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Zelenilo Kao Odgovor Na Stres Urbane Populacije
Zelenilo Kao Odgovor Na Stres Urbane Populacije
115
BIBLID: 0353-4537, 2017, стр. 185-198
UDK: 630*165.51:582.635.1(497.113 Sombor)
Оригинални научни рад
DOI: 10.2298/GSF1715185V
УВОД
Убрзани социјални и технолошки развој ус- средина мање праве разлику између свако-
ловили су становнике градских средина да се дневних обавеза и слободног времена, допри-
суоче са наглим променама, које су најчешће носећи све пасивнијем стилу живота (Udden-
дефинисане као деградација (Dovijanić, 1978). berg, 2003; Wahrborg, 2009). Према недавном
Било који облик деградације урбаних екосисте- извештају Светске Здравствене Организације
ма води ка дугорочном нарушавању људског (World Health Organization), истакнут је за-
здравља и животне средине и представља брињавајући податак о повећању броја особа
предуслов за болести модерног доба у које спа- које пате од стреса и синдрома исцрпљености,
дају стрес, депресија, несаница, и друге. Савре- кao последицe ужурбаног животног стила
мени животни ритмови, истичу да све више (WHO, 2016). Стална изложеност стресу може
млађих генерација проводи слободно време и довести до клиничких симптома менталних по-
обавља свакодневне активности у затвореном ремећаја, који су резултат психолошког и со-
простору. Исто тако, услед растуће зависности цијалног притиска (Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2010;
од модерних технологија, становници градских Leiter et al., 2014). Према савременим тенден-
185
Маја Вујчић, Јелена Томићевић-Дубљевић
186
ЗЕЛЕНИЛО КАО ОДГОВОР НА СТРЕС УРБАНЕ ПОПУЛАЦИЈЕ
187
Маја Вујчић, Јелена Томићевић-Дубљевић
Према Grahn et al. (2010), просторна целина опуштању и контемплацији (Слика 4). Део Ар-
окарактерисана као мирноћа (Serene), описује боретума, као просторне целине уточиште,
средину мира и тишине, са звуцима ветра, покривен је високим стаблима лишћарских и
воде, птица и инсеката, без жамора и буке од четинарских таксона, пружајући добру изолаци-
саобраћаја. Целина Визуре (Prospect), пружа по- ју и склониште од ветра, које су студенти често
глед на отворен простор са вистама и продори- користили. Унутар уточишта, налази се мрежа
ма, док уточиште (Refuge), дефинише закло- стаза, често покривена ниским растињем, која
њен, безбедан и издвојен простор, намењен је пружала студентима осећај дивљине и праве
188
ЗЕЛЕНИЛО КАО ОДГОВОР НА СТРЕС УРБАНЕ ПОПУЛАЦИЈЕ
189
Маја Вујчић, Јелена Томићевић-Дубљевић
Према просечној вредности резултата на Ска- ради даљег испитивања хипотезе да урбани
ли ДАСС21 између група, примећена је јасна тен- зелени простори, могу имати позитиван утицај
денција у групи из Арборетума, која указује на на смањење стреса, код млађе популације. Ре-
чињеницу да је разлика израженија у студијској зултати ове студије могу се ослонити на сличне
групи и да су забележени бољи резултати на ска- студије, које су такође имале мањи узорак, али
ли стрес, у односу на контролну групу (Слика 5). су указале на важност за даљим истраживањем
Имајући у виду маргиналну значајност ре- сличних хипотеза (Pálsdóttir et al., 2014; Kam,
зултата, такве чињенице треба узети у обзир Siu, 2010).
Ограничења студије: Поред чињенице да је
ова студија представила потенцијално значајне
резултате, потребно је споменути и њена огра-
ничења. Узорак испитаника је био релативно
мали и нерепрезентативан, што значи да се ра-
зултати не могу односити на ширу популацију.
Такође, треба узети у обзир и ситуацију да је
контролна група проводила време паузе и оба-
вљала своје активности у просторијама Факул-
тета, што оставља отворен простор за другу вр-
сту тумачења добијених резултата, укључујући
и предлог измештања контролне групе изван
Факултета.
