1.2.

1 produqtis SemuSaveba da teqnologiuri

procesis SerCeva
Aaxali produqciis SemuSaveba da misi swrafi gatana gasaRebis
bazarze - es is amocanebia, romelTa gadawyveta nebismieri dargis
mewarmeebs uwevT. maTi gadawyvetisTvis saWiroa produqciis proeqtirebis
da teqnologiebis SerCevis saTanado xerxebiT sargebloba, ris
safuZvelzec SemdgomSi warmoebis organizeba unda moxdes. rogorc
qvemoT moyvanili nax. 2 aCvenebs, am procesSi CarTulia sami ZiriTadi
funqcia: marketingi, produqciis SemuSaveba da misi warmoeba.

nax. 2

marketingi pasuxismgebelia produqciis axali saxeobebis Sesaxeb

winadadebebis damusavebasa da bazarze arsebuli saqonlis teqnikuri
maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebaze.
produqciis SemmuSaveblebi pasuxs ageben produqciis teqnikuri
koncefciis dasabuTebulobasa da saboloo proeqtis srulyofilebaze.
warmoeba pasuxismgebelia im teqnologiuri procesebis SerCevasa da
modificirebaze, romlebic gankuTvnilia kompaniis mier SemuSavebuli
axali produqciis gamosaSvebad. produqciis SemuSavebis procesi
uzrunvelyofs konkretuli nawarmis mimarT momxmareblis moTxovnebis
da molodinebis urTierTkavSirs misi warmoebisTvis saWiro
operaciebTan.
produqciis axali saxeobebis SemuSaveba, nebismier kompanias
araCveulebriv potenciur SesaZleblobebs pirdeba, magram am
SesaZleblobebis realizeba metad rTul amocanas warmoadgens. axali
produqciis SemuSavebis procesi sxvadasxva saxis saqmianobebis urTules
kompleqss warmoadgens, romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli kompaniis
danarCen biznes-funqciebTan.
nax. 3-ze gamosaxulia axali produqciis SemuSavebis tipiuri
proeqtis fazebi. Ppirvel or fazaSi - produqciis koncefciis
SemuSavebis da dagegmvis - tardeba gasaRebis bazrebis SesaZleblobebis,
konkurenciis pirobebis, axali nawarmis mimarT moTxovnebis da teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb informaciis kompleqsuri analizi. mis
safuZvelze ganisazRvreba axali produqtis struqtura, romelic unda
asaxavdes konceptualur Canafiqrs, bazris savaraudo moculobas,
produqtis srulyofilebis mosalodnel dones, sainvesticio moTxovnebs
da axali saqonlis bazarze gatanis finansuri Sedegebis prognozirebis
Sedegebs. garda amisa, axali produqciis SemuSavebis programis
miRebamde, kompaniebi Cveulebriv cdiloben axali koncefciis sisworis
Semowmebas, risTvisac mimarTaven am produqciis sacdel gayidvebs mcire
bazarze. aseTi testireba iTvaliswinebs sacdeli modelebis damzadebasa
da potenciur momxmarebelTan maTi Tvisebebis ganxilvas.
mowonebis Semdeg, axali produqciis Seqmnis proeqti detaluri
sainJinro damuSavebis fazaSi Sedis. mis ZiriTad amocanas moqmedi
sacdeli nimuSebis konstruireba, daproeqteba da damzadeba warmoadgens,
agreTve im instrumentebis da aRWurvilobis SemuSaveba, romlebic
gamoyenebuli unda iqnas axali produqciis sawarmoeblad komerciul
masStabebSi. detaluri sainJinro damuSavebis safuZvelia cikli:
“daproeqteba – modeli - testireba”.Aam ciklSi produqciis da
teqnologiuri procesis adre gansazRvruli koncefciebi samuSao
modelSi aisaxebian, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc kompiuteruli, ise
fizikuri formiT.
modeli gadis testirebas (gamocdas), romlis msvlelobaSi
imitirebulia momavali produqciis eqsploataciis realuri pirobebi. Tu
modeli ar Seesabameba savaraudo saeqsploatacio maxasiaTeblebs,
inJinrebi cvlian konstruqcias da aRmofxvrian naklovanebebs, ris
Semdeg cikli “daproeqteba – modeli - testireba” Tavidan iwyeba.
Ddetaluri sainJinro SemuSavebis faza sruldeba “proeqtis CabarebiT”,
rac niSnavs, rom mocemuli modeli mis mimarT wayenebul yvela
moTxovnebs pasuxobs.
amis Semdeg kompania eqsperimentuli warmoebis fazaze gadadis.
Tavdapirvelad sawarmoo danadgarebze mzaddeba da gamoicdeba
calkeuli makompleqteblebi, romlebic SemdgomSi aikribeba sistemad da
