STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce

May 14, 2019

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Analysis and Design of Slabs
Structural concrete slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually
horizontal, in building floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures.
It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams (and is usually cast
monolithically with such beams), by masonry or reinforced concrete walls,
by structural steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the
ground.
Types of Slabs:
1. One-way slabs: If a slab is supported on two opposite sides only,
it will bend or deflect in a direction perpendicular to the supported
edges. The structural action is one way, and the loads are carried by
the slab in the deflected short direction.
If the slab is supported on four sides and the ratio of the long side to
the short side is equal to or greater than 2,
L
≥2
S
most of the load (about 95% or more) is carried in the short direction,
and one-way action is considered for all practical purposes.
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
One-way Slabs

Deflected shape of uniformly loaded one-way slab.

One-way slab (a) suppported on opposites only, (b) supported on four sides.
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Analysis and Design of Slabs

2. One-way joist floor systems: This type of slab is also called a ribbed
slab. It consists of a floor slab, usually 50 to 100mm thick, supported
by reinforced concrete ribs (or joist). The ribs are usually tapered and
are uniformly spaced ar distances that do not exceed 750mm. The
ribs are supported on girders that rest on columns.

Cross-sections of one-way ribbed slab (a)without fillers (b) with fillers.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Analysis and Design of Slabs
3. Two-way floor systems: When the slab is supported on four sides and
the ratio of the long side to the short side is less than 2,
L
<2
S
the slab will deflect in double curvature in both direction.

Two-way slab.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Other Types Structural Slabs

Other structural slab (a) Flat plate, (b) Flat slab (c) Grid or waffle slab.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

The structural action of a one-way slab may be visualized in term of the

deformed shape. For the purposes of analysis and design, a unit strip may
be considered as a rectangular beam of unit width, with a depth h equal
to the thickness of the slab.

Deflected shape of uniformly loaded one-way slab.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs
Factored moments and shears in one-way slabs can be found either by
elastic analysis or through the use of the coefficients as specified in
ACI 8.3.3. – As an alternate to frame analysis, the following approximate
moments and shears shall be permitted for design of continuous beams
and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one
direction), provided (a) through (e) are satisfied:
(a) There are two or more spans;
(b) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent
spans not greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent;
(c) Loads are uniformly distributed;
(d) Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times unfactored
dead load, D; and
(e) Members are prismatic.
For calculating negative moments, ln is taken as the average of the
adjacent clear span lengths.
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Design of One-way Slabs

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

Summary of ACI moment coefficients: (a) beams with more than two spans; (b) beams with two spans only

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

Summary of ACI moment coefficients: (c) slabs with spans not exceeding 10 ft; (b) beams in which the sum of
column stiffnesses exceeds 8 times the sum of beam stiffnesses at each end of the span.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

Concrete shrinks as it dries out. If a slab of a moderate dimensions rests
freely on its supports, it can contract to accommodate the shortening of its
length produced by shrinkage. However, if slabs are restrained, it cannot
contract freely which results in tension stresses known as shrinkage stresses.
Since concrete is weak in tension, temperature and shrinkage stresses are
likely to result in crackings. These cracks are not detrimental, as long
as their size is limited to what known as hairline cracks. This can be
achieve by placing reinforcement in the slab to counteract contraction and
distribute the cracks uniformly.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs
ACI 7.12.2.1 – Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall
provide at least the following ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete
area, but not less than 0.0014:

ACI 7.12.2.2 – Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced

not farther apart than five times the slab thickness, nor farther apart than
450 mm.
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Example
1. A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with its supports and
consists of six equal spans, each with a span of 2.25m as shown. The
service live load is 3.83 kPa, and service dead load of 2.0 kPa. Design
the slab (S1) if fc0 = 20.7 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs
Solution:
a. Estimate the thickness of the
slab, h.
 
l fy
h= 0.4 +
24 700
 
2250 mm 276
= 0.4 +
24 700
= 74.46 mm

let, h = 100 mm
b. Compute factored loads
1. Slab weight
Partial view of floor framing plan.

