applied
sciences
Article
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Fire-Resistance
Performance of Precast Concrete Hollow-Core Slabs
Inwook Heo 1 , Khaliunaa Darkhanbat 2 , Sun-Jin Han 1 , Seung-Ho Choi 1 , Hoseong Jeong 2
and Kang Su Kim 2, *






Citation: Heo, I.; Darkhanbat, K.;
Han, S.-J.; Choi, S.-H.; Jeong, H.;
Kim, K.S. Experimental and
Numerical Investigations on
Fire-Resistance Performance of
Precast Concrete Hollow-Core Slabs.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500. https://
doi.org/10.3390/app112311500
Academic Editor: Luis Laim
Received: 10 November 2021
Accepted: 2 December 2021
Published: 4 December 2021
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Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311500
1 Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu,
Seoul 02504, Korea; inwookheo@uos.ac.kr (I.H.); gkstjswls12@uos.ac.kr (S.-J.H.);
ssarmilmil@uos.ac.kr (S.-H.C.)
2 Department of Architectural Engineering and Smart City Interdisciplinary Major Program, University of
Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea; khaliunaa@uos.ac.kr (K.D.);
besc3217@uos.ac.kr (H.J.)
* Correspondence: kangkim@uos.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-2-6490-2762; Fax: +82-2-6490-2749
Abstract: In this study, full-scale fire tests and finite element (FE) analyses are conducted to investigate
the fire resistance performance of hollow-core slabs (HCSs) manufactured using the extrusion method.
The deflection of the HCS specimens and the temperature distribution in the section according to the
fire exposure time are measured and analyzed comprehensively, and the test results are compared
with the FE analysis results. In addition, parametric analyses are conducted on 21 cases with the
HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a section, cover thickness of concrete, and load ratio (i.e.,
the ratio of the external load to the ultimate load) as variables, based on which the fire resistance
performance of the HCS according to each variable is investigated. The analysis results show that the
load ratio is a key factor governing the fire resistance behavior of HCSs, whereas the effects of the
cover thickness of concrete and the hollow ratio in a section are relatively slight within the range of
variables examined in this study.
Keywords: hollow-core slab; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; fire resistance performance;
nonlinear finite element analysis
1. Introduction
Recently, the precast concrete (PC) method has garnered significant interest, and
its demand in the construction field has increased [1,2]. The PC method offers several
advantages over the reinforced concrete (RC) method in that it can minimize field work,
including the installation of temporary equipment, and can therefore reduce construction
periods and construction costs. In addition, most PC members are manufactured in
factories, which facilitates the quality control of materials and minimizes waste and dust on
construction sites [3,4]. Hence, the PC method has been actively applied to underground
parking lots, semiconductor fabrication plants, and distribution warehouses [5,6].
The prestressed hollow-core slab (HCS) shown in Figure 1 is a representative PC slab
that can reduce the amount of concrete required in manufacturing slabs as well as the
self-weight of members by forming voids in the section, thereby facilitating the transport
and lifting of members at the site. In addition, because prestress is introduced into the cross-
section of the slab, the HCS exhibits excellent crack controllability and is advantageous for
deflection control under service loads. For these reasons, it has been extensively applied
worldwide [7,8].
For the HCS to be used as a flooring system, it must demonstrate flexural and shear
capacities as well as fire resistance performance. In particular, compared with solid RC
slabs, HCSs may exhibit relatively low fire resistance performance because of the voids
formed in the cross-section; hence, the fire resistance performance of hollow-core slabs
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Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 2 of 24

formed in the cross-section; hence, the fire resistance performance of hollow-core slabs
needs
needs to to be
be investigated.
investigated. The The most
most common
common approach
approach for for evaluating
evaluating fire fire resistance
resistance of of
building elements, such as beams, columns, walls, and floors, is
building elements, such as beams, columns, walls, and floors, is to perform fire resistanceto perform fire resistance
tests.
tests. Data
Datafrom
from such
such tests
tests can
can be
be utilized
utilized to to establish
establish firefire resistance
resistance ratings
ratings of of various
various
structural members. Fire resistance tests are conducted in specially
structural members. Fire resistance tests are conducted in specially designed fire-testing designed fire-testing
furnaces
furnaces with
with specific
specific features
features andand dimensions.
dimensions. DuringDuring the the test,
test, the
the member
member or or assembly
assembly
is
is exposed to fire in which the temperature increases according to a standardfire
exposed to fire in which the temperature increases according to a standard fire curve.
curve.
Fire
Fire resistance
resistance is is usually
usually expressed
expressed as as the
the time
time atat which
which the the member
member or or assembly
assembly meets meets
the
the specified
specified criteria
criteria ofof performance.
performance. Most Most design
design codes
codes required
required three three failure
failure criteria
criteria that
that
are
are to be satisfied during the standard fire resistance tests, which generally include an
to be satisfied during the standard fire resistance tests, which generally include an
insulation
insulation criterion
criterion to to limit
limit the
thetemperature
temperaturerise riseand
andfire
firepropagation,
propagation, a stability
a stability criterion
criterion to
to prevent
prevent collapse
collapse or excessive
or excessive deformation,
deformation, and anand an integrity
integrity criterion criterion
to limittoflame
limitspread.
flame
spread.
Based on Based on the
the time time
taken totaken
reach to
thereach the specified
specified criteria, acriteria, a fire-resistance
fire-resistance rating is
rating is assigned
assigned for the by
for the member member by typically
typically roundingrounding
down to the down to the30-min
nearest nearestinterval
30-minup interval
to 2 h,up to
after
2which
h, after which
hourly hourly are
intervals intervals are used.
used. [9,10]. [9,10].
While many While manystudies
previous previous studies with
associated associated
HCSs
with
haveHCSsfocusedhave onfocused on the
the flexural flexural
and shear and shear behaviors
behaviors at room temperature
at room temperature [11–20], in [11–20],
recent
in recent
years, years,studies
several several have
studies have
been been conducted
conducted to identify
to identify the structural
the structural behavior behavior
of HCSs of
HCSs
underunder fire [21–27];
fire [21–27]; however,however,
most of most
themof are
them are primarily
primarily associatedassociated
with thewith the analysis
analysis of the
of
firethe fire resistance
resistance performanceperformance
of HCSsofbasedHCSsonbased on the
the finite finite(FE)
element element
method.(FE)Therefore,
method.
Therefore, full-scale
full-scale fire tests offire
HCSs tests
areofstill
HCSs are still insufficient.
insufficient.

Figure 1. Prestressed hollow-core slabs.

Figure 1. Prestressed hollow-core slabs.

Buchanan
Buchanan et et al.
al. [22,28,29]
[22,28,29] performed
performed an an FEFE analysis
analysis onon HCSs
HCSs exposed
exposed to to fire
fire and
and
proposed a simple method for structural engineers to model the
proposed a simple method for structural engineers to model the fire resistance behavior fire resistance behavior
of
of HCSs.
HCSs. InInaddition,
addition,they theyanalyzed
analyzedthe the effect
effect ofof aspect
aspect ratio
ratio (slab
(slab width
width to to slab
slab span
span
length) on the fire performance of hollow concrete slabs through
length) on the fire performance of hollow concrete slabs through additional analytical additional analytical
studies.
studies. Kodur
Koduretetal.al.[30]
[30]applied
applied a finite element-based
a finite element-based numerical
numerical model
modelbuilt in ANSYS
built in AN-
to
SYSevaluate the fire
to evaluate theperformance
fire performanceof HCSofinHCSrealistic fire loadfire
in realistic scenarios that existthat
load scenarios in parking
exist in
structures. They clearly
parking structures. They showed that thethat
clearly showed firethe
resistance was higher
fire resistance underunder
was higher realistic fire
realistic
conditions
fire conditions than under the standard fire conditions. Aguado et al. [21] proposed a
than under the standard fire conditions. Aguado et al. [21] proposed
numerical
numerical model for for investigating
investigatingthe thethermomechanical
thermomechanicalbehavior behavior of HCS
of an an HCS and
and con-
conducted a comparative
ducted a comparative analysis
analysis betweenbetween the proposed
the proposed model model
and theand the evaluation
evaluation method
method
presented presented in Eurocode
in Eurocode 2 [31]. et
2 [31]. Albero Albero et conducted
al. [23] al. [23] conducted
a numericala numerical
analysisanalysis on
on the fire
the fire behavior
behavior of slim-floor
of slim-floor beams combined
beams combined with HCSs with as HCSs as a system
a flooring flooringandsystem
then and then
analyzed
analyzed the difference
the difference in fire resistance
in fire resistance performance performance
between between
integratedintegrated
floor beamsfloorand
beams and
shallow
shallow floorinbeams
floor beams detail. in detail. etPečenko
Pečenko et al. [24]aproposed
al. [24] proposed a computational
computational model for HCSs model for
under
natural
HCSs fire, especially
under natural fire,considering
especiallymaterial and geometric
considering material andnonlinearities
geometricin addition to slip
nonlinearities in
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 3 of 24

