Genetics Environment is also caused especially in phenotype.

Nature-genotype
Nonvirulent the organisms lives Vs. Nurture-environment(phenotype)

Frederick Griffin When two similar alleles are present in a pair, the genotype is called
homozygous
-Founded 1928
If two different alleles are paired, the genotype is called heterozygous
-The mouse experiment
A-dominant trait

Genetics- it is scientific study of genes and heredity of how a-recessive trait

certain qualities or traits are passes from parents to offspring as a result
AA-homozygous
of changes in DNA sequence.
aa-homozygous
Devolutionary/Evolutionary Aa-heterozygous
Development The allele that is expressed in a heterozygous condition is called the
- The concept of "devolution" is built on the notion that
evolution has a direction (thus, devolution occurs when
Dominant Allele.
evolution goes "backwards"), but evolution does not have a
direction. Natural selection simply adapts organisms to their Whereas, the allele that is not expressed is called Recessive
current environment, and what is beneficial may change as
the environment changes. allele.
B- brown (dominant)-heterozygous
Genotype- this refers to the genetic makeup of an individual or
organisms. b-blue(recessive)

23 pair chromosomes of human. Cynthia- Mycoplasma/abortorium

1 pair for sex chromosomes -first synthetic or microbe.

Cats have 19 pairs of chromosomes

Mendelian Genetics
Dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes

The more chromosomes the harder it is to study. Gregor Mendel- Father of Genetics
Worms have 6 pairs- Caenorhabditis elegans(round worms)/nematodes Garden Peas(Pisum Sativum)

4 pairs of fruit fly- Drosophila melanogaster For the following reasons:

1.Easy to grow

2.Easy to hybridize
Allele- one of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a
particular region on a chromosome. An individual inherits two alleles for 3.Short life cycle
each gene.
4.Large number of offspring
*weight *skin color *eye color *etc.
5.Presence of contrasting traits.
Phenotype- Refers to the observable expression of particular
genotype. Law of Segregation
-talks about genes. -the alleles for each trait segregate, or separate, during the formation of
gametes, and that during the formation of new zygotes, the alleles will
*dark color hair/ light hair combine at random with other alleles.

-outward manifestation of phenotype -separation of alleles

-appearance -split into two(process of mitosis) during gamete formation. It will form
during fertilization.
Genotype- inside
-splitting and combination
Phenotype- outside
Law of independent Assortment 12:4=3:1

-This law states that alleles of different traits are inherited separately and
do not influence each other.

-different alleles do not affect or depend on each other. Wrinkled,

green

Reginald Punnett
-the one who developed Punnett

-the Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the

genotypes of a particular cross of breeding experiment.

Monohybrid Cross
-it is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which
result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.

-1 trait
RR rr

R. r

=heterozygous

Genotype Ratio:

Homozygous Dominant:0

Homozygous Recessive:4

Heterozygous:0

Phenotypic ratio: 100% green

=100% heterozygous/Gg dwarf

100% heterozygous

100% green, tall

Dihybrid Cross
Round, yellow

Blue normal= 9

Blue short=3

White normal=3

White short=1