ws = γconc × h
= 23.6 × 0.10
ws = 2.36 kPa
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Design of One-way Slabs
The total dead load is weight of
slab, ws plus superimposed dead
load, wSD

wD = ws + wSD
wD = 2.0 + 2.36
wD = 4.36 kPa

2. Live load

wL = 3.83 kPa

The factored load wu is,

Partial view of floor framing plan.

wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
= 1.2(4.36) + 1.6(3.83)
wu = 11.36 kPa
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Design of One-way Slabs

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

c. Compute required (factored)

moments
Interior support: d. Compute the required area of
reinforcements
1
−Mu = wu ln2 0.85fc0 β1 0.003
10 ρmax =
1 fy 0.003 + εt
= × 11.36 kPa × (2.0 m)2
10 ρmax = 0.0232
−Mu = 4.54 kN · m
and
Midspan: p
0.25 fc0 1.4
1 ρmin = ≥
Mu = wu ln2 fy fy
16
1 ρmin = 0.0051
= × 11.36 kPa × (2.0 m)2
16
Mu = 2.84 kN · m

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

Let d = h − 25 mm = 75 mm
The area of reinforcement at
From, interior support is
 
Mu 0.59ρfy As = ρbd
= ρfy bd2 1 −
φ fc0 = 0.0051(1000)(75)
Substitute given values and solve for As = 382.5 mm2 /m
the required ρreqd ,
In similar manner, the area of
ρreqd 1 = 0.124, (absurd) reinforcement at midspan is
ρreqd 2 = 0.0033
As = ρbd
since the calculated ρreqd < ρmin = 0.0051(1000)(75)
use, As = 382.5 mm2 /m
ρ = 0.0051

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Design of One-way Slabs

f. Check maximum spacing

(ACI 7.6.5) – In walls and slabs
other than concrete joist con-
struction, primary flexural rein-
forcement shall not be spaced
farther apart than three times
the wall or slab thickness, nor
e. Select bar size and spacing farther apart than 450 mm.
(
Try: 10-mmφ, 3h
(Ab = 78.54 mm2 ) smax ≤
450 mm
the required spacing, s
hence,
Ab b
s=
As smax = 300 mm
s = 205.33 mm
s = 200 mm
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Design of One-way Slabs

g. Shrinkage and temperature

reinforcement i. Check maximum spacing
The required area of ACI 7.12.2.2 – Shrinkage and
reinforcement, Ash (ACI temperature reinforcement shall
7.12.2.1.a) be spaced not farther apart than
five times the slab thickness, nor
Ash = 0.0020bh
farther apart than 450 mm.
Ash = 200 mm2 /m (
5h
h. Select bar size and spacing smax ≤
450 mm
Try: 10-mmφ,
(Ab = 78.54 mm2 ) hence,
the required spacing, s smax = 450 mm
Ab b
s= s = 300 mm
As
s = 392.7 mm
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Design of One-way Slabs

j. Check shear capacity of the

slab The nominal shear strength of the
concrete slab is
The required shear strength,
Vu is
p
Vn = Vc = 0.17λ fc0 bw d
√
w u ln = 0.17(1.0) 20.7 (1000)(75)
Vu = 1.15
2 = 58.01 kN per m
11.36 kPa × 2 m
= 1.15
2 the design shear capacity, φVn of
= 13.06 kN per m the concrete slab

The factored shear strength at φVn = 0.75(58.01 kN per m)

a distance d from the face of φVn = 43.51 kN per m
the interior support is
Since φVn > Vu , the slab thickness,
75
Vu = 13.06 − 11.36 × h = 100 mm is adequate!
1000
= 12.21 kN per m
Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Design of One-way Slabs

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

 END OF PRESENTATION

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

References:
1. ACI 318M-08 Building Code for Structural Concrete and Commentary
2. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), 2010.
3. J.G. MacGregor and J.K. Wight, Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and
Design, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey, 2012.
4. A.H. Nilson, D. Darwin, C.W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures,
14th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010.
5. J.C. McCormac, R.H. Brown, Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, MA, 2014.

Felix V. Garde, Jr., msce STRUCTURAL DESIGN I