RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

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Lecture Notes | 3rd Year BEEd | Sem 2 2022

Quantitative Research Designs:

Quantitative Research Designs
A research design is a strategy for
answering your research question. It
defines your overall approach and
determines how you will collect and analyze
data.
Quantitative research designs can be
divided into two main categories:
Correlational and Descriptive Designs
● are used to investigate
characteristics, averages, trends,
and associations between variables.
Hypothesis Testing, Validity
Hypothesis Testing Quantitative research
design
● involves collecting and analyzing
numerical data to test hypotheses
and answer research questions.
● Hypothesis testing is a systematic
procedure for deciding whether the
results of a research study support a
particular theory which applies to a
population.
● Hypothesis testing is a crucial
component of this process.

Experimental and Quasi- experimental

Here are some important pieces of
designs
information and examples related to
● are used to test causal relationships.
hypothesis testing:
You manipulate one or more
● A null hypothesis (H0) states that
independent variables and measure
there is no relationship between the
their effect on one or more
variables,
dependent variables.
● alternative hypothesis (Ha) proposes
that there is a relationship.
In creating a research design means
● Statistical tests are used to
making decisions about:
determine whether the results of a
● Your overall research objectives and
study support the null hypothesis or
approach
the alternative hypothesis.
● Whether you’ll rely on primary
research or secondary research
Validity
● Your sampling methods or criteria
Validity is the extent to which a research
for selecting subjects
study measures what it is intended to
● Your data collection methods
measure. There are several types of validity
● The procedures you’ll follow to
that researchers must consider when
collect data
designing a study. Here are some important
● Your data analysis methods
pieces of information and examples related
to validity:

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Lecture Notes | 3rd Year BEEd | Sem 2 2022
● Internal validity - refers to the extent
to which a study's findings are due
to the variables being studied and
not to extraneous variables or
biases.
● External validity - refers to the extent
to which the findings of a study can
be generalized to other populations,
settings, and time periods.
● Construct validity - refers to the
extent to which the study's
measures accurately capture the
constructs or variables being
studied.
● Statistical conclusion validity - refers
to the extent to which the study's
statistical tests are appropriate and
accurate.
● Face validity - refers to the extent to
which a study appears to measure
what it is intended to measure.
Example:
A researcher may design a study to
measure the effectiveness of a new
teaching method. To ensure internal validity,
they may control for variables such as prior
knowledge and motivation. To ensure
external validity, they may use a sample
that is representative of the population of
interest. To ensure construct validity, they
may use reliable and valid measures of
student learning. To ensure statistical
conclusion validity, they may use
appropriate statistical tests. To ensure face
validity, they may pilot test the measures
with a small group of students to ensure
they appear to measure what they are
intended to measure.
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Pros and Cons of quantitative research
design when it comes to hypothesis
testing and validity:
Pros:
1. Precise measurement: Quantitative
research design allows for precise
measurement of variables, which
can increase the accuracy and
reliability of findings. For example, a
study that examines the relationship
between student test scores and
teacher experience can use
quantitative methods to collect and
analyze numerical data.
2. Statistical analysis: Quantitative
research design allows for statistical
analysis, which can help researchers
determine whether the findings are
statistically significant. For example,
a study that examines the
effectiveness of a new medication
can use statistical tests to determine
whether the medication significantly
reduces symptoms.
3. Replication: Quantitative research
design allows for replication of
studies, which can increase the
validity and reliability of findings. For
example, a study that examines the
impact of social media use on
mental health can be replicated with
a different sample to determine
whether the findings are consistent.
Cons:
1. Lack of context: Quantitative
research design can sometimes lack
context and depth, which can limit
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Collaborative Projects Technology Tools for Collaborative Work
Lecture Notes | 3rd Year BEEd | Sem 2 2022
the understanding of complex
phenomena. For example, a study
that examines the impact of poverty
on academic achievement may not
provide a comprehensive
understanding of the many factors
that contribute to academic
success.
2. Limited scope: Quantitative research
design can sometimes have a
limited scope, which can make it
difficult to address complex
research questions. For example, a
study that examines the relationship
between student test scores and
teacher experience may not capture
other important factors that
contribute to student learning, such
as student motivation or parental
involvement.
3. Over-reliance on numbers:
Quantitative research design can
sometimes overemphasize
numerical data and overlook other
types of data, such as qualitative
data or anecdotal evidence. For
example, a study that examines the
impact of a new technology on
student learning may not capture
the full range of student experiences
with the technology if it only relies
on numerical data.
In summary, quantitative research design
can offer precise measurement, statistical
analysis, and the ability to replicate studies.
However, it can also lack context, have a
limited scope, and overemphasize
CANONIZADO CASTROVERDE MANLUTAC SAMONTE SOLIS TIZON, M. TORRES
numerical data. Researchers should
carefully consider these pros and cons
when designing and conducting
quantitative research studies.
Quantitative Research Designs:
Sampling Techniques
By examining the nature of the small group,
the researcher can deduce the behaviour of
the larger population. Quantitative research
sampling methods are broadly divided into
two categories.
Probability sampling
Probability sampling involves selection at
random, allowing you to draw solid
statistical inferences about the group as a
whole.
There are four main types of probability
sample
1. In a simple random sampling, every
person in the population has the
same chance of being chosen. The
entire population should be included
in your sampling frame.
You can use techniques that are
entirely based on chance or tools
like random number generators to
carry out this kind of sampling.
2. Systematic sampling is similar to
simple random sampling, but it is
usually slightly easier to conduct.
Every member of the population is
listed with a number, but instead of
randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular
intervals.
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Lecture Notes | 3rd Year BEEd | Sem 2 2022
3. Stratified sampling involves dividing
the population into subpopulations
that may differ in important ways. It
allows you to draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every
subgroup is properly represented in
the sample.
To use this sampling method, you
divide the population into subgroups
(called strata) based on the relevant
characteristics (e.g., gender identity,
age range, income bracket, job role).
4. Cluster sampling involves dividing
the population into subgroups, but
each subgroup should have similar
characteristics to the whole sample.
Instead of sampling individuals from
each subgroup, you randomly select
entire subgroups.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Probability Sampling
Understanding the advantages and
disadvantages of probability sampling can
help you choose whether this is the best
sampling technique for your research
design.
Advantages of Probability Sampling
● Cost Effective because this process
saves cost and time to a great
extent. We can take any number of
samples from this process.
● Less time consuming. This process
is a simple and short process. This
takes lesser time to complete.
● Using probability sampling allows
you to establish correlation or
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cause-and-effect relationship
between your variables.
Disadvantages of Probability Sampling
● It may be difficult to access a list of
the entire population, due to ethical
or privacy concerns
● When your selected sample is not
inclusive enough, representation of
the full population is skewed.
● It can be expensive and
time-consuming to compile this
yourself.
Non-probability sampling
Non-probability sampling allows for easy
data collection through non-random
selection based on convenience or other
criteria.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
1. Convenience sampling is primarily
determined by convenience to the
researcher. Convenience samples
are sometimes called “accidental
samples,” because participants can
be selected for the sample simply
because they happen to be nearby
when the researcher is conducting
the data collection.
2. Purposive Sampling is a blanket
term for several sampling
techniques that choose participants
deliberately due to qualities they
possess. It is also called judgmental
sampling, because it relies on the
judgment of the researcher to
select the units (e.g., people, cases,
or organizations studied). Purposive
sampling is common in qualitative
and mixed methods research
designs, especially when
considering specific issues with
unique cases.
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3. Quota sampling In quota sampling, and include these units as part of