xdeba saqarxno pirobebSi misi testireba. eqsperimentaluri warmoebis
fazaSi xdeba produqciis sacdeli partiis damzadeba da axali, an
modificirebuli sawarmoo procesebis unaris gamocda uzrunvelyon
axali produqciis komerciuli masStabiT gamoSveba. am stadiaze mTeli
aucilebeli instrumentariumi da aRWurviloba mzad unda iyos
warmoebisTvis, xolo detalebis da makompleqtebelebi mimwodeblebi –
saWiro moculobiT maTi mowodebisTvis. axali produqciis SemuSavebis
swored am fazaSi xdeba sawarmoo sistemis yvela elementis: proeqtis,
sainJinro daproeqtebis Sedegebis, modernizebuli instrumentebis da
aRWurvilobis, makompleqteblebis, awyobis Tnamimdevrobis, sawarmoo
kontrolis, muSa operatorebis da teqnikis integrireba.
axali produqtis Seqmnis procesis daskvniT fazas warmoadgens
warmoebis zrda saproeqto simZlavris miRwevamde. am droisTvis
sawarmoo procesi ukve modernizebuli da dalagebulia, magram jer
kidev aucilebelia misi stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa produqciis didi
partiebis warmoebis pirobebisTvis. Aam fazaze warmoeba iwyeba
umniSvnelo moculobebis gamoSvebiT. Semdeg, imis Sesabamisad, rom
kompania rwmundeba, rom SeuZlia produqciis Seyovnebebis gareSe
gamoSveba, mimwodeblebi – makompleqteblebis drouli miwodebiT
warmoebis riTmulobis uzrunvelyofa, xolo marketingul samsaxurebs -
misi gasaReba, gamoSveba TandaTan izrdeba.
 nax. 3
Aaxali produqciis SemuSavebis proeqtebis sruliad izolirebulad
realizeba Zalze iSviaTia, rogorc wesi isini urTierTdakavSirebuli
arian. Ggarda amisa, proeqtis efeqtianobisTvis aucilebelia, rom igi
organulad iyos CarTuli sawarmos saerTo struqturaSi. aucilebelia
gvaxsovdes, rom organizaciuli struqturis erTi da igive metad
mniSvnelovani komponentebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva proeqtebSi iyvnen
erTroulad CarTuli da rom maTze muSaoba xSir SemTxvevebSi erTsa da
igive saproeqto jgufebs uwevT. Aaucilebelia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom
xSirad axal produqcias moeTxoveba iyos rogorc konstruqciulad, ise
funqciurad Tavsebadi firmis mier ukve aTvisebul produqciasTan.
Bbolo dros, axali produqciis SemuSavebis dasaCqareblad mravali
kompania farTod iyenebs e.w erToblivi proqtirebis (Concurrent
Engineering, СЕ) meTods. SemuSavebis ubralo, Tanmimdevruli
Sesrulebisgan gansxvavebiT, CE meTodi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
funqciaTaSoris integrebaze, produqciis sxvadasxva saxeobis da maTi
warmoebisTvis saWiro teqnologiuri procesebis erTdroul, erTobliv
proeqtirebaze.
erToblivi proeqtireba efuZneba proeqtebSi monawile sxvadasxva
jgufebis programul integrirebas. Bbolo dros aseTi jgufebi sami tipi
gamovlinda: programis marTvis jgufebi, teqnikuri jgufebi da
mravalricxovani saproeqto-sawarmoo jgufebi. Tu proeqti gazrdili
sirTuliT gamoirCeva, saWiro xdeba kidev erTi saintegracio jgufis
Camoyalibeba, romelic sxvadasxva saproeqto-sawarmoo jgufebis
Zalisxmevas akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. zogjer xdeba specialuri jgufebis
Sedgena, romlebic Seiswavlian konkretul problemebs, magaliTad axal
teqnologiebs.
CE meTodis ZiriTad upiratesobas warmoadgens proeqtis realizebis
vadebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. sainJinro SemuSavebis erTdrouloba
niSnavs proeqtis sxvadasxva fazis paralelur Sesrulebas, magaliTad
sabazro koncefciis da produqtis struqturis Seqmnis paralelurad,
mimdinareobs rogorc produqtis, ise sawarmoo procesebis daproeqteba.
 proeqtis sxvadasxva etapebis paraleluri da ara mimdevrobiTi
Sesruleba mniSvnelovnad zogavs dros. Aamis miRweva xdeba ara marto
imis gamo, rom samuSaoebi SeTavsebiT sruldeba, aramed im Secdomebis
Semcirebis xarjzec, romlebic SesaZloa gaCndnen erT-erT fazaze,
magram ver gamovlindnen proeqtis bolo stadiamde.

D1.2.2 produqciis proeqtireba momxmareblis

moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT
momavali momxmareblis konkretuli moTxovnebis daproeqtebis
procesSi gaTvaliswinebis erT-erT meTods xarisxis funqciis gaSlas
uwodeben (Quality Function Deployment, QFD). meTodi gamoyenebisas axali
produqtis Seqmnaze muSaoben funqciaTaSorisi jgufebi, romlebSic
Sedian marketologebi, inJiner–damproeqteblebi da warmoebis
organizatorebi. meTodis avtoris - korporacia Toyota Motor Corporation–
is oficialuri pirebi aRniSnaven, rom am meTodis gamoyenebis meSveobiT
maT moaxerxes daproeqtebis vadebis mkveTri Semcireba da avtomobilebis
warmoebis fasis 60%_T dakleba.
QFD procesi iwyeba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis SeswavliT, ris
Sedegad xdeba imis gansazRvra, Tu rogori maxasiaTeblebi unda gaaCndes
umaRlesi xarisxis produqcias. bazris Seswavlis msvlelobaSi
ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa molodinebi da survilebi, romlebic
Semdeg kategoriebad, e.w. momxmarebelTa moTxovnebad jgufdebian. amis
momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi “iwoneba” momavali mflobelebisTvis maTi
mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad. da bolos, momxmareblebs sTxoven am
ranJirebuli moTxovnebis mixedviT Seadaron kompaniis produqcia
ZiriTadi konkurentebis nawarms.
yovelive es saSualebas aZlevs firmas daadginos, Tu produqciis
romeli Tvisebebs aqvT momxmareblisTvis yvelaze didi mniSvneloba da
Seadaros sakuTari nawarmi konkurentebis produqcias. am samuSaos
saboloo Sedegs warmoadgens proeqtantebis Zalisxmevis fokusireba
produqciis swored im maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebaze, romlebic
momxmarebelTa TvalTaxedviT, gaumjobesebas moiTxoven.
produqciis proeqtirebisas misi minimaluri Rirebulebis
uzrunvelsayofad funqciur-RirebulebiT analizs (Value Analyses/Value
Engineering, VA/VE) iyeneben, romelic Sedgeba RirebulebiTi da
sakonstruqtoro analizisgan. am analizis mizani produqciisa da
teqnologiuri procesis gamartivebaSi mdgomareobs, xolo mTavari
amocanaa produqciis srulyofilobis eqvivalenturi, an ufro maRli
maxasiaTeblebis miRweva, naklebi danaxarjebiTa da momxmareblis mier
gansazRvruli yvela ZiriTadi funqciuri moTxovnebis dacviT. VA/VE
analizi arasavaldebulo danaxarjebis moZiebis da maTze uaris Tqmis
meSveobiT axerxebs am amocanis gadaWras.
Teoriulad, Rirebulebis analizi tardeba im produqciisTvis,
romelic ukve CaSvebulia warmoebaSi da gamoiyeneba produqciis
sawarmoo dokumentaciaSi miTiTebuli teqnikuri pirobebisa da
moTxovnebis Sesrulebis SefasebisTvis. Cveulebriv amgvar analizs
momaragebis ganyofilebebi atareben, raTa Semaciron xarjebi masalebis
SeZenaze. rac Seexeba Rirebulebis analizs axali produqtis Seqmnis
procesSi, igi warmoebis dawyebis wina stadiaSi tardeba da
TviTRirebulebis gaumarTlebeli zrdisTvis Tavis acilebis erT-erTi
meTodad miiCneva.
 praqtikaSi, analizis am or saxes Soris, romlebic konkretuli
produqciis mimarT gamoiyeneba, mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. Ees imitom, rom
axali masalebi, teqnologiuri procesebi da sxva msgavsi, romelTa
gamoyenebis mizanSewonileba VA RirebulebiTi analizidan
gamomdinareobs, axali VE sakonstruqtoro analizis Catarebas moiTxovs,
raTa ar dairRves funqciuroba. VA/VE analizi tardeba Semdeg kiTxvebze
pasuxis moZiebisTvis:
• xom ar gaaCnia produqcias "zedmeti" Tvisebebi, romlebic ar aris
misTvis aucilebeli?
• xom ar SeiZleba ori, an meti detalis gaerTianeba?
• rogor SeiZleba nakeTobis masis Semcireba?
• romeli arastandartuli detalebi SeiZleba amoviRoT
konstruqciidan?

1.2.4 teqnologiuri procesis da sawarmoo

nakadis SerCeva
teqnologiuri procesis inJinruli SemuSaveba, romelic nax. 3-is
mixedviT, axali produqciis Seqmnis ZiriTadi fazis Semadgeneli
nawilia, esaa saqmianobis sfero, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba
operaciebis dagegmvas, anu sawarmoo procesSi taqtikuri
gadawyvetilebebis regularul miRebas. procesis SerCeva ki piriqiT,
strategiul gadawyvetilebebs miekuTvneba, romlebic gansazRvraven, Tu
rogori teqnologiebi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli warmoebaSi. zogadad,
sawarmoo procesebi SeiZleba Semdeg kategoriebad daiyos:
• gadamuSavebis procesebi (Conversion Processes) - maT magaliTad
gamodgeba rkinis madnis gadamuSaveba liTonad, an kbilis pastis
kolofze aRniSnuli yvela ingredientis gardaqmna kbilis pastad.
• damzadebis procesebi (Fabrication Processes) – magaliTad, nedleulis
gardaqmna romelime specifiur formad (oqros gardaqmna kbilis
gvirgvinad, an furclovani foladis tvifrva avtomobilis
frTebad).
• awyobis procesebi (Assembly Processes) - magaliTad gamodgeba frTebis
mierTeba avtomobilisTvis, kbilis pastis tubis kolofSi, an
oqros gvirgvinis pacientis piris RruSi moTavseba.
• gamocdis (testirebis) procesi (Testing Process) - am process Znelia
uwodo mTavari, magram is imdenad xSirad moixsenieba calke
operaciad, rom sasurvelia misi am siaSi CarTva.
sawarmoo nakadis struqtura (Process Flow Structure) gansazRvravs
sawarmoSi am procesebis mimdinareobiT ganpirobebuli materialuri
nakadis moZraobis tips. gamoyofen sawarmoo nakadebis oTx ZiriTad
nairsaxeobas:
dakveTebiT warmoeba (Job Shop) - es aris sxvadasxva saxis produqciis
farTo asortimentiT da mcire partiebad warmoeba, rac xSir
SemTxvevebSi teqnologiuri operaciebis gansxvavebul nakrebebsa da
mimdevrobas moiTxovs. amis magaliTad gamodgeba komerciuli
poligrafiuli firmebi, TviTmfrinavTmSeneblobisTvis momuSave
kompaniebi, liTondammamuSavebeli saxelosnoebi, aseve eleqtronuli
mrewvelobis qarxnebi, romlebic nabeWd platebs individualuri
SekveTebiT uSveben.
 seriuli warmoeba (Batch) – sawarmoebi, romlebic am principiT
muSaoben, ZirTadad produqcias perioduli SekveTebiT uSveben SedarebiT
msxvili partiebiT. Awarmoebis aseTi tipis amorCeva Cveulebriv maSin
xdeba, rodesac kompanias sxvadasxva saxis produqciis SedarebiT
stabiluri asortimenti gaaCnia. TiToeuli am saxeobis warmoeba
periodul safuZvelze dafuZnebuli partiebiT xdeba - an klientis
SekveTiT, an firmis sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis Sesavsebad.
produqciis meti wili erTi da imave teqnologiuri sqemiT iwarmoeba.
magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT mZime aRWurvilobis, eleqtronuli
mowyobilobebis da organuli sinTezis qimiuri produqtebis warmoeba.
saamwyobo xazi (Assembly Line) - es aris namzadebis warmoeba
calkeuli detalebis SeerTebiT, romlebic produqciis gamoSvebisTvis
aucilebeli marTvadi siCqariTa da TanamimdevrobiT avtomaturad
gadaadgildebian erTi samuSao adgilidan momdevnosken. magaliTad
gamodgeba eleqtroxelsawyoebis da saTamaSoebis xeliT awyoba, an
beWdviTi platebis avtomaturi awyoba (mas montaJs uwodeben). Tu
saamwyobo xazze sxva procesebic xorcieldeba, maSin mas nakaduri xazi
ewodeba.
Uuwyveti nakadi (Continuous Flow) - ganuyofeli masalebis (navTobi,
qimikatebi, ludi da a.S.) gadamuSavebas, an momdevno damuSavebas ewodeba.
iseve, rogorc saamwyobo xazze, sawarmoo procesi aqac garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT mimdinareobs, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi sawarmoo nakadi
uwvetia. Sesabamisi teqnologiebi Cveulebriv avtomatizaciis maRali
