Royal Military Academy

TN325 April 2022

Formularium

Departement CISS

1 The telecommunication chain 2 Analogue signals and modulations

1.1 Spectral analysis 2.1 Distortions
1.1.1 Periodic function 2.1.1 Linear distortions
∞
X u(t) = a · s(t − τ )
f (t) = a0 + [an sin(2πfn t) + bn cos(2πfn t)]
n=1
2.1.2 Non linear distortions
Z T
1
a0 = f (t)dt u(t) = a1 s + a2 s2 + a3 s3 + . . .
T 0
2
Z T s(t) = cos(ωt)
an = f (t) sin(ωn t)dt ⇒ u(t) = c0 + c1 cos(ωt) + c2 cos(2ωt) + c3 cos(ωt) + . . .
T 0
2
Z T s(t) = b1 cos(ω1 t) + b2 cos(ω2 t)
bn = f (t) cos(ωn t)dt
T 0 ⇒ u(t) = c0 + c11 cos(ω1 t) + c12 cos(ω2 t)
+c21 cos[(ω1 − ω2 )t] + c22 cos[(ω1 + ω2 )t]
∞
+c31 cos[(2ω1 − ω2 )t] + c32 cos[(2ω1 + ω2 )t]
X
f (t) = cn ejωn t
n=−∞ +c33 cos[(ω1 − 2ω2 )t] + . . .

T
2.2 Noise - interference
Z
1
cn = f (t)e−jωn t f t
T 0 2.2.1 Thermal noise
cn = |cn |ejϕ

E[n(t)] = 0
1.1.2 Non periodic function
Γ(τ ) = 2kT Rδ(τ )
Z +∞ γ(f ) = 2kT R
1
f (t) = F (ω)ejωt dω Pn = kT B
2π −∞
Z +∞
F (ω) = f (t)e−jωt dt 2.2.2 Non thermal noise
−∞ Z +B
γm
Pn = γ(f )df = kTe Bn Te = 2
1.2 Fourier transform properties −B k

1.2.1 Linearity 2.2.3 Noise factor - noise figure

F{af1 (t) + bf2 (t)} = aF{f1 (t)} + bF{f2 (t)} SN Rin N N
F = =1+ =1+
SN Rout GNin,0 GkT0 B
1.2.2 Time shift
N F = 10 log10 (F ) = SN Rin [dB] − SN Rout [dB]
−jωt0
F{f (t − t0 )} = e F{f (t)}
2.3 Analogue modulations
1.2.3 Derivative
2.3.1 AM DSB and DSB-SC
dn f (t) n
F{ } = (jω) F{f (t)} [DSB]: m(t) = [s(t) + C] c̃(t) [DSB-SC]: m(t) = s(t)c(t)
dtn
|s(t)max | S
1.2.4 Convolution m= =
C C
Z t 
F{f (t) ⊗ g(t)} = F f (u)g(t − u)du = F{f (t)}F{g(t)} m(t) = C cos(2πfc t + Φc )
DSB
0
m
1 + C{cos[2π(fc − Fs )t + Φc ] + cos[2π(fc + Fs )t + Φc ]}
F{f (t)g(t)} = F{f (t)} ⊗ F{g(t)}
2π |2 {z }
m(t)DSB−SC

1
2.3.2 AM DSB and DSB-SC power budget 3.2 Uniform quantification
3.2.1 Quantification step
Z T +∞
1 Parseval
X
P = |m(t)|2 dt = |cn |2 dS =
2S S
= N −1
T 0 n=−∞ M 2
 2 2
C2 m2
  
C mC
= 2 +4 = 1+ 3.2.2 Mean quadratic value of the quantification error
2 4 2 2
dS 2
| {z }
DSB−SC
hei2 =
12
| {z }
Classical AM

3.2.3 Signal to quantification noise ratio

2.3.3 AM DSB-SC coherent detection
hsi2 12(aS)2 12(aS)2
 
S
= = = S2
= 3a2 22N
N q hei2 Q2
s(t)c(t)c0 (t) 2 2N −2

= s(t)C cos(2πfc t/Φc )C 0 cos(2πfc t + Φ0c )