you select a predetermined number
or proportion of units, called a
quota. Your quota should comprise
subgroups with specific
characteristics (e.g., individuals,
cases, or organizations) and should
be selected in a non-random
manner. Your subgroups, called
strata, should be mutually exclusive.
Your estimation can be based on
previous studies or on other existing
data, if there are any. This helps you
determine how many units should
be chosen from each subgroup. In
the data collection phase, you
continue to recruit units until you
reach your quota.
4. Snowball sampling If the
population is hard to access,
snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other
participants. The number of people
you have access to “snowballs” as
you get in contact with more people.
The downside here is also
representativeness, as you have no
way of knowing how representative
your sample is due to the reliance
on participants recruiting others.
This can lead to sampling bias.
the sample.
3. It takes into account the knowledge,
skills, and experience of the
investigating researcher. That is not
the case in probability sampling
which is a completely random
process.
Disadvantages of non probability sampling.
1. This method cannot be used if the
sample size is very large since the
investigator cannot personally select
a large number of units in a
reasonable frame of time.
2. If the investigator is not experienced
or knowledgeable enough about the
subject of inquiry then he may make
bad judgments resulting in an
unrepresentative sample. This might
lead to errors in the study and
wrong conclusions.
3. Unlike probability sampling, it is not
possible to estimate the standard
error since no probabilities are
involved in sample selection.

Advantages of Non-Probability Sampling:

1. If the population size is very small
then it is not very cost-effective to
do probability sampling. In such
cases, it is much easier to simply
include sample units based on the
discretion of the investigator.
2. In certain situations, it is important
that certain units be included in the
sample. The investigator can
exercise his judgment in such cases

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