Samoqalaqo 1 2 PDF

ia xarazi
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis

saxelobis universiteti
samoqalaqo samarTlis
zogadi nawili
(meoTxe gadamuSavebuli da
damatebuli gamocema)
Tbilisi 2015
UDC (uak) 347(075.8)
x - 253
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis

saxelobis universiteti
redaqtori: prof. lili gelukaSvili
ISBN 978-9941-0-7978-8
© ia xarazi. samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili

(meoTxe gadamuSavebuli da damatebuli gamocema)
2015
2
winaTqma
saqarTvelom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi germa-

nul samoqalaqo kodeqsze orientirebuli `samoqalaqo
kodeqsis miRebiT uaryo „karCaketilobis ideebi da Ria
sazogadoebis msoflmxedveloba gaabatona. samoqalaqo
kodeqss WeSmaritad ewoda qveynis „meore konstitucia~.
man udavod moicva yvela is miRwevebi, rac kanonmde-
blobis Tanamedrove doneze iyo. zustad kodifikaciaze
„vrceldeba is Tvalsazrisi, rom kanoni kanonmdebelze
ufro brZenia”1.
samoqalaqo kodeqss Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mniSv-
nelobis gamo „samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTierTo-
bebSi „samarTlis bibliasac” ki uwodeben. WeSmariti da
swori Sefasebaa. swored samoqalaqo kodeqsis saSuale-
biT wesrigdeba normaluri sazogadoebrivi urTierTo-
bebi, ganisazRvreba samarTlebrivi moqmedebis fargle-
bi, romlis SigniT pirs arCevanis saSualeba yovelTvis
rCeba.
germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsze, Tanamedrove sa-
marTlebriv bazaze orientirebulma `pativmoyvare~ sa-
moqalaqo kanonmdeblobam aSkarad warmoaCina sasaqon-
lo urTierTobebSi individTa da koleqtiuri warmona-
qmnebis Tavisufali monawileobis SesaZlebloba.
sakuTreba da ufleba – is ZiriTadi faseulobania,
romlebic gamoikveTa samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. dargobrivi
kodifikaciis princi pze agebulma samoqalaqo kodeqsma,
romlebic moicaven zogad debulebebs, sanivTo, valdebu-
lebiT, saojaxo da memkvidreobiT samarTlebriv normebs,
saSualeba mogvces sabazro ekonomikis Sesabamisi axa-
li urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebisa da am gziT xeli
1. samarTlis reforma saqarTveloSi. `saqarTvelos respublikis moqmedi
samoqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTadi problemebi~. jorbenaZe, s., 142.
3
Seewyo samarTlebriv procesebs, romlebic mkafiod
gansazRvraven samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi moqmedebis fa-
qtebs, romlis SigniT mis monawile pirebs yovelTvis
rCeba arCevanis Tavisufleba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebidan 18 weli gavida.
àm xnis manZilze ara marto iuristebma, aramed xalxmac
Seiyvara samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romelic maTTvis mTavari
gzamkvlevi gaxda uflebisaTvis brZolaSi. Camoyalibda
saintereso sasamarTlo praqtikac. xalxi mzad Sexvda
Tavisi samarTlebrivi SegnebiT samoqalaqo kodeqss, ra-
meTu „marto xalxis kultura ki ar qmnis samarTals.
aramed Tavad samarTali qmnis xalxis kulturas. visac
Zlieri kultura aqvs, im xalxs gacilebiT uadvildeba
axal samarTlebriv ojaxSi harmonizeba. aseTad unda
miviCnioT Cveni xalxi”2.
axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebis Semdeg
Seiqmna unikaluri naSromebi, damxmare saxelmZRvaneloe-
bi samoqalaqo samarTalSi. magram samarTali mudmiv
cvlilebebs ganicdis, novaciur procesebSia (Tumca
es naklebad exeba samoqalaqo kodeqss). samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobis bevri norma cvlilebs ganicdis, bevric
axleburad yalibdeba, bevrmac Tavisi moqmedebis Zala
dakarga, yalibdeba axleburi sasamarTlo praqtikac.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi wakiTxulma leqciebma samoqalaqo
samarTlis zogad nawilSi gadamawyvetina aRniSnul
saxelmZRvaneloSi axleburad warmomeCina samoqalaqo
kodeqsis zogadi nawilis normebi germanul samoqalaqo
kodeqsTan mimarTebiT. calkeul Tavebs damatebuli aqvs
testebi, praqtikuli kiTxvebi, aseve sasamarTlo praqtika,
kazusis amoxsnis meTodika (subsumciis meTodi).
2. zoiZe, b., `sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi
saqarTveloSi~, 2007, 129.
4
saxelmZRvanelo moicavs praqtikaSi gavrcelebul
sasamarTlo praqtikis problemur, aqtualur sakiTxebs,
romelic imedia kargi xelSewyoba iqneba studentebi-
saTvis Teoriuli codnis ukeT aTvisebisa da samoqa-
laqo-samarTlebrivi praqtikuli amocanebis gadaWris
procesSi, aseve students aRWuravs unariT Teoriisa
da praqtikis erTian WrilSi gaanalizebisa, daexmareba
kvalificiuri iuristisaTvis aucilebeli saWiro unar-
Cvevebis CamoyalibebaSi.
ra Tqma unda samyaroSi arafers ar SeiZleba
hqonde srulyofis pretenzia da aRniSnuli naSromic
ar iqneba gamonaklisi, amitom avtori siamovnebiT gaiT-
valiswinebs yvela saintereso mosazrebas, romelic sax-
elmZRvanelos Semdgom gadamuSavebul gamocemebs, samec-
niero statiebs sasikeTod waadgeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom leqciebis kursi garkveul dax-
marebis gaweva iqneba ara marto iuridiuli fakultetis
studentebisaTvis, aramed samoqalaqo samarTliTa da
praqtikiT dainteresebuli nebismieri pirebisaTvis.
ia xarazi, profesori
5
s t r u q t u r a
w i n a T q m a .................................................................................................. 3
Tavi I. samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriuli fesvebi, cneba

da misi adgili samarTlis sistemaSi ............................................... 9
1. samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriuli fesvebi .............. 9
2. samoqalaqo samarTlis cneba da moqmedebis
areali ......................................................................................................................... 17
2. 1. kerZo da sajaro samarTlis cneba, maTi mimarTeba
da gamijvna ............................................................................................................. 17
2. 2. interesebis, subordinaciisa da subieqtebis Teo-
ria .................................................................................................................................. 23
3. samoqalaqo samarTlis, rogorc kerZo samarTlis
dargis sistema .................................................................................................... 25
4. samoqalaqo samarTlis meTodebi ........................................ 36
5. samoqalaqo samarTlis funqciebi ...................................... 41
6. samoqalaqo samarTlis princi pebi .................................... 43
7. samoqalaqo samarTlis wyaroebi .......................................... 55
7.1. samoqalaqo samarTlis normis moqmedeba drosa da
sivrceSi, pirTa wris mixedviT, kanonisa da samarTlis
analogia, samoqalaqo samarTlis ukuqceviTi Zala ....... 78
8. samosamarTlo samarTali da samoqalaqo samarTa-
li samoqalaqo normis interpretacia ....................................... 86
8.1. samosamarTlo samarTali da samoqalaqo samarTa-
li .................................................................................................................................... 86
8. 2. samoqalaqo normis interpretacia .............................. 92
9. samoqalaqo samarTlis obieqti, subieqti. mizani.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa Tavisufleba politikuri ufle-
bebisagan ................................................................................................................. 103
6
kiTxvebi, testebi, kazusebi ............................................................ 123
Tavi II. samoqalaqo samarTalurTierToba ......................... 125
Tavi III. fizikuri pirebi ..................................................................... 132

1. fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba ................................... 132
2. fizikuri piris qmedunarianobis Sesaxeb .................... 141
3. saxelis ufleba .................................................................................. 160
4. saxelTan dakavSirebuli piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebi ................................................................................................................. 178
5. fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgili .......................... 213
6. fizikuri piris ugzoukvlod dakargulad aRiareba
da gardacvlilad gamocxadeba. gardacvlilad gamoc-
xadebulis dabrunebis Sedegebi .................................................... 228
kiTxvebi, testebi, kazusebi .......................................................... 238
Tavi IV. iuridiuli pirebi .............................................................. 241

1. cneba. saxeebi ......................................................................................... 241
2. arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi. saxelwodeba. re-
gistracia. cvlilebebis registracia ...................................... 274
Tavi V. garigebebi .................................................................................... 301

1. zogadi normebi garigebebis Sesaxeb .............................. 301
2. qmedunarianoba, rogorc garigebis namdvilobis pi-
roba .............................................................................................................................. 362
3. garigebis forma ................................................................................. 375
7
4. sacilo garigebani ........................................................................... 402
4. 1. SecdomiT dadebuli garigebani ................................... 402
4. 2. motyuebiT dadebuli garigebani ................................... 435
4. 3. iZulebiT dadebuli garigebani ..................................... 453
5. pirobiTi garigebani ........................................................................ 467
6. Tanxmoba garigebebSi ..................................................................... 483
7. warmomadgenloba garigebebSi .............................................. 497
kiTxvebi, testebi, kazusebi ........................................................... 534
Tavi VI. uflebis ganxorcieleba ................................................. 537

Tavi VII. vadebi da xandazmuloba ............................................ 557

1. vadebis vadebis gamoTvla ....................................................... 557
kiTxvebi, testebi, kazusebi ........................................................... 573
2. xandazmuloba ....................................................................................... 575
sasamarTlo praqtika .......................................................................... 619
d a n a r T i:
samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika (subsum-
ciis meTodi) ....................................................................................................... 624
bibliografia ............................................................................................. 630
8
Tavi 1. samoqalaqo samarTlis
istoriuli fesvebi, cneba da moqmedebis areali,
da misi adgili samarTlis sistemaSi
1. samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriuli fesvebi
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis dasaw-

yisSi, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan pirvelad saqarT-
veloSi 70-wliani rusuli reJimis batonobis Semdeg,
daiwyo saxelmwifos atibutikuli institutebis Seqmna.
mimdinare sabazro-ekonomikurma reformebma moiTxoves
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri da a.
S. radikaluri reformebis ganxorcieleba da misi mso-
flio integraciaSi CarTva. am saqmianobis liberaliza-
ciam ganapiroba misi samarTlebrivi bazis dauyovnebli-
vi ganaxlebis aucilebloba.
postsabWoTa samarTlebriv sivrceSi aTwleule-
bis ganmavlobaSi iZulebiTma yofnam, monopoliam sa-
marTlis sferoSi garkveulad Seaferxa samarTlebri-
vi mecnierebis ganviTareba. saqarTveloSi misi ganviTa-
reba mxolod saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisTanave, XX
saukunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo, Tumca aRsaniSnavia
is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo odiTganve ar
yofila Caketili Tavis viwro nacionalur CarCoebSi.
odiTgan saqarTvelo kerZo-mesakuTruli fsiqologiis
qveynad yalibdeboda. uZvelesi droidan dRemde, Cvenam-
de moRweuli wyaroebi aSkarad metyveleben im faqtze,
rom Zvel qarTul samarTals aSkarad etyoboda Zveli
romauli da ZvelberZnuli samarTlis gavlena. Tama-
mad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebi
naTlad metyveleben recepciis udavod farTod gavr-
celebaze, rameTu saqarTvelo arasdros yofila Tavis
9
nacionalur samarTlebriv CarCoebSi viwrod Caketili.
mudmivi swrafva aRmosavleT-dasavleTis kulturebis
(da maT Soris samarTlebrivis) tradiciebis qarTul
sinamdvileSi gadmotana yovelTvis iyo qarTveli xal-
xis mudmivi swrafvis mizani. èvropuli samarTlisad-
mi Cveni simpaTiebi saqarTvelos istoriuli bediswe-
ra yofila... Cven gvWirdeboda evropul samarTlebriv
sivrceSi aprobirebuli saerTo samarTali da ara is-
eTi, romelic yovelTvis ucxo sxeuli iqneba qarTuli
cxovrebisaTvis. SeuTavsebelTa SeTavsebis mcdelobas
arsad sargebloba ar moutania~3.
napoleoni ambobda, „qveynis ekonomikas misi geo-
politikuri mdgomareoba gansazRvravso” da Cven davu-
matebdiT, rom ara marto ekonomikas da geopolitikas,
qarTul samarTalze Rrma kvali datova Zveli samarT-
lebrivi kulturis, gansakuTrebiT Zveli romis samar-
Talma, romelmac udidesi roli iTamaSa samarTalgan-
viTarebis (gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
ganviTarebis) istoriaSi. „ius civile”, romelic romSi
gamoiyeneboda ama Tu im xalxis mier Seqmnil samarT-
lis aRsaniSnavad, mkvidrad Semovida Tanamedrove samar-
TalSi da kerZo samarTlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
dargis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. Tavad iustianem Tavis
krebuls „romis samarTlis taZari” uwoda, Sua sauku-
neebis iuristebma mas „civiluri samarTlis korpusi
(Corpus iuris civilis _ anu samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis kre-
buli) uwodes4.
iustinianes samarTlis krebuli, romelic 528-534
wlebSi moqmedebda da romelic saukuneebis manZilze
romaeli iuristebis mier gamoTqmuli azrebis, miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebis, calkeuli kanonebis sistematizebul
krebuls warmoadgenda, oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeboda, sx-
3. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2006, winaTqma.
4. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, 6.
10
vadasxva dros Seiqmna da ZalaSic sxvadasxva wlebSi
Sevida. instituciebi aris pirveli wigni da warmoad-
gens saxelmZRvanelos, romelic klasikuri epoqis iu-
ristis gaiusis imave saxelwodebis naSromis safuZvel-
ze Seiqmna. kanonad 533 wels gamocxadda. digestebi, anu
pandeqtebi meore wignia da warmoadgens amonawerebis
krebuls sxvadasxva epoqaSi, upiratesad klasikur xa-
naSi (I-III saukuneebi) moRvawe daaxloebiT 40 iuristis
naSromebidan. krebulis mesame wigni sakuTriv `kodeqs
iustinianus~ iwodeba da imperator adrianidan iusti-
nianemde gamocemuli kanonebis krebuls warmoadgens
(pirveli gamocema dRemde ar SemorCenila). „novelebi”
meoTxe nawilia, romelic Sedgeba instituciebisa da ko-
deqsis gamocemis Semdeg aRmoCenili 168 axali kanoni-
sagan.
iustinianem Tavisi krebulis komentireba akrZala,
magram mudmivi cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi, JamTa svla,
romelic samarTalganviTarebazec Rrma kvals tovebda,
drois Sesabamis komentirebas moiTxovda da bunebrivia
iustinianes gardacvalebis Semdeg Cndebian `pionerebi~,
romlebmac pirveli komentarebi da monografiebi Seqm-
nes da romelsac Semdeg saukuneebSi komentarebis mTe-
li wyeba mohyva.
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoriis mkvlevar-
Ta arc Tu ise iSviaTad dasmul kiTxvas Tu ras war-
moadgenda evropuli samarTali XII saukunemde, calsaxa
pasuxs miviRebdiT: `romis imperiam brwyinvale civili-
zacia igema da romis genma Seqmna msoflioSi uprece-
dento sistema~5. `romis samarTalma Tavisi ganviTarebis
gzaze yvela winaaRmdegoba daZlia da Rirseuli adgi-
li daimkvidra Tanamedrove msoflioSi – ai, ra aris
CemTvis mTavari~6.
5. davidi, r., `Tanamedroveobis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemebi~, 1993, 41.
6 davidi, r., dasax. naSr., 47-48.
11
saidan modis termini `samoqalaqo? SevniSnavT, rom
samoqalaqo samarTlis termins `moqalaqesTan~araviTari
kavSiri ar hqonda, piriqiT igi gulgrili iyo da dRemde
ase rCeba yovelgvari moqalaqeobisadmi da piris kuTv-
nilebisadmi ama Tu im politikuri mimdinareobisa.
Sua saukuneebSi `samoqalaqo samarTali~ ewodebo-
da saerTod romaul samarTals da mas upirispirebdnen
e.w. kanonikur samarTals (saklesio normebs). am dros ev-
ropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam romis samarTlidan
gadmoiRo kerZo samarTlis normebis didi raodenoba
(normebi, romlebic aregulireben kerZo pirTa urTier-
Tobebs). amasTan dakavSirebiT, Seicvala TviT terminis
`samoqalaqo samarTali~ Sinaarsic. igi ukve gadaiqca
`kerZo samarTlad~ da daupirispirda termins – sajaro
samarTali~7.
`Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
me-10 muxli exmianeba jer kidev Zveli romis samarT-
lis zemoT aRniSnul princi ps pirveli nawiliT: `sa-
moqalaqo uflebaTa ganxorcieleba ar aris damokide-
buli politikur uflebebze, romlebic ganisazRvreba
konstituciiT an sajaro samarTlis sxva kanonebiT~. sa-
moqalaqo kanonmdeblobis mTavari ganmsazRvreli miza-
ni misi subieqtebis (fizikuri, iuridiuli pirebi) `kerZo
cxovrebis~ dalageba da mowesrigebaa.
erTgvari daSoriSoreba gamoiwvia cnebebma `sa-
moqalaqo~ da `kerZo~ samarTali, romelic Tavdapir-
velad identur cnebebad gvevlineboda, rameTu kerZo
samarTlis calkeuli dargebis warmoSobam (sakorpora-
cio, savaWro, inteleqtualuri, Sromis, fasiani qaRalde-
bis da a.S.) gamoiwvia samoqalaqo samarTlis da kerZo
samarTlis sxva dargebis regulirebis sferos gansxva-
vebuli definireba.
7. kobaxiZe, a., samoqalaqo samarTali, 2001, 3.
12
sakanonmdeblo enaSi `samoqalaqo samarTali~ me-18
saukunis Sua naxevridan Semodis, Tumca es saxelwodeba
samarTalmcodneobis enaSi saukuneebis manZilze arse-
bobda. sityva `samoqalaqo~kanonis saTaurad avstriel
kanonSemoqmedTa damsaxurebaa da igi dakavSirebulia
1797 wels dasavleT galiciaSi, iusticiis prezidentis
fon martinis mier momzadebul sasinj proeqtTan sa-
TauriT `dasavleT galiciis samoqalaqo kanonTa wigni~8.
msoflios yvela qveyana, romelTac pirTa kerZo ur-
TierTobaTa momwesrigebeli erTiani kodificirebuli
aqtebi gaaCndaT, am aqtebs `samoqalaqo kodeqss~ uwo-
debdnen.
pirveli kodificirebuli samoqalaqo kanonmde-
bloba frangebis saxels, kerZod napoleon bonaparts
ukavSirdeba, romlis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiTa da
iniciativiT momzadda da 1804 wels gamoica safrange-
Tis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romelsac Tavad didi impera-
tori gansakuTrebul misias akisrebda. Tavisufali sa-
zogadoebisaTvis Seqmnili kodeqsi revoluciis Semdeg
eyrdnoboda yvela moqalaqis Tavisuflebisa da Tanas-
worobis ideebs (gansakuTrebiT sakuTrebis uflebas da
saxelSekrulebo samarTals).
saWiro iyo Tu ara germaniisaTvis erTiani samoqa-
laqo kodeqsi?_es iyo diskusiis Tema, romelsac ori
germaneli giganti iuristi tibo da savini marTavdnen.
es diskusia Semdeg moinaTla rogorc `gigantebis brZo-
la giganturi Temis gamo germanuli samarTlis isto-
riaSi~. gigantTa diskusiaSi gamarjvebuli savini gamo-
vida, romelic imxanad erTiani samoqalaqo samarTlis
kodifikaciis winaaRmdegi iyo, gansxvavebiT tibosagan,
romelic amtkicebda, rom `yvela germanels saerTo, ger-
manuli kanonTa wigni hqonodaT~. gaimarjva savinis mt-
8. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, 6.
13
kicebam imis Sesaxeb, rom SeuZlebeli iyo samarTali
erT patara kodificirebul wignSi moeqciaT. igi aSkara
winaaRmdegi iyo yovelgvari kodifikaciisa da xotbas
asxamda romis samarTals, romelic `naTeli cnebebiTa
da simartiviT, rogorc `samarTlis maTematika~ misTvis
samoqalaqo samarTlis srulyofis ideali iyo. erTia-
ni samoqalaqo kodeqsis miReba germaniaSi mas Semdeg
gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac bismarkma me-19 saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi safuZveli Cauyara germaneli eris politikur
erTianobas. materialuri kerZo samarTlis kodifikacia
1896 wels dasrulda da germaniaSi ZalaSi Sevida 1900
wlis 1 ianvridan, Tumca ufro adre, 1861 wels germaniaSi
miRebul iqna savaWro kodeqsi.
`saqarTvelo mudam aRmosavlur-dasavluri kultu-
ris gavlenas ganicdida Tavisi geopolitikuri mdgo-
mareobis gamo. igi am kulturebis ganuyofel nawils
warmoadgenda9. `CvenSi dawinaurebuli Cans recepciis
xelovneba. es imaSi gamoixateba, rom adgili ara aqvs
ucxo samarTlis sarkisebr recepcias. maTi Targmani Se-
moqmedebiTi saqmianobaa da ar SeiZleba igi gaigivebul
iqnes nawarmoebis Targmnis Tanamedrove gagebasTan, ase
iyo ara marto samarTlis wignebis Targmnisas, aramed
wminda literaturuli nawarmoebebis gadmoqarTulebis
SemTxvevaSic. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba amisi
SesaniSnavi magaliTia~10.
saqarTveloSi rom samarTalSemoqmedeba seriozu-
li saqme yofila, amaze metyvelebs swavlul kacTa ko-
misiis muSaoba, vaxtang meeqvsis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi
moRvaweoba, romelic dagvirgvinda brwyinvale `sakodi-
fikacio krebuli~-iT, romelSic man `Tavi mouyara ucxo
da qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebs da amiT pirvelma ga-
nacxada, rom qarTuli samarTali esaa erovnulisa da
9 . zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2005, gv. 5-6
��. zoiZe, b., dasax. naSr., 7-8.
14
samarTlis saerTo sulis sinTezirebuli produqti~11.
saqarTvelos istoriuli, mZime politikuri situ-
aciis gamo kodifikaciebis òromtrialSi~ monawileoba
ar miuRia, faqtiurad samocdaaTwliani rusuli reJimis
batonobis periodSi saqarTveloSi moqmedebda samoqa-
laqo kodeqsi, magram samwuxarod igi rusuli samoqa-
laqo kanonmdeblobis kopirebas warmoadgenda.
mxolod 90-iani wlebis bolos saqarTvelos po-
litikur cxovrebaSi arsobrivma cvlilebebma sasikeTo
Sedegi moutana qveyanas. epoqis Sesaferi, qveynisaTvis
misaRebi, Tavisufal sazogadoebaze dafuZnebuli, `pa-
tivmoyvare~ samoqalaqo kodeqsis miRebiT 1997 wlis 26
ivniss, romelic damoukidebeli, demokratiuli saqarT-
velos pirveli damoukidebeli, pirTa Tanasworobaze
damyarebuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba iyo, moawesriga
pirTa Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli kerZo xasiaTis qo-
nebrivi, saojaxo da piradi urTierTobebi. Tanamedrove,
sabazro ekonomikaze orientirebulma samoqalaqo ka-
nonmdeblobam aSkarad warmoaCina ara marto globalur
samoqalaqo civilur cxovrebaSi CarTvis aucilebloba,
aramed globalur ekonomikaSi integraciis aucileb-
lobac12. man axali furceli gadauSala saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebs Tavisufali ganviTarebisa, ndobaze da ke-
Tilsindisierebaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebisa, kano-
nis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobisa. man adamianebi ganaw-
yo ara marto sakuTari, aramed sxvisi uflebebisadmi
pativiscemis grZnobiT. man yvela adamians Caagona is
mniSvnelovani WeSmariteba, rom sicocxlis arsi ufle-
bisaTvis brZolaSia. rudolf fon ieringis xatovani
gamoTqmiT: ùflebisaTvis brZola poeziaa xasiaTisa~13.
sityvebi rom ufleba valdebulebasac niSnavs, igi mbo-
��. zoiZe, b., dasax naSr., 25.
��..ix. kni peri, r., kodifikaciis meTodebi da koncefciebi gardamavali periodis
sazogadoebebSi (saqarTvelos mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT), 176-191; wignidan
`samarTlis reforma saqarTveloSi (Rechtsreform in Georgien), 1994
��. rudolf fon ieringi, fon brZola uflebisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2008, 3.
15
Wavicaa, gviqadagebs, rom Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi qmedebani zneobrivi unda
iyos, TiTqosda ganmtkicebulia 1789 wlis deklaraciis
princi pi, rom `rac Sen ar gsurs rom gagikeTon, imas nu
gaukeTeb sxvas~, rom `kanoni Tavisuflebis dacvac aris
da misi SezRudvac~.
`samoqalaqo kodeqsi ganamtkicebs kerZo avtono-
miis princi ps. `kerZo avtonomia ewodeba konkretul
pirTaTvis samarTliT miniWebul da uzrunvelyofil
SesaZleblobas, erTmaneTs Soris urTierToba gan-
sazRvruli farglebis SigniT moawesrigon garigebe-
bis, gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebebis meSveobiT~14. kerZo
avtonomia, samoqalaqo kodeqsis monawile pirTaTvis
samarTliT miniWebuli uflebebi, aseve TviTpasuxism-
geblobasac gulisxmobs, igi sazogadoebis yovelmxrivi
winsvlis garanticaa. samoqalaqo kodeqsma samoqalaqo
brunvis saSualo adamiani wamoswia wina planze, ro-
melic unariania misi SesaZleblobebis adekvaturi pa-
suxismgebloba ikisros. man samoqalaqo brunvis funda-
mentur princi pad ara yvela brunvis keTilsindisiereba,
aramed keTilsindisieri brunva wamoswia wina planze,
`keTilsindisiereba,~ ara rogorc garegani movaleoba,
aramed Sinagani moTxovnileba subieqtisa~.... keTilsin-
disiereba subieqtis Tvisebas warmoadgens da misi `me~-s
imanenturi nawilia~15. am debulebas ganamtkicebs kidec
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis me-3 nawili, romelic
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebisagan TavianTi
uflebebisa da movaleobebis keTilsindisierad ganxor-
cielebas moiTxoven.
��. wignidan Sengelia, r., samarTlis problemebi, saiubileo krebuli, CaCaniZe, e.

`saxelmwifo da kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi~, 248.
��. zoiZe, b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda~, upiratesad
adamianis uflebaTa WrilSi, eseebi, Tsu, 2013, ese-dan `samoqalaqo brunvis
Tavisufleba da saxelmwifoebrivi marTlSegneba~.
16
2. samoqalaqo samarTlis cneba da
moqmedebaTa areali
2.1. kerZo da sajaro samarTlis cneba,
maTi mimarTeba da gamijvna
romanul-germanuli samarTlis sistemis msgavsad,

qarTuli samarTali iyofa sajaro (jus publicum) da ker-
Zo (jus privatum an jus civil) marTlwesrigad. kerZo samar-
Tali samarTlis is nawilia, romelic kerZo pirTa So-
ris warmoSobil urTierTobebs rom awesrigebs da nebis
avtonomiTaa da saxelSekrulebo TviTSeboWviT xasiaT-
deba (xolo sajaro samarTali saxelmwifosaTvis dawe-
rili samarTalia, romlis safuZvelzec saxelmwifo da
misi institutebi dakisrebul movaleobebs asruleben).
samoqalaqo samarTlis dargebs miekuTvneba samoqalaqo
samarTali (romelic pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul
kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTo-
bebs awesrigebs), Sromis samarTali (romelic awesri-
gebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze SromiT da mis Tanmdev
urTierTobebs, Tu isini gansxvavebulad ar regulirde-
ba sxva specialuri kanoniT an saqarTvelos saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebebiT)16, sakorporacio samarTali, ro-
melic kerZo pirTa kerZo-samarTlebrivi gaerTianebebis
{organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis} momwesrigebel
samarTlis normaTa erTobliobaa), saavtoro, samrewvelo,
sabanko, sapatento da sxva specialuri kerZo samarTlis
nawilebi, romelTa subieqtebisaTvis nebis avtonomiis
sruli Tavisuflebaa daSvebuli, cxadia Tu maTi qmedeba
kanoniT dadgenil wesebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba (magaliTad
moviyvanT nasyidobis, qiravnobis, ijaris, nardobis, sesxis,
lizingis, frenSaizingis, faqtoringis da a. S. xelSekru-
��.Sromis organuli kanoni saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, m. 1, I.
17
lebebs, romlebic mis monawile subieqtebs sruli avto-
nomiiT aRWuraven dadon xelSekrulebebi da gansazRv-
ron misi Sinarsi (mxareTa uflebebi da movaleobebi);
xolo sajaro samarTlis sferos miekuTvneba sakonsti-
tucio da saerTaSoriso samarTali, administraciuli
samarTali, sisxlis samarTali, sagadasaxado da proce-
sualuri kanonmdebloba da sxva. SemTxvevis magaliTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT saxelmwifos mier licenziebis ga-
cema garkveuli samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebaze (maga-
liTad Tavisufali industriuli zonebis saqmianobis
dawyebaze, an kidev samSeneblo nebarTvebi da sxv.). ker-
Zo samarTalSi horizontaluri urTierTobaa misi mo-
nawile pirebisa da isini Tanaswori ufleba-valdebu-
lebebiT arian aRWurvilni, xolo sajaro samarTali
vertikaluri daqvemdebarebis samarTalia, sadac saxel-
mwifos nebismieri institutis administraciuli aqtis
Sesruleba savaldebuloa pirTaTvis, romelTac es exe-
bac. `kerZo-samarTlebrivi davebi ganixileba samoqa-
laqo samarTlebrivi samarTalwarmoebis wesiT Sejib-
rebiTobis safuZvelze; sajaro samarTlebrivi davebis
ganxilva ki warmoebs administraciuli warmoebis wesiT
da inkviziciurobis elementebiT. àdministraciuli or-
gano flobs kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul specialur
uflebamosilebebs, maSin rodesac fizikuri da kerZo
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi uflebamosilni arian, ga-
naxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi nebismieri moqmedeba.
administraciuli organo SeboWilia kanonierebis prin-
ci pisa da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis dacviT, masze
ar vrceldeba kerZo samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli ne-
bis avtonomiurobis princi pi. swored am fuZemdebluri
gansxvavebis gamo ver xerxdeba sajaro samarTlis iu-
ridiuli pirebis Cayeneba kerZo pirebis msgavs saerTo
18
samoqalaqo samarTlebriv reJimSi. amitom aucilebeli
xdeba sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirTa saqmianobi-
saTvis specialuri reJimis SemoReba~17.
`zemoT aRniSnuli gansxvaveba kerZo da sajaro
sajaro samarTals Soris, marTalia, umniSvnelovanesia,
magram es ar niSnavs, rom kerZo samarTalSi ar arse-
bobs subordinaciuli urTierToba, magaliTad sakor-
poracio samarTalSi urTierToba korporaciis part-
niorebsa da marTvis organoebs Soris anda saojaxo
samarTalSi urTierToba Svilebsa da mSoblebs Soris
da a.S. sajaro samarTalSic gvxvdeba Tanasworufle-
bianobis safuZvelze warmoSobili urTierTobebi. maga-
liTad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi damoukidebel
saxelmwifoebs Soris anda xelSekrulebebi calkeul
saministroebsa Tu regionebs Soris~18.
marTalia, samarTlis dayofa kerZo da sajaro sa-
marTlad kontinenturi evropis samarTlis mniSvnelovan
monapovrad iTvleba (amgvar dayofas ar icnobs saerTo
samarTlis, e.i. inglisur-amerikuli samarTlis siste-
ma...), is pozitiur-samarTlebriv instituts (pozitiur
- samarTlebrivi niSnavs samarTliT, kanoniT dadgenil
qcevis wesebs) ar warmoadgens da ufro mecnierul ka-
tegoriad miiCneva19.
kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gamijvna. kerZo da
sajaro samarTali erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli rodi
arian. isini erTmaneTTan garkveulad arian damokide-
buli da xSirad erTmaneTs ganapirobeben. `kerZo da
sajaro samarTlis gamijvnis sakiTxi ar aris mxolod
Teoriuli mniSvnelobis, mas mravali gansxvavebuli sa-
marTlebrivi Sedegi ukavSirdeba, gansakuTrebiT sapro-
17. gogiaSvili, g., samosamarTlo samarTali, 2014, 127.
18 Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 2-3.
��. Wanturia, l., dasax. naSr; 3.
19
ceso samarTalSi saqmeTa gansjadobis gadawyvetisas.
gamijvnis praqtikuli mniSvneloba, uwinares yovlisa, or
sakiTxSi vlindeba: a) romeli samarTlis norma unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli konkretul SemTxvevaSi; b) romelma
sasamarTlom (samoqalaqom Tu administraciulma) unda
ganixilos aRniSnuli dava~20.
samoqalaqo samarTali pirTa Tanaworobaze da-
myarebul kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad
urTierTobebs awesrigebs. aq mTavari kerZo pirTa av-
tonomia da saxelSekrulebo TviTSeboWvaa, maSin roca
sajaro samarTlis umTavresi princi pi - subordinaciaa.
administraciuli organo flobs kanoniT zustad
gansazRvrul specialur uflebamosilebebs, maSin ro-
desac fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi
uflebamosilni arian kanoniT gansazRvruli nebismieri
qmedeba ganaxorcielon (`samoqalaqo urTierTobis mo-
nawilebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi,
maT Soris kanoniT pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli nebis-
mieri moqmedeba~)21.
àdministraciuli samarTali administraciis saq-
mianobis maregulirebeli samarTalia. gavrcelebuli
TvalsazrisiT, administraciuli samarTali arsebobs
mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac am normaTa erToblioba
Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba kerZo pirebs Soris urTier-
TobebSi gamoyenebuli normebisagan. faqtia, rom kerZo
��. Wanturia, l., dasax. naSr; 7-8.
aqve SevniSnavdiT, rom dRevandeli rTuli sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSi
sasamarTloTa kompetenciis sakiTxi rTuldeba. magram es dRes mowesrigebulia,
kerZod 2005 wlis 25 ivnisis zogad administraciul kodesSi Setanili
cvlilebebiT midgomam gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo, kerZod, Tu saxelmwifo
sajaro funqciebiT gamodis saxelmwifo urTierTobebSi, cxadia sadavo
sakiTxebs administraciuli sasamarTlo ganixilavs, e.i. gansjadobis problemis
gadawyvetisas sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebia gadamwyveti da ara mxolod
urTierTobis monawile subieqti (vTqvaT saxelmwifo. saxelmwifo SeiZleba
kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawiledac ki gamovides).
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m.10, n. 2.
20
samarTali ver faravs administraciuli organos saqmi-
anobasa da masTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebis sivr-
ces, damatebiT aucilebeli xdeba specialuri kanonebi,
magaliTad, administraciuli organos gansazRvrisaTvis
misi prerogativebis reglamentaciisaTvis, romelsac
mxolod sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi flo-
ben, sajaro Sesyidvebisa da licenzirebis wesebis gan-
sazRvrisaTvis. magram SeiZleba aRmoCndes, isec, rom ad-
ministraciul urTierTobebSi kerZo samarTali gaxdes
wesi, xolo specialuri kanonebi gamonaklisi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom aseT balanss inarCunebs qarTuli samarTa-
lic, sajaro da kerZo samarTlebrivi regulirebisas.
administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis 1-li II muxlis
Tanaxmad, Tu kodeqsiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, admi-
nistraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebani. aseve
Cveulebrivi wesia, samoqalaqo samarTlis materialuri
normebisa da institutebis mTeli rigis gamoyeneba admi-
nistraciul urTierTobebSi~22. gavrcelebuli mosazre-
biT, administraciul-samarTlebrivi regulireba zoga-
dad arsebiTad sxva ram ki ar aris, aramed erTobliobaa
gamonaklisebisa kerZo samarTlis mier samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebis regulirebaSi.
��. gogiaSvili, g., samosamarTlo samarTali, 2014, 127
21
2. 2. interesebis, subordinaciisa da subieqtebis
Teoria
kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis

problema gansxvavebuli Teoriebi warmoSobis safuZve-
li gaxda, romelTagan yvelaze gavrcelebulia intere-
sebis, subordinaciisa da subieqtebis Teoria.
interesebis Teoriis mixedviT gamijvnisaTvis ga-
damwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba Tu visi interesebi sar-
geblobs upiratesobiT samarTlebrivi regulirebisas,
magram am Teoriis daxasiaTebisas yuradReba unda ga-
vamaxviloT gasaTvaliswinebel faqtorze, rom kerZo
da sajaro pirebsac SeuuZliaT erTmaneTis interesebs
emsaxurebodnen. amis TvalsaCino magaliTad SegviZlia
movitanoT sajaro reestris samsaxuri, romelic sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piria, magram Seqmnilia rogorc
kerZo (kerZo pirebi uflebamosilni arian (moZravi ni-
vTebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo uZravi nivTebis SemTxvevaSi
ki valdebulni arian maTi maRali socialuri mniSvne-
lobidan gamomdinare, TavianTi sakuTrebiTi Tu mflo-
belobiTi uflebebi daaregistriron sajaro reestr-
Si), ise sajaro pirTa uflebebis dasaregistrireblad
M(magaliTad munici paluri sakuTrebis miwebis savalde-
bulo daregistrireba sajaro reestrSi).
interesebis Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, subordina-
ciis Teoriis Tanaxmad (romelic gamoiyeneba sasamarT-
lo praqtikasa da samecniero literaturaSi), sajaro
samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierTdaqvemdeba-
reba urTierTobebSi, maSin roca kerZo samarTali Ta-
nasworuflebianTa Soris awesrigebs urTierTobebs.
subordinaciis Teorias mravali momxre hyavs. Tumca
aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom kerZo samarTalSic arsebobs
22
urTierTdaqvemdebarebuli urTierTobebi (magaliTad,
samewarmeo iuridiuli piris partniorebi valdebulni
arian daeqvemdebaron sazogadoebis wesdebas, romelic
maT mier erTxmad aris miRebuli) da piriqiT – sajaro
Tanasworuflebanobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebi. sa-
moqalaqo samarTlis calkeul wignebSic gvxvdeba amis
saukeTeso magaliTebi, magaliTad, arasrulwlovanebis
garkveuli uflebrivi SezRudvebi kanonieri warmomad-
genlebis mier, manam, sanam arasrulwlovanebi sruli
qmedunarianebi ar gaxdebian, an kidev samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 170-e muxlis 1-li nawilis debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom mesakuTres SeuZlia calmxrivad ar dauSvas sxva
pirTa mier misi qonebiT sargebloba da sxva23. subor-
dinaciis Teoria interesebis Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT,
gamoiyeneba sasamarTlo praqtikasa da samecniero li-
teraturaSi da mas bevri momxre hyavs. subordinaciuli
Teoriis mniSvnelovan naklad mecnierebaSi Tvlian imas,
rom igi saerTod ignorirebas ukeTebs sajaro-saxel-
Sekrulebo samarTals. `Tanamedrove administraciul
samarTalSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, mmarTvelobis organoebis
praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebebi moqa-
laqeebTan. am dros SeuZlebelia calsaxad imis mtkice-
ba, es urTierTobebi sajaro samarTals miekuTvneba Tu
– kerZos. subordinaciis Teorias mTeli urTierTobebi
saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris urTierTobamde da-
hyavs. amis Sedegad igi yuradRebis miRma tovebs mTel
saorganizacio samarTals – normaTa erTobliobas, ro-
melic awesrigebs mmarTvelobis organoebis Camoyalibe-
bisa da saqmianobis process. ueWvelia, rom isini saja-
ro samarTals ganekuTvnebian, magram subieqtebs Soris
urTierTobis xasiaTi jer kidev ar aris sabolood
��.damat. ix. https://mimomxilveli.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/კონსპექტი-კერძო-და-საჯარ/.
23
garkveuli~24.
subieqtebis Teoriis mixedviT samarTlis dayofas
kerZo da sajaro samarTlad, safuZvlad daedo urTier-
TobaSi monawile subieqtTa statusi, konkretulad, is,
Tu ra uflebamosileba aqvs urTierTobaTa monawiles.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu urTierTobaSi erTi mxare gamodis
saxelmwifos, sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlad, es
aris sajaro samarTali, da piriqiT, - Tu sajaro ur-
TierTobebSi gamodis rogorc kerZo piri, maSin saxezea
kerZo samarTali. aviRoT magaliTi: munici paluri or-
gano yidulobs miwis nakveTs, an kidev sesxs iRebs, an
kidev saxelmwifo kerZo pirisagan yidulobs sawarmos
da sxv; aRniSnuli urTierTobebi kerZo samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs miekuTvneba da kerZo samarTlad iTvleba,
vinaidan Cveni magaliTebis konkretul SemTxvevebSi ar
aris sajaro xelisuflebis subieqti.
subieqtebis Teoriisagan ganviTarda specialuri
samarTlis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac sajaro samar-
Tali aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebis specialuri sa-
marTali, xolo kerZo samarTali – zogadi samarTali
yvelasaTvis. `saxelmwifo iyenebs kerZo samarTals, ro-
gorc zogad samarTals, Tu aucilebeli ar aris sajaro
samarTlis, rogorc specialuri samarTlis gamoyeneba;
sxva sityvebiT: Tu sajaro samarTali ar krZalavs, sa-
xelmwifos SeuZlia iyos mewarme da Tavisi saqmianobis
uzrunvelsayofad gamoiyenos zogadi kerZo samarTali,
e.i. im SemTxvevebSic, roca saxelmwifo sajaro amocanebs
asrulebs, SeuZlia mas kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebisa da institutebis gamoyeneba, Tu sajaro samar-
��. Wanturia, l., dasax. naSr; 11; organizaciis Teoriis Sesaxeb ix. l. bregaZis
naSromi wignidan: `Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da
praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 9-65; avt. laSa bregaZe, organizaciis
Teoriis safuZvlebi: sociologiuri moZRvreba korporaciuli sistemebis
Sesaxeb.
24
Tali pirdapir ar krZalavs amgvar moqmedebas. am kon-
cepcias ganamtkicebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis
me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, `saxelmwifo organoebisa
da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis kerZosamarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebis sxva pirebTan aseve wesrigdeba
samoqalaqo kanonebiT, Tuki es urTierTobebi, saxelmwi-
foebrivi an sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare,
ar unda mowesrigdes sajaro samarTliT~25.
sajaro samarTali saxelmwifos specialuri samar-
Talia, kerZo samarTali ki – zogadi samarTali.
3. samoqalaqo samarTlis, rogorc kerZo

samarTlis dargis sistema
`sistema~ berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa (Zv. berZn.

σύστημα — „Sesatyvisoba“) da garkveul wesrigs niSnavs,
romelic dafuZnebulia risame nawilebis gegmazomier
ganlagebasa da urTierTkavSirze. igi amave dros prin-
ci pebis erTobliobas niSnavs, romelic raime moZRvre-
bis safuZvels warmoadgens~26. `samarTlis sistema ki
niSnavs samarTlebrivi normebis dalagebas, gadmocemas
calkeuli institutebis mixedviT, agreTve TviT am in-
stitutebis dajgufebas erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
normebis mixedviT~27. `samarTlebrivi sistema ufro far-
To da yovlismomcveli cnebaa, vidre Tavad samarTlis
��. Wanturia, l. dasax. naSr; 13. zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriebis Sesaxeb aseve ixileT,
saitebi: http://lawtsu.blogspot.com/212/11/blog-post.html; http://mimomxilveli.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/konspeqti-
kerZo-da-sajar/
��. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/
��. TumaniSvili, g., Sesavali saqarTvelos kerZo samarTalSi, 2012, 16
http://ochobooks.ge/index.php?run=product/product&id=13388
25
cneba. Tuki samarTali warmoadgens qveyanaSi moqmedi
wesebis sistemas, romelic aRiarebulia saxelmwifos
mier da uzrunvelyofilia cxovrebaSi maTi iZulebiTi
gatareba, samarTlis sistema erTis mxriv, moicavs moqmedi
samarTlis normebs, pozitiuri samarTali) da mis gar-
da igi aerTianebs sxva elementebsac (Tavad samarTals,
rogorc savaldebulo normaTa sistemas, gamoxatuls
kanonsa da saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul sxva wyaroe-
bSi; samarTlis dargebs, institutebs, konceciebsa da
ZiriTad cnebebs, samarTlis gamoxatvisa da iuridiuli
teqnikis formebs, samarTlebriv tradiciebsa da ideo-
logias, samarTlebrivi ganviTarebisa da marTlSegnebis
aqtiur mxares, sasamarTlo praqtikis (iuridiuli praq-
tika) da precendentis doqtrinis adgilsa da rols
samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa regulirebaSi~28. samoqa-
laqo samarTlis sistema garkveuli mecnieruli dasab-
uTebiTaa sistematizebuli, romelic moicavs sxvadasx-
va samarTlis normebiT dalegulirebul urTierTobebs,
romlebic aregulireben samoqalaqo samarTlis subi-
eqtebis (subieqtebSi fizikur pirebTan erTad gansasaz-
Rvria is zogadi, rac iuridiul pirebsac exeba) qcevebs,
maT uflebebsa da movaleobebs, maT mimarTebas nivTebT-
an da qonebasTan, pirTa valdebulebiT-samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs, saojaxo-saqorwino sakiTxebs da memkvi-
dreobis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo samar-
Tlebriv normebs da sxva, da, bunebrivia mecnieruli
midgoma moiTxovs maT dalagebas garkveuli sistemati-
zebuli, klasificirebuli niSnebiT, sadac bunebrivia
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba `sistematizebuli normebiT
regulirebuli urTierTobebis xasiaTi da buneba~29.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis sistema pandeq-
��. gogiaSvili, g., samosamarTlo samarTali, 2014, 8.
��iqve.
26
turi samarTlis sistemis Sesatyvisia, romelic zogadi
da kerZo nawilebisagan Sedgeba30.
`vinaidan kodeqsi erTiani normatiuli sxeulia,
nawil-nawil SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi SedarebiT
damoukidebeli institutebis kodifikacia~31. `zogadi
nawilis Rirsebad iTvleba is, rom ès nawili Tavidanve
gansazRvravs samarTlis mocemuli dargis mowesrigebis
sagans da Seicavs amosaval debulebebs, romlebic
garkveulwilad kidec scildeba am dargis farglebs,
vinaidan zogadsamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba aqvT maT~32.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi èrTiani normatiuli sxeulia~33, ro-
melic `yvelaze metad moergo mis erovnul suls~34. mra-
vali aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa marwuxebSi
moqceuli qarTuli kerZo marTlSegneba isev daubrun-
da erovnul niadags da Seiqmna uprecedento erovnuli,
erovnul marTlSegnebaze, sabazro ekonomikaze morgebu-
li samoqalaqo kanondeblobis sistema, romelmac kidev
ufro dauaxlova qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba
evropul samarTlebriv sivrces.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi eqvsi wignisagan Sedgeba: samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani (pirveli wigni),
sanivTo (qonebrivi samarTali) (meore wigni), valdeb-
ulebiTi samarTali (mesame wigni), inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis samarTali (wigni meoTxe), saojaxo samar-
Tali (wigni mexuTe), memkvidreobiTi samarTali (wigni
meeqvse)35.
�� . rac ruseTis civilistebis mier seriozuli gansjisa da kritikis sagani
gaxda, rameTu ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi am princi pze ar aris agebuli da mas
yovlismomcveli kanonis pretenzia gaaCnda da samarTlis TiTqmis yvela dargis
zogadi debulebebi masSi iyo Tavmoyrili. saqarTvelo piriqiT sxva gziT wavida,
roca moaxdian kodeqsis zogadi da kerZo nawilebis nawilebis kodifikacia.
��. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2005, 102.
�� zoiZe b., dasax. naSr; 117
��
. zoiZe, b., dasax. naSr; 102
��.zoiZe, b., dasax. naSr; 106
35. germaniis samoqalo kodeqsi (BGB) ki xuTi wignisagan Sedgeba: zogadi nawili
27
pirvel wignSi samoqalaqo kodeqsisa ganivTe-
bulia samarTlis am dargis amosavali debulebebi
da garkveulwilad scildeba kidec am farglebs da
zogadsavaldebulo datvirTvas iZens ara marto samo-
qalaqo samarTlis kerZo nawilisaTvis, aramed mTeli
kerZo samarTlisaTvis da sxva. ramdenadac Cven samoqa-
laqo samarTalSi nivTi, rogorc brunvaunariani qone-
ba gvainteresebs rogorc garigebis sagani, mas sajaro
samarTalSi, magaliTad, sagadasaxado samarTalSi, sax-
elmwifo uyurebs rogorc dabegvris obieqts {dRg-iT,
aqciziT, qonebis, importis gadasaxadiT dabegvris obi-
eqts} da rogorc dabegvridan amoRebuli TanxebiT biu-
jetis Sevsebis wyaros, anu mTavrobis mier fiskaluri
politikis ganxorcielebis efeqtur saSualebas)36.
amave wignSi saubaria pirebze (fizikuri da iuridi-
uli pirebi) da maT samarTalsubieqturobaze, romelTa
brunvaSi arsebobas aregulirebs samoqalaqo kodeqsi,
aqvea saubaria samoqalaqo brunvis mTavar wyaroze, ga-
rigebebze, romelTa meSveobiTac pirebi erTmaneTTan
urTierToben (deben garigebebs) da awesrigeben samoqa-
laqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. pandeqturi samarT-
lis sistema swored naTlad gamokveTavs im faqts, rom
brunvis mizani martooden sakuTrebis SeZena rodia da
arc garigebaa mxolod da mxolod sakuTrebis SeZenis
erTaderTi wyaro. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi erTob davi-
(wigni I), valdebulebiTi samarTali (wigni II), sanivTo samarTali (wigni III),
saojaxo samarTali (wigni IV), memkvidreobiTi samarTali (wigni V). inteleqtuali
samarTali, romelic qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi meoTxe wignad Sevida, magram
erTob `daCixuli~, saxiT, rac garkveulwilad gamoiwvia kanonis `saavtoro
da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ miRebam. gamodis, rom meoTxe wigni mxolod
simboluri datvirTviT darCa samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romelTac ar eTanxmeba
nawili qarTveli civilistebisa.
36. dawvr. ix. xarazi, i., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, nawili pirveli,
Tbilisi 2013, nawili meore, 2014; xarazi, i., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali,
pirveli nawili, mesame gadamuSavebuli gamocema 2015 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsis
Tebervlis Tvis mdgomareobiT).
28
wrovdeboda misi mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba. pandeq-
turi samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damsaxureba
iyo iustinianes digestebis axleburi sistematizacia,
romelmac kerZo samarTals Seuqmna zogadi nawili (igi
moicavda samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTad moZRvrebebs)
da calkeuli institutebi, rogoricaa sanivTo samar-
Tali, valdebulebiTi samarTali, saojaxo da memkvi-
dreobis samarTali. samoqalaqo samarTlis is sistema,
romelic pandeqturma samarTalma SeimuSava, safuZvlad
daedo germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqss. mxolod sanivTo
da valdebulebiTi samarTlis adgilebi iyo urTierT-
Canacvlebuli. postsabWoTa respublikebSi moqmed samo-
qalaqo kodeqsebsac safuZvlad edo samoqalaqo samarT-
lis pandeqturi sistema.
pirvel wignSi aseve saubaria uflebis ganxor-
cielebasa da vadebze. samoqalaqo brunvis monawileni
valdebulni arian TavianTi uflebebi ganaxorcielon
marTlzomierad, ssk-is me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilic xom
amisken mouwodebs brunvis monawileebs. samoqalaqo
samarTali ar icnobs uflebis iZulebis wesiT ganxor-
cielebas, magram Tu `moZalade~ sxva pirTa sauflebo
sferoSi uxeSad SeiWreba, maSin dazaralebuls SeuZlia
mimarTos TviTdaxmarebas, ùflebisaTvis brZola xom
poeziaa xasiaTisa~ ase gvmoZRvravs didi rudolf fon
ieringi da aviTarebs azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom ùflebaSe-
laxuls SeuZlia Tavadve iSiSvlos xmali da gangmiros
yvela, vinc ki mis qonebriv Rirsebas SebRalavs~37, magram
aqve gvafrTxilebs kanoni, TviTdaxmarebis farglebs ar
unda avscdeT, Torem Cvenc gvemuqrebian samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis imperatiuli normebi zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.
xandazmulobis vadebi atyobinebs brunvis monawiles,
37. რudolf fon ieringi, brZola uflebisaTvis, 2008.
29
Tu ra vadebSia SesaZlebeli misi samoqalaqo uflebis
realizeba, radgan `dro ara marto warmoSobs uflebas,
aramed spobs kidec mas~(ieringi).
mravali TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba sanivTo (qone-
brivi) samarTali (meore wigni samoqalaqo kodeqsisa38),
romelic samoqalaqo kodeqsis ganuyofeli ZiriTadi
nawilia, romlis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieq-
tia nivTi materialuri gagebiT. `qoneba aris sikeTe,
romelzec mimarTulia subieqtis moqmedebis Tavisu-
fleba. es cneba moicavs yvela sikeTes, romlis mimarTac
moqmedebs konstituciiT garantirebuli sakuTrebisa
da memkvidreobis uflebebi. mis sinonimad ki SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes cneba: kerZo samarTlis (`kerZosamar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobis~) obieqti~39. sanivTo ufleba ab-
soluturi uflebaa, romlis uflebis matareblis wi-
naSe valdebulia yvela piri, gansxvavebiT valdebulebiT
samarTalSi_fardobiTi (relatiuri) urTierTobebisa,
roca konkretuli subieqtebis ufleba_movaleobebzea
saubari. sanivTo uflebebi `numerus klausa~-s princi pi-
Taa cnobili, e. i. sanivTo uflebaTa wre mkveTrad Semo-
sazRvrulia da kanoniTaa aRiarebuli: sakuTreba, aRna-
goba, servituti, uzufruqti, giravnoba da i poTeka. gamo-
dis, rom sanivTo uflebis Sinaarsi ZiriTadad kanonis
38. gansxvavebiT BGB-sagan, romelSic sanivTo samarTali, rogorc zemoTac
avRniSneT germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mesame wignadaa warmodgenili, meore
wigns ki valdebulebiTi samarTali qmnis, rac imaze miuTiTebs rom germanul
dogmatikaSi sakuTrebis moZraobis formas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia,
raSic aseve nawilobriv vlindeba sakuTrebis pozitiuri Sinaarsic. qarTuli
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba am gziT ar wasula, doqtrinis azriT ar SeiZleba
valdebulebiTi ufleba win uswrebdes sanivTo uflebas, rameTu sanivTo
uflebis Segneba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia adamianSi. migvaCnia, rom sakuTrebis
SeZenis pirvelad wyaro xelSekruleba ar unda iyos. yvelafers rom Tavi
davaneboT, logikuria, pirebis cnebas xom qoneba unda mosdevdes. damat. ix. zoiZe,
b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2005, 118
��. dawvr. kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis cnebis Sesaxeb ix.
`saqarTvelos respublikis momavali samoqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTadi problemebi~,
s. jorbenaZe, 1994, 149.
30
normatiuli nebiT ganisazRvreba. savindikacio da nega-
toruli sarCelebiT icaven sanivTo samarTalSi pirebi
TavianTi sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas (gansxvavebiT val-
debulebiT samarTalSi _ deliqturi sarCelebisa).
samoqalaqo kodeqsi kerZo sakuTrebas samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis safuZvelTa miiCnevs da gamokveTs kidec
170-e muxlSi, rom `mesakuTres SeuZlia, kanonismieri
an sxvagvari, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farg-
lebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT
(nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier qonebiT sarge-
bloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis
an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, anda, Tu es moqmedeba
ar warmoadgens uflebis borotad gamoyenebas~, - ro-
melic gamoZaxilia germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 903-e
paragrafisa, romlis Tanaxmad, `nivTis mesakuTres Seu-
Zlia, Tu amas ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanoni an mesame piris
uflebebi, sakuTari SexedulebiT isargeblos nivTiT da
gamoricxos sxva pirebi nebismieri zemoqmedebisagan...~40.
sakuTreba xelSeuxebelia. `sakuTrebis ufleba
aris nivTze yovlismomcvleli iuridiuli batonoba~41.
am ideas amtkicebs swored 170-e muxliT samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba, magram Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba iyos
usamano. iq, sadac Cveni uflebebis sazRvari mTavrdeba,
sxvisi uflebebis zeimi iwyeba da Cveni movaleobebis
Sesrulebas gvTxovs kanoni, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
TiTqosda gvemuqreba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 394-399, 408-
420 da sxva muxlebi, romlebic zianis miyenebis, `piris
gatexvisaTvis~, `valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis~
zianis anazRaurebas gvTxoven.
`valdebulebiTi samarTlis wigni valdebulebis
��. kropholeri, ian, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, me-13
gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 2014, 688.
��
. iqve.
31
cnebiT iwyeba. misi originaluroba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom valdebuleba moTxovnis uflebis WrilSia
danaxuli~ . samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis pirveli
42
nawilic amis dasturia: `valdebulebis ZaliT kredito-

ri uflebamosilia mosTxovos movales raime moqmedebis
Sesruleba. Sesruleba SeiZleba gamoixatos moqmedebi-
sagan Tavis SekavebaSic~. aRniSnuli ganmarteba identu-
ria BGB-is 241-e paragrafisa, romlis Tanaxmadac, `valde-
bulebis ZaliT kreditori uflebamosilia, mosTxovos
movales valdebulebis Sesruleba. valdebulebis Ses-
ruleba SeiZleba, aseve gamoixatos moqmedebisagan Tavis
SekavebaSic~. orive (qarTuli da germanuli samoqalo
kodeqsebis) SemTxvevaSi `Tavisi SinaarsiT mixedviT, val-
debuleba SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mx-
aris uflebebis, qonebrivi sikeTisa da interesebis pati-
viscemas~. gamodis, rom valdebulebiTi urTierTobidan
(saxelSekrulebo an kanonismieri) gamomdinare valdeb-
ulebebs, qmedebis ganxorcielebis valdebulebasTan er-
Tad miekuTvneba damatebiTi da samarTlebrivi sikeTis
dacvis valdebulebebi~43(BGB, $241, II,saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi, m. 316, n.2). isini warmoiSobian xelSek-
rulebis dadebiT, Tumca aseve winasaxelSekrulebo sta-
diazec (sk m. 317,II; BGB, $ 311, (2) da `maTi moqmedeba
ufro metia, vidre deliqturi normebiT samarTlebrivi
sikeTis dacva, icavs ara mxolod uflebebsa da samar-
Tlebriv sikeTeebs, aramed yvela sxva saxis interess,
gansakuTrebiT qonebriv interessa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis Tavisuflebas..44~. germanuli samoqalaqo kanon-
mdebloba avaldebulebs `valdebul pirs~ (movales) ise
��. kropholeri, ian, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, me-13
gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 2014, 109.
��.kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 109
32
imoqmedos, rom misi qmedebiT meore mxares ziani ar mi-
adges45~. `magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom ndobisa da
keTilsindisierebis princi pebi mxolod movalisaTvis
arsebobs da kreditori ki, sruliad Tavisufalia mis
qcevaSi~46.
valdebulebiTi samarTali samoqalaqo kodeqsis
mesame, yvelaze didi wignia, romelic Tavad Sedgeba zog-
adi da kerZo nawilebisagan. zogadi nawili gvamcnobs
valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogad debulebebs, romlebic
saerToa valdebulebiTi samarTlis mTeli kerZo nawil-
isaTvis. kerZod, valdebulebis arss, xelSekrulebis
cnebas da misi dadebis wess, xelSekrulebidan gasvlasa
da xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas, zianis anazRaurebis val-
debulebas nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobisas,
pirTa aqtiur da pasiur simravles valdebulebaSi da
sxva.
ti piuri da ati piuri xelSekrulebebi, kanonism-
ieri valdebulebiTi urTierTobani, sabanko momsaxureba
da fasiani qaRaldebis brunvidan warmoSobili valde-
bulebani deliqturi valdebulebani _ ai, samoqalaqo
kodeqsis mesame wignis kerZo nawilis regulirebis
sfero.
valdebulebiTi samarTali, farTo adgils uTmobs
mis monawileTa Tavisuflebas TviTve gansazRvron Tavi-
anTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sinaarsi konkretuli
garigebebis, xelSekrulebebis dadebisas. `xelSekrule-
baTa Tavisufleba rogorc individis avtonomiis gansa-
kuTrebuli gamoxatuleba, istoriulad mWidrod ukav-
Sirdeba e.w. `nebis avtonomiis Teorias~. aRniSnuli Teo-
riis Tanaxmad,xaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa aRiareba
��. mariamiZe, g., valdebulebiTi samarTali (saxelSekrulebo samarTali) zogadi
nawili II nawili, I gamocema, 2013, 17.
��. mariamiZe, g., dasax. naSr; 18.
33
da Sesruleba emyareba gaigivebas, rom xelSekrulebaSi
monawile mxareebma `nebayoflobiT isurves~ TavianTi
valdebulebebis aReba. `nebis avtonomiis Teoriam~ dRes
adgili dauTmo `nebis gamovlenis Teorias~47. Teoriis
mixedviT, TiToeulis moqmedebis sazRvaria kontrahen-
tis mxridan misi gonivruli gageba. es ar ewinaaRmdege-
ba `nebis avtonomiis Teoriis~ ideas. `nebis avtonomia~
ar aTavisuflebs xelSekrulebaSi monawile mxareebs
valdebulebebisagan, gaiTvaliswinon erTurTis dasaca-
vi interesebi; amasTan, maT aucileblad srulad unda
gamoxaton sakuTari neba saqmiani urTierTobis sayov-
elTaod miRebuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad~48. `swored
saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi vlindeba pirovneba,
rogorc qonebrivi uflebebis matarebeli subieqti~49.
Tavidanve, samoqalaqo kodeqsze muSaobisas gansaz-
Rvruli iyo inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis institutis
ganlageba samoqalaqo kodeqsis meoTxe wignSi, rac
germaneli specialistebis mowonebasac iwvevda, magram
sabolood 1999 wlis kanoniT `saavtoro da momijnave
uflebebis Sesaxeb~, - inteleqtualuri samarTali kerZo
samarTlis gamoyofil dargad Camoyalibda samoqalaqo
kodeqsisagan. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ki darCa inteleqtu-
aluri sakuTrebis samarTlis mxolod m. 1017-saavtoro
samarTlis cneba da kari meore - samrewvelo sakuTreba
(ssk m.1100-1105). avRniSnavT, rom orive maTganis samar-
Tlebrivi regulireba xdeba agreTve calke kanonebiT,
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, kanoniT `saavtoro da momij-
nave uflebebis Sesaxeb~, kanoniT `patentis Sesaxeb~ da
sxva specialuri kanonebi aregulireben da avseben am
��.nebis gamovlenis Teorias Cven ganvavrcobT garigebebze saubrisas.
��. cvaigerti, k. kotci, h. SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo
samarTlis sferoSi, tomi II, 2001, 9.
��. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2005, 269
34
sferos.
qorwineba, ganqorwineba, qorwinebis baTiloba,
ojaxis wevrTa qonebrivi urTierTufleba-movaleobani
erTmaneTis mimarT da sxva aqtualuri, drois Sesabam-
isi saojaxo-samarTlebrivi problemebi, _ ai, sakiTxebi,
romelsac samoqalaqo kodeqsis mexuTe wigni - saojaxo
samarTali - awesrigebs. princi pi, rom mxolod siyvaru-
li, `me Sen miyvarxar~ ar aris garantia meuRleTa qone-
brivi ufleba-movaleobebis gansazRvrisaTvis da rom
civiluri gziT sasurvelia meuRleebma erTmaneTs So-
ris qonebrivi uflebebi da valdebulebebi moawesrigon,
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT SemoTavazebuli saqorwino
kontraqti50 amis saukeTeso saSualebaa da romlis Seta-
nac mexuTe wignSi samoqalaqo samarTlis did Rirsebad
unda CaiTvalos.
samkvidro qonebis kanonismieri da anderZismieri
formebi SegviZlia samoqalaqo kodeqsi meeqvse wignSi
moviZioT. aqve saubaria savaldebulo wilze, romelsac
kanonismieri memkvidre iRebs, Tu mas anderZis SemTx-
vevaSi samkvidro wili ar Sexvdeba; aqve gavecnobiT saa-
nderZo danakisrs (legats), memkvidris memkvidris daniS-
vnas, anderZis aRsrulebas, samkvidros miRebas da masze
uaris Tqmas, samkvidros dacvas da samkvidro mowmobis
miRebas da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis sxva aqtualur
sakiTxebs, romlebic faqtiurad agvirgvineben samoqa-
laqo kodeqss.
��.saqorwino kontraqtis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. TumaniSvili, g. `saqorwino

kontraqti~, Tbilisi, 2010.
35
4. samoqalaqo samarTlis meTodebi
`sityva `meTodi~ samarTlis mecnierebaSi aRniSnavs

gzas, raTa Ria kiTxvebze racionalurad iqnas pasuxi
gacemuli~51. termin `meTodebis~ Semotana mecnierul
msoflmxedvelobaSi Zvel berZnebs ukavSirdeba da igi
bunebis movlenebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sem-
ecnebisa da kvlevis xerxs gulisxmobs. bekoni52 meTods
adarebda farans, romelic mecniers gzas unaTebs. meTo-
di TavisTavad aris adamianis SemoqmedebiTi, inteleq-
tualuri azrovnebis produqti, romelic uwyvetadaa da-
kavSirebuli Seswavlis saganTan.
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis uflebebis regula-
ciis dargobrivi meTodi oTx mTavar TvisebaSi gamois-
axeba: 1) regulirebuli urTierTobis monawileebis
samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis xasiaTi; 2) maT Soris gan-
sakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi kavSiris warmoSoba; 3) kon-
fliqtebis warmoSobis nebadarTulobis specifika; 4)
uflebadamrRvevebze iZulebis moqmedebis gansakuTreb-
uli zomebi.
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi regulirebis meTodi
gulisxmobs xerxebis erTobliobas, wesebsa da saSuale-
bebs, romlis meSveobiTac samarTlis Sesabamisi dargi
axdens moqmedebas sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze, rom-
lebic mis sagans Seadgenen.
samoqalaqo uflebis meTodisaTvis, Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT maTi urTierTobis regulaciis gansakuTreb-
ulobebs, damaxasiaTebelia nebadarTuloba da ufle-
bamosileba, e. i. samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis
subieqtebs mieceT SesaZleblobebi – damoukideblad,
��.ci peliusi, rainhold, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, meaTe gadamuSavebuli
gamocema, bekis gamomcemloba, miunxeni, 2006.
��bekoni (1561-1626) filosofosi da inglisuri materializmis mamamTavari iyo.
36
sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi saSualebebis gamoyenebisa
sakuTari survilebisa da interesebis dasakmayofile-
blad.
samoqalaqo samarTlis regulaciis meTodisaTvis
aRniSnuli niSan-Tvisebebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
ekonomikuri damoukidebloba da amave dros monawilee-
bis damoukidebloba, romelic garkveulwilad samoqa-
laqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebiT regulirdeba, es
urTierTobebi myardeba iuridiuli Tanasworobis gzebis
aRiarebiT, romelic Seadgens mTavar, magram ara erTad-
erTs samoqalaqo samarTlis meTodis daxasiaTebas. sau-
baria mxolod iuridiul da ara ekonomikur (faqtiur)
Tanasworobaze, romelic praqtikulad yovelTvis rodi
gvxvdeba53.
TviT iuridiuli Tanasworoba niSnavs samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis erTi monawilis uflebas
aiZulos am konkretuli urTierTobis sxva monawileebi
Seasrulon garkveuli valdebulebebi nakisri ufle-
bamosili piris winaSe (magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
623 - e muxlis Tanaxmad, sesxis xelSekrulebiT gamsesxe-
beli sakuTrebaSi gadascems msesxebels fuls an sxva
gvarovnul nivTs, xolo msesxebeli kisrulobs daabru-
nos imave saxis, xarisxisa da raodenobis nivTi).
umravles SemTxvevebSi samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bis warmoSobis safuZvlad SeTanxmeba (xelSekruleba
miiCneva), calmxrivi moqmedebebi ki xSir SemTxvevaSi
iwvevs xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas da ara uflebis mop-
ovebas (magaliTad valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas
��. damat. ix. Россииский гражданский кодекс, Учебник (на русском языке), том I, Москва, 2011;
РОССИЙСКОЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ПРАВО,, УЧЕБНИК В 2 томах, Ответственный редактор заслуженный
деятель науки РФ, доктор юридических наук, профессор Е.А. СУХАНОВ, Том I Общая часть.
Вещное право Наследственное право., Личные неимущественные права, Интеллектуальные
права, 2-е издание, москва, 2011, 70-73.
37
kreditori uflebamosilia Sewyvitos xelSekruleba
movalesTan da a.S.).
samoqalaqo samarTali sazogadoebriv urTierTo-
bebs aregulirebs dispoziciis safuZvelze, samoqalaqo
brunvis monawileebis TanasworobiT da urTierTSe-
fasebiT, sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobiT, SeTanxmebis Ta-
visuflebiT da nebismieri piris dauSveblobiT sxvis
pirad saqmeebSi Carevisagan.
dispozicia – niSnavs imas, rom uflebaTa normebi
aregulirebs samoqalaqo urTierTobas im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mxareTa Se-
TanxmebiT (xelSekrulebiT), da romlebic monawileoben
am konkretul samarTalurTierTobaSi. sxva sityvebiT,
mxareebs samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobebSi SesaZle-
bloba eZlevaT TviTon gansazRvron TavianTi urTier-
Tobebis Sinaarsi, romlebic dispoziciur miTiTebebSi
gamoixateba da romelic Seicavs SesaZleblobas regu-
lirebuli urTierTobis monawileebma TviTon airCion
ufro maTTvis mizanSewonili qcevis wesi (varianti).
ufro metic, isini Tavisufalni arian Tavisi Sexedule-
biT gamoiyenon an ar gamoiyenon maTi interesebis dac-
vis saSualebebi, e. i. samoqalaqo samarTliT miniWebuli
uflebebi da movaleobebi. amiT ganisazRvreba umetesad
samoqalaqo samarTTalurTierTobis sainiciativo xasi-
aTi54.
qonebrivi (samoqalaqo) brunvis saWiro Sedegebis
miReba monawileebis mier daikmayofilon esa Tu is
moTxovnileba, damokidebulia iniciativaze da mxare-
��. SevniSnavT, rom qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi dispoziciuri normebis
definicias, an termins `dispoziciur normebi~ ver vxvdebiT gansxvavebiT
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan (magaliTad, $40 `dispoziciuri normebi~,
sadac gawerilia, rom: `$26 me-2 nawilis 1-li winadadebis, $27 1-li da me-3
nawilebis, $28, 31{a} 1-li nawilis me-2 winadadeba, aseve $32, 33 da 38 normebi ar
gamoiyeneba im farglebSi, romlebSic wesdeba sxvagvarad adgens~ da sxv.
38
Ta SesaZleblobaze, swori mimarTuleba (organizacia)
misces Tavis urTierTobas da ar gamoricxavs da varau-
dobs nacnob qonebriv riskze. swored rom samoqalaqo
samarTlis sferos ekuTvnis Zveli iuridiuli sibrZne:
`samarTali mxars uWers vinc fxizlobs da ara mZin-
ares~.
ekonomikuri damoukidebloba da monawileebis
Tanasworoba aseve gulisxmobs imasac, rom samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs (subieqtebs)
SeuZliaT maT Soris arsebuli davebi gadaWran mxolod
maTgan damoukidebeli organoebis meSveobiT (qonebrivi,
piradi an sxva kerZo urTierTobebi). aqedan – samoqalaqo
uflebebis dacvis da mxareTa Soris konfliqtebis war-
moSobis (samoqalaqo davebisas) ganxilvis sasamarTlo
wesrigi, ganxorcielebuli saerTo iurisdiqciis saxelm-
wifo sasamarTloebiT an saarbitraJo sasamarTloebiT,
aseve alternatiuli sasamarTlo mediaciiT dadgenil-
ia kanoniT. Tundac kanoni iTvaliswinebdes romelime
samoqalaqo davis ganxilvas administraciuli wesiT,
am saxiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba yvela SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi (magaliTad,
administraciuli sagancxadebo warmoeba, sagadasaxado
davebi da sxva).
urTierTobebis didi nawili, romelic samoqalaqo
samarTliT regulirdeba da Seadgenen qonebriv urT-
ierTobebs, samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi dacvis zomebi,
aseve qonebrivi xasiaTisaa. igi moicavs dazaralebulis
qonebrivi danakargis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas
zianis mimyeneblisagan, aseve `sajarimo pirgasamtexlos~
moTxovnis uflebas, Tu es xelSekrulebiTaa gansaz-
Rvruli, an kidev danakargis qonebrivi saxiT anazRau-
rebas Tuki es SesaZlebelia, gansakuTrebiT gvarovnuli
39
nivTis SemTxvevaSi (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 382-e muxlis
SemTxvevaSi `Tu Sesrulebis sagania nivTi, romlis Secv-
lac SeiZleba (gvarovnuli nivTi), movalem valdebule-
ba yovelTvis unda Seasrulos~. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
pasuxismgeblobas samoqalaqo samarTalSi aqvs sakom-
pensacio xasiaTi, romelic Seesabameba ekvivalentobis
princi ps (anazRaurebadobas), moqmedi Rirebulebis far-
glebSi, qonebriv-fulad urTierTobebSi. moraluri zia-
nis anazRaureba samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT aseve
xorcieldeba fuladi (qonebrivi) formiT (m.18, m.413 da
sxv.).
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis mxarebi uzrun-
velyofili arian Tavisuflad gamoTqvan Tavisi mosaz-
rebebi sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gansazRvri-
sas. SemzRudveli (imperatiuli, aucilebeli) normebiT
mowesrigebuli urTierTobebi umniSvneloa samoqalaqo
samarTalurTobebSi da isic kodeqsiTaa dadgenili, maT
Soris gvxvdeba aseve amkrZalavi normebi saerTo-sax-
elmwifoebrivi interesebis dasacavad da sxva.
40
5. samoqalaqo samarTlis funqciebi
ìuridiul literaturaSi funqciis kvlevis Ziri-

