Politechnika Śląska BSc degree course

2017/2018

Masonry Structures

1. Reinforced masonry
walls and columns
2. Walls subjected to
concentrated loads

Jan Kubica
Katedra Inżynierii Budowlanej
Scope

1. Bed joint reinforced masonry walls and

columns
 Bed joint reinforcement
 Reinforced masonry columns and pilars
 Reinforced masonry walls
2. Unreinforced masony walls subjected
to concentrated loads
Bed joint reinforced masonry
walls and columns
Masonry structures with bed joint
reinforcement

 Lack of design methods of masonry structures with

bed joint reinforcement in most of national
masonry standards (including Eurocode 6):
 using only reinforcement according to minimum
percentage requirements;
 impossibility of load bearing capacity enhancement
determination;

 In opposite to West Europe in Polish and other East

European countries since half of last century the
design method for vertically loaded masonry walls
and columns with bed joint reinforcement is
successfully in use.
Bed joint reinforcement - according to
EN 845-3:2003

Ladder type Truss type

Woven wire meshwork Expanded metal meshwork

Masonry columns with bed joint
reinforcement

 welded or expanded
metal meshwork

 loops

 spiral reinforcement
Bed joint reinforcement for columns and
pillars – acc. to PN-B-03002:2007

Ultimate Limit State

condition

NSd  NRd

where:

Ni,Rd = i A fdr

Rectangular mesh Loops

Design value of compressive strength
of bed joint reinforced masonry
Calculation scheme

 Horizontal forces for 1

layer of reinforcement

N x  x  t  s N z  z  b  s
 The total horizontal force

2N x  N z   2 x  t  s  z  b  s   y t  b s

 The maximal force

transferred by
reinforcement
b t 
FA  A sa   fyd
 a1 a 2 
Asa – the cross-sectional area of
one reinforcing bar
Calculation scheme

Assuming that the total horizontal force should be

transmitted by reinforcement

b t 
 y t  b s  A sa   fyd
 a1 a 2 

and taking the reinforcement ratio as

Vr A sa a1  a2 
m  
Vm a1a2s

the following formula for y is obtaining

 y  m fyd
ba2  ta1 
t  b a1  a2 
 Calculation scheme

Taking that b = t (rectangular cross-section) and

Poisson's ratio  = 0.25 the load capacity growth can
be expressed as follow

 y  2m fyd
The compressive strength of bed joint reinforced masonry
accepted in PN-B-03002:2007 is as follow

allowance for eccentricity

 e
fdr  fd  2m fyd 1  2   2fd
 y

e – design value of eccentricity A sa a1  a2 

m 
y – distance between centre of the cross-section a1a2s
and more compression edge of the member
Masonry columns reinforced in bed joints

 Compressive strength of bed joint reinforced

masonry walls and columns can be taken as:

 fd  2m 
f yk ba 2  ta1   e
fdr 1  2   2fd
 S t  ba1  a 2   y

 In case of masonry walls the limitation of the

fdr value should be 1.5fd

 Usage of steel with high yield point is not so

effective, because in real structures it is not
attainable. In Chinese Standard GBJ3-88 the
fyd value is limited as 320 N/mm2.
Comparison of calculated fdr/fd with test
data
Comparison of calculated fdr/fd with test
data
Reinforced masonry walls
under compression
Masonry walls under axially compression
– test results

Failure of unreinforced and reinforced with

truss type reinforcement models

Failure mode of
models reinforced
with longitudinal bars
Masonry walls with bed joint reinforcement

Truss type
reinforcement

Ladder type
reinforcement

Orthogonal
steel mesh
Masonry walls with bed joint reinforcement

 load bearing capacity of the

reinforcement in direction of „X” axis

𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭𝒊,𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙 𝑨𝒙,𝒊 𝒇𝒚𝒅,𝒙,𝒊 𝒄𝒐𝒔

 load bearing capacity of the

reinforcement in direction of „Z” axis
𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭𝒊,𝒛 = 𝒏𝒛 𝑨𝒛,𝒊 𝒇𝒚𝒅,𝒛,𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏

nx(z) – number of reinforcing bars located in one bed joint;

Ax(z),i – cross-section area of one longitudinal reinforcing bar (rod);
fyd,x(z),i – design value of yield strength of reinforcing bar;
 – an angle between reinforcing bar axis and longitudinal axis
of the wall.
Masonry walls with bed joint reinforcement

General Ultimate Limit State Condition

NSd,i  NRd ,i
where

𝑁𝑆𝑑 ,𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝑅𝑑 ,𝑖 = 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 (𝑓𝑑 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑁𝑅𝑑 ,𝑥,𝑖 ; 𝑁𝑅𝑑 ,𝑧,𝑖 ))

fdr ≤ 1.5 fd

NSd,i – is the maximal compressive force acted in analysed

cross-section of the wall;
NRd,i – is the minimal load-bearing capacity of the bed joint
reinforced masonry;
Reinforced masonry walls
subjected to shearing
 Msonry walls subjected to shearing

1)Horizontal shearing (wind action)

2)Verical shearing (irregular vertical ground

displacements)
Detail A

Practically only diagonal cracks are

observed
Mode of failure of reinforced masonry
shear wall with mixed reinforcement