ЗАКЉУЧАК
190
ЗЕЛЕНИЛО КАО ОДГОВОР НА СТРЕС УРБАНЕ ПОПУЛАЦИЈЕ
Maja Vujcic, PhD student, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia; email: maja.vujcic@yahoo.com
Dr Jelena Tomicevic-Dubljevic, associate professor, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia;
email: jelena.tomicevic@sfb.bg.ac.rs
Abstract: Abstract: In everyday life, urban residents, especially the younger population, have
given up some healthy habits of spending their free time outdoors in urban forests or parks.
This study was conducted in order to understand how urban nature might help in reducing
psychological stress and improving mental wellbeing. The participants were volunteer stu-
dents of the Faculty of Forestry in Belgrade (n=47). These students were randomly recruited in
the study and control group and self-tested using DASS 21 scale. The Arboretum of the Faculty
of Forestry represented a research location and a special healing environment with a high va-
riety of species. The study group stayed at the Arboretum during the study break period, while
a control group was inside the Faculty. After the intervention, a slightly greater reduction in
stress scale on the total score was recorded in the study group (F1.45 = 3.781; р < .058). This
study has shown that urban green areas can have a positive impact on the mental well-being
and reveal their role as a great response to the stress from urban population.
Keywords: urban green areas, stress and mental well-being, DASS 21, the Arboretum of the
Faculty of Forestry, the city of Belgrade
INTRODUCTION
fined as degradation (Dovijanić, 1978). Any kind of
The accelerated social and technological devel- degradation of urban ecosystems leads to long-
opment confronts the man with the sudden term disruption of human health and living envi-
changes that are in the most common form de- ronment and represents a precondition for the
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Maja Vujcic, Jelena Tomicevic-Dubljevic
modern age diseases such as stress, depression, ence stress relief and mental well-being among
insomnia etc. It is a growing trend for young peo- the younger population, a special study was con-
ple to spend their time indoors, performing every- ducted. The study included a group of the student
day activities. In addition, due to modern technol- volunteers, who spent their free time, between
ogy today’s generations are inclined to mix work the study breaks, in a specially regulated and pro-
and leisure time which often results in a sedentary tected green area, the Arboretum of the Faculty of
lifestyle (Uddenberg, 2003; Wahrborg, 2009). Ac- Forestry in Belgrade. According to similar studies,
cording to the recent WHO reports, there is an the effects of nature experience were measured
increased number of people suffering from stress including the quality of the outdoor activities, the
and a hectic life (WHO, 2016). The constant expo- intensity of nature or representing the level of veg-
sure to stress may lead to mental disorders, as a etation complexity within the research location,
result of a psychological and social pressure (Nieu- following a hypothesis that higher levels of vege-
wenhuijsen et al., 2010; Leiter et al., 2014). Over- tation and its quality lead to greater health out-
whelmed by the modern age products and com- comes, and self-reported stress assessment of the
mercials, attention became the most wanted tool participants (Barton, Pretty, 2010). Relying on the
for communication, especially among the younger Supporting Environment Theory (SET), the aim of
generations (Postman, 1985). The attention phe- this study was to examine how restorative effects
nomenon initiated by the urban environments or of the urban greenery and staying outdoors may
so-called ‘targeted, direct attention’, requires help in reducing stress and recommend to stu-
more mental engagement and leads to fatigue and dents better ways to spend their leisure time
exhaustion (Kaplan, 1992). Natural landscapes can (Grahn, 1991; Grahn et al., 2010).
retain attention longer than urban environments,
because natural sights do not require mental ef-
fort and they are very helpful in blocking the daily MATERIAL AND METHODS
demands and stress (Olmsted, 1865).
Many studies have recognized the crucial role
Participants: The participants in this research
of urban green spaces and addressing this public
health challenge, and over 40 years of research were student volunteers of the Faculty of Forestry
show that the experiences of nature are linked to in Belgrade. The students represent the young ur-
a remarkable breadth of positive health outcomes ban population that is often exposed to psycholog-
(Shanahan et al., 2016). Recreation and relaxation ical stress and pressure (Jovanović et al., 2014).
in natural environments, such parks or urban for- Therefore, they make an ideal target group. The
ests, have taken the notable role since the healing participants were between the pre-exam periods.
