CE (353)

Hydraulics of Engineering

Fall Semester, 2022

Naqibullah Sediqi
Sediqi.naqib2020@gmail.com

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 CE (353)
Hydraulics of Engineering
October 2022

Chapter 4
Pipelines and Pipe Networks
Agenda/Topics:
• Four Reservoir Analysis
• Pipe Networks
- The Hardy–Cross Method

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 Example 4.7
A horizontal, galvanized iron pipe system consists of a 10-in-diameter, 12-ft-long main
pipe between the two junctions 1 and 2, as depicted in Figure 4.6. A gate valve is
installed at the downstream end immediately before junction 2. The branch pipe has
a 6-in. diameter and is 20ft long. It consists of two 90° elbows (R/D = 2.0) and a globe
valve. The system carries a total discharge of 10cfs of water at 40°F. Determine the
discharge in each of the pipes when the valves are both fully opened. (Note that, due
to the different local losses along the two branches, the equivalent pipe formulas
derived in Chapter 3 cannot be used in this example.)

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 Solution

Again find f value for new relative roughness and Reynolds number

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Four Reservoir Analysis

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 4.4 Pipe Networks
 Water-supply distribution systems in municipal districts are usually composed
of a large number of pipes interconnected to form loops and branches.
 Although the calculations of flow in a pipe network involve a large number of pipes
and may become tedious, the solution scenario is based on the same principles that
govern flow in pipelines and branching pipes previously discussed.
 In general, a series of simultaneous equations can be written for the network. These
equations are written to satisfy the following conditions:

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 4.4 Pipe Networks
1. At any junction, ΣQ = 0 based on the conservation of mass (junction equation).
2. Between any two junctions, the total head loss is independent of the path taken
based on the conservation of energy (loop equation).

As a general rule, a network with m loops and n

junctions provides a total of m + (n - 1) independent
equations.

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 4.4.1 The Hardy–Cross Method
• Is used for more complex water systems than the Nodal Method
• Requires an initial flow rate guess and many iterative to balance flows
and compute resulting head-losses
- By hand (very time consuming)
- By spreadsheet (takes some time to set up- but iterations are easy)
- By computer (integrated into design package: powerful, but takes
time to learn the software)
- The “Hardy Cross Method” is the basis for today’s hydraulic design
packages: it ensures energy ‘balance’ for each rout the water can take

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 4.4.1 The Hardy–Cross Method
• Assumes that head loss, ℎ𝐿 , in each pipe is proportional to the discharge, Q, raised to
some power n (for Darcy-Weibach, n= 2)

• You must calculate K for every pipe in the system

• Different formulas for K depending on (1) which head loss equation is used, and (2)
type of head losses
- If all head losses are due to friction (that’s what we’ll usually assume), then

K=

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Calculating K: Example
400 L/s is flowing through a 750-mm concrete (e= 1.6mm) pipe segment that is 85m
long.
- Find K
K=

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 Hardy-Cross Procedure
1. How many loops are there?
2. What is n?
3. Define direction (Assumption clockwise is (+) and counterclockwise is (-)
4. Label pipe and loops
5. Assign “guess” flow rates
6. Find K for all pipes
7. Find KQ|Q| and nk|Q| for every pipe in a loop
8. Sum KQ|Q| and nk|Q| for each loop (sum them per loop, not all loops) 𝐾𝑄|𝑄|
∆𝑄 = −
9. Find ∆𝑄 for each loop 𝑛𝐾|𝑄|
10. Apply correction factor to each pipe in the loop

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Hardy-Cross Example
Find flow in each given pipes with
known K or r values

𝐾𝑄|𝑄|
∆𝑄 = −
𝑛𝐾|𝑄|

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Hardy-Cross Example
Iteration loop Pipe n r Q rQ|Q| nr|Q| Delta Q Corrected Q
1 1 1-3 2 3 25 1875 150 -20.7558 4.24
1-4 2 6 70 29400 840 -20.7558 49.24
3-4 2 5 -30 -4500 300 -20.7558 -50.76
26775 1290
2 1-2 2 1 25 625 50 3.87 28.87
2-3 2 2 -25 -1250 100 3.87 -21.13
1-3 2 3 -4.24 -54.0 25.5 3.87 -0.37
-679.0 175.5
2 1 1-3 2 3 0.37 0.4 2.2 -1.5168 -1.14
1-4 2 6 49.24 14549.9 590.9 -1.5168 47.73
3-4 2 5 -50.76 -12880.8 507.6 -1.5168 -52.27
1669.6 1100.7
2 1-2 2 1 28.87 833.5 57.7 0.37 29.24
2-3 2 2 -21.13 -893.0 84.5 0.37 -20.76
1-3 2 3 1.14 3.9 6.9 0.37 1.52
-55.6 149.1

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 3 1 1-3 2 3 1.52 6.9 9.1 -0.011 1.504
1-4 2 6 47.73 13667.4 572.7 -0.011 47.716
3-4 2 5 -52.27 -13662.1 522.7 -0.011 -52.284
12.2 1104.5
2 1-2 2 1 29.24 855.1 58.5 0.09 29.33
2-3 2 2 -20.76 -861.7 83.0 0.09 -20.67
1-3 2 3 -1.52 -6.9 9.1 0.09 -1.43
-13.5 150.6
4 1 1-3 2 3 -1.504 -6.8 9.0 0.012291 -1.492
1-4 2 6 47.716 13661.1 572.6 0.012291 47.729
3-4 2 5 -52.284 -13667.9 522.8 0.012291 -52.271
-13.6 1104.5
2 1-2 2 1 29.332 860.4 58.7 -0.08 29.247
2-3 2 2 -20.668 -854.3 82.7 -0.08 -20.753
1-3 2 3 1.492 6.7 9.0 -0.08 1.407
12.7 150.3

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 5 1 1-3 2 3 1.492 6.7 9.0 -0.012 1.480 -0.81712
1-4 2 6 47.729 13668.1 572.7 -0.012 47.717 -0.02534
3-4 2 5 -52.271 -13661.5 522.7 -0.012 -52.283 0.023127
13.4 1104.4
2 1-2 2 1 29.247 855.4 58.5 0.083 29.331 0.283281
2-3 2 2 -20.753 -861.3 83.0 0.083 -20.669 -0.40198
1-3 2 3 -1.480 -6.6 8.9 0.083 -1.397 -5.94877
-12.5 150.4
Corrected Q Percentage of correction Q
1 1-3 1.480 -0.81712
1-4 47.717 -0.02534
3-4 -52.283 0.023127

2 1-2 29.331 0.283281

2-3 -20.669 -0.40198
1-3 -1.397 -5.94877

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 Thanks!

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