  3.3 Non-uniform quantification
CC 0  0 0 
= s(t) cos(Φc − Φc ) + cos(2π2fc t + Φc + Φc ) 3.3.1 Analogue compression: A-law
2 | {z } | {z }
LF HF
(
Ax 1
if |x| ≤
y = 1+ln A 1+ln(A|x|) A
1
2.3.4 AM SSB-SC coherent detection sgn(x) 1+ln A if |x| > A

s(t)c(t)c0 (t) 4 Transmission of numerical signals

X
=C Si cos [2π(fc + Fsi )t + Φc + Φi ] C 0 cos(2πfc t + Φ0c )
i 4.1 Baseband transmission
0
CC X 4.1.1 Lines codes
= {cos[2πFsi t + Φi + (Φc − Φ0c )]
2 i
| {z } ∞
LF X
s(t) = ak g(t − kT )
+ cos[2π(2fc + Fsi )t + Φc + Φ0c + Φi ]} k=−∞
| {z }
HF

4.2 Transmission in transposed band

2.3.5 FM of a pure tone
4.2.1 Amplitude shift keying
∞ ∞
s(t) = S cos(2πFs t) X X
m(t) = a(k)g(t − kT )C cos(2πfc t + Φc ) = mk (t)
c(t) = C cos(2πfc t + Φc ) k=−∞ k=−∞
m(t) = C cos [2πfc t + m sin(2πFs t) + Φc ]
4.2.2 Frequency shift keying
∆fmax kS
m= =
Fs Fs ∞  
X ∆f (k)
m(t) = rect(t − kT )C cos 2π(fc + )t + Φc
2.3.6 Spectrum of FM signal 2
k=−∞
X∞
= mk (t) where ∆f (k) = qa(k) and ∆fmax = qA
m(t) = C cos [ωc t + m sin(ωs t)]
k=−∞
X∞
= C Jk (m) cos [(ωc + kωs )t]  
∆f
k=−∞ BFSK = 2 (v − 1) + BBB
2
Carson
BF M ∼
= 2(∆f + Fs ) = 2Fs (m + 1) 4.2.3 Phase shift keying

∞  
X 2π v − 1
3 Introduction to source coding m(t) = rect(t − kT )C cos 2πfc t + Φc + a(k)
v A
k=−∞
3.1 Characteristics of a digital signal X∞
= mk (t) where a(k) = {. . . , −3, −1, +1, +3, . . .}
3.1.1 The rectangular impulse k=−∞
     
t − t0 T T
r(t) = A·rect = AU t − (t0 − ) −AU t − (t0 + )
T 2 2 mk (t) = g(t − kT )C cos [2πfc t + Φ(k)]
sin(πf T ) −j2πf t0 = g(t − kT )C{cos Φ(k) cos(2πfc t) − sin Φ(k) sin(2πfc t)}
R(f ) = A · T ·e | {z } | {z }
πf T I(k) Q(k)

2
4.2.4 Differential phase shift keying 5.1.5 Impedance and reflection factor
 
V (x)
mk (t) = g(t − kT )C cos 2πfc t + Φ(k − 1) + ∆Φ(k) Z(x) =
 
| {z } I(x)
Φ(k)
B(x) Z(x) − Z0
K(x) = =
A(x) Z(x) + Z0
4.2.5 π/4 - Differential phase shift keying
∞ 5.1.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
X h πi
m(t) = g(t − kT )C cos 2πfc t + Φ(k − 1) + ∆Φ(k) +
4 |Vmax | 1 + |KL |
k=−∞ V SW R = = 1 ≤ V SW R ≤ ∞
|Vmin | 1 − |KL |
4.2.6 Quadrature amplitude modulation
5.2 Optical fibres
mk (t) = A(k) cos [2πfc t + Φ(k)] 5.2.1 Propagation conditions
= I(k) cos(2πfc t) − Q(k) sin(2πfc t)
n1 cos θi = n2 cos θt