doniT xasiaTdebian da Tavisi arsiT erT, integrirebul “manqanas“
warmoadgenen, romelic 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, raTa Tavidan
iqnas acilebuli Zvirad Rirebuli misi gaCerebebi da gaSvebebi.
Cveulebriv, sawarmoo nakadis tipis SerCeva, uwvetis garda,
produqciis gamoSvebis moculobis mimarT moTxovnebis mixedviT xdeba.
sawarmoo procesis saxeobebsa da gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobas
Soris kavSiri, e.w. produqt–procesuli matriciT (Production/Process
Matrix) xasiaTdeba (ix. nax. 4). Ees matrica gviCvenebs, rom warmoebis
moculobis gazrdisa da sawarmoo xazis specializaciis gaRrmavebiT
(horizontaluri xazi) mowesrigebuli materialuri nakadis da
specializirebuli aRWurvilobis (vertikaluri xazi) gamoyeneba,
ekonomikurad sul ufro momgebiani xdeba. vinaidan es evolucia
procesis struqturaSi xSirad produqciis sasicocxlo ciklis
cvlilebas miesadageba (produqciis aTvisebis, warmoebis moculobis
zrdis da simwifis stadiebi), matricis gamoyeneba Zalian mosaxerxebelia
marketinguli da sawarmoo strategiebis urTierTkavSiris dasadgenad.
 nax. 4
Tanamedrove sawarmoo strategiis ZiriTadi amocana imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom moiZebnos urTerTSesabamisoba dakveTebiT momuSave
warmoebis moqnilobasa (I stadia) da seriuli warmoebisa da saamwyobo
xazebisTvis (III da IV stadia)AdamaxasiaTebeli produqciis
dabalfasianobas Soris. Aam mizniT Tanamedrove warmoebebSi farTod
gamoiyeneba e.w. moqnili sawarmoo sistemebi (Flexible Manufacturing System,
FMS).
mas mere, rac kompania airCevs sawarmoo nakadis tips, man unda
SearCios misi satanado aRWurvisTvis saWiro mowyobilobebi. cxr. 1-Si
CamoTvlilia zogierTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelTa gaTvaliswineba
aucilebelia amgvari gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.
kompaniam Tavis qarxnebSi SeiZleba iqonios erTdroulad rogorc
universaluri, ise specializirebuli aRWurviloba. magaliTad, meqanikur
saamqroSi SeiZleba erTdroulad dayenebuli iqnas saxarato da saburRi
Carxebi (saerTo daniSnulebis danadgarebi) da mravalpoziciuri Carxi-
avtomati (specialuri daniSnulebis danadgari). eleqtronuli
produqciis mwarmoebel kompanias SeuZlia SeiZinos rogorc
erTfunqciuri matestirebeli moduli, romelic mxolod erT funqcias
amowmebs (specializebuli danadgari), iseve mravalfunqciuri
gamosacdeli stendi, romelzec erTdroulad SesaZlebelia mravali
testis Catareba (universaluri danadgari). kompiuteruli teqnologiebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze, gansxvaveba universalursa da specializebul
aRWurvilobas Soris TandaTanobiT iSleba, vinaidan universaluri
danadgarebi aranakleb efeqturi xdeba, vidre specialuri daniSnulebis.
Yprocesebis da danadgarebis konkretuli amorCeva yvela SesaZlo
variantebidan, xSirad e.w. waugeblobis analizis meSveobiT xdeba.
ewodeba. waugeblobis grafikze vizualurad asaxulia sawarmos mogebis
da danakargebis damokidebuleba warmoebuli, an gayiduli produqciis
raodenobaze. aseT SemTxvevebSi teqnologiis da aRWurvilobis SerCeva
pirdapir damokidebuli xdeba gamoSvebuli produqciaze prognozirebad
moTxovnaze.
cxr. 1
maCvenebeli Sesafasebeli faqtorebi

sawyisi kapital- fasi, warmadoba, modelebi,

dabandebebi ganlageba, damxmare aRWurv.,
mwarmoeblu-roba gamoyenebuli da nominaluri
simZlavreebis Tanafardoba
produqciis xarisxi teqnologiuri sta-biluroba,
narCenebi
moTxovnebi muSa- danaxarjebi,SromiTi unar-Cvevebi
xelisadmi
moTxovnebi simartive, siswrafe
gamarTvisadmi
teqnikuri momsaxureba sirTule, sixSire, maragnawilebis
deficituroba