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Apportionment
Unit 4.2
Apportionment
297 representatives
234 district representatives
63 sectoral representatives
(party list)
Sectoral representatives
ü Must have 2% of the total votes
ü Maximum 3 seats per party
ü Maximum of 20% sectoral rep.
Copyright 2018: Mathematics in the Modern World by Winston S. Sirug, Ph.D.
Terminologies
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠
Terminologies
Hamilton’s Method
Jefferson’s Method
Adam’s Method
Webster’s Method
Hill-Huntington Method
Lowndes’ Method
Hamilton’s
Method
Hamilton’s Method
§ Proposed by Alexander
Hamilton (1755-1804)
§ First apportionment method
to be approved in the United
States of America Congress,
but was vetoed by President
George Washington in 1792.
§ Hamilton’s method tends to
favor larger states
Steps in Hamilton’s Method
20
Example 2
1 (Solution)
TOTAL: 2810
Example 2
1 (Solution)
TOTAL: 2810
Example 2
1 (Solution)
§ Proposed by Thomas
Jefferson (1743-1826)
§ First used in US Congress in
1792 until 1840.
§ Jefferson’s method tends to
favor larger states
§ First steps are the same with
Hamilton’s method
Steps in Jefferson’s Method
Except that:
If the total from Step 3 was less than the
total number of representatives, reduce
the divisor and recalculate the quota
and allocation. Continue doing this until
the total in Step 3 is equal to the total
number of representatives.
*The divisor we end up using is called the
modified divisor or adjusted divisor.
Example 3
State Population
A 162310
B 538479
C 197145
Total 897934
Use the Jefferson’s method to allocate the 41 new
members.
Example 3
Standard
State Population Quota Lower Quota
A 162,310 7.411 7
B 538,479 24.587 24
C 197,145 9.002 9
Total 897,934 40
1. Compute for the standard divisor: 3. Cut off all the decimal parts of all the
!"!#$ %"%&$#!'"( 0/3/21 quotas. Add up the remaining whole
𝑑= = = 21,900.83
!"!#$ (" ") *+#!* 1, numbers.
Standard
State Population Quota Lower Quota
A 162,310 7.411 7
B 538,479 24.587 24
C 197,145 9.002 9
Total 897,934 40
Standard
State Population Quota Lower Quota
A 162,310 7.729 7
B 538,479 25.642 25
C 197,145 9.388 9
Total 897,934 41
State Population
A 162310
B 538479
C 197145
Total 897934
Use the Adam’s method to allocate the 41 new
members.
Example 3
Standard
State Population Quota Upper Quota
A 162,310 7.411 8
B 538,479 24.587 25
C 197,145 9.002 10
Total 897,934 43
1. Compute for the standard divisor: 3. Round up the standard quota to get
!"!#$ %"%&$#!'"( 0/3/21 the upper quota.
𝑑= = = 21,900.83
!"!#$ (" ") *+#!* 1,
Standard
State Population Quota Upper Quota
A 162,310 7.411 8
B 538,479 24.587 25
C 197,145 9.002 10
Total 897,934 43
Standard
State Population Quota Upper Quota
A 162,310 7.057 8
B 538,479 23.412 24
C 197,145 8.572 9
Total 897,934 41
State Population
A 162310
B 538479
C 197145
Total 897934
Use the Webster’s method to allocate the 41 new
members.
Example 3
Standard Rounded
State Population Quota Quota
A 162,310 7.411 7
B 538,479 24.587 25
C 197,145 9.002 9
Total 897,934 41
1. Compute for the standard divisor: 3. Round off the standard quota to get
!"!#$ %"%&$#!'"( 0/3/21 the rounded quota.
𝑑= = = 21,900.83
!"!#$ (" ") *+#!* 1,
§ Proposed by Edward
Huntington and Joseph Hill
§ Similar to Webster’s method,
but attempts to minimize the
percent differences of how
many people each
representative will represent.
§ It slightly favors small states.
Steps in Huntington-Hill’s Method
State Population
A 162310
B 538479
C 197145
Total 897934
Use the Hill-Huntington method to allocate the 41
new members.
Example 3
Standard
State Population Quota Lower Quota
A 162,310 7.411 7
B 538,479 24.587 24
C 197,145 9.002 9
Total 897,934
1. Compute for the standard divisor: 3. Round down the standard quota to
!"!#$ %"%&$#!'"( 0/3/21 get the lower quota.
𝑑= = = 21,900.83
!"!#$ (" ") *+#!* 1,
5. If the standard quota < 𝑛(𝑛 + 1), round up. Otherwise, round down.
Example 3
TOTAL: 2810
Example 2
1 (Solution)
State Population
A 162310
B 538479
C 197145
Total 897934
Use the Hill-Huntington method to allocate the 41
new members.
Example 3
Standard
State Population Quota Lower Quota
A 162,310 7.411 7
B 538,479 24.587 24
C 197,145 9.002 9
Total 897,934
1. Compute for the standard divisor: 3. Round down the standard quota to
!"!#$ %"%&$#!'"( 0/3/21 get the lower quota.
𝑑= = = 21,900.83
!"!#$ (" ") *+#!* 1,
Standard Lower
State Quota Quota Ratio
A 7.411 7 0.0587
B 24.587 24 0.0245
C 9.002 9 0.0002
Total:
4. Divide the decimal part of each
state’s quota by the whole number
part.
Example 3
Standard Lower
State Quota Quota Ratio Allocation
A 7.411 7 0.0587 8
B 24.587 24 0.0245 24
C 9.002 9 0.0002 9
Total: 41