between concrete and prestressing strands. Meanwhile, other numerical studies have also
been performed to identify the fire resistance performance of HCSs [25–27]. However, to
verify the accuracy and rationality of the FE analysis, a comparative analysis of the fire
resistance test results of HCSs is required. The FE model must be able to closely evaluate
the behavior of the member observed in the experiment, such as the center deflection with
respect to the fire exposure time and the temperature distribution in a section. However,
the available fire test data of HCSs are insufficient, particularly for full-scale fire test data.
In this study, a full-scale fire resistance test was conducted on an HCS manufactured
in an actual precast factory and used in practice. For the fire test, two HCS specimens with
cross-sectional heights of 200 and 265 mm were fabricated. The deflection of the specimens
according to the fire exposure time and the temperature distribution inside the concrete
section were measured and analyzed comprehensively, and the fire resistance performance
of the HCS specimens was evaluated based on the criteria presented in ISO 834-1 (Inter-
national Organization for Standardization) [32]. In addition, FE analysis was performed
considering heat transfer and material properties that change according to temperature,
and the rationality of the FE model was verified by comparing it with the actual temper-
ature and structural behaviors of the HCS specimens. Based on the verified FE model, a
parametric analysis was conducted on 21 cases with the HCS depth, span length, hollow
ratio in a section, cover thickness of concrete, and load ratio (i.e., the ratio of the external
load to the ultimate load) as variables. Subsequently, the fire resistance performance of the
HCS according to each variable was evaluated and discussed comprehensively.

2. Experimental Program
2.1. Test Specimens
Table 1 and Figure 2 show the section details and material properties of the HCS
specimens. In this study, two HCS specimens with cross-sectional heights of 200 and
265 mm were fabricated, and the specimen names are shown in Figure 2a. The total
length and clear span of the specimen were 7.0 and 6.0 m, respectively. Considering the
furnace condition, 2.5 HCS units with a width of 1.2 m were continuously placed for each
specimen to achieve a width (b) of 3 m. As shown in Figure 2b, the D200-T7 specimen was
manufactured by pouring topping concrete with a thickness of 50 mm on the upper part of
the HCS unit with a height of 200 mm. Two 9.5-mm-diameter prestressing strands were
placed on the top flange of the HCS unit, whereas two 9.5-mm-diameter and five 12.7-mm-
diameter strands were placed at the bottom flange. In addition, a live load of 1.5 kN/m2
was applied to the upper part of the slab during the fire test. As shown in Figure 2c, the
D265-T8 specimen was fabricated by pouring topping concrete with a thickness of 50 mm
on the upper part of the HCS unit with a height of 265 mm. In the D265-T8 specimen,
two 9.5-mm-diameter prestressing strands were placed on the top flange of the HCS unit,
whereas two 9.5-mm-diameter and six 12.7-mm-diameter strands were placed at the bottom
flange. The live load of the D265-T8 specimen was set to 3.0 kN/m2 .

Table 1. Dimensions and material properties of test specimens.

A h ht b L fpu,9.5 fpu, 12.7 f’c,PC f’c,t f’c,jo

Specimen
(mm2 ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
D200-T7 299,000 200 50 3000 7000 2003.2 1923.7 56.9 61.5 14.1
D265-T8 406,250 265 50 3000 7000 2003.2 1923.7 59.1 61.5 14.1
* Notations: A: cross-sectional area, h: height of HCS, ht : height of topping concrete, b: width of section, L: length of specimen, fpu : tensile stress of
prestressing strands, f’c,PC : compressive strength of precast concrete, f’c,t : compressive strength of topping concrete, f’c,jo compressive strength of
joint concrete.
 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 4 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 4 of 24

D200 - T7
H: Depth of hollow-core slab, (mm)

T: Number of strands at the bottom flange, (EA)

(a) Specimen naming

7000
A

569
600

62
Topping
1200

1138
concrete

3000
62
Joint
1200

1138
31
1 8- 12.7 2 2- 9.5 A' 2 2- 9.5
(BOTTOM) 200
(BOTTOM) (TOP)

< Section A-A' >

1200
127 189 189 189 189 189 127 Topping Cross-section area, A 299,000 mm2
2 2- 9.5 concrete Cross-section height, h 200 mm
Hollow-core Specimen width, b 3000 mm
200 50

specimen Topping concrete height, ht 50 mm

100 100

155 34 Specimen length, L 7000 mm

Top flange thickness 22.5 mm
Bottom flange thickness 22.5 mm
1 5- 12.7 2 2- 9.5 Inner void surface area 94,346 mm2/m

(b) D200-T7 specimen (unit: mm)

7000
A
569
600

62

Topping
1200

1138

concrete
3000
62

Joint
1200

1138
31

1 8- 12.7 2 2- 9.5 A'

2 2- 9.5
(TOP) 265
(BOTTOM) (BOTTOM)

Figure 2. Cont.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 5 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 5 of 24

< Section A-A' >

1200
152 224 224 224 224 152 Topping Cross-section area, A 406,250 mm2
concrete Cross-section height, h
2 2- 9.5 265 mm
Hollow-core Specimen width, b 3000 mm
50

specimen Topping concrete height, ht 50 mm

130 135

182 42
Specimen length, L 7000 mm
265

195

Top flange thickness 35 mm

Bottom flange thickness 35 mm
1 8- 12.7 2 2- 9.5 Inner void surface area 121,703 mm2/m

(c) D265-T8 specimen

Figure
Figure 2.
2. Details
Details of
of test
test specimens
specimens (unit:
(unit: mm).
mm).