Tad amosaval meTodologiur princi pad miCneulia de-
buleba, romlis mixedviTac zogadad `samarTlis fun-
qciis~ cneba uw. yovlisa asaxavs samarTlis moqmede-
bas da ganxorcielebas. samarTlis moqmedeba-ganxor-
cieleba, rogorc cnobilia mdgomareobs sazogadoebriv
urTierTobebze mis zemoqmedebaSi. zogadad samarTlis
funqciis cneba Camoyalibda `rogorc saxelmwifosa
da sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari amocanebis gadasawyve-
tad sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze samarTlis zemoq-
medebis ZoriTadi mimarTulebebi, romlebic samarTlis
Sinagani specifikuri siRrmiTaa gansaxilveli~55. prof.
o. gamyreliZes miaCnia, rom `yoveli mecniereba, Tu is
mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargia, unda swavlobdes
sxva mecnierebisagan damoukidebel specifikur sferos,
specifikur kanonzomierebebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
marto erTi mecniereba iarsebebda da mecnierebis sxva
dargebis Seqmna saWiro aRar iqneboda~56. magram es rodi
niSnavs imas, rom mecnierebis erTi dargi ar iyenebdes da
ar eyrdnobodes meore mecnierebis gansazRvras, defin-
iciebsa da debulebebs, rac funqciebis ganxorcielebis
sferoSi vlindeba.
samoqalaqo samarTali, rogorc erTiani samarT-
lebrivi sistemis Semadgeneli nawili (elementi) flobs
misTvis damaxasiaTebel, am samarTlebriv sistemaSi gan-
sakuTrebul funqciebs (amocanebs). samoqalaqo samarT-
lis ZiriTadi funqciebia regulaciuri da damcavi.
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi regulaciis Tavise-
��dawvr.ix. xecuriani, j. samoqalaqo samarTlis funqciebi~, Tbilisi, 1995.
56. ix. surgulaZe, ir. xelisufleba da samarTali, o. gamyreliZis
winasityvaobiT. Tbilisi, 2002, 16.
41
burebebs warmoadgens masSi regulaciuri amocanebis
siWarbe (SedarebiTi, magaliTad, Sesrulebuli sisxlis
samarTlis funqciebTan msgavsebiT).
samoqalaqo samarTlis roli gansakuTrebiT Sei-
cavs normaluri ekonomikuri urTierTobebis regula-
cias, dagrovils sazogadoebaSi. sxgvagvarad, mas aqvs
saqme ara imdenad uflebadarRvevasTan, ramdenadac
Cveulebrivi qonebrivi (da araqonebrivi) urTierTo-
bebis organizaciasTan. amitom igi Seicavs aucilebeli
akrZalvebis minimalur raodenobas da SesaZlo nebad-
arTulobis maqsimums. samoqalaqo samarTlis instrumen-
tariis daxmarebiT qonebrivi urTierTobis monawileebi
TviTneburad uweven organizacias TavianT moRvaweobas
aucilebeli miznebis misaRwevad.
maSasadame, samoqalaqo samarTlis regulaciuri
funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom warudginon monawilee-
bs urTierTobis sareglamento urTierTobebis TviTor-
ganizaciis SesaZleblobebi. es ganasxvavebs mas im regu-
laciur amocanebTan, romelic dgas sajaro samarTlis
winaSe, sadac Sesabamisi urTierTobebi atarebs mkacrad
gansazRvrul xasiaTs da TiTqmis ar tovebs adgils
urTierTobebis monawileebisaTvis urTierTobis Tavi-
suflad gadaxedvisa.
samoqalaqo samarTlis damcav funqcias gaaC-
nia gamokveTili mizani daicvas samoqalaqo brunvis
keTilsindisieri monawileebis qonebrivi da araqone-
brivi interesi. amitom zogadi gagebiT igi xels uwyobs
uflebadarRveul brunvis monawileebs aRidginon Tavi-
anTi pirvandeli uflebebi miyenebuli zianis kompensa-
ciiT (amis saukeTeso magaliTia samoqalaqo kodeqsis m.
408, romlis Tanaxmad{n.1}, ìm pirma, romelic valdebu-
lia aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgomareoba,
42
romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis
mavaldebulebebli garemoeba~, an kidev, 408-e muxlis me-2
nawili: `Tu sxeulis dazianebiT an janmrTelobisaTvis
vnebis miyenebis Sedegad dazaralebuls waerTva Sromis
unari an izrdeba misi moTxovnilebebi, dazaralebuls
unda aunazRaurdes ziani yovelTviuri sarCos gadax-
diT~). damcavi funqciis mniSvnelovani aspeqti gamoix-
ateba agreTve gamafrTxilebel-aRmzrdelobiT (preven-
ciul) amocanaSi, romelic Seicavs stimulirebisa da
organizaciis saregulacio urTierTmonawileebis iseT
qcevas, romelic gamoricxavda arasafuZvlian SezRudvas
an sxvisi interesebis darRvevas.
6. samoqalaqo samarTlis princi pebi
zogadi gagebiT `princi pi~ (laT. principium –safuZve-

li) – saxelmZRvanelo ideas niSnavs, romelsac emyareba
adamiani Tavis moqmedebaSi. princi pebi sxvadasxva saxis
arsebobs: mecnieruli, zneobrivi, religiuri, iuridiuli,
politikuri da sxva.... princi pebi adamianTa qcevis da
moRvaweobis sayrden debulebebs warmoadgenen, adamianTa
cxovrebis wessac swored es princi pebi gansazRvraven.
is, rac adamianTa cxovrebis wess udevs safuZvlad – Ri-
rebulebas warmoadgens. amitom princi pebs gansazRvravs
ara mxolod maTi obieqturoba da aucilebloba, aramed
maTi mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis57.
`samoqalaqo samarTlis winaSe sxvadasxva sfero-
Si arsebuli amocanebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia
da Taviseburad ganapirobeben erTmaneTs. amitom mTli-
��. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/
43
anad samoqalaqo samarTals aqvs saerTo debulebebi,
damaxasiaTebeli princi pebi, ZiriTadi sawyisebis erTo-
blioba, rasac emyareba samarlis es dargi Tavisi miznis
miRwevaSi~58.
Zireul samarTlis princi pebSi moiazreba is
ZiriTadi sawyisebi, samarTlis dargebisaTvis xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi saerTo mdgomareoba, romliTac gamoikveTeba
misi saerTo-savaldebulo xasiTi. aseTi saerTo sawy-
isebi damaxasiaTebelia samarTlisaTvis, rogorc mTli-
anad (samarTlebris sistemaSi), aseve calkeuli samarT-
lebrivi dargebisaTvis, qvedargebisaTvis, institutebisa
da qveinstitutebisTvisac ki59~.
samoqalaqo samarTlis princi pebis cnebaSi movi-
azrebT im amosaval debulebebs, romlebic samarTlis
am dargisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. samoqalaqo kod-
eqsi uSualod migviTiTebs zogierTi princi pis Sesaxeb,
zogic kidev gamomdinareobs kodeqsis ZiriTadi debule-
bebidan.
saerTod, princi pebi damaxasiaTebelia samarTlis
yvela dargisaTvis da cxadia samoqalaqo samarTlisT-
visac. samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
princi pebidan gamovyofdiT:
kanonierebis princi pi, romelic konstituciuri
xasiaTis princi pia da damaxasiaTebelia nebismier pir-
Ta moqmedebebisaTvis. aRniSnuli princi pi ar SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes rogorc mxolod deklaracia, an kidev
propaganda, radgan igi konstituciuri princi pia, misi
dacva da aseve Sesruleba yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa,
eseni iqnebian sajaro Tu kerZo (samoqalaqo samarT-
��. TumaniSvili, g., dasax. naSr; 14.
��. РОССИЙСКОЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ПРАВО,, УЧЕБНИК В 2 томах, Ответственный редактор
заслуженный деятель науки РФ, доктор юридических наук, профессор Е.А. СУХАНОВ, Том
I Общая часть. Вещное право Наследственное право., Личные неимущественные права,
Интеллектуальные права, 2-е издание, стереотипное, москваб 2011, 74
44
lis) subieqtebi – saxelmwifo, rogorc sajaro iurid-
iuli piri, Tu samarTlis nebismieri dargis, maT So-
ris samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtebi - fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebi. saqarTvelos yvela piri da maT So-
ris saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadaadgilebuli ucxo
qveynis pirebi valdebulni arian Seasrulon konstitu-
ciis me-6 muxlSi ganivTebuli princi pi, rom konstitu-
cia uzenaesi kanonia, konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis
moTxovnisadmi daqvemdebareba yvelas movaleobaa (kon-
stituciis 44-emuxli).
`samarTlianobis da dargobriobis princi pebis
mniSvneloba orgvaria. e r T i s m x r i v, isini gamo-
saxaven Sinaarsis arss, socialuri mimarTulebis da
mTavari dargobrivi gansakuTrebulobis samarTlebriv
regulacias. es ufro gasagebs xdis mis azrs, sworad
viazrovnoT da miviRoT konkretuli samarTlebrivi
normebi. m e o r e m x r i v, samarTlis princi pe-
bi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos xarvezebis gamovleni-
sas kanonmdeblobaSi da analogiurad samarTlebrivi
normebis gamoyenebis dros. samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis
aseTi mdgomareoba Zalzed mniSvnelovania, vinaidan igi
sxva dargebTan SedarebiT ufro èjaxeba~ aseT situa-
ciebs. saqme ara marto imaSia, rom igi Cveulebriv Seicavs
saerTo wesebs, romlebSic SeuZlebelia gaiTvaliswino
gansakuTrebulad sxvadasxva saxis rTuli qonebrivi da
araqonebrivi urTierTobis yvela detali~60.
samoqalaqo – samarTlebrivi regulaciis nebad-
arTuli xasiaTi, gaTvlili monawileebis iniciativaze,
winaswar varaudobs aseTi samarTalurTierTobebis
�� .РОССИЙСКОЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ПРАВО,, УЧЕБНИК В 2 томах, Ответственный редактор
Интеллектуальные права, 2-е издание, стереотипное, москваб 2011, 74-75
45
SesaZleblobas, romlebic saerTod ar arian gaTval-
iswinebuli arc erTi samarTlebrivi normiT, magram
miesadagebian saerTo sawyisebs da samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobis azrs. aseTi urTierTobebis gaformeba, maTi
marTlzomierebis Sefasebis CaTvliT da konfliqtis
monawileebis SesaZlo zavi, ar SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
samoqalaqo samarTlis saerTo princi pebis `sayrdenis~
gareSe61.
pirad saqmeebSi Caurevlobis princi pi - samoqa-
laqo samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, ise rogorc
kerZo samarTlis nebismieri dargisaTvis. igi up. yov-
lisa mimarTulia iqeTken, rom saxelmwifo organoebis
pirdapiri da uSualo Careva pirad saqmeebSi, maT So-
ris qonebrivi urTierTobebis monawileebis sameurneo
saqmianobaSi (mag; biznessferoSi) zogadad nivTmflo-
belebis da kerZod, mesakuTreebis saqmianobaSi,- dasaS-
vebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu es pirdapiraa gaT-
valiswinebuli kanoniT (àucilebeli sazogadoebrivi
saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia ka-
noniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dad-
genili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas winaswari, sruli
da samarTliani anazRaurebis formiT~, konst. m. 21, n.3).
pirad araqonebriv sferoSi zemoT aRniSnuli prin-
ci pi konkretirdeba aseve debulebebSi kerZo cxovrebis
xelSeuxeblobaze, pirad da ojaxuri cxovrebis saidum-
loebaze (`saxelmwifo xels uwyobs ojaxis keTildReo-
bas~, konst. m. 36, n.2).
kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis princi pi – axasiaTebs
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis monawileTa samar-
Tlebriv mdgomareobas (statuss). samoqalaqo samarT-
��. iqve.
46
lebrivi urTierTobis monawileeni Tanabari iuridiuli
uflebebiT sargebloben da maT moqmedebebze saerTo
wesiT vrceldeba erTi da igive samoqalaqo-samarT-
lebrivi normebi. aRniSnuli urTierToba garkveul-
wilad movaleobaSic gamoixateba uzrunvelyos nivT-
gamcvlel subieqtebs Soris Tanafardoba (samoqalaqo
kodeqsi awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul
kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTo-
bebs, samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m.1).
mesakuTreTa xelSeuxeblobis princi pi - niSnavs
rogorc kerZo, aseve sajaro samarTlis samarTlis
normebiT uzrunvelyofil uflebas, mesakuTreebi aR-
Wurvon uflebamosilebiT kanoniT miniWebuli SesaZle-
blobis farglebSi gamoiyenon sakuTari qoneba saku-
Tari interesebis Sesabamisad, ar eSinodeT kerZo sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis TviTneburi CamorTmevisa,
an kerZo sakuTrebaSi uxeSi Carevisa an am sakuTrebis
moxmarebis SezRudvisa (`saxelmwifo valdebulia xeli
Seuwyos Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da konkurenciis gan-
viTarebas. akrZalulia monopoliuri saqmianoba, garda
kanoniT daSvebuli SemTxvevebisa. momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebi daculia kanoniT~ konst. m. 30, n2.). naTelia aRniS-
nuli princi pis fundamentaluri mniSvneloba qonebri-
vi brunvis organizaciaSi, romeli urTierTierTobis
monawileebadac gamodian mewarmeebi – meurne subieqtebi,
rogorc damoukidebeli nivTmflobelebi. kerZo pirebi-
saTvis, mewarmeebisaTvis qonebis CamorTmeva dauSvebelia
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gareSe! (konstituciis 21-e
muxliT Tanaxmad, `sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba
aRiarebulia da xelSeuvalia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis,
misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis say-
ovelTao uflebis gauqmeba (n1). aucilebeli sazogadoe-
47
brivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSve-
bia kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dad-
genili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas winaswari, sruli
da samarTliani anazRaurebis pirobiT. anazRaureba Ta-
visufldeba yovelgvari gadasaxadisa da mosakreblisa-
gan (n.2). aseT reglamentacias iZleva kanoni, aucilebeli
sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorT-
mevis Sesaxeb~, romlis Tanaxmad, aucilebeli sazoga-
doebrivi saWiroebisaTvis kerZo sakuTrebis CamorTmeva
dasaSvebia kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTx-
vevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli
kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas, wi-
naswari, sruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis pirobiT62.
anazRaureba Tavisufldeba yovelgvari gadasaxadisa da
mosakreblisagan~. dausabuTeblad CamorTmeuli qoneba
mis kanonier mflobelebs unda daubrundes da mewarme
aRdges pirvandel mdgomareobaSi (restitucia), Tu dge-
ba ziani, - misi gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis
saxiT.
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princi pi – aris
fuZemdebluri qonebrivi (samoqalaqo) brunvis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. xelSekrulebis damdebi subieqtebi Tavisu-
falni arian kontrahentebis Tavisuflad arCevaSi da
xelSekrulebis pirobebis gansazRvraSi. saerTo wesiT
gamoricxulia xelSekrulebis dadeba da aseve gauqmeba
iZulebiT, maT Soris saxelmwifo organoebis mxridanac
(am princi pis arss gamoxatavs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 319-
e muxli: `kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT kan-
onis farglebSi Tavisuflad dadon xelSekrulebebi da
��. ix. saqarTvelo kanoni àucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis
sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~.
48
gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsi. maT SeuZliaT
dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic, romlebic kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebuli ar aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas...~).
amasTanave am princi pis moqmedeba ganicdis garkveul
SezRudvebs. kanoni (am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos saga-
dasaxado kodeqsi), iTvaliswinebs magaliTad, komerci-
uli organizaciis uarisTqmis SeuZleblobas xelSek-
rulebis pirobebis miRebisas momxmarebelTan dadgenils
klientis interesebidan gamomdinare (sk-is 319-e muxlis
me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, `Tu xelSekrulebis erT-erT mx-
ares ukavia dominirebuli mdgomareoba bazarze, maSin
saqmianobis am sferoSi mas ekisreba xelSekrulebis
dadebis valdebuleba. mas ar SeuZlia konrahents us-
afuZvlod SesTavazos xelSekrulebis araTanabari pi-
robebi~, amave muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs SemTx-
vevas: ìm pirebs, romlebic arasamewarmeo miznebisaTvis
an saarsebo moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad iZenen
an sargebloben qonebiTa da momsaxurebiT, dausabuTe-
blad ar SeiZleba eTqvaT uari xelSekrulebis dade-
baze, Tuki xelSekrulebis meore mxare moqmedebs Ta-
visi samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi~); aseve iTval-
iswinebs saxelmwifo regulacias fasebze, tarifebsa 63
da a. S. Semxvedr pirobebze xelSekrulebisa.
dispoziciurobis princi pi – samoqalaqo samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs (saregulacio urT-
ierTobis monawileebs) SesaZleblobiT aRWuraven gan-
axorcielon samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normebiT maT-
Tvis miniWebuli uflebebi, anu sakuTari SexedulebiT
da piradi interesebidan gamomdinare Tavad airCion Se-
sabamisi qcevis wesebi. isini xSir SemTxvevebSi TviT-
neburad wyveten Caeban Tu ar Caeban ama Tu im samoqa-
63. dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi.
49
laqo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, moiTxovon Tu ar
moiTxovon kontrahentisagan valdebulebis Sesruleba,
mimarTon sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad a.S.
samoqalaqo uflebebis Seuferxebeli ganxor-
cielebis princi pi – gulisxmobs yvela dausabuTebeli
dabrkolebis Tavidan acilebas samoqalaqo brunvis gan-
viTarebaSi. igi realizdeba kanoniT mewarmeTa Sesaxeb
an sxva kerZo kanonebiT, kanoniT nebadarTuli (daSvebu-
li), saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadaadgilebas bargiTa
da xelbargiT, aseve valutis gadaadgilebas64, rac dam-
axasiaTebelia qonebrivi brunvis TavisuflebisaTvis.
amasTanave kanoniT dgindeba sazogadoebrivi in-
teresebidan gamomdinare aucilebeli SezRudvebi, mag-
aliTad, mewarmeobis calkeuli saxeobebis licenzireba65,
mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT biznesopera-
torebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovna sursaTad/cxove-
lis sakvebad gankuTvnili genetikuri modificirebuli
organizmebisa da maTgan warmoebuli genmodificirebu-
li produqtis etiketirebis Sesaxeb66, bazris monopoli-
zaciis an arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis akrZalva
64. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT daSvebulia saqarTvelos sabaJo
teritoriidan deklaraciis Sevsebis gareSe mxolod 30 000 laris an aRniSnuli
Tanxis Sesabamisi kursiT ucxouri valutis gatana-Semotana. Cven sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis debulebebi imitom mogvyavs samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normebis
analizisas, rom Tu samoqalaqo samarTalSi Cven gvainteresebs nivTi, rogorc
brunvaunariani obieqti, sagadasaxado samarTals es brunvaunariani obieqti
ainterebs rogorc dabegvris obieqti saxelmwifos fiskaluri politikis
gansaxorcieleblad, rogorc biujetis Sevsebis wyaro. magaliTad, kerZo piris
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis (sawarmos) dabegvra, rogorc qonebis
gadasaxadiT da sxv. avt. SeniSvna.
�� ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~. magaliTad,
am kanonis mixedviT mewarmes, romelic iwyebs samewarmeo saqmianobas (vTqvaT
Tavisufal industriuli zonaSi samewarmeo saqmianobas) mas saxelmwifos
kompetenturi organoebisagan, up. yovlisa Semosavlebis samsaxurisagan Sesabamisi
nebarTvis, licenziis mopoveba sWirdeba da a.S.
��. damat. ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `sursaTad/cxovelis sakvebad gankuTvnili
genetikuri modificirebuli organizmebisa da maTgan warmoebuli
genmodificirebuli produqtis etiketirebis Sesaxeb~, aseve mTavrobis
dadgenileba `saqarTvelos sabaJo sazRvarze gadaadgilebuli cocxali
genmodificirebuli organizmebis sasazRvro kontrolis Sesaxeb~.
50
da a.S. aRniSnuli princi pis moqmedeba mniSvnelovania,
rom gamoiricxos xelovnuri, biurokratiuli dabrkole-
bebi uflebebis dacvis gansaxorcieleblad.
samarTlis borotad gamoyenebis akrZalvis prin-
ci pi – SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc `generaluri klau-
zula67~ saerTo-samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi sawyisebi-
dan. aRniSnuli princi piT gamoricxulia samoqalaqo
brunvis monawileebma usazRvro (usamano) Tavisufleba
gamoiyenon, rac gamoiwvevs zianis miyenebas brunvis meo-
re mxarisaTvis (valdebuli pirisaTvis) da araTanabar
mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs mas. (magaliTad, sk m. 319, n. 2.
romelic bazarze xelSekrulebis dominirebuli mdgo-
mareobis mqone mxares saqmianobis am sferoSi akisrebs
xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebulebas da mas ukrZala-
vs kontrahents usafuZvlod SesTavazos xelSekrulebis
araTanabari pirobebi... igive princi ps iTvaliswinebs am
muxlis me-3 nawilic da sxva. SeiZleba aseTi magaliTis
moyvanac: miwis an sxva bunebrivi resursebis mesakuTre,
Tavis uflebebs am sakuTrebaze Tavisuflad ganaxor-
cielebs, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es moqmedeba
ar azianebs garemos da ar arRvevs sxva pirTa kanoniT
aRiarebul uflebebs da kanonier interesebs. aRniSnuli
SezRudvebi da akrZalvebi gvxvdeba sanivTo (sk m. m.55,
romelic iTvaliswinebs, garigebis baTilobas, `romelic
dadebulia erTi mxaris mier meoreze gavlenis borotad
gamoyenebiT, roca maTi urTierToba dafuZnebulia gan-
sakuTrebul ndobaze~; an kidev. sk m. 170-e muxlis bolo
winadadeba, romelic mesakuTres ukrZalavs sakuTrebis
uflebis borotad gamoyenebas, amave muxlis me-2 nawili
ki ganmartavs uflebis borotad gamoyenebas da miiC-
nevs rom uflebis borotad gamoyenebad CaiTvleba sa-
��.klauzula – (laT. – clausula) 1. (samarT). sagangebo piroba, romelic Setanilia
xelSekrulebaSi, anderZSi da misT.
51
kuTrebiT iseTi sargebloba, romliTac mxolod sxvebs
adgebaT ziani, ise, rom ar aris gamokveTili mesakuTris
interesebis upiratesoba da misi moqmedebis aucile-
bloba gamarTlebulia~, valdebulebiT samarTalSi da
samoqalaqo samarTlis sxva qvedargebSi). didi ieringis
xatovani gamoTqma rom moviSvelioT: ùflebis Selaxva
grigalia zneobriv sferoSi!~
kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobisa da SeuzRu-
davad gamoyenebis princi pi, - romelic konstituciur
princi ps warmoadgens, garkveuli saxiT asaxvas hpovebs
samoqalaqo samarTalSic, romlis gamoZaxilicaa ssk-is
170-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, `mesakuTres SeuZlia kan-
onismieri an sxvagvari, kerZo saxelSekrulebo SeboW-
vis farglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes
qonebiT (nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT
sargebloba, gankargos igi...; rogorc muxlidan ikveTeba
pirma kerZo sakuTreba ise unda gamoiyenos, rom sxva
pirebs ar miadges ziani, anu rogorc xatovnad ityvian
xolme civilistebi `samoqalaqo kodeqsis mze erTnai-
rad anaTebs kreditorsac da movalesac~.
keTilsindisirebis, samarTlianobis, ufleba-
movaleobaTa SeTanawyobis princi pis ZaliT, `samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis monawileni valdebulni arian
keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi
da movaleobebi~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 8, n. 3, an kidev,
ssk-is 316-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad: `Tavisi Si-
naarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT valdebuleba
SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meore mxaris ufle-
bebis da qonebisadmi gansakuTrebul gulisxmierebas~
da sxva. rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs g. mariamiZe,
`ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis princi pebiT xelmZR-
vaneloba garkveul undoblobas gamoiwvevs, Tu Cven maT
52
`Sefasebis SedarebiT kategoriad~ (Billigkeitsnorm) aR-
viqvamT, romelic mosamarTles saSualebas miscems, kan-
onis moTxovnebs (samarTlebriv Rirebulebebs) gverdi
auaros, raTa misTvis misaRebi gadawyvetileba miiRos.
Sesabamisad, Tu mosamarTle ndobisa da keTilsindis-
ierebis princi pebs swored am kuTxiT gamoiyenebs~ (anu
maT `Sefasebis SeuzRudavi uflebamosilebiT aRmWurvel
kategoriebad moiSveliebs), maSin igi saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis 84 muxlis imperatiul moTxovnas (marTlm-
sajulebis fundamentur princi ps) daarRvevs, romlis
mixedviTac, mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebe-
lia da mxolod konstituciasa da kanons emorCileba.68
amasTan, `samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis~ (Rechtssicherheit)
uzrunvelyofa safrTxis qveS dadgeba, radganac, SeuZle-
beli gaxdeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa winaswar
ganWvreta. anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es winaaRm-
degeobaSi mova `samarTlebrivi sicxadis princi pTan~69.
`ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis princi pebi, rogorc
wesi, arc imis saSualebas iZleva, rom mosamarTlem, maTze
dayrdnobiTa da sakuTari Sefasebebis xarjze, samarT-
lis ganviTarebas (Rechtsfortbildung) Seuwyos xeli. axa-
li `samarTlebrivi problemebis mogvareba, upirveles
yovlisa, `kanonmdeblis~ (sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis)
prerogativaa....~70.
`piradi iniciativis princi pi – samoqalaqo samar-
TlisaTvis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli princi pia. samoqa-
laqo samarTlebrivi normebi yovelmxriv uWeren mxars
��. albaT ukeTesi iqneboda Tu sityva èmorCileba~ nacvlad konstituciaSi
Caiwereboda èqvemdebareba~ da mere rogorc aris.
��. Brox/Walker-Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 32. Auflage, Verlag G. H. Beck, Muenchen, 2007, wyaro:
g. mariamiZe, valdebulebiTi samarTali (saxelSekrulebo samarTali), zogadi
nawili II nawili, I gamocema, 2013, 19.
��. dawvr. ix. Brox/Walker-Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 32. Auflage, Verlag G. H. Beck, Muenchen,
2007, wyaro: g. mariamiZe, valdebulebiTi samarTali (saxelSekrulebo samarTali),
zogadi nawili II nawili, I gamocema, 2013, 20.
53
da xels uwyoben pirad iniciativas, rac gulisxmobs imas,
rom piradi iniciativis gareSe praqtikulad SeuZlebe-
lia nebismieri samoqalaqo uflebis ganxorcieleba~71
(mag. sk-is m. 329, ofertis gakeTeba aqceptantisaTvis
xelSekrulebis dasadebad winadadebis SeTavazebaze da
sxv.).
yovelmxrivi dacvis da moqalaqeTa sasamarTlo
dacvis princi pi - mTlianobaSi axasiaTebs samoqalaqo
samarTlis regulaciis samarTaldamcav funqcias (amo-
canas). maTTan SesabamisobaSi samoqalaqo samarTalurT-
ierTobebis monawileebs miecaT farTo SesaZleblobebi
daicvan TavianTi uflebebi da interesebi rogorc sa-
samarTlo wesiT, aseve miRebulia TiTdacvac (sk. m. 118-
120), aseve gamoiyenon sxva zomebic, romlebic axdenen
arakeTilsindisier qonebriv zemoqmedebas kontrahente-
bze. samoqalaqo samarTali Seicavs samarTaldamcavi
saSualebebis mraval instruments, romlebic uflebiT
aRWuraven mis subieqtebs daicvan maTi kanonieri ufle-
bebi da interesebi.
71. TumaniSvili, g. Sesavali saqarTvelos kerZo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2012.
54
7. samoqalaqo samarTlis wyaroebi
definicia `samarTlis wyaro~ Zveli romidan iRebs