VhR
HhR
HhR
VhR
VvR
HvR
HvR
VvR

VhR HhR
HhR VhR
1,2
1,2 
1,2

1,2 
1,2

1,2
Capacity of reinforced masonry walls
subjected to shear – general conditions
Horizontal direction: HhR,i HvR,i

 fvok  h   y,d 
VRd,h  
M
 
  t  L  S  h A s,h  fyd,h  S  v,h
 
v,h A s, v  f yd, v 
 

Vertical direction:
VhR,i VvR,i
 fvvk  v   y,d 
VRd,v  
M

  t  H  S  h,v  
h,v A s,h  fyd,h  S  v A s,v  fyd,v 
 

h - friction coefficient for horizontal shearing;

v - friction coefficient for vertical shearing;
s - factor considers the shape (H/L ratio) of the wall;
h - factor of efficiency of horizontal reinforcement;
h,v - factor of efficiency of horizontal reinforcement – in vertical shearing;
v - factor of efficiency of vertical reinforcement;
v,h - factor of efficiency of vertical reinforcement – in horizontal shearing.
 Standards design methods

Eurocode 6 - Reinforced masonry shear walls:

1. With horizontal reinforcement
VRd  fvd  l  t  0.9 Asw  fyd
where: fvd - is the design shear strength of masonry;
l - is the length of the wall;
t - is the thickness of the wall;
Asw - is the total area of the horizontal shear reinforcement
over the part of the wall being considered;
fyd - is the design strength of the reinforcing steel.

fvd  l  t  0.9 Aws  fyd

 2.0 N/mm 2
l t
 Standards design methods

Eurocode 6 - Reinforced masonry members

subjected to shearing – enhancement of fvd:
In the case of masonry walls or beams where the main
reinforcement is placed in pockets, cores or cavities filled
with concrete infill, the value of fvd may be taken as:

fvd 
0,35  17,5
 0,7
N
M mm2
As
where: 
d t
As - is the cross sectional area of the primary reinforcement;
d - is the effective depth;
t - is the thickness of the wall;
M - is the partial factor for masonry.
Failure modes of masonry walls with bed
joint reinforcement

Unreinforced and reinforced Masonry walls reinforced

by welded or woven by 2 not connected to
meshwork masonry walls each other rods
Unreinforced masonry walls
subjected to concentrated
loads
Unreinforced masonry subjected
to concentrated loads

In case of masonry walls

made of masonry units
NEdc Group 1, 2 or 3 is
necessary to check if the
mean compressive stress
below load application σd
fulfilled the ULS conditions
Unreinforced masonry subjected
to concentrated loads

RC, steel or
timber beam

NEdc
Wall

Area of
concentrated
load influence

60° 60°
Unreinforced masonry subjected
to concentrated loads

a1
NEdc H/2 NEdc NEdc

60° 60°
60° 60° 60°
H

Leff Leff
H/2

Leff
 Unreinforced masonry subjected
to concentrated loads

Front view NEdc

Aeff = Leff  t

Leff 60°

Plane view Ab Aeff

t
Unreinforced masonry subjected
to concentrated loads
Masonry wall made of masonry units Group 1
should satisfy the following ULS condition
N Edc  N Rd    A b  f d
where:  is an enhancement factor for concentrated loads,
given as
 a1
 a  A   1,25  ;
   1 0,3 1,5  1,1
1 b    

2h c
 h c  A eff   
1,5
a1 – is the distance from the end of the wall to the nearer edge
of the loaded area
hc – is a height of the wall to the level of the loads
Leff – is the effective length of the bearing as determined at the mid
height of the wall or pier
Ab – is the load area not greater than 0,45 Aeff
 Unreinforced masonry subjected
to concentrated loads
For walls built with Groups 2, 3 and Group 4 masonry units and
when shell bedding is used, it should be verified that, locally under
the bearing of a concentrated load, the design compressive stress
does not exceed the design compressive strength of masonry, fd
(i.e. β is taken to be 1.0).

NEdc σd = Nedc /Ab ≤ fd

Where the concentrated load is applied

through a spreader beam of adequate
Ab stiffness and of width equal the thickness of
the wall, height greater than 200 mm and
length greater than three times the bearing
length of the load, the design value of the
compressive stress beneath the concentrated
load should not exceed 1,5 fd.
Bond beams
 Bond beams

Buildings with timber floor structures

Tension

Load-
bearing wall

Timber floor
beams
Bond beams

Bond beam
 Taking of the tensile forces

Timber floor
beams
 Bond beams

Fi ≥ li  10 kN/m ≥ 90 kN

Tension
 bond beam li – distance between two
transverse stiffening walls
Bond beams

Bond beam
reinforcement Prefabricated
hollow RC
plate

Lintel
reinforcement Bond beam

window

Cross-sectional area of the bond beam should

be not less than 0,025 m2
Bond beams

Reinforced
Bond beam
masonry
reinforcement

 50cm Truss type

reinforcement
Bond beams

RC slab
Bond beams

RC slab

Thermal insulation

Slip layer Bond beam

Clay U shape
Bond beam in
unit
U shape units
Bond beams
Bond beams
Bond beams