The
The nominal
nominal tensile strength(( ffpu
tensile strength ) of the prestressing strands was 1860 MPa, and the
pu ) of the prestressing strands
effective prestress
effective prestress ofof the
the strands
strandswas 0.65 ffpu
was 0.65
pu
.. The
The HCS
HCS unit
unit was
was manufactured
manufactured using an
using an
extrusion method [33]. Figure 3 shows the manufacturing process of the test specimens.
extrusion method
The prestressing [33]. Figure
strands 3 shows
were first tensionedthe manufacturing process bed
on a long-line prestress of the
andtest
thenspecimens.
anchored
The prestressing strands were first tensioned on a long-line
at both ends of the bed. Subsequently, a machine compacted concrete simultaneously prestress bed and then
with
anchored
extruding at both with
concrete ends aofzerotheslump.
bed. Subsequently, a machine
The slab was subjected compacted
to steam curing concrete
for 24 h
simultaneously
and then cut to with
produce extruding
an HCSconcrete with a As
unit member. zero slump. The
described above,slab
2.5was
HCS subjected to
units with
steam
a widthcuring
of 1.2for
m 24 h and
were thencontinuously
placed cut to produce (seeanFigure
HCS unit
3f),member.
and a holeAswas
described
drilledabove,
in the
2.5 HCS units with a width of 1.2 m were placed continuously (see
upper surface of the slab. Thermocouples were then installed to measure the temperature Figure 3f), and a hole
was drilled in the upper surface of the slab. Thermocouples were then
distribution in the cross-section. The specimen manufacturing process was completed by installed to measure
the temperature
casting distribution
topping concrete. Thein the cross-section.
specimens were air-curedThe specimen manufacturing
at room temperature process
for 28 days,
was completed
and the concretebycompressive
casting toppingstrength 0
concrete.
( f c,PC )The specimens
of the HCS unit were air-cured
measured priorat to
room
the
temperature
experiment was for 28 MPa. and the concrete compressive strength ( f c′, P C ) of the HCS unit
58 days,
measured prior to the experiment was 58 MPa.
2.2. Test Apparatus and Measurements
Figure 4a shows a large fire testing furnace at the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering
and Building Technology. In this study, the fire resistance test was performed by setting
the clear span of the specimen, i.e., the span exposed to fire, to 6.0 m, and eight sand boxes
were placed at equal intervals on the upper surface of the slab to apply the target live load
evenly, as shown in Figure 4b,c. For the D200-T7 specimen, the weight of each sand box
was 337.5 kg; therefore, a load of 2700 kg (=1.5 kN/m2 ) was applied to the specimen. For
the D265-T8 specimen, the weight of each sand box was set to 675 kg, and the total load
applied to the specimen was 5400 kg (=3.0 kN/m2 ). The temperature inside the furnace
during the fire test was controlled to adhere to the ISO 834-1 standard fire curve [32],
as shown in Figure 5. In the center of the upper surface of the HCS specimen, a linear
(a) Cleaning extrudingdifferential
variable bed transformer (LVDT) was installed
(b) Jackingin the verticalstrands
prestressing direction to measure
the deflection of the specimen subjected to fire loads.

(c) Extruding precast concrete (d) Steam curing

 was drilled in the upper surface of the slab. Thermocouples were then installed to measure
the temperature distribution in the cross-section. The specimen manufacturing process
was completed by casting topping concrete. The specimens were air-cured at room
temperature for 28 days, and the concrete compressive strength ( f c′, P C ) of the HCS unit
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 6 of 24
measured prior to the experiment was 58 MPa.

(a) Cleaning extruding bed (b) Jacking prestressing strands

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 6 of 23

(c) Extruding precast concrete (d) Steam curing

(e) Cutting specimens (f) Installing steel frame

(g) Installing thermocouples (h) Casting topping concrete

Figure
Figure3.3.Manufacturing processofofHCS
Manufacturing process HCSspecimens.
specimens.

2.2. Test Apparatus and Measurements

Figure 4a shows a large fire testing furnace at the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering
and Building Technology. In this study, the fire resistance test was performed by setting
the clear span of the specimen, i.e., the span exposed to fire, to 6.0 m, and eight sand boxes
were placed at equal intervals on the upper surface of the slab to apply the target live load
evenly, as shown in Figure 4b,c. For the D200-T7 specimen, the weight of each sand box
was 337.5 kg; therefore, a load of 2700 kg (=1.5 kN/m2) was applied to the specimen. For
 was 337.5 kg; therefore, a load of 2700 kg (=1.5 kN/m2) was applied to the specimen. For
the D265-T8 specimen, the weight of each sand box was set to 675 kg, and the total load
applied to the specimen was 5400 kg (=3.0 kN/m2). The temperature inside the furnace
during the fire test was controlled to adhere to the ISO 834-1 standard fire curve [32], as
shown in Figure 5. In the center of the upper surface of the HCS specimen, a linear variable
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 7 of 24
differential transformer (LVDT) was installed in the vertical direction to measure the
deflection of the specimen subjected to fire loads.

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 7 of 23

(a) Furnace for fire test

7000
500 6000 500
3000 3000

Hollow-core Frame
specimen
500

Sand box
1500

LVDT
3000
1500
500

Sand box

Hollow-core
specimen

Furnance chamber

Furnance wall Furnance wall

6000
6,000
7000
7,000

(b) Loading details

(c) Specimen subjected to elevated temperature in fire furnace

Figure 4. Test setup (unit: mm).
Figure 4. Test setup (unit: mm).
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 8 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 8 of 24
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 8 of 23

Figure 5. Standard fire curve (ISO 834-1).

Standardfire
Figure5.5.Standard
Figure firecurve
curve(ISO
(ISO834-1).
834-1).
As shown in Figure 6a, the temperature change in the upper surface of the specimen
Asshown
shownat
was measured
As ininfive
Figure 6a,the
theIn
locations.
Figure 6a, temperature change
addition, aschange
temperature shownin inthe
the upper
Figure
upper surface
6b–e, ofthe
thespecimen
thermocouples
surface of specimen
were
was measured
installed in theat five locations.
hollow sections In addition,
and websas shown
of the in
HCSFigure 6b–e,
specimens thermocouples
was measured at five locations. In addition, as shown in Figure 6b–e, thermocouples wereto measure were
the
installed
temperaturein the hollow
distribution sections
in the and webs of
cross-section the HCS
accordingspecimens
to the to
fire
installed in the hollow sections and webs of the HCS specimens to measure the measure
exposure the temperature
time.
distribution distribution
temperature in the cross-section according toaccording
in the cross-section the fire exposure time.
to the fire exposure time.

6000
6,000
1,500
1500 1,500
1500 1,500
1500 1,500
1500
6000
6,000
1,500
1500 1,500
1500 1,500
1500 1,500
1500 150
150
200 150
150
200
750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750

1 2
: Temperature
: Temperaturemeasuring
measuring device (① ~ ⑤)
1 2 device
3 :: Temperature
:Lifting
Lifting lug
Temperature
lug measuring
measuring device (① ~ ⑤)
30003,000

device
3000

3 :: Lifting
Thermocouples
:: Lifting
Thermocouples
lug
lug
– Type1 1
- Type
3,000

4 5 : Thermocouples
: Thermocouples –Type
Type
--Type 1212

4 5 : Thermocouples- –Type
: Thermocouples Type22

(a) Locations of thermocouples

(a) Locations of thermocouples
50 50

50 50
70 30
50 50 50 50 50

30 7070 30
200 200

200 200
30 70

(b) Type 1 (D200-T7 specimen) (c) Type 2 (D200-T7 specimen)

(b) Type 1 (D200-T7 specimen) (c) Type 2 (D200-T7 specimen)
Figure 6. Cont.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 9 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 9 of 24

50

50
30
70

102
65
265

265
65

30 102
65
(d) Type 1 (D265-T8 specimen) (e) Type 2 (D265-T8 specimen)
Figure
Figure 6.
6. Measurement
Measurement of
of temperature (unit: mm).
temperature (unit: mm).

