
shall be so situated that the samples are not
protected or over-shadowed by neighbouring
objects, with their backs freely exposed to the
atmosphere and so that drainage does not occur
from one sample to another.
15.2.2 Accelerated weathering test (see Figure 8 and
Figure 9)
15.2.2.1 Means of conditioning the samples,
at 20 ± 5 °C.
15.2.2.2 A drum, approximately 1.22 m in diameter,
capable of rotating about its axis which shall be
vertical. Within the drum there shall be galleries
mounted around its inner surface (usually in
vertical banks of three) to carry the samples under
test. The galleries shall have provision for draining.
11
 BS 873-1:1983
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 7 — Apparatus for sulphur dioxide test
15.2.2.3 A lid, fitted over the top of the drum, but
not rotating with it. The lid shall be so arranged
that it may be raised or lowered for the purpose of
adjusting the temperature of the air within the
drum.
15.2.2.4 A black panel thermometer unit, mounted
in a suitable frame for attachment to the galleries
such that it is held approximately in the same
position and at the same distance from the arcs as
the test samples.
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15.2.2.5 Twin arc lamps, mounted diametrically
opposite one another and with their axes vertical
and between 180 mm and 230 mm from the axis of
the drum. The arcs shall be formed between two
uncored or neutral core carbons, each 14 ± 1 mm
diameter, enclosed in clear borosilicate glass
enclosures. The glass enclosures shall be as airtight
as possible and shall be replaced after
approximately 2 000 h use or whenever pronounced
discoloration or milkiness develops, whichever
occurs first. The supply to each arc shall be
maintained at a voltage between 130 V and 145 V,
and a current of between 15 A and 17 A.
© BSI 02-1999
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 BS 873-1:1983
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 8 — Apparatus for accelerated weathering test

Copyright British Standards Institution

© BSI 02-1999 13
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 BS 873-1:1983

--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 9 — Typical arrangement of atomizers as used in accelerated weathering test