saTaves. igi pirvelad didma moazrovnem titus livi-
usma 12 tabulis Sesavsebad gamoiyena. `wyaro yoveli
sajaro da kerZo samarTlisa~(fons omnis publike privati-
kue Joris.) - aRniSnavda igi. swored romaelebis damsax-
urebaa samarTlis wyarod `saxelmwifos Zalis aRiareba,
rasac ar iziarebda sabWouri mecniereba~. tradiciuli
iurispredencia ki samarTlis miiCnevs yvela Zalas da
saSualebas, saidanac sazrdoobs esa Tu is movlena~72.
pirobiTad samarTlis wyaroebs or nawilad hyofen:
materialuri gagebiT da samarTlis wyaro formal-
uri gagebiT. samarTlis wyaroSi formaluri gagebiT
kanonad miiCneva mxolod parlamentis an referendumis
gziT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebi. samarTali kanon-
is miRebisaTvis gansakuTrebul wessa da procedurebs
iTvaliswinebs, romelic uzrunvelyofs misi miRebisas
sajaroobas, konsensus politikur ZalTa Soris, stabi-
lurobas.
materialuri gagebiT ki kanonad CaiTvleba yvela
normatiuli aqti, maT Soris kanonic, romlebic saxelm-
wifos kompetenturi organoebis mieraa miRebuli.
àrsebobs aseve kanonebi, romelic samarTlebriv
normebs ar afuZnebs da warmoadgens kanonebs (mxolod)
formaluri gagebiT (mag; saqarTvelos kanoni `biuje-
tis Sesaxeb~, romelSic saxelmwifos Semosavlebi da
gasavlebia asaxuli. aRniSnuli kanoni ar warmoSobs
uflebebsa da valdebulebebs moqalaqeTaTvis. amgvarad,
saqarTvelos kanons `saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~
kanonis forma aqvs, Tumca, samarTlebriv normebs ar
72. lobJaniZe, g., romis saxelmwifo da samarTali, 2009, 12.
55
warmoSobs~73. formaluri gagebiT samarTlis wyaro Ta-
visTavSi moicavs sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebul
normatiul aqts.
kerZo samarTlis mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT, `Taname-
drove romanul-germanuli samarTlebrivi sistema aram-
arto materialuri da procesualuri normebiT, aramed
samarTlisa da samarTlebrivi normebis koncefciebiT,
axlos dgas avgustusisa da iustinianes dros aRiare-
bul samarTlebriv princi pebTan. amis gamocaa, rom ro-
manul-germanuli samarTali gascda romis yofili im-
periis farglebs da man fexi moikida msoflios bevr
qveyanaSi, romlebmac TavianT kerZo samarTlis normebs
sakodifikacio aqtebs fabulad swored romis samar-
Tali daudes.~
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-2 muxlSi (`samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba~) gansazRvrulia samoqalaqo urTierTo-
bebis mimarT moqmedi samarTlis normebis ierarqia da
aseve masSi mocemulia kerZo samarTlis wyaroebis mi-
moxilvac. aRniSnuli muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad,
`samoqalaqo kodeqsi, kerZo samarTlis sxva kanonebi
da maTi ganmartebebi unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos
konstitucias~.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 1. muxlis Tanax-
mad, `saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi
kanonia. yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabam-
ebodes konstitucias~. igives vkiTxulobT saqarTvelos
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ me-10 muxlSi (1.). konsti-
tucia fuZemdeblur princi pebs adgens samarTlebri-
vi wesrigisa, sadac garkveuli CarCoebi iqmneba kerZo-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebisTvisac.
saqarTvelos konstitucia adgens saerTaSoriso
73. mariamiZe, g., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema, 2011, 17.
56
samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli princi pebisa da
normebis primats. kerZod, `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas,
aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
normatiuli aqtebis mimarT~.
saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~
(m. 2.1.) ganmartavs, rom `samarTlebrivi aqti aris ufle-
bamosili saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-
bis organos (Tanamdebobis piris) mier saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT miRebuli (gamocemu-
li), Sesasruleblad savaldebulo aqti~. samarTlebri-
vi aqtis saxeebia: normatiuli aqti da individualuri
aqti.
normatiuli aqti aris uflebamosili saxelmwifo
an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos (Tanamde-
bobis piris) mier saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dad-
genili wesiT miRebuli (gamocemuli) samarTlebrivi
aqti, romelic Seicavs misi mudmivi an droebiTi da
mravaljeradi gamoyenebis qcevis zogad wess.
individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti erTjeradia
da unda Seesabamebodes normatiul aqts. individual-
uri samarTlebrivi aqti miiReba (gamoicema) mxolod
normatiuli aqtis safuZvelze da mis mier dadgenil
farglebSi.
kodeqsi gansazRvruli (erTgvarovani) sazogadoe-
brivi urTierTobebis momwesrigebel samarTlebriv
normaTa sistematizebuli normatiuli aqtia. igi ise-
Tive iuridiuli Zalis mqonea, rogorc sxva kanoni.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis sistema pan-
deqturi samarTlis sistemas Seesabameba, rameTu mas
gaaCnia zogadi nawili, romelic saerToa mTeli kerZo
57
nawilisaTvis. zogadi nawilis upiratesoba imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom igi iZleva im fundaments, romelzec age-
bulia mocemuli kanonis an samarTlis dargis mTeli
samarTlebrivi struqtura. zogadi nawilis upirateso-
ba imaSic mJRavndeba, rom rac erTxel ukve ganmtkicebu-
lia zogad nawilSi, mas kerZo nawilSi gameoreba aRar
sWirdeba. magaliTad, garigebaTa zogadi normebi emsax-
ureba SecdomiT, motyuebiT, iZulebiT garigebebs da maTi
am Tavebis damuSavebisas ganmeoreba aRar gvWirdeba, rom
es garigebebs exeba.
kanonis `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~Tanaxmad (m.3),
`saqarTvelos normatiuli aqti moqmedebs saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze, Tu TviT am normatiuli aqtiT sxva
ram ar aris dadgenili, da savaldebuloa Sesasrule-
blad~.
saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebi iyofa saqarT-
velos sakanonmdeblo da saqarTvelos kanonqvemdebare
aqtebad, romlebic qmnian saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas.
normatiul aqtebs ganekuTvneba agreTve saqarT-
velos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba74 da saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba.
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebis saxeebia: a)
saqarTvelos konstitucia, saqarTvelos konstituci-
uri kanoni; b) saqarTvelos organuli kanoni; g) saqa-
rTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos prezidentis dekreti,
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti. konstituciisa
��. konstituciur SeTanxmebas zogjer konkordatsac uwodeben. igi
saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTlis sakmaod originaluri wyaroa, romelic
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul xelSekrulebas warmoadgens, dadebulia
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da (xels awers saqarTvelos prezidenti, amtkicebs
parlamenti) da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel
eklesias Soris 2002 wels. igi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, urTierTobas saxelmwifosTan,
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sxva subieqtebTan (ix. a. demetraSvili, kobaxiZe, i.,
konstituciuri samarTali, 2008, 17-18.
58
da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, saerTaSoriso SeTanxme-
bebis ganmartebis Semdeg avxsnaT arsi kanonisa.
pozitiuri samarTali, rogorc samarTlis wyaro.
`pozitiuri samarTali, anu kanonmdebloba aris kompe-
tenturi saxelmwifo organoebis mier dadgenili zo-
gadsavaldebulo qcevis wesebis (normatiuli aqtebis)
erToblioba, romelic awesrigebs sazogadoebriv ur-
TierTobaTa jgufs masSi monawile pirebis ufleba-mo-
valeobaTa aRiareba-gamijvnis gziT da romelTa dacva
maTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofilia saxel-
mwifo iZulebis gamoyenebiT~75. `pozitiuri samarTali
ZiriTadad efuZneba subieqtis kanonidan momdinare pa-
suxismgeblobas da, Sesabamisad, is, ase Tu ise, imitom
moqmedebs, rom es aris kanonis brZaneba~76.
kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeuli
kanonia.
kanoni. kanoni jer kidev romidan moyolebuli
dRemde samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. unda avR-
niSnoT, rom pirveli kanonebi saTaves Cv. w. aR-mde me-6
saukunidan iRebs. kanonadaa miCneuli servius tuliusis
mier gatarebuli reformebi, risTvisac man 50-mde kanoni
gamosca. Zvel romSi orma umniSvnelovanesma sakanonmde-
blo aqtma `12 tabulis (dafis) kanonma~ da `samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobis krebulma~(`korpus iulis civilis~) mniSvne-
lovani roli iTamaSa qveynis samarTlebriv, pilitikur
da ekonomikur dinamikaze.
kanons Zvel saberZneTSi `xuros xis iaraRs~ uwo-
debdnen, romelic gamoiyeneboda sisworis gasagebad, e.
i. kanoni saTnoebisa da borotebis sazomad iTvleboda.
`qarTul samarTalSi kanons mravalgvari mniSvneloba
��savaneli, b. samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 1993, .29.
��. zoiZe, b. samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, eseebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 128.
59
hqonda - igi aRniSnavda samarTlis wignis muxls, kanon-
Ta krebuls, sasamarTlo wigns an sasamarTlo Zegls.
kanoni garkveuli xnis manZilze sasjelis mniSvnelobi-
Tac gamoiyeneboda.
`ganasxvaveben logikur kanonebs, bunebis kanonebsa
da iuridiul kanonebs. istoriulad pirvelad Camoya-
libda iuridiuli kanonis cneba77.
kanoni saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organ-
os mier gansakuTrebuli wesiT miRebuli normatiuli
aqtia, romelsac umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala gaaCnia yve-
la sxva normatiuli aqtis winaSe, rac imas niSnavs, rom
is normatiuli aqtebi, romlebic saxelmwifo sxva or-
ganoebis mieraa gamocemuli, unda Seesabamebodes kanons.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi, gadaWarbebulad Tu ar vityviT,
gansakuTrebuli iuridiuli Zalis mqone sakanonmdeblo
aqtia da xmamaRali naTqvami ar gamova Tu vityviT, rom
mas WeSmaritad uwodes `saqarTvelos meore konstitu-
cia~. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi iseTive iuridiu-
li mniSvnelobis kanonia, rogorc sxva kanoni. man Rir-
seuli adgili daimkvidra kerZo samarTlis sistemaSi.
`ssk-is me-2 muxli (n. 2) gansazRvravs, rom èrTi da
imave donis normaTa koliziis dros gamoiyeneba spe-
cialuri da ufro axali kanoni. amasTan specialuri
kanonis upiratesi gamoyenebis mowesrigeba siaxlea. am
siaxlis warmosaCenad kanonmdebelma aRniSnuli kidev
erTxel, amjerad uSualod ssk-is zogad da specialur
normebTan mimarTebiT, moawesriga. ssk-is me-2 2 muxlis
Tanaxmad, ki àm kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zogad nor-
mebsa da specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiy-
eneba specialuri normebi~78.
`saqarTveloSi kanonmdebelma gaiziara dasavleT-
��. xubua, g. samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 139.
��. kereseliZe, d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, 53.
60
evropuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba da ssk-is me-2 II
1 muxliT moawesriga specialuri kanonis normaTa upi-
ratesi gamoyeneba ufro zogad normebTan mimarTebiT.
amiT ssk gamonaklisia postsabWour sivrceSi~79.
kanonis Tanafardi iuridiuli Zala aqvT preziden-
tis dekrets, romelsac prezidenti gamoscems: a) sagan-
gebo mdgomareobis dros, romelic moqmedebs sagangebo
mdgomareobis damTavrebamde da 2) sagadasaxado da sa-
biujeti sakiTxebze parlamentis daTxovnidan axladar-
Ceuli parlamentis pirvel Sekrebamde, gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevebSi, romelic Zalas kargavs, Tu axlad arCeu-
li parlamenti pirveli Sekrebidan erTi Tvis ganmavlo-
baSi ar daamtkicebs mas.
samarTlebriv normebs kanoni rodi adgens mxolod.
samarTlebrivi normebis dadgena kanonis `normatiuli
aqtebis Sesaxeb~aseve SeiZleba saqarTvelos mTavrobis,
ministrebisa da an sxva Tanamdebobis pirTa mier miRebu-
li (gamocemuli) samarTlebrivi aqtebiT da maT miReba-
Si parlamenti ar monawileobs. àmgvari samarTlebrivi
aqtebis (kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebis) miRebis
(gamocemis) winapirobaa is, rom maTi gamocemis ufleba-
mosileba kanonmdeblobiT unda iyos miniWebuli da ase-
ve gansazRvruli unda iyos uflebamosilebis Sinaar-
si, mizani da farglebi80 (magaliTad, saqarTvelos 2010
wlis 29/12 # 415 dadgenileba `specialuri dabegvris
reJimebis Sesaxeb~). kanonqvemdebare aqtebs miekuTvne-
ba prezidentis brZanebuleba, parlamentis dadgenileba,
mTavrobis dadgenileba, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis
sabWos dadgenileba, saqarTvelos centraluri saarCev-
��. kereseliZe, d., dasax. naSr; 54.

��. mariamiZe, g. samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema,
Tbilisi, 2011, 17
61
no komisiis dadgenileba da sxva81. kanonqvemdebare aqti
unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos konstituciasa da ka-
nons. saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebas aqvs upi-
ratesi iuridiuli Zala saqarTvelos parlamentis dad-
genilebisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa
(Tanamdebobis pirTa) normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.
rogorc pandeqtikis samarTlis sistemisTvisaa da-
maxasiaTebeli, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssac aqvs
zogadi nawili, romelic mTeli kerZo samarTlisaT-
vis saerToa. zogad nawilSi mocemulia samoqalaqo
samarTlis zogadi debulebebi, romlebic im normebis
erTobliobaa, romlebic gansazRvraven àma Tu im sa-
marTlebrivi materiis zogad debulebebs~, anu rasac
mocemuli sistema eyrdnoba. samoqalaqo kodeqsis Se-
savali debulebani (m.1-10) exeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis
moqmedebis sferos, samoqalaqo kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlas,
samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisas marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaze uaris Tqmis dauSveblobas, analogiis
princi ps samoqalaqo samarTalSi, samoqalaqo kanonTa
ukuqceviT Zalas, kerZosamarTlis subieqtebsa da obieq-
tebs, gvixsnis samoqalaqo kanonis mizans, migviTiTebs
samoqalaqo uflebaTa damoukideblobaze politikuri
uflebebisagan, aseve samoqalaqo samarTlis imperatiul
normebze, romlebic arc Tu ise mravlad gvxvdebian aq,
gansxvavebiT sajaro samarTlis dargebisagan. `zogadi
nawilis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi iZleva
im fundaments, romelzec aigeba mocemuli kanonis an
samarTlis dargis mTeli samarTlebrivi sxeuli~82.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis sasaxelod unda aRiniSnos is
faqtic, rom calkeuli wignebic icnoben zogad debu-
lebebs, romlebic karg niadags qmnian am konkretuli
��.saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~.
��. Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 47.
62
wignebiT mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis ukeT dasaregu-
lireblad. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia valdebulebiTi
samarTlis zogadi nawili (m.316-476), romelSic ganiv-
Tebulia Temebi: valdebulebis, xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb
zogadi debulebebi, zianis anazRaurebis mavaldebulebe-
li normebi, valdebulebis Sesruleba da valdebulebis
darRveva, moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSu-
alebani, romlebic saukeTeso gzasamkvlevia valdebule-
biTi samarTlis kerZo nawilis, kerZod saxelSekrulebo
samarTlis ukeT gacnobierebis mizniT. avRniSnavT, rom
xSir SemTxvevaSi zogadi debulebani exmianeba kerZo
samarTlis sxva dargebsac da garkveul daxmarebas gvi-
weven maT ukeT aRsaqmnelad.
zogadi nawilis mesame saxe konkretuli insti-
tutebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, zogadi de-
bulebani valdebulebis Sesrulebis nawilSi, romelic
SeiZleba exebodes calkeul xelSekrulebebsac, maga-
liTad, qiravnobis an ijaris xelSekrulebis. zogad na-
wils TeoriulTan erTad gansakuTrebuli praqtikuli
mniSvnelobac gaaCnia.
gamonaklisebi zogadi normebidan. samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis zogadi normebi, rogorc TviT saxelwodebidan
Cans, zogadia kerZo nawilisaTvis, magram xSirad war-
moiSobian iseTi urTierTobebic, romlebic specifikur,
gansxvavebul, individualur midgomas da daregulirebas
Txouloben. samoqalaqo samarTalSi moqmedeben agreTve
specialuri (sagamonakliso) normebi. specialuri nor-
mebi zogadad da konkretulad samoqalaqo samarTal-
Si aregulireben erTgvarovani urTierTobebis mxolod
romelime konkretul saxes. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba
moviyvanoT ssk 128-e muxlis me-3 nawili: `xandazmulo-
bis saerTo vada Seadgens aT wels~. rogorc normidan
63
aSkarad Cans, es aTi weli yvela moTxovnisaTvis saerToa,
zogadia. magram igive kodeqsis 129-e muxlSi mocemuli
vadebi: 1. saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebis xandazmulobis
vada sami weli, uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebuli saxel-
Sekrulebo moTxovnebisa - eqvsi weli, xandazmulobis
vada im moTxovnebisa, romlebic warmoiSobian periodu-
lad Sesasrulebeli valdebulebebidan, - sami weli,-
es normebi specialuria, radganac gaTvlilia kanoniT
konkretuli, individualuri samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebis dasaregulireblad. Tu warmoiSva kolizia sa-
erTo (zogad) da specialur normebs Soris, romeli
norma unda gamoiyenos samarTalSemfardebelma? buneb-
rivia aRniSnuli koliziisas gamosayenebelia specialu-
ri norma. amis Sesaxeb pasuxs gvcems TviT samoqalaqo
kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-2 nawili. kerZod, erTi da imave
donis samarTlis normaTa koliziisas gamoiyeneba spe-
cialuri da ufro axali kanoni. am kodeqsiT gaTvalis-
winebul zogad normebsa da specialur normebs Soris
koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri normebi.
samoqalaqo samarTlis normaTa saxeebi. germaneli
iuristi fon turi brZanebda: `kanonis normebi moqmede-
ben mxolod saxelmwifos nebis wyalobiT~. WeSmariti
naTqvamia. magram kerZo samarTali da gansakuTrebiT sa-
moqalaqo samarTali gamonaklisebs iTvaliswinebs am
xatovani gamoTqmidan, radganac igi mis monawileebs Ta-
visuflad moqmedebis farTo asparezs uqmnis. TviT sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsis 1-li muxlic amis saukeTeso dastu-
ria, sadac SaviT TeTrze weria, rom ès kodeqsi awesri-
gebs pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul kerZo xasiaTis
qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTobebs~, gansxvavebiT
sajaro samarTlebrivi dargebis maregulirebeli norme-
bisagan, sadac vertikaluri daqvemdebarebis subieqtebia
64
da saxelmwifo nebis gamovlinebas eqvemdebarebian pire-
bi mkacrad reglamentirebuli samarTlebrivi normebiT.
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba ki, mis monawileebs, romle-
bic horizontalur, harmoniul urTierTobaSi imyofebi-
an erTmaneTTan da umetes SemTxvevaSi ndobaze da ke-
Tilsindisierebaze ageben TavianT urTierTobebs, - sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsi nebis gamosavlenad met Tavisuflebas
aniWebs. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-10 muxlis me-2 nawili
uflebamosilebiT aRWuravs mis monawileebs `ganaxor-
cielon kanoniT aukrZalavi, maT Soris kanoniT pirdapir
gauTvaliswinebeli nebismieri moqmedeba~. kerZo avtono-
mia SesaZleblobebs aniWebs fizikur da iuridiul pi-
rebs samarTliT maTTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis
farglebSi TviTve, damoukideblad gadawyviton maTi ur-
TierToba, garigebis, gansakuTrebiT ki -xelSekrulebis
meSveobiT da amis damadasturebelia ssk 319-e muxlis
pirveli nawili, romelic kerZo avtonomiisa da saxel-
Sekrulebo TviTSeboWvis saukeTeso magaliTia: `kerZo
samarTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT kanonis farglebSi Ta-
visuflad dadon xelSekrulebebi da gansazRvron am
xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsi. maT SeuZliaT dadon iseTi
xelSekrulebebic, romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
ar aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas...~ valdebulebi-
Ti samarTliT, kerZod, misi kerZo nawiliT gaTvalis-
winebuli xelSekrulebebis pirobebs xom misi damdebi
mxareebi Tavisuflad gansazRvraven, Tumca kerZo avto-
nomia sulac ar gulisxmobs xelSekrulebis monawile
romelime mxaris TviTnebobas, igi aseve TviTpasuxismgeb-
lobasac gulisxmobs, romelic swored qveynis ekonomi-
kuri winsvlis katalizatoria. pirs SeuZlia dados an
ar dados xelSekruleba, an kidev TviTon gansazRvros
ofertis (winadadebis micemis) pirobebi, magram Semdeg
65
ki `sityvas~, nakisr valdebulebas_zepirsa Tu werilo-
biTs, Sesruleba unda. xelSekruleba gvavaldebulebs,
anu rogorc romaelebi ityodnen kvintensenciiT pacta
sunt servanda (`xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes!~).
garigebis dadeba samoqalaqo samarTalSi umetes
SemTxvevaSi formaTavisufalia, magram samoqalaqo ka-
nonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba muxlebi, romlebic imperati-
ulad moiTxoven werilobiT formasac da mis sajaro
reestrSi daregistrirebasac. magaliTad, ssk 183-e mux-
li, romlis Tanaxmad; ùZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucile-
belia garigebis werilobiTi formiT dadeba da Sem-
Zenze am garigebiT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis
registracia sajaro reestrSi~. sajaro reestrSi gan-
cxadebis registracias iTxovs kanoni savaldebulod
uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis an sxva uflebis (magaliTad,
aRnagobis uflebis) mosapoveblad. gancxadeba unda Ca-
bardes reestris samsaxurs. mxolod amis Semdeg iZens
uflebis mopovebis gancxadeba savaldebulo Zalas~,
_AaseTia kanonmdeblis neba. kerZo avtonomiis aseTi
SezRudva, romelsac TviT yvelaze demokratiuli, Tavi-
sufali samoqalaqo kodeqsi aRiarebs, gamowveulia mis
monawile pirTa da aseve saxelmwifos usafrTxoebiTac
(mag; ssk 319-e muxlis 1-li nawilis bolo winadadeba,
`Tu sazogadoebis an pirovnebis arsebiTi interesebis
dacvisaTvis xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebu-
lia saxelmwifos nebarTvaze, maSin es unda mowesrigdes
calke kanoniT~.
kontrahirebis iZuleba. xelSekrulebis dadebis
savaldebulooba, dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebis
Sesruleba, _ samoqalaqo kodeqsis mkacri moTxovnaa.
amis sailustraciod isev mivmarTavT ssk 319-e muxls, am
SemTxvevaSi mis me-2 da me-3 nawilebs. n. 2: `Tu xelSekru-
66
lebis erT-erT mxares ukavia dominirebuli mdgomareo-
ba bazarze, maSin saqmianobis am sferoSi mas ekisreba
xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebuleba. mas ar SeuZlia
kontrahents usafuZvlod SesTavazos xelSekrulebis
araTanabari pirobebi~. n.3: ìm pirebs, romlebic aras-
amewarmeo miznebisaTvis an saarsebo moTxovnilebaTa
dasakmayofileblad iZenen an sargebloben qonebiTa da
momsaxurebiT, dausabuTeblad ar SeiZleba eTqvaT uari
xelSekrulebis dadebaze, Tuki xelSekrulebis meo-
re mxare moqmedebs Tavisi samewarmeo xelSekrulebis
farglebSi~.
zogadad kerZo samarTlis da, konkretulad samoqa-
laqo samarTlis ZiriTadi princi pi _ kerZo avtonomia
da saxelSekrulebo TviTSeboWva – dispoziciuri nor-
mebiT (ius dispozitium) miiRweva. dispoziciuri normebi83
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs aRWuraven Se-
saZleblobiT TviTve, damoukideblad gansazRvron Ta-
vianTi urTierTobebis Sinaarsi, TavianTi qcevis wese-
bi, konkretul samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. Tavidanve
dispoziciuri normebi mxareTa SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
warmoiSoboda. rodis moqmedeben dispoziciuri normebi
da ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebT maT? isini Cveuleb-
riv iq moqmedeben, sadac mxareebi gamotoveben xolme
xelSekrulebebSi raime sakiTxs, arasrulad moawesri-
geben mas. mag: Tu mxareebma nasyidobis xelSekrulebis
dadebisas xelSekrulebaSi fasi pirdapir ar gaiTva-
liswines, isini SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen misi gansazRvris
saSualebebze (ssk m.477, n.3.), xolo davis SemTxvevaSi
_ samarTalSemfardebeli xelSekrulebis sagnis Rire-
��.rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT gansxavavebiT germanuli samoqalaqo samarTlisagan
($40 `dispoziciuri normebi~), qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi aseTi formulireba
ar gvxvdeba, Tumca faqtia, rom mas farTo gamoyeneba gaaCnia erovnul samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobaSi brunvis monawileTa ufleba-movaleobebis Tavisuflad
gansazRvris faqtis dasafiqsireblad.
67
bulebas gansazRvravs bazarze dadgenili fasebiT. bu-
nebrivia, es asec unda iyos samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebis gansazRvrisas pirTa Soris, radgan Ta-
visufali da Ria sazogadoebis samoqalaqo samarTali
farTo uflebebs aniWebs individebs da organizebul
warmonaqmnebs saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebisa. gamo-
dis, rom dispoziciuri normebi moqmedeben maSin, roca
mxareebma xelSekrulebaSi gamotoves raime sakiTxi an
arasrulad moawesriges igi. magaliTad Tu daqorwine-
bisas meuRleebs Soris saqorwino kontraqti ar da-
debula, maSin qonebrivi dava maT Soris mowesrigdeba
Cveulebriv, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenili meuRleTa
TanasakuTrebis wesiT da sxva. dispoziciuri normebisas
mxareebs ar evalebaT detalurad gansazRvron yvela
sakiTxi xelSekrulebaSi. magaliTad, ijarisas, ijaris
saganze da fasze, xolo danarCen sakiTxebs moagvarebs
kanoni (magaliTad, naklis Sesaxeb davas, xelSekrulebis
sagnis ukan dabrunebas da sxva). sabazro urTierTobe-
bis pirobebSi, sadac fulisa da saqonlis gacvla sul
ufro farTod ikidebs fexs samewarmeo urTierTobebSi,
gadauWarbeblad vityviT, rom: yvelaferi xelSekrule-
biT iwyeba. komerciuli brunvis monawileTa biznesgeg-
mebis realizacia SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebebis dade-
bis gareSe, rameTu, meurne-subieqtebs Soris dadebuli
xelSekruleba gansazRvravs xelSemkvrel subieqtTa
ufleba-valdebulebebs, pasuxismgeblobas, produqciis
fasebs, xarisxs, miwodebis vadebs, angariSsworebis piro-
bebs da sxv. `xelSekruleba ar aris marto is dokumenti,
romelic saWiroa Tqvenis salaroSi fulis SemosavalSi
asaRebad. xelSekruleba pirvel rigSi mxareebs Soris
nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebaa, iuridiuli aqtia, romel-
68
Sic gamoxatulia urTierTxelsayreli TanamSromlobis
Tanxmoba~84.
sxvagvarad wydeba sakiTxi imperatiuli normebis
(ius codens) SemTxvevaSi. imperatiuli normebi mkacrad
dadgenili, kanoniT formulirebuli wesebia, romlebic
masSi dadgenili princi pebiT unda Sesruldes. igi ga-
rantirebuls xdis pirTa uflebebs konkretuli samoqa-
laqo-samarTlebrivi garigebebis dadebisas (amis sauke-
Teso magaliTia ssk m.183, m.184, m.323 da sxva muxlebi).
imperatiuli normebis magaliTad aseve moviyvanT ssk
319-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebs, romlebic bazarze
dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone pirT ukrZalavs xel-
Sekrulebis meore mxares SesTavazos xelSekrulebis
araTanabari pirobebi, an kidev dausabuTeblad ar uTx-
ran uari xelSekrulebis dadebaze im pirebs, romlebic
arasamewarmeo miznebisaTvis an saarsebo moTxovnileba-
Ta dasakmayofileblad iZenen an sargebloben nivTebiT
da Tu isini gansxvavebiT kontrahentisagan, moqmedeben
Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi.
imperatiuli normebis daxasiaTebisas ar SeiZle-
ba ar gamoiyos e.w. fardobiTi imperatiuli normebi~,
romlebic mxolod erTi mxarisTvisaa imperatiuli. ma-
galiTad, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis is
muxlebi (m.346-348 da sxva), roca SemTavazebeli ndobi-
sa da keTilsindisierebis princi pebis sawinaaRmdegod
sTavazobs meore mxares xelSekrulebis saziano piro-
bebs (m. 346), an kidev calmxrivad aSkarad mcire vadebs
(m.347); debuleba, romelic SemTavazebels uflebas aZ-
levs Secvalos Sepirebuli samuSao an gadauxvios mas,
Tu amis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba miuRebelia meore mxarisaT-
vis (m. 347, d.), an kidev, debuleba, romelic calmxrivad
��. iaSvili, n., maRalaSvili,e., naWyebia, z., saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis
praqtika, 2006, 3.
69
iTvaliswinebs fasis momatebas gaumarTleblad mokle
vadebSi (m. 348. a.). aseT da msgavs, kanonis sawinaaRmdego
SeTavazebebs iuridiuli Zala ar aqvT, baTilia.
ganusazRvreli normebi. samoqalaqo samarTali Ta-
vis normebSi iTvaliswinebs aseve e.w. `ganusazRvrel
normebs~, normebs, romelTa meSveobiTac normebi miesa-
dageba sxvasxvagvar cxovrebiseul garemoebebs, romle-
bic xSir SemTxvevaSi garemoebebis Sesabamisad icvleba.
maT Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, direqtivis xasiaTi aqvT. sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsi xSirad iTvaliswinebs ganusazRvrel
normebs. mag; `keTilsindisierad~, `gulisxmierad~, `sa-
Tanado vadebi~, `mniSvnelovani safuZvlis arsebobisas~,
`namdvili komersantis gulisxmierebiT~ da sxva. maga-
liTad: samoqalaqo kodeqsis m. 316-e muxlis meore nawi-
liT: `Tavisi Sinaarsisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT
valdebuleba SeiZleba yovel mxares akisrebdes meo-
re mxaris uflebebisa da qonebisadmi gansakuTrebul
gulisxmierebas, an kidev, ssk m. 361, n. 2. `valdebuleba
unda Sesruldes ~jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul
drosa da adgilas~, aseve, ssk m. 546, n.2. `sacxovrebe-
li sadgomis gamqiravebels SeuZlia aRniSnuli ufle-
bis ganxorcieleba Secvalos Sesabamisi kompensaciiT,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca damqiravebeli, pativsadebi
safuZvlidan gamomdinare, ar eTanxmeba gamqiravebels~
da sxva.
TavisTavad ganusazRvreli normebis arseboba ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT arc borotebis, arc sikeTis wy-
arod. ufro metad gadamwyveti am SemTxvevaSi isaa, Tu
ra Rirebulebebs emyareba mTlianad sazogadoeba. boro-
tebis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba zogadi ganusazRvreli
debulebebis gareSec. magram realur cxovrebasTan ax-
los mdgomi samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
70
cieleba maT gareSe SeuZlebelia~85.
Cveulebani. `CveulebebSi adaTebi da tradiciebi
(braeuche und Gewohnheiten) moiazreba. eseni SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli iyos sxvadasxva regionsa Tu adamianTa
jgufSi (magaliTad, ojaxi, sofeli, vaWroba) aq sauba-
ria iseT wesebze, romelic ara samarTlebriv, aramed
sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebas warmoadgens (magaliTad,
Tu maspinZeli vinmes dapatiJebs, mas unda gaumaspinZl-
des da ufleba ar aqvs dapatiJebuli stumari karis
zRurblidan ukan gaabrunos. saqme is aris, rom aranairi
samarTlebrivi norma aq ar arsebobs, romelic amgvar
urTierTobas moawesrigebda. dapatiJebul stumars ara-
nairi samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani ufleba ar aqvs
mosTxovos maspinZels gamaspinZleba. Tumca arsebobs
`sazogadoebrivi wesebi~ (eTikis normebi), romelic mopa-
tiJes stumris gamaspinZlebas avalebs da misuli stum-
ris ukan gabrunebas ukrZalavs. samarTalsa da Cveu-
lebas saerTo is aqvT, rom isini iseT wesebs adgenen,
romelic adamianis garkveul, garegnulad gamoxatul
qcevas moiTxovs. amas adamianis Sinagan ganwyobilebas-
Tan araferi saerTo ara aqvs~86. vinc stumars cxvirwin
kars miujaxunebs, bunebrivia arc samarTlis normebs
arRvevs da arc Cveulebebs. samarTals da Cveulebebs
erTmaneTisagan sanqciebi ganasxvavebs, e.i. Sedegebi, rac
maTi darRvevis Tanamdevi procesia. samarTliT dadge-
nili akrZalvebisa da miniWebuli uflebebis Sesrule-
bas saxelmwifos iZulebiTi wesebi moiTxoven, romelTa
darRvevebisaTvis garkveuli sanqciebia dakisrebuli, iq-
neba is samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi, sisxlis-samarTleb-
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, gv. 97;
Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 55-57
��.Brox Walker - Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 31 Auflage, Garl Heуmanns 2007, S 4. ix. citireba:
mariamiZe, g. samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema, 2011, 10-11Ö
71
rivi, Tu administraciul-samarTlebrivi. kontinenturi
evropis umTavres wyaros kanoni warmoadgens. kanonis
ZiriTad wyarod SemoRebam ukan gadaswia Cveulebebis
mniSvneloba. Cveulebebs, rogorc samarTlis wyaroTa
sistemas, damxmare rgolis roli SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT.
`Cveuleba samarTlis wyaros rols asrulebs im gamo-
naklis SemTxvevaSi, roca aucilebelia misi sanqcioni-
reba saxelmwifos mier. misTvis `pirveli damaxasiaTe-
beli niSani is aris, rom qcevis erTgvarovani, mudmivad
ganmeorebadi da damkvidrebuli praqtika sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaTa monawileebis mier aRiarebulia samarT-
lad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs zogadi xasiaTis qcevis wese-
bi, romelTa Sesrulebac Cveulebad iqca~87. `CveulebiTi
samarTlis normebs sazogadoeba gamoimuSavebs da ara
misi nawili, organo an calkeuli piri. sazogadoebis
wevrebi erTmaneTs Soris urTierTobebs damkvidrebul,
erTgvarovan praqtikas uneburad, spontanurad aRiareben
rogorc yvelasaTvis savaldebulo qcevis wess~88. rig
SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo samarTlis wyaroTa sistemaSi
Semaval normatiul samarTlebriv aqtebSi mocemulia
Cveulebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb debulebebi, Tu mxareTa
urTierTobebi araa regulirebuli sakanonmdeblo do-
neze. sk me-2 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, `Cveulebani
gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegeba
samarTlisa da zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul nor-
mebs an sajaro wesrigs~. sajaro wesrigi ekonomikuri,
politikuri, moraluri princi pebia, romlebic aucile-
belia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasacavad. ssk 339-e mux-
lis Tanaxmad, `xelSekrulebis mxareTa uflebebisa da
movaleobis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iqnes
miRebuli savaWro Cveulebebi da tradiciebi~. aq, ssk
��. savaneli, b., dasax. naSr; 33.
��.iqve.
72
339-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi saubaria saerTaSoriso savaW-
ro palatis mier 1931 wels ekonomikur urTierTobebSi
miRebul savaWro terminebis ganmartebul dazusteba-
ze, saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebis Tanamedrove
praqtikasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT, romelic
cnobilia ìnkoterms – 2000~-is saxelwodebiT. arc Tu
iSviaTad xdeba, rom mxareebi xels aweren kontraqtze
ise, rom ar icnoben kontrahenti mxaris qveynis kanonm-
deblobasa da savaWro Cveulebebs, rac xSirad xdeba
dasanani gaugebrobis, uTanxmoebebisa da samarTlebrivi
davebis mizezebi, yvela gamomdinare SedegebiT. xazgas-
miT unda aRiniSnos, rom inkotermsis terminebi daka-
vSirebulia mxolod yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebasTan
da mxareTa SeTanxmebasTan da ukve, konkretuli saerTa-
Sorisod aRiarebuli terminebis gamoyenebasTan. maga-
liTad, rodesac mxareebi Tanxmdebian CFR an CIF piroba-
ze, es niSnavs, rom: gamyidvels ar aqvs ufleba, miwodeba
ganaxorcielos nebismieri satransporto saSualebiT,
garda sazRvao transportisa, radgan, am pirobebis Tanax-
mad, gamyidvelma myidvels unda gadasces konosamenti89
an sxva sazRvao satransporto dokumenti, rac ubralod,
Seusrulebeli iqneba nebismieri sxva satransporto
saSualebebiT gadazidvisas~90. CveulebiTi samarTlis
normebis modifikacia Tanamedrove pirobebSi dakavSire-
��. konosamenti - gemis mflobelis mier gacemuli xelwerili (dokumenti),
romelic tvirTis mflobels (gamgzavns) eZleva imis dasadastureblad, rom
tvirTi miRebulia sazRvao gziT gadasazidad (sxva sabirJo saqonelTan da
kontraqtebTan erTad. konosamenti SesaZlebelia gaxdes birJaze vaWrobis sagani
da iqces saqonelgamanawilebel dokumentad). saqarTvelos kanoni `sasaqonlo
birJebisa da sabirJo vaWrobis Sesaxeb~, m.2.
birJa - (frang. burse, ingl. exchange, rus. биржа) - iuridiuli piri, romelic
uzrunvelyofs sasaqonlo, savaluto, fasiani qaRaldebisa da finansuri
instrumentebis bazris organizebul funqcionirebas. https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/
ბირჟა
��.dawvr. ix. iaSvili,n., maRalaSvili,e.,naWyebia,z.,saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa
praqtika, 2006, 156-170.
73
bulia aseve saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlebrivi
normebis Camoyalibebis procesTan da igi moicavs ro-
gorc saerTaSoriso sajaro, aseve saerTaSoriso kerZo
samarTlebriv normebs. Cven ver daveTanxmebiT im mec-
nierTa mosazrebebs, romlebic Tvlian, rom saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo samarTali is erTaderTi dargia, iurisp-
rudenciisa, romelSic Cveulebebi samarTlis wyarod
gamoiyeneba. es Tvalsazrisi Camoyalibda im periodSi,
roca jer kidev fexs idgamda samarTlis axali dar-
gi: sabaJo samarTali91. dRes Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom Cveulebebi aseve SeiZleba miekuTvnos `sabaJo sa-
marTlis92 wyaroTa sistemasac, rogorc damxmare rgoli.
rig SemTxvevaSi sabaJo samarTlis wyaroTa sistemaSi
Semaval normatiul samarTlebriv aqtebSi mocemulia
Cveulebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb debulebebi, Tu mxare-
Ta urTierToba araa daregulirebuli sakanonmdeblo
doneze. ase, mxareTa saqonlis saerTaSoriso yidva-gay-
idvis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis konvencia xelSekrulebis kvlevisas iT-
valiswinebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Camoyalibebuli
Cveulebebis yvela garemoebebs. sabaJo-samarTlebriv
urTierTobaTa monawileebs ufleba aqvT daadasturon
Cveulebebis arseboba an misi arseboba saeWvo gaxadon,
Tanac kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli mtkicebulebebis mTe-
li arsenalis gamoyenebiT, vinaidan Cveulebebi, rogorc
wesi dokumenturad ar fiqsirdeba~.93
saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi
��. dRes ukve sagadasaxado samarTali (2011 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedebuli

sagadasaxado kodeqsiT Zaladakargulad gamocxadda 2007 wlis sabaJo kodeqsi).
��.dRes ukve sagadasaxado samarTlis, rameTu 2011 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsis
amoqmedebiT Zaladakargulad gamocxadda sabaJo kodeqsi da sabaJo kanonmdebasTan
dakavSirebulma samarTlebrivma aqtebma sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi daides
bina, rac Cvenis azriT dauSvebeli iyo.
��. xarazi, i., sabaJo samarTali, 2010, 55.
74
kanonia, romlis SeesabamisobaSi unda modiodes qveyana-
Si moRebuli yvela normatiuli aqti. mas primati ekuTv-
nis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis
mimarTac. es bunebrivad Seexeba samoqalaqo kodeqssac
da kerZo samarTlis sxva kanonebs.
saqarTvelos organuli kanonis `saerTo sasamarT-
loebis Sesaxeb~, m. 7, me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, `Tu saq-
mis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos
konstitucias ar Seesabameba normatiuli aqti, romlis
Semowmebac ar ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos kompetencias, sasamarTlo gamoitans
gadawyvetilebas saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamis-
ad~.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, pandeqturi sistema iTva-
liswinebs zogadi da specialuri normebis gamoyenebas
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT daregulirebuli urTierTobebis
mosawesrigeblad, mxolod èrTi da imave donis samarT-
lis normaTa koliziis dros gamoiyeneba specialuri
da ufro axali kanoni, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaT-
valiswinebul zogad normebsa da specialur normebs
Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri kanoni. maga-
liTad, ssk 311-312 muxlebi, romlebic sajaro reestrs
aregulireben zogadad, xolo saqarTvelos kanoni
`sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ specialurad aregulirebs
sajaro reestris warmoebis organizaciul-samarTleb-
riv safuZvlebs, sajaro reestris mwarmoebeli organ-
os - saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis
sferoSi moqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris
- sajaro reestris erovnuli saagentos (SemdgomSi saa-
gento) ufleba-movaleobebs, mis mier gaweuli momsaxu-
rebis vadebs, safasuris ganakveTebs, aseve safasuris ga-
daxdis, gadaxdisagan gaTavisuflebis da gadaxdili sa-
75
fasuris dabrunebis wessa da pirobebs~(kanonis`sajaro
reestris Sesaxeb~ me-2 muxli).
mokled precendentuli samarTlis, rogorc sa-
marTlis wyaros Sesaxeb. òqsfordis leqsikoni precen-
dentis zogad cnebas Semdegnairad ganmartavs _ maga-
liTi an saqme, romelic miRebulia an SeiZleba miRebul
iqnas samagaliTod an wesis saxiT momdevno saqmeebi-
saTvis an romlis daxmarebiTac dadasturebul an axs-
nil unda iqnas sxva analogiuri aqti Tu garemoeba~94.
`precedentuli samarTali~ Sedgeba mosamarTleTa mier
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis procesSi Seqmnili da gamo-
yenebuli normebisa da princi pebisagan. TiTqmis yvela
qveyanaSi sasamarTlo precedenti ama Tu im xarisxiT
flobs Tavis marwmunebel Zalas. stare decisis _ gadawy-
vito ise, rogorc gadawyvetili iyo adre~95. precenden-
tuli samarTali upiratesad sasamarTlo precedentis
saxiT gvxvdeba, romelic aris qveynis umaRlesi sasa-
marTlo instanciebis mier konkretul saqmeebze gamo-
tanil gadawyvetilebebSi fiqsirebuli zogadsavalde-
bulo normebi, romlebic awesrigebs sazogadoebriv ur-
TierTobaTa garkveul jgufs maTSi monawile pirebis
ufleba - movaleobaTa aRiareba-gamijvniT da romelTa
dacva maTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofilia
Sesabamisi sasamarTlo ganaCenis Tu gadawyvetilebis
Secvlis an gauqmebis gziT. sasamarTlo precendenti
samarTlis ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebulia inglisSi, sa-
dac moqmedebs sami umaRlesi sasamarTlo instancia:
lordTa palata, saapelacio sasamarTlo da maRali
sasamarTlo. miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad: lordTa pala-
tis mier adre miRebul gadawyvetilebebs savaldebulo
��. Oxford Dictionarу, Ch. V. p. 292. citireba: ix. gogiaSvili, g., samosamarTlo samarTali,
2014, 21.
��.iqve.
76
precendentis Zala aqvs TviT lordTa palatisaTvis da
yvela sxva sasamarTlosaTvis96; saapelacio sasamarT-
los mier adre miRebul gadawyvetilebebs savaldebu-
lo precendentis Zala aqvT TviT saapelacio da yve-
la sxva sasamarTlosaTvis, garda lordTa palatisa;
maRali sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs
savaldebulo precendentis Zala aqvs TviT maRali da
yvela sxva sasamarTlosaTvis, garda lordTa palatisa
da sxva saapelacio sasamarTlosi. yvela zemoaRniSnu-
li umaRlesi sasamarTlo instanciis gadawyvetilebebs
savaldebulo precendentis Zala aqvs nebismieri do-
nis mmarTvelobis organosaTvis. yvela zemoaRniSnuli
umaRlesi sasamarTlo instanciis gadawyvetilebebSi
savaldebulo precendentis Zala aqvT am gadawyvetile-
bebSi formirebul qcevis wesebs da samarTlebriv debu-
lebebs (ratio decidendi), romlebic erTobliobaSi qmnian
precendentul samarTals97.
��. amJamad lordTa palata uflebamosilia, Secvalos sasamarTlo praqtika. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu lordTa palata erTxel daawesebs axali samarTlebriv princi ps,
igi gamoyenebul unda iqnes yvela sasamarTlos mier, sanam parlamenti ar
gadawyvets Sesabamisi kanonis miRebiT likvidacia gaukeTos mas. dRes lordTa
palata uflebamosilia Secvalos Tavisi winandeli gadawyvetilebebi, `riTac
normaSemoqmebiT saqmianobaSi erTgvar konkurencias uwevs inglisis umaRles
sakanonmdeblo organos princi ps, romelic gvavaldebulebs precedentebis
dacvas da ewodeba stare decisis. praqtikaSi precedentebis dacva ar warmoadgens
martiv amocanas. precedentSi savaldebuloa ara mTeli gadawyvetileba, aramed
saqmis gadawyvetis princi pi, mosamarTlis samarTlebrivi poziciis arsi,
romlis safuZvelzec mas gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba an ganaCeni. sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis an nawils ewodeba ratio decidendi. saqmis sxva mxareebi romlebic
ar aris savaldebulo sasamarTlosaTvis ewodeba obiter dicta~. ix. g. gogiaSvili,
samosamarTlo samarTali, 2014, 22.
��. savaneli, b. dasax. naSr. 38.
77
7.1. samoqalaqo normis moqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi,
pirTa wris mixedviT. kanonisa da samarTlis
analogia, samoqalaqo kanonTa ukuqceviTi Zala
rogorc yvela normatiul aqts, aseve ra Tqma unda

samoqalaqo kodeqssac, aqvs Tavisi moqmedebis da arse-
bobis gansazRvruli dro, teritoriuli SezRudva, vr-
celdeba garkveul subieqtTa (pirTa) garkveul wreze.
zogadi wesiT, normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqti gamoiye-
neba misi moqmedebis periodSi arsebuli urTierTobis
mosawesrigeblad.
normatiuli aqti drois sazRvrebis dasadgenad
iTvaliswinebs sam arsebiT garemoebas: kanonier ZalaSi
Sesvlis (amoqmedebis), moqmedebis Sewyvetis moments da
kanonis momdevno normatiuli aqtiT dadgenili iuri-
diuli normebis gamoyenebas im urTierTobebis mimarT,
romlebic arsebobdnen mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde
(„kanonis ukuZala”).
kanoni da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi ZalaSi Sedian
mxolod dadgenili wesiT oficialuri organoSi sayo-
velTao gacnobisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis Semdeg. gamo-
cema, romelSic oficialurad ibeWdeba normatiul-sa-
marTlebrivi aqti aris „sakanonmdeblo macne”. kanonis
an sxva normatiuli aqtis proeqts amzadebs Sesabamisad
sakanonmdeblo iniciativis an normatiuli aqtis pro-
eqtis wardgenis mqone subieqti an TviT normatiuli
aqtis miRebis (gamocemis) uflebamosilebis mqone orga-
no (Tanamdebobis piri). sajarod gamoqveynebuli kanoni
yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia. amitom, „kanonis arcodna
an misi arasaTanadod gageba ar SeiZleba iyos kanonis
gamouyeneblobis anda am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pa-
suxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli” (ssk m.
78
3. n.2) kanonis codnis prezumfcia98 yvela pirze da yve-
laferze vrceldeba. `prezumfciis, rogorc samarTleb-
rivi kategoriis, ukeTesad aRqmis miznebisaTvis, erTmane-
Tisagan unda gaimijnos varaudi da prezumfcia. varau-
di aris faqtisadmi damokidebuleba, romelic, droebiT,
mtkicebulebebis mopovebamde, iTvleba namdvilad, xolo
prezumfcia, e. w. dadasturebuli varaudia da arsebobs
iqamde, sanam sawinaaRmdego ar damtkicdeba. prezumfcia,
Tavisi logikuri arsiT, induqciur daskvnas emyareba,
rac imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli warmoadgens konkre-
tuli SemTxvevebis (faqtebis) ganzogadebul daskvnas~99.
ùnda aRiniSnos, rom samoqalaqo samarTlis materi-
aluri normebis dispozicia, umeteswilad, prezumfciebs
efuZneba, anu faqtebis normaluri ganviTarebis logi-
kur Sedegs. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
ramdenime SemTxveva da Sesabamisad is norma, romelic
aRniSnuli faqtobrivi Semadgenlobis subsumciisaTvis
gamoiyeneba~100. magaliTad, `rodesac bavSvis dabadebamde
qalisa da mamakacis erTad cxovreba, saerTo meurneobis
warmoeba an kidev maTi mxridan bavSvis erTad rCena da
aRzrda qmnis imis prezumfcias, rom aRniSnul pirTagan
mamakaci, bavSvis biologiuri mamaa~101. `prezumfciebis Zi-
riTadi winapirobaa cxovrebiseuli procesebis ganmeo-
rebadoba da maTi urTierTkavSiri. Tumca, amasTan unda
aRiniSnos, rom mxolod kavSiris arseboba sakmarisi ar
aris da aucilebelia, rom kavSiri logikuri, gonivruli,
��. prezumfcia filosofiuri enciklopediis mixedviT, gulisxmobs sinamdvilis,

realobis varauds. ix. Краткая Философская Энциклопедия, Москва, 1994, 362;
��. mesxiSvili, q., `prezumfciis arsi da misi gaqarwylebis Teoriul praqtikuli
aspeqtebi~, http://library.court.ge/index.php?cat=s&catID=1
��.ix. vebgverdis misamarTi: http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/qanda/sampli_chapters/
spencer_ch02.pdf
��. mesxiSvili, ,,prezumciis arsi da misi gaqarwylebis Teoriul-praqtikuli
aspeqtebi,~ 2.
79
mdgradi da aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli iyos~102.
„kanoni Zalas kargavs: a) Tu amis Sesaxeb pirdapir
uTiTebs axali kanoni (samoqalaqo kodeqsis gardamaval
da daskvniT debulebebSi, 1505-e muxlSi pirdapir miTi-
Tebulia, rom „1997 wlis 25 noembridan Zaladakargulad
CaiTvleba 1. „saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis
kodeqsis” damtkicebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos ssr 1964
wlis 26 dekebris kanoni da sxva)), an b) Zveli ewinaaRm-
degeba axals, g) an axali kanoni moicavs ZveliT mo-
wesrigebul urTierTobas, d) anda, Tu aRar arsebobs is
urTierToba, romelsac awesrigebda kanoni. „zogadi xa-
siaTis kanoni ar auqmebs specialur kanons, Tu amgvari
gauqmeba ar warmoadgens kanonmdeblis pirdapir mizans.
im kanonis gauqmeba, romliTTac gauqmda Zveli kanoni, ar
niSnavs Zveli kanonis amoqmedebas” (ssk. m. 2, n.4, n.5).
sakiTxi kanonebisa da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis dro-
Si moqmedebis Sesaxeb unda ganvixiloT kidev ori as-
peqtis gaTvaliswinebiT: 1. kanonebsa da kanonqvemdeba-
re aqtebs ara aqvT ukuqceviTi Zala (es debuleba jer
kidev Zveli romidan modis). samoqalaqo kanonebi da
kanonqvemdebare aqtebi mxolod im urTierTobebs awes-
rigeben, romlebic misi miRebis, gamocemisa da ofici-
alur organoSi gamoqveynebis Semdeg warmoiSvebian; 2.
ar SeiZleba kanons mieces ukuqceviTi Zala, Tu igi zia-
nis momtania an auaresebs piris mdgomareobas. es, kano-
niT dadgenili wesi aris samarTlebrivi stabilurobis
aucilebeli faqtori, rodesac fizikuri da iuridiuli
pirebi darwmunebuli unda iyvnen imaSi, rom samarTleb-
rivi mdgomareoba ar gauaresdeba kanoniT. `..ramdenime
sityviT kanoni ukuZalis Tanamedrove gagebis Sesaxeb.
yvelaze gamokveTilad es problema Cans germaniis fede-
��.vebgverdi: htt://www.ajol.info/index.php/mir/article/veiwfile/63089/50957
80
raluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebeb-
Si. kerZod, am sasamarTlos praqtikis Tanaxmad, unda ga-
movyoT kanonis orgvari ukuZala - namdvili (echte) uku-
Zala da aranamdvili (unechte) ukuZala. pirveli maSin
gvaqvs, rodesac axali kanoni vrceldeba warsulSi war-
moSobil da warsulSive dasrulebul urTierTobebze,
meore ki maSin, roca axali kanoni exeba rogorc warsu-
lidan awmyoSi gangrZobad urTierTobebs, ise axali ka-
nonis amoqmedebis Semdeg warmoSobil urTierTobebs~103.
`normaluri gagebiT, kanonis moqmedeba Seexeba amJamin-
del da samomavlo urTierTobebs. sxva sityvebiT, imaT,
romlebic ukve arseboben da imaT, romlebic pirvelad
warmoiSobian. roca vambobT, rom kanons ara aqvs ukuZa-
la, igulisxmeba swored namdvili ukuZala. aranamdvili
ukuZala faqtobrivad arc aris ukuZala Tavisi klasi-
kuri gagebiT~104.
sivrceSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis moqmedebis arsi md-
gomareobs misi moqmedebis teritoriul SezRudvaSi, ro-
desac normatiuli aqti gamoiyeneba teritoriaze, ro-
melzec vrceldeba saxelmwifos suvereniteti: saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsi moqmedebs saqarTvelos mTel
teritoriaze, Tu TviT am normatiuli aqtiT sxva ram ar
aris dadgenili, da savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad (ka-
noni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~, m.3. 1.).
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis moqmedeba vr-
celdeba rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze, aseve uc-
xoel pirebze da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebzec. sa-
moqalaqo kanoni Tanabrad moqmedebs yvelas mimarT sqe-
sis, mrwamsis, erovnebisa da saqmianobis miuxedavad.
��. Grundgesty fur die Bundesrepublik Deutshland. Rommentar von Hans D. Jarass und Bobo
pieroth. wyaroÖb.YzoiZe, sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi
saqarTveloSi, 2007, 69.
��. wyaroYzoiZe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi
saqarTveloSi, 2007, 69.
81
kanoni moqmedebs uvadod, Tu kanonmdeblobiT sxva
ram dadgenili ar aris. samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
regulirebis masStabebi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba, magram
xSir SemTxvevaSi zogjer ar arsebobs im urTierTobe-
bis momwesrigebeli norma, romelic iuridiul gadawyve-
tilebas moiTxovs. rodesac samarTlebrivi Tvalsazri-
siT gansaxilveli da gadasawyveti sakiTxi ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli da daregulirebuli arc erT normaSi,
amboben, rom adgili aqvs xarvezs kanonmdeblobaSi. `ka-
nonis xarvezis mniSvnelovan ZiriTad ti ps warmoadgens
is SemTxveva, rodesac samarTlis norma ar moicavs iseT
urTierTobas, romelic samarTlianobis Tvalsazrisi-
dan gamomdinare, am kanonis regulirebis sfero unda
yofiliyo~105. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad
(n. 1, n. 2), samoqalaqo saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos
ufleba ara aqvs uari Tqvas samoqalaqo saqmeebis gan-
xilvaze im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samarTlis norma ar
arsebobs an igi bundovania; aseve sasamarTlos ara aqvs
ufleba uari Tqvas kanonis gamoyenebaze im motiviT, rom
mas kanonis norma usamarTlod an arazneobrivad miaC-
nia. ra unda gaakeTos am SemTxvevaSi samarTlis normis
Semfardebelma? ra gzas unda daadges, rom miiRos sa-
marTliani gadawyvetileba? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gagvcems
ssk m. 5 analogiis Sesaxeb.
analogia samoqalaqo samarTalSi. Tu samoqalaqo
samarTlis normis Semfardebeli, samarTlis ganmarte-
bis xerxebis gamoyenebis miuxedavad ver poulobs konk-
retuli urTierTobebis momwesrigebel normebs, man unda
gamoiyenos yvelaze ufro msgavsi SemTxvevis mareguli-
rebeli norma. analogiis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSu-
alebaa sakanonmdeblo xarvezis Sevseba.
��. rainhold ci peliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, bekis gamomcemloba,
miunxeni, 2006, 84.
82
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-5 muxlis pirveli nawilis
Tanaxmad, „kanonSi pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli ur-
TierTobis mosawesrigeblad gamoiyeneba yvelaze ufro
msgavsi urTierTobis maregulirebeli samarTlis norma
(kanonis analogia), xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kanonis ana-
logis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia urTierToba unda mowes-
rigdes samarTlis zogadi princi pebis safuZvlze, ag-
reTve samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebisa da zneobis
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad (samarTlis analogia).~
„samarTlis Semfardebeli kanonmdeblobaSi arse-
bul xarvezs avsebs ara TviTneburad, aramed gansazRv-
ruli meToduri moTxovnebis dacviT. samarTlis Semfar-
debelma, pirvel rigSi, unda daadginos sakanonmdeblo
xarvezis arsebobis faqti. xarvezi saxezea maSin, rode-
sac ar gvaqvs norma, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia
konkretuli SemTxvevis gadawyveta. samarTlis analo-
gia ar daiSveba, Tu arsebobs normis uSualo, pirdapiri
Sefardebis SesaZlebloba106. „analogia daiSveba mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli sakiTxi ver wydeba samar-
Tlis normis ganmartebis gziT. samarTlis Sefardebis
procesSi upiratesoba unda mieniWos normis ganmarte-
bas. samarTlis Semfardebelma analogias unda mimar-
Tos mxolod maSin, rodesac normis ganmartebis safuZ-
velze ver xerxdeba sakiTxis iuridiuli gadawyveta~107.
`samarTlis normis analogiurad gamoyeneba gu-
lisxmobs am normis ganzogadebas (Sdr. $ 12 I g), rome-
lic xdeba SefasebiT: normis SinaarsiT dgindeba, rom
gansxvaveba kanoniT mowesrigebul da mouwesrigebel
(qmedebis Semadgenlobis specifikur sakanonmdeblo),
SemTxvevebs Soris imdenad mniSvnelovani ar aris, ro-
melic gaamarTlebda maT gansxvavebulad gadawyvetas.
��. xubua, g., samarTlis Teoria, 2004, 170.
��.dasax. naSr; 171.
83
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, samarTlis normis saerTo, zoga-
di niSnebi sakmarisi unda iyos samarTlebrivi Sedegis
gamoyenebis dasasabuTeblad. amiT dasturdeba is, rom
samarTlis normis analogiiT Sefardeba Tanasworobis
princi pis gamoyenebis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa~108.
analogia gansakuTrebul argumentirebas moiTxovs.
analogiuri normebis gamoyenebisas samarTalSemfarde-
beli TviTneburad ver imoqmedebs. analogiuri normis
gamoyenebisas samarTlis normis Semfardebeli kanoniT
regulirebul urTierTobas da urTierTobas, romelic
araa kanoniT regulirebuli, erTmaneTs adarebs da gan-
sazRvravs savaraudod kanonmdebeli rogor Seafardeb-
da iuridiulad mowesrigebul urTierTobas. „am SemTx-
vevaSi Sedarebis masStabis rols asrulebs samarTlis
„Sinagani sistema”, samarTlebrivi normebis sistema da
ara samarTlis Semfardeblis individualuri Sefasebe-
bis sistema~109.
analogiis gamoyenebisas rodi xdeba axali nor-
mis dadgena, anu samarTlis normis Semfardebeli axal
normas ki ar adgens, aramed cdilobs kanonSi moi povos
kanonmdeblis „ramdenadme „dafaruli”, bundovnad for-
mulirebuli Sefaseba”.
rac Seexeba specialuri urTierTobebis momwes-
rigebel normebs (sagamonakliso normebs), isini ar
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen analogiiT (ssk m. 5, n.3).
magaliTad, dauSvebelia sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT
gadasaxadebis daweseba da gazrda analogiiT, rameTu
sagadasaxado samarTalic kanonmdeblis nebis gamov-
linebaa.
specialuri kanoni specialur urTierTobis mom-
wesrigebeli kanonia, romelic yvelaze srulyofilad
asaxavs am urTierTobaTa bunebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi
izrdeba specialuri mowesrigebis funqcia. dazRvevis,
gadazidva-gadayvanis institutebs ver naxavT mTeli
��.ci peliusi, rainhold, dasax. naSr; 85.
��. iqve.
84
rigi qveynebis, maT Soris_germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi
maSin, roca am urTierTobebs CvenSi samoqalaqo kodeqsi
awesrigebs. amis miuxedavad, sadazRvevo urTierTobebi-
saTvis mainc rCeba specialuri mowesrigebis sfero, rac
calke kanonebiT ganisazRvreba. `specialuri kanonis
Sefaseba mainc samoqalaqo samarTlis SigniT xdeba da
imdenadaa dasaSvebi gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba, ramdena-
dac amas iTmens samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli
princi pebi. aravis ara aqvs ufleba specialuri kanonis
mixedviT safrTxe Seuqmnas ama Tu im dargis arsebobas.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom, roca ixile-
boda „sacxovrebeli sadgomiT sargeblobisas warmoSo-
bili urTierTobebis Sesaxeb” kanonis konstituciuro-
bis sakiTxi, Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom „spe-
cialuri samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba ar unda moaswaveb-
des samarTlis Sesabamisi dargis sferodan gasvlas da
ZiriTadi princi pebis ignorirebas~110.
specialuri kanonebi sagamonakliso normebis sax-
elwodebiT moixsenieba. aseve, gamonaklisebi ki xSirad
maSinaa mosaTmeni, roca amiT ZiriTad princi ps safrTxe
ar eqmneba da misi Sinaarsi ar ziandeba.
zogadi da specialuri normebis koliziis mag-
aliTebi sakmarisia samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. ase, magaliTad,
piris qmedunarianoba, zogadi normis mixedviT iwyeba 18
wlis asakidan, magram kodeqsis 65-e muxlis mixedviT
samewarmeo urTierTobebSi dasaSvebia 16 wlis piris
qmedunarianad emansi pacia. aq swored specialur urT-
ierTobebTan gvaqvs saqme.
specialuri normebi individualuri niSniT xasiaT-
deba da bunebrivia analogiiT ar gamoiyeneba, gansxvave-
biT zogadi normebisagan, romlebic gvarovnuli niSniT
xasiaTdebian da maTi analogiiT gamoyeneba daSvebulia.
��.ix. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 7 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #1/103,

117, 137, 148, 152). wyaro: zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi,
2005, 192.
85
8. samosamarTlo samarTali da
samoqalaqo samarTali
$ 8.1. samosamarTlo samarTali da

samoqalaqo samarTali
Tanamedrove etapze sasamarTlo praqtikaSi e.w.

samosamarTlo samarTlis institutia danergili. misi
gavlena da daniSnuleba Zalzed mniSvnelovania. samosa-
marTlo samarTals sasamarTloebi koordinirebuli
urTierTobebiT SeimuSaveben. mas SegviZlia praqtikuli
samarTali vuwodoT, rac imaze migviTiTebs, rom cxovre-
baSi tardeba ara is samarTali, rac calkeul kanoneb-
Sia Cawerili, aramed sasamarTloebis mier dadgenili
wesebi am kanonebis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebisaTvis.
reformirebis gzaze mdgari saxelmwifoebisaTvis
samosamarTlis funqcia gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri da
mniSvnelovania, rameTu novaciebi TavisTavad moiTxoven
samarTlebriv bazas, xolo kanonmdeblobaSi xSiri cv-
lilebebi ar gamoricxaven maT Soris winaaRmdegobis
safrTxesac da aq ki aqtiurad ereva samosamarTlo sa-
marTali.
Tanamedrove samosamarTlo samarTali samarT-
lianobis princi pebzea dafuZnebuli, misi amocanaa ka-
nonSi `Tavisuflad datovebuli adgilebis~ Sevseba im
mxaris sasargeblod, romelsac sasamarTlo usamarT-
lod daCagrulad miiCnevs, e.i. kanonSi arsebuli zogadi
ganmartebebi SeiZleba dakonkretdes amave kanonis sa-
marTlianobis aRdgenis gamoyenebisaTvis.
`samosamarTlo samarTali amavdroulad Teoriuli,
doqtrinaluri ganmartebis donidan sakanonmdeblo sa-
86
valdebulo donemde ganviTarda. umaRlesi sasamarTlo
ar miiRebs saCivars, Tu qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetileba ar ewinaaRmdegeba sasamarTlo praqtikas (sa-
mosamarTlo samarTals). am SemTxvevaSi saCivari dasaS-
vebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mocemuli konkretuli
saqmis ganxilvisas SesaZlebelia iseTi samarTlebrivi
daskvnebis gakeTeba, rac kidev ufro Seuwyobs xels sa-
marTlis (samosamarTlo samarTlis) ganviTarebas. ro-
gorc vxedavT samosamarTlo samarTali warmoadgens
gvirgvins iurispudenciisa da mis sazriss~111.
rogorc samosamarTlo praqtika da samarTlebrivi
doqtrina adasturebs, SeuZlebelia uxarvezo kanonis
miReba. yvelasTvis misaRebi, srulyofili, erTxel da
samudamod dadgenili kanonis normebis miReba SeuZle-
belia. amitomacaa, rom xSirad aqvs adgili sakanonmde-
blo organoSi kanonSi cvlilebebis Setanas an garkveu-
li muxlebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebas da sxv. am
mxriv SedarebiT stabilurad gamoiyureba samoqalaqo
kodeqsi, misi debulebebi saukuneebiT ganmtkicebulia
kerZo samarTlebrivi princi pebiT, magram isic ganicdis
cvlilebebs. aseve WeSmaritebaa, rom SeuZlebelia vTq-
vaT, rom dRes miRebulma kanonebma zustad gaTvalos
samomavlo urTierTobebic, romelTa daregulirebac,
misi sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetac aucilebeli xdeba.
im faqtis moSvelieba, rom „ar aris kanonis Sesabamisi
norma da arc misi gadawyvetis normebis arsebobs,” _ ve-
raferi pasuxi iqneboda pirebisaTvis, romlebic samarT-
lebrivad moiTxoven konkretuli sadavo sakiTxebis sa-
samarTlos mier Sefasebis micemas. „saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi iseve, rogorc franguli samoqalaqo
kodeqsi, mosamarTles amis uflebas ar aZlevs. amgvari
��. dawvr. ix. riJamaze, r., samosamarTlo samarTali, saiti: http://rezorija-rezorija.
blogspot.com
87
ram rom Tavidan aviciloT, mosamarTles unda mivani-
WoT ufleba kanoni gamoiyenos yvela SemTxvevisaTvis,
rogorc franguli kodeqsi pirdapir avaldebulebs
mosamarTles (ssk muxli me-4). ase Seiqmna Sesabamisi qa-
rTuli normac.
Tu kanonis interpretacia scildeba gramatiku-
li interpretaciis farglebs da gadadis logikuri
interpretaciis sferoSi, maSin praqtikulad xSirad
saqme gvaqvs axali normis SeqmnasTan. realurad es
aris samarTalSemoqmedeba. konkretuli SemTxvevebis
gadawyvetis dros kanonis safuZvelze misi calkeuli
normebis komentirebis Sedegad mosamarTlis mier qcevis
axali wesebis Camoyalibebas samosamarTlo samarTal-
Semoqmedeba ewodeba. xolo am gziT miRebul samarTlis
normaTa erTobliobas _ samosamarTlo samarTali~112.
mosamarTle samarTlis analogiis gamoyenebisas urT-
ierTobebs awesrigebs samarTlis zogadi princi pebis
safuZvelze, aseve samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebis,
zneobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. igi moqmedebs Sina-
gani rwmenis safuZvelzec. SeiZleba magaliTisaTvis
moviyvanoT amonaridebi saojaxo samarTlis normebi-
dan (m. 1128), romlebic gadawyvetilebis miRebas exeba
Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgilisa da maTi rCenis Ses-
axeb. am muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom (n.1.) „roca meuRleebi
ar arian SeTanxmebuli ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb Svilebis
sacxovrebeli adgilsa da maT sarCenad gadasaxdel
saxsrebze, sasamarTlo movalea ganqorwinebasTan erTad
gansazRvros isic, Tu romelic Svili romel mSobelTan
darCeba da romel mSobels ra odenobiT unda gadaxdes
sarCo (alimenti)”. Tu visTan unda darCnen arasruw-
lovani Svilebi mSobelTa ganqorwinebisas, amas adgens
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, 107;
Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 65-66.
88
sasamarTlo zustad samarTlis analogiis safuZvelze.
mas konkretulad, mkafiod gawerili normebi ar aqvs
mocemuli samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. aq, mosamarTlem unda
gamoiCinos keTilsindisiereba, zneobis moTxovnebis
safuZvelze unda gadawyvitos Tu romel mSobelTan
ukeTesi iqneboda Svilis datoveba. aq gasaTvaliswine-
belia ara marto materialuri faqtorebi (vTqvaT erTi
meuRle mdidaria, magram eweva amoralur cxovrebas da
masTan Svilebis datoveba uaryofiTad imoqmedeba aras-
rulwlovanis aRzrdaze), aramed mSoblis zneobrivi
saxe, sayofacxovrebo pirobebi da sxva aucilebeli faq-
torebi, romlebic arasrulwlovanis saukeTeso aRzr-
dis pirobaTa kompleqss Seadgens. rac Seexeba aliments,
- mSobelTa gadasaxdeli alimentis odenobaze SeuTanx-
meblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom igi unda gansaz-
Rvros gonivruli, samarTliani Sedarebis safuZvelze
Svilebis normaluri rCena-aRzrdisaTvis aucilebel
moTxovnaTa farglebSi. Aalimentis odenobis gansaz-
Rvrisas mxedvelobaSi miReba rogorc mSoblis, ise Svi-
lis (Svilebis) realuri materialuri mdgomareoba.
sasamarTlo praqtikam agreTve gaiTvaliswina Sem-
Txvevebi, roca pirebi grZelvadian xelSekrulebebs de-
ben, gansazRvraven mis pirobebs, gansakuTrebiT fasze
SeTanxmdebian da sabazro ekonomikis arastabiluro-
bis princi pidan gamomdinare, icvleba mxareebisagan da-
moukideblad es pirobebi, magaliTad gaizarda nardobi-
sas xarjTaRricxva. ra gaakeTos am SemTxvevaSi brunvis
keTilsindisierma minawilem, samuSaos Semsrulebelma,
mas xom ar SeeZlo gaeTvala zustad xarjebi? swored es
gaiTvaliswina dasavleTis sasamarTlo praqtikam da ga-
naviTara samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi norma, sadac sau-
baria xelSekrulebis pirobebis misadagebaze Secvlili
89
pirobebisadmi, Tu ar moxdeba aseTi misadageba, xelSek-
rulebis moSla SeuZliaT mis damdeb mxareebs germaniis
samoqalaqo kodeqsi, qvekari 3 iTvaliswinebs xelSek-
rulebebis misadagebas da dasrulebas~. msgavsi insti-
tuti Sevida saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSic (m, 398),
kerZod, Tu is garemoebebi, romlebic xelSekrulebis
dadebis safuZveli gaxda, xelSekrulebis dadebis Sem-
deg aSkarad Seicvala da mxareebi ar dadebdnen am
xelSekrulebas an dadebdnen sxva SinaarsiT, es cvlile-
bebi rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin SeiZleba moTxovni-
li iqnes xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoe-
bebisadmi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calkeul garemoebaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSekrulebis mxares ar SeiZleba
moeTxovos Seucvleli xelSekrulebis mkacrad dacva~.
SevniSnavT, rom xelSekrulebis safuZvlis cvlilebebis
samarTlebrivi Sedegi xelSekrulebis Secvlili gare-
moebebisadmi misadagebis moTxovniT gamoxateba da ara
kanonis Zalis misadagebiT. Tu ar moxda mxareTa SeTanx-
meba Secvlili pirobebis misadagebaze xelSekrulebis
pirobebTan, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT gavidnen xelSek-
rulebidan `miRebuli Sesrulebisa da sargeblis~ ukan
dabrunebis samarTlebrivi SedegiT. Seusruleblis
Sesruleba xom aravis moeTxoveba. aseve sasamarTlo
praqtikam ganaviTara mosazreba (normaTa mTeli jgufi)
romliTac xelSekrulebis dadebaze xelSeSlisaTvis
braleul mxares daakisra pasuxismgebloba da ganavi-
Tara kidec es azri sssk m. 317-e muxlis me-2 da me-3
nawilebiT, kerZod, `..valdebuleba SeiZleba xelSek-
rulebis momzadebis safuZvelzec warmoiSvas~ (e. w. cul-
pa in contrahendo), an kidev, `molaparakebis monawiles
SeuZlia meore monawiles mosTxovos im xarjebis anaz-
Raureba, romlebic man gaswia xelSekrulebis dasadebad,
90
magram es xelSekruleba meore monawilis braleuli
moqmedebis Sedegad ar dadebula~.
samosamarTlo samarTali, rogorc samarTlis da-
moukidebeli wyaro araerT qveyanaSi warmatebulad as-
rulebs Tavis daniSnulebas. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
igi warmoadgens ama Tu im pozitiurad reglamentire-
buli samarTlis normaSi arsebuli aSkara xarvezis an
uzustobis Sevsebis idealur SesaZleblobas – gansax-
ilvel saqmeze obieqturi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
cnobilia, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi samosamarTlo samar-
Tlis savaldebuloobaze dRemde mimdinareobs dava sx-
vadasxva akademiur wreSi. zogierTi gamoCenili samarT-
lis Teoretikosi samosamarTlo samarTals samarTlis
wyarod arc ki aRiarebs; zogierTi ki samosamarTlo
samarTlis wyarod SesaZlo aRiarebas qarTuli samarT-
lis mniSvnelovan ganviTarebas ukavSirebs. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom evropis ada-
mianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos saqmianoba efuZneba samo-
samarTlo samarTals.
avRniSnavT, rom ìnglisur-amerikul qveynebSi samar-
Tlis wyaros warmoadgens samosamarTlo samarTali, e.
i. precedentuli samarTali. samarTlis gadawyvetileba
mxolod maSin iTvleba precendentad, rodesac konkre-
tuli SemTxvevis gamo miRebuli gadawyvetileba safuZ-
vlad udevs momavalSi analogiuri SemTxvevis gadawyve-
tas. am precedentebs aqvT mboWavi Zala – zemdgom
preiudiciebs113 upiratesoba eniWebaT qvemdgomi preiu-
��. preiudicia - viTreba, rodesac faqtobrivi garemoebebi ar saWiroeben
mtkicebas. preiudiciuli Zalis mqonea sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtebi (mag.
mze aRmosavleTidan amodis), aseve is faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia sasamarTlos
mier sxva saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT. wyaro: ZiriTad iuridiul terminTa
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris
biuro. 2010 wlis ivnisis mdgomareobiT. avtorebi uCa Todua, Tamuna ergemliZe,
TaTia qvriviSvili, leqso merebaSvili.saiti http://www. tbappeal.court.ge/upload/sr_187.pdf
91
diciebis mimarT (iudicium superius derogad iudicio infe-
riori). isini daculni unda iyvnen imisdamiuxedavad, es
gadawyvetilebebi sworad miaCnia Tu ara qvemdgom sa-
samarTlos. am gadawyvetilebebSi mocemuli wesebi ma-
namdea mboWavi, vidre isini ar gauqmdeba. gauqmeba ki Sei-
Zleba zemdgomi sasamarTlos axali gadawyvetilebiT
an kanoniT. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaTavisufldes adre
miRebuli gadawyvetilebisagan, rodesac adgens axal
samosamarTlo samarTals. preiudiciisagan gaTavisu-
flebis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgens e.w. distinguishing,
rodesac gadaxveva dasabuTebulia erTeuli SemTxvevis
gansakuTrebulobiT~114.
8. 2. samoqalaqo normis interpretacia´
`kanonis interpretacia niSnavs kanonis sityvaTa