2.3.
2.3. Criteria
Criteria for
for Evaluating
Evaluating Fire
Fire Resistance
Resistance Performance
Performance
ISO
ISO 834-1
834-1 [32]
[32]specifies
specifiesthree
threeperformance
performancecriteria
criteria(i.e.,
(i.e.,integrity,
integrity, insulation,
insulation, andandload-
load-
bearing capacity)
bearing capacity)for forstructural
structuralmembers
memberssubjected
subjected toto
firefire loads.
loads. Integrity
Integrity is defined
is defined as theas
the ability
ability of aofstructural
a structural member
member to to prevent
prevent a flamefrom
a flame frompenetrating,
penetrating,and anditit is
is evaluated
based on
based on the
the time
time of ignition
ignition of a cotton pad, penetration of a gap gauge, or sustained
flaming on
flaming on the
the unexposed
unexposed surface.
surface. Insulation
Insulation refers
refers to
to the
the ability
ability of
of the test specimen to
prevent heat
heat penetration;
penetration;ififthe theincrease
increaseinintemperature
temperature of ofthethe
unheated
unheated surface exceeds
surface the
exceeds
average
the average140140
K orKthe maximum
or the maximum 180 180
K compared
K compared withwith
the initial temperature
the initial temperature during the
during
fire fire
the test, test,
then then
the member
the memberis regarded as not fulfilling
is regarded the insulation
as not fulfilling criterion.criterion.
the insulation In addition, In
the load-bearing capacity criterion for horizontal members under
addition, the load-bearing capacity criterion for horizontal members under fire loading fire loading was defined
for the
was verticalfor
defined deflection (D) and
the vertical deflection (D
the rate of deflection
) and the (dD/dt),
rate of respectively,
deflection as follows:
( dD / dt ),
respectively, as follows:
L2
D= (mm) (1)
L2
400d
D= (mm) (1)
dD L2
400 d
= (mm/min) (2)
dD
dt L2
9000d
= (mm/min) (2)
where L is the length of the cleardtspan,9000 anddd is the height of the section. However, it
is noteworthy that Equation (2) is applied only when the vertical deformation of the
memberL exceeds
where is the length
L/30of(mm).
the clear Thespan, and d isallowable
maximum the heightdeformation
of the section. andHowever, it is
strain limit
noteworthy that Equation (2) is applied only when the vertical deformation
calculated using Equations (1) and (2) were 360.0 mm and 16.0 mm/min, respectively, for of the member
exceeds
the D200-T7 L / 30 (mm). The
specimen, maximum
whereas allowable
they were 285.7 mmdeformation
and 12.7 and strain respectively,
mm/min, limit calculated for
using Equations
the D265-T8 specimen. (1) and (2) were 360.0 mm and 16.0 mm/min, respectively, for the D200-
T7 specimen, whereas they were 285.7 mm and 12.7 mm/min, respectively, for the D265-
T8 specimen.
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Thermal Behaviors of Test Specimens
3. Experimental
In this study, Results
a fire load was applied to the lower surface of the test specimens for
3.1.
120 Thermal
min (=7200Behaviors
s); the of
two Test Specimenssatisfied the integrity criterion because no flame pen-
specimens
etration was observed during
In this study, a fire load was the test. Figures
applied 7 and
to the 8 show
lower the of
surface temperature distribution
the test specimens for
in the
120 minsection
(=7200and
s);the
thetemperature
two specimens at the upper surface
satisfied of the criterion
the integrity slab withbecause
respect tonothe fire
flame
exposure time.
penetration wasInobserved
the D200-T7 specimen,
during when
the test. the fire7resistance
Figures and 8 show time reached 120 min,
the temperature
the maximum temperature of concrete around the prestressing strands was
distribution in the section and the temperature at the upper surface of the slab with respect approximately
379 ◦
to theC, asexposure
fire shown intime.
Figure In 7a.
theThe upperspecimen,
D200-T7 surface ofwhen
the slab
the indicated an extremely
fire resistance low
time reached
increase in temperature, i.e., an average of 39.3 K and a maximum
120 min, the maximum temperature of concrete around the prestressing strands was of 42.5 K, as shown
in Figure 7b. Figure
approximately 379 °C,8 asshows
shown theintemperature
Figure 7a. The behavior of the D265-T8
upper surface specimen.
of the slab indicatedThe an
maximum temperature of concrete around the strands was approximately 345 ◦ C; similar
extremely low increase in temperature, i.e., an average of 39.3 K and a maximum of 42.5
to the
K, D200-T7inspecimen,
as shown Figure 7b. theFigure
increase 8 in temperature
shows at the top behavior
the temperature of the slabofwas
theextremely
D265-T8
low (i.e., an average of 28.8 K and a maximum of 33.3 K).
specimen. The maximum temperature of concrete around the strands was approximately
345 °C; similar to the D200-T7 specimen, the increase in temperature at the top of the slab
was extremely low (i.e., an average of 28.8 K and a maximum of 33.3 K).
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 10 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 10 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 10 of 24

(a) Temperature in section (b) Temperature at unexposed surface

(a) Temperature in section behavior of D200-T7 specimen
Figure 7. Temperature (b) over
Temperature at unexposed
fire exposure time. surface
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Temperature
Temperature behavior
behavior of
ofD200-T7
D200-T7specimen
specimenover
overfire
fireexposure
exposuretime.
time.

(a) Temperature in section (b) Temperature at unexposed surface

(a) Temperature in section behavior of D265-T8 specimen
Figure 8. Temperature (b) over
Temperature at unexposed
fire exposure time. surface
Figure 8. Temperature behavior of D265-T8 specimen over fire exposure time.
Figure 8. Temperature behavior of D265-T8 specimen over fire exposure time.
In general,
In general, the temperature
temperature of of the D265-T8
D265-T8 specimen
specimen was was lower
lower than
than that of the D200-
T7
T7 specimen.
specimen.
In general, This
Thisisis
the because
because
temperature thethe
innerthevoid
of inner surface
void
D265-T8 areaarea
surface
specimen of the ofD265-T8
was specimen
the D265-T8
lower than ofwas
the larger
specimen
that was
D200-
than
largerthat
thanof the
that D200-T7
of the specimen;
D200-T7 hence,
specimen; the heat
hence, release
the heat rate was
release
T7 specimen. This is because the inner void surface area of the D265-T8 specimen was relatively
rate was high
relatively[27]. In
high
addition,
[27].
largerInthan it was
addition, estimated
that ofitthe
was that
estimated
D200-T7 the relatively large
that thehence,
specimen; heat
relatively capacity
large
the heat of the
heat capacity
release D265-T8
rate was of specimen
the D265-T8
relatively high
contributed
specimen to a slow
contributed
[27]. In addition, temperature
it was to a slow
estimated increase theatrelatively
the top
temperature
that oflarge
the section.
increase at the
heat Consequently,
top of
capacity the two
section.
of the D265-T8
specimens
specimen satisfied
Consequently, bothto
the two
contributed thea insulation
specimens
slow satisfiedand integrity
temperature thecriteria
both increase atpresented
insulation the and inofISO834-1
top integrity [32]
criteria
the section.
until the end
presented
Consequently, of the
the experiment.
in ISO834-1 two [32] until the end
specimens of theboth
satisfied experiment.
the insulation and integrity criteria
presented in ISO834-1 [32] until the end of the experiment.
3.2.
3.2. Deflection
Deflection Responses
Responses According
According to to Fire
Fire Exposure
Exposure Time
Time
Figure
3.2. Deflection 9 shows
Figure 9 Responses the vertical
shows theAccording deflection of
to Fire Exposure
vertical deflection the
of theTimeHCS
HCS specimens
specimens according
according to to the
the fire
fire
exposure
exposure time.
time. As
As shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 9a,
9a, the
the deflection
deflection of
of the
the D200-T7
D200-T7 specimen
specimen indicated
indicated aa
Figure 9 shows the vertical deflection of the HCS specimens according to the fire
constant
constant increase according to the
the fire exposure time,
time,and aa deflection of
of 97.2
97.2 mm occurred
exposureincrease
time. Asaccording
shown into Figurefire9a,exposure
the deflection and
of the deflection
D200-T7 specimen mm occurreda
indicated
at 120 min (=7200 s). As shown in Figure 9b, the maximum deflection of the D265-T8
at 120 min
constant (=7200according
increase s). As shown to the in
fireFigure
exposure9b, time,
the maximum deflection
and a deflection ofmm
of 97.2 the occurred
D265-T8
specimen was 76.7 mm. Considering that the maximum allowable deformation of the
at 120 min (=7200 s). As shown in Figure 9b, the maximum deflection of the D265-T8
D200-T7 specimen was 360.0 mm, and that of the D265-T8 specimen was 285.7 mm, the
 D200-T7 specimen was 360.0 mm, and that of the D265-T8 specimen was 285.7 mm, the
deflection generated in both specimens was approximately 27% of the limit deflection,
which suggests that HCS specimens have superior fire resistance performance.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 11 of 23
Figure 10 shows the HCS specimens observed after the fire resistance test. In both the
D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens, concrete spalling was observed on the lower part of the
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 11 of 24
member exposed directly to the flame. It was speculated that the spalling was caused by
specimen
the was of
movement 76.7
freemm. Considering
water that and
in the concrete the moisture
maximum allowable
generated deformation
from of the
the dehydration
D200-T7 [34].
reaction specimen was 360.0
However, mm,
because and that
spalling of the D265-T8
occurred only in anspecimen
extremelywas 285.7
small mm,
area of the
deflection
entire generated
surface of the in both
slab, specimens
deflection did was
not approximately
increase 27%
significantly of the
during limit
the
deflection generated in both specimens was approximately 27% of the limit deflection, deflection,
test.
which
which suggests that HCS
suggests that HCS specimens
specimens have
have superior
superior fire
fire resistance
resistance performance.
performance.
Figure 10 shows the HCS specimens observed after the fire resistance test. In both the
D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens, concrete spalling was observed on the lower part of the
member exposed directly to the flame. It was speculated that the spalling was caused by
the movement of free water in the concrete and moisture generated from the dehydration
reaction [34]. However, because spalling occurred only in an extremely small area of the
entire surface of the slab, deflection did not increase significantly during the test.