environments have the beneficial effects on the Forty-seven students were recruited to participate
indicators of health such as anxiety and blood in this study. Due to the specific environmental
pressure (Ulrich, 1991; Ohtsuka, 1998). Different conditions of the location selected for this re-
forms of green spaces and their everyday accessi- search, the Arboretum, the number of the partici-
bility have proved to hold the highest value in big pants had to be adjusted according to the policy of
cities, where a single view through the window preserving the assets of the Faculty of Forestry
may help improve mood (Ulrich, 1984). Urban and the environment, which explains for the small
greenery has a positive influence on the city envi- sample size. Demographic data of the participants
ronment and the health outcomes in stress reduc- covered their age and gender. There were 76% fe-
tion, providing the opportunity for recovery of the male participants and their mean age was 22.8.
cognitive and physiological resources (Ulrich, The participants had good physical and mental
1983; Kaplan, Kaplan, 1989; Korpela, Hartig, 1996; health, without any special needs or allergies. By
Hartig, 2004). Many studies have assessed the im- random sampling method, the study and control
portance of the environmental psychology, recre- group were composed, counting twenty-seven stu-
ation and other forms of nature-man interaction, dents in the study and twenty students in the con-
emphasizing the positive health benefits (Kaplan, trol group. Before the intervention started, the
1973; Ulrich, 1979). In order to understand how participants signed the consent that briefly de-
the exposure to the urban landscapes can influ- scribed the content and aims of the study.
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URBAN NATURE AS A RESPONSE TO STRESS FROM URBAN POPULATION
Procedure and Location: During the interven- Grahn et al., 2010). The theory indicates that hu-
tion, the study group spent their free time out- mans’ necessity for supportive environments de-
doors and stayed at the Arboretum, whil at the pends on their physical and psychological ability
same time the control group stayed at the Faculty and resources, and the more pressure the individ-
coffee lounge. The intervention period at the Ar- ual feels, the greater is the need to find a restora-
boretum included a one-hour program, three days tive environment that can support a recovery pro-
a week for five consecutive weeks. The study be- cess (Grahn et al., 2010; Adevi, 2012).
gan in April and lasted until May 2015, with a total Supporting Environment Theory and studies
of eleven measurements that were carried out. on quality assessment of salutogenic environ-
The program at the Arboretum included a wide ments are relying on the eight hypothesized qual-
range of activities that the students carried out ities of a supportive environment, also known as
during their visit. The study group was spending Perceive Sensory Dimension (PSD), that can be
time in a controlled environment, having relaxing perceived trough sensory impulses (Grahn, 1991;
walks and rests, carrying out activities that were Grahn et al., 2010). These principles were applied
aligned with specific environmental conditions, to the study of the students in the Arboretum (Fig-
enjoying the maximum fresh air and pleasant ure 3), measuring the outcomes of Nature Based
weather conditions (Table 1). Rehabilitation program on the stress reduction
Relying on the Kaplan’s concept of restorative process, where the three components of a sup-
experience in the context of the research program portive environment were identified as impor-
that was carried out in the wild (Kaplan, Kaplan, tant: serene, prospect and refuge (Pàlsdóttir et al.,
1989), a suitable location for this research was the 2011).
Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry in Belgrade According to Grahn et al. (2010), the perceived
(Figure 1, Figure 2). According to the Supporting sensory dimension serene is described as a peace-
Environment Theory - SET, a supportive environ- ful, silent, safe and secure environment with the
ment must be experienced as comprehensible, absence of traffic noise. The prospect component
accessible and secure (Grahn, 1991, 1992, 2005; represents open space with vistas, while refuge
193
Maja Vujcic, Jelena Tomicevic-Dubljevic
Figure 3. A schematic view of the Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry with highlighted sensory dimensions
according to the Supportive Environment Theory - SET
provides a sanctuary and secluded place intended grown pathway, which gave the students a sense
for contemplation (Figure 4). The refuge was the of true wilderness. Some of the participants had
part of the Arboretum with tall deciduous and co- personal gazebos, where they were spending most
niferous trees that provide a good shelter that stu- of their free time. The gazebos were located in the
dents have mostly used. A refuge was the part of parts of the Arboretum defined as serene and ref-
the Arboretum with tall deciduous and coniferous uge. A prospect component obtained a large lawn
trees that provide a good shelter that students in front of the Arboretum, rich in vistas, an ideal
have mostly used. In addition, there is an over- location for relaxation and restoration. The two
Figure 4. A review of perceived sensory dimensions serene, prospect and refuge at the Arboretum
(Аuthor: Vujčić, M)
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URBAN NATURE AS A RESPONSE TO STRESS FROM URBAN POPULATION
wooden pavilions at prospect area provided a properties, DASS21 is recommended for use in in-
good sunshade for students, but also a place for terdisciplinary research because of its simplicity
resting and social activities. The study group was and accessibility in the public domain (Jovanović et
involved in the working activities such as cleaning al., 2014). In this study, the psychometric proper-
up the Arboretum, removing branches after prun- ties were parallel measured in the study and con-
ing trees and assisting in glasshouse and nursery, trol group, before and after the intervention in the
located at rich in species area. A social component, Arboretum. The influence of nature on mental
placed at the north part of the Arboretum, was well-being was based on the results of the DASS21.