14 © BSI 02-1999
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15.2.2.6 An assembly of water atomizers, by means
of which the samples are sprayed with fresh
distilled water. The centre-to-centre distance
between adjacent atomizers shall be the same as the
centre-to-centre distance between adjacent samples.
Each atomizer shall be capable of discharging
approximately 1.7 L/h with an air pressure of
approximately 50 kN/m2, in such a way that the
whole of the surface of each sample is evenly wetted
with a fine mist. In storage and in passage to the
atomizers, the water shall not come into contact
with any material other than stainless steel, glass,
nylon, polymethyl methacrylate or polyethylene.
The water used shall be fresh and not recirculated,
shall have a pH value between 6.0 and 8.0, shall
have a total solid content of not more
than 5 × 10–3 % (V/V) (50 p.p.m.), including a copper
content of not more
than 2 × 10–5 % (V/V) (0.2 p.p.m.) and shall enter the
atomizer assembly at a temperature of between 10
°C and 20 °C.
15.3 Procedure
15.3.1 Natural exposure test. Expose
two 150 ± 1 mm × 100 ± 1 mm samples on the rack.
Ensure that the samples are not in electrical contact
with metals during the exposure period, nor in
direct contact with wood or other porous material.
Every 3 months clean one sample by washing with a
clean mixture of water and neutral detergent, using
a soft bristle brush if necessary. Rinse with distilled
water.
Leave the second sample undisturbed throughout
the period of the test.
Examine both samples for any change in
appearance.
15.3.2 Accelerated weathering test. Condition
mounted samples of size 150 mm × 150 mm for 48 h
at 20 ± 5 °C.
Mount each sample on one of the galleries of the
drum.
Rotate the drum at 10 r/h to 69 r/h so that each
sample is exposed to 102 min of continuous light
followed by 18 min of light and water in any 2 h
period.
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BS 873-1:1983
During this time so regulate the height of the lid
that the black panel thermometer reads 63 ± 3 °C
when the thermometer is at the point on the
periphery where maximum heat is produced as the
galleries rotate round the arcs. For 1 h in 24 h
remove the sample from the gallery and place it in a
chamber maintained at a temperature of
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
between – 15 °C and – 20 °C. During this period
adjust or replace the carbons as necessary and clean
the glass arc enclosures. Replace the sample in
different galleries in turn to ensure uniform
exposure to the arc. Maintain the above cycle 5 days
continuously, and leave the sample undisturbed for
the remaining 2 days of the week.
Examine each sample for any change in appearance.
15.4 Test report. Report details of the test and
details of any change in appearance of the sample.
Report the substrate used for mounting the sample
if other than that specified in 3.2.
16 Measurement of coefficient of
retroreflection of wet retroreflective
signs after exposure
16.1 Principle. To measure the coefficient of
retroreflection of wet retroreflective signs by the
method described in clause 5, after exposure in the
test(s) of clauses 13, 14 and/or 15.
16.2 Apparatus
16.2.1 Apparatus, as described in 5.2.
16.2.2 Means for spraying distilled water
(see Figure 10).
16.3 Procedure. Test the samples previously
tested in clauses 13, 14 and/or 15 as described in 5.3
using an observation angle of 209 and entrance
angles of – 5°, 15° and 40°.
16.4 Test report. Report the test details and the
observed R9 value at each entrance angle. Express
the R9 value additionally as a percentage of the
value given in Table 1, 2 or 3 of BS 873-6:1983
according to the class of material.
17 Measurement of coefficient of
retroreflection of dirty retroreflective
signs after exposure
17.1 Principle. To measure the coefficient of
retroreflection of artificially dirtied signs, by the
method described in clause 5, after exposure in the
test(s) of clauses 13, 14 and/or 15 and following the
wet test of clause 16.
15
 BS 873-1:1983
--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 10 — Test arrangements for measurement of coefficient of
retroreflection of wet retroreflective samples
17.2 Apparatus and materials
17.2.1 Apparatus, as described in 5.2.
17.2.2 Artificial dirt, consisting of the following
mixture:
9 parts by mass of silica sand with particle size
between 0 µm and 100 µm;
One part by mass of vegetable carbon dust with
particle size between 0 µm and 100 µm;
0.2 parts by mass of sodium
carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC) and an
appropriate quantity of distilled water with
conductivity less than or equal to 10 µS/cm.
The Na CMC to be used in the dirt mixture shall
have a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.6 to 0.7 and a
viscosity of 200 mPa·s to 300 mPa·s
(200 cP to 300 cP) at 20 °C for a 2 % solution. The
test mixture shall not be more
than 14 days old.
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17.3 Procedure. After the test described in
clause 16, apply the mixture described in 17.2.2 to
an area of 100 ± 5 mm × 100 ± 5 mm on the
weathered samples so that the background is
obscured. Allow the mixture to dry and leave it on
the surface for 3 days. Then clean the surfaces by
washing with a clean mixture of water and a neutral
detergent, using a soft bristle brush if necessary.
Test the samples as described in 5.3 using an
observation angle of 209 and entrance angles
of – 5°, 15° and 40°.
17.4 Test report. Report the test details and the
observed R9 value at each entrance angle. Express
the R9 value additionally as a percentage of the
value given in Table 1, 2 or 3 of BS 873-6:1983
according to the class of material.
© BSI 02-1999
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Appendix A Relationship between the
Regulations, the Traffic Signs
Manual3) and BS 873
The Regulations directly concerned with
requirements for road traffic signs current at the
time of publication of this standard are as follows:
The Traffic Signs Regulations and General
Directions
The Traffic Signs (Speed Limits) Regulations
and General Directions
The Pedestrian Crossing Regulations
The Regulations prescribe the size, colour and type
of the majority of traffic signs in common use on the
Public Highway. Consequently this standard does
not specify the arrangement or selection of colours
for signs, but it does specify the means of verifying
the quality of the colours chosen for any particular
sign (see BS 873-6).
The Regulations also lay down the legal
requirements for signs, e.g. when or where they are
to be directly lit or may be reflectorized only. The
Directions (which form part of The Regulations) lay
down conditions governing the use of signs,
e.g. certain signs may be used only to give effect to a
Traffic Regulation Order. If there is any
inconsistency between the three documents,
The Regulations will always prevail.
3)
Published by the Department of Transport and available from HMSO.
4)
Published by the Health and Safety Executive and available from HMSO.
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The Traffic Signs Manual provides a source of
information to highway/traffic engineers about the
use that can be made of traffic signs. It recommends,
for example, the size of sign that should be used, the
distance it should be placed from the hazard or road
junction to which it refers and the minimum clear
visibility of the sign all related to the speed of traffic
on the road on which the sign is to be erected. It
essentially contains advice which, if generally
adopted, will ensure a uniform standard throughout
the country and should also ensure compliance with
The Regulations.
This British Standard specifies requirements for the
materials, construction and performance of traffic
signs, posts, luminaires, internally illuminated
bollards, and road studs. There are references to
this and other British Standards in the Traffic Signs
Manual, but there are none in the Regulations. The
Department of Transport requires signs used on
Trunk All Purpose Roads and Trunk Motorways to
comply with this British Standard and advises other
highway authorities to specify the same
requirements for signs to be used on their roads. It
is recommended that prescribed signs complying
with this standard be used on private roads. The
construction of fixed “short life” signs is not covered
in this standard. Recommendations for these signs
are given in the Traffic Signs Manual. Guidance on
signs within works premises may be found in
“A Guide to the Safety Signs Regulations4)” 1980.
Such signs are described in BS 5378.
17
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18
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 BS 873-1:1983

Publications referred to

BS 1470, Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes — plate, sheet and
strip.
BS 2635, Drafting specifications based on limiting the number of defectives permitted in small samples.
BS 4533, Luminaires.
BS 4533-1, General requirements and tests.
BS 4533-1.1, Definitions.
BS 4727, Glossary of electrotechnical, power, telecommunication, electronics, lighting and colour terms.
BS 4727-4, Terms particular to lighting and colour.
BS 4727:Group 01, Radiation and photometry.
BS 5225, Photometric data for luminaires.
BS 5225-1, Photometric measurements.
BS 5378, Safety signs and colours.
BS 5378-1, Specification for colour and design.
BS 5378-2, Specification for colorimetric and photometric properties of materials.
BS 6000, Guide to the use of BS 6001. Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes.
BS 6001, Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes.
BS 6002, Specification for sampling procedures and charts for inspection by variables for percent defective.
CIE Publication No. 7, 1960, volume D, “Proceedings 14th session, Brussels”5).

--`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CIE Publication No. 15, 1971, “Colorimetry”5).

5)
CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) publications are available from the National Illumination Committee of
Great Britain, c/o The Library, Thorn Lighting Ltd., Great Cambridge Road, Enfield, Middlesex EN1 1UL.

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 |
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