(a) D200-T7 specimen (b) D265-T8 specimen

Figure
Figure 9.
9. Mid-span
Mid-span deflection
deflection according
according to
to fire exposure time.
fire exposure time.

Figure 10 shows the HCS specimens observed after the fire resistance test. In both the
D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens, concrete spalling was observed on the lower part of the
member exposed directly to the flame. It was speculated that the spalling was caused by
the movement of free water in the concrete and moisture generated from the dehydration
(a) D200-T7 specimen (b) D265-T8 specimen
reaction [34]. However, because spalling occurred only in an extremely small area of the
Figure
entire 9. Mid-span
surface of thedeflection according
slab, deflection didtonot
fireincrease
exposuresignificantly
time. during the test.

(a) D200-T7 specimen

(a) D200-T7 specimen

(b) D265-T8 specimen

(b) D265-T8 specimen

Figure 10. Cont.

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 12 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 12 of 24

(c) Damages in concrete due to fire (D265-T8 specimen)

Figure
Figure10.
10.Specimens
Specimens after fire resistance
after fire resistancetest.
test.

4.4.Nonlinear
NonlinearFinite
FiniteElement
Element Analysis ConsideringFire
Analysis Considering FireDamage
Damage
Basedon
Based onthetheexperimental
experimental results reported
reportedininthe
theprevious
previoussection, a nonlinear
section, a nonlinearFE FE
analysiswas
analysis wasperformed
performed using
using the
the general-purpose
general-purposeFE FEprogram
program ABAQUS/CAE
ABAQUS/CAE [35], andand
[35],
therationality
the rationality ofofthe
thepresented modeling
presented technique
modeling was verified
technique by comparing
was verified the analysisthe
by comparing
results with the test results. In addition, a parametric analysis was performed
analysis results with the test results. In addition, a parametric analysis was performed using
the verified FE model, in which the HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a section,
using the verified FE model, in which the HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a
cover thickness of concrete, and load ratio were set as variables, and the fire resistance
section, cover thickness of concrete, and load ratio were set as variables, and the fire
performance of the HCS according to each key variable was investigated in detail.
resistance performance of the HCS according to each key variable was investigated in
detail.
4.1. Details of FE Models
Table 2 and Figure 11 show the details of the members modeled for the FE analysis.
4.1.
In Details
the slabofmodel
FE Models
name, the number after “D” indicates the HCS depth, the number after
“S” Table 2 and
the span Figure
length (mm),11 show the details
the number after of
“H” thethe
members modeled
hollow ratio of thefor the FE(%),
section analysis.
the
Innumber
the slabafter
model“C”name,
the cover
the thickness of concrete
number after (mm), and
“D” indicates thethe number
HCS depth,after
the“L” the load
number after
ratio. For example, D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 is a member in which a load
“S” the span length (mm), the number after “H” the hollow ratio of the section (%), the corresponding
to 40% after
number of the“C”ultimate loadthickness
the cover is appliedofto the HCS
concrete unit with
(mm), a depth
and the numberof 200 mm,
after “L”athe
spanload
length of 6 m, a 45% hollow ratio, and a cover thickness of 40 mm. It should
ratio. For example, D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 is a member in which a load corresponding to also be noted
thatofD200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
40% and D265-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
the ultimate load is applied to the HCS unit withmembers were
a depth of 200used
mm,toa verify the
span length
accuracy of the FE analysis based on a comparison with the fire resistance test performed
of 6 m, a 45% hollow ratio, and a cover thickness of 40 mm. It should also be noted that
in this study. Figure 11b shows that in the FE analysis, a load was applied to the slab, and
D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1 and D265-S6-H45-C35-L0.1 members were used to verify the
then a temperature load was applied in the same manner as the actual fire resistance test.
accuracy of the FE analysis based on a comparison with the fire resistance test performed
in this study. Figure 11b shows that in the FE analysis, a load was applied to the slab, and
then a temperature load was applied in the same manner as the actual fire resistance test.

Table 2. Details of FE members.

Thickness of
Depth of HCS Hollow Ratio
Analysis Model Span (m) Concrete Cover Load Ratio
(PC) (mm) (%)
(mm)
D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
200 6 50 35 0.1
(Validation)
D265-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
265 6 50 35 0.1
(Validation)
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 * 200
6 45 40 0.4
D265-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 265
D320-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 320 6 45 40 0.4
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 13 of 24

Table 2. Details of FE members.

Depth of HCS Thickness of

Analysis Model Span (m) Hollow Ratio (%) Load Ratio
(PC) (mm) Concrete Cover (mm)
D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
200 6 50 35 0.1
(Validation)
D265-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
265 6 50 35 0.1
(Validation)
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 * 200
6 45 40 0.4
D265-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 265
D320-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 320
6 45 40 0.4
D400-S6-H45-C40-L0.4 400
D200-S4-H45-C40-L0.4 4
D200-S8-H45-C40-L0.4 8
200 45 40 0.4
D200-S10-H45-C40-L0.4 10
D200-S12-H45-C40-L0.4 12
D200-S6-H30-C40-L0.4 30
D200-S6-H35-C40-L0.4 35
200 6 40 0.4
D200-S6-H40-C40-L0.4 40
D200-S6-H50-C40-L0.4 50
D200-S6-H45-C30-L0.4 30
D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.4 35
200 6 45 0.4
D200-S6-H45-C45-L0.4 45
D200-S6-H45-C50-L0.4 50
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.1 0.1
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.2 0.2
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.3 200 6 45 40 0.3
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.5 0.5
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.6 0.6
* Reference member.

As shown in Figure 12, concrete, prestressing strands, and reinforcing bars were
modeled using a coupled temperature-displacement element (C3D8T) that enables the
heat transfer analysis and structural analysis simultaneously. In the analysis model, the
interaction conditions between concrete and prestressing strands or reinforcing bars were
assumed to be fully bonded, which was modeled by the embedded option. In the specimens
fabricated in this study, the reinforcing bars were not placed in the topping concrete with a
thickness of 50 mm. Accordingly, the D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1 and D265-S6-H45-C35-L0.1
members were modeled to have the same details of topping concrete, whose purpose
was to verify the accuracy of the FE analysis. Both ends of the member were modeled
as simply supported, which is the same as the actual experimental test condition. In
addition, an uniformly distributed load was applied to the top of the slab via the pressure
option in ABAQUS/CAE. Static simulations allowing for nonlinearity arising from both the
constitutive law and the large geometric deformations were performed. The convergence
criteria have been set as the default convergence criteria provided by Abaqus, i.e., 0.5% of
the force acting on the structure over time.
 D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.2 0.2
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.3 200 6 45 40 0.3
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.5 0.5
D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.6 0.6
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 14 of 24
* Reference member.

D200-S6-H45-C40-L0.4
D: Depth of hollow-core slab(PC), mm

S: Span of hollow-core slab, m

H: Hollow ratio, %

C: Thickness of concrete cover, mm

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 14 of 23

L: Load ratio

(a) Naming of analysis model

As shown in Figure 12, concrete, prestressing strands, and reinforcing bars were
modeled using a coupled temperature-displacement element (C3D8T) that enables the
heat transfer analysis and structural analysis simultaneously. In the analysis model, the
interaction conditions between concrete and prestressing strands or reinforcing bars were
assumed to be fully bonded, which was modeled by the embedded option. In the
specimens fabricated in this study, the reinforcing bars were not placed in the topping
concrete with a thickness of 50 mm. Accordingly, the D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1 and D265-
S6-H45-C35-L0.1 members were modeled to have the same details of topping concrete,
whose purpose was to verify the accuracy of the FE analysis. Both ends of the member
were modeled as simply supported, which is the same as the actual experimental test
condition. In addition, an uniformly distributed load was applied to the top of the slab via
the pressure option in ABAQUS/CAE. Static simulations allowing for nonlinearity arising
(b)constitutive
from both the FE model for parametric
law analysis
and the large geometric deformations were performed. The
Figure convergence criteria have been set as the default convergence
HCS.criteria provided by
Figure 11.
11. Schematic
Schematic description
description of
of FE
FE analysis
analysis on
on fire
fire resistance performance
resistance performance of HCS.
of
Abaqus, i.e., 0.5% of the force acting on the structure over time.

Figure 12. Boundary

Figure 12. Boundary and
and interaction
interaction conditions.
conditions.

Figure 13
Figure 13 shows
showsthe
thethermal
thermalboundary
boundary conditions of the
conditions of analysis model.
the analysis The tem-
model. The
perature of the standard fire curve specified in ISO834-1, shown in Figure 5, was
temperature of the standard fire curve specified in ISO834-1, shown in Figure 5, was applied
to the bottom of the HCS unit. Here, an emissivity factor of 0.7 and a film coefficient of
applied to the bottom of the HCS unit. Here, an emissivity factor of 0.7 and a film
25 W/m2 K were applied, based on Eurocode 1 and 2 [31,36]. Room temperature (=20 ◦ C)
coefficient of 25 W/m2K were applied, based on Eurocode 1 and 2 [31,36]. Room
was applied to the top and side surfaces of the slab, which were not directly exposed to
temperature (=20 °C) was applied to the top and side surfaces of the slab, which were not
fire, and an emissivity factor of 0.7 and a film coefficient of 4 W/m2 K were applied 2in
directly exposed to fire, and an emissivity factor of 0.7 and a film coefficient of 4 W/m K
this case. The thermal conductance option was used to implement heat transfer in the
were applied in this case. The thermal conductance option was used to implement heat
hollow-core section.
transfer in the hollow-core section.
 temperature of the standard fire curve specified in ISO834-1, shown in Figure 5, was
applied to the bottom of the HCS unit. Here, an emissivity factor of 0.7 and a film
coefficient of 25 W/m2K were applied, based on Eurocode 1 and 2 [31,36]. Room
temperature (=20 °C) was applied to the top and side surfaces of the slab, which were not
directly exposed to fire, and an emissivity factor of 0.7 and a film coefficient of 4 W/m2K
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 15 of 24
were applied in this case. The thermal conductance option was used to implement heat
transfer in the hollow-core section.

Figure 13.Thermal
Figure13. Thermalboundary
boundaryconditions.
conditions.

4.2. Material Properties

The material properties presented in Table 1 were applied to the slabs modeled for the
verification of the FE analysis (i.e., D200-S6-H45-C35-L0.1 and D265-S6-H45-C35-L0.1 mem-
bers), whereas the elastic modulus of the prestressing strands of 200 GPa, tensile strength
of prestressing strands ( f pu ) of 1860 MPa, and compressive strength of concrete ( f 0 c ) of
50 MPa were applied to other slab members. In addition, the concrete damaged plasticity
model [37] was used as a yield criterion, the bilinear model (i.e., the elasto-linear hardening
model) [31] for the stress–strain relationships of the prestressing strands, and the Popovics
model [38] for the constitutive law of concrete.
The thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and steel materials change as
temperature increases. The thermal properties of materials include thermal conductivity,
specific heat, and emissivity factor, whereas the mechanical properties include density,
Poisson’s ratio, and stress–strain relationship. As shown in Figures 14 and 15, the thermal
and mechanical properties of concrete and steel materials presented in Eurocode 4 Part
1-2 [39] were applied in this study.

4.3. Validation of FE Model

Figures 16 and 17 as well as Table 3 present a comparison of the test and analysis
results in terms of temperature in the cross-section and mid-span deflection of the D200-T7
and D265-T8 specimens. It was found that the FE model evaluated the temperature for each
cross-sectional height according to the fire exposure time with good accuracy. Furthermore,
it predicted the maximum temperature of concrete around the prestressing strands located
at the bottom flange when the fire resistance time reached 120 min (=7200 s), which was
similar to the test results. In addition, as shown in Figure 17a, the FE model yielded analysis
results that were similar to the deflections caused by the fire load on the D200-T7 specimen,
and the difference between the deflections obtained from the analysis and test was only
0.03 mm when the fire resistance time reached 120 min. As shown in Figure 17b, for the
D265-T8 specimen, the FE model simulated the fire resistance behavior of the specimen
accurately, and the final deflection predicted by the FE model was approximately 81.7 mm,
which is similar to the deflection observed in the test (76.7 mm).

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500
(a) Specific heat
(c) Density
The thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and steel materials change as
temperature increases. The thermal properties of materials include thermal conductivity,
specific heat, and emissivity factor, whereas the mechanical properties include density,
Poisson’s ratio, and stress–strain relationship. As shown in Figures 14 and 15, the thermal
and mechanical properties of concrete and steel materials presented in Eurocode 4 Part16 of1-
24
2 [39] were applied in this study.
(b) Thermal conductivity
(d) Stress-strain curves at elevated temperature
Figure
Figure14.
14.Thermal
Thermaland
andmechanical
mechanicalproperties
propertiesof
ofconcrete.
concrete.
Meanwhile, to investigate the fire resistance performance of HCSs more comprehen-
sively, many fire tests are to be conducted while considering various cross-sectional details,
load conditions, and span lengths. However, this is difficult to achieve when the complexity
of the experiment and the time and costs required for the fire test are considered. Therefore,
in this study, numerical simulations were performed using the verified FE model, where
the HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a section, cover thickness of concrete, and load
ratio were used as variables for 21 cases (see Table 2). Subsequently, the fire resistance
performance of the HCS according to the key variables was analyzed in detail.
4.4. Parametric Analysis Results of Thermal Responses
In this study, the analysis was conducted until the fire exposure time reached 120 min.
Figure 18 shows the temperature distribution in the cross-section with respect to the
fire exposure time for each HCS depth (i.e., 200, 265, 320, and 400 mm). The maximum
temperatures of concrete around the prestressing strands of the D200, D265, D320, and
D400 series were 399.9 ◦ C, 348.1 ◦ C, 337.2 ◦ C, and 286.4 ◦ C, and the temperatures at the
upper surface of the slab were 100.8 ◦ C, 61.8 ◦ C, 52.6 ◦ C, and 51.6 ◦ C, respectively. This
indicates that the temperature increase in the section decreased as the HCS depth increased.
This is because relatively rapid heat release occurred as the surface area of voids in the
section increased with the depth, and the heat capacity of the member increased with
the cross-sectional area. [27] Consequently, all of the D200, D265, D320, and D400 series
satisfied the insulation criterion presented in ISO834-1 [32] until the fire exposure time of
120 min.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 16 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 17 of 24

(a) Specific heat (b) Thermal conductivity

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 17 of 23

(c) Density (d) Stress-strain curves at elevated temperature
Figure
Figure15.
15.Thermal
Thermaland
andmechanical
mechanicalproperties
propertiesofofprestressing
prestressingsteel.
steel.

4.3. Validation of FE Model

Figures 16 and 17 as well as Table 3 present a comparison of the test and analysis
results in terms of temperature in the cross-section and mid-span deflection of the D200-
T7 and D265-T8 specimens. It was found that the FE model evaluated the temperature for
each cross-sectional height according to the fire exposure time with good accuracy.
Furthermore, it predicted the maximum temperature of concrete around the prestressing
strands located at the bottom flange when the fire resistance time reached 120 min (=7200
s), which was similar to the test results. In addition, as shown in Figure 17a, the FE model
yielded analysis results that were similar to the deflections caused by the fire load on the
D200-T7 specimen, and the difference between the deflections obtained from the analysis
and test was only 0.03 mm when the fire resistance time reached 120 min. As shown in
Figure 17b, for the D265-T8 specimen, the FE model simulated the fire resistance behavior
of the specimen accurately, and the final deflection predicted by the FE model was
approximately 81.7 mm, which is similar to the deflection observed in the test (76.7 mm).

(a) D200 specimen (b) D265 specimen

Figure 16. Comparison of measured and computed temperature behaviors.
Figure 16. Comparison of measured and computed temperature behaviors.

Experiment Analysis Experiment Analysis

0 0
eflection (mm)

-76.7 mm
eflection (mm)

-50 -97.2 mm -50

-100 -97.2 mm -100 -81.7 mm
3.0 kN/m2
-150 1.5 kN/m2 -150
-200 -200
-250 -250
 (a) D200 specimen (b) D265 specimen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 18 of 24
Figure 16. Comparison of measured and computed temperature behaviors.

Experiment Analysis Experiment Analysis

0 0
Deflection (mm)

-76.7 mm

Deflection (mm)
-50 -97.2 mm -50
-100 -97.2 mm -100 -81.7 mm
3.0 kN/m2
-150 1.5 kN/m2 -150
-200 -200
-250 -250
-300 -300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min) Time (min)
(a) D200-T7 specimen (b) D265-T8 specimen
Figure 17.
Figure 17. Comparison of measured
Comparison of measured and
and computed
computed deflections.
deflections.

Table 3. Comparison of analysis and test results (at 120 min).

Table 3. Comparison of analysis and test results (at 120 min).
Ratio
Specimen
Specimen
Types
Types Analysis
Analysis Test
Test
Ratio
(Analysis/Test)
(Analysis/Test)
Unexposed surface 55 52 1.06
Unexposed surface 55 52 1.06
200 mm (°C) 105 89.2 1.18
Temperature 200 mm (◦ C) 105 89.2 1.18
150 mm (°C) 161.4 148.5 1.09
D200-T7 (°C)
Temperature (◦ C) 150 mm (◦ C) 161.4 148.5 1.09
D200-T7 100 mm (°C) 246.4 248.1 0.99
100 ◦ C)
50mm
mm( (°C) 246.4 393 248.1
379.9 0.99
1.03
mm (◦ C)
Deflection50(mm) 393 97.23 379.9
97.20 1.03
1.00
Unexposed
Deflection (mm) surface (°C) 97.23 37 36.5
97.20 1.01
1.00
200 mm
Unexposed (°C)(◦ C)
surface 37 69.4 67.8
36.5 1.02
1.01
Temperature
150mm
200 mm (°C)
(◦ C) 69.4111.9 100.4
67.8 1.11
1.02
D265-T8 (°C)
Temperature (◦ C) 100 mm (°C) 109.9 104 1.06
150 mm (◦ C) 111.9 100.4 1.11
D265-T8 50 mm (°C) 366.1 361.5 1.01
100 mm (◦ C) 109.9 104 1.06
Deflection (mm) 81.70 76.70 1.06
50 mm (◦ C) 366.1 361.5 1.01
Deflection (mm) 81.70 76.70 1.06

4.5. Parametric Analysis Results of Deflections

Figure 19 shows the vertical deflections of the HCS according to the fire exposure time
for each variable (i.e., HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a section, cover thickness
of concrete, and load ratio). As shown in Figure 19a, the deflection tended to decreased
as the HCS depth increased. This is because the heat transfer rate within the cross-section
decreased as the heat capacity of the HCS section increased at the same time when the
flexural stiffness of the section increased significantly as the depth increased. When
the heat transfer rate in the section decreased, the mechanical properties of the concrete
and prestressing strands deteriorated relatively slowly, as shown in Figures 14 and 15.
In addition, the deflection showed a tendency to increase significantly with the span
length, as shown in Figure 19b. However, when the vertical deflection of the HCS was
normalized with the limit deflection calculated using Equation (1), similar values were
obtained regardless of the HCS depth and span length. This is because the limit deflection
calculation formula presented in ISO 834-1 [32] considers the section depth and span
length reasonably.
 increased. This is because relatively rapid heat release occurred as the surface area of voids
in the section increased with the depth, and the heat capacity of the member increased
with the cross-sectional area. [27] Consequently, all of the D200, D265, D320, and D400
series satisfied the insulation criterion presented in ISO834-1 [32] until the fire exposure
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 19 of 24
time of 120 min.

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 19 of 23

(a) D200 analysis model (b) D265 analysis model

(c) D320 analysis model (d) D400 analysis model

Figure
Figure 18.
18. Temperature behaviorwith
Temperature behavior withrespect
respect
toto fire
fire exposure
exposure time.
time.

4.5. Parametric Analysis Results of Deflections

Figure 19 shows the vertical deflections of the HCS according to the fire exposure
time for each variable (i.e., HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a section, cover
thickness of concrete, and load ratio). As shown in Figure 19a, the deflection tended to
decreased as the HCS depth increased. This is because the heat transfer rate within the
cross-section decreased as the heat capacity of the HCS section increased at the same time
when the flexural stiffness of the section increased significantly as the depth increased.
When the heat transfer rate in the section decreased, the mechanical properties of the
concrete and prestressing strands deteriorated relatively slowly, as shown in Figures 14
and 15. In addition, the deflection showed a tendency to increase significantly with the
span length, as shown in Figure 19b. However, when the vertical deflection of the HCS
was normalized with the limit deflection calculated using Equation (1), similar values
were obtained regardless of the HCS depth and span length. This is because the limit
deflection calculation formula presented in ISO 834-1 [32] considers the section depth and
span length reasonably.
As shown in Figure 19c, the vertical deflection of the HCS decreased slightly as the
hollow ratio in the section increased. This is because within the hollow ratio range of 30–
 400 mm, hollow ratio of 30–50%, etc.), the effects of the HCS depth, span length, hollow
ratio in a section, and cover thickness of concrete on the vertical deflection of the HCS
were slight in comparison with the limit deflection (i.e., normalized deflection).
Furthermore, it was confirmed that the load ratio exerted the most significant effect on the
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 20 of 24
deflection of the HCS under fire.