identified as a social arena. The effects of urban nature in the Arboretum on
Method: The study was based on the principle stress restoration were estimated comparing the
of post-evaluation (POE, post-occupancy evalua- results of the pre-test and post-test, focusing on
tion) (Zeisel, 1984). The standardized instrument the study group. The statistical method included a
was used to measure the outcomes of the inter- two-factor analysis of variance, which was meas-
vention regarding the influence of the green envi- ured on the individual scales of depression, anxie-
ronment on stress relief with focus on the study ty and stress, as well as a total score.
group. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
(DASS21) is a self-report instrument measuring
current (“over the past week”) symptoms of de-
pression, anxiety and stress (Lovibond, Lovibond, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1995). The DASS21 is designed in the form of a
questionnaire containing 21 questions and three Table 2 shows the results of the individual
subscales with seven phrases that describe how scales of depression, anxiety and stress. The differ-
the participants felt in the past week: Depression ence in the psychometric properties in the study
(’’I felt that I had nothing to look forward to ‘’), group was recorded between a pre-intervention
Anxiety (’’I felt I was close to panic’’) and Stress (’’I and post-intervention state, outputting a decrease
felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy’’). The in all three scales the depression (F1.45 = 47.43;
evaluation was performed using the quarter-scale p <0.05), anxiety (F1.45 = 37.79; p <0.05) and stress
(no, sometimes, often, and almost always). The (F1.45 = 57.35; p <0.05). A similar output was re-
official version of the DASS21 translated into Ser- corded in the control group too. The results indi-
bian language was used in this study. The DASS21 cate that the intervention in the Arboretum had a
represents one of the most commonly used instru- positive influence on depression, anxiety and
ments for assessing unpleasant emotional feelings stress reduction, as three parameters of mental
and it is currently one of the most popular meas- health among students. A similar effect was
ures for estimating symptoms of depression, anxi- achieved in the group that did not stay in the Ar-
ety and stress in the clinical and non-clinical re- boretum, and no significant difference was record-
search. Except for the excellent psychometric ed between the groups on the individual scales.
Table 2. A comparison of the variances between the study and control group
Scale Df1 Df2 F Sig. Eta2
Depression 1 45 47.437 .000 .513
Pre int_Post int Anxiety 1 45 37.794 .000 .456
Stress 1 45 57.353 .000 .560
Depression 1 45 1.786 .188 .038
Pre int_Post int* Anxiety 1 45 1.880 .177 .040
Stress 1 45 3.138 .083 .065
Depression 1 45 5.750 .021 .113
Group Anxiety 1 45 .149 .702 .003
Stress 1 45 .904 .347 .020
Df1, Df2 – Degrees of freedom; F – f test; Sig. - The test was considered significant a level of 0.05,
Eta2 – The effect size measure.
195
Maja Vujcic, Jelena Tomicevic-Dubljevic
Table 3. A comparison of variances between the study group and the control group on the total score
Df1 Df2 F Sig. Eta2
Pre int_Post int 1 45 78.930 .000 .637
Pre int_Post int Group* 1 45 3.781 .058 .078
Group 1 45 1.741 .194 .037
Df1, Df2 – Degrees of freedom; F – f test; Sig. - The test was considered significant level of 0.05,
Eta2 – The effect size measure.
Table 3 shows the results of two-factor analysis Due to the marginal significance of the results,
of data on the total score. They emphasized the this fact should be taken into consideration for fur-
difference in the test results before and after the ther examination of the hypothesis that the urban
intervention in the Arboretum at the study group nature has restorative effects on younger popula-
and also indicated marginally significant interac- tion. The results of this study rely on similar stud-
tion testing between the groups (F1.45 = 3.781; ies that also had a smaller sample but indicated
p < .058). Having in mind a marginal interaction, the significance of further elaboration of the na-
according to a total score, the group that stayed in ture-based rehabilitation hypothesis (Pálsdóttir et
the Arboretum had better results on the stress al., 2014; Kam, Siu, 2010).
scale. Such information might be of the great in- Limitations of the study: While the findings of
terest because it indicates a higher tendency to this study presented potentially significant results,
the change and stress relief in the study group there were also some limitations that should be
compared to the control group. mentioned. The study sample was relatively small
According to the average value of DASS21 and non-probabilistic, which means that it is not
score between the two groups, there was a rela- representative of the wider population. Another
tively clear tendency that the difference was limitation of this study is the fact that the control
slightly more pronounced in the study group or group performed their activities at the Faculty cof-
the group that visited the Arboretum had better fee lounge, which leaves open space for another
results on the scale stress than the control group kind of interpretation of these findings, including
(Figure 5). whether the control group should be relocated
outside the Faculty.
Es�mated Marginal Means of Measure
Es�mated Marginal Means of Measure
1.40 CONCLUSION
1.20
On the level of functioning in everyday life, ur-
1.00 ban residents have often given up some healthy
habits, like visiting restorative places and spending
0.80 free time outdoors, rather than indoors. In accord-
0.60
ance with the Kaplan’s’ restorative concept of the
natural environment (Kaplan, 1992), this research
0.40 took a small step forward in order to assess how
urban green areas may influence the social decom-
pression among the young population. Relying on
1 2 the Supportive Environment Theory, the assess-
Pre int _ Post int ment of the Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry as
a restorative environment, highlighted the three
Study group
Control group sensory dimensions, serene, prospect and refuge,
as the most important components for physical and
Figure 5: Emphasizing the tendencies between the mental resources restoration. Nature-based reha-
groups bilitation in the Arboretum recorded a marginally
196
URBAN NATURE AS A RESPONSE TO STRESS FROM URBAN POPULATION
significant interaction between the groups in the Grahn P. (2005): Om tradgardsterapi och terapeutiska
total score F1.45 = 3.781; p < .058, providing posi- tradgardar, [About garden therapy and ther-
tive psychometric measurements on the stress apeutic gardens] (In Swedish). In: M. Johans-
scale in the study group. The study results have son & M. Kuller (eds.), Svensk Miljopsykologi,
shown that urban landscapes and special green ar- 245- 262. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
eas can have a positive influence on the mental Grahn P., Tenngart Ivarsson C., Stigsdotter U.K.,
well-being and represent a great response to the Bengtsson I.L. (2010): Using affordances as a
stress of the urban population. The group of stu- health-promoting tool in a therapeutic gar-
dents that had study breaks in the Arboretum re- den. In: C. Ward Thompson, S. Bell & P. Aspi-
corded slightly better results and had a positive re- nall (eds.), Innovative approaches to re-
sponse to stress compared to the group that stayed searching landscape and health, 116-154.
indoors. In addition, having in mind the significance London: Taylor & Francis.
of the “accessible nature” context, this study draws Hartig T. (2004): Restorative Environments. In Ency-
attention to the urban nature as an important ele- clopedia of Applied Psychology; Spielberger,
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tal health and the living environment.
Jovanović V., Gavrilović-Jerković V., Žuljević-Brdarić D.
Acknowledgments: This study was conducted (2014): Psihometrijska evaluacija Skale de-
in cooperation with the students of the Faculty of presivnosti, anksioznosti i stersa-21 (DASS-21)
Forestry in Belgrade in 2015. na uzorku studenata u Srbiji, Psihologija, 47
(1), 93-112.
Kam M.C.Y., Siu A.M.H. (2010): Evaluation of a horti-
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