mniSvnelobiT gagebas, maSasadame im faqtobrivi, Rireb-
ulebiTi da jerarsuli warmodgenebis dadgenas, rasac
kanonis sityvebi gamoxataven.... savinis interpretaciis
`klasikuri~ Teoriis mixedviT interpretaciis amocanaa
interpretatorma `Tavi kanonmdeblis adgilze warmoid-
ginos da misi saqmianoba xelovnurad gaimeoros~115.
samarTlis normaTa axsna-ganmartebis xerxebSi im
saSualebebis, procedurebisa da teqnologiebis erTo-
blioba moisazreba, romelTa daxmarebiTac dgindeba
normis Sinaarsi da daniSnuleba. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, `samarTlis normis axsna-ganmarteba niSnavs imis
dadgenas, Tu ra azri Cado masSi samarTlis normis
damdgenma subieqtma. nebismieri samarTlis norma msj-
��.http://ka.wikipedia.org
��.ci peliusi rainhold, dasax. naSr; 52.
92
elobaa, nebismieri msjeloba ki moiTxovs masSi nagu-
lisxmevi azris gaSifvras, ganmartebas, interpretacias.
am msjelobas ramdenime aspeqti aqvs, amitom saWiroa
TiToeulis gamovlena, rom sabolood gavigoT da da-
vadginoT is azri, rac Cadebulia samarTlis normaSi~116.
samoqalaqo samarTlis normaTa axsna-ganmartebaSi
ki moiazreba im saSualebebis, procedurebis, xerxebis,
saSualebebis, aseve procedurebis da teqnologiebis
gamoyeneba, romlis saSualebiTac samoqalaqo normis
Sinaarsi da daniSnuleba moiazreba.
Cven dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT samarTlis nor-
mis interpretaciis xerxebsa da saSualebebze, rameTu
samarTlis meTodebis swavlebisas studentebi mas
ufro Rrmad gaecnobian. aRvniSnavT, rom samarTlis
normis yvelaze gavrcelebuli SesaZleblobaa, roca
mosamarTle masze kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli uflebiT
ganaviTarebs samarTals, e.i. avsebs kanons, magram `mar-
Tlmsajuleba ar unda gascdes im sazRvrebs, romlebic
kanonis miznidan da mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare
ar aris dadgenili, magram arsebobs TviT kanonmdeb-
lis mier Riad datovebuli sivrce normis Sinaarsis
dakonkretebisa da misi legitimuri cvlilebebisaTvis.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi Tavis Tavze aiRebda im fun-
qcias, romelic... kanonmdebels ekuTvnis~117. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 262-e mux-
lis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, `gadawyvetilebis gamomtan
sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs mxareTa an aRmasruleblis
gancxadebiT gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis mizniT ganmar-
tos gadawyvetileba sarezolucio nawilis Seucvle-
lad mxolod im SeTxvevaSi, Tu gadawyvetilebis sarezo-
lucio nawilis Sinaarsi bundovania. Ggancxadebis Seta-
��. savaneli, b., dasax. naSr; 166.
��
. ci peliusi, rainhold, dasax. naSr; 63.
93
na gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb dasaSvebia, Tu
gadawyvetileba jer ar aris aRsrulebuli da Tu ar
aris gasuli vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic gadawyvetile-
ba SeiZleba aRsruldes. sasamarTlo uflebamosilia
gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis sakiTxi gadawyvitos zepi-
ri mosmenis gareSe. sxdomis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi mxa-
reebs egzavnebaT Setyobineba, magram maTi gamoucxade-
bloba ver daabrkolebs gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis
sakiTxis ganxilvas~. `kanonTa interpretaciisas erTer-
Ti aqtualuri sakiTxia, ganmartebis dros kanonmdeblis
neba unda dadgindes Tu kanons aqvs `Tavisi sakuTari
cxovreba~ da is unda iqnes sazomad miCneuli118~. kanonis
azris Secnoba yovelTvis advili saqme rodia, rameTu
xSir SemTxvevebSi pirebi TavianTi azris gadmosacemad
iseT sityvebs, gamoTqmebs iyeneben, rom gaugebari xdeba
meore mxarisaTvis (aqceptantisaTvis). magaliTad, bal-
axis safariT dafaruli moednis `gadasvla~ akrZalu-
lia-warwera. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am termins viwro mniS-
vnelobiT ganvmartavT, maSin gamodis ra? mxolod fexiT
mosiaruleebs vukrZalavT balaxiT dafarul mindorze
gadasvlas? gamodis, rom masze satransporto saSuale-
biT gadasvla daSvebulia. es ki saerTod daazianebs min-
dors balaxis safariT. amitom zemoT aRniSnul gamoTq-
mas farTo ganmarteba unda mivceT da vigulisxmoT ara
fexiT gadasvla mindorze, aramed yvelanairi transpor-
tiT gadasvlac, radgan es safaris gafuWebas gamoiwvevs.
àRniSnuli magaliTidan Cans, rom kanonis ganmartebisas,
ara mxolod kanonmdeblis sityvebis pirdapiri mniSvn-
elobidan unda amovideT, aramed aseve gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia salaparako enis niuansebi da Tavad kanonis mizani
(Tu ra mizans emsaxureba igi). yuradReba unda gamax-
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 109.
94
vildes aseve aRniSnuli normis istoriul-sistemur
damokidebulebaze realobasTan~119.
samoqalaqo samarTlis normaTa Sinaarsis garkveva
gramatikuli (mas filologiursac uwodeben) ganmarte-
biT iwyeba. sasamarTlos mier gramatikuli ganmartebi-
sas normis Sinaarsis axsna sityviTi mniSvnelobisa da
gramatikuli wesebis mixedviT xdeba. am xerxis meSveo-
biT dgindeba normis Sinaarsis mTeli moculoba da
aRmoifxvreba masSi arsebuli gaugebrobani. am xerxis
saSualebiT sityvaTa mniSvneloba irkveva ara erTmane-
Tisagan izolirebulad, aramed teqstTan kavSirSi. igi
arkvevs mTlianad winadadebebis mniSvnelobas. grama-
tikuli ganmarteba aseve iTvaliswinebs sityvaTa So-
ris logikur kavSirs, mTlianad winadadebebis logikur
struqturas.
ìnterpretaciis `logikur~ elementebs savini xaz-
gasmiT aRniSnavda. is amiT logikur kavSirebs gulisx-
mobda, romlebic samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT nawilebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. aseTs warmoadgens magaliTad
sintaqsuri kavSiri, e.i. samarTlis normis calkeuli si-
tyvebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, magram aseve is logi-
kuri kavSirebi, romlis meSveobiTac samarTlis norma
calkeuli sityvebis urTierTdamokidebulebaa, magram
aseve, is logikuri kavSirebi, romlis meSveobiTac samar-
Tlis norma, sakanonmdeblo definiciebiTa da sxva gan-
mvrcobi gansazRvrebebiT, qmedebis erTian Semadgenlo-
bas qmnis, romelic safuZvlad udevs kazusis amoxsnas~120.
ganmartebis sistematikuri xerxis arseboba gan-
pirobebulia samarTlis sistemurobiT da sxva normebT-
an Sedarebis gziT konkretuli normis azris gagebaSi
wvdomiT. es iseTi xerxia ganmartebisa, rodesac samarT-
��. mariamiZe, g., dasax. naSr; 31.
��.ci peliusi, rainhold, dasax. naSr; 53.
95
lis normis Sinaarsis garkveva warmoebs misi adgilis
mixedviT mTel sistemaSi da SepirispirebiT im normebT-
an, romlebic msgavs urTierTobebs aregulireben. kerZo
samarTlis dargebis calkeuli normebis erTmaneTTan
Sepirispirebis, Sedarebis Sedegad TiToeul maTganis
zusti Sinaarsi ufro naTeli xdeba. magaliTad, ssk 24-e
muxli iuridiuli pirebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb exeba
rogorc komerciul, ise arakomerciul (arasamewarmeo)
iuridiul pirebs.
samoqalaqo normebis istoriul-politikuri
ganmarteba gvexmareba normis Sinaarsis garkvevaSi im
istoriuli viTarebis, qveynis ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri mdgomareobis Seswavlis Sedegad, romelSic norma
iqna SemoRebuli. istoriul-politikuri ganmarteba sa-
Sualebas iZleva gamovlenil iqnes iseTi normebi, rom-
lebic formalurad ar arian gauqmebulni an vadaga-
suli, magram faqtiurad Zala dakarguli aqvT da maTi
gamoyeneba da Sefardeba konkretuli kazusis mimarT
SeuZlebelia, rameTu arsebiTadaa Secvlili istoriul-
politikuri viTareba. aq, am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba eni-
Weba aseve kanonis warmoSobis istorias. saubaria aseve
im kanonproeqtebze, oqmebze da sxva, romelic win us-
wrebda kanonis miRebas da, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is
cvlilebebi da damatebebi, romlebic droTa ganmavloba-
Si Sevida kanonSi. magaliTisTvis: kanonis `normatiuli
aqtis Sesaxeb me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, kanonproeqts unda
daerTos ganmartebiTi baraTi, romelSic aisaxeba: zog-
adi informacia kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb. masSi aRiniSne-
ba: kanonproeqtis miRebis mizezi; kanonproeqtis mizani;
kanonproeqtis ZiriTadi arsi; kanonproeqtis finansuri
dasabuTeba da sxva.
Teleologiuri ganmartebisas kanonisa, unda
96
gairkves kanonis ganmartebisas garkveul kanons farTo
mniSvneloba unda mieces Tu viwro gagebiTac SeiZleba
misi ganmarteba.
`samwuxaroa, rom saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli
araswori praqtikiT xSirad xdeba sk 992-e da 999-e mux-
lebis erTmaneTSi areva, rac wminda samarTlebrivi
TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia da gamousworebel Sedegebs
iwvevs. mag; tvirTebis gadamzidavi Turquli kompania
èkmekis~ kuTvnili erT-erTi satvirTo avtomobili, imis
gamo, rom mZRoli alkoholis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofe-
boda, rikoTis uReltexilze saqarTvelos prokuratu-
ris kuTvnili erT-erTi ji pis ti pis avtomobils dae-
jaxa, ris Sedegadac aRniSnuli ji pis ti pis avtomo-
bili Zlier dazianda, xolo masSi mjdarma prokuratu-
ris orma TanamSromelma ki sxeulis mZime dazianebebi
miiRo. satvirTo avtomobilis mZRolis mimarT sisxlis
samarTlebrivi devna daiwyo da Tavisufleba aRukveTes,
xolo miyenebuli zianis (dazianebuli avtomobili, da-
zianebuli mgzavrebi) anazRaurebis valdebuleba ki
sasamarTlom kompania èkmeks~, rogorc satvirTo av-
tomobilis mflobels (mesakuTres) daakisra sk 999-e
muxlis safuZvelze (realuri SemTxveva). aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba ukanonoa da dausabuTebelia, radganac
aq saqme satvirTo avtomobilis mZRolis individualur
bralTan gvaqvs da zianis anazRaurebac mxolod mas
unda daekisros sk 992-e muxlis safuZvelze. zemoaRniS-
nuli situacia sk 999 muxlis dasacav mizans aranairad
ar warmoadgens~121.
aqve oriod sityviT ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT samo-
qalaqo normebis regulirebul urTierTobaTa moculo-
bis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT sityva-sityviT, SezRudviT
��. mariamiZe, g., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I gamocema, 2011, 37.
97
da ganvrcobiT ganmartebebs.
samoqalaqo samarTlis normebis sityva-sityviTi
ganmarteba (anu adeqvaturi ganmarteba) samarTlis nor-
mis sityvieri gamoxatvis srul Sesabamisobas gulisx-
mobs mis namdvil azrTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdeb-
lis neba da am nebis gamoxatulebis forma urTierTSe-
sabamisia.
saerTod, samarTlis normis analizis dros zogjer
saWiroa xolme sxvadasxva ganmartebiTi leqsikonis
gamoyeneba. sakanonmdeblo aqtis enobrivi ganmartebis
dros mniSvneloba eniWeba masSi gamoyenebul damakav-
Sirebel sityvebs, magaliTad, `da~, àn, an~, `Tu~, `maSin~ da
sxva.
SezRudviTi ganmartebis dros samoqalaqo samarT-
lis norma ufro viwrod ganimarteba gansxvavebiT misi
teqstobrivi gamoxatulebisa. am SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo
normis teqstis sityva-sityviTi mniSvneloba ufro far-
Toa da movlenaTa ufro farTo wres gulisxmobs, vidre
es kanonmdebels surs. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
1229-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `piri, romelic imyofeba mudmiv
aRsazrdelad da sarCenad, movalea misces sarCo Tavis
faqtobriv aRmzrdels, Tu igi Sromisuunaroa, saWiroe-
bs daxmarebas, magram misi miReba ar SeuZlia Tavisi
Svilebisagan an meuRlisagan~. bunebrivia, aq `marCenal-
Si~ unda vigulisxmod is piri, romelic TviTon iqne-
ba Sromisunariani da eqneba sakmao materialuri sax-
srebi faqtobrivi aRmzrdelis Sesanaxad. ganvrcobiTi
ganmarteba samoqalaqo samarTlis normisa niSnavs, rom
normis Sinaarsi ufro farTod ganixileba, vidre misi
teqstobrivi gamoxatulebaa. aseTi samoqalaqo-samarT-
lebrivi normebis teqstis sityva-sityviTi mniSvneloba
ufro viwroa, vidre masSi kanonmdeblis mier Caqsovi-
98
li azri, e.i. normis teqsti srulyofilad, mTlianad
ar gamoxatavs kanonmdeblis nebas da swored normis
Sefardebis procesSi Semfardeblis mier saWiroebs gan-
vrcobiT ganmartebas. ganvrcobiT ganmartebas xSirad
Tan sdevs gamoTqmebi `da a.S.~, `da sxva~, `Tu sxva ram ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli~ da sxv. magaliTad, samoqalaqo
kodeqsis m. 395, n.1. `movales pasuxismgebloba daekis-
reba mxolod ganzrax an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT
miyenebuli zianisaTvis, Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTval-
iswinebuli da valdebulebis arsidan sxva ram ar gamom-
dinareobs~. individualur SemTxvevaSi gamoTqma `Tu
sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli da valdebulebis
arsidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs~ - forsmaJoruli
situaciebis varaudi SeiZleba, romelic calkeul Sem-
TxvevaSi uSvebs braleuli pasuxismgeblobisagan gam-
onaklis SemTxvevebs (garda sahaero kodeqsisa, sadac
forsmaJoruli situacia ar uxsnis kompetentur pirT
pasuxismgeblobas am dargis specifikidan gamomdinare).
magaliTad, sk 408-e m., n. 4 `sarCos nacvlad dazara-
lebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos kompensacia, Tu arsebobs
`saamiso mniSvnelovani safuZveli~. ra `saamisod mniS-
vnelovani safuZveli~ unda arsebobdes kompensaciis
miRebaze? es aRniSnuli samoqalaqo normis konkretuli,
zusti ganmartebis Sedegad unda daadginos samarTal-
Semfardebelma.
logikuri axsna-ganmartebis dros xdeba samarT-
lis (samoqalaqo samarTlis) normis teqstis logikuri
daSla. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 465-e muxlis
SemTxvevaSi, `kreditors SeuZlia Tavisi survilisamebr
Sesruleba mosTxovos nebismier movales, rogorc mTli-
anad, aseve nawilobriv. valdebulebis mTlianad Ses-
rulebamde danarCeni movaleebis valdebuleba ZalaSi
99
rCeba~. aRniSnuli norma logikurad SeiZleba daiSa-
los ramdenime normad, logikur nawilad.
SefardebiTi axsna-ganmarteba. zog SemTxvevaSi
normatiuli aqtis teqstSi zogadi cnebebi ise gamoiy-
eneba, rom maTi konkretuli Sinaarsi ar zustdeba da
am konkretuli Sinaarsis Sefasebas, anu cnebebis axs-
na-ganmartebas axdens samarTalSemfardebeli. faqtia,
rom samoqalaqo samarTlis normaSi arc Tu iSviaTad
gvxvdeba aseTi gamonaTqvamebi: mniSvnelovani ziani, an
kidev vTqvaT sagadasaxado samarTalSi gansakuTrebiT
didi odenoba (es gamonaTqvamebi gvxvdeba agreTve sisx-
lis samarTlSic da sxv.). am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia gairkves TiToeuli cnebis an terminis
Sinaarsi, e. i. Tu ra azri Caaqsova am terminebSi kanon-
mdebelma. amitom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi samarTal-
Semfardebeli uflebamosilia individualurad ganmar-
tos TiToeuli cneba da termini saqmis faqtobrivi
garemoebebidan gamomdinare. SeiZleba aseTi magaliTis
moyvana: zianis miyenebisas dazaralebulis mier kompen-
saciis moTxovnisas mosamarTlem unda gamoarkvios Tu
ra xarisxiT mieyena pirs ziani, Tu `mometebulia ziani~,
anu mniSvnelovania, igi unda anazRaurdes, xolo Tu miy-
enebuli ziani umniSvneloa, e. w. zRvars qvemoTaa, maSin
SeiZleba ar dadges aseTi zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi.
ùmniSvnelo ziani ar anazRaurdeba~122. an kidev samar-
TalSemfardebelma èkonomikuri urTierTobebis swraf
komercializacias daupirispiros `susti~ mxaris samar-
Tlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebebi, maT Soris `Zl-
ieri~ mxaris mometebuli samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis
SemoRebis gziTac~123.
dabolos, samoqalaqo samarTlis normis konsti-
��. Todua, m., vilemsi, h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, 2006, 41.
��.Todua, m., vilemsi, h., dasax. naSr; 46.
100
tuciuri ganmartebis Sesaxeb. konstitucia qveynis uzen-
aesi kanonia. igi deklaraciul normebze dayrdnobiT
mkafiod da naTlad gansazRvravs samarTlis yvela dar-
gis da maT Soris cxadia samoqalaqo samarTlis fuZem-
deblur princi pebs, romliTac unda mowesrigdes `pirTa
Tanasworobaze damyarebuli kerZo xasiaTis qonebrivi,
saojaxo da piradi urTierTobebi~ (saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi, m.1). aq oriode sityviT ar SeiZleba
ar SevexoT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sakontrolo
funqcias, romelic kerZo samarTlis ganviTarebaSi um-
niSvnelovanes rols asrulebs. `bolo dros sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos praqtikaSi seriozuli Sefasebis
sagani gaxda normaluri da samarTliani samoqalaqo
brunvis sakiTxebi. msoflioSi miRebuli praqtikiT,
aucilebeli moxmarebis mTeli rigi sagnebis SeZena
emorCileba xelSekrulebis standartul pirobebs. aq ar
moqmedebs saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis aRiarebuli
wesi, vinaidan xelSekrulebis pirobebs erTi mxare e.w.
`SemTavazebeli~ gansazRvravs, meore mxares isRa dar-
Cenia, rom SeuerTdes aseT pirobebs. asea mosaxleobis
eleqtroenergiiT, gaziT momaragebisas. magram es sulac
ar niSnavs, rom SemTavazebeli ukontrolo subieqtia da
rogor pirobebic mas moundeba, imas SesTavazebs meore
mxares. yvela SeTavazebuli piroba unda iyos samar-
Tliani, Torem is baTilad CaiTvleba. sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos praqtikaSi es problema mTeli simwvaviT
dadga mosaxleobisTvis miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis
tarifis konstituciurobis Sefasebisas. 2002 wlis 30
dekembris sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
baSi xazi gaesva im garemoebas, rom samarTliani tari-
fi cocxali samoqalaqo brunvis aucilebeli pirobaa.
igi gulisxmobs momxmareblis umweo mdgomareobis ara
101
borotad gamoyenebas, aramed mis mdgomareobaSi Sesv-
las. kerZod, am gadawyvetilebaSi iTqva `...satarifo
politikam unda uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo brunvis yve-
la monawilis pativsadebi interesebis gaTvaliswineba.
samarTliani tarifis arseboba Sesabamisi sferos norm-
aluri da stabiluri samoqalaqo brunvis aucilebel
pirobas warmoadgens, vinaidan eleqtroenergiis samo-
qalaqo brunva gulisxmobs konkretul momxmarebels.
dauSvebelia dadgindes iseTi tarifebi, romlebic mas
am brunvidan mowyvets da mis miRma daayenebs. amdenad
brunvis monawileTa uflebebi ise unda ganisazRvros,
rom es brunva Sedges da misi stabiluroba orive mx-
aris interesebSi Sediodes. sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
bidan ki Cans, rom satarifo urTierToba isea gansaz-
Rvruli, rom momxmarebelma sakuTari valdebulebebi
icis mxolod... erTob mniSvnelovania, rom sasamarTlom
sagangebod miapyro yuradReba samarTliani samoqalaqo
brunvis CamoyalibebaSi saxelmwifos valdebulebebze ...
dauSvebelia, rom saxelmwifom xeli daibanos am valde-
bulebisagan. Tu ki aucilebelia samomxmareblo tari-
fiT gamowveuli tvirTis subsidireba, amas saxelmwifo
unda axdendes. ar SeiZleba saxelmwifo ar waeSvelos
moqalaqeebs, roca saqme exeba aucilebeli moTxovnile-
bebis sagnebiT maT dakmayofilebas...~124.
��. zoiZe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi,

2007, 16-17.
102
9. samoqalaqo samarTlis obieqti, subieqtebi,
mizani. samoqalaqo uflebaTa Tavisufleba
politikuri uflebebisagan
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-7 muxli kerZo samarT-