0 0
Normalized

Normalized deflection
-40
Deflection (mm)

with limit -0.2

-80 deflection
-0.4
-120 200 mm 200 mm
-0.6
-160 265 mm 265 mm
320 mm -0.8 320 mm
-200 Depth Depth
400 mm 400 mm
-240 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min) Time (min)

(a) Effect of member depth

0 0
Normalized

Normalized deflection
Deflection (mm)

-200
with limit -0.2
deflection
4m -0.4 4m
-400 6m
6m
-0.6
8m Span
8m Span
-600 10 m
10 m -0.8
12 m 12 m
-800 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min) Time (min)

(b) Effect of span length

0 0
Normalized deflection

Normalized
-40
Deflection (mm)

with limit -0.2

-80 deflection
-0.4
-120 30% 30%
35% -0.6 35%
-160 40%
40%
-200 45% Hollow -0.8 45% Hollow
core ratio core ratio
50% 50%
-240 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min) Time (min)

(c) Effect of hollow ratio

Figure 19. Cont.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 21 of 23
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 21 of 24

0 0

Normalized deflection
Normalized
-40
Deflection (mm)

with limit -0.2

-80 deflection
-0.4
-120 30 mm 30 mm
35 mm -0.6 35 mm
-160 40 mm
40 mm
-200 45 mm Cover
-0.8 45 mm Cover
50 mm depth 50 mm depth
-240 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min) Time (min)

(d) Effect of concrete cover

0 0
Normalized

Normalized deflection
-40
Deflection (mm)

with limit -0.2

-80 deflection
-0.4
-120
-0.6 0.1 0.2
-160 0.1 0.2
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4
-200 Load -0.8 Load
0.5 0.6 ratio 0.5 0.6 ratio
-240 -1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (min) Time (min)

(e) Effect of load ratio

Figure 19.19.
Figure Effect
Effectofofkey
keyvariables on deflection
variables on deflectionofofHCS
HCS exposed
exposed to fire.
to fire.

As shown in Figure 19c, the vertical deflection of the HCS decreased slightly as
5. Conclusions
the hollow ratio in the section increased. This is because within the hollow ratio range
In this study, experimental and analytical research was conducted to investigate the
of 30–50%, heat release occurred relatively rapidly as the surface area inside the void
fireincreased
resistance withperformance
the hollow ratio.of In
HCSs. Two
addition, as HCS
shownspecimens
in Figure 19d,were fabricated,
it appeared where
that as the the
cross-sectional
cover thickness of concrete increased, the deflection increased because the effective depth and
depth was set as a variable. The temperature distribution in the section
theofdeflection of the
the prestressing member
strands according
decreased to the fire
with increasing theexposure time of
cover thickness were measured
concrete at the and
analyzed
same heightcomprehensively.
of the section. An FE analysis
However, was of
the effects conducted
the hollow onratio
the inHCS underand
a section fire,the
and the
cover thickness of concrete on the deflection of the HCS under fire were
rationality of the FE model was verified via comparison with the test results. In addition, insignificant when
thetheHCShollow ratiospan
depth, was 35 to 50% hollow
length, and the cover
ratio thickness of concrete
in a section, cover was 30 to 50of
thickness mm, which and
concrete,
are applied widely in practice.
load ratio were set as key variables to perform the parametric analysis. The fire resistance
Figure 19e shows the deflection of the HCS according to the fire exposure time for each
performance of the HCS was then evaluated according to each variable. The conclusions
load ratio (i.e., the ratio of the external load to the ultimate load). It was discovered that
obtained
the loadfromratiothis study
exerted are as follows:
a dominant effect on the deflection of the HCS compared with any
1. other
In 2variables.
h of fireAsexposure, the increased,
the load ratio temperature increase
the neutral ininthe
axis theupper part (i.e.,
cross-section movedunexposed
up
due to flexural cracks, resulting in a decrease in flexural stiffness of
surface) of the D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens was 42.5 K and 33.3 K, respectively,the section. Therefore,
thewhich
verticalaredeflection
extremely normalized to the limit deflection
low and correspond to 19–24%increased proportionally
of the temperature with limit
increase
increasing the load ratio.
(180 K) specified in ISO 834-1. In addition, it was confirmed that the HCS
In summary, within the range of variables examined in this study (i.e., depth of 200–
demonstrated excellent insulation and integrity performance because no flame
400 mm, hollow ratio of 30–50%, etc.), the effects of the HCS depth, span length, hollow
penetration
ratio in a section,was
andobserved in either
cover thickness specimen.
of concrete on the vertical deflection of the HCS were
2. slight
Theinmaximum deflection that occurred
comparison with the limit deflection (i.e., in the D200-T7deflection).
normalized and D265-T8 specimens
Furthermore, it was
was97.2 and 76.7
confirmed mm,
that therespectively,
load ratio exertedwhich
the were only approximately
most significant effect on the27% of theofdeflection
deflection the
HCSlimit presented in ISO 834-1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the load-bearing
under fire.
performance of the D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens was excellent during a fire.
3. The fire resistance performance of the HCS was evaluated via a nonlinear FE analysis,
and the FE model demonstrated excellent accuracy in evaluating fire resistance
behavior characteristics, such as the temperature distribution in the cross-section and
the deflection of specimens with respect to the fire exposure time.
4. The results of the parametric analysis based on the verified FE model showed that
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 22 of 24

5. Conclusions
In this study, experimental and analytical research was conducted to investigate the
fire resistance performance of HCSs. Two HCS specimens were fabricated, where the
cross-sectional depth was set as a variable. The temperature distribution in the section
and the deflection of the member according to the fire exposure time were measured and
analyzed comprehensively. An FE analysis was conducted on the HCS under fire, and the
rationality of the FE model was verified via comparison with the test results. In addition,
the HCS depth, span length, hollow ratio in a section, cover thickness of concrete, and
load ratio were set as key variables to perform the parametric analysis. The fire resistance
performance of the HCS was then evaluated according to each variable. The conclusions
obtained from this study are as follows:
1. In 2 h of fire exposure, the temperature increase in the upper part (i.e., unexposed
surface) of the D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens was 42.5 K and 33.3 K, respectively,
which are extremely low and correspond to 19–24% of the temperature increase limit
(180 K) specified in ISO 834-1. In addition, it was confirmed that the HCS demon-
strated excellent insulation and integrity performance because no flame penetration
was observed in either specimen.
2. The maximum deflection that occurred in the D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens was
97.2 and 76.7 mm, respectively, which were only approximately 27% of the deflection
limit presented in ISO 834-1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the load-bearing
performance of the D200-T7 and D265-T8 specimens was excellent during a fire.
3. The fire resistance performance of the HCS was evaluated via a nonlinear FE analysis,
and the FE model demonstrated excellent accuracy in evaluating fire resistance be-
havior characteristics, such as the temperature distribution in the cross-section and
the deflection of specimens with respect to the fire exposure time.
4. The results of the parametric analysis based on the verified FE model showed that
the deflection tended to decrease as the depth of the HCS increased. This is because
the heat transfer rate within the cross-section decreased as the heat capacity of the
HCS section increased at the same time when the flexural stiffness of the section
increased significantly with the depth. In addition, the deflection of the HCS increased
significantly with the span length. However, when the vertical deflection of the
HCS was normalized to the limit deflection presented in ISO 834-1, the normalized
deflections showed similar values regardless of the HCS depth and span length. This
is because the limit deflection calculation formula presented in ISO 834-1 reflects the
effects of the section depth and span length reasonably.
5. Compared with other variables associated with the HCS member details, the load ratio
exerted a more significant effect on the deflection of the HCS subjected to fire. As the
load ratio increased, the vertical deflection normalized to the limit deflection increased
proportionally. Therefore, to obtain more accurate evaluation results pertaining to the
fire resistance performance of HCSs, the magnitude of the live load exerted during a
fire, as well as details regarding the member should be determined appropriately.

Author Contributions: Original draft manuscript, I.H.; Validation, K.D., S.-J.H.; Investigation, S.-
H.C., H.J.; Supervision and Review Writing, K.S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement
(KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Grant 21CTAP-C163892-
01). Also, the sixth author, Kang Su Kim, would like to acknowledge that this research was supported
by the Basic Study and Interdisciplinary R&D Foundation Fund of the University of Seoul (2021).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11500 23 of 24

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request to the corre-
sponding author.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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