4.3 Reception of digital signals 4rc sin θi n1 k0 + 2Φcg (θi ) = m · 2π

4.3.1 Influence of noise 5.2.2 Bandwidth

S   
Eb (STb ) Db S B n1 1 n1 (n1 − n2 )
= N = N
= ∆T = ( )d( − 1) = ( )d
N0 (B) B
N Db c cos θR c n2
n2
τ > ∆T ⇒ B · d < 0, 8c
4.3.2 Influence of noise in an AWGN channel (n1 − n2 )n1
r
1 Eb
BERBP SK/QP SK = erf c 5.2.3 Numerical aperture
2 N0 q
sin θmax = n1 sin θR = (n21 − n22 )
5 Guided propagation
5.1 Metallic bifilar line 6 Radiated Propagation
5.1.1 Telegraphers equations 6.1 Tx Antennas
dV (x) 6.1.1 Radiation mechanisms
= −(r + j2πf l)I(x)  2
dx d
dI(x) Pradiated = 160 π I
= −(g + j2πf c)V (x) λ
dx
6.1.2 Formulas of Goudet
5.1.2 Secondary parameters
jηI e−jk0 R
s Ē = − f (ū)p̄e (ū)
r + j2πf l 2λ R
Z0 = |Z0 |e−j arg(Z0 ) = 1
g + j2πf c H̄ = ū × Ē

p η
γ = α + jβ = (r + j2πf l) (g + j2πf c)
|E|
= η ≈ 377Ω
|H|
5.1.3 Telegraphers equations - general solution
6.1.3 Radiation pattern
A(x) = A(0) · e−γx
η|I| 1
B(x) = B(0) · e+γx |E| = f (ū)
2λ R
|E| f (ū)
V (x) + Z0 I(x) ρ(ū) = =
A(x) = |E|max f (ū0 )
2
V (x) − Z0 I(x) 6.1.4 Radiated power density
B(x) =
2
Pradiated Pradiated
η= =
Pincident − Pref lected Paccepted
V (x) = A(x) + B(x)
A(x) − B(x) P
I(x) = Nis =
Z0 4πR2
1 |E|2
N (ū, R) = |E||H| =
5.1.4 Phase velocity 2 2η
dx f 2πf η|I|2 2
= µ = 2π β= N (ū, R) = f (ū)
dt β µ 8λ2 R2

3
6.1.5 Antenna gain
N (ū, R) πη|I|2 f 2 (ū)
G(ū) = P
=
4πR2
2λ2 P

6.1.6 Frequency band of antennas

 
Pincident
RLdB = 10 log10
Pref lected
 
Zantenna − Zline
= 20 log10 | Γ |= −20 log10
Zantenna + Zline

1+ | Γ |
V SW R =
1− | Γ |
 2
V SW R + 1
RL =
V SW R − 1

6.2 Rx Antennas
6.2.1 Available power
V0 = −Ēi (−ū, R)fr (ū)p̄r (ū) = −|Ei (−ū, R)|fr (ū)p̄r (ū)p̄i (−ū)
|V0 |2 |Ei (−ū, R)|2 fr2 (ū)|p̄r (ū)p̄i (−ū)|2
(PRx )b = =
8<e(Zr ) 8<e(Zr )
|Ni (−ū, R)|ηfr2 (ū)
(PRx )max =
4<e(Zr )

6.2.2 Effective area

(PRx )max ηfr2 (ū)
A(ū) = =
Ni (−ū, R) 4<e(Zr )
(PRx )b = Ni (−ū, R)A(ū)|p̄r (ū)p̄i (−ū)|2

6.2.3 Link with the antenna gain

4πA(ū)
G(ū) =
λ2
 2
λ
(PRx )max = PT x GT x (−ū) GRx (ū)
4πR

6.2.4 Power link budget

 2
λ
PRx = PT x GT x GRx | p̄T x (ū)p̄Rx (−ū) |2
| {z } 4πR
EIRP | {z }
free space loss

7 Multiplexing
8 Radio transmissions