lebrivi urTierTobis obieqtad miiCnevs qonebrivi an
araqonebrivi Rirebulebis materialur da aramateri-
alur sikeTeebs, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
brunvidan ar aris amoRebuli. obieqtebis es definicia
unda ganvixiloT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 147-e muxlTan
kavSirSi, sadac ganmartebulia qonebis cneba. kerZod,
`qoneba aris yvela nivTi da aramaterialuri sikeTe,
romelTa flobac, sargebloba da gankargva SeuZliaT
fizikur da iuridiul pirebs da romelTa SeZenac Sei-
Zleba SeuzRudavad, Tu es akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT
an ar ewinaaRmdegeba zneobriv normebs~. SevniSnavT, rom
me-7 muxlSi qonebriv sikeTeebTan erTad saubaria ara-
materialur sikeTezec, romelic migvaCnia, rom kanon-
mdeblobaSi arasworadaa miCneuli samoqalaqo brunvis
obieqtad, rameTu isini brunvauunaro sikeTeebia, Tum-
caRa es rodi uSlis xels pirs daicvas vTqvaT pativi,
Rirseba, reputacia da sxva. gamomdinare aqedan sasurve-
lia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsSi yofiliyo formulireba
imis Sesaxeb, àramaterialuri sikeTeebi, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom brunvis obieqts ar warmoadgenen, pirebs gaaCniaT
misi dacvis Rirsi interesi~. obieqti samoqalaqo-samar-
Tlebriv reJims eqvemdebarebian. cxadia, rom es aseTi
reJimi dgindeba ara zogadad sikeTeebisaTvis, aramed im
sikeTeebisaTvis, romlebic adamianebTan aris dakavSire-
buli da maTi ganxorcieleba gansazRvravs sxvadasxva
iuridiul moqmedebs da masTan dakavSirebul samarT-
lebriv Sedegebsac. sagnebi, ra Tqma unda iTvleba
103
saqonlad ekonomikuri mniSvnelobiT, radgan mas ufro
farTo mniSvneloba da datvirTva gaaCnia, vidre nivTebs,
rameTu isini brunvis wesrigs emsaxurebian da maTze
nebismieri samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi Tu ekonomikuri
garigebis dadeba SeiZleba (magaliTad iyos eqsport-im-
portis, tranzitis, gadamuSavebis obieqti da sxv.). brun-
vis obieqts miekuTvneba aseve SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweo-
bis produqtebi (ideebi da gadawyvetilebebi), magaliTad,
teqnikuri mowyobilobebi, e.w. magnituri Canawerebi, an
diskebi, mxatvruli nimuSebi, gamoxatuli ferweraSi, nax-
atebi, mxatvruli nimuSebi da sxva. aseT nivTebze Seu-
Zlebelia pirdapiri gagebiT vilaparakoT, rogorc in-
teleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebis sakuTrebaze, ra-
meTu SeuZlebelia magaliTad kompiuteruli TamaSebis
diskis yidviT pirma SeiZinos misi avtoris (Semqmnelis)
saavtoro ufleba, igives vityodiT mxatvruli tilos
(Sedevris) yidvisas, myidveli bunebrivia ver SeiZens ti-
losTan erTad saavtoro uflebasac125.
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsSi arsebobda $90a,
romlis mixedviT `cxovelebi ar warmoadgenden nivTebs.
isini BGB-is mixedviT daculni iyvnen specialuri
kanonebiT. kodeqsi aRiarebda, rom maT mimarT gamoy-
enebuli unda iqnes nivTebis mimarT dadgenili normebi,
Tu sxva ram ar aris dadgenili~. dRes es paragrafi ger-
manuli samoqalaqo kodeqsidan amoRebulia. rac Seexeba
qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqss, igi samarTlebrivi regu-
lirebis miRma tovebs cxovelebs. mxolod 1003-e muxl-
Si Segvaxsenebs, rom `cxovelis mflobeli valdebulia
aanazRauros is ziani, romelic misma cxovelma sxvas
miayena. amasTan, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, cxoveli meTvaly-
125. Россииский гражданский кодекс, Учебник, том I, Ответственный редактор Е. А. Суханов,
Издание юридического факультета Московского Государственного Университета им. М.
Ломоносова (на русском языке), 2011, 299.
104
ureobis qveS imyofeboda, dakarguli iyo Tu gaqceuli.
zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar gamoiyeneba, roca
cxovelis mflobelma miiRo aucilebeli zomebi mesame
pirebis dasacavad~.
nivTebad iTvleba agreTve fuli da fasiani qaRal-
debi. araa aucilebeli nivTebi mkvrivi saxisa iyos, aseve
nivTebs SeiZleba miekuTvnos mkvrivi, aseve airovani da
Txevadi sagnebi, magaliTad, energoresursebi, romlebic
mopovebulia adamianis mier, navTobi, gazi, mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini moTavsebulia garkveul sivrco-
briv `WurWelSi~ (magaliTad gazi e. w. balonSi), benzini
avzSi da sxva.
sainteresoa ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mimarTe-
ba cxovelebTan mimarTebiT. unda SevniSnoT, rom german-
uli samoqalaqo kodeqsis msgavsad manac miuCina adgi-
li kodeqsSi maT statuss da miiCnia, rom rogorc nivTe-
bia samoqalaqo brunvis obieqtebi, aseve cxovelebic (m.
137, 1-li nawili), magram aseve aRniSna, rom cocxali
cxovelebi `sityvis mkacrad gansazRvruli azriT~ ar
unda miviCnioT `qonebad126.~
`nivTebi pirovnulobas moklebuli sagnebia.
nivTebis cnebaSi romis samarTali moaizrebs rogorc
sxeulebriv nivTebs (sagnebs) – res corporalis, aseve usx-
eulo nivTebsac – res incorporalis. sxeulebrivi nivTebi
ganmartebulia rogorc iseTi nivTebi, `romlebsac maTi
brunvis mixedviT SeiZleba Seexo, magaliTad, adamiani,
miwa, tansacmeli, Senoba, oqro da sxva uricxvi nivTebi127.
usxeulo nivTebi ganmartebulia rogorc iseTi nivTebi,
��
. Россииский гражданский кодекс, Учебник, том I, Ответственный редактор Е. А. Суханов,
Издание юридического факультета Московского Государственного Университета им. М.
Ломоносова (на русском языке), 2011, 303.
��. romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes instituciebi, Tbilisi, 2000, 2002; aseve
ix. Institutiones Iustiniani, L. II, T. II, miTiTebulia wyarodan: Институции Юстиниана, –
перевод Д Расснера Под ред Л. Л. Кофанова, `Зерцало~, Москва, 1998.
105
romlebTanac Sexeba SeuZlebelia da romlebic gamoix-
ateba uflebaSi: memkvidreobis ufleba, aRnagoba da
sxva. fizikuri azriT, adamianis sxeuli materias ki
miekuTvneba, magram nivTs ar warmoadgens, radganac igi
ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc samoqalaqo brunvis
obieqti.... arc adamianis gvami ar warmoadgens nivTs, vi-
dre igi ganasaxierebs pirovnebas. mas Semdeg, rac gvamis
anatomiis institutSi moTavsdeba da misi anonimizireba
moxdeba, amiT igi kargavs gardacvlilis pirovnebis sa-
mosels da nivTad iqceva~128.
SeiZleba Tu ara adamianis sxeulis nawilebis gas-
xviseba misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, rogorc es daSve-
bulia bevri sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobiT? qarTuli
kanonmdebloba msgavs precendents ar icnobs, mxolod
saqarTvelos kanoni àdamianis organoTa gadanergvis
Sesaxeb~ dasaSvebad miiCnevs piris gardacvalebis Sem-
deg misi organoebis transplantacias misi axloblebis
TanxmobiT, magram ara gayidvis mizniT. aRniSnuli kan-
onis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad, `qmedunarian pirs ufleba
aqvs nebayoflobiT ganacxados Tanxmoba an uari si-
cocxleSive an sikvdilis Semdeg misi organos aRebaze.
Tanxmoba an uari SeiZleba exebodes erT an met orga-
nos. gadawyvetileba formdeba werilobiT da mas adas-
turebs samkurnalo dawesebulebis xelmZRvaneli~.
janmrTelobis dacvis dawesebulebebi, samedicino
profesiul asociaciebTan erTad SemuSavebuli reko-
mendaciebis mixedviT, mosaxleobas ganumartaven orga-
nos gacemis, aRebis, misi sxva adamianisaTvis gadanergvis
SesaZleblobasa da mniSvnelobas.
romis samarTlis istorias Tu gadavxedavT, naT-
lad ikveTeba, rom romis samoqalaqo samarTlis wiaRSi
��. zoiZe, b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, 2003, 26-27.
106
TandaTan gamomuSavda nivTebis cneba. romael iuristebs
nivTis mimarT, Cvengan gansxvavebuli, Sexeduleba
gaaCndaT. iustianianes instituciebis (tituli II) mixed-
viT, `zogi nivTi sxeulebrivia, zogic – usxeulo. 1. sxe-
ulebriv nivTebs warmoadgenen is nivTebi, romlebsac Ta-
vianTi bunebrivi Tvisebebis gamo SeiZleba SevexoT, mag-
aliTad, miwa (miwis nakveTi), adamiani129, tansacmeli, oqro,
vercxli da, amis garda – sxva uamravi nivTebi; 2. usxe-
ulo nivTebs warmoadgenen is nivTebi, romelTa Sexeba
ar SeiZleba. aseT nivTebs miekuTvnebian is nivTebi, rom-
lebic uflebas warmoadgenen. magaliTad, memkvidreoba,
uzufruqti, valdebuleba ra saxiTac ar unda iyos igi
dadebuli da ar aqvs mniSvneloba, rom samkvidro sxeu-
lebrivi nivTebisagan Sedgeba, radgan nayofic, romelsac
Cven miwisgan viRebT, sxeulebrivi nivTia da agreTve is,
rac Cven romelime valdebulebiT gvekuTvnis. umravles
SemTxvevaSi aseve sxeulebriv nivTs warmoadgens, mag-
aliTad, miwis nakveTi, adamiani (mona); fuli...~ usxeulo
nivTebis ricxvs miekuTvneba qalaqisa da soflis miwis
nakveTis (mamulebis) uflebani, romlebsac servituteb-
sac uwodeben~130.
Tanamedrove gagebiT, kerZo samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobebis obieqtad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, miCneulia
rogorc materialuri samyaros obieqtebi (uZrav-moZravi
nivTebi), romlebic samoqalaqo brunvis wesrigs emor-
Cilebian, aseve aramaterialuri sikeTeebic, piris pativi,
Rirseba, piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba, piradi xel-
Seuxebloba an saqmiani reputacia, aseve sxva araqonebri-
vi uflebebis dacvac, romlebic sayovelTaod aRiarebu-
li uflebebia. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze
��. monas romSi samarTlis subieqtad ar Tvlidnen, igi maTTvis obieqti iyo,
romelsac ise epyrobodnen rogorc nivTs.
��.romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes instituciebi, 2002, 65.
107
ki (sasaqonlo niSnebi, patenti, gamogoneba da sxv.) gansa-
kuTrebuli uflebebia dadgenili am obieqtebis mflo-
belebisa.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi (m. 148) nivTebs hyofs uZrav da
moZrav nivTebad, xolo uZravi nivTebis definicias gva-
Zlevs 149-e muxlSi, saidanac vigebT, rom, ùZrav nivTebs
miekuTvneba miwis nakveTi, masSi arsebuli wiaRiseuliT,
miwaze aRmocenebuli mcenareebi, aseve Senoba-nagebobani,
romlebic myarad dgas miwaze~.
rogorc samoqalaqo kodeqsidan irkveva, igi ar iZl-
eva moZravi nivTebis definicias, da es SeuZlebeli iqne-
boda, mas ver CamoTvlida, misi simravlis gamo, rameTu
erT-erTi niSani moZravi da uZravi nivTebis gamijvnisa,
maTi substanciaa, rameTu uZravi nivTebis gadaadgileba
misi substanciis moSlis gareSe SeuZlebelia, xolo
moZravi nivTebi gadaadgilebisas substancias ar icv-
lian, magaliTad, magida sadac ar unda gadavitanoT, amiT
misi arsi ar icvleba da sxv. rac Seexeba safrangeTis
samoqalaqo kodeqss, m. 528-i-s mixedviT, bunebis mixedviT
moZrav nivTebs miekuTvneba `pirutyvi, sagnebi, romleb-
sac SeuZlia erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasvla, Tundac
isini moZraobdnen TavisiT an maT adgilis Secvla Seu-
Zlia gareSe Zalis zemoqmedebis Sedegad~131. avstriis
zogadi samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad ($298), uflebebi
moZrav nivTebs ganekuTvneba, Tu isini ar arian uZravi
qonebis flobasTan dakavSirebuli an landis konstitu-
ciis mier uZrav qonebad gamocxadebuli~132.
uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis warmoSobis gzebi (m. 183-
185) gansxvavdeba moZrav nivTebze (m. 186-197) sakuTrebis
SeZenis samarTlebrivi gzebisagan. Tu uZrav nivTebze sa-
kuTrebis SeZenis samarTlebrivi saSualebebi ramdenadme
��.ix. saiti: https://www.google.ge/search?client=opera&q, Гражданское право Франции.E
��. is. saiti: http://lections.net/avstriyskiy-grazhdanskiy-kodeks.htm - Австрийский гражданский кодекс.
108
garTulebulia (mxareTa Soris werilobiTi garigebis
dadeba da am garigebiT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis
uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi), moZravi nivTe-
bi ki SemZens SeiZleba gadaeces `namdvili uflebis
safuZvelze~, anu kanonmdebloba moZravi nivTebis sxva
pirze gadasacemad mxareebs uflebamosilebiT aRWuravs,
rom zepirad dadon masze xelSekruleba. magaliTad, sk
m. 624-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `sesxis xelSekruleba ideba
zepirad....~
aseve nivTebi SeiZleba iyos: Secvladi da Seucvla-
di, romlebic bevrad arafriT gansxvavdebian gvarovnu-
li da individualuri niSniT gansazRvruli nivTebi-
sagan. TumcaRa, Tu Secvladi da Seucvladi nivTebi
obieqturi niSnebiT ganisazRvreba, gvarovnuli da in-
dividualuri niSnebiT nivTebis gamijvnisas mTavaria
subieqturi kriteriumebi, brunvis tradiciebze miTiTeba
ki ar xdeba. Secvladi iseTi moZravi nivTebia, romelTa
Secvlac SeiZleba maTi msgavsi nivTebiT (fuli, fasiani
qaRaldebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi da sxv.),
xolo Seucvladi nivTebia individualurad damzadebu-
li nakeTobani, xelovnebis nimuSebi da sxva. samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 381-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `Tu xelSekrulebis sa-
gania individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi, kreditori
ar aris valdebuli miiRos sxva nivTi, Tundac ufro
maRali Rirebulebis mqone~. magaliTad, roca erTi piri-
saTvis mzaddeba specialurad nivTi, vTqvaT manqana da
mas gaanadurebs (vTqvaT avariiT) monaTxovre, igi bune-
brivia imave nivTs ver daubrunebs mesakuTres, amitom
mas moeTxoveba nivTis sanacvlod zianis anazRaureba;
rac Seexebs gvarovnul nivTebs, Tu Sesrulebis saga-
nia nivTi, romlis Secvlac SeiZleba (gvarovnuli niv-
Ti) movalem valdebuleba yovelTvis unda Seasrulos.
109
magaliTad, Tu monaTxovrem mesakuTres seriuli gamoS-
vebis manqana daumtvria avariis dros, igi valdebulia
an gauremontos (Tuki es SesaZlebelia), an kidev mesa-
kuTris moTxovniT Caunacvlos igive sagniT (manqaniT),
ukidures SemTxvevaSi aanazRauros ziani.
saintereso sakiTxia erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
nivTebis samarTlebrivi reJimi. samoqalaqo kodeqs-
ma unda gadawyvitos urTierTdakavSirebuli nivTebis
brunvaunarianoba da samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi
maTi monawileobis winapirobebi. samoqalaqo kodeqsi
amasTan dakavSirebiT icnobs nivTis arsebiT Semadge-
nel nawils (ssk m. 150) da nivTis sakuTvnebels (ssk
m. 151). nivTis arsebiT Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens
nawili, romlis gamocalkevebac SeuZlebelia mTliani
nivTis anda maTi daniSnulebis mospobis gareSe da igi
calke uflebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. gamodis, rom ZiriTa-
di nivTis gasxviseba SeuZlebelia misi Semadgeneli
nawilis gareSe. magaliTad avtomanqana Sedgeba Zaris,
saWis, da sxva aucilebeli nawilebisagan, romelic er-
TobliobaSi qmnian erTian nivTs da misi gasxviseba Seu-
Zlebelia cal-calke, ise rom misi substancia ar dair-
Rves. nivTis Semadgeneli nawilebi iziareben am nivTis
samarTlebriv beds.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 151-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, `sa-
kuTvnebeli aris moZravi nivTi, romelic Tumca ar aris
mTavari nivTis Semadgeneli nawili, magram gankuTvnilia
mTavari nivTis samsaxurisaTvis, dakavSirebulia masTan
saerTo sameurneo daniSnulebiT, ris gamoc igi sivrco-
briv kavSirSia mTavar nivTTan da, damkvidrebuli Sexed-
ulebis mixedviT, iTvleba sakuTvneblad~. ase magaliTad,
avtomanqana da `domkrati~, seriuli gamoSvebis avto-
110
manqanis Zrava, Tumca Zrava, romelic avtomanqanaSia da-
montaJebuli, piriqiT, mis arsebiT Semadgenel nawilad
iTvleba. sakuTvneblis daxasiaTebisas sayuradReboa
misi orgvari samarTlebrivi buneba, rogorc damoukide-
beli nivTis da rogorc mTavar nivTTan dakavSirebuli
nivTis. sakuTvnebeli, rogorc damoukidebeli nivTi, Sei-
Zleba, arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilisagan gansxvavebiT,
calke uflebis obieqti iyos. magaliTad, avtomanqanis
saburavi an `domkrati~ SeiZleba gaiyidos calke.
aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTeebs miekuTvneba is
moTxovnebi da uflebebi, romlebic SeiZleba gadaeces
sxva pirebs, an gamiznulia saamisod, romlebic SeiZleba
gadaeces sxva pirebs, rom maT mflobels Seeqmnas mate-
rialuri sargebeli, anda mieniWos ufleba mosTxovos
sxva pirebs raime (ssk m. 152). aramaterialur qonebriv
sikeTeebs Cveulebriv ùsxeulo nivTebs~ uwodeben. isini
èmorCilebian sakuTrebis uflebis cnebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebel niSnebs. maTi floba, sargebloba da gankargva
isevea SesaZlebeli, rogorc sxeulebrivi sikeTeebisa~133.
`Tu nivTebis ukan arsebuli uflebis samizne TviT es
nivTebia, usxeulo nivTebis ukan arsebuli uflebis
samizne sruliad sxva sagnebia. sxvanairad, Tu erT Sem-
TxvevaSi nivTia uflebis matarebeli, vTqvaT avtomobil-
ze sakuTrebis uflebisa, sxva dros, TviT aramaterial-
uri sikeTe, rogorc ufleba, sanivTo uflebis wyaroa.
aseTi iqneba latariis bileTi, romelsac mogebis saxiT
wilad xvda avtomobili~134. rac Seexeba aramaterialur
sikeTeebze moTxovnis uflebas, maT ganekuTvneba iseTi
moTxovnebic, romelTa gadacema da dagiraveba SesaZle-
belia. magaliTad, zianis anazRaurebaze moTxovna Sei-
��. zoiZe b. qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 47.
�� zoiZe b. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, red.
Wanturia l; axvlediani z; zoiZe b; jorbenaZe s; Tbilisi, 199, 32.
111
Zleba samarTlebrivad moviazroT, rogorc saxelSek-
rulebo-samarTlebrivi, aseve deliqturic.
mainc ra miiCneva qonebad? kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemT
im gagebiT, rom qonebad miiCneva qonebrivi uflebebis
erToblioba. anu, mxolod aqtivebi (uflebebi) da ara
valdebulebebi (pasivebi).
aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT oriod sityviT aqceso-
rul da SezRudul uflebebs. aqcesorulia iseTi ufle-
ba, romelic isea dakavSirebuli mTavar uflebasTan ise,
rom mis gareSe ar SeiZleba arsebobdes (samoqalaqo
kodeqsi, m. 153, n.1). aqcesoruli ufleba sxva sityvebiT
mTavar uflebas emsaxureba da mis samarTlebriv beds
iziarebs, mas Tan mihyveba. magaliTad, Tavdebis mimarT
moTxovna, giravnoba, i poTeka da sxva. aseve, moTxovna sax-
elSekrulebo an kanonismier procentze, zianis anaz-
Raurebaze da sxva. aqcesoruli (damatebiTi) ufleba ar
SeiZleba arsebobdes mTavari uflebis gareSe. magali-
Tad, sesxi da misi procenti. procentze uflebaa mana-
maa, sanam arsebobs mTavari ufleba_sesxis moTxovnis
ufleba da sxva.
rac Seexeba SezRudul uflebebs, igi nawarmoe-
bia im farTo uflebisagan, romelic datvirTulia am
SezRuduli uflebiT (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 153, n.2).
igi gansxvavebiT aqcesoruli uflebisagan, damoukide-
beli uflebaa da SeiZleba damoukidebladac gasxvis-
des. SeiZleba rom es ufleba mTavari uflebis ukeT
ganxorcielebasac emsaxurebodes. magaliTad, sanivTo
samarTlebrivi institutebi: aRnagoba, uzufruqti, ser-
vituti; valdebulebiT -samarTlebrivi institutebidan
SeiZleba magaliTis saxiT movitanoT ijaris ufleba,
romelic sakuTrebidan warmoiSoba da sakuTrebisve
saxelSekrulebo datvirTvas warmoadgens. aviRoT sx-
112
visi sakuTrebis SezRuduli uflebis sademonstraciod
aRnagobis ufleba samoqalaqo kodeqsi m. 233-dan, ker-
Zod, `miwis nakveTi SeiZleba sxva pirs gadaeces vadi-
an sargeblobaSi, ise, rom mas hqondes am nakveTze an
mis qveS raime nagebobis aRmarTvis ufleba, aseve am
uflebis gasxvisebis, memkvidreobiT gadacemis, Txovebis,
gaqiravebis ufleba (aRnagobis ufleba). dRes aRnagobis
ufleba farTod gamoiyeneba sagadasaxado samarTalSic.
magaliTad, anakliis, galmuxuris, qobuleTis turistul
zonebSi, investorebs, sastumros mSeneblebs miwis na-
kveTebi grZelvadiani garigebiT gadaecemaT 2026 wlamde
gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebis reJimiT, aRnagobis
uflebiT, sakurorto obieqtebis asaSeneblad da sxva135.
sawarmo. saqarTvelos 1994 wlis kanoni `mewarme-
Ta Sesaxeb~ar iZleva definicias sawarmosa, mxolod
gvTavazobs mewarme subieqtis registraciis pirobebs
(m.4). TumcaRa samoqalaqo kodeqsi am termins iyenebs sk
65-e muxlis me-2 nawilis SemTxvevaSi, sadac arasrul-
wlovanis nawilobriv emansi paciazea saubari, sadac 16
wels miRweul arasrulwlovans kanonieri warmomadgen-
lebi sawarmos marTvis ufleba aniWeben meurveobisa da
mzrunvelobis organos TanxmobiT da igi am sferosaT-
vis Cveulebriv urTierTobebSi SeuzRudavad qmedunari-
ani xdeba da es gamoiyeneba rogorc sawarmos dafuZnebis,
aseve likvidaciisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis dawyebis
an damTavrebis mimarTac. germanuli samoqalaqo kod-
eqsi $14-Si ganmartavs mewarmis cnebas da `romelic $
13-Si mocemuli momxmareblis ganmartebis anti podia~136,
romelsac warmoadgens fizikuri an iuridiuli piri
anda uflebaunarianobis mqone amxanagoba, romelic ga-
rigebis dadebisas moqmedebs samewarmeo an damoukide-
��. ix, xarazi, i., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, 2011, 329-335.
��. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 3.
113
beli profesiuli saqmianobis farglebSi. uflebau-
narianobis mqone amxanagobas ki germanuli samoqalaqo
kodeqsis mixedviT warmoadgens amxanagoba, romelsac
miniWebuli aqvs unari, SeiZinos uflebebi da ikisros
valdebulebebi137. qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi msgavs
danawess ar icnobs. igi icnobs amxanagobis (erToblivi
saqmianobis xelSekrulebas).
sawarmo, rogorc samarTalurTierTobis obieqti,
warmoadgens qonebriv kompleqss, romelic pirobiTad
oTx jgufad iyofa: nivTebi (ssk m. 147), qonebrivi ufle-
bebi (samarTalurTierTobis monawileTa subieqturi
uflebebi, romelic qonebas flobs, sargeblobs misiT
da gankargavs am qonebas; aseve mas ukavSirdeba qonebri-
vi moTxovnebi, romelic am qonebis gayofis, an gacvlis
dros warmoiSoba; qonebrivi valdebulebebi (samarTa-
lurTierTobis monawileTa qonebrivi valdebulebebi);
ufleba aramaterialur sikeTeebze. aq, am SemTxvevaSi
igulisxmeba sawarmos identifikaciisa da individu-
alizaciis saSualebebi da a. S.)138. `zemoaRniSnuli su-
lac ar niSnavs, rom sawarmosTan dadebuli garigeba
aucileblad yvela jgufis elements unda moicavdes.
dasaSvebia, rom samarTalurTierTobis obieqti iyos ara
sawarmo mTlianad, aramed mxolod misi nawili. misi Si-
naarsis meqanikuri dayvana ama Tu im nivTebis kompleq-
sis gagebamde dauSvebelia~139.
sawarmo SeiZleba iyos samoqalaqo brunvis sagani,
magaliTad nasyidobis xelSekrulebisa, ijarisa da sxva.
aq SegviZlia gamovyoT ori faqtori: jer erTi, sawar-
mos, rogorc qonebaze xelSekrulebis dadeba (magali-
Tad nasyidobisa) da meorec, sawarmos wilebis, aqciebis
��.BGB, $ 14. `mewarme~.
��. qoqraSvili, q. samewarmeo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2010, 87.
��. qoqraSvili, q., dasax. naSr; 87-88.
114
yidva. aseve praqtikaSi aris precendentebi sawarmos mx-
olod qonebis gasxvisebisa, anu sawarmos teqnikuri aR-
Wurvilobis gayidvisa, Senobis gareSe gasxvisebisa da
sxv. sawarmo SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes moTxovnis uz-
runvelyofis saSualebadac.
fizikuri pirebi. kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebis, samoqalaqo brunvis monawile SeiZleba iyos nebis-
mieri fizikuri piri, ara aqvs mniSvneloba igi qmedunari-
ania Tu mxardaWeris mimRebi, Tumca mxardaWeris mimRebi
pirebi, e.w. `pasiuri monawileebi~ arian samoqalaqo urT-
ierTobebisa, im gagebiT, rom maT brunvaSi aqtiuri Careva
samoqalaqo garigebebis dadebis meSveobiT ar SeuZliaT,
maT mxolod dadebuli garigebebis Sedegad `sikeTeTa~
miRebis uflebebi gaaCniaT. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs,
isini SeuzRudavad funqcionireben kerZosamarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi, miuxedavad imisa, isini arasamewarmeo Tu
samewarmeo iuridiul pirebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
aseve calke, specialurad regulirdebian kanoniT `me-
warmeTa Sesaxeb~. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis zogadi ganmarteba iuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb
maT savsebiT miesadageba.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo organoebis da sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis kerZo samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs sxva pirebTan, es aseve samoqalaqo ka-
noniT wesrigdeba, Tu es urTierTobebi saxelmwifo an
sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare ar unda
mowesrigdes sajaro samarTliT (magaliTad, sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mier kerZo samarTlis
pirebTan dadebuli garigebebi samoqalaqo samarTlis
normebiT wesrigdeba).
samoqalaqo urTierTobebis monawileebma erTma-
neTTan samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi (urTierTvalde-
115
bulebebi) keTilsindisierebis princi pebidan gamom-
dinare unda moawesrigon. nebismieri qveynis kanonmde-
bloba moralur imperativebs efuZneba, romelic amave
dros qvecnobierad kanonisadmi morCilebas qadagebs.
igi TiTqosda `samoqalaqo samarTlis cixesimagred~
gvevlineba. samoqalaqo brunvis minawileebis mier Ta-
vianTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis keTilsindisierad
Sesrulebaze araerTi muxli migviTiTebs. magaliTad,
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 361-e muxlis me-2 nawili, `valde-
buleba unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad,
daTqmul drosa da adgilas~, an kidev, ssk m. 346-e: `ba-
Tilia xelSekrulebaTa standartuli piroba, miuxe-
davad xelSekrulebaSi misi CarTvisa, Tu igi ndobisa
da keTilsindisierebis princi pebis sawinaaRmdegod, sa-
zianoa xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis...~
`keTilsindisierebis princi pi aRiarebul iqna
,,samefo normad~, romlis amocanac iyo germaniis mTeli
samarTlis ,,moralizacia~, igi moqmedebs, rogorc ,,su-
pernorma~, romelic sxva samarTlis normebis modifici-
rebis axdena.139
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxli `mefur muxls~
warmoadgens, radganac mTeli samoqalaqo kanonmdeblo-
ba, samoqalaqo brunva keTilsindisierebis princi pzea
dafuZnebuli. keTilsindisiereba xom samoqalaqo urT-
ierTobis monawileTa moqmedebas gulisxmobs erTmane-
Tisadmi ndobiT, gulisxmierebiT, pativiscemiT. es defi-
nicia samoqalaqo samarTlis moqmedebis amosavali prin-
ci pia. `keTilsindisierebis safuZvelze aRmoifxvreba
rogorc kanonis, ise xelSekrulebis xarvezi. normis
ganmartebis safuZvelze keTilsindisiereba samarTal-
139. ioseliani aleqsandre, keTilsindisierebis princi pi saxelSekrulebo
samarTalSi (SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi gamokvleva).
116
ganviTarebis instrumentic xdeba. kodeqsis me-5 muxlis
meore nawilis Tanaxmad, samarTlis analogiis gamoy-
eneba xdeba ara mxolod samarTlis zogadi princi-
pebis safuZvelze, aramed samarTlianobis, keTilsindis-
ierebisa da zneobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisadac. amdenad
keTilsindisiereba samosamarTlo samarTlis Camoyali-
bebis mniSvnelovani safuZvelia. kanonmdeblis mier daS-
vebul xarvezs mosamarTle iseve gamoasworebs, rogorc
amas TviT kanonmdebeli gaakeTebda. rogorc erTisaTvis,
ise meoresaTvis keTilsindisiereba warmoadgens sinamd-
vilis Sefasebis erT-erT seriozul kriteriums~140.
keTilsindisiereba samoqalaqo urTierTobebis ganuyre-
li Semadgenelia rogorc sasyidliani, ise usasyidlo
garigebebis dadebisas.
`keTilsindindisierebis princi pi kerZo samarTlis
universaluri SefasebiTi kategoriaa. kontinentur ev-
ropul samarTalSi `keTilsindisierebis daTqma~ ro-
mis samarTlidan moyolebuli gamoiyeneba. man Seinar-
Cuna Tavisi mniSvneloba evropul saerTo samarTalSi
da kodifikaciebis SemuSavebis Semdegac~141. `brunvaSi
vlindeba is ZiriTadi princi pebi, romlebic adamians
aqcevs RirebulebiT Semkul subieqtad. umTavresi am
brunvisaTvis keTilsindisierebaa. ara yvela brunvaa
faseuli, aramed keTilsindisieri brunva; keTilsindis-
iereba, ara rogorc garegani movaleoba, aramed Sinagani
moTxovnileba subieqtisa... me rogorc brunvis monawile,
keTilsindisierad viqcevi ara SenTvis, aramed CemTvis:
Tu CemTvis viqcevi ase, is SenTvis qceva qceva iqneba
Sens TvalSi. amitomac vambob, rom rac ufro Zlieradaa
gaJRenTili samoqalaqo brunva keTilsindisierebiT, miT
��. zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red.
Wanturia l.,. zoiZe, b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., 2001, 271.
��. kereseliZe, d., dasax. naSr; 83-84.
117
maRali marTlSegnebis adamianebi iqnebian misi subi-
eqtebi. keTilsindisiereba ndobazea agebuli. rac ufro
Zlieria ndobis faqtori, miT ufro mSvidobiania samo-
qalaqo brunva..142~
keTilsindisiereba germanuli samoqalaqo brun-
vis qvakiTxedia. BGB-is mTeli rigi normebi gamokveTen
keTilsieri moqmedebis qcevis savaldebuloobas ga-
rigebis namdvilobisaTvis, magaliTad, paragrafi 162-is
Tanaxmad (1), `Tu pirobis dadgomas arakeTilsindisi-
erad xeli SeuSala mxarem, romlisTvisac pirobis
dadgoma araxelsayreli iqneboda, maSin piroba dadmd-
garad CaiTvleba~, xolo (2): Tu pirobis dadgomas ara-
keTilsindisierad xeli Seuwyo mxarem, romlisTvisac
pirobis dadgoma xelsayrelia, maSin piroba damdgarad
ar CaiTvleba~. amasve qadagebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis
98-e muxli (`keTilsindisierebis mniSvneloba pirobis
dadgomisas~), romelic germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis
sruli analogia. BGB gamokveTavs warmomadgenlis mier
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebi-
sas moqmedebis erT-erT ZiriTad struqturul Semad-
genlobas keTilsindisierebas; $ 242-is (`valdebulebis
Sesruleba keTilsindisierad~ (nach Treu und Glauben),
normis sityva-sityviTi JReradobidan gamomdinareobs,
rom keTilsindisierebis princi pis mixedviT moqmedeba
ekisreba rogorc movales, ise kreditors. igi vrcelde-
ba yvela saxis kerZo, sajaro da procesualur samarT-
lebriv urTierTobaze. misi Semadgenloba Semdegnairia:
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile mxareebma, val-
debulebis Sesrulebis ganmavlobaSi da mis Semdgom
unda daicvan ndobis princi pi, gulisxmierad moekidon
erTmaneTis uflebebs, qonebriv sikeTesa da intere-
��. zoiZe, b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda. eseebi, 2013,
esedan: `samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufleba da saxelmwifoebrivi marTlSegneba~.
118
sebs, imoqmedon loialobis princi pis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelTa dakonkreteba Semdgomi calkeuli funqciebiT
xdeba: ganvrcobiTi funqcia - arsebuli ZiriTadi sax-
elSekrulebo valdebulebebis dakonkreteba unda mox-
des keTilsindisierebis princi pis mixedviT. xelSek-
rulebis axali damatebiTi valdebulebebi, romlebic
emsaxurebian xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebis uzrunve-
lyofas an xelSekrulebis mxareebis dacvas, warmoiSo-
bian keTilsindisierebis princi pis gaTvaliswinebiT;
zRudis dawesebis funqcia - keTilsindisierebis prin-
ci pi qmnis imanentur (ganuyofel) CarCos arsebuli
uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis; Sesworebis funqcia
- keTilsindisierebis princi piT SesaZlebelia samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis Secvlil garemoebebze misadage-
ba (xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebi-
sadmi143, $313)~144.
samoqalaqo kanonebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofen, Tu es
Tavisufleba ar xelyofs mesame piris uflebebs (ssk m. 9).
`qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis seriozuli Tavise-
burebaa mesame pirTa interesebis dacva. kodeqsis mTel
sxeuls wiTel zolad gasdevs misi es niSan-Tviseba. mesa-
me piri Tavisi interesebiT warmoCndeba yvelgan - sani-
vTo samarTalSic da valdebulebiTSic, saojaxoSic da
memkvidreobiTSic. mesame pirTa uflebrivi Tavisebureba
imaSia, rom zogjer maTi mdgomareoba mTlianad mxareTa
nebiT ganisazRvreba, zogjer ki - mxolod mesame piris
neba xdeba angariSgasawevi. gansakuTrebiT es ukanaskne-
li viTarebaa gamokveTili sanivTo samarTalSic~145.
��.ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 398.
��. kropholeri, ian, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, 2014, 113.
��. zoiZe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi,
2007, 196.
119
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 349-351-e muxlebi (`mesame pir-
Ta sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekrulebebi~), 170-e mux-
liT (n.1) gaTvaliswinebuli princi pi, rom mesakuTres
maSin SeuZlia miniWebuli uflebebis ganxorciele-
ba `Tuki amiT ar irRveva mezoblebis an sxva mesame
pirTa uflebebi~; ssk m. 298, n. 2: `Tu piradi movale
daakmayofilebs kreditors, i poTeka masze gadadis im
farglebSi, ra farglebSic mas SeuZlia mesakuTrisgan
anazRaurebis moTxovna~; anda kidev, ssk m. 372 .`kredito-
ris dakmayofileba mesame piris mier~), sadac saubaria
im faqtze, rom Tu kreditori mimarTavs iZulebiT aR-
srulebas movalis kuTvnil nivTze, maSin yoveli piri,
romelsac eqmneba safrTxe, rom iZulebiTi aRsrulebis
Semdeg dakargavs uflebas am nivTze, uflebamosilia
daakmayofilos kreditori. roca mesame piri daakmayo-
filebs kreditors, maSin moTxovnis ufleba gadadis am
pirze~; ssk m. 1130, n.2 exeba im pirTa uflebebs, roca
meuRleTa Soris ganqorwinebisas qonebis gayofisas
erTerTi meuRlis sakuTrebaSi aRmoCndeba mesame piris
qoneba, maSin dava qonebis gayofis Sesaxeb am SemTxvevaSi
ar SeiZleba gadawydes ganqorwinebis saqmesTan erTad;
an kidev, ssk m. 1335 (`samkvidrodan nivTis gamoTxovis
ufleba~): `Tu moanderZem, arasworad dautova memkvi-
dres nivTi, am nivTis mesakuTres aqvs ufleba gamoiTxo-
vos igi saerTo wesis mixedviT~ (n.1) da sxva muxlebi,
aSkarad miuTiTeben, uflebamosili pirebis uflebebis
dacvis farTo speqtrze.
aq moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom mesame pirTa
anariSgasawevi interesebi arsebiTia samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobisaTvis, raTa maTi interesebis dacva modave mx-
areebis davis samarTliani gadawyvetisas moxdes samar-
Tlianobis safuZvelze, ar moxdes maTi interesebis ig-
120
norireba da urTierToba harmoniulad da mSvidobianad
mogvardes.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirTa Tanasworobaze damyare-
buli samarTlebrivi urTierTobaa da bunebrivia igi
emijneba politikur uflebebs. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-
10 muxlis 1-li nawilic migviTiTebs amis Sesaxeb: `samo-
qalaqo uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar aris damokide-
buli politikur uflebebze, romlebic ganisazRvreba
konstituciiT an sajaro samarTlis sxva kanonebiT.
normis mizani cxadi da gasagebia: jer erTi, rom samo-
qalaqo samarTali pirTa Tanasworobaze damyarebuli
samarTalia, sadac kerZo samarTlebrivi xasiaTis qone-
brivi urTierToba mxareTa uflebrivi Tanasworobis
princi pzea dafuZnebuli, rac `harmonizebuli fulad-
sasaqonlo urTierTobebis arsebobas gulisxmobs da
iuridiul Tanasworobas qadagebs samoqalaqo brunvis
subieqtTa Soris, maT qonebriv damoukideblobas, maTi
mxriv iniciativis gamoCenas, gareSe pirTa Cauervlobas.
amasTanave samoqalaqo uflebebiT sargebloben rogorc
arasrulwlovani (romelTac poltikuri uflebebi ara
aqvT, igive iTqmis patimrebze), mxardaWeris mimRebi pire-
bi (SeuZlia iyos memkvidre, garigebiT calsaxad miiRos
sargebeli da sxv.), aseve cxadia qmedunariani pirebi. Tu
gadavxedavT sajaro-samarTlebriv normebs, aSkaraa, rom
jer erTi, igi vertikaluri daqvemdebarebis princi pze
agebul dargebs moicavs, sadac mbrZaneburi normebis si-
Warbea da meorec, garigebis dadebasac sajaro samar-
TalSi saxelmwifos kompetenturi organos mier nebis
gamovlena sWirdeba. am da sxva mizezebis gamo, bunebrivia
gamijnuli unda iyos samoqalaqo -samarTlebrivi ufle-
bebi piris politikuri uflebebisagan. savsebiT dasab-
uTebulad brZanebs prof. b. zoiZe, rom `fizikuri piri,
121
kerZo samarTlis srulfasovni subieqti maSinaa, roca
is politikuri uflebisagan Tavisufali piria. politi-
kuri uflebebi arc dabrkolebaa da privilegia~146.
`samoqalaqo urTierTobebis monawileebs SeuZliaT
ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi, maT Soris kanoniT
pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli nebismieri moqmedeba~.
fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi uflebamosilni arian
nebismieri garigebis dadebaze, Tu igi kanoniT akrZalu-
li ar aris (magaliTad, dauSvebelia samoqalaqo brun-
vidan amoRebul sagnebze garigebis dadeba: iaraRiT, nar-
kotikuli, qimiuri nivTierebebiT vaWroba kerZo pirebisa
da sxv.).
`samoqalaqo brunvis interesebidan gamomdinare
uflebaTa borotad gamoyenebisagan sxvaTa Tavisufle-
bas icavs samoqalaqo kodeqsis imperatiuli normebi.
moqmedebebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba am normebs, ba-
Tilia, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca kanoni pirdapir
miuTiTebs sxvagvar Sedegebze. calkeuli Carevebi admin-
istraciuli aqtebis meSveobiT akrZaluli, Tu es aqtebi
konkretuli kanonis safuZvelze ar aris gamoyenebuli~
(ssk, m. 10). es normebi mxareTaTvis aucilebeli, upiro-
bo Sesasrulebelia, isini iZulebiTi xasaTis normebia,
romelTa Secvla mxareebs TviTneburad ar SeuZliaT.
aRniSnuli normebi calsaxad isev samoqalaqo brunvis
wesrigs emsaxureba da pirTa uflebebs met garantias
sZens. samoqalaqo samarTalSi imperatiuli normebi
metnaklebad gvxvdeba, cxadia pirTa Tanasworobis dis-
poziciuri normebis siWarbea, magram imperatiuli norme-
bic iCens Tavs. magaliTad, Tu sanivTo, saojaxo, samemkvi-
dreo samarTalSi imperatiuli normebi ufro xSirad
gvxvdeba, am normebis naklebobiT gamoirCeva valebule-
biTi samarTali da bunebrivicaa, radgan aq mTavari pir-
��. zoiძe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi,
2007, 198.
122
Ta nebis Tavisufali gamovlenaa ormxrivi garigebebis
dadebisas. amasve iTvaliswinebs ssk 319-e muxlic, rom-
lis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, `kerZo samarTlis subi-
eqtebs SeuZliaT kanonis farglebSi Tavisuflad dadon
xelSekrulebebi da gansazRvron am xelSekrulebaTa
Sinaarsi. maT SeuZliaT dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic,
romlebic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram ar
ewinaaRmdegeba mas~.
kiTxvebi da testebi:
1. ras Seiswavlis samoqalaqo samarTali?

