TÜRKMENISTANYŇ GURLUŞYK NORMALARY

BUILDING CODE OF TURKMENISTAN

ÝER DESGALARY, OLARYŇ DÜÝBI

WE FUNDAMENTLERI
Guramaçylyk we önümçilik işleri, işi kabul
etmek duzgünleri
TGN 3.02.01-2002

EARTH STRUCTURES,
BASES AND FOUNDATIONS

Organization, execution
and acceptance of work

BCT 3.02.01-2002

RESMI NEŞIR

OFFICIAL EDITION

TÜRKMENISTANYŇ GURLUŞYK WE GURLUŞYK

MATERIALLARY SENAGATY MINISTRLIGI
MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING
MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF
TURKMENISTAN
 BUILDING CODE OF TURKMENISTAN

EARTH STRUCTURES,
BASES AND FOUNDATIONS

Organization, execution and acceptance of work

BCT 3.02.01-2002

OFFICIAL EDITION

MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS

INDUSTRY OF TURKMENISTAN

Ashkhabad 2002
BCT 3.02.01- 2002 Earth structures, bases and foundations.
Organization, execution and acceptance of work

Developed by: Research Institute of Seismology of the Ministry of Construction and

Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Theme leader candidate of technical science Ilyasov B.I.

Executors professor Annayev А.А.,

candidate of technical science Ilyasov I.B.
engineers Lavronenko O.S., Saprina S.P.

Prepared for approval by the Science, Design works, New Technology and
Information Department of the Ministry of Construction and Building Materials
Industry of Turkmenistan

After putting in force of BCT 3.02.01-2002 «Earth structures, bases and foundations.
Organization, execution and acceptance of work» Building Code 3.02.01-87 “Earth
structures, bases and foundations” becomes invalid in the territory of Turkmenistan.

@ Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of

Turkmenistan. – A. – 2002
 Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan
Building Code of Turkmenistan

Building Code of Turkmenistan

Official edition

BCT 3.02.01- 2002 Earth structures, bases and foundations.

Organization, execution and acceptance of work

Developed by: Research Institute of Seismology of the Ministry of

Construction and Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Theme leader - Ilyasov B.I., candidate of technical science

Executors in charge - professor Annayev А.А.,

candidate of technical science Ilyasov I.B. and engineers Lavronenko O.S., Saprina
S.P.

Prepared for publication by the Data-computing center of

the Ministry of Construction and Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan

Technical editing – Ch. Kudratullayev

Signed for printing Format 60х84 1/8 printer's sheet

Run of 100 copies

 Ministry of Construction and Building code of Turkmenistan
Building Materials Industry of
Earth structures, BCT 3.02.01 - 2002
Turkmenistan
bases and foundations

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. This building code is applied to the execution and acceptance of earth work,
arrangement of bases and foundations when erecting new, reconstructing and expanding the
existing enterprises, buildings and structures.
1.2. This code should be observed when designing earth structures, bases and foundations,
drawing up projects for the execution of woks and organizing the construction, as well as in the
process of their erection.
1.3. When carrying out earth works, arranging bases and foundations on the building site of
hydraulic structures, water transport structures, land-reclamation systems, main pipelines,
motorways and railways and aerodromes, power transmission and communication lines, as well as
cable lines for other purposes, excluding requirements of this code, one should fulfil requirements
of corresponding BCT, taking into account the specific character of erection of such structures.
1.4. When implementing earthwork, arranging bases and foundations one should observe
requirements of BCT for organization of construction production, geodesic operations, safety
measures, preventive fire-fighting regulations when carrying out building and assembly works.
1.5. When quarrying, except earth quarries, one should observe requirements of single
safety regulations for the open method of mining mineral products.
1.6. When carrying out blasting operations, one should observe requirements of single safety
regulations for implementing of explosive works, having been approved by Gosgortehnadzor.
1.7. Earth structures, bases and foundations shall comply with the project.
1.8. Soils, materials, articles and constructions, being applied when erecting earth structures,
arranging bases and foundations, shall meet requirements of projects, relevant standards and
technical specifications. Replacement of soils, materials, articles and constructions that are
envisaged by the project and included into the erected structure or its base is allowed only by
agreement with the design engineering organization or a customer.
1.9. When carrying out works for erection of foundations made of cast-in-situ, precast
concrete or reinforced concrete, stone or brick masonry on the bases, having been prepared in
accordance with requirements of this code, one should be guided by Building Code 3.03.01-87
(Building constructions) and Building Code 3.04.01-87 (Protective insulated and finishing coatings).
1.10. When carrying out earthworks, arranging bases and foundations, one should fulfil the
receiving, operational and acceptance testing, being guided by requirements of the reference
Appendix 1.

APPROVED Date of putting into action

By the Resolution of the Ministry of Construction and Novruz (March), 2003
Building Materials Industry of Turkmenistan under
Мг-6 of Turkmenbashi (January) 29, 2003
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

1.11. Acceptance of earthworks, bases and foundations with drawing up acts of

examination of the concealed works should be carried out being guided by the
recommended Appendix 2. If necessary, it is allowed to indicate in the project other
elements subject to intermediate acceptance with drawing up acts of testifying the concealed
works.
1.12. If duly substantiated, it is allowed to fix methods of executing works and
technical solutions, to set values of extreme deviations, volumes and methods of control,
differing from those envisaged by this code, in the projects.

2. UNWATERING, ORGANIZATION OF SURFACE

FLOW AND WATER DRAIN

2.1. Rules of this part are applied to the execution of works for the artificial lowering
of the level of the underground waters (hereinafter – unwatering) using drainage pumping,
well point installations, unwatering (drainage) systems on the newly built or reconstructed
objects, as well as for drain of the surface water from the building area.
2.2. Before starting unwatering operations, one should examine the technical state of
buildings and structures located within the area of works, and specify the location of the
existing underground communications.
2.3. When implementing unwatering works, one should envisage measures for
preventing softening of soils as well as disturbance of stability of the pit’s slopes and bases
of structures located nearby.
2.4. When using water pumping from the pit and trenches, if necessary, the filtering
slopes and bottom should be tightened by a layer of the sandy-gravel material which
thickness is fixed by the project. The capacity of sumps shall be not less than for a five-
minute inflow of water thereto.
2.5. When pumping out water from the pit, having been excavated by the submarine
method, in order to avoid the disturbance of the stability of the bottom and slopes, the
velocity of decrease of the water level therein shall correspond to the velocity of decrease of
the level of the underground waters beyond its bounds.
2.6. When erecting drainages, earthworks should be begun from the discharging
sectors moving towards the higher levels, and laying of pipes and filtering materials – from
the watershed sectors moving towards the spillway or the pumping unit (constant or
temporary) in order to exclude the pass of non-clarified waters through the drainage.
When arranging bedded drainages, violations in interfacing of the macadam layer of
the bed with the macadam strewing of pipes are not allowed.
Laying of drainage pipes, arranging of surface inlets and equipment assembly of
drainage pumping stations should be carried out observing the requirements.
2.7. Boring of unwatering wells and subsequent mounting of filters therein are
accomplished observing the following requirements:
a) when drilling the well by the cable tool percussion method, the lower part of the
casing pipe shall pass ahead the level of the mined bottomhole not less than by 0,5 m, and
hoisting of dart bailer shall be carried with velocity, excluding soil offense through the
lower end of the casing pipe; when drilling in soils wherein the blockage is possible, one
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

should maintain the water level exceeding the level of the underground waters in the cavity
of the casing pipe;
b) boring of unwatering wells with argillaceous flushing is allowed if trial boring has
been preliminary accomplished and the determined efficacy of unmudding meets the
project’s requirements;
c) before sinking filters and recovery of casing, the wells shall be cleared of drill
cuttings; in wells, having been bored in clay sands, as well as in interstratifying water-
bearing and water-resisting strata the inner cavity of the casing pipe shall be cleansed with
water; check measurement of the well depth should be carried out before mounting the
filter;
d) when boring wells, one should take samples to specify the borders of the water-
bearing strata and the granulometric composition of soils.
2.8. When sinking a filter column or casing pipes in the soil by dint of hydraulic
method, one should ensure the continuity of water delivery, and in the presence of strongly
absorptive soils one should deliver additionally a compressed air into the bottomhole.
2.9. Strewing of filters is to be carried out evenly in layers having height not more
than 30 times over the strewing thickness. After each regular hoisting of the pipe over its
lower edge a layer of strewing not less than 0,5 m shall be left.
2.10. Mounting of pumps in wells should be carried out after checking the wells for
passability by a gage having diameter not exceeding the pump’s diameter.
2.11. After putting the unwatering system into operation, a pump-down should be
carried out continuously.
Pumping units, mounted in the backup wells, as well as standby pumps of the open
units shall be periodically switched on to maintain them in the operating order.
Unwatering systems should be equipped with devices of automatic shutdown of any
unit when the water level in the inlet chamber decreases below the permissible level.
2.12. All fixed unwatering and water drain devices, used during the construction,
shall correspond to the project requirements if they are transferred to constant exploitation.
2.13. When exploiting unwatering systems in winter season, warming of the pumping
outfit and communications shall be secured, and the possibility of their emptying during the
intervals in the operation shall be envisaged.
2.14. Before starting the execution of earthworks, one should secure the drain of the
surface and underground waters with the help of temporary or fixed devices, not violating
the integrity of existing structures.
2.15. When draining surface and underground waters, one should:
a) for trapping of the flow of surface waters from the upper side of grooves one
should use a spoil bank and standbys, being arranged as a solid contour, as well as fixed
watershed and water drain structures or temporary ditches and banking; if necessary, ditches
may have protective fortifications against washout or filtration leakages;
b) spoil banks from the lower part of grooves should be filled with the interval,
predominantly in the depressed places, but not less than every 50 m; the bottom width of
intervals shall not be less than 3 m;
c) the soil from the catch and drainage ditches, being arranged on declivities, should
be laid in the form of a prism along the ditches from their lower side;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

d) if the catch and drainage ditches locate in immediate proximity to the linear
grooves, a banquette should be made between the groove and the ditch with the inclination
of its surface 0,02-0,04 towards the catch ditch.
2.16. When the pit slope crosses water-resisting soils, lying under the water-bearing
stratum, on the roof of the confining layer one should make a berm with a ditch to drain
water (if the project foresees no drainage at this level).
2.17. When draining underground and surface waters, one should exclude the
underflooding of structures, the formation of landslides, the soil washout, swamping of the
locality.
2.18. Dismantling of unwatering units should be commenced from the lower tier after
completing works in backfill of pits and trenches or immediately prior their flooding.
2.19. When implementing operations for unwatering, organization of the surface run-
off and water drain, the structure of controlled indexes, extreme deviations, control volumes
and methods shall correspond to Table 1.

3. DEVELOPING OF GROOVES, VERTICAL LAYOUT

3.1. Dimensions of grooves, taken in the project, shall ensure the placement of
constructions and the mechanized execution of works for pile driving, erection of
foundations, arrangement of insulation, unwatering and pumping and other operations,
being carried out in the groove, as well as the possibility of people’s travel in the gullet as
per clause 3.2. Bottom dimensions of grooves shall not be less than those set by the project.
3.2. If people’s travel in the gullet is necessary, the clear distance between the slope
surface and the lateral surface of the structure, being erected in the groove, (excluding
artificial bases of pipelines, collectors, etc.) shall not be less than 0,6 m.

Table 1

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope )

1. Verticality deviations when
boring unwatering wells for
mounting deep-well pumps with
the line shaft
2. Control pressure of the water
when testing the hermiticity of the
pipeline system
3. Pipeline pitch of the well point
installations:
suction
head distribution
spillway
4. Filters of unwatering wells
5. Deviation of the longitudinal
slope of the water-diversion
ditches from the design value
Not more than 0,5 % Н (Н- depth Measuring, each well
of the well at the level of
measuring)
Higher than the design value by The same, each system
50 % and above
Not less than: The same, 1/3 of all pipelines
0,005 from the pump
0,001 from the pump
0,005 towards the circulation tank
Breakages of threads, loose joints, Visual, each component
racks, etc. are not allowed.
Not more than ± 0,0005 Measuring. Route levelling in
sectors between turnings,
abutments, but not less than
every 50 m
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

6. Concentration of chemical
agents in the water, thrown into
natural waterways and reservoirs
7. Control over the operation of
unwatering units
8. Control over the position of
static and dynamic water levels
Not more than maximum
permissible concentrations fixed
by “Regulations for surface
waters protection against sewage
pollution”
According to data of the factory
passport for equipment
According to the project
Laboratory studies not less than
twice per month
Measuring in accordance with
instrumentation indications,
shift-time
The same, daily

9. Control over the state of slopes
and the bottom of pits and
trenches
10. Control over the settlements of
buildings and structures
Concentrated filtration, sloughing Visual observations, daily
of soil and dulling of slopes
Settlements shall not exceed Leveling according to marks set
values, fixed by BCT 2.02.01-98 on the building or a structure

3.3. In the project, the minimal width of trenches shall be taken to be the highest
from amongst the values satisfying the following requirements:
– for strip foundations and other underground constructions – shall include a width of
the construction with an allowance for the stuttering, thickness of insulation and
fortifications adding 0,2 m from each side;
– for pipelines, excluding main ones, with slopes 1:0,5 and steeper – according to
Table 2;
– for pipelines, excluding main ones, with slopes gentler than 1:0,5 – not less than
the outside pipe diameter adding 0,5 m when laying pipes separately and 0,3 m in case of
stringing;
– for pipelines in sectors of the curved inserts – not less than a two-fold width of
trenches in the straight-line sectors;
– when arranging artificial bases for pipelines, excluding earth pouring, collectors
and underground canals – not less than the base width adding 0,2 m from each side;
– being mined by a single-bucket excavator – not less than the width of the bucket lip
adding 0,15 m in sands and clay sands, 0,4 m in the loosened rocky and frozen soils;
– being mine by a trench excavator – not less than the minimal width of digging.

Table 2

Width of trenches, m, disregarding

fortifications in case of butted joint
clutch, flanged
Pipelines laying technique for all pipes and
welded bell-and- bell-and-spigot
spigot for ceramic
pipes
1. By strings or separate sections with the outside pipe
diameter, D, m:
up to 0,7, inclusive D+0,3, but - -
not less
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

than 0,7
above 0,7 1,5 D - -
2. The same in sectors, being mined by trench excavators for D+0,2
pipelines with diameters up to 219 mm, being laid without - -
people’s descending into trenches (a narrow-trench technique)
3. The same in sectors of the pipeline, being tightened with 2,2 D
reinforced concrete cantledges or anchorages
4. The same in sectors of the pipeline, being tightened with 1,5 D - -
the help of the nonwoven synthetic material
5. By separate pipes with the outside pipe diameter, D, m,
inclusive:
up to 0,5 D+0,5 D+0,6 D+0,8
from 0,5 to 1,6 D+0,8 D+1,0 D+1,2
from 1,6 to 3,5 D+1,4 D+1,4 D+1,4

Note: 1. The width of trenches for pipelines with the diameter more than 3,5 m is fixed in the project
proceeding from the technology of arranging the base, assembly, insulation and sealing joints.
2. In case of parallel laying of several pipelines in one trench, distances from the end pipes to the
walls of trenches are specified by the requirements of this Table, and distances between the pipes are fixed
by the project.

3.4. Dimensions of dibholes for sealing joints of pipelines shall be not less than those
indicated in Table 3.

Table 3

Internal diameter Dimensions of dibholes,

Pipes Seal
Butted joint of the pipeline, m
mm length width depth
Steel Welded - For all diameters 1,0 D+1,2 0,7
Cast-iron Bell-and-spigot Rubber gland up to 300 inclus. 0,5 D+0,2 0,1
Hemp strand up to 300 inclus.
Above 300 0,55 D+0,5 0,3
1,0 D+0,7 0,4
Sealants up to 300 inclus. 0,5 D+0,5 0,2
Above 300 1,0 D+0,7 0,3
Asbestos-cement САМ-type sleeve Rubber gasket of up to 300 inclus. 0,7 D+0,2 0,2
figured section Above 300 0,7 D+0,5 0,2

Cast-iron flanged Rubber gasket of up to 300 inclus. 0,7 D+0,5 0,3

coupling circular section Above 300 0,9 D+0,7 0,3
and КЧМ-type

Any for Any up to 400 inclus. 0,7 D+0,5 0,2

nonpressure pipes
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Continuation of Table 3

Butted joint Internal diameter Dimensions of dibholes,

Pipes Seal
of the pipeline, m
mm length width depth
Concrete and Bell-and-spigot, Rubber gasket of up to 600 inclus. 0,5 D+0,5 0,2
reinforced sleeve and with circular section From 600 to 3500 1,0 D+0,5 0,3
concrete the concrete belt

Plastic All types of - For all diameters 0,6 D+0,5 0,2

butted joints
Ceramic Bell-and-spigot Asphalt bitumen, The same 0,5 D+0,6 0,3
sealants, etc.

Denomination, taken in Table 3 D- outside pipeline diameter in the joint.

Note. For other constructions of joints and diameters of pipelines the dimensions of dibholes should be fixed
in the project

3.5. In pits, trenches and profile grooves the excavation of eluvial soils, changing
their properties under the effect of atmospheric impacts, should be carried out leaving the
protective layer which size and permissible contact duration of the uncovered base with the
atmosphere are fixed by the project.
3.6. As a rule, grooves in soils, excluding boulder ones, rocks and those stated in
clause 3.5., should be excavated to the design level, preserving the natural formation of the
base soils. The excavation of grooves in two steps is allowed: roughing – with deviations
given in positions 1 - 4 of Table 4 and final (just before erecting constructions) - with
deviations given in position 5 of the same Table.
3.7. Finishing of shortages to the design level should be carried out preserving the
natural formation of the base soils.
3.8. Recovery of surpluses in places of arrangement of foundations and laying of
pipelines shall be carried out with the local soil being compacted to the density of the soil of
the natural formation of the base or low-compressible soil (deformation modulus not less
than 20 MP). In the slumping soils of the II type, the utilization of the draining soil is not
allowed.
3.9. Recovery of surpluses in the planning grooves in rocks is allowed to be carried
out with the local rocks, containing on the surface no fragments more than 5 cm in size.
3.10. The technique of restoring of bases, having been destroyed as a result of the
frost penetration, flooding, as well as surpluses deeper than 50 cm, shall be agreed with the
design engineering organization.
3.11. The highest slope grade of trenches, pits and other temporary grooves, being
arranged without fortification in soils lying above the level of the underground waters (with
an allowance for the capillary water rise according to clause 3.12.), including in soils
drained with the help of artificial unwatering, should be taken in accordance with safety
requirements of Building Code III -4 - 89.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

If slopes’ height is more than 5 m in homogeneous soils, their steepness is allowed to

be taken according to diagrams of the recommended Appendix 3.
3.12. If in the process of executing works the underground waters are available
within the bounds of grooves or nearby their bottom, one should consider not only soils
lying below the level of the underground water to be wet, but also soils lying above this
level to the value of the capillary rise, which should be taken to be:
0,3 m – for coarse, medium-sized and fine sands
0,5 m – for powdery sand and clay sands
1,0 m – for loamy soils and clays
3.13. The slope grade of the underwater and watered coastal trenches, as well as
trenches being excavated in swamps, should be taken in accordance with requirements of
Building Code III -42 - 87.
3.14. The project shall fix the slope grade of earth quarries, borrows and constant
deposits after completion of earthworks, depending on the directions of recultivation and
techniques of fortification of the surface of slopes.
3.15. The maximal depth of grooves with vertical unanchored walls should be taken
in accordance with requirements of Building Code III -4 - 89.
3.16. The project shall fix the necessity of temporary fortification of vertical walls of
trenches and pits depending on the depth of the groove, type and state of the soil,
hydrogeological conditions, value and nature of temporary loads on edges and other local
conditions.
3.17. The number and sizes of terraces and local depressions within the bounds of the
groove shall be minimal and ensure the mechanized cleanup of the base and
manufacturability of structures’ erection. For pits intended for residential houses, the
number of terraces and local depressions in rocks shall not exceed three, in other soils – five.
The ratio of the terrace’s height to its length is fixed by the project, but it shall not be less
than 1:2 – in argillaceous soils, 1:3 – in sandy soils.
3.18. If it is necessary to excavate grooves in immediate proximity to or below the
foundation bed of existing buildings and structures, the project shall envisage technical
solutions for securing their integrity (sheet-pile retaining walls, sheet-pile wells, etc.)
3.19. Places of superposition of grooves, being excavated, or embankments, being
poured, on the conservation zones of existing underground and aerial communications, as
well as underground structures, shall be shown in the project stating the size of the
conservation zone, being fixed in accordance with directions of clause 3.21.
If case of disclosure of communications, underground structures or signs,
symbolizing them, that are not indicated in the project, earthworks shall be suspended,
representatives of the customer and organizations, exploiting the disclosed communications,
shall be called to the site and measures shall be taken to protect the disclosed underground
facilities against damages.
3.20. Excavation of grooves, arrangement of embankments and disclosure of
underground communications within the bounds of the conservation zones are allowed if the
written permission of the exploiting organizations is available.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

3.21. When the excavated trenches cross the functioning communications not
protected against mechanical damages, soil excavation by earthmoving machines is allowed
at the following minimal distances:
– for the underground and aerial communication and power lines, main pipelines and
other communications;
– for steel welded, ceramic, cast-iron and asbestos-cement pipelines, canals and
collectors, when using hydraulic excavators – 0,5 m from the lateral surface and 0,5 m over
the top of communications with their preliminary disclosure accurate within 0,25 m;
– for other underground communications and mechanization means, as well as for the
boulder and blocky soils, irrespective of the type of communications and mechanization
means – 2 m from the lateral surface and 1 m over the top of communications with their
preliminary disclosure accurate within 1 m;
– in soils of the flowing-plastic consistency the mechanized soil excavation over the
communications is prohibited.
The rest soil shall be excavated using manual hammerless tools or special
mechanization means.
3.22. When excavating trenches, the width of ripping-up of pavements of roads and
city thoroughfares shall be taken to be: with the concrete pavement or asphalt pavement on
the concrete base – by 10 cm wider than the trench at the top from each side with an
allowance for fortifications; with other constructions of the pavement – by 25 cm.
In case if pavements are made of precast reinforced concrete slabs, the width of
disclosure shall be multiple to the slab size.
3.23. When excavating soils, containing outsize inclusions, the project shall envisage
measures for their breaking or removing outside the site. Boulders, stones, fragments of the
loosened frozen earths and rocks are considered to be outsize, if their largest size exceeds:
2/3 of the bucket width – for excavators equipped with the backhoe or machinery of
direct digging;
1/2 of the bucket width – for excavators equipped with a dragline;
2/3 of the highest structural depth of digging - for scrapers;
1/2 of the height of deposits - for bulldozers and graders;
1/2 of the width of the basket and the half of the passport tonnage in the weight - –
for transport vehicles;
3/4 of the smallest side of the feed opening - for the crusher;
30 cm – in case of manual excavation and removing with the hoisting cranes.
3.24. In case of artificial soil salinization, salt concentration in the porous moisture
above 10% is not allowed if non-isolated metal or reinforced concrete constructions are
available or supposed to be laid at a distance less than 10 m from the place of salinization.
3.25. In case of the soil thawing nearby the underground communications, the reheat
temperature shall not exceed the value causing the damage of their jacket or insulation. The
maximum permissible temperature shall be indicated by the exploiting organization when
issuing the permission for the groove excavation.
3.26. The width of the carriageway of spur tracks within the bounds of excavated
grooves and earth quarries shall be for dumpers with the tonnage up to 12 t in case of the
two-way traffic – 7 m, in case of the one-way traffic – 3,5 m.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

When the dumpers’ tonnage is more than 12 t, as well as when other transport
vehicles are utilized, the width of the carriageway is defined by the project of the
construction organization.
3.27. When executing works, dealing with the groove excavation and arrangement of
natural bases, the structure of indexes to be controlled, permissible deviations, the
supervision scope and methods shall correspond to Table 4.

Table 4

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

1. Deviations of the marks of the Measuring, gage points are
grooves' bottom from design ones randomly fixed, the number of
(excluding grooves in boulder, measuring per the accepted
rocky and frozen soils) during sector shall not be less than:
roughing excavation by:
a) single-bucket excavators, For excavators with mechanical 20
being equipped with buckets drive according to the type of the 15
having teeth working equipment: 10
dragline +25 cm 10
direct digging +10 cm
backhoe +15 cm
For excavators with hydraulic drive 5
+10cm
b) single-bucket excavators, +5
being equipped with skimming
buckets, trimming equipment and
other special equipment for the
surface planning operations, 15
skimmers 10
c) bulldozers +10 cm 10
d) trench excavators +10 cm
e) scrapers +10 cm
2. Deviations of the marks of the Measuring, with the number of
grooves' bottom from design ones measuring per the transferred
during roughing excavation in the sector shall not be less than 20 in
rocky and frozen soils, excluding the highest points, fixed by the
planning grooves: visual observations
a) shortages
b) surpluses
Not allowed

Continuation of Table 4

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

3. The same planning grooves: According to Table 5 The same
a) shortages
b) surpluses 10 cm
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

4. The same without loosening 20 cm

boulder and blocky soils:
a) shortages
b) surpluses
5. Deviations of the marks of the
grooves' bottom in places of
arranging foundations and laying
constructions during final
excavation or after finishing of
shortages and recovery of
surpluses
Not allowed
Not higher than the value of the
maximal diameter of boulders
(blocks), containing in the soil in
amount exceeding 15% in volume,
but not more than 0,4 m
±5
The same
Measuring, in the corners and
centre of the pit, in the
intersection of the building’s axes,
in points of marks’ changing,
iterations and abutments of
trenches, wells’ location, but not
less than every 50 m and not less
than 10 measures per the accepted
sector.

6. Type and characteristic of the
disclosed soil of natural bases
intended for foundations and earth
structures
Shall correspond to the project. Technical examination of the
Washout, softening, loosening or whole base surface
frost penetration of the top layer
of the base soil thicker than 3 cm
are not allowed

7. Deviations of the longitudinal Shall not exceed ±0,0005 Measuring, in the points of
slope of the bottom of trenches turnings, abutments, wells’
intended for nonpressure location, etc., but not less than
pipelines, water drain ditches and every 50 m
other grooves with inclinations
from design ones
8. Deviations of the slope of the Shall not exceed ±0,001 when Visual (observations over the
designed surface from the design closed depressions are not drainage of atmospheric
one, excluding irrigated lands available precipitations) or measuring,
according to the grid 50х50 m
9. Deviations of marks of the Shall not exceed Measuring, according to the grid
designed surface from the design 50х50
ones, excluding irrigated lands:
a) in earth soils ±5 cm
b) in rocky soils From +10 to –20 cm

Table 5

Allowable values of surpluses, cm, when loosening applying

Soil variety in accordance with the following method
TDS 25100-82 and module of fissuring explosive
borehole charge blasthole charge mechanical
method method
Durable and extremely durable with the
module of fissuring less than 1,0 20 10 5
Other rocky soils 40 20 10
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Note. Module of fissuring – an average number of cracks per one meter of the line of measuring,
located on the surface of the bottomhole perpendicularly to the main system or systems of cracks

4. EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILLS

4.1. The project shall state types and physical-mechanical characteristics of soils,
intended for erection of embankments and arrangement of backfills, and special
requirements thereto, the required degree of compaction (dry soil density or the compacting
coefficient), bounds of the parts of the embankment, being erected from soils with different
physical-mechanical characteristics.
By agreement with the customer and design engineering organization, if necessary,
the soils of embankments and backfills may be replaced.
4.2. When using soils of different types in one embankment, one should comply with
the following requirements:
– the usage of soils of different types in one layer is prohibited unless it is envisaged
by the project;
– the surface of layers containing less draining soils, lying under the layers
containing more draining soils, shall have the inclination within 0,04 - 0,1 from the
embankment axis to the edges.
4.3. The usage of soils with the concentration of soluble salts in the porous moisture
above 10% is not allowed for backfilling at a distance less than 10 m from the existing or
uninsulated metal or reinforced concrete constructions, being designed.
4.4. In case if for embankments and backfills soils, containing hard spots within
limits permissible by Table 7, are used, the latter shall be uniformly distributed in the soil,
being filled, and shall be placed not closer than 0,2 m from the insulated constructions, and
in addition, congealed clods not closer than 1 m from the embankment slope.
4.5. When laying soils “dry”, excluding road embankments, as a rule, the compaction
should be carried out at moisture W, which must be within the limits of АW0 ≤ W ≤ ВW0,
where W0 – an optimal moisture, being defined in the standard compaction device according
to ТDS 22733-77. A and B coefficients should be taken according to Table 6.

Table 6

Values of А and B coefficients at the

compaction coefficient kCOM
Soil type 0,98 0,95 0,92
А В А В А В
Coarse, medium-sized, fine sands Is not restricted
Powdery sands 0,60 1,35 0,50 1,45 0,40 1,60
Clay sands 0,80 1,20 0,75 1,35 0,56 1,40
Loamy soils 0,85 1,15 0,80 1,20 0,70 1,30
Clays 0,90 1,10 0,85 1,15 0,75 1,20
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

When using bulky fragmental soils with argillaceous filler, the moisture on the
boundary of rolling and liquid limit is defined according to fine-grained (less than 2 mm)
filler and evaluated for the soil mixture.
4.6. If in the building area there is a deficiency in quarries with soils, meeting
requirements of clause 4.5, and according to climatic conditions of the building area the
natural predrying of soils is impossible, and predrying of soils in special plants is
economically inexpedient, it is allowed to use the soil of heightened moisture to be laid in
the embankments through making relevant amendments in the project.
4.7. The experimental compaction of soils of embankments and backfills should be
carried out if directions are available in the project, and in the absence of special directions
– at the volume of the surface hardening at the site of 10 thousand m3 and above.
As a result of experimental compaction the following shall be determined:
a) the thickness of filled layers, the number of passes of packing machines in a single
track, the duration of impact of vibrating and other operating elements on the soil, the
number of strokes and height of throwing of rammers and other technological parameters,
ensuring the design density of the soil;
b) values of indirect indexes of compaction quality liable to the operational control
(“glut” for compaction by tamping, number of strokes of dynamic densitometer, etc.).
If the experimental compaction is envisaged to be carried out within the bounds of
the erected embankment, places of works implementation shall be stated in the project.
When compacting embankments and backfills with soil piles, hydraulic
vibrocompaction, cantledge with vertical cunettes, as well as compaction of earth pillows,
the experimental compaction should be carried out in accordance with directions of the
obligatory Appendix 4.
4.8. When erecting embankments which width in the top doesn’t allow to make a
turn or pass apart of transport vehicles, the embankment should be filled with local
widening to arrange a turning or passing apart grounds. Additional scopes of earthworks
shall be taken into account in the project of construction organization.
4.9. Backfill of trenches with the laid pipelines in non-slumping soils should be
carried out in two stages.
At the first stage, the backfill of the lower zone with the non-frozen soil, not
containing hard spots having size more than 1/10 of the diameter of asbestos-cement, plastic,
ceramic and reinforced concrete pipes is accomplished to the height of 0,5 m over the pipe’s
top, and for other pipes – with the soil having no hard spots which sizes are more than 1/4 of
the diameter to the height of 0,2 m over the pipe’s top with lining gullets and its uniform
layer-by-layer compaction to the design density from both sides of the pipe. In the process
of backfilling, the insulation of pipes shall not be damaged. Joints of pressure pipelines are
filled after conducting strength and hermeticity tests of communications in accordance with
requirements of Building Code 3.05.04* - 90.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

At the second stage, the backfill of the upper zone of the trench with the soil, not
containing hard spots having size more than the pipe diameter is carried out. Thereat, the
integrity of the pipeline and soil density, fixed by the project, shall be secured.
4.10. The backfill of trenches with the underground crawlways in non-slumping soils
should be carried out in two stages.
At the first stage, the backfill of the lower zone of the trench to the height of 0,2 m
over the canal’s top with the non-frozen soil, not containing hard spots having size more
than 1/4 of the canal height, but not higher than 20 cm is accomplished with its layer-by-
layer compaction to the design density from both sides of the canal.
At the second stage, the backfill of the upper zone of the trench with the soil, not
containing hard spots having size of 1/2 of the canal height is carried out. Thereat, the
integrity of the canal and soil density, fixed by the project, shall be secured
4.11. Backfill of trenches to which additional loads are not transferred (excluding
dead weight of the soil) may be carried out without compaction of the soil, but with filling a
roll along the trench route which size should be determined with an allowance for
subsequent natural settlement of the soil. The availability of the roll shall not prevent the
usage of the territory in accordance with its purpose.
4.12. The backfill of main pipelines, closed drainage and cables should be carried out
in accordance with the operating rules, fixed by relevant BCT.
4.13. Trenches and pits, excluding those excavated in the slumping soils of the II
type, in the sectors of intersection with the existing roads and other territories, having
pavements, should be filled to the whole depth with the sandy pebble soil, undersized
macadam or other analogous low-compressible (deformation modulus 20 MP and higher)
local materials, not possessing cementing properties, with compaction. In case if no
aforementioned materials are available in the building area, by conjoint resolution of the
customer, contractor and design engineering organization it is allowed to use clay sands and
loamy soils for backfills provided that their compaction to the design density is secured.
Backfill of trenches in sectors where the project envisages the arrangement of
subgrade for railways and motorways, bases for aerodromes and other analogous surfaces,
hydraulic embankments is to be carried out in accordance with requirements of relevant
BCT for these objects.
4.14. In the sector of intersection of trenches, excluding those excavated in the
slumping soils, with the underground communications (pipelines, cables, etc.), passing
within the bounds of the trench depth, under the functioning communications non-frozen
sand or other low-compressible (deformation modulus 20 MP and higher) soil shall be
added along the whole trench cross-section to the height up to the half-diameter of the
intersected pipeline (cable) or its protecting coat with the layer-by-layer compaction of the
soil. Along the trench the size of adding on the top shall be by 0,5 m more from each side of
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

the intersected pipeline (cable) or its protecting coat, and slopes of adding shall not be
steeper than 1:1.
If the project envisages facilities ensuring the invariability of the position and
integrity of the communications, being intersected, the trench backfill shall be carried out as
per clause 4.9.
4.15. The backfill (excluding those implemented in the slumping soils of the II type)
of narrow gullets where the compaction of the soil to the required density is impossible with
the available tools, should be implemented only with low-compressible (deformation
modulus 20 MP and higher) soils (macadam, gravel-pebble and sandy-gravel soils, coarse
and medium-sized sands) or analogous industrial wastes with watering unless otherwise is
envisaged by the project.
4.16. In embankments with the rigid fortification of slopes and in other cases when
the soil density on the slope shall be equal to the density in the embankment body, the
embankment should be filled with technological widening which size is fixed in the project
depending on the slope grade, thickness of the layers being filled, natural slope of the soil
being loosely filled and minimal permissible approach of the compacting mechanism to the
kerb of the embankment.
4.17. To organize passes on the dumped rock riprap being filled, along the whole
area one should fill the levelling layer of the fine rocky soil (clod’s size up to 50 mm) or
sand.
4.18. Embankments being erected without compaction should be filled with the
height margin for the settlement according to the directions of the project. If the project
gives no directions, the size margin should be taken as follows: when filling with rocky soils
– 6%, with earth soils – 9%.
4.19. When using soils with the heightened moisture, the project shall envisage
zones of embankments being filled with the draining material, providing the drainage of the
laid soil of the heightened moisture in the process of its consolidation under the effect of the
dead weight, and the opportunity of the transport vehicles and machinery traffic on the maps
of filling.
4.20. Soil losses during its transportation to the earth structures by the motor
transport, scrapers and earth-carriers should be taken into account in the following amounts:
when transporting to the distance up to 1 km – 0,5%, at long distances – 1,0%.
4.21. Soil losses during its transportation by bulldozers on the base, having been
formed by the soil of another type, should be taken into account in the following amounts:
when backfilling trenches and pits – 1,5%, when laying in embankments – 2,5%.
If duly substantiated, a big percent of losses is allowed to be taken by mutual
resolution of the customer and the contractor.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

4.22. If necessary, rooting out of stubs should be carried out within the
embankments’ bases (road, planning, etc.), pillows and dams.
4.23. Before backfilling in winter season, the frozen soil should be removed from the
surface of entries and descents, being arranged within the design profile of embankments,.
The backfill should be carried out by non-frozen soil with compaction.
4.24. When executing works in arrangement of embankments and backfills, the
structure of indexes being controlled, extreme deviations, the control scope and methods
shall correspond to Table 7. Points of determination of the soil’s characteristic indexes shall
be uniformly distributed on the area and in depth.

Table 7

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

1. Granulometric composition of
the soil, intended for the
arrangement of embankments and
backfills (if special directions are
available in the project)
2. Content in the soil intended for
the arrangement of embankments
and backfills:
a) wood, fibrous materials,
putrescent or easily compressible
debris
b) soluble salts in case of
utilization of saline soils
Shall correspond to the project. Measuring and registration
Overrunning the range fixed by the under the project directions
project is allowed not more than in
20% of determinations
Is not allowed Shift-time, visual
Amounts shall not exceed those Measuring under the project
stated in the project directions, but not less than one
determination per 10 thousand
m3of soil

3. The content of frozen clods in Shall not exceed, %: Visual, periodic

embankments (excluding (is set in the project of
hydraulic ones) and backfills execution of works)
against the total volume of the
soil being filled:
a) for exterior gullets of 20
buildings and upper zones of
trenches with the
communications laid
b) for embankments being 20
compacted by rolling
c) for embankments being 30
compacted by tamping
d) for embankments being 50
erected without compaction
e) for gullets and addings Is not allowed
inside buildings
f) for soil pillows 15 %
4. The size of hard spots, Shall not exceed 2/3 of the thickness The same
including frozen clods, in of the compacted layer, but not more

embankments and backfills
5. The availability of snow and
ice in embankments, backfills and
their bases
6. Temperature of the soil being
filled and compacted at the
negative air temperature
Technical requirements
7. Average in the examined sector
density of the dry soil of the
backfill
8. Average in the accepted sector
density of the dry soil for the
road, hydraulic embankments,
soil pillows for foundations
9. Average in the examined sector
density of the dry soil of the
planning and other embankments
being filled for which this value
hasn’t been preset by the project
10. Average in the accepted
sector density of the dry soil for
the fill-up soil bases intended for
floors
11. Humidity when arranging
embankments from soils of
heightened moisture
12. Moisture of the soil in the
body of the embankment
СНТ 3.02.01-2002
than 15 cm for the soil pillows and
30 cm for other embankments and
backfills
Is not allowed The same
Shall provide the maintenance of Visual, periodic
nonfrozen or plastic state of the soil (is set in the project of
till the end execution of works)
Continuation of Table 7
Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)
Not lower than the design ones, and The same, the scope is set by the
if no directions are available in the inspecting organization
project, shall not be lower than the
density, corresponding to control
values of the compaction coefficient
given in Table 8. In separate but not
more than in 20% of determinations,
values of dry soil density lower than
the design ones by 0,06 g/cm3 are
allowed.
Not lower than the design ones. The same, under the project
Values of dry soil density lower than directions, and if no directions are
the design ones are allowed not more available – shift-time, but not less
than in 10% of determinations in than one determination per 300
summer filling and in 20% of m3of the embankment
determinations in winter filling
Not lower than the density of the dry Measuring, the scope is set by the
soil corresponding to control values inspecting organization
of the compaction coefficient, given
in Table 8
Not lower than the design ones. The same, under the project
Values of dry soil density lower thandirections, but not less than one
the design ones are allowed not more determination per 200 m2 of the
than in 20% of determinations base with thickness of adding up
to 1 m or per 300 m3 of adding –
with significant thickness
Not more than 0,85. Values more The same, under the project
than 0,85 are allowed in separate directions, and if no directions are
measures, but not more than in 20% available - shift-time, but not less
of determinations than one determination per 300
m3of the embankment
Shall be within limits preset by the The same, under the project
project. Deviations of the moisture directions, but not less than one
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

13. Filtration coefficient of the
kernel, screens, fore aprons and
other antifiltering elements of the
embankment
14. Other characteristics of soils
which control is envisaged by the
project
values beyond the limits having been determination per 20-50 thousand
preset by the project are allowed, but m3of the embankment
not more than in 10% of
determinations
Shall correspond to the project. Measuring, under the project
Deviations above the design values directions
are allowed, but not more than in
10% of determinations
Shall correspond to the project. Under the project directions

15. Deviations in the

embankments’ geometry:
a) position of the axis of railway Measuring, in points of placing
embankments ± 10 cm signs of laying out, but not less
every 100 m in the straight-line
sectors and 50 m in curvilinear
sectors
b) the same, motorways ± 20 cm The same
c) width of embankments on the ± 15 cm The same
top and at the bottom
d) marks of embankments’ ± 5 cm Measuring, every 100 m in the
surfaces straight-line sectors and 50 m in
curvilinear sectors and for the
planning embankments. For soil
pillows the scope of control as per
position 5 in Table 4.

e) slope grade of embankments Increase is not allowed Measuring, every 100 m

Table 8

Control values of the compaction coefficient kcom at the load on the surface of the compacted
soil, MP (kg/cm2) with the general thickness of filling, m
Soil type 0 0,05-0,2(0,5-2) Above 0,2 (2)
up 2,01-4 4,01-6 above up to 2,01-4 4,01-6 above up to 2,01-4 4,01-6 above
to 2 6 2 6 2 6
Argillaceous 0,92 0,93 0,94 0,95 0,94 0,95 0,96 0,97 0,95 0,96 0,97 0,98

Sandy 0,91 0,92 0,93 0,94 0,93 0,94 0,95 0,96 0,94 0,95 0,96 0,97

Note. Compaction coefficient is the ratio of the attained density of the dry soil to the maximal density
of the dry soil, obtained in the standard compaction
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

HYDROMECHANIZED AND DREDGING OPERATIONS

Soil excavation by the hydromechanization technique

5.1. Regulations of this part are applied to the execution and acceptance of works,
being implemented by the hydromechanization technique in all kinds of construction, as
well as in the mining and stripping operations in the building quarries.
5.2. Engineering geological surveys of soils liable to the hydromechanized
excavations, shall meet specific requirements of BCT 1.02.07 - 2000.
5.3. If the soil contains more than 0,5 % of inclusions (boulders, stones, snags)
outsize in volume for the soil pumps, the usage of suction dredges and installations with the
soil pumps is prohibited without devices for preliminary selection of such inclusions.
Inclusions having the average diametrical size exceeding 0,8 of the minimal open flow area
of the pump should be considered to be outsize.
5.4. The usage of rivers with the low consumption or small reservoirs is allowed for
the water supply of hydromechanization units if the water-management design is available
which takes into account the sanitary minimum, natural losses and economic demands in the
water of the region locating down the water scoop.
5.5. General scopes of earthworks, excluding profile ones in accordance with the
structure’s project, should include additional volumes being caused by the specification of
the groove contour or alluvion in the project of execution of works, surpluses along the
bottom and slopes of the groove within the bounds of deviations fixed. Volumes of
technological soil losses (including with the waste water) and volumes of cutting and
planning of the soil when forming the design profile shall be taken into account as well
When building on the swamped and waterlogged territories, one shall take into
account the volumes of the soil alluvion for arranging of the primary diking, roads, grounds
intended for pipes, dams intended for slurry pipelines, power transmission and
communication poles, protecting and communication dams in the open water areas.
When slurry pipelines operate on the sites with intensive soiling, one should consider
repeated clearings.
5.6. The execution of works with utilization of floating non-self-propelled suction
dredges of Р class according to the classification of the River Register is allowed at the
wind strength up to 4 forces, water heaving up to 3 grades and flow velocity average
according to the wetted cross-section up to 0,75 m/s. The operation of suction dredges with
the water output 4000 m3/h and higher is allowed with the flow velocity average according
to the wetted cross-section up to 1,2 m/s and heaving up to 5 grades at their relevant
equipment and observance of requirements of the River Register.
5.7. For the execution of works in the open water areas and reservoirs, one should
use suction dredges of О class. The execution of works in reservoirs using suction dredges
of Р class is allowed in separate cases by authority of the River Register. When working in
the water area not protected against heaving, one should ensure the opportunity of taking of
non-self-propelled floating vehicles to the safe place in case of storm. The arrangement of
temporary check dams, decreasing the wave impact, is allowed. The areas of mooring
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

during storms shall be equipped as per directions in the project of the construction
organization.
5.8. The procedure of execution of works in navigable rivers and sea water areas, the
structure and position of the navigable channel shall be agreed between the building
organization and local inland water transport and navy authorities to the proper party;
rigging of vessels participating in the execution of works shall meet requirements of the
Register.
5.9. The preparatory and supplementary works shall include the implementation of
the following:
– laying out of cuts in the gabarits of canals, pits, other grooves with installation of
the leading beacons;
– laying out of structures, spoil banks, settling-basins, being inwashed;
– tracing and arrangement of slurry pipelines and supply conduits, ditches, dams,
cross-pieces, power supply and communication lines;
– mounting of depth gages coordinating their zeroes with the constant reference
point;
– installing of fencing signs along the contour of permissible approach of the suction
dredges and floating slurry pipeline to the submarine cables, pipelines, other structures in
the zone of excavations;
– preparedness of mooring anchors, facilities and devices (when working in water-
storage reservoirs);
– installation of staffs on the alluvion maps to fasten the control diameters and points.
The implementation of the aforementioned works is liable to the complete (for each
object) visual control with the registration in the log journal.
5.10. Constructions of intersecting of railways and motorways, power supply and
communication lines, pipe laying routes within the zone of functioning of enterprises and
nearby buildings by slurry pipelines and water supply conduits shall be agreed with the
organizations, exploiting these objects.
5.11. When laying pressure slurry pipelines, the turning radiuses shall not be less
than 3-6 diameters of pipes. On the turnings with the angle more than 30º, slurry pipelines
and water supply conduits shall be fastened. All pressure slurry pipelines shall be tested for
the maximal operating pressure. The accuracy of pipelines laying and reliability in their
operation are noted in an act, having been drawn up according to the results of their
exploitation within 24 working hours.
5.12. When excavating pits of buildings and structures by dint of the
hydromechanization technique, surpluses and other violations of the natural soil formation
below the design levels of the foundation bed, foundation mat or riprap are prohibited; one
should remain the protective layer of the soil to be excavated by diggers.
5.13. The depth of excavation of the soil by floating suction dredges, the necessity in
the layer-by-layer work and the number of layers, special requirements to the technology of
finalizing of the groove and to the quality of its bottom shall correspond to the directions of
the project of the construction organization, and the cuts’ width – to the project of execution
of works (PEW).
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

5.14. Parameters of excavation of grooves and quarries by floating suction dredges

and the extreme deviation from the levels and dimensions, having been set in PEW, should
be taken according to Table 9.

Table 9
The least thickness of the Extreme deviations, m
The least protective layer of the soil Ultimate
Productivity The least thickness shortage
of the suction depth of of the For the to the
dredge in the excavatio stratum length and From the Surpluses burr
water, m3/h n below being width of design level of the (bedrocks)
the water excavated sandy argillaceous grooves; for of the canals’ in the
level, m under the the bottom protective bottoms quarry, m
water, m and slopes layer (in
(on each average)
side of the
groove)
Above 7500 6 5 2 1,1 ±2 ±0,9 0,9 1,5
4001-7500 4,5 4 1,5 0,9 ±1,8 ±0,7 0,6 1,0
2501-4000 3,5 3 1,25 0,7 ±1,5 ±0,5 0,5 0.7
1001-2500 2* 2 1,0 0,5 ±1,0 ±0,3 0,3 0,6
801-1000 1,6 1,5 0,7 0,5 ±0,8 ±0,9 0,3 0,6
400-800 1,5 1,3 0,6 0,4 ±0,7 ±0,2 0,2 0,5
Less than 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,3 ±0,6 ±0,2 0,2 0,5
400

* For suction dredges equipped with rotary - 2,5 m.

Notes: 1 For suction dredges with the elongated soil intake and cantledged soil pump with
free suction the extreme deviations are fixed in the project of the construction organization.
2. If large inclusions are available in the soil, the ultimate redeepening is increased in case
if the size of inclusions is up to 60 cm – by 0,2 cm, up to 80 cm – by 0,4 m, in case of larger
inclusions the value of redeepening is fixed in the project of the construction organization.
3. Surpluses on the slopes and at the bottom of canals, to be fortified with the water
pumping, are prohibited. When excavating submarine grooves, clearings, nonfortified canals,
being strengthened by rockfill in the water, shortages at the bottom are prohibited.
4. In case of a complex relief of the bedrocks in quarries, the value of the ultimate shortage
shall be specified in the projects of the construction organization and execution of works.

5.15. When excavating hard-washed out soils with hydraulic giants, one should
preliminarily loosen them by mechanical means or the explosion method. The technology of
conducting water jet operations, the selection of the hydraulic giant type and its parameters,
the number of terraces, the greatest height of the terrace with an allowance for safe
execution of works, the frequency of moving and ways of reduction of under-inwash shall
be fixed in the project of the construction organization.
5.16. When conducting water jet operations in useful grooves (pits, canals, roadway
excavation, etc.), the clearing of the groove bottom should be carried out by bulldozers or
other diggers. The ultimate value of shortages, ways of clearing and removing shall be fixed
by the project of the construction organization.

5.17. When excavating grooves by hydromechanization facilities, the structure of
indexes being controlled, the control scope and methods shall correspond to the directions
of Table 10.
Technical requirements
1. Excavation of all types of
profile grooves by suction
dredges:
a) pits intended for the
foundation laying and other
grooves with preservation of
the protective layer
b) navigation canals, other
navigation structures and
clearings
Technical requirements
2. Excavation of profile
grooves by water jet and
suction installations
Extreme deviations
Excavation levels and profile
configuration pursuant to those
accepted in PEW
In addition to those stated in
pos. 1: thickness of the
protective layer according to
Table 9, unless otherwise is
directed by PEW
The same: the lack of shortages
at the bottom and ensuring of
gabarits of the navigation pass in
accordance with PEW
Extreme deviations
Design bounds and levels of the
groove bottom, final inclination
of the groove bottom
Surpluses and shortages at the
bottom within deviations’
bounds fixed by PEW
СНТ 3.02.01-2002
Table 10
Control (method and scope)
Measuring in diameters every 50 m
in the straight-line sectors and every
25 m in curvilinear sectors of
grooves (unless otherwise is directed
by PEW). Is carried out before
suction dredge’s switching over to a
new spur slurry pipeline but not less
than once per month
The same, once per 7 days
The same, in the installed control
diameters with measuring the depths
and drawing up a depth plan with
putting executive marks thereon. If
necessary, through involving the
customer one should carry out the
diving study of the bottom, etching
by rigid trawl, survey of the relief
bottom using the echosonde. When
sounding the heaving shall not
exceed 2 grades, during etching – 1
grade.
Continuation of Table 10
Control (method and scope)
The same, according to directions of
PEW (in the absence of directions – a
geodetic survey every 25-50 m).
Registration, with drawing up an
executive scheme, longitudinal and
transverse profiles of the groove.
Measuring, once per 15 days
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

3.Excavation of quarries by
hydromechanization facilities
The order of excavation of the Maintenance inspection not less than
singled out sectors (blocks) in one per 15 days
accordance with PEW
The completeness of excavation The same
of the useful layer with an
allowance for directions of The same
Table 9
Banning of excavation of zones
with the low-quality soil

Notes: 1. When determining the volume of the groove, the measuring points in the control
diameters should be taken in the characteristic points of the profile change, in the submarine part of the
navigation canals – not less than every 10 m, for other structures – pursuant to directions of PEW.
2. The accuracy of the depth size in the submarine part of nonfortified grooves is ±10 cm at the
depth up to 6 m and ±20 cm if deeper. For the submarine grooves, which bottoms and slopes are fortified,
the accuracy of measures should be fixed in PEW and technical specifications for the arrangement of
fortifications.
3. At the sites with intensive dependence, initial bottom levels should be defined not less than 10
days before the commencement of works, and executive ones – not later than 10 days after their
completion.

5.18. The distance from the edge of the groove or quarry to the structure being
inwashed shall be less than the value fixed in the project, the aforesaid shall be controlled
not less twice per month.
5.19. If duly substantiated in the project of the construction organization, stripping
soils of quarries are allowed not to be preliminarily removed but excavated by hydraulic
giants or suction dredges, washing them out in the process of the structure erection.

Alluviation of earth structures, decks and spoil banks

5.20. The technology of alluvion of earth structures, bases intended for building, soil
decks shall correspond to special directions in the projects of the construction organization
and execution of works. The alluvion of hydraulic structures without technical
specifications for their erection is prohibited.
5.21. When carrying out alluvion operations, one should:
– arrange ditches for the filtration water drain along the borders of the territories and
structures being inwashed and carry out other measures to prevent the swamping of the
surrounding territory;
– protect the subgrade for railways and motorways, as well as other structures located
within the area of the inwashed operations against damages caused by the water of the
diking dams or ditches;
– protect the alluvial territory against storm or flood flow.
5.22. When placing the alluvial structures and sludge ponds on the way of the surface
flow, one should envisage special portholes in their bases and, if necessary, bypass ditches.
5.23. The steepness of forcibly formed slopes of alluvial structures should be fixed
with an allowance for the water yield and filtration during the construction. For coarse sands
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

the slope shall not be steeper than 1:2, for medium-sized sands - 1:2,5, for fine sands - 1:3
and especially fine powdery sands - 1:4.
5.24. The alluvion with the free pulp flowing (free slope) should be used when
erecting earth structures with a spreading or wave-resistant profile; the steepness of free
slope should be taken pursuant to BCT 2.01.29 – 2000, to be substantiated by the project.
5.25.To erect structures of the spreading profile made of different local soils (fine
powdery sands, clay sands, loess-like loamy soils) that are characterized by high humidity
ratio, decreased strength in the water-saturated state, long-term consolidation process, the
following alluvion methods are recommended:
a) unilateral alluvion with restricting of the free slope;
b) unilateral layer-by-layer alluvion with the pulp pass-by into the additional settling-
basins on the upstream slope through the cuts, having been arranged in the spoil banks of
the stripping soil, thereat soil loss decreases from 25-40 % to 5 %;
c) layer-by-layer alluvion of structures made of cohesive loamy soils with the
arrangement of small dumping dams by dint of cutting furrows to intensify dewatering (by
trench digger on a tractor of marsh modification).
5.26. When erecting structures made of fine-grained sandy and sabulous soils, the
alluvion intensity shall be strictly limited and defined by the calculation.
5.27. The intensification of compaction and dewatering of the soil in settling basins
after alluvion of each tier and evacuation of water is attained by filling of the dry soil,
absorbing the excessive moisture from the hydraulic fill soil.
5.28. The erection of wide-section (the base width more than 80 m) dams on the
slumping base in seismic active regions is recommended to be done by unilateral trestle
(trestle 2 – 2,5 m high) alluvion method from the direction of the tailrace canal. A powerful
screen, providing a filtration, wave and seismic stability of the structure is attained through
carrying-out of argillaceous, powdery particles of the delivered soil to the headrace canal by
a pulp flow. Steepness of slopes 1:20 - 1:25.
5.29. When erecting small-section structures with the base width less than 80 m, the
butt alluvion on the longitudinal maps is used.
5.30. As a rule, the alluvion of earth structures on the slumping macroporous and
uliginous soils should be carried out in two stages:
– the arrangement of the bellied lower part («pillow»);
– the subsequent alluvion of the upper part after stabilization of the base and pillow
settlements.
5.31. At high intensity of alluvion, the evacuation of water from the watered slopes
may be carried out by using the unwatering facilities (drainages, settable for the
construction period, well points, etc.).
5.32. Gullets of concrete structures are allowed to be washed if data concerning the
provision of stability of structural elements under the effect of the liquefied soil are
available.
5.33. The elevation of the soil over the water surface in the process of alluvion of the
submarine parts of structures and on the swamping or waterlogged territories in the range of
the diking device and along the axis of slurry pipelines laying, wherefrom the alluvion is
carried out, shall not be less than, m:
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

for gravel soils ........................……...........…. 0,5

for sandy-gravel soils……............................... 0,7
for coarse and medium-sized sands................. 1,0
for finer sands.......................................…….. 1,5
The aforementioned values may be increased according to the terms of safe
execution of works. When arranging embankments on peat, peaty soils and silts and in case
of alluvion into the flowing water, the elevation shall not be less than the value fixed in the
project of the structure or in the project of construction organization.
5.34. Dams of initial diking are allowed to be erected of sandy and sandy-gravel soils,
and in case of their absence – of local soils with dam’s carrying-out of the bounds of the
structure profile. On the swamping and waterlogged territories, when inwashing the
submarine parts of the structure and in other cases envisaged by the project of construction
organization, dams of initial diking may be erected of the preliminary hydraulic fill soil.
5.35. Diking in the process of the structure erection (accompanying diking) should be
carried out of the hydraulic fill or imported soil provided that the latter is envisaged by the
project of construction organization. The usage of uliginous or frozen soils for diking dams,
as well as the soil containing more than 5% of soluble salts is prohibited. Dams made of the
imported soil shall be filled layer-by-layer with compaction up to the values accepted for the
filled-up soil.
5.36. On embankments, which slopes are to be fortified by reinforced concrete slabs
and in cases when the soil density preset for the structure should be provided, the diking
dams made of the hydraulic fill soil should be partly or completely taken out of the structure
contour as per directions given in the project of construction organization.
The external slope of the diking dams shall correspond to the structure profile, being
accepted in PEW.
5.37. When inwashing embankments with both slopes forcibly profiled by suction
dredges and dredge-pumping installations having water output of 2500 m3/h and above with
the arrangement of diking by bulldozers, the minimal width of the ridge of the alluvial part
shall not be less than 20 m. If it is required to erect embankments with the less width of the
ridge, its upper part should be filled dry.
5.38. Drain pipelines on the alluvion maps shall be under cantledge to avoid floating-
up, and when inwashing pressure earth structures – shall be provided with diaphragms
preventing filtration along the pipes’ walls. Depending on the structure construction and
filtration characteristics of the soil, diaphragms shall be mounted in intervals of 15-25 m,
but not less than two on the spillway pipe (disregarding the diaphragm in diking being
mounted on all alluvial structures and decks). Dimensions of the diaphragm and distances
between separate diaphragms are fixed in PEW.
The soil used as the pipelines’ cantledge shall be analogous to the alluvial.
When inwashing hydraulic structures, spillway wells with the regulated drain front
shall be used if other constructions are not envisaged by the project of construction
organization.
5.39. Before washing, drainage systems, settable inside alluvial earth structures,
should be protected by a layer of the dry laid sandy soil 1-2 m thick or by other methods
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

envisaged by the project of construction organization. The backfill soil shall have
granulometric composition similar to the alluvial soil or be more coarse-grained.
5.40. After erecting the pressure structure, spillway wells and pipes shall be plugged
pursuant to the project. As a rule, one should fill pipes with the cement (sandy-cement)
mortar.
5.41. Before seasonal or other long-term (more than three months) alluvion
stoppages, surfaces of unfinished structures being inwashed shall be brought to a state,
excluding the accumulation of the stagnant water.
5.42. After completing of the alluvion, the upper part of the spillway wells and trestle
poles should be dug out and cut at the depth not less than 0,5 m against the design level of
the ridge of the structure, being inwashed.
5.43. The volume of the soil being excavated for the alluvion of structures
(intermediate decks) should be fixed with an allowance for the margin for the losses
replenishment in accordance with Tables 11 and 12. The volume of losses should be
calculated with respect to the profile volume of the embankment being erected.
5.44. When carrying out alluvial operations, the composition of the indexes under
control, the extreme deviations, control scopes and methods shall correspond to Table 13.

Table 11

Additional soil margins when inwashing
structures (decks)
1. Compensation for settlements of the
embankment base
Procedure of determination of the soil volumes
Is fixed by the project according to the calculated data.
When inwashing on the weal uliginous base, settlements
should be defined according to slabs and reference point.

2. Soil compaction in the body of the
hydraulic fill embankment
Is fixed with an allowance for the embankment height
margin:
1,5 % of height when inwashing with sabulous and
loamy soils
0,75 % of height when inwashing with sandy and sandy-
gravel soils

3. Technological losses of the soil in case of Are fixed in Table 12

the submarine soil takeoff, hydraulic
transportation, enrichment, dumping with the
clarified water, filtration carrying-out of the
soil from the body of the embankments being
inwashed
4. Soil re-alluvion in the zone of extreme Are fixed in Table 13
deviation from the profile, having been
accepted in PEW
5. Soil carryover by the wind (for the above- Are fixed depending on the structure type, its profile, soil
water parts of structures) characteristics and the building area:
0,5 % - if the embankment is up to 5 m high, the
surrounding territory is forest-covered or built-up, the
fortification of slopes is carried out within one year after
alluvion, the building area is not characterized by strong

6. Soil carryover from the alluvial under-
water parts of structures by stream, as well as
from the embankments in flood-lands during
their underflooding
Type of operations
1. Under-water pioneer alluvion of sandy
embankments
2. Above-water alluvion of dykes and
dams made of sandy-gravelly soil
3. Above-water alluvion of dykes and
dams with a unilateral slope made of fine
and powdery sands containing more than
15% of particles having size up to 0,1
mm
4. Above-water alluvion of railway and
motorway embankments
5. Above-water alluvion of structures
without requirements to the soil
enrichment
6. Soil takeoff in waterways having
СНТ 3.02.01-2002
winds
1 % - in the same conditions of constructions at the
height of the alluvial structure more than 5 m
1,5 % - when inwashing on the open territories under the
wind effect and if the fortification of slopes is carried out in
the year following after the alluvion
2 % - if the fortification of slopes will be mainly carried
out more than in a year after implementing the alluvion or
the building area is characterized by strong stable winds
with the average velocity above 10 m/s
The aforementioned norms are applied for the medium-
sized and finer sands, for coarse sands they shall be
decreased by 25% and for gravelly sands containing gravel
up to 30% - by 50%
Is fixed according to the observation data, analogues and
hydraulic calculations, depending on the direction and
velocity of the water stream, wave regime and
granulometric composition of the soil
In the absence of the aforementioned data, losses in the
volume from the under-water (waterlogged) part of the
embankment are taken to be:
1 % - for structures which are under effect of the stream
or flood for about 20 days per year at the average velocity
of the water up to 0,4 m/s
2 % - in other cases
Table 12
Types of losses Procedure of determination of
losses
Scavenging of all fractions Is fixed by hydraulic
less than 0,05 mm and partly calculation or according to
larger analogues
Technological at dumping According to Appendix 3 of
with the clarified water and Building Code 2.06.05-84
owing to the soil enrichment
The same According to data of
analogues or test alluvion
The same According to Building Code
449-72
Technological According to Building Code
IV-2-82, Appendix, v..I;
Building Code IV-5-82,
Appendix, v. 1
The same Is fixed by experiments
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

velocity above 0,4 m/s

7. Pulp transportation
8. All types of above-water alluvion:
a) coarse and medium-sized sands
b) fine and powdery sands
The same 0,25 % of the embankment
volume
Filtration soil takeoff from the
body of hydraulic fill
embankments 0,5 % of the volume of the
above-water part of the
embankment
1 % of the volume of the
above-water part of the
embankment

Notes: 1. Soil losses should be taken into account separately for the under-water and above-water
parts of structures.
2. Losses shall be fixed for each alluvial structures (deck), as well as quarry in accordance with the
characteristic of its soil or large sectors singled out in the quarry that have been calculated to be excavated
within not less than one quarter.

Table 13

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

1. Preparedness of bases for alluvion Shall correspond to the Maintenance inspection through
project requirements evaluating of geotechnical
characteristics of the base soil and
their conformity with the project.
In each separate case, the
necessity of acceptance of the
base with drawing up an
executive documentation and
norms of soil sampling are fixed
by the project
.
2. Construction of spillway wells and Shall meet requirements of Maintenance inspection with
pipelines in the body of the alluvial PEW and technical drawing up an executive
structures and their plugging after specifications for the documentation (layout of drain
alluvion completion alluvion of structures systems and longitudinal profiles
along the pipelines with marks of
wells and pipes outlets)

Continuation of Table 13

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

3. Organization of the initial and The profile of filling shall
current examination correspond to the value fixed in
PEW or standard technological
maps
Maintenance inspection when
filling each diking tier or every
2-3 m of the height of the
embankment, being inwashed
(as per directions of PEW)
Is given using range indexes of
location of the exterior diking
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

slope, placed in straight sectors

every 50 m and in curvilinear
sectors – each 25 m

4. The same of the imported soil Geotechnical characteristics of the Measuring, with sampling
within the bounds of the structure soil shall correspond to those according to norms for dry
profile accepted in the project and fillings
technical specifications
5. Technological parameters of Shall satisfy directions of technical Maintenance inspection of all
alluvion operations (exclusion of specifications and PEW structures for which supervision
strata and lenses of low-quality is envisaged (daily unless
soils, placing of the settling pond otherwise is directed in technical
within the fixed bounds, specifications or PEW)
formation of internal zones of
heterogeneous dykes, the
magnitude of elevation of the
alluvial soil above the water
surface, etc.) and the state of the
slope of the structure, being
erected
6. The profile of the alluvial Under-alluvion in height, width of Maintenance inspection (using
structure shall correspond to the the ridge and slopes with respect to indexes of location of the
value fixed in PEW the profile, accepted in this project, exterior diking slope) not less
is prohibited. Technological re- than once per 7 days and
alluvion along the normal to the measuring after completion of
slope for the forcible-profiled alluvion of each map, but not
structures shall not exceed in less than once per month (in
average 0,2 m for suction dredges diameters under control every
having output in water 2500 m3/h 50-100 m in straight sectors and
and 0,4 m - for suction dredges every 25-50 m in curvilinear
having higher output and 0,1 and sectors of embankments unless
0,2 m along the ridge, respectively. otherwise is directed in PEW).
The accuracy of measuring of
the above-water parts of
structures is ±5 cm, under-water
- ±10 cm.
7. The same of railway and Extreme deviations from the design Measuring, in diameters as per
motorway embankments position of axis: directions of PEW
for railways ±0.1 m;
for motorways ±0,2 m.
Under-alluvion of the subgrade in
width is allowed. Ultimate re-
alluvion - 0,2 m
8. Surface levels and the volume Under-alluvion in the soil volume is Measuring after completion of
of the soil laying in the process of prohibited. The average height of alluvion of the sector but not
alluvion of the territory and bases re-alluvion, defined as the less than once per month (is
intended for building up shall arithmetical mean along the whole carried out according to grid
comply with those stated in PEW surface of the hydraulic fill 25х25; 50х50 or 100х100 m as
territory, shall not exceed 0,1 m. per directions of PEW).
The deviation from the design level The accuracy of measuring as
in separate sectors is allowed not per pos. 6
more than - 0,2 m and +0,3 m
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Continuation of Table 13

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

9. Granulometric composition of The curve of the average
the soil: granulometric composition in the
a) in the process of alluvion of controlled diameter (or the
structures structural part of the structure
having been singled out in the
diameter) shall be within the limits
of the boundary curves fixed in the
project or technical specifications.
Extreme deviations of actual
percentage of separate soil fractions
from those accepted in the project
in each case are fixed by the project
or technical specifications.
Measuring in accordance with
TDS 12536-79 with sampling in
diameters every 50-200 m as per
directions of technical
specifications or PEW, but not
less than two diameters on the
map of alluvion. Points of
sampling in diameters are fixed
in the characteristic points of
profile every 10-50 m with total
amount not less than three. In
height, samples are taken not
less than every 1-1,5 m.

b) in the process of alluvion of The curve of the granulometric Measuring with sampling in
territories, and bases intended for composition of the soil in average accordance with grid 50х50 m,
building up and decks in the sector, object or a structural in height every 1-1,5 m (unless
part singled out therein shall be otherwise is directed in PEW)
within the limits of the boundary
curves fixed in the project or in the
project of the construction
organization.
Extreme deviations of actual
averaged granulometric
composition of from the design
ones are fixed by the project

10. Density of dry soils:
a) in the process of alluvion of
structures
The average in the diameter under Measuring in accordance with
control (or the structural part of the TDS 5180-84 (with sampling as
structure having been singled out per pos. 9, a)
therein) but not less than in 50% of
density measures in the given
diameter (structural parts) shall
correspond (be equal to or higher)
to the control value fixed in the
project and (or) technical
specifications.
In each separate case, extreme
deviations from the stated
requirement are fixed in the project
and technical specifications

b) in the process of alluvion of Shall be equal or higher the value

territories, and bases intended for
building up
fixed in the project or in the project
of construction organization in The same, with sampling as per
average and not less than in 50% of pos. 9b
measures over the object or in the
structural part singled out

11. Filtration coefficient of the The average value in each diameter The same, in accordance with
soil under control (or the structural part TDS 25584-83 with sampling
of the structure having been singled every 3-4 m in height in
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

out in the diameter) shall be equal diameters under control as per

to or not higher than the control pos. 9, a)
value fixed in the project

12. Other physical and Average values shall correspond to The same, with sampling in
mechanical characteristics of the those accepted in the project or accordance with directions of
soil technical specifications. the project and (or) technical
specifications

Notes: 1. Geotechnical characteristics of the hydraulic fill soil shall be defined when erecting
dykes, dams, other pressure structures of the I, II, III classes, decks for fillings or alluvion of the qualitative
soil into the structures. When inwashing territories and bases for building up, other types of embankments,
decks and sludge ponds, geotechnical control is carried out in cases, envisaged by the project.
2. During operational control in the process of conducting alluvion, granulometric composition and
density of dry soil are to be defined. In addition, if relevant directions are available in the project and
technical specifications, filtration coefficient and density of dry soil are defined in maximally dense and
maximally loose states, as well as the index of plasticity of argillaceous and powdery soils in the zone of the
kernel of heterogeneous dykes.
3. In the process of control, one sample for granulometric composition and density shall be taken in
average per 2-5 thousand m3 of the hydraulic fill soil unless otherwise is stipulated by technical
specifications. Samples for determination of filtration and index of plasticity are taken per each 10-20
thousand m3 of the soil. Determination of other characteristics is carried out on the basis of one sample per
50 thousand m3 of the soil at the volume of the structure up to 2 million m3, at the larger volume and
homogeneous soils the algebraic number is to be reduced 1,5-2 times.
4. The granulometric composition and density of dry soil of sandy-gravel soils containg gravel
fractions larger than 10 mm, and filtration coefficient of soils, containing fractions larger than 5 mm, shall
be defined according to the method fixed by TDS.

Execution of works in winter conditions

5.45. In winter period hydromechanized earthworks should be carried out according

to special PEW.
5.46. In winter conditions, one should mainly apply the alluvion of structures under
the water. The permissible elevation of the soil cone above the water level is determined by
the project of the construction organization. In case of alluvion under ice, one shall ensure
the depth of the settling basin sufficient for the soil laying.
5.47. The alluvion of the soil without a constant settling basin is allowed provided
that non-freezing of the pulp within the zone of temporary technological pond is secured.
Interlayers of ice in the soil of hydraulic fill structures are prohibited.
5.48. In the process of alluvion, freezing-on of the ice field of the settling basin to the
wells’ walls and to the surface of the map of alluvion is prohibited. The ice mound having
been formed is to be removed. Ice pieces having size more than 1/4 of the diameter of the
spillway pipe shall not get into the wells. Spillway ditches should be constantly cleared of
ice. Diking dams are to be erected only of the thawed soil.
5.49. When recommencing the above-water alluvion after stoppage, one should open
the frozen crust to the thawed soil if previously hydraulic fill part or natural base of the
erected structure has been frozen through to the depth of more than 0,4 m.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

5.50. To recommence the alluvion, one should open the frozen crust by dint of
arrangement of funnels having diameter not less than 0,5 m to the thawed soil according to
the grid 6х6 to 10х10 m, unless otherwise is stipulated by the project of the construction
organization.
5.51. Before being accepted into operation, pressure and other responsible structures
having been inwashed in winter conditions shall be examined in order to check:
– the completeness of thaw of the body and base of embankments;
– the lack of ice interlayers and lenses;
– recovery of the design physical-mechanical characteristics of the soil.
5.52. When excavating the soil in winter conditions, around the suction dredge and
the active part of the floating slurry pipeline one should maintain a non-freezing lane, in
view of the aforesaid one should utilize icebreaking facilities, water or pneumatic
circulation units and flow-formers.
As a rule, the excavation of the soil should be carried out without stoppages, using
backup equipment if necessary.

Dredging operations

5.53. Regulations of this subsection are applied to the building works in the sea, lake
and river conditions, using devices of the dredging fleet – floating scoop and suction (pile-
line) dredges.
5.54. All vessels and auxiliary floating vehicles used in the process of execution of
works shall correspond to the requirements of the sea Register of Turkmenistan.
5.55. Soil characteristic for the difficulty of excavation shall be defined according to
the functioning soil classification for the marine dredging operations or river pile-line or
scoop dredges on the basis of materials of the under-water geological engineering surveys.
5.56. Hydrological and hydrometeorological characteristics of the area of execution
of dredging operations shall contain the following data: conditional marks of the water
levels and regime of the level fluctuation, information concerning the thickness of ice, data
concerning sectors of formation of the bottom ice and ice jams, strength and direction of
wind, roughness, visibility on the surface and under the water, fluctuations of air
temperature, velocity and direction of wind, drain and tidal currents.
5.57. The execution of works on the exploited waterways is allowed after
examination of the water areas where the operation of dredges, dislocation of vessels of
technical fleet and under-water spoil dikes are planned. Obstacles preventing the operation
shall be removed. If it is impossible, then before commencing works a decision shall be
taken conjointly with the organization exploiting the water area concerning the bypass of
obstacles.
5.58. The following shall precede the execution of dredging operations:
– laying out in kind of the basis and boundaries of the groove scooping (canal, under-
water pit, trenches, etc.) with singling out working cuts and arrangement of leading beacon;
– mounting of surveying rods and light buoys to mark places of underwater dumps,
quarries and soil stores;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

– the arrangement of navigation fencing of the navigable pass for the traffic of soil-
carrying and auxiliary vessels to the places of execution of works, as well as to shelters and
bases of fueling.
5.59. Axial and edge leading beacons at the depth up to 3 m should be mounted on
the bottom; when working in sectors deeper than 3 m out of sight of banks, the leading
beacons should be made floating and illuminated at night.
The distance between leading beacons shall be enough to observe the preset accuracy
of boundaries of the working cut or pit.
5.60. The excavation of the underwater grooves should be carried out by layer-by-
layer separate working cuts. When working on navigable passes, the width of the cut shall
be fixed with observance of requirements of the navigation.
5.61. The maximal width of the working cut, being excavated by cross dredging in
one advance, shall not be more than 110 m. The minimal width of the working cut is fixed
by the project depending on the working conditions and technical characteristics of dredges.
In the absence of special solutions in the project, grooves having width more than
110 m are excavated by cuts of equal width.
5.62. When excavating underwater grooves by cross dredging with soil transportation
by scows in the sectors where edge depths of the water are less than the navigation depth,
for traffic of scows and servicing vessels it is necessary that the width of the working cut is
not less than 40 m.
5.63. The boundaries of the working cut in width and its end are fixed with the
aberration from the design boundaries of the groove towards the outer side to a distance that
is equal to the half-value of the natural underwater slope base of the soil to be excavated.
5.64. The fore-boundary of the working cut should be fixed with an allowance for the
gradual incut of the working device of the dredge to the design depth. The beginning of
incut shall be fixed from the design boundary of the groove at the distance that is equal to
the natural slope base for the given soil but not less than three thicknesses of the layer being
cut when working in runny and loose soils, five thicknesses – in dense and slow-plastic soils
and seven thicknesses – in semisolid soils.
5.65. The preset width of the underwater groove shall be secured by dint of the exact
outlet of the soil-intake device of the dredge to the ranges at each approach of the dredge to
the end of the working cut.
5.66. In the process of working the depth of lowering of the soil-intake device should
be corrected with every change of the water level by 0,1 m.
5.67. Shortages in depth and width of the design groove are prohibited. Ultimate
surpluses shall not exceed values stated in Tables 14 and 15.
When excavating underwater grooves wherein the disturbance of the soil natural
structure is prohibited, one should envisage the preservation of the protective layer
sufficient for the ultimate surplus in width indicated in Tables.
In cases when the value of ultimate surplus, having been fixed for the dredge, is
lower than the thickness of the protective layer, given in Table 9 for the building suction
dredge with the relevant water output, the thickness of the protective layer shall be taken in
accordance with data of Table 9.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Note. When determining the thickness of the protective layer and ultimate surpluses
in width using data of Table 9, the output of scoop dredges is taken to be equal to the output
of suction dredges based on the conditional output of the latter in soil at the pulp
consistency 1:10.

5.68. The extreme deviations in depth and width, given in Tables 14 and 15, are
applied to the operation in the water areas protected against the wind with the stable and
regularly changing water level, when laying out geodetic beacons and reference points
permit the determination of the dredge position in the water area with the accuracy required.
In other cases, the accuracy of operation of dredges should be fixed in accordance with
directions of the project of construction organization.

Table 14

Dredge type Technical output in Ultimate surplus in

soil, m3/h depth, m
Multibucket Up to 500 0,20
The same Above 500 0,30
Suction pipe-line All types 0,40
Dipper rod or grab Up to 300 0,50
Hopper suction:
when excavating loose or runny soils All types 0,50
when excavating plastic and hard clay sands, runny-
plastic, soft-plastic and slow-plastic loamy soils and clays, All types 0,70
as well as dense sandy and sandy-gravelly soils
when excavating semisolid and solid loamy soils and All types
clays 0,90

Notes: 1 When working with ranges, being observed at a distance of 2 km, the ultimate surpluses in
width form each side of the groove are taken to be: when restoring the existing depths – 2 m, when
connecting new depths – 3 m.
2. The aforementioned marginal surpluses in depths envisage the excavating of soils without
inclusions or with inclusions having dimensions in diameter up to 40 cm for all types of scoop dredges and
up to 25 cm for suction dredges. In the presence of inclusions having larger sizes the ultimate surplus in
depth should be additionally increased as per data of Table 15.

Table 15

Maximal amounts Increase of depths of the ultimate surplus, m

(in diameter)
of inclusions in the soil, cm all types of dredging scoops suction dredges
Up to 40 – 0,2
Up to 60 0,2 0,4
Up to 100 0,4 0,5
Above 100 0,5 0,6
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

5.69. When carrying out dredging operations, the structure of indexes being
controlled, extreme deviations, the control scope and method shall correspond to Table 16.
5.70. When dredges are working nearby structures, one should observe the minimally
permissible distance of approaching them, having been fixed in the project of construction
organization. One should comply with measures for the structure’s protection against
damages by ropes, chains and anchors.
5.71. Soil unloading should be carried out within the boundaries of the spoil dike,
having been allocated when agreeing the project of construction organization, the
succession and technology of unloading shall meet requirements stated in PEW.

Table 16

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

Excavation of all types of
underwater grooves by
means of the dredging fleet
Configuration of the groove
(cut) and levels of its bottom
in accordance with those
adopted in PEW
In the process of execution of works –
measuring, by dint of measuring depth
every 2-4 hours of works in three points:
near the point of soil-intake, in the middle
of the body and near the stern of the dredge,
or by dint of continuous measuring with the
help of a device (echosonde, echograph,
etc.), the width of the cut is controlled
visually according to the leading beacons.
On completion of works – measuring as per
Table 10.

2. Excavation of pits and
other grooves with
preservation of the
protective layer
3. Excavation of navigable
canals, clearing of
navigable grooves
The thickness of the Measuring, with measuring the groove
protective layer is taken as depth and thickness of the layer remained
per clause 5.65 not less than twice per a shift
The lack of shortages to the Measuring, as per Table 10
design level of the bottom,
groove’s dimensions as per
the project

5.72. The execution of works in winter period is allowed under the following
conditions:
– the average daily air temperature shall not be lower than minus 10°С;
– wind velocity not higher than 5 m/s;
– no solid broken ice shall be in the water area;
– the excavated soil shall be completely under the water;
– the opportunity of vessels’ maneuvering and their passing to the shelter point
during storm and to the repair base shall be provided;
– spoil dikes of the underwater soil shall be at such distance that the soil in the bilge
doesn’t freeze during the scow’s travel.
5.73. Dredging operations at negative temperature and ice availability in the water
area shall be implemented pursuant to PEW, foreseeing such conditions. In the process of
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

working one should use vessels having the relevant ice class of the Register with the
technical-operational characteristics that allow to conduct the work under conditions of the
negative temperature.
5.74. When implementing dredging operations with the soil alluvion in structures or
spoil dikes of the bank, one should be additionally guided by requirements of clauses 5.21 -
5.40.

6. EARTHWORKS IN SLUMPING, SWELLING AND OTHER SOILS

THAT CHANGE THEIR PROPERTIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE
OF ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE AND UNDERGROUND WATERS

6.1. The excavation of pits in slumping and swelling soils is allowed to be carried out
only after implementation of measures, providing the drain of surface waters from the pit
and adjacent territory which dimensions on each side exceed the dimensions of the
excavated groove at the top by the following value:
– for slumping soils – not less than the value of the slumping stratum indicated in the
project, and if no directions are available in the project - by 15 m at the I type and 25 m at
the II type of soil subsidence conditions;
– for swelling soils - not less than 15 m.
6.2. When executing earthworks in soil subsidence conditions of the II type, intake
chambers and water drain facilities shall be designed for the 5% inflow of water gained
from snow thaw and precipitation, taking the highest of the values indicated.
6.3. Backfills of grooves in soil subsidence conditions of the II type, including at
intersections with the functioning communications, as well as under roadways with the
improved covering should be carried out with argillaceous soils with the layer-by-layer
compaction immediately after the arrangement of foundations and communications. The
utilization of draining soils is prohibited.
6.4. When backfilling pits in the swelling soils, one should use the non-swelling soil
along the whole width of the gullet or within the bounds of the vertical damping layer,
absorbing swelling deformations, that is adjacent to the construction. The width of damping
layer of the soil is fixed by the project.
6.5. The swelling soil is allowed to be used for the backfill of trenches with
communications, and in places with roads and territories with the roadway covering – only
non-swelling soil.

7. EARTHWORKS IN OTHER S[PECIAL CONDITIONS

7.1. When executing earthworks in marshes with the soils’ load-bearing capacity less
than 0,3 MP in bottomholes, on temporary roads and on the surfaces of spoil dikes, under
directions of the project one should carry out measures ensuring the work and traffic of the
building technology and transport (adding of the draining soil layer, utilization of
geotextiles, etc.). If no relevant directions are available in the project, the thickness of
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

adding of the draining soils shall be taken to be not less than 0,5 m and specified in the
process of the execution of works.
7.2. The regime of the embankment erection shall be fixed by the project.
7.3. When erecting embankments on weak soils, and in the presence of inclinations
of the bottom of the marsh, after agreement with the customer and the design engineering
organization, one should mount the surface and abyssal marks in the characteristic sectors in
order to conduct observations over the deformations of the embankment, as well as
adjustment of the actual scopes of works.
7.4. When executing works in the dry period of the year on the saline soils, the
project of construction organization shall envisage the duplication of routes of temporary
roads.
7.5. The top layer of the saline soil not less than 5 cm shall be removed from the
surface of the base of the embankment, standbys and quarries.
7.6. When implementing earthworks in the area of the blown sands, the project of
construction organization shall envisage measures for protecting embankments and grooves
against sanding up and blowing for the period of construction (the order of excavation of
standbys, advanced arrangement of protective layers, etc.).
Over-sand layers of the argillaceous soil that protect against blowing should be laid
by stripes with overlapping for 0,5-1,5 m, in view of the aforesaid the project should
envisage the additional volume of the soil amounting to 10-15% of the total volume of the
protective layer.
7.7. When erecting embankments in the areas of blown sands, soil losses for blowing
should be taken in the project with an allowance for the efficacy of measures envisaged
against blowing according to the data of analogues or special studies, but not more than
30%.
7.8. When arranging embankments and backfills in the arid regions, the utilization of
the mineralized water is allowed for moistening the soil provided that after compaction the
total amount of soluble salts in the soil will not exceed the permissible limits fixed by the
project.
7.9. The project of construction organization on the landslide endangered slope shall
determine the following: the landslide endangered zones, the regime of the soil excavation,
the intensity of excavation or filling in time, the coordination of succession of arrangement
of grooves (embankments) and their parts with engineering measures, ensuring general
stability of the slope, means and mode of control of the position and occurrence of the
dangerous state of the slope.
7.10. If cracks are available, the execution of works is prohibited on slopes and in
adjacent sectors prior the implementation of relevant anti-landslide measures.
In case of occurrence of the potentially dangerous situation all types of works should
be ceased. Recommencing of works is allowed after the complete liquidation of the reasons
of the dangerous situation with drawing up of the relevant permissive act.

8. BLASTING OPERATIONS
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

8.1. When carrying out blasting operations during construction, the following shall
be provided:
– in accordance with single safety blasting operations regulations – humans’ safety;
– within the limits fixed by the project – integrity of buildings, structures, equipment,
engineering and transport communications, non-disturbance of production processes at
industrial, agricultural and other enterprises, nature protection.
If during blasting operations damages of existing buildings and structures and
buildings and structures under construction can’t be completely excluded, then possible
damages shall be indicated in the project. Relevant resolutions shall be agreed with the
organizations concerned.
The working documentation for blasting operations and the project for the execution
of blasting operations nearby responsible engineering structures and functioning
productions shall take into account special technical requirements and terms of agreement of
projects for the execution of blasting operations, submitted by organizations exploiting these
structures.
8.2. The working documentation for blasting operations in especially complex
conditions shall be elaborated as a part of the project by the general design engineering
organization or on its instructions by a subcontracted specialized organization. Thereat,
technical and organizational decisions for the safety of explosions shall be envisaged in
accordance with the requirements of special instructions of relevant departments. Explosion
nearby responsible structures (railways, main pipelines, bridges, tunnels, power
transmission lines with voltage above 1000 V, communication lines, excluding local ones,
functioning enterprises and residential buildings) should be considered to be especially
sophisticated when arranging grooves on declivities with steepness more than 20°,
underwater blasting, operations in conditions of preservation of the contour massif, as well
as on the landslide endangered slopes.
8.3. Methods of explosion and technological characteristics envisaged by the
working documentation or the project for the execution of blasting operations may be
specified in the process of their implementation, as well as by special trial and modeling
explosions. Changes that cause no disturbance of the design outline of the groove, decrease
of the quality of loosening, increase of the damage of the structure, communications, and
grounds are specified by a corrective calculation without alteration of the design
documentation. If necessary, amendments in the design documentation are made by
agreement with the organization that has approved it.
8.4. Explosive storages, special dead ends and unloading grounds should be
envisaged as temporary structures hen building enterprises unless they are not their constant
parts.
8.5. Before commencing explosive operations, the following shall be implemented:
– clearing and laying out of grounds, and route of the structure;
– the arrangement of temporary access and in-site roads, organization of the water
drain, slopes trimming, liquidation of separate unstable pieces on slopes;
– illumination of the working grounds in case of working at dark time;
– the arrangement of shelves-terraces (pioneer paths) on declivities for the operation
of the drilling equipment and traffic of transport vehicles;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

– transportation or shutdown of engineering communications, power transmission

and communication lines, dismantling of equipment, cover or transportation outside the
dangerous zone of mechanisms and other preparatory works, envisaged by the working
documentation or the project for the execution of blasting operations.
8.6. The size of the exploded soil shall correspond to the project requirements, and if
no special directions are available in the project, it shall not exceed the limits fixed in the
contracts of the organization, performing earthworks and blasting operations.
8.7. As a rule, deviations from the design outlines of the bottom and walls of grooves,
being excavated using blasting operations, shall be fixed by the project. If no such directions
are available in the project, the value of extreme deviations, the control scope and method
for the cases of explosive loosening of the frozen and rocky soils should be taken from
Table 4, and for cases of arrangement of grooves by the excavating explosion – should be
fixed in the project for the execution of blasting operations by agreement between
organizations, performing earthworks and blasting operations.
8.8. AS a rule, blasting operations on the building site shall be completed prior the
commencement of the basic construction-and-assembling operations that is fixed in PEW.
8.9. When arranging grooves the slope grade 1:0,3 and steeper in rocky soils, as a
rule, one should use a contour explosion.
8.10. Slopes of profile grooves in rocky soils, not to be fortified, shall be cleared of
unstable stones in the process of excavation of each tier.

9. NATURE PROTECTION

9.1. Resolutions for nature protection in the process of execution of earthworks are
fixed in the project of construction organization in accordance with the legislation in force,
standards and documents of the decision-making authorities, regulating the rational
utilization and protection of the natural resources.
9.2. Prior the commencement of the basic earthworks, the fecund soil layer in the
base of embankments and on the area occupied by different grooves shall be removed in
amounts fixed by the project of construction organization and transported to spoil dikes for
its subsequent usage during recultivation or improvement of fecundity of the low-yield
lands.
It is allowed not to remove the fecund layer:
– at the thickness of the fecund layer less than 10 cm;
– when excavating trenches having width at the top 1 m and less.
9.3. The necessity of removing of the fecund layer and the power of the fecund layer
being removed are fixed in the project of construction organization with an allowance for
the fecundity level, and the natural zone pursuant to the requirements of the functioning
standards and clause 9.2.
9.4. The removal and putting of the fecund layer should be carried out when the soil
is in non-frozen state.
9.5. The storage of the fecund soil shall be carried out pursuant to TDS 17.4.3.02-85
and TDS 17.5.3.04-83. Methods of soil storing and protection of clamps against erosion,
underflooding, and pollution shall be fixed in the project of construction organization.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

It is prohibited to use the fecund soil layer for the arrangement of crosspieces, as
adding and other constant and temporary earth structures.
9.6. If archaeological and paleontological objects have been disclosed during the
execution of earthworks, one should cease works on this site and notify local authorities
thereof.
9.7. The usage of the quick-hardening foam for protecting soils against freezing is
prohibited:
– on the drainage territory of the open water supply source within the first and second
belts of the sanitary protection zone of water conduits and water sources;
–within the first and second belts of the sanitary protection zone of the underground
centralized domestic water conduits;
– on the territories located upstream of the underground flow in the areas where
underground waters are separately used for domestic purposes and drinking (in this case the
distance from the water intake to the territory of possible usage of the foam is determined by
territorial organizations);
– on arable lands, perennial plants and grasslands.
9.8. All types of underwater earthworks, spillway of the clarified water after alluvion,
as well as earthworks in the submerged flood-lands are carried out according to the project
having been agreed with the Ministry of the Water Industry, Ministry of Health and Medical
Industry of Turkmenistan, and in reservoirs of the fish industry – additionally with the
relevant departments.
9.9. When carrying out dredging operations or inwashing of the underwater spoil
dikes in reservoirs of the fish industry, total concentration of mechanical suspensions shall
be within the limits of norms, fixed by relevant departments.
9.10. Soil wash-out from the decks of soil-carrying vessels is allowed only in the area
of the underwater spoil dike.
9.11. Duration of execution and methods of the underwater earthworks should be
fixed with an allowance for the ecological situation and natural biorhythms (spawning, fish
migration, etc.) in the zone of execution of works.

10. COMPACTION OF SOILS OF NATURAL BEDDING

AND ARRANGEMENT OF SOIL PILLOWS

10.1. Design solutions for compaction of soils shall contain:

a) for all techniques of compaction – initial and required values of compaction
quality indexes (density of the dry soil or compression ratio), values of the surface lowering,
etc., to be inspected during operational and acceptance control, as well as the list of
technological parameters and quality indexes to be specified in the process of the trial
compaction;
b) in case of the surface compaction of the soil of natural bedding by rammers – the
plan and dimensions of the pit with sizes of the ground being compacted and contours of
foundations, directions concerning the required compaction depth, the optimal soil moisture,
the selection of the type of the soil-packing mechanism, the required numbers of strokes by
rammers or the number of passes of the compacting machine in one track, the value of
decrease of the surface being tamped;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

c) when arranging soil pillows – plans and sections of pits, physical and mechanical
characteristics of the soil being filled, directions concerning the thickness of layers being
filled that are recommended for the soil-packing machines and regimes of working, as well
as the density of dry soil in pillows;
d) when tamping pits – a plan of the pit intended for a building or a structure with
levels from which tamping of pits for foundations should be carried out, dimensions in the
plan and the depth of separately tamped pits, the construction of foundations with ultimate
loads on the base, dimensions, shape, weight and height of the rammer’s throwing and an
approximate number of strokes when tamping pits to a preset depth; the permissible range
of alteration of the soils’ moisture, minimally allowable distances between the tamped pits,
dimensions of widening in their base, as well as the volume and type of the solid soil
material (macadam, gravel, sandy-gravel mixture, etc.), being tamped into the bottom of the
pit, the number of portions and the volume of one portion;
e) when compacting with soil piles – the plan of placing of piles indicating their
diameter and depth, requirements to the moisture of the soils being packed, the
characteristics of facilities applied, total amount of the soil and separate portions, being
filled into the wells, as well as the height of the loosened upper (buffer) soil layer and
technique of its compaction;
f) when compacting by dint of preliminary wetting and watering with the abyssal
explosions – a plan of marking-out of the ground being packed into sectors (maps)
indicating their depths and succession of wetting, disposition and construction of surface
and abyssal marks, the scheme of the supply conduit network, data concerning the average
daily water consumption per 1m2 of the ground being packed and the period of wetting of
each pit or a sector (map), the value of conditional stabilization of settlement, and in case of
wetting through the wells, additionally – the plan of disposition of wells indicating their
depths, diameter, passing technique and the type of the draining material for filling,
techniques of compaction of the upper underpacked (buffer) soil layer. When compacting
slumping soils by wetting and abyssal explosion, the technology of blasting operations shall
be additionally given indicating antiseismic measures and safety appliances for the
execution of the blasting operations;
g) in case of abyssal vibrocompaction – the plan of the ground indicating the depth of
compaction, the scheme of compaction and regime of operation of the vibratory unit, the
design value of the index of the soil compaction, the permissible distance from the working
unit to the existing building, structure and communications;
h) in case of pre-construction compaction of the weak water-saturated soils by
cantledge with vertical cunettes – data concerning the volumes of the compacted massifs,
the plan of the sector indicating its contour, the value of the temporary load caused by the
loading embankment, the shape and dimensions of the temporary loading embankment, the
layout of the vertical cunettes, cross-section of cunettes, a distance between the cunettes’
axes, cunettes’ size and the layout of surface and abyssal marks, the design value of final
settlement of the base caused by the temporary loading embankment and the value of the
elastic rising after the load removal, the schedule of execution of works in the cunettes’
submersion; the arrangement and removal of the loading embankment indicating the
facilities applied, the regime of loading and removal of the temporary load.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

10.2. Main works in compacting soils and arranging soil pillows shall be preceded by
a trial compaction, in the process of which technological parameters (thickness of the filling
layers, optimal moisture, the number of passes of the compacting machine, the number of
strokes of rammer, etc., stated in the project), ensuring the attainment of values of density of
the compacted soil required by the project, shall be specified as well as the control values of
indexes liable to the operational control in the course of the works implementation (decrease
of the level of the surface being packed, settlement of marks, etc.).
The trial compaction should be carried out in accordance with the recommended
Appendix 4 under the programme taking into account hydrogeological conditions of the site,
compaction facilities having been envisaged by the project, the season of execution of
works and other factors, affecting the technology and results of working.
10.3. Before beginning the compaction operations, one should specify the natural
moisture and density of the dry soil to the depth, defined by the project under TDS 5180-84
or express-methods (sounding under TDS 19912-81 and TDS 20069-81, radionuclide
method TDS 23061-78, etc.).
If the natural moisture of the soil has happened to be lower than the optimal by 0,05
and more, one should carry out its additional moistening by a design amount of the water.
10.4. Surface compaction of soils by tamping should be carried out with observance
of the following requirements:
a) at different depth of the foundation laying, the soil compaction should be carried
out beginning from the higher levels;
b) on completion of the surface compaction, the upper underpacked soil layer should
additionally compacted under the project directions;
c) in winter period the soil compaction by tamping is allowed in case of the non-
frozen state of the soil and natural moisture. At the soil moisture below the optimal one, the
required compaction depth is attained by the increase of the weight, diameter or height of
the rammer’s throwing;
d) the control determination of the glut is carried out by two strokes of the rammer
when throwing it from the height, having been accepted in the process of execution of
works, but not less than 6 m. The compaction is recognized to be satisfactory if under the
effect of two strokes lowering of the surface being compacted doesn’t exceed the value
fixed during the trial compaction.
10.5. The arrangement of soil pillows should be carried out with the observance of
the following requirements:
a) soil for the arrangement of the soil pillow shall be compacted at optimal moisture
in accordance with the requirements of clause 4.5;
b) the filling of each following layer should be carried out only after examination of
the compaction quality and attainment of the design density for the previous layer;
c) the arrangement of the soil pillows in winter period is allowed from the thawed soils
containing frozen clods having size not more than 15 cm and not more than 15% of the total
volume at the average daily air temperature not lower than minus 10°С. In case of decrease
of temperature or stoppages in the operation, sectors of the pit, having been prepared but not
compacted, shall be covered by heat-insulated materials or the dry loose soil.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Soil filling on the frozen layer is allowed as an exclusion at the thickness of the
frozen layer not more than 0,4 m, when the moisture of the soil being filled doesn’t exceed
0,9 of the moisture on the border of rolling; otherwise, the frozen soil shall be removed.
10.6. Tamping of pits intended for foundations should be carried out with the
observance of the following requirements:
a) pit tamping for detached foundations is to be done for the whole pit depth without
changing the position of the lead bar of the rammer;
b) if necessary, additional moistening of the soil should be carried out from the level
of the pit bottom to the depth not less than 1,5 of the pit width;
c) tamping of the rigid material into the bottom of the pit in order to create a spread
base should be carried out immediately after the pit;
d) as a rule, foundations are mounted immediately after the acceptance of the tamped
pits. The maximal interval between tamping and concreting is one day. Thereat, the
thickness of the defective (frozen, swelled, etc.) layer on the walls and at the bottom of the
pit shall not exceed 3 cm;
e) concreting of the foundation should be carried out with thrust;
f) pit tamping in winter period should be carried out at the thawed state of the soil.
Frost penetration into the soil is allowed to the depth not more than 20 cm.
Thaw of the frozen soil should be carried out for the whole depth of the frost
penetration within the limits of the ground which sides are equal to 1,5 sizes of the pit sides;
pit tamping at negative air temperature should be carried out without additional wetting of
the soil;
g) in case if rammers weigh 3 t and more, it is prohibited to tamp pits at distances
less than: 10 m – from the exploited buildings and structures having no deformations; and
15 m – from buildings and structures having cracks in the walls, as well as engineering
communications, made of cast-iron, reinforced concrete, ceramic, asbestos-cement and
plastic pipes. In case if rammers weigh less than 3 t, the aforementioned distances may be
reduced 1,5 times.
10.7. Abyssal compaction with the soil piles should be carried out with the
observance of the following requirements:
a) wells’ punching with the cable-tool drilling outfit shall be performed from the
surface of the pit bottom at the natural soil moisture;
b) wells’ expansion with the help of explosion is allowed at the natural soil moisture
equal to the moisture at the breaking point of rolling, and at the less soil moisture it shall be
additionally moistened;
c) wells should be arranged next nearest, and the omitted ones only after backfilling
and compaction of the previously passed;
d) before backfilling of each well, having been formed by explosion, measuring of its
depth shall be performed; when a blockage having height up to two diameters of the well
has formed, it must be packed by 20 strokes of the rammer with the specific energy of a
stroke 250-350 kJ/m2, more than two diameters – a new well is made;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

e) wells are filled with the soil in portions, each portion is packed, loamy soils and
clay sands are used as a soil material (without inclusion of plant residues and debris), having
the optimal moisture; the soil volume in a portion is set on the basis of receipt of a column
of loose soil in a well with a height not more than two its diameters, but not more than 0,2
m;
f) wells landfilling at the negative air temperature should be carried out only by the
non-frozen soil.
10.8. Soil’s compaction by preliminary wetting should be carried out with the
observance of the following requirements:
a) wetting should be performed by means of the water flood of the pit with
maintaining the water depth of 0,3 - 0,5 m, and should be continued until soaking of the
whole stratum of slumping soils to the design moisture and conditional stabilization of
subsidence, for which the subsidence less than 1 cm per week is taken, are attained;
b) in the process of preliminary wetting one should carry out a systematic observance
over the settlement of the surface and abyssal marks, as well as the water consumption; the
levelling of marks should be performed not less than once per 5-7 days;
c) the actual depth of wetting should be fixed resulting from the determination of the
soil moisture every 1 m in the depth for the whole slumping stratum by dint of any of
methods mentioned in clause 10.3;
d) at the negative air temperatures preliminary wetting should be carried out with
keeping the bottom of the flooded pit in the non-frozen state and water delivery under the
ice.
10.9. Compaction of slumping soils by wetting and explosion energy should be
carried out with the observance of the following requirements:
a) wetting should be performed through the pit bottom, drain, blast and associated
holes, filled with the drainage material, and continued until soaking of the whole slumping
stratum to the design moisture;
b) on completion of wetting and after the execution of blasting operations one should
carry out observances over the settlement of the surface and abyssal marks. After shots of
explosive materials (EM) the levelling should be performed within 15-20 days;
c) the depth of the pit or distribution trenches, being dug at the expense of the soil cut,
should be fixed proceeding from the condition of preservation of the water layer during
wetting 0,3-0,5 m.
In the winter period, the water level in the pit and trenches should be maintained at
the same mark;
d) if necessary, when soil compaction is carried out on extensive areas, the
arrangement of sandy-gravel pillows is allowed to be envisaged, the aforesaid will help to
speed-up the beginning of the construction-and-assembly operations in the compacted
sector;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

e) depending on the size of the ground, an interval between the wetting completion
and shots of EM shall not be more than 3 – 8 hours.
10.10. After preliminary wetting of bases and wetting with the abyssal shots of EM,
one should perform the compaction of the upper soil layer.
10.11. Vibrocompaction of the water-saturated sandy soils should be carried out with
the observance of the following requirements:
a) points of submersion of the compactor shall be placed on a triangle mesh with
sides up to 3 m for coarse and medium-sized sands and up to 2 m for the fine sand;
b) the level of the underground waters shall not be lower than 0,5 m from the pit
bottom;
c) the full cycle of compaction to the depth up to 6 m in one point shall last not less
than 15 minutes and consist of 4 – 5 alternate submersions and hoisting of the compactor; if
the depth is higher the duration of the cycle shall be set by the project.
10.12. Pre-construction compaction of the water-saturated soils by temporary
cantledge with vertical cunettes should be carried out with the observance of the following
requirements:
a) a sandy drainage later shall be 0,4 - 0,5 m thick;
b) the thickness of layers of the temporary loading embankment shall not exceed 1-
1,5 m;
c) after arranging the loading embankment, one should carry out observances over
settlements of the surface marks. Before removing the temporary embankment on the given
ground, an act is drawn up wherein design and actual values of final settlements of the
surface marks are stated.
10.13. When executing works for compaction of soils of natural bedding and
arrangement of soil pillows, the structure of indexes being controlled, extreme deviations,
the control scope and methods shall correspond to Table 17.

Table 17

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

1. Moisture of the soil being
compacted
2. Surface compaction:
a) density of the compacted
soil average for the accepted
sector
Shall be within limits fixed by the
project
The same, not lower than the design
value.
The decrease of the dry soil density
by 0,05 t/m3 is allowed but not more
than for 10 % of determinations
Measuring, under directions of
the project
The same, under directions of
the project, and if no directions
are available, one point per 300
m2 of the compacted area with
measuring within the bounds of
the whole compacted thickness
every 25 m in depth with the
thickness of the compacted layer
up to 1 m and every 0,5 m at the
greater thickness, numbers of
samples in each point not less
than two

b) value of lowering of the soil
surface (glut) when compacting
by heavy rammers
3. Density of the dry soil average
for the accepted sector when
arranging soil pillows
4. Arrangement of foundations in
the tamped pits:
a) pit position with respect to
the centre and axes of the
foundation
b) the depth of the tamped pit
c) height of the rammer’s
throwing, total number of strokes,
the volume and number of
portions of the hard material
being filled, number of strokes
for taming of each portion
5. The abyssal compaction by soil
piles, including with the help of
explosion:
a) soil moisture in the massif
being compacted:
when well boring with the help of
explosion
when well boring with other
methods
b) moisture of the soil filled
into the well
c) depth and state of the well
d) density of the soil; compacted
massif
e) layout of the soil piles in the
plan
Technical requirements
6. Compaction of slumping soils
by wetting, including by using an
explosion, as well as water-
Shall not exceed the value,
determined during the trial
compaction
Shall be not lower than the value
fixed by the project. The decrease of
density by 0,05 t/m3 is allowed but
not more than for 10 % of
determinations
Deviations from the design values
shall not exceed: centre ±3 cm, turn
of axes ±5º
Deviations from the design values
shall not exceed ±5 cm
Shall correspond to the values,
defined as a result of the trial
tamping
Shall not be lower than the moisture
on the border of rolling
The same, within limits fixed by the
project
Deviation from the optimal moisture
is allowed not more than ±0,04
The height of blockages shall not
exceed two diameters of wells
Average density of the dry soil at the
level of foundations’ laying shall not
be lower than the design one The
decrease of density by 0,05 t/m3 is
allowed but not more than for 10 %
of determinations
Deviations from the design position
shall not exceed 0,4 m
Extreme deviations
СНТ 3.02.01-2002
Measuring, one determination
per 300 m2 of the compacted
area
The same, one point per each
300 m2 of the pillow area, not
less than three measures in each
layer
Measuring, each pit
The same
The same
Measuring, one determination
per 1000 m2 of the compacted
area
The same
Measuring, shift-time
The same, each well
The same, one point per 500 m²
of the compacted area
The same, each pile
Continuation of Table 17
Control (method and scope)
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

saturated soils of temporary load

with vertical cunettes:
a) settlement of surface and
abyssal marks
b) density and moisture of the
soil within the compaction zone
7. Vibrocompaction of sandy
soils
Shall correspond to the project
Shall not be lower than design values
. Density of the dry soil average for
the accepted sector shall not be lower
than design one. one The decrease of
density by 0,05 t/m3 is allowed but
not more than for 10 % of
determinations
The same, under directions of
the project
The same, one point per 500 m²
of the area with determination
not less than every 2 m in depth
within the limits of the whole
compacted stratum
The same, by sounding or
radionuclide technique, one
determination per not less than
500 m2 of the compacted area

11. PILE FOUNDATIONS, SHEET-PILE ENCLOSURES

General requirements

11.1. Pile and sheet-pile sinking (jetting, leader wells, etc.) should be applied by
agreement with the design engineering organization in case of glut of elements being driven
in less than 0,2 cm or the velocity of the vibratory pile driving less than 5 cm/min.
11.2. The usage of jetting in order to facilitate the pile driving is allowed in sectors
remote not less than 20 m away from the existing buildings and structures, and not less than
the doubled depth of the pile sinking.
At the end of sinking, the jetting should be terminated, afterwards the pile should be
additionally sunk by a large hammer or a silent pile driver until the design glut is attained
without the utilization of jetting.

Table 18

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

1. Installation in the place of sinking of
Measuring, each pile
pile having size in diagonal or diameter,
m
Without With
conductor, conductor,
mm mm
Up to 0,5 ±10 ±5
0,6 – 1,0 ±20 ±10
Above 1,0 ±30 ±12
2. The glut value of pile being driven in Shall not exceed the design The same
value
3. The amplitude of oscillation at the The same The same
end of the vibratory driving of piles and
casing piles
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

4. Position in the plan of the driven piles The same

with the diameter or the section side up
to 0,5 m inclusive:
а) a single-row placement of piles :

crosswise the axis of the row of ±0,2d

piles ±0,3d
lengthwise the axis of the row
of piles

Continuation of Table 18

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

b) clumps and straps with piles’
placement in two or three rows:

end piles crosswise the axis of ±0,2 d

the row of piles
other piles and end piles ±0,3 d
lengthwise the row of piles

c) a continuous pile field under the

whole building or structure:
end piles ±0,2d
mean piles ±0,4d
d) single piles ±5 cm
e) column piles ±3 cm
5. Layout of driven, built-in-place and The same
drill-built-in-place piles with the
diameter more than 0,5 m:
a) crosswise the row ±10 cm
b) lengthwise the row at clump ±15 cm
placement of piles
c) for single hollow round piles ±8 cm
intended for columns
In the plan
6. Placement of piles, located along The same
At the At the Slope of
the bridge façade:
level of level of axis
the the
mainland water
surface area
a) in two rows and more ±0,05d ±0,1d 100:1
b) in one row ±0,02d ±0,04d 200:1
7. Marks of the crowns of piles: The same
a) with monolithic grillage ± 3 cm
b) with the precast grillage ± 1 cm
c) grillage-free foundation with ± 5 cm
the precast pile head
d) piles-columns – 3 cm
8. Verticality of the axis of driven ±2% Measuring, 20 % of piles
piles, excluding bearing piles randomly selected

9. Layout of the sheet-pile:
a) reinforced concrete, at the level
of the soil surface
b) steel, with sinking by a floating
crane at the level:
top of the sheet-pile
water surface
c) at the level of the top of the
sheet-pile when sinking from the
mainland
10. Wedging of sheet piles, being used
for the liquidation of fanning of the
sheet pile in the wall
11. Dimensions of wells and widening
of drill-built-in-place piles:
a) marks of the wellhead, well
bottom and widening
b) well’s diameter
c) widening diameter
d) verticality of the well axis
12. Wells’ layout
Technical requirements
13. Continuity of the piles’ trunk,
having been implemented by the
technique of underwater concreting
14. Continuity of the trunk of the
driven hollow piles
15. The depth of wells intended for the
bearing piles, mounted by the drill-
sinking method, for the grillage
a) monolithic
b) precast
16. Requirements to the crowns of
piles, excluding piles whereto loads
are transferred directly without the
pile head (platform juncture)
17. Requirements to the crowns of
piles whereto loads are transferred
directly without the pile head
СНТ 3.02.01-2002
The same
± 10 cm
± 30 cm
± 15 cm
± 15 cm
± 0,01 Measuring, 10 % of all sheet
piles
± 10 cm The same, each well,
according to marks on the
drilling facilities
± 5 cm The same, 20% of accepted
wells randomly selected
± 10 cm The same
± 1% The same
According to pos. 5 According to pos.5
Continuation of Table 18
Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)
The pile trunk shall not have the Measuring, testing of samples,
continuity defect taken from cores bored in piles
or otherwise
The pile trunk shall not have Visual, each pile
concrete inrush with the area
more than 100 cm² or exposed
effective reinforcement
Deviations shall not exceed, cm: Measuring, each pile
according to the mark of the
+5,-20 crown of the pile, mounted
+3,-20 into the well
Butt-ends shall be horizontal Engineering inspection, each
with deviations not more than pile
5º, the width of concrete chips
along the pile perimeter shall not
exceed 50 mm, wedge-shaped
chips in the corners shall not be
deeper than 35 mm and have
length not less than by 30 mm
shorter than the depth of
embedment
Butt-ends shall be horizontal The same
with deviations not more than
0,02, have no concrete chips
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

(platform juncture) along the perimeter with the

width more than 25 mm, wedge-
shaped chips of the corners to
the depth more than 15 mm

18. The assembly of precast grillages: Displacement Deviations in Measuring, each grillage
with respect to the surface
the layout marks, mm
axes, mm
a) foundations of residential and ± 10 ±5
public buildings ± 20 ± 10
b) foundations of industrial
buildings
19. Displacement of axes of the pile ± 10 mm The same, each pile head
head with respect to the pile axes
20. Thickness of the seam opening Not more than 30 mm The same
between the grillage and pile head
21. Thickness of the seam after the Shall not exceed 8 mm The same
assembly in case of the platform
support
22. Thickness of clearance between Not less than the value fixed by Measuring, each grillage
the soil surface and the lower plane of the project
the grillage in the swelling soils

23. Thickness of the seam opening Shall not be more than, mm The same
without grillage pile foundations:
between the slab and pile head
between the wall panel and pile 30
head 20
24. Parameters of anchors Shall correspond to the project Engineering inspection, each
(construction, depth of laying, tilt anchor
angle to the horizon, total length of
embedment, length of the free part,
diameter of the well)

25. Load bearing capacity of anchors: Shall perceive the force greater Measuring, not less than 10 %
than the operational one: of the total number of anchors
constant 1,5 times during control tests and all
temporary 1,2 times other anchors during
acceptance tests

Denominations taken in Table 18: d – a diameter of the round pile or the least side of the
rectangular pile
Note. Extreme deviations and methods of their control for the pile elements of hydraulic marine and
river transport structures are determined pursuant to BCT

11.3. It is not allowed to sink piles with section up to 40х40 cm at a distance less
than 5 m, sheet pile - 1 m and hollow round piles with diameter up to 0,6 m - 10 m to the
underground steel pipelines with the internal pressure not more than 2 MP. Driving of piles
and a sheet pile nearby the underground pipelines with the internal pressure more than 2 MP
or at closer distances may be carried out only with an allowance for the examination data,
and if duly substantiated in the project.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

When using large hammers and vibratory pile drivers for driving piles and a sheet
pile nearby the existing buildings and structures, one should evaluate the danger of the
dynamic impact for them proceeding from the influence of oscillations on the deformations
of the base soils, technological appliances and facilities, as well as the admissibility of the
level of oscillation pursuant to sanitary norms.
11.4. Piles with the length up to 10 m, underdriven by more than 15% of the design
depth, and longer piles underdriven by more than 10% of the design depth, and for bridges
and transport hydraulic structures also piles underdriven by more than 25 cm of the design
level with their length up to 10 m and underdriven by more than 50 cm at the pile length
more than 10 m, but having shown glut equal to or less than the design value, shall be
examined to clarify the reasons, making the driving difficult, and a resolution should be
taken concerning the possibility of usage of the available piles or driving of additional piles.
11.5. When executing works in arrangement of pile foundations, sheet-pile
enclosures and anchors the structures of indexes, being controlled, the control scope and
methods shall correspond to Table 18.

Driven piles, piles of casing, sheet-pile

11.6. Operations in driving pile elements within the water area are allowed to be
carried out at roughness not more than one grade, if floating vehicles with up to 500 t
displacement are used, and not more than 2 grades – at the larger displacement, and self-
elevating platforms – at roughness higher than 4 grades.
11.7. Sections of pile elements being used for the splice of piles or piles-casings,
being driven, are liable to the control butt-jointing at the building site to check their
coaxiality and conformity with the project of embedded parts of joints (within the fixed
tolerances) and shall be marked by the indelible paint for their correct connection (butt-
jointing) at the place of driving.
11.8. At the beginning of execution of works in pile driving one should drive in 5-20
test piles (the number is set by the project), located in different points of the building site
with the recording of the number of strokes per each meter of driving. The calculation of
total number of strokes for driving of other piles isn’t carried out. However, for piles longer
than 25 m the additional recording of the number of strokes per each meter shall be carried
out at the last three meter of driving. The results of measuring shall be recorded in the log
journal.
11.9. At the end of driving, when the actual value of glut is close to the design one,
one should carry its measuring. Pile glut at the end of driving or during the finishing strokes
should be measured to 0,1 cm.
When pile driving by dint of aero-steam solitary operations or diesel hammers, the
last pawn should be taken to be equal to 30 strokes, and the glut should be determined as an
average value of the last 10 strokes in the pawn. When pile driving by double-acting
hammers, the duration of the last pawn shall be taken to be equal to 3 minutes, and the glut
should be defined as the average value of the depth of pile sinking caused by one stroke
within the last minute in the pawn.
11.10. Piles with the glut greater than the design one shall be liable to the control
finishing stroke after their “rest” in the soil pursuant to TDS 5686-78. In case if during the
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

control finishing stroke the glut exceeds the design one, the design engineering organization
shall set the necessity of conducting control tests of piles by the static load and correction of
the project of the pile foundation or its part.
11.11. During vibratory driving of piles or piles-casings, the duration of the last pawn
is taken to be equal to 3 minutes. Within the last minute, one should measure the power
consumption of the vibratory pile driver in the pawn, the velocity of driving to 1 cm/min
and amplitude of oscillation of the pile or pile-casing to 0,1 cm – to have the opportunity of
determination of its load bearing capacity.
11.12. During vibratory driving of reinforced concrete piles-casings and from below
open hollow round piles, one should take measures to protect their reinforced concrete walls
against the formation of longitudinal cracks under the impact of hydrodynamic pressure
thereon, which appears in the cavity of pile elements during vibratory driving into the water
or weak running soil. Measures, preventing the appearance of cracks, shall be developed in
PEW and checked up during the period of driving of the first piles-casings.
11.13. At the last stage of driving of piles-casings aimed at preventing of the base
softening in the cavity of piles-casings, one should remain a soil kernel with the height
under the project but not less than 2 meters from the lower part of the cutting edge of casing
in case if hydromechanization is used, and not less than 0,5 m when using the mechanical
method of the soil removal.
11.14. Before sinking, the steel sheet pile should be tested for the straightness and
purity of the cavities of interlocks by dint of drawing through a two-meter model on the test
bench.
Sheet pile interlocks and tongues, in the process of their lifting by a rope, should be
protected by marker blocks.
11.15. In the process of a sheet pile sinking, the difference of levels of the lower ends
of the neighbouring driven sheet piles shall not be more than 2 m for a flat sheet pile and
not more than 5 m for other profiles of the sheet pile.
11.16. When erecting structures or enclosures that are closed in a plan, as a rule, the
sheet pile sinking should be carried out after preliminary assemblage and full closing.
11.17. Pulling of a sheet pile should be carried by mechanical appliances that are
capable to develop the pulling out forces that 1,5 times exceed forces determined during the
trial pulling of a sheet pile in the given or analogous conditions.
In the process of pulling, the velocity of a sheet pile raising shall not exceed 3 m/min
in sands and 1 m/min in argillaceous soils.
11.18. The limiting negative temperature, at which the steel sheet pile sinking is
allowed, is fixed by the design engineering organization, depending on the steel grade and
technique of sinking.

Built-in-place and drill-built-in-place piles

11.19. When arranging drill-built-in-place piles, the bottomhole of the well shall be
cleared of the loosened soil or packed by tamping. The compaction of non-water-saturated
soils should be carried out by throwing a rammer into the well (at diameter 1 m and more –
weight not less than 5 t, at the well diameter less than 1 m – 3 t). Tamping of the soil in the
bottomhole of the well should be carried out to the “glut” value, not exceeding 2 cm for the
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

last 5 strokes, thereat total sum of the tamping “gluts” shall not be less than the well
diameter.
11.20. In order to prevent the rise and displacement in the plan of the reinforcing
cage, being underpoured, and in the process of pulling out of concrete or casing pipe, as
well as in all cases of armouring not to the full depth of the well, one should fasten the cage
in the project position.
11.21. Excessive pressure (head) of water in the powdery-argillaceous soils is
allowed to be used for fortifying the wells’ surfaces, not closer than 40 m to the existing
buildings and structures.
11.22. In the process of the well’s drilling, clearing and concreting, the level of the
argillaceous solution in the well shall be higher than the level of the underground waters (or
the elevation of water in the water area) not less than by 0,5 m.
11.23. If it is impossible to overcome obstacles, encountered in the process of drilling,
the decision concerning the possibility of usage of wells for the arrangement of piles shall
be taken by the organization, designing the foundation.
11.24. On completion of drilling, one should check up the conformity of actual
dimensions of wells, levels of their mouth, bottomhole and the layout of each well with the
project, and ascertain the conformity of the base soil type with the data of geological
engineering surveys (attracting a geologist, if necessary).
In case of dry concreting before the arrangement of the reinforcing cage and
afterwards, the well shall be examined for the availability of the loose soil in the bottomhole,
slide-rocks, inrushes, water and slag.
11.25. In the watered sandy, slumping and other unstable soils, the concreting of
piles shall be carried out not later than 8 h after completion of drilling, and in stable soils –
not later than 20 h. If concreting within the aforementioned terms is impossible, one should
not commence the well drilling, and should stop drilling in the wells wherein drilling has
been started, not reaching the bottomhole for 1-2 m versus the design level and not drilling-
out widenings.
11.26. Just before the underwater laying of the concrete mixture in each well, having
been bored in the rocky soil, one should wash off the drill cuttings from the bottomhole
surface. For flushing one should provide the water supply under excessive pressure 0,8-1
MP at consumption of 150-300 m3/h. Flushing should be lasted for 5-15 minutes until slag
residues disappear (the water colour shall testify thereof).
Flushing should be stopped only at the moment of commencement of moving of the
concrete mixture in the concrete pipe.
11.27. To control the continuity of the concrete trunk of the drilling piles, being filled
by the underwater concreting technique, one should carry out random testing of samples
taken from the kerns drilled-out of the piles, or control the continuity by nondestructive
testing (from one pile per 100, but not less than from two per the building site), as well as in
all piles if during their arrangement violations of technology have been registered.
When coring out, one should pay special attention to the drilling regime in the zone
of contact of the concrete layer, having been laid with the violation of requirements to
concreting (for example, long-term stoppages in the mixture laying), with the normally laid
layer, as well as in the zone of contact with the bottomhole of the well in the rocky soil.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Quick sinking (fall-through) of the drilling tool in these zones witnesses the availability of
the slag interlayer, having been formed as a result of violation of the regime of the
underwater concreting. The aforementioned circumstance should be registered in the journal
of coring out, indicating the level and depth of the tool’s fall-through.
11.28. The volume of mixture, having been laid before the camouflet blasting, shall
be sufficient to fill the camouflet cavity and trunk of piles to the height not less than 2 m.
In the process of arrangement of camouflet widening of each pile, one should control
the levels of the blasting charge, being sunk into the bottomhole, and surfaces of the
concrete mixture before and after explosion.
11.29. Hollow drill-built-in-place piles should be made of the rigid concrete mixtures
with the cone settlement 1-3 cm on the macadam having fraction not more than 20 mm.
11.30. The internal surface of the trunk of each drill-built-in-place pile shall be
visually examined. When concrete inrushes with the area more than 100 cm2 are revealed or
the effective reinforcement is exposed, the pile cavity shall be filled with the concrete
mixture with the cone settlement of 18-20 cm to the height exceeding the level of the
discovered defect by 1 m.
11.31. When arranging drill-injection piles in unstable watered soils, drilling of piles
should be carried out with the wells’ flushing by argillaceous (concrete) solution or under
the protection of casing pipes.
The density of argillaceous (concrete) solution should be taken to be equal to 1,05-
1,15 g/cm3.
11.32. Solutions used for the manufacture of drill-injection piles shall have density
within 1,73-1,75 g/cm3, fluidity not less than 17 cm and dehydration not more than 2 %. The
composition of solutions for the drill-injection piles shall be given in the project.
11.33. Filling of the well of drill-injection piles with hardening (cement or other)
solutions shall be carried out through the drill column or the injection tube from the
bottomhole of the well bottom-up until the argillaceous solution is completely displaced and
pure cement mortar appears in the well mouth.
11.34. Pressure testing of the drill-injection pile should be carried out after mounting
of the of the plug with the pressure-gauge in the upper part of the tube-conductor by dint of
the hardening solution injection under pressure of 0,2-0,3 MP for 2-3 minutes through the
injector.

Grillages and grillage-free pile foundations

11.35. Operations for mounting of grillages shall be preceded by the acceptance of

the buried and truncated at the design level piles, piles-casings or drilling piles, and erected
enclosures of pits (if available).
11.36. Piles with cross and oblique cracks with the width of opening more than 0,3
mm shall be strengthened by the reinforced concrete casing with thickness of walls not less
than 100 mm or they shall be replaced.
11.37. In case if piles are underdriven or their crowns are damaged during driving,
the crowns shall be cut using methods that exclude the violation of the protective layer of
the piles’ concrete locating lower its cut off.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

11.38. When grillages are supported by piles through the intermediate elements of
the head, connections of heads and piles should be implemented by dint of their embedment
in the head to the depth stated in the project but not less than 100 mm.
11.39. When mounting precast elements of grillages and grillage-free foundations,
opening of beacons shall be one class lower than the value envisaged by the project for the
bedding arrangement.
11.40. It is prohibited to have a gap between the grillage and head (pile) that is not
filled by solution.
11.41. In case of the piles’ breakage and forced driving below the design level, by
agreement with the design engineering organization one should splice them by cast-in-situ
reinforced concrete.
11.42. The enclosed pits for the arrangement of grillages should be performed with
the observance of the following regulations:
a) if it is impossible to dry up the pit (for the execution of works in arrangement of
grillages), the excavation of the soil to the design levels should be carried out by the
underwater method (air lifts, hydraulic elevators, grabs). To prevent water entry from below,
at the bottom a concrete plugging layer should be laid by vertically movable pipe method.
The thickness of the concrete layer, defined by the calculation of the water pressure from
below, shall not be less than 1 m, in case if its laying on the reinforced concrete slab of the
pit enclosure is envisaged, and not less than 1,5 m – when irregularities of the soil bottom of
the pit are up to 0,5 m in case of the underwater excavation;
b) the top of the pits’ enclosures should be placed not less than 0,7 m above the
working water level with an allowance for the surge height and fetch or 0,3 m above the
freeze-up level. The working water level (freeze-up) in PEW should be taken to be the
highest possible seasonal water level (freeze-up) during the period of implementation of this
kind of works that corresponds to the design value with 10% exceedance probability.
Thereat, possible level exceedance being caused by fetch winds or ice jams shall be taken
into account. In the rivers with the adjustable drainage, the working level is fixed on the
basis of information of organizations regulating the drainage;
c) water pumping from the pit enclosure and operations dealing with the erection of a
grillage are allowed to be carried out after the concrete of the plugging layer attains the
strength indicated in the project but not less than 2,5 MP.

Anchors

11.43. Before mounting anchors, the well shall be cleared of slag within the length of
the anchor.
11.44. As a rule, to form a casing, the clay-cement mortar, which 7-day strength shall
be 1-2 MP, should be used in anchors with the gland pipe.
The usage of the cement mortar for the casing formation is allowed only by
agreement with the design engineering organization.
11.45. The cement mortar for the embedment formation (as a rule, with W/C= 0,4 -
0,6) should be prepared at the building site just before pumping into the well. In order to
avoid the aliquation, within the whole period of pumping the mortar should be periodically
mixed.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

11.46. When fastening the reinforcement of an anchor in the well (when forming the
embedment of an anchor), one should ensure the pumping of the design volume of the
mortar with obligatory registration of consumption and pressure. In case of abrupt pressure
rise, the injection shall be ceased. The abrupt pressure rise is allowed only at the beginning
of injections, when breaking through the casing in case of the mortar injection via the gland
pipe.
11.47. In case of the clay-cement casing, when arranging anchors, which embedment
is formed by dint of the repeated injection through the gland pipe with the help of the
injector with a double plug, each subsequent injection shall be carried out not earlier than 16
h after the previous one.
In case of the cement casing, the interval between injections should be defined by the
project.
11.48. As a rule, the load bearing capacity of each anchor shall be checked up before
putting it into operation conjointly with the construction, being fastened, by dint of control
or acceptance tests for the maximal test load.
11.63. Not less than one per ten mounted anchors shall undergo control tests, and all
anchors, excluding control one, shall undergo acceptance tests.

12. LIMPETS AND CAISSONS

12.1. The method of fastening of the main axes of limpets (caissons) in the locality
shall provide the opportunity to check up their position in the plan at any time of sinking.
Leading beacons and reference points for the control of fastening of main axes and
vertical levels of wells (caissons) should be mounted outside the sectors with possible soil
deformations, being caused by the structure sinking in places that are safe with respect to
wash-out and landslides.
12.2. The level of the planned ground, artificial island or the bottom of the pioneer
pit should be taken not less than 0,5 m higher than the maximal level of the underground
waters or the water in the reservoir (with an allowance for the fetch and surge height) that is
possible within the period of time beginning from the erection and ending by the structure
sinking. Berms of the island shall have the width sufficient to provide the safe operation of
machinery but not les than 2 m.
12.3. The placement of temporary structures and equipment for the construction of
limpets and caissons within the bounds of the sliding triangle (concrete-mortar and mud-
solution units, compressor station, cranes, etc.) is allowed with the assumption of securing
of their normal operation in case of possible displacement of the soil.
12.4. To erect a limpet (caisson), a temporary base should be prepared in the form of
a sandy-macadam prism, marker blocks, precast or cast-in-situ supporting concrete slabs,
etc.
12.5. Afloat transportation of limpets (caissons) should be carried out at the height of
the free-board not less than 1 m after testing their stability (with an allowance for the water
height and possible list).
In the place of mounting of limpets (caissons), the bottom of the water area shall be
preliminarily sited.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

12.6. Sinking of all types of limpets (caissons) without using special measures aimed
at the decrease of the friction forces of their walls on the soil (thixotropic jacket, antifriction
coating, etc.) is prohibited.
12.7. The usage of hydraulic and hydropneumatic soil underscouring is allowed only
if within the bounds of the prim no collapse of constant structures and engineering
communications are available.
12.8. Sinking of limpets and caissons nearby the existing structures shall be
accompanied with the instrumental control of possible appearance of deformations of these
structures. The permissible values of settlements shall not exceed those fixed by the project.
12.9. In the presence of the soil interlayers, having rocky and semirocky inclusions,
their excavation should be envisaged not only under the banquette of the cutting edge but
also outside its exterior face to the distance not less than 10 cm, having immediately filled
the formed gullets with the argillaceous soil.
12.10. To avoid soil influxes into the limpet cavity from under the cutting edge,
when sinking limpets into the water-saturated soils without pumping (unwatering) or in the
water area, the water level in the cavity shall be maintained to be not lower than the water
level from the exterior side of limpets or exceed it.
12.11. The open pumping during sinking limpets is prohibited to be used in sectors
with sagging soils, as well as in case of usage of the thixotropic jacket in sandy water-
bearing soils.
12.12. The hydraulic scheme of jack system shall envisage the switch on and switch
off of each separate jack. The number of hydraulic jack should be taken according to the
calculation but not less than one per 6 m of the limpet perimeter.
12.13. When sinking limpets in winter period, one should use solutions with the
lowered freezing temperature, having no harmful corrosive impact on constructions, as well
as take measures to prevent limpets’ freezing to the soil.
12.14. When sinking limpets in the thixotropic jacket, one should:
– control and regulate the verticality of sinking, preventing the limpet’s leaning upon
the soil wall;
– prevent the excavation of the soil in immediate proximity to the banquette of the
cutting edge when passing the water-saturated soil interlayers.
12.15. To prevent the floating-up of limpets, being sunk into the water-saturated soils,
before arranging the bottom and switching off of the unwatering system, one should
perform operations, envisaged by the project, that are aimed at the limpets’ fastening at the
design level.
12.16. The underwater concreting of limpets, having been sunk without pumping,
should be carried out on the whole area of the limpet, without a break. If internal partitions
are available, concreting by separate sections is allowed to be performed.
It is allowed to arrange pillows by dint of laying of the foam mortar, using fragments
of the old utilized concrete as a coarse filler.
12.17. Water pumping from limpets, having been sunk without pumping and having
a pillow in the construction that is accomplished by the underwater concreting method, is
allowed only after the concrete of the pillow attains the design strength.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

12.18. Before beginning works dealing with the caissons sinking, equipment (sluice
devices, mine pipes, air intakes, air channels) shall be examined and tested by hydraulic
pressure, exceeding 1,5 times the maximal working air pressure.
12.19. The compressor station, servicing the caisson operations, shall have standby
compressors with the total output not less than the output of the most powerful from
amongst the main compressors.
12.20. Methods and succession of excavation of the soil in the caisson shall ensure
the even sinking of the caisson and prevention of the air inrush from the working chamber.
Methods and succession of removal of solid inclusions from under the cutting edge
of caissons shall exclude the possibility of the air inrush from the caissons’ chamber.
If forces of lateral friction are insufficient, the caissons shall be supported by
cribwork, being mounted on sandy pillows and resting against the ceiling of the caisson
chamber.
The necessity of mounting cribs, their number, methods and succession of their re-
arrangements are fixed in PEW.
In the process of sinking, the level of the soil surface in the working chamber shall
not exceed the banquette of the cutting edge level higher than 60 cm.
12.21. Hovering of caissons is allowed to be eliminated by the accelerated fit –
temporary abrupt pressure lowering in the caisson chamber but not more than by 50%.
Picking of the soil under banquette before the accelerated fit to the depth exceeding
0,5 m and humans’ staying in caissons during the accelerated fits are prohibited.
12.22. When the caisson passes rocky and semirocky soils, the execution of blasting
operations while loosening the soil under the cutting edge shall ensure the caisson’s
supporting on the fixed zones (stoops), which location and magnitude shall be given in
PEW.
Air pressure lowering in the caisson’s working chamber before explosion shall not
cause influx of the soil from under the cutting edge, and temporary pressure rise after
explosion shall not exceed 50 % of the working pressure.
12.23. Flooding of the caissons’ chamber (in case of the forced stoppage in the
execution of works) should be carried out by dint of the gradual decrease of the air pressure.
Water displacement from the flooded chamber should be carried out under pressure not
exceeding the design value.
12.24. Filling of the working chamber with the soil, concrete or rubblework should
be performed providing their dense laying along the entire height of the working chamber.
Interstices, remained between the filling material and the ceiling of the working chamber,
should be filled with the cement mortar by dint of its pumping under pressure not less than
0,1 MP.
12.25. Resolutions concerning fitness of limpets and caissons, having displacements,
skewness and other deviations from the project, exceeding the fixed tolerances, are taken by
agreement with the design engineering organization and the customer.
12.26. When executing works dealing with arrangement of limpets and caissons, the
structure of indexes being controlled, extreme deviations, the control scope and methods
shall correspond to Table 19.

Technical requirements
1. Arrangement of temporary bases
2. Assemblage of prefabricated
components at cast-in-situ cutting
edge
3. Removal of wells and caissons
from the temporary base
4. Wells sinking:
a) the value of wells’ fit per each
cycle of sinking
b) the minimal thickness of the soil
stopple in the wells, being driven by
dint of the peening technique
c) the difference of the peening
values in opposite points
5. Wells sinking in a thixotropic
jacket:
a) clays and mortars for the
thixotropic jacket
b) the sludge level with respect to
the top of the fore-wellhole
6. Air supply to a caisson:
a) amount
b) air pressure during the caissons’
sinking without using
hydromechanization
7. Dimensions of the sunk wells and
caissons:
a) in cross-section:
length and width
rounding-off radius
diagonal
b) in the walls’ thickness:
concrete
reinforced concrete
c) horizontal displacement
d) tangent of angle of deviation
from the vertical
СНТ 3.02.01-2002
Table 19
Extreme deviations Control (method and
scope)
Assemblage of precast elements not Measuring, each base
earlier than the concrete of support
slabs attains the strength of 70%
Not earlier than the concrete attains The same, at each tier
the strength, %:
in the cutting edge part – 70
horizontal rings of concreting - 50
Not earlier than the concrete attains The same
the strength, %:
of walls – 70
joint grouting - 100
Not more than 0,5 m under the The same, after each fit
stipulation of observance of
verticality and design layout
In argillaceous soils – 1 m Measuring, monthly
In sands – 1,5 m
In soils having running properties – 2
m
Not more than 10 mm
Shall meet requirements of Table 20 According to Table 20
Shall not be lower than 20 cm Measuring, periodical
(shift-time)
Shall not be less than 25 m³/h per Constant,
each working measuring
Shall be sufficient to exclude water
influx from under the cutting edge, The same
but exceed the hydrostatic pressure at
the level of the cutting edge not more
than by 0,02 MP (0.2 atm.)
Measuring, periodical
(each 2 m of sinking)
0,5 %, but not more than 12 cm
0,5 %, but not more than 6 cm
1%
± 3 cm
± 1 cm
0,001 depth of sinking
0,01
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Table 20

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and

scope)
1. Quality indexes of clays intended for the Measuring, 1 sample per
preparation of solutions: 500 m³
plasticity index Not less than 0,2
content of particles having size, mm:
larger 0,05 Not more than 10 %
smaller 0,005 Not less than 30 %
smaller 0,001 Not less than 10 %

2. Quality indexes of the argillaceous solution: Measuring, once per

mud-cake thickness Not more than 4 mm shift from the
water yield Not more than 17 cm² per 30 accumulator tank
min
conditional viscosity Not more than 30 sec
sand content Not more than 4 %
stability Not more than 0,05 g/cm³
daily water settling Not more than 4 %
value of the medium reaction index (pH) 9-11
density of mortar: The same, each batching
of bentonitic clays 1,03 - 1,10 g/cm³
of other types of clays 1,10 - 1,25 g/cm³

Continuation of Table 20

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and

scope)
3. The level of argillaceous solution Above the level of the Measuring, shift-time
underground waters, but not
lower than 0,2 m from the top
of lining of the trench mouth

4. Permissible deviations: The same, not less than

structure’s axes displacement in the plan ± 3 cm every 10 m, along the
tangent of the angle of the wall deviation 0,005 length of the wall
from the vertical
wall’s thickness + 10
wall’s depth + 20
5. Filtration coefficient of the filler of the According to the project The same, 30 points per
barrier 1000 m³ of the filler. By
sampling or express
methods

14. SOIL SOLIDIFICATION

 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

14.1. Soil solidification by all methods, excluding thermal, should be carried out at
the positive temperature of the soils being fortified.
14.2. If necessary, to specify soil conditions in the process of execution of works one
should envisage the possibility of implementation of additional exploratory boring with
determination of the soil characteristics at the building site. The scope and range of
additional surveys are fixed by the project.
14.3. When fortifying soils by injection method in conditions of existing building, no
obstruction with the caked reagents and damage of the nearby underground engineering
communications (collectors, cable and telephone canals, drains, etc.) are allowed.
14.4. The execution of works dealing with the soil solidification is allowed only
under specially developed and approved projects, coordinated with the structure’s project.
As a rule, projects of soil solidification shall be developed by specialized design engineering
organizations.
14.5. In case if during the injection soil solidification under the existing structures,
ruptures appear in soils with exposure of reagents on the surface or in cellars and
communications, one should terminate the pumping of reagents and carry out measures for
the break-through liquidation that have been designated by the field supervision.
14.6. The check up of the correctness of design parameters and technical
specifications for the execution of works in soil solidification is carried out by the control
soil solidification directly when executing works at their initial stage.
During the control solidification by the drilling-mixing method, strength properties
of the pile material are tested by coring or nondestructive testing, and if directions are
available in the project – the load bearing capacity of piles.
14.7. After their purposeful utilization all wells in the massif being fortified or in the
strengthened massif (prospecting, injection, control) shall be obligatorily liquidated by dint
of their filling with a stable cementing mortar. Control bore pits shall be liquidated by the
backfill and fortified by dint of the method applied during the execution of the main works.
14.8. When accepting the completed works in soil solidification, the conformity of
the solidification results actually gained with the project requirements shall be ascertained.
Taking into account the concealed nature of works, the aforesaid conformity is
ascertained by comparison of the design estimates, executive and control documentation.
The structure of indexes being controlled, extreme deviations, the control scope and
methods shall correspond to Table 22.
14.9. Soil solidification is possible by dint of various methods – by cementation,
drilling-mixing, silication, gumminess, and thermal.
In the soil conditions of Turkmenistan, the most suitable is considered the
cementation method.

Cementation

14.10. The solidification of weak (with density less than 1,3 t/m3) water-saturated
sandy-loamy soils of the runny or slow-plastic consistency by the cementation method has
been approbated and recommended for the production.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

14.11. During the soil cementation, the pumping of the solution should be carried out
under the cantledge. The following is used as a cantledge:
– soils lying over the area of injection;
– tamped macadam (gravel), having weight excluding the soil uplift in the process of
construction and sufficient to secure the operation of transport vehicles;
– the structure itself;
– concrete slabs specially laid.
According to the weight, and strength properties, the cantledge shall not destroy with
the solution exposure to the surface or into the structure in the process of the solution
pumping into the soils.
14.12. For the qualitative solidification of crumbling rocky, structurally unstable, and
karst soils one should provide the localization of solutions being pumped through the wells
within the bounds of the massif being fortified and filling of all small cracks, along with the
large ones, (canals, pores, cavities), in view of the aforesaid the following succession of
works should be observed:
a) the creation of the protective barrier to prevent the exposure of solutions beyond
the contour of the massif being fortified by dint of the preliminary cementation through the
barrier wells, located along the contour of the massif;
b) the subsequent injection of solutions inside the contour through the system of the
wells being uniformly distributed and quite closely located in accordance with the project.
14.13. When cementing soils, it is allowed to remain driven injectors or gland-
plugging injectors in the fortified massif as the reinforcement.
14.14. Pumping of soils through the well is to be carried out till the “glut”. In the
process of cementing of rocky soils, the following should be taken as the “glut”:
– absorption of the design amount of solution by the well (zone) at the pumping
pressure not exceeding the design value;
– decrease of the solution consumption up to 5-10 l/min per the well (zone) with the
simultaneous increase of the pumping pressure higher than the design value, if the
consumption value during the “glut” hasn’t been stipulated in the project.
14.15. During the soils cementing, the values of maximum permissible pressures and
consumptions are fixed by the project.
The pumping pressure shall not exceed the values of pressure on the soils in the area
of injection under the effective loads.
The pumping pressure of cement mortars should be controlled by their measuring at
the depths of pumping, i.e. with an allowance for the liquid column.
14.16. Types, brands and quality of cements, types of other materials and chemical
additives used for the preparation of injection solutions, as well as compositions of injection
solutions are fixed by the project depending on the soil conditions and peculiarities of the
structure under construction.
When cementing soils, preference should be given to the types and brands of cements
that are utilized for the manufacture of the structures under operation.
The recommended cement brands of are given in Table 21.

Table 21
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Cement used for the preparation of the Cement for the preparation of injecting solutions
construction concrete
Type Brand
Portland cement, Portland cement, Relevant brand of the
Portland blast-furnace cement Portland blast-furnace construction cement, but not
cement lower than
М300 (В25)
Puzzolan cement Portland cement, -"- -"–
Puzzolan as an exception not lower than М300 (В25)

Sulfate-resistant Portland cement Sulfate-resistant Portland -"- -"–

cement not lower than М400 (В30)
Aluminous cement Aluminous cement -"- -"–
not lower than М400 (В30)

14.17. PEW for soils cementation, excluding general construction requirements, shall
contain data concerning the length of zones, being simultaneously injected, and construction
of their upper part, the succession of the well treatment, nomenclature and characteristics of
the materials used and information concerning the demand in them.
14.18. Cementing operations should be carried out by the method of the consecutive
rapprochement of wells, beginning from the maximal distances, at which the hydraulic
connection between them is actually absent during pumping.
14.19. The consecutive order of the drilling and injecting operations during the
cementation of weak water-saturated bulky fragmental soils and gravelly sands is regulated
by requirements, fixed for other injection methods in clause 14.11.
14.20. As a rule, drilling and pumping of solutions in crumbling rocky and karst soils,
should be carried out towards one zone, to the whole depth of cementation at once. The
value of the zone is fixed by the project.
Well’s division into zones and alternate soil pumping in each zone should be carried
out in the following cases:
– in the presence of various types and different sizes of cavities (cracks, caverns and
canals) filled by solutions, and utilization of different fillers at various depths of the soil
stratum, being cemented;
– in the presence of several interlayers with cracks or caverns in the rocky soils;
– at great thickness (more than 10 m) of the massif, being cemented.
14.21. If underground pressure waters are not available, drilling in successive zones
at the well depth pursuant to the project and pumping solutions therein is allowed to be
carried out without stoppages for the period of hardening of the cement mortar. If
underground pressure waters are available, stoppages are necessary for the period of
hardening of the cement mortar
In rocky soils, after completion of drilling the zones of wells should be flushed with
water or blown by the compressed air.
14.22. The quality of cementation of rocky soils (crumbling, karst) is controlled by
methods of drilling, hydraulic testing and cementation of the monitoring wells. Thereat, the
criterion of assessment of the quality of cementation depending on its purpose, type of the
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

soil and nature of fissuring (karst), as well as the scope of the monitoring operations is fixed
by the project.
14.23. As a rule, in weak-soluble rocky karst soils (limestone, dolomite) the
cementation quality control should be carried out by dint of the check boring and
assessment of dimensions of caverns according to the fall-through of the drilling appliances.
In readily soluble soils (gypsum, salts), the cementation quality control should be carried
out by determination of the specific water absorption. Permissible dimensions of residual
cavities and values of the specific water absorption are fixed by the project.
14.24. In weak water-saturated cohesive and semicohesive soils, the deformation
modulus, density, porosity of the fortified soil is determined by prospecting along the butt of
the bottom (foundation) of the structure and by geophysical methods of special geotechnical
monitoring.

Drilling-mixing method of silt holding

14.25. Operations for silt holding by dint of the drilling-mixing method (silt-cement
piles) should be carried out by special drilling-mixing machines or rotary drilling rigs with
the rotational moment not less than 2,5 kN m (250 kgf m) with the diameter of the silt-
cement piles up to 0,7 m and not less than 5 kN m (500 kgf m) – with the diameter up to 1
m.
When pumping the cement mortar, one should use grouting pumps that develop the
pressure not less than 0,7 MP (7 kgf/cm2) and secure the continual the dosed supply of the
mortar.
14.26. Total time for the preparation, transportation and supply of the cement mortar
into the soil shall not exceed the time preceding the commencement of the cement setting.
14.27. When executing operations aimed at silt holding by dint of the drilling-mixing
method, one should control and strictly observe the technological regime, fixed according to
the results of development works and preset by the project: rotational frequency and linear
velocity of moving of the driven element, succession of pumping of the cement mortar, the
number of passes of the driven element and cement mortar consumption.
14.28. When executing operations aimed at soil solidification, the structure of
indexes being controlled, extreme deviations, the control scope and methods shall
correspond to Table 22.

Table 22

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

1. Verification of design Quality of the soil massif, Measuring and visual, under the
parameters and technical having been fortified as a directions of the project. The
specifications for the execution of result of the control volume of the control solidification
works by dint of the control solidification (continuity and and the range of indexes being
solidification homogeneity of solidification, controlled are fixed by the project
shape and dimensions of the depending on the object
massif, strength and significance and the scope of
deformation characteristics of solidification operations. If no
the fortified soils), shall meet directions are available, for all
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

the project requirements. methods, excluding drilling-mixing

Extreme deviations of the
values being measured – not
more than minus 10%
one, by the monitoring wells
amounting to 3% of the number of
injectors and one prospect-hole
with the visual observation,
sampling and laboratory definition
of characteristics of the soils
fortified

Under the directions of the Measuring, under the directions of

2. Characteristics of initial working
materials (density, concentration, project. Deviations from the the project
temperature and other, fixed by theproject if no directions of the
project) project are available – not
more than 3 %
3. Pressure and working materials The same, not more than 5 % The same
consumption, as well as other
technological parameters, fixed by
the project and verified by the
control solidification

Continuation of Table 22

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

4. Quality indexes of the fortified Shall correspond to the project The same, if no directions of the
massif (continuity and project are available for all
homogeneity of solidification, solidification methods, excluding
shape and dimensions of the the drilling-mixing method, by the
fortified massif, strength and monitoring wells amounting to 3%
deformation characteristics of soils, of the number of functioning
and other indexes, envisaged by the injectors, technological wells piles
project) or prospect-holes on the basis of
one per 3 thousand m³ of the
fortified soil, but not less than two
per the object, for especially
responsible structures and at the
volume of works more than 50
thousand m³, besides, static or
dynamic sounding and examination
of the fortified massifs by
geophysical methods. In case of the
injection solidification of the soils
of bases or foundations of the
functioning structures – conducting
of instrumental observations over
the settlements of foundations and
other deformations before, during
after solidification

5. Permissible linear deviations Under the directions of the The same, not less than every 10
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

when spacing out points for placing project. If no directions are points of spacing out
injectors or injection wells in the available – not more than 3 %
plan of the measured distance
between the points of spacing
out
6. Permissible linear deviations of Measuring of the wells’ curvature
injectors and injection wells from every 5 m
the design direction:
a) at the depth of sinking of
injectors, drilling of wells up to 5 1% of depth
m
b) at more depth 0,5% of depth
7. Temperature of liquid reagents Shall not be lower than 5ºС Measuring, periodic (shift-time)
during pumping
8. Design regime of pumping Shall correspond to the project. The same (under the directions of
(pressure and consumption) Alteration of the regime is the project). Pressure is constant
allowed after permission of the
design engineering
organization and its
assignment of the new regime
of pumping
9. Deviations from the Shall not exceed ±20 %. At Measuring, at each pass
gelatinization time preset by the greater deviations the relevant
project for one-mortar two adjustment of the ratio of
component silication and mixture shall be carried out
gumminess
10. Quality indexes of injection Shall correspond to the project The same
solutions during cementation
11. Succession of pumping of Shall correspond to the Complete (all wells) registration
solution during cementation requirements of clause 14.18
12. Quality indexes of cementation Shall correspond to the quality Measuring and visual (under the
of rocky soils criteria fixed in the project directions of the project)

Continuation of Table 22

Technical requirements Extreme deviations Control (method and scope)

13. Static testing of silt-cement Shall correspond to the project Measuring, under the directions of
piles for the load bearing capacity the project, but not earlier than 28
days after the arrangement of piles.
If no such directions are available,
by static load according to TDS
5686-78 amounting to 1 % of the
total amount of piles, but not less
than two piles per object, or by
drilling-out and kernels’ testing for
uniaxial compression pursuant to
TDS 10180-78 amounting to 0,5 %
of the total amount of piles, but not
less than two piles per object; or
nondestructive testing in amounts,
being defined by the accuracy and
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

reliability of methods
14. Technological regime of silt Shall correspond to the project Measuring and visual, registration
solidification by drilling-mixing and results of development
method (rotational frequency, works
linear velocity of moving and the
number of passes of the driven
element, succession of pumping,
total cement mortar consumption
and density of the cement mortar)
15. Temperature and pressure of Shall be within limits fixed by Measuring, continual
gases in the well during thermal the project
soil solidification
16. Strength, deformability and Shall be not lower than those The same, each massif fortified
waterproofness of the soil in the fixed by the project
massif, being fortified by dint of
thermal method
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

APPENDIX 1
Reference

FORMS OF QUALITY CONTROL,

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Forms of control are classified according to the following criteria:

1. Depending on the place and time of the control conducting in the technological
process (control stage):
receiving inspection – the control of incoming materials, articles, constructions, soil,
etc., as well as technical documentation. The control is carried out mainly by the registration
method (according to certificates, invoices, passports, etc.), and if necessary – by the
measuring method;
operational inspection – the control of works implemented in the process of the
execution of works or immediately after their completion. It is carried out mainly by the
measuring method or engineering inspection. The results of the operational control are fixed
in general or special log journals, journals of geotechnical monitoring and other documents,
envisaged by the system of quality management functioning in the given organization;
acceptance inspection – the control of concealed works, being implemented on
completion of the construction of the object or its stages, and other objects under the control.
According to its results, a documentary resolution concerning the fitness of the object under
the control to the exploitation or the implementation of the following works is taken.
The acceptance inspection of the same index can be carried out at several levels and
by different methods (for example, soil density of separate layers and embankment as a
whole). Thereat, the results of the control of the lowest level can serve as a subject of the
control of the highest level (for example, the inspection report of concealed works for
accepting the embankment base is submitted when accepting the embankment as a whole).
The results of acceptance inspection are recorded in the inspection reports of
concealed works, reports of intermediate acceptance of responsible constructions, acts of
piles’ testing by the trial load and other documents, envisaged by the functioning norms for
acceptance of the constructions works, buildings and structures.
2. Depending on the coverage of parameters under (scope of the control):
complete control, at which the whole amount of products under control are examined
(all joints, all piles, all constructions, the whole base surface, etc.);
random inspection, at which a part of products (sampling) under control is examined.
The volume of sampling is set by building regulations, project or another document.
3. Depending on the periodicity of the control (control frequency):
continual inspection, when information concerning the parameter of the
technological process under control is submitted continually;
intermittent monitoring, when information concerning the parameter under control is
submitted in certain spaces of time;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

emergency control, being carried out at random time (occasionally), predominantly

when the application of the complete, random or intermittent inspection is inexpedient (for
example, control of the soil density in the process of backfilling trenches).
4. Depending on the application of special control devices (control methods):
measuring control, being carried out using gage devices, including laboratory
equipment;
visual inspection;
engineering inspection;
registration control, being carried out by dint of the analysis of data, recorded in the
documents (certificates, examination reports, concealed works, general or special log
journals, etc.). It is applied in case of inaccessibility of the object under the control (for
example, embedment of an anchor) or inexpediency of implementation of the measuring or
visual inspection (for example, type of the soil for the embankment in the presence of
materials of geological engineering surveys for the quarry).
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

APPENDIX 2
Recommended

THE APPROXIMATE LIST OF CONCEALED WORKS WHEN EXECUTING

EARTHWORKS, BASES AND FOUNDATIONS

1. Earthworks:
a) arrangement of natural bases for earth structures, foundations, pipelines in pits,
trenches or on the earth surface;
b) implementation of engineering measures for soils solidification and preparation of
bases envisaged by the project or designated as a result of examination of the opened bases
(cementation, etc., wetting, drainage of bases, mounting of thermal or soil piles, suppressing
of springs, sealing of cracks, arrangement of soil pillows, etc.);
c) constructions entered into the body of the earth structure; layers of the transition
zone and inverse filters of dams, dikes; borders of the zone of allotment of soils with
different physical-mechanical characteristics that are fixed by the project; drainage elements
(drainage layers and their bases, wells, pipelines and their strewing); diaphragms; screens;
kernels; underlying layers when installing control instrumentation;
d) backfills of grooves in the crossover points with roads, sidewalks and other
territories having pavements;
e) filled-up bases intended for floors, soil pillows;
f) backfills in slumping soils (if directions are available in the project);
g) measures required for the resumption of works in case of stoppages in conducting
of works for more than one month, in case of conservation or depreservation of works;
h) maps prepared for the alluvion and plugging of spillway facilities after the
alluvion completion.
2. Arrangement of bases and foundations:
a) arrangement of artificial bases intended for foundations, including the bottom of
pits (including after preliminary wetting), bases of limpets, caissons, bases of drill-built-in-
place piles, etc.;
b) driving of piles, piles-casings and a sheet pile, as well as limpets and caissons;
c) operations associated with butt-jointing of piles and piles-casings, as well as piles
between the precast reinforced-concrete elements;
d) drilling of all types of wells;
e) tamping of the rigid material (macadam, gravel) into the bottom of pits;
f) filling of wells when arranging soils and sandy piles;
g) mounting of vertical cunettes and all types of drainages and drainage curtains;
h) sinking of well points and all types injectors;
i) preparation of injection and grouting mortars and their pumping;
j) all types of installation of reinforcement with subsequent concreting of
constructions, as well as mounting of embedded parts and details;
k) cementation of thixotropic jackets when arranging limpets.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

APPENDIX 3
Recommended

DETERMINATION OF THE SLOPE GRADE OF TEMPORARY GROOVES IN

HOMOGENEOUS NON-FROZEN SOILS

1. To determine the slope grade, the following letter symbols of values are taken:
Н – slope height, m;
θ – slope grade (angle), degree;
с and φ – limiting values of specific cohesions, kP, and the angle of internal friction,
degree, found from the following formulas:
с tgϕ1
с= 1 ; ϕ = arctg , (1)
k ST k ST
where
с1 and φ1 – design values of specific cohesion, KP, and the angle of internal friction, degree,
respectively, defined as per requirements of BCT 2.02.01-98;
kST – stability coefficient, found from the following formula
γn
k ST = , (2)
γc
here
γп and γс – naturally, reliability coefficients for the works’ purpose and conditions, taken in
accordance with BCT 2.02.01-98; for earth structures having height (depth) up to 10
m with the life cycle up to 5 years, it is allowed to take the value of the purpose
reliability coefficient to be γп = 1,05;
γ1 – the design value of specific weight of the soil, kN/m, defined in accordance with
requirements of BCT 2.02.01-98. The specific weight, kN/m3, is calculated by multiplying density,
t/m3, by the value of acceleration of gravity, 9,8 m/s2.
2. The number loading units К in the given load q, kP, on the surface of the soil massif is
found from the formula
q(1 − sin ϕ )
Κ= (3)
2c cos ϕ

In the absence of the load on the surface or its location from the groove edge at distances
exceeding those fixed in clause 5, it is taken that К=0.
3. Stability parameter is found from the formula
c
E= (4)
γIh

4. The required angle of dip θ is found from the values φ, К and Е as follows:
at Е ≤ 0,25 according to diagrams in Drawings 1-5 with the interpolation for the
intermediate values of φ and Е;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Angle of dip from the horizontal θ, degree

Drawing 1. Diagrams for the determination of the slope grade at К=0
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Angle of dip from the horizontal θ, degre

Drawing 2. Diagrams for the determination of the slope grade at К=1
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Angle of dip from the horizontal θ, degree

Drawing 3. Diagrams for the determination of the slope grade at 1< К ≤2
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Drawing 4. Diagrams for the determination Drawing 5. Diagrams for the determination
of the slope grade at 2 <К ≤ 3 of the slope grade at 2 <К ≤ 3
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Drawing 6 Diagrams for the determination of b0 parameter

 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

at Е ≥. 0,25 under formula

θ 0 − θ 0, 25
θ =θ0 − , (5)
4Е
where
θ0 – the limiting value of θ (is shown in the upper cut of the coordinate grid in Drawings
1-5);
θ0,25 – value θ , corresponding to Е = 0,25.
5. For temporary slopes (with the life cycle under one year) the minimal approach to the
edge bf, m, of the load which is allowed to be neglected (К=0) when finding the value of θ, it is
allowed to be defined depending on the width of the sliding triangle of the slope b, m;
a) at the load caused by the granular material with the specific weight γm≤ 18 kN/m3 (for
example, caused by the earth deposit), being filled at a slope of repose but not higher than 45° from
the horizontal
bf = b ; (6)

b) at the load evenly distributed

q
bf = b + , where γm= 18 kN/m3. (7)
γm

The width of the sliding triangle of the slope b, m, is found from the following formulas:

c
at Е ≥ 0,167 b = b0 (8)
γI

at 0,167 >Е ≥ 0,1

⎡ ⎛ Ε − 0,1 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ 2⎜1 − ⎟ cos ϕctgθ ⎥
⎝ 0,067 ⎠ ⎥ c ;
b = ⎢b0 − (9)
⎢ 1 − sin ϕ ⎥γI
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

at Е<0,1
⎛ 2 cos ϕctgθ ⎞ c
b = ⎜⎜ b0 − ⎟⎟ (10)
⎝ 1 − sin ϕ ⎠γ I

Parameter b0 is found from Drawing 6 depending on the parameter hk , being defined from
the formula
hγ 2 cos ϕ
hk = 1 − . (11)
c 1 − sin ϕ
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

APPENDIX 4
Obligatory

TRIAL COMPACTION OF SOILS OF NATURAL

BEDDING AND SOIL PILLOWS

1. The trial compaction of soils is carried out to specify technological parameters and
regimes of working of the packing machines: thickness of layers being filled, depths of
compaction, distances between the points of sinking of the packing driven elements (in case
of abyssal compaction), minimal distances from the packing driven elements to the building
constructions.
2. The trial compaction of soils of natural bedding should be carried out depending
on the geological structure of soils at the building site under the directions of the project:
– in case of homogeneous soil stratification – in a single place;
– in case of homogeneous soil stratification but with considerable alteration of
moisture – in two places;
– in case of heterogeneous soil stratification - in two places.
3. Dimensions of the sector for the trial compaction shall not be less than three
diameters of tamping or double width of the driven element of the rammer when packing by
dint of tamping, not less than 6х12 m when packing by dint of rolling and 10х10 m in case
of vibration compaction. Trial pits should be tamped on the basis of one pit per each
dimension-type of the tamping used.
4. In case of abyssal compaction of slumping soils by soil piles, the trial sector is
packed by not less than three adjoining piles, spaced in the plan in vertexes of the
equilateral triangle at a distance stipulated by the project.
5. The trial compaction of slumping soils by preliminary wetting, including with
usage of abyssal explosions, is carried out in the trial pit 0,8 m deep, and with the width that
is equal to the thickness of the layer of the slumping soil but not less than 20 m.
6. When compacting soils by tamping, after two strokes of the rammer (passes of the
rammer) on the dowel, having been hammered into the soil, the lowering of the surface
being packed is defined by levelling. For the control determination of the thickness of the
layer being packed in the centre of the packed area at the depth that is equal to two
diameters of tamping (0,25 m in depth), one should define the density and moisture of the
soil.
7. When arranging soil pillows, the trial compaction is carried out in three variants:
the number of the roller’s passes is 6, 8 or 10 or the rammer’s strokes (passes of the
rammer) in a single track - 8, 10 and 12. The compaction is carried out for all types of soils
used with not less than three values of their moisture that are equal to 1,2 Wр; 1,0 Wр and
0,8 Wр (Wр – moisture on the boundary of rolling).
8. After soil compaction in the trial sector, one should define the density and
moisture of the packed soil in two layers, corresponding to the upper and lower part of the
packed stratum under ТDS 22733-77.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

9. The definition of the density of the dry soil should be carried out by the cutting
rings method under ТDS 5180-84. It is allowed to carry out the density monitoring by
express methods (sounding under ТDS 19912-81 and ТDS 20069-81, radioisotope under
ТDS 23061-78, etc.). When using express methods, 5 % of the total number of measures
should be carried out by the cutting rings method.
10. The trial tamping of pits in the slumping soils should be carried out with
measuring of the lowering of the pit bottom after every two strokes of the rammer in two
diametrically opposite points. For the control definition of dimensions of the packed zone,
in the centre of the pit a prospect-hole is dug to the depth that is equal to two diameters or
the double width of the base of tamping with soil sampling every 0,25 m. At each layer
samples are taken in the centre and with 0,25 m displacement aside at a distance from the pit
edge equal to the double dimension of the average section of tamping.
11. During trial tamping of pits with the base widening in the slumping soils, one
should record the volume of each portion and total amount of the material being tamped
(macadam, gravel, etc.) and sizes in the plan and in the depth of the widening gained.
12. To define results of the trial abyssal compaction by soil piles, at the building site
one should dig a control prospect-hole at the depth not less than 0,7 of the slumping stratum
with determination of the moisture and density of the soil each 0,5 m to the depth 3 m, and
if lower – each one meter. At each layer the density of the dry soil is defined in two points
within the bounds of each soil pile and interpile space.
13. In order to observe the subsidence of the soil being packed in the process of the
trial wetting and wetting with the abyssal explosions, at the pit bottom and beyond its
bounds in two mutually perpendicular sides of the pit one should install surface marks every
3 m at a distance equal to 1,5 thickness of the layer of the slumping soil, and in the centre of
the pit – a group of abyssal marks within the bounds of the whole slumping stratum every 3
m in depth.
When implementing the trial wetting with utilization of the energy of the abyssal
explosions of EM, one should carry out additionally instrumental measuring in order to
specify the radius of destruction of the soil structure caused by a single charge, and the
evenness of the massif settlement in case of the shot of adjoining charges.
14. The trial vibration compaction of the water-saturated sandy soils should be
carried out within the bounds of the ground, having the most typical granulometric soil
composition, without “hoeing” – in seven points, with “hoeing” – in six points. The
assessment of hydrovibrocompaction is carried out according to the index of density of the
dry soil with sampling.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

APPENDIX 5
Obligatory

SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF THE HAMMER

FOR DRIVING OF PILES AND A SHEET PILE

1. The required minimal energy of the hammer stroke Eh kJ, should be found from the
following formula

Eh =0,045N, (1)

where N – the design load transferred to the pile, kN.

The accepted type of the hammer with the design energy of the stroke Еd ≥ Eh, kJ, shall
satisfy the condition

m1 + m 2 + m3
≤K, (2)
Ed

where
К – applicability coefficient of the hammer which values are given in Table 1;
m 1 – weight of the hammer, t;
m2 – weight of the pile with the cap, t;
m3 – weight of the dolly, t

Table 1

Type of the hammer Coefficient К, t/kJ, with the piles’ material

Reinforced concrete Steel Timber
Tubular diesel-hammers and double- 0,6 0,55 0,5
acting hammers
Single-acting hammers and rod diesel 0,5 0,4 0,35
hammers
Drop hammers 0,3 0,25 0,2

Note. When sinking piles of any type with underscouring, as well as piles made of steel pipes with
the open lower end, the aforementioned values of coefficients are increased 1,5 times.

2. When driving batter piles, the design energy of the hammer stroke Е0, should be defined
with an allowance for the rising coefficient, which value is taken for piles with inclination 5:1; 4:1;
3:1; 2:1 that is equal to 1,1; 1,15; 1,25 and 1,4, respectively.
When selecting a hammer for driving a steel sheet pile, the value of N is found by the
calculation, the same as for the pile in accordance with directions of BCT 2.02.01-98, thereat, in
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

such calculation the values of the working conditions coefficients γc, γcR and γcf should be taken to
be equal to 1,0.
3. The hammer, being selected in accordance with recommendations of clause 1, should be
tested for the permissible minimum glut of the pile element smin, which is taken to be equal to the
permissible minimum glut for the given type of the hammer, indicated in the technical passport, but
not less than 0,002 m – when pile driving, and not less than 0,01 m – when driving a sheet pile.
When driving piles longer than 25 m or with the design load on the pile exceeding 2000 kN,
the selection of the hammer is carried out by the calculation based on the wave theory of a stroke.
4. As a rule, the pile driving to the design levels should be implemented without using
leader wells and without underscouring by dint of utilization of relevant pile-driving equipment.
The utilization of leader wells is allowed only in those cases when for sinking piles to the design
levels hammers with a great weight of the impact part are required, as well as when cutting the
slumping soils by piles.
The value of the required energy of the hammer’s stroke Eh kJ, securing the pile sinking to
the design level without additional measures, should be defined according to the following formula

Εh ≥
∑ FiHi ⎛⎜ n + m 2 ⎞
⎟, (3)
Bt ⎜ m 4 ⎟⎠
⎝

where
Fi – the load bearing capacity of the pile within the bounds of the i-th soil layer, kN;
Hi – the thickness of the i-th soil layer, m;
В – the number of strokes of the hammer per the time unit, strokes per 1 min;
t – time spent for the pile sinking (disregarding the time for the lifting-transport operations);
Вt – the number of strokes of the hammer, required for the pile sinking, usually taken to be
equal to not more than 500 strokes;
n – a parameter taken to be equal to n=4,5 – with air-and-steam mechanical and rod diesel-
hammers and h = 5,5 – with tubular diesel-hammers;
m2 – weight of the pile, t;
m4 – weight of the impact part of the hammer, t.
5. The value of the control residual sa, m, glut when driving and making finishing strokes on
reinforced concrete and timber piles up to 25 m long depending on the energy of the stroke Еd of
the selected hammer and the load bearing capacity of the pile Fd, indicated in the project, shall
satisfy to the condition

ηAE d m1 + ε 2 (m 2 + m3 )
sa ≤ (4)
Fd (Fd + ηA) m1 + m 2 + m3

If the actual (measured) residual glut is sa< 0,002 m, then for the pile driving one should
envisage the utilization of the hammer with the greater energy of the stroke at which the residual
glut will be sa ≥ 0,002 m, and if it is impossible to replace pile-driving equipment – the total control
glut of the pile sa + sel, m (equal to the sum of residual and elastic gluts), shall satisfy the following
condition
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

m1
2E d + Fd s el
m1 + m 2
s a + s el ≤ (5)
⎡⎛ F ⎞⎛ η p η f ⎞ m 4 ⎤
Fd ⎢⎜ 2 + d ⎟⎜⎜ + ⎟ 2 g (H − h ) ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ A Af ⎟⎠ m 4 + m 2 ⎥⎦

In formulas (4) and (5) the following denominations are accepted:

η – a coefficient taken from Table 2 depending on the pile’s material, kN/m2 ;
А – an area, restricted by the outer contour of the solid or hollow cross-section of the pile
trunk (irrespective of the presence or absence of the pile foot), m2;

Еd – the design energy of the hammer’s stroke, kJ, taken from Table 3;
m1 – weight of the hammer, t;
m2 – weight of the pile and the cap, t;
m3 – weight of the dolly, t
ε – coefficient of restitution of a stroke, taken when driving reinforced concrete piles and
piles-casings by the impact action hammers with utilization of a cap with the wooden bushing ε 2 =
0,2;
sa – the actual residual glut that is equal to the value of the pile driving caused by one
stroke of a hammer;
Sel – the elastic glut of the pile (elastic dislocations of the soil and the pile), being defined
with the help of the glut-meter, m;
ηP and ηf – coefficients of transition from the dynamic resistance (including the viscous
resistance of the soil) to the static resistance of the soil, taken to be equal to the following: for the
soil under the lower end of the pile ηP = 0,00025 s m/kN and for the soil on the lateral surface of the
pile ηf = 0,025 s m/kN;
Af – the area of the lateral surface of the pile, contacting the soil, m2;
m4 – weight of the impact part of the hammer, t;
g – free fall acceleration, taken to be equal to g = 9,81 m/s2;
H – the actual height of falling of the impact part of the hammer, m;
h – the height of the first slant of the impact part of the diesel-hammer, and for other types
of hammers h = 0, m.

Note. When driving piles through the soil to be removed as a result of subsequent
excavation of the pit, or through the soil intended for the waterway, the value of the design glut
should be defined proceeding from the pile’s load bearing capacity, having been calculated with an
allowance for the soil that hasn’t been removed or that is subject to the possible wash-out, and in
places of the probable display of negative friction forces – with an allowance for the latter.

Table 2

Types of piles Coefficient η, kN/m²

Reinforced concrete with caps 1500
Timber without dolly 1000
Timber with dolly 800
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Table 3

Type of the hammer Design power of the hammer Еd, kJ

Drop hammer or single-acting hammer GH
Tubular diesel-hammer 0,9 GH
Rod diesel hammer 0,4 GH
Denominations, taken from Table 3:
G – weight of the impact part of the hammer, kN
H – actual height of fall of the impact part of the diesel-hammer, m

6. The design glut for the reinforced concrete piles longer than 25 m, as well as for the steel
tubular piles, should be defined by the calculation, based on the wave theory of the stroke.
When selecting a hammer for the sheet pile driving and setting a regime for its operation
along the height of falling of the impact part, one should observe the following condition

G
≤ K f Km (6)
A

where
G – weight of the impact part of the hammer, MN;
A – a cross-sectional area of the sheet pile, m2;
Kf – dimensionless coefficient taken from Table 4 depending on the type of the sheet pile
and the design resistance of the sheet pile steel according to the yield point
Km – a coefficient taken depending on the type of the hammer and the height of falling of its
impact part according to Table 5.

Table 4

Coefficient Кf at the design resistance of the sheet pile steel, MP,

Type of steel sheet pile according to the yield point
210 250 290 330 370 410
Flat 0,70 0,83 0,96 1,10 1,23 1,36
Zee-type 0,80 0,98 1,16 1,37 1,57 1,78
Deep-arch 0,90 1,15 1,40 1,70 2,0 2,30

Table 5

Type of the hammer Height of fall of the impact Coefficient Кm,

part, m MP
Air-and-steam single-acting or drop hammer 0,4 7,5
0,8 4,5
1,2 3,0
Air-and-steam double-acting – 2,0
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

Tubular diesel-hammer 2,0 4,5

2,5 3,0
3,0 2,0
Rod diesel hammer – 5,0

Notes: 1. The design resistance of the sheet pile steel according to the yield point is taken pursuant
to BCT II-23-81.
2. For intermediate values of resistances of the sheet pile steel and heights of fall of the impact part,
the values of coefficients Кf and Km in Table 4 and 5 are defined by the interpolation.

7. When testing the control gluts in cases if the project gives only the design load on the pile
N, kN, the load bearing capacity of the pile Fd, kN, should be taken to be equal to the following

Fd=γkN

where γk – a reliability coefficient

γk=1,4 when calculating according to formula (4) and γk=1,25 when calculating according to
formula (5) for all buildings and structures, excluding bridges, unless otherwise isn’t directed by the
project.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

APPENDIX 6
Obligatory

SELECTION OF THE TYPE OF THE SILENT

PILE DRIVER FOR SINKING OF PILE ELEMENTS

1. The value of the required constraining force of the vibratory compactor F0, kN, is found
from the following formula

γ g N − 2,8G n
F0 = (1)
ks

where
γg – a soil reliability coefficient taken to be equal to 1,4;
N – the design load on the pile element under project, kN, and in case of sinking of the pile
elements to the design depth – soil sinking resistance of the pile element that corresponds to this
depth under the project;
Gn – total weight of the vibrosystem, including a silent pile driver, a pile element and a cap,
kN;
ks – a coefficient of decrease of the lateral resistance of the soil in the process of vibratory
pile driving, taken according to Table 1.
The required value of the minimal constraining force of the silent pile driver F0 is finally
taken to be not lower than 1,3 Gn when driving piles-casings (with the soil extraction from the inner
cavity in the course of sinking) and 2,5 Gn – when driving hollow piles without soil extraction.

Table 1

Coefficient ks for soils

Sandy wetted with average density
Gravelly Coarse Medium-sized Powdery Fine
2,6 3,2 4,9 5,6 6,2
Argillaceous with the flow index IL
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,3 3,5

Notes: 1. For water-saturated coarse sands the values of ks are increased 1,2 times, medium-sized
sands – 1,3 times, fine and powdery sands – 1,5 times.
2. For silty sands the values of ks are decreased 1,2 times
3. For compact sands the values of ks are decreased 1,2 times, and for loose sands – are increased
1,1 times.
4. For intermediate values of the flow index of argillaceous soils the values of ks are defined by
the interpolation.
5. At stratified bedding of soils coefficient ks is defined as average weight in depth.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

According to the accepted required constraining force, one should match that silent pile
driver with the lowest capacity which static moment of the unbalance weight Кm (or the
intermediate value of Кm for the silent pile driver with the controlled parameters), kg m, satisfy the
following condition

Кm ≥ MCA0/100 (2)

where
Мс – the total weight of the silent pile driver, the pile and the cap, kg;
Ао – the required amplitude of oscillation in the absence of the soil resistances, cm, taken
from Table 2.
In case of the final selection of the type of the vibratory compactor, one should take into
account that at the equal constraining force the silent pile driver with the higher static moment of
the unbalance weight Кm possesses the higher submerging ability, and under other equal conditions
one should select the silent pile driver with parameters that are controlled in the process of
operation.
For sinking heavy piles-casings, it is allowed to envisage the utilization of the coupled silent
pile drivers. In this case their moments of unbalances are summed up.

Table 2

Characteristic of soils being cut by pile elements according Ао cm, at the depth of sinking, m
to the difficulty of the silent pile driver
Up to 20 Above 20
Water-saturated sands and clay sands, silts, soft-plastic and 0,7 0,9
runny-plastic, powdery-argillaceous soils with the flow
index IL > 0,5

Wetted sands, clay sands, slowly-plastic, powdery- 1,0 1,2

argillaceous soils with the flow index IL > 0,3

Semisoli and solid, -argillaceous soils, gravelly dense sands 1,4 1,6
with the low mositire content

Note. When selecting the type of the silent pile driver for deepening of hollow piles-
casings with the soil extraction from the inner cavity, the indicated values of Ао decrease 1,2
times. In case of the soils’ stratification, the value of Ао is taken for the layer of the heaviest soil
from amongst the layers being cut.

2. At the end of vibratory driving of the floating pile element at the vibratory driving
velocity V in the last pawn not less than 2 cm/min, the following condition shall be satisfied
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

⎡ ⎛ V⎞ ⎤
⎢ 6 ⋅10 W − 2 n Fs ⎜ 2 Ar − n ⎟
3
⎥ f
⎝ ⎠
N≤⎢ + Fs (k s − 1) + G n ⎥ r (3)
⎢ V ⎥γg
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

where
N – the design load on the pile element, kN;
W – the capacity spent for the motion of the vibrosystem, kWt, defined from the following
formula

W = ηWh – W0, (4)

here
η – coefficient of efficiency of the electric motor taken according to the passport data
amounting to 0,83 - 0,90 depending on the load;
Wh – active power consumption from the electrical supply network in the last pawn, kWt;
W0 – idle power that in the absence of passport data is taken to be equal to 25% of the
nominal capacity of the silent pile driver, kWt;
Fs – the lateral soil resistance during the vibratory driving, kN, defined from the formula

1,5 ⋅10 3 W
Fs = , (5)
⎛ V +2⎞
Ar ⎜⎜ n + ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 A0 ⎠

here
η – actual oscillation frequency of the vibrosystem, min-1;
Аr – the actual amplitude of oscillations taken to be equal to the half of the full double-
amplitude peak of the pile element at the last minute of sinking, cm;
А0 – the design amplitude of oscillations of the vibrosystem without resistance, cm,
defined from the following formula

100 K m
A0 = (6)
Mc

here
Km – the static moment of the weight of unbalances of the silent pile driver, kg m, in the
last pawn;
Мс – total weight of the vibrosystem, kg;
kS – the coefficient of decrease of the lateral resistance of the soil during the vibratory pile
driving, taken from Table 1;
Gn – the weight of the vibrosystem that is equal to the total weight of the pile, cap and the
silent pile driver, kN;
fr – coefficient of impact of the inertial and viscous resistances on the load bearing capacity
of the pile taken from Table 3;
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

γg – soil reliability coefficient taken to be equal to 1,4.

Table 3

Type of the soil on the lateral Coefficient fr

surface of the pile element
Firm sands and clay sands 1,0
Plastic clay sands, firm loamy soils and clays 0,95
Loamy soils and clays:
semisolid 0,90
slowly plastic 0,85
soft-plastic 0,80

Note. When cutting piles of stratified soils, the coefficient is defined as ƒr average weighted

3. The control over the pile driving by the pressing-in method should be carried out along
the depth of sinking and according to the pressing-in effort N. At the end of sinking, when the lower
end of the pile reaches the levels that are close to the design ones, the termination of the pile driving
is allowed provided that

Fd
N ≥ kg , (7)
m

where
N – the pressing-in effort, kN;
kg – the reliability coefficient taken to be equal to kg =1,2;
Fd – the load bearing capacity of the pile, kN, indicated in the project;
m – working conditions coefficient, in the absence of experimental data it is taken to be m
= 0,9.

Note. The value of the coefficient m is allowed to be specified according to the results of
static tests of piles.
 СНТ 3.02.01-2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS…………………………………………………………… 87
2. UNWATERING, ORGANIZATION OF SURFACE
FLOW AND WATER DRAIN……………………………………………………………………… 88
3. DEVELOPING OF GROOVES, VERTICAL LAYOUT ……………………… 89
4. EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILLS ……………………………………………………………… 96
5. HYDROMECHANIZED AND DREDGING OPERATIONS……………………………… 101
. Soil excavation by the hydromechanization technique ……………………………………… 101
104
Alluvion of earth structures, decks and spoil banks …………………………………. 111
Execution of works in winter conditions ……………………………………………………. 112
Dredging operations………………………………………………………………………………
6. EARTHWORKS IN SLUMPING, SWELLING AND OTHER SOILS
THAT CHANGE THEIR PROPERTIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE
114
OF ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE AND UNDERGROUND WATERS……………
7. EARTHWORKS IN OTHER S[PECIAL CONDITIONS ………………………………… 115
8. BLASTING OPERATIONS………………………………………………………………………………. 116
9. NATURE PROTECTION…………………………………………………………………………………. 117
10. COMPACTION OF SOILS OF NATURAL BEDDING
AND ARRANGEMENT OF SOIL PILLOWS ………………………………………………………… 118
11. PILE FOUNDATIONS, SHEET-PILE ENCLOSURES …………………. 123
General requirements ………………………………………………………………… 123
126
Driven piles, piles of casing, sheet-pile ………………………………………………… 127
Built-in-place and drill-built-in-place piles ………………………………………………………… 128
Grillages and grillage-free pile foundations ………………………………………… 129
Anchors…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
12. LIMPETS AND CAISSONS …………………………………………………………. 130
13. STRUCTURES ERECTED BY “WALL IN THE SOIL” METHOD ……… 132
14. SOIL SOLIDIFICATION …………………………………………………………………………… 134
Cementation…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135
137
Drilling-mixing method of silt holding ………………………………………………….
Appendix 1 Reference 140
Forms of quality control, terms and definitions ………………………………………………….
Appendix 2 Recommended
The approximate list of concealed works when executing earthworks, bases and
141
foundations……….
Appendix 3 Recommended
Determination of the slope grade of temporary grooves in homogeneous non-frozen soils. 142
Appendix 4 Obligatory
Trial compaction of soils of natural bedding and soil pillows ………….. 148
Appendix 5 Obligatory
Selection of the type of the hammer for driving of piles and a sheet pile 150
Appendix 6 Obligatory
Selection of the type of the silent pile driver for sinking of pile elements…………………………. 153