IN EDUCATION

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5 |H AC
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by : G E LLES
te d N , P
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N DA MA
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LAO , P ., & V
N , R
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 R RELATIONAL WHEN TO USE
CO
RESEARCH ANOVA

E
WHENWHEN USUSE
TO TO
NAL GROUNDED
ORRELATIO
CCORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH THEORY

T-TEST
WHEN TO
TOPIC ETHNOGRAPHY

USED OF

OUTLINE
USE T-TEST ETHNO GRA PHY

ADVANTAGE
S OF
CHI-SQUA
RE TESTS ETHNOGRAPH
Y
ES
WHEN TO U DISADVANTAG Y
H
CHI-SQUAR
SE OF ETHNOGRAP
E

OF CASE STUDY
ANALYSIS VA)
VARIANCE (ANO
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

investigates relationships between variables

reflects the strength and direction
direction can be either positive or negative.

WHEN TO USE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH?

1. To investigate non-causal relationships

2. To explore causal relationships between
variables
3. To test new measurement tools
T-TEST toc om pare
is used
st that ps.
ica l te ogro u
statist eans of tw
the m

-TEST
USE T
N TO
WHE ed w h e n co m pa ring
e u s
n o n ly b g ro u ps
ca f t wo
e a n s o e st of
the m e tr ic t s the
p ara m m a k e
i s a th a t it
t-test e a nin g
u r d ata
re n c e, m b o u t yo
diffe ptio ns a
e a ssum t es ts.
sa m m e tri c
r pa ra
o th e
as
 ES T S
RE T
SQUA
CHI- ategorical
s t fo rc
c a l te
tatis ti
s
. ’s
data P ea rs o n WHEN TO USE CHI-SQUARE?
es o f
o ty p
a r e tw e st s:
t
There sq u are
chi- f fit to test a hypothesis about one or more
es s o
o o d n categorical variables.
r e g
i- s q ua
ch The sample was randomly selected from
test s t of the population.
a re te
h i- s qu
c en ce There are a minimum of five observations
p e n d
ind e or combination of groups.
 F V A RIANCE
ANALYS IS O
( A NO VA )

w h e t h e r th e
s y o u fin d out
ANOVA help u p s o f d a t a
s b e tw e e n gro
difference a n t.
c ally si g nif ic
a re s tatis t i
m pa re s th e
a y A N O V A co
One-w e n t v a ria b le
f an in d e p end
effects o th es a m e th in g , WHEN TO USE ANOVA
O V A d o e s
Two-way AN e in d e p en d e n t
re th a n o n
but with mo
variable, h e n um b er as a marketer
O V A ex t e n ds t
factorial AN le s ev e n fu rt h er .
e n t v a ri a b
of independ
to help us understand how our
different groups respond

to help you answer questions

STEP 1 : COMPUTE THE MEAN OF
EACH GROUP
STEP 2 : COMPLETE THIS TABLE
STEP 3 : COMPUTE FOR THE SUM
OF SQUARES OR SS
STEP 4 : COMPLETE THE ANOVA
TABLE
STEP 4 : COMPLETE THE ANOVA
TABLE
STEP 4 : COMPLETE THE ANOVA
TABLE
STEP 4 : COMPLETE THE ANOVA
TABLE
STEP 4 : COMPLETE THE ANOVA
TABLE
STEP 5 : CHECK THE TABULAR
VALUE OF F
STEP 4 : COMPARE THE F-STATISITC (COMPUTED
VALUE) IN CRITICAL VALUE (GALING SA TABLE

F = 12.67
TABLE F = 3.88

CONCLUSION
IF F IS BIGGER THAN
THE VALUE IN TABLE F,
REJECT THE HO THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE IN THE EXAM
SCORES OF EACH GROUP
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

GROUNDED THEORY
refers to a set of systematic inductive methods for
conducting qualitative research aimed toward
theory development.
The term grounded theory denotes dual referents:
(a) a method consisting of flexible
methodological strategies and
(b) the products of this type of
inquiry.
Grounded theory has considerable significance
because it:
(a) provides explicit, sequential (d) advances conceptual analysis of
guidelines for conducting qualitative qualitative data; and
research; (e) legitimizes qualitative research as
(b) offers specific strategies for handling scientific inquiry.
the analytic phases of inquiry; ;
(c) streamlines and integrates data
collection and analysis;
 ETHNOGRAPHY
The word “ethnography” refers to written report of
the research that the ethnographer
Ethnography is a flexible research method that
allows you to gain a deep understanding of a
group’s shared culture,

USE OF ETHNOGRAPHY
to study specific communities within the
researcher’s own society.

ADVANTAGES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Direct access to the culture and practices of a
group.
becoming immersed in a social environment,
an open and flexible method.

DISADVANTAGES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Ethnography is a time-consuming
method.
Ethnographic research can run the risk of
observer bias.
CASE STUDY

ecific subject
d study of a sp
Detaile

e sig n u sually
dy re sea rc hd
Case stu h od s
s q ua litativ e me t WHEN TO USE CASE STUDY
involve

When you want to gain concrete, contextual,

s a re g oo d for
Case studie f a
in-depth knowledge about a specific real-
a spects o
n d ing diff e rent world subject.
understa
h p ro ble m .
researc Case studies are often a good choice in
a thesis or dissertation.

To compare and illuminate different aspects

of your research problem.
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