2. rodis gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo samarTalSi kanon-
qvemdebare aqtebi da Cveulebani?
3. rodidan Sedian kanoni da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi
ZalaSi?
4. auqmebs Tu ara zogadi xasaTis kanoni specialur
kanons?
5. aqvs Tu ara sasamarTlos uaris Tqmis ufleba
samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis ganxorciele-
baze?
6. ras niSnavs samoqalaqo kanonTa ukuqceviTi Zala?
7. axseniT samosamarTlo samarTlis arsi
8. emijneba Tu ara politikur uflebebs samoqa-
laqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi?
9. ra rols asrulebs samoqalaqo kanonmeblobaSi
cnebebi: `samarTlianoba~, `keTilsindisiereba~, `zneo-
ba~?
10. axseniT kodeqsis norma: `samoqalaqo urTier-
Tobis monawileebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon kanoniT
aukrZalavi, maT Soris kanoniT gauTvaliswinebeli nebi-
smieri moqmedeba~.
123
testebi:
1. kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti Sei-
Zleba iyos:
a. nebismieri fizikuri an iuridiuli piri. es wesi
gamoiyeneba rogorc samewarmeo, aseve arasamewarmeo,
saqarTvelos Tu sxva qveynis pirebis mimarT
b. nebismieri fizikuri piri
g. mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi
d. arc erTi pasuxi swori ar aris
2. kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti SeiZ-

leba iyos:
a. qonebrivi an araqonebrivi Rirebulebis mate-
rialuri da aramaterialuri sikeTe, romelic kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT brunvidan ar aris amoRebuli
b. qonebrivi Rirebulebis materialuri sikeTe
g. araqonebrivi Rirebulebis aramaterialuri si-
keTe
d. aramaterialuri sikeTe, romelic kanoniT dadge-
nili wesiT brunvidan ar aris amoRebuli
3. SeuZliaT Tu ara samoqalaqo urTierTobebis mona-

wileebs nebismieri qmedebis ganxorcieleba?
a. samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadeba
b. samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT
nebis Tavisuflad gamoxatva
g. samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT
ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi, maT Soris kanoniT
pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli nebismieri moqmedeba
d. aseT samarTlebriv reglamentacias kanoni ar
icnobs
124
Tavi II. samoqalaqo samarTalurTierToba
`ZiriTadad iuridiul literaturaSi samarTlebri-

vi urTierToba ganxiluli aris, rogorc sazogadoebri-
vi urTierTobis Semadgeneli nawili, romlis monawi-
leebi samarTlis normis safuZvelze gamodian ufle-
bebisa da movaleobebis matareblad~147. `samarTlebrivi
urTierToba aris yoveli cxovrebiseuli kavSiri, Tu ki
is samarTlis normiT aris gansazRvruli~148, wers prof.
i. surgulaZe, Tumca igi mas samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bis garegan aRwerilobad miiCnevs, xolo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis faqtiur Sinaars samarTlebriv formaSi
xedavs149 da askvnis, rom samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
`sagnis iuridiuli Rirebuleba wminda iuridiuli kate-
goria aris, romlis dasabuTeba sazogadoebrivi urTier-
Tobis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis ZiriTad princi pebs
eyrdnoba~150. amiT i. surgulaZem samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis wminda iuridiuli elementebis uflebebisa da
movaleobis gverdiT Semoitana da daaxasiaTa kidev ori
elementi – samarTlis subieqti da samarTlebrivi urT-
ierTobis sagani.151
samoqalaqo samarTali aregulirebs qonebriv da
pirad araqonebriv urTierTobas, qonebriv urTierTobeb-
Si ki moiazreba qonebriv RirebulebaTa urTierTobebi,
e.i. umTavresad es qonebriv-fuladi urTierTobebia. pi-
radi araqonebrivi urTierTobebiT, romelic samoqalaqo
samarTlis regulirebis obieqtia, gamodian isini, rom-
lebic ase Tu ise dakavSirebuli arian qonebriv urT-
ierTobebTan, magaliTad, saavtoro uflebebi.
��. lobJaniZe, g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, 2003, 448.
��. surgulaZe, i., xelisufleba da samarTali, 2002, 29.
��. surgulaZe, i., dasax. naSr; 62.
��. surgulaZe, i., dasax. naSr; 196.
��. surgulaZe, i., naSr; 28.
125
ùnda gamoiyos samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTo-
bebis Sinaarsi, romelic aRniSnavs samoqalaqo samarTa-
lurTierTobebis subieqtebis uflebebsa da movaleo-
bebs. samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtebis
uflebebsa da movaleobebs uwodeben subieqtur ufle-
bebsa da movaleobebs (samoqalaqo samarTalsubieq-
turoba). subieqturi uflebebi – es dasaSvebi moqmedebis
zomierebaa, rac uzrunvelyofilia uflebebis normebiT.
subieqturi movaleoba – es samoqalaqo samarTalurT-
ierTobis subieqtis saTanado qcevaa~152.
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis obieqtad iTv-
leba is, razec mimarTulia samoqalaqo samarTalurT-
ierToba.
saWiroa gamovyoT samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTo-
bis Semdegi obieqtebi: nivTebi (fuli da fasiani qa-
Raldebi); qonebrivi uflebebi; samuSao da momsaxureba;
inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Sedegebi (maT Soris gan-
sakuTrebuli uflebebi); informacia; aramaterialuri
sikeTe.
SeiZleba daklasificirdes samoqalaqo samarTa-
lurTierTobebis saxeobebi: qonebrivi (obieqti – qone-
ba, samuSaoebi da misagebeli (sanacvalgebo) xasiaTis
samsaxuris gaweva); araqonebrivi (obieqti – aramateri-
aluri keTildReoba); absoluturi (sakuTrebis ufle-
ba, gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, samarTalurTierTobis
aRniSnul saxes ewinaRmdegeba garkveuli raodenobis
piri); SefardebiTi (savaldebulo samarTalurTierTo-
ba, samarTalurTierTobis aRniSnul saxes ewinaaRmde-
geba gaurkveveli raodenobis piri); sagnobrivi (piradi
��. ix РОССИЙСКОЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ПРАВО,, УЧЕБНИК В 2 томах, Ответственный редактор
Интеллектуальные права, 2-е издание, стереотипное, москваб 2011, 109-110.
126
uflebebis ganxorcieleba sxva pirebis gareSe); saval-
debulo samoqalaqo urTierTobebi (piradi uflebebis
ganxorcieleba sxva pirebTan SeTanxmebiT)153.
samoqalaqo urTierTobis iuridiuli Sinaarsi
uflebamosilebis farglebSi moqmedebis SesaZleblobaa,
an kidev garkveuli moqmedebisagan TavSekavebis aucile-
bloba.
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaars
Seadgenen samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
subieqtebis uflebebi da misi monawileebis movaleo-
bebi. samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtebis
uflebebi maTi iuridiuli SesaZlebobebidan gamomdin-
areoben.
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtebad
aRiarebulia fizikuri pirebi, ucxoeli fizikuri pire-
bi, aseve moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, iuridiuli pire-
bi, romlebic sxva pirebTan samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi gamodian maT xelmZRvanelobasa da
warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili pirebis daxmarebi-
Ta da uSualo monawileobiT. saxelmwifo da adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTveli organoebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
gamodis samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis monawiled,
roca isini samoqalaqo – samarTlebriv garigebebSi
Sedian samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtebTan, am SemTx-
vevaSi isini rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqtebi ise
gvevlinebian kerZo urTierTobebSi. `sagulisxmoa, rom
SezRudulia im kerZo-samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa wre,
roca saxelmwifo uflebamosilia iyos misi mxare. mag-
aliTad igi ver iqneba saojaxo-samarTlebrivi urTier-
153. ix. РОССИЙСКОЕ ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ПРАВО,, УЧЕБНИК В 2 томах, Ответственный редактор
Интеллектуальные права, 2-е издание, стереотипное, москваб 2011, 109-126
127
Tobis subieqti. memkvidreobiTi samarTlis farglebSi
saxelmwifos CarTuloba mxolod umkvidro qonebis
miRebas ukavSirdeba. faqtobrivad, samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
mowesrigebuli urToerTobidan saxelmwifo ZiriTadad
gvevlineba sanivTo da valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis subieqtad....154~. kerZo interesebTan Se-
darebiT sajaro interesebi yovelTvis prioritetu-
lia. àmgvari interesi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi. praqtikaSi erT-erT yvelaze
gavrcelebul SemTxvevas warmoadgens saxelmwifos mier
saxelmwifo qonebis da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli er-
Teulis qonebis gankargvis dros dadebuli garigebe-
bidan gamomdinare kontrhagentTa Soris sajaro samar-
TliT mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis warmoSoba~155. ker-
Zo samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, roca
saxelmwifo administraciuli organos meSveobiT debs
xelSekrulebas, - mas xelSekrulebis arsebiTi piro-
bebis gansazRvris Sesaxeb administraciuli aqtis ga-
mocema uswrebs win. aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar
eniWeba faqts imis Sesaxeb Tu vin aris xelSekrulebis
meore mxare, kerZo piri, Tu administraciuli organo,
romelic saxelmwifos warmoadgens. saxelmwifos mier
qonebis gankargvisas dadebuli kerZo-samarTlebrivi ga-
rigeba yvela SemTxvevaSi administraciul-samarTlebriv
garigebas warmoadgens. saxelmwifo kerZo-samarTlebri-
vi urTierTobis damyarebis mizniT sakuTar nebas in-
dividualuri samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemiT (brZaneba,
gankarguleba da sxv;) gamoxatavs da Sesabamisad, ga-
rigebis moSlisas da mxareTa Soris warmoSobili davis
SemTxvevaSi sadavo administraciuli aqti Sesabamisad
��. CaCaniZe, T. saxelmwifo da kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, saiubileo
krebulidan `samarTlis problemebi~, 2012, 250.
155. CaCaniZe, T. dasax. naSr; 251.
128
administraciuli saproceso kodeqsiT ganixileba ad-
ministraciul saqmeTa warmoebis wesis Sesabamisad156.
samoqalaqo samarTalsubieqturoba niSnavs samo-
qalaqo samarTlis normebiT gaTvaliswinebul unars
(SesaZleblobas) iyos samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urT-
ierTobis monawile, isargeblos garkveuli samoqalaqo
uflebebiT, an kidev Seasrulos nakisri an masze da-
kisrebuli movaleobani. fizikur pirs, rogorc samoqa-
laqo samarTlebrivi urToerTobis monawile subieqts
axasiaTebs samoqalaqo uflebaunarianoba da qmedunari-
anoba157. fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba misi unaria,
hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi, xolo
fizikuri piris qmedunarianoba es misi unaria, Tavisi
nebiTa da moqmedebiT sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da
ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo - samarTlebrivi uflebebi
da movaleobebi.
subieqturi samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebisas SeiZleba SevxedoT sami uflebamosili kombina-
ciis Sedegs: 1) uflebamosileba sakuTar moqmedebebze,
rac niSnavs subieqtis mier TviTneburi faqtobrivad da
iuridiulad mniSvnelovani moqmedebebis Sesrulebas;
2) moTxovnis uflebamosileba, rac warmoadgens subi-
eqtis SesaZleblobas, moiTxovos movale subieqtisagan
masze dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesruleba (gadaixados
vali, daabrunos ijariT aRebuli sasoflo-sameurneo
miwa xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlisas da sxv.); 3) dacvis
uflebamosileba, romelic gamodis SesaZlo subieqtis
saxiT gamoiyenos sxvadasxva dacvis zomebi an moiTxo-
vos saxelmwifos iZulebis zomebis gamoyeneba im Sem-
��. damat. ix. zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, Tavi V, àdministraciuli
xelSekruleba~, wkeplaZe, n., turava, p., zogadi ad\ministraciuli samarTali,
Tbilisi, 2010.
157. Cven am sakiTxs ufro farTod davubrundebiT, konkretul normaTa
komentirebisas.
129
TxvevisaTvis, Tu darRveulia subieqtebis samoqalaqo
uflebebi.
subieqturi samoqalaqo samarTlis klasikuri mod-
eli samoqalaqo samarTalsubieqturobisa, romelic Sei-
cavs Tavisi SinaarsiT uflebamosilebis mTel triadas,
aris subieqturi uflebis arseboba mesakuTres gaaCnia
iuridiuli SesaZlebloba moiTxovos yvela pirisagan
uflebis dacva, raTa ar daarRvion misTvis miniWebu-
li sakuTrebis ufleba, mas aseve SeuZlia moiTxovos
uflebadamrRvevis mimarT gamoyenebuli iqnes saxelm-
wifo-iZulebiTi zemoqmedebis zomebi. magram, mTavari da
ganmsazRvreli birTvi subieqturi uflebis sakuTre-
basTan mimarTebaSi isaa, rom ganaxorcielos Tavis sa-
kuTrebis obieqtze flobis, sargeblobisa da gankargvis
uflebamosileba.
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis monawilis
movaleobas Seadgens garigebiT gansazRvruli da sax-
elmwifo iZulebis SesaZleblobiT uzrunvelyofili
aucilebeli qcevis wesis (moqmedeba an moqmedebisa-
gan Tavis Sekaveba) ganxorcieleba. gamodis, rom piris,
rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtis movaleobaa
samoqalaqo samarTlis normiT gansazRvruli aucilebe-
li qceva, zoma, qcevis masStabi, anu misi valdebuleba,
romelic piris valdebulebaa da romelic gulisxmobs
misi moqmedebis samarTlebriv aucileblobas158.
samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobis subieqtis
aucilebel qcevaSi moiazreba am qcevis zusti zoma, anu
qcevis savaldebulo sazRvrebis dadgena. aseTi saz-
Rvrebis dadgena aucilebelia Tundac imis gamoc, rom
movaleobis Sesruleba ara marto garigebebidan gamom-
dinareoben (Tu ikisre Seasrule kidec), aseve valdeb-
158. savaneli, b., dasax. naSr; 90
130
ulebis Sesruleba saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofil-
ia mTeli rigi samarTlebrivi berketebiT.
samoqalaqo samarTlis obieqtebi. iuridiul liter-
aturaSi gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom `samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis obieqtad iTvleba yovelive is, ris ga-
moc warmoiSoba e.w. urTierToba, ese igi samarTlebri-
vi urTierTobis obieqts warmoadgens realuri sikeTe,
romlis gamoyenebasa da dacvaze mimarTulia subieqtis
uflebebi da iuridiuli movaleobebi~159. samoqalaqo
samarTlis obieqtebi ganmtkicebulia samoqalaqo samar-
Tlis meore wignSi - sanivTo samarTalSi da igi aris
qonebrivi an araqonebrivi Rirebulebis materialuri da
aramaterialuri sikeTe, romelic kanoniT dadgenili
wesiT brunvidan ar aris amoRebuli. gamodis, rom samo-
qalaqo samaTlis obieqti aris qoneba – yvela nivTi da
aramaterialuri sikeTe, romelTa floba, sargebloba da
gankargva SeuZliaT fizikur da iuridiul pirebs. Cven
am sakiTxebs mogvianebiT isev davubrundebiT da mis
detalur ganmartebas am SemTxvevaSi aRar movaxdenT160.
��. lobJaniZe, g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, 2003, 460.

160. damat .ix. saiti: http://lawtsu.blogspot.com.2012/11blog-post.html
131
Tavi III. fizikuri pirebi
$ 1. fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba
161
fizikuri piri samoqalaqo samarTlis aqtiuri
subieqtia, romelsac gaaCnia uflebaunarianoba da qme-
dunarianoba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi fiziku-
ri pirebis uflebaunarianobis definicias 11-e muxlSi
ganamtkicebs. `fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba – una-
ri hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi, war-
moiSoba dabadebis momentidan~. es cneba Tavis saTaveebs
iRebs XVIII saukuneSi da samarTalsubieqtobasTanaa
gaigivebuli. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo doqtrina fizi-
kur pirs, rogorc samarTlis subieqts, mxolod ufle-
baunarianobaze dayrdnobiT axasiaTebs. mxolod ufle-
baunariani piri, rogorc samarTlis subieqti, SeiZleba
iyos samoqalaqo uflebebis matarebeli. mxolod uf-
lebaunariani piri samarTlis pasiuri subieqtia, qmedu-
narianoba ki mas aqtiur subieqtad aqcevs. romauli sa-
marTali erTiani uflebaunarianobis cnebas ar cnobda.
ìustianes nawerSi adamianis samarTlebrivi mdgomareo-
bis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda termini `statusi~. maTi
azriT, romis saxelmwifoSi adamians SeiZleba gaaCndes
sami mTavari statusi: 1) `status libertatis~ gansaz-
Rvravda romis saxelmwifosaTvis metad mniSvnelovan
��.germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) samoqalaqo samarTlis aqtiur subieqts
– adamians fizikur pirad moixseniebs, Tumca $1-Si vkiTxulobT: àdamianis
uflebaunarianoba..~ da mere rogorc aris (germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
(BGB); 2010 wlis martis mdgomareobiT, Targmani z. WeWelaSvilis; (Гражданское
уложение Германии {Burgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands. Wolters Kluwer, Москваб 2006);
ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi fizikur pirs moixseniebs rogorc `moqalaqe~ da
aqve frCxilebSi mianiSnebs `fizikuri piri~). ix. ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi,
saxelmZRvanelo, tomi I, e. a. suxanovis redaqtorobiT, `mgu~-s gamocema, moskovi
)rusul enaze), 2011. safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi 38. aseve samoqalaqo
samarTlis subieqtebad aseve fizikur pirebs moixseniebs da sxv. http://legalportal.am/
download/library/p17525scbn1u4f12o9181dau5n321.pdf
132
sakiTxs: ekuTvnoda Tu ara adamiani TavisufalTa fenas.
am TvalsazrisiT, adamiani SeiZleboda yofiliyo Tavi-
sufali an mona. kanoni maT Soris araviTar saSualos
ar icnobda; 2) `status civitatis~ –– migviTiTebs imis
Sesaxeb, rom adamiani romis moqalaqe iyo Tu ara. ucxo-
elebi – `peregrinusebi~ romis moqalaqeTa uflebebiT
ver isargeblebdnen; 3) `status familie~ – gansazRvrav-
da romaeli moqalaqeebis mdgomareobas ojaxSi. ojaxSi
romaeli an ojaxis ufrosi ojaxis meTauria (`pater-
familias~) an misi xelqveiTia.... romis samoqalaqo sa-
marTali icnobda piris uflebaunarianobis Semcirebas
da mas aRniSnavda terminiT `kapitis deminucio~. am mi-
marTebiT, cxadia, adamianis mier Tavisuflebis dakargva
iqneboda misi uflebaunarianobis maqsialuri Semcireba.
am movlenas asec erqva: `kapitis diminucio macsima~, rom-
lis SemTxvvaSi adamiani kargavda Tavis mdgomareobas
ojaxSi, magram inarCunebda sxva uflebebs (pirvel or
statuss)162. inglisur-amerikuli samarTali ar icn-
obs uflebaunarianobis instituts, igi icnobs mxolod
uflebaunarian da qmedunarian pirebs... `miuxedavad
imisa, rom inglisur-amerikuli samarTali ar icnobs
uflebaunarianobis statikur cnebas, igi mainc cdilobs
daamkvidros misi msgavsi institutebi. magaliTad, aris
mcdeloba, rom legal capacity orgvari gagebiT iqnes ga-
moyenebuli: aqtiuri (active capacity) da pasiuri (passive
capacity). koninenturi evropis samarTlis enaze rom vT-
qvaT, pirveli gamoricxavs qmedunarianobas, xolo meore–
uflebaunarianobas... .163 gamodis, rom inglisur-ameriku-
li samarTali konkretuli piris uflebaunarianobasa
da qmedunarianobas erTdroulad moicavs, maSin, roca
��. nadareiSvili, g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, 2001, 134-135.
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
2000, 129-130.
133
kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebis uflebaunarianobisa
da qmedunarianobis institutebs cal-calke ganixilavs.
germanuli BBGB-is $1-is Tanaxmad: àdamianis ufle-
baunaroba warmoiSoba dabadebis dasrulebis momenti-
dan~.
uflebaunarobis institutisTvis ucxoa misi
monawile piris politikuri, religiuri da a.S. mrwam-
si, misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba isaa, rom yvela aRiaros
samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawiled, anu hqondeT samo-
qalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi da igi maT dabadebi-
dan warmoeSvebaT.
`zogadi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi moicavs
yvelasaTvis saerTo da Tanaswor uflebebsa da movaleo-
bebs, xolo konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi
– araTanaswor da gansxvavebuli moculobis uflebasa
da movaleobas. Sesabamisad zogad-samarTlebriv urT-
ierTobebSi monawile pirebi xasiaTdebian zogadi samar-
Tlebrivi statusiT, xolo konkretul samarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi monawileni – individualuri samarT-
lebrivi statusiT. aqedan gamomdinare unda ganvasx-
vavoT zogadi da individualuri (konkretuli) samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebi (zogadi samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis subieqtebs gaaCniaT Tanaswori uflebebi da mova-
leobebi da maT ganekuTvneba pirovneba da saxelmwifo).
magram adamianis pirovnebad, anu zogadi samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis subieqtad cnoba ar aris sakmarisi. fun-
damenturi, Tandayolili, gausxvisebeli saarsebo ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis konstutuciuri deklarireba
adamianis pirovnebad cnobis pirveli etapia.... formalu-
rad arsebuli konstitucia faqtobrivad arsebuli fiq-
ciaa, Tu masSi Cawerili uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
ganxorcieleba realurad SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdi-
134
nare, adamianis pirovnebad cnoba gulisxmobs ara marto
adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis, aramed im SesaZle-
blobebis aRiarebasac, romelnic uzrunvelyofs ada-
mianis pirovnuli arsis gamovlenas. aseTi institutia
uflebaunarianoba~164. `saerTod, uflebaunarianoba aris
adamianTa Tavisuflebis amosavali pozicia, sawyisi. es
aris WeSmariti Tavisuflebis sfero, sadac batonobs
adamianis niWi, unari, iniciativa, ga,Wriaxoba, fxianoba,
gergilianoba da sxva Tvisebebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva
xarisxiT da moculobiT floben adamianebi da romelTa
gamo Tanasworoba samarTals ar SeuZlia Seqmnas. samar-
Tals SeuZlia da realuradac akeTebs imas, rom scnobs,
aRiarebs am SesaZleblobaTa gamovlenis unars da qmnis
am gamovlenisaTvis Tanaswor zogad samarTlebriv ga-
rantiebs165.
uflebaunarianobis warmoSobas saxelmwifos mxri-
dan araviTari aqti ar sWirdeba. igi adamianis dabade-
bidan Tanmdevi procesia da mis asakze, janmrTelobaze
da a.S. ar aris damokidebuli. magram, aq meore mniS-
vnelovani problema dgas – rodidan iTvleba adamiani,
rogorc samoqalaqo samarTalurTierTobebis monawile
dabadebulad? sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobiT igi
gansxvavebulad aris mowesrigebuli. miuxedavad azrTa
prularizmisa yvela Tanxmdeba, rom Tanamedrove medi-
cinis gagebiT, dabadebad dedis saSvilosnodan nayofis
gamoyofa miiCneva, anu am SemTxvevaSi dabadeba rogorc
samedicino aqti damTavrebulia, xolo uflebaunari-
anoba ki – warmoSobili. swored dabadebidan iZens piri
samoqalaqo uflebebs da movaleobebs.
aq kidev erTi problema warmoiSoba. bunebrivia
uflebaunariani yvela adamiania, magram ra mimarTebaSia
��. savaneli, b. dasax. naSr; 92-93.
��. savaneli, b. dasax. naSr; 93.
135
igi uflebebTan? uflebaunaroba zogadi institutia,
radgan mis matareblad yvela fizikuri piri iTvleba,
rac Seexeba uflebebs – gansxvavebuli asakis, sqesis
adamianebs gansxvavebuli uflebebi gaaCniaT. gamodis,
rom uflebebi ufro konkretulia, radgan igi, an konkre-
tul pirovnebas ukavSirdeba an konkretul urTierTo-
bas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli bevri
uflebebis matarebeli mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqee-
bi arian. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, mx-
olod saqarTvelos moqalaqes aqvs politikuri ufle-
bebi, isic kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi,
magaliTad: aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba iwyeba 18 wlis
asakidan, saqarTvelos sakanonmdebo organoSi SeiZleba
airCes saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mqone piri 21 wlis
asakidan166, saqarTvelos prezidentad SeiZleba airCes
saarCevno uflebis mqone dabadebiT saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqe 35 wlis asakidan, adgilobrivi warmomadgenlo-
biTi organos – sakrebulos wevrad, gamgeblad, merad
SeiZleba airCes saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelsac kenWi-
syris dRisaTvis Seusrulda 21 weli da a.S.
uflebaunarianobis institutTan mWidrodaa dakav-
Sirebuli samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtebis ufleba-
movaleobebis arseboba. àr arsebobs ufleba subieqtis
gareSe da subieqti uflebis gareSe, ufleba subieqtis
Tvisebaa, subieqti ki uflebis qmnileba. subieqtad qce-
va ar saWiroebs realur uflebebs. uflebis SeZenis
SesaZlebloba qmnis subieqts~167. ùflebebi SesaZle-
blobis saxiTaa adamianSi mocemuli. esaa moqmedebis
��. migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi 21 wlis asakobrivi zRvari

sakanonmdeblo organoSi arCevisa unda gaizardos, vTqvaT 25 wlamde mainc.
��. zoiZe, b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, ese-dan ùflebisa
da subieqtis kavSirurTierToba~.
136
Tavisufleba~168.
bunebrivia, uflebaunaroba cocxal adamians gaaCnia
da bunebrivia samarTlis subieqtic TviTonaa, ufleba ki
mxolod subieqts gaaCnia. magram samoqalaqo kodeqsi
icavs jer kidev daubadebeli, CanasaxSi myofis ufle-
bebs. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-11 muxlis me-2 nawilis
Tanaxmad, `memkvidred yofnis ufleba warmoiSoba Casa-
xvisTanave. am uflebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia
dabadebaze~. Cven zemoT ukve visaubreT dabadebis momen-
tis Sesaxeb da aq am Temas aRar gavagrZelebT. aRvniS-
navT, rom Casaxulsac aqvs ufleba iyos mamkvidreblis
memkvidre, oRond kanonmdebeli konkretulad miuTiTebs:
mxolod misi cocxlad dabadebis SemTxvevaSi. kidev met-
ic, ssk 11-e muxlis me-2 nawilis debulebas erTgvarad
exmianeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis meeqvse wignis – `memkvi-
dreobiTi samarTlis~ 1307-e muxli, romlis mixedviT:
`memkvidreebi SeiZleba iyvnen: a) kanoniT memkvidreobis
dros – pirebi, romlebic cocxlebi iyvnen mamkvidreb-
lis sikvdilis momentisTvis da, agreTve, mamkvidreblis
Svilebi, romelebic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg cocx-
ali daibadnen; b) anderZiT memkvidreobisas – pirebi,
romlebic cocxlebi iyvnen mamkvidreblis sikvdilis
momentisaTvis, agreTve isini, romlebic Caisaxnen mis
sicocxleSi da daibadnen misi gardacvalebis Semdeg
miuxedavad imisa, misi Svilebi arian isini Tu ara, aseve
iuridiuli pirebi~. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs anderi
CasaxulisaTvis qonebis datovebis Sesaxeb da igi `mkv-
drad~ daibadeba? aseT SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, Tu ar
arsebobs ùflebis~ subieqti, arc ufleba ar iarsebebs.
ssk me-11 muxlis me-2 nawilis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs
��. zoiZe, b., dasax. naSr; ese-dan: `samarTlis rezistenciuri subieqtis Sesaxeb~.
`rezistentoba~-(laT. resisto) winaaRmdegobas vuwev _ gamZleoba (ix. ucxo
sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1989, 430.
137
SezRudul uflebaunarobas, radganac igi mxolod mem-
kvidred yofnis uflebas iTvaliswinebs. aseve ufleba
pirobiTia imitom, rom Tu daibadeba piri, maSin iqneba
igi im qonebrivi uflebebis matarebeli, romelic mas
mamkvidrebelma dautova. aqve moviSvelioT magaliTis
saxiT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1465-e muxli, romelic Casa-
xuli memkvidris uflebas exeba samkvidros gayofisas.
kerZod, `n.1. Tu memkvidre Casaxulia, maSin samkvidros
gayofa SeiZleba mxolod am memkvidris dabadebis Sem-
deg~, xolo amave muxlis me-2 nawiliT ki, `Tu Casaxuli
memkvidre cocxali daibadeba, maSin danarCen memkvidree-
bs ufleba aqvT gaiyon samkvidro mxolod misi kuT-
vnili nawilis gamoyofiT. axalSobilis interesebis
dasacavad gayofaSi monawileobisaTvis miwveul unda
iqnen misi warmomadgenlebi~169.
uflebaunarianoba adamianis Tandayolil, bunebiT
aRiarebul unars warmoadgens. gamomdinare aqedan, dauS-
vebelia raime garigebiT an saxelmwifos raime aqtiT
misi Sewyveta. aki pirdapir miuTiTebs samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis me-11 muxlis me-3 nawili: `fizikuri piris ufle-
baunaroba wydeba misi gardacvalebiT~. es misi ufle-
baunarobis dasasrulia, Tumca memkvidreobiTi samarTa-
li mas ukavSirebs sxva pirebisaTvis mTeli rigi ufle-
bebis warmoSobas, romelTagan ZiriTadi memkvidreobis
miRebaa. 1306-e muxli iTvaliswinebs gardacvlili piris
(mamkvidreblis) qonebis gadasvlas sxva pirebze (mem-
kvidreebze) kanoniT an anderZiT, an orive safuZvliT.
an kidev, valdebulebiTi samarTlis 453-e muxli iTval-
iswinebs, `movalis an kreditoris gardacvalebisas val-
debulebis Sewyvetas, Tu Sesruleba SeuZlebelia misi
��. damat. ix. Sengelia, r., Sengelia, e., memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2007;
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, avt. axvlediani, z.,
Wanturia, l., 2000.
138
piradi monawileobis gareSe da meore SemTxvevaSi, Tu
Sesruleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo piradad kreditori-
saTvis, an kidev ssk m. 1302 meurveobis Sewyvetis erT_
erT safuZvlad sameurveo piris gardacvalebas miiCnevs,
xolo 1304-e muxli ki mzrunvelobis Sewyvetis samarT-
lebriv safuZvlad samzrunvelo piris gardacvalebas;
aseve saojaxo samarTlidan, m. 1149 miuTiTebs, rom ar
SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes qorwinebis gabaTileba orive
meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg~ da sxv.
fizikuri piris gardacvalebis momentad saqarT-
velos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT `gu-
lis muSaobis SeCereba~ miiCneoda, magrama 60-ian wlebSi
samxreT afrikaSi, kapStadSi profesor kristian ber-
nardis mier Catarebulma pirvelma operaciam gulis
gadanergvisa erTi adamianidan meoreze da sisxlis mi-
moqcevis xelovnuri aparatis saSualebiT funqcionire-
bam - didi diskusia gamoiwvia adamianis gardacvalebis
faqtTan dakavSirebiT. aman da, sxva, msgavsma samedicino
eqsperimentebma daadgines, rom gulis muSaobis SeCereba
ki ara da tvinis funqcionirebis Sewyveta iwvevs admia-
nis gardacvalebis moments. `fizikuri piris gardacva-
lebis momentad iTvleba Tavis tvinis funqcionirebis
Sewyveta~ _ aseTi iyo medicinis didi miRwevebisadmi
samarTlis mecnierebis gamoZaxili. samarTalmcodneT
imdenad ki ar ainteresebdaT samedicino kvlevebi am
kuTxiT, maTTvis adamianis gardacvalebis faqts mrava-
li samoqalaqo - samarTlebrivi aqti ukavSirdeboda.
magaliTad, piris gardacvalebiT meurveobis Sewyveta
(ssk m. 1302) an kidev, samzrunvelo piris gardacvalebiT
mzrunvelobis Sewyveta (ssk. m. 1304); aseve, memkvidreobis
sakiTxebi; valdebulebis Sewyveta-gagrZelebis samarT-
lebrivi problemebi movalis an kreditoris gardacva-
139
lebisas da a.S.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, uflebaunarianoba piris
bunebiT ganpirobebuli, Tandayolili unaria. misi war-
moSoba an dakargva saxelmwifos raime aqtze ar aris
damokidebuli. amitom mkacrad gansazRvra samoqalaqo
kodeqsma Tavis me-11 muxlis me-4 nawilSi, àr SeiZleba
fizikur pirs waerTvas uflebaunarianoba~.
aqve mniSvnelovania erTi sakiTxi: adamianis gar-
dacvaleba, mniSvneloba ar aqvs igi bunebrivi sikvdil-
iT xdeba Tu sxva mizeziT, (mag; avtokatastrofa), iwvevs
uflebaunarianobis Sewyvetas, magram roca adamianis
gardacvlilad gamocxadeba xdeba (ssk m. 22), iwvevs Tu
ara es aqti piris uflebaunarianobis Sewyvetas? aq erT-
gvar iuridiul fiqciasTan170 gvaqvs saqme, radgan sikvdi-
lis damadasturebeli faqti ar arsebobs, daSvebulia
`sikvdilis prezumfcia~. es faqti bunebrivia iwvevs
samkvidros gaxsnas (warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs).
Cven calsaxad unda vamtkicoT, rom piris gardacvli-
lad gamocxadeba iwvevs mis uflebaunarianobis da-
kargvasac.
aqve erT SeniSvnas gavakeTebdiT samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis me-11 muxlis me-3 punqtis da kanonis àdamianis
organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ IV Tavis `gardacvli-
li donoris aReba~, me-12 muxlTan mimarTebiT. kerZod,
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-11 muxlis me-3 nawili fizikuri
piris uflebaunarianobis Sewyvetis safuZvlad gar-
dacvalebis faqts miiCnevs da gardacvalebis momen-
tad calsaxad Tavis tvinis funqcionirebis Sewyvetas
��
. fiqcia (iuridiuli) - samarTlis miznebisaTvis raime institutis xelovnurad
Seqmna (gamogoneba). magaliTad, iuridiuli piris gageba fiqciis gziT aris
Seqmnili. wyaro: ZiriTad iuridiul terminaTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris biuro. 2010 wlis 15 ivnisis
mdgomareobiT. avt. u. Todua, T. ergemliZe, T. qvliviSvili, l, merebaSvili, saiti:
http://www.tbappeal.court.ge/upload/sr_187.pdf
140
ukavSirebs. kanonSi ki àdamianis organoTa gadanerg-
vis Sesaxeb~ vkiTxulobT (m.12): adamiani gardacvlilad
CaiTvleba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac dadgindeba Ta-
vis tvinis sikvdili an gulis Seuqcevadi gaCereba da
sisxlis mimoqcevis Sewyveta~. rogorc vxedavT erTi da
igive mniSvnelobis, identuri iuridiuli faqti gansx-
vavebulad fiqsirdeba or kanonSi. migvaCnia, rom uke-
Tesi iqneboda, samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi norma (m.
11.n. 3) Camoyalibebuliyo kanonis àdamianis organoTa
gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ m. 12-is mixedviT. migvaCnia, rom es
sakanonmdeblo xarvezia da unda gaswordes.
$ 2. fizikuri piris qmedunarianobis Sesaxeb
qmedunarianobis legaluri definicia samoqalaqo

kodeqsis me-12 muxlis 1-l nawilSia mocemuli. kerZod,
`fizikuri piris unari, Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT
sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqa-
laqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (qmedunarianoba), war-
moiSoba srulwlovanebis miRwevisTanave~. germanuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 2 konkretulad miuTiTebs, rom
`srulwlovaneba dgeba 18 wlis asakis miRwevisas~. ufle-
baunarianoba rogorc wina paragrafSi avRniSneT, yvela
adamians gaaCnia, gansxvavebiT asakisa, janmrTelobisa da
a.S. rac Seexeba qmedunarianobas, mas pirebi dabadebi-
danve ar iZenen. igi adamians ewyeba srulwlovanebis
miRwevidan. `srulwlovania piri, romelmac miaRwia
Tvrameti wlis asaks~. aseve qmedunarianad iTvleba piri,
romelsac SeuZlia gonebrivad gansajos Tavisi qmede-
bani, angariSi gauwios mis mier ganxorcielebul yovel-
141
gvar qmedebas. e.i. qmedunarianad garkveuli asakis garda
iTvleba agreTve piri, romelsac aqvs gonivruli gan-
sjis unari da SesaZlebloba angariSi gauwios mis mier
ganxorcielebul qmedebas. e.i. qmedunarianoba garkveul
garemoebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic gansaz-
Rvraven pirTa qmedunarianobas da es pirobebia: asaki
da janmrTeloba.
`kanonmdebels didi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba im
urTierTobaTa mowesrigebisas, sadac asaki garkveuli
uflebis warmoSobis wyaro xdeba. nebismier samarT-
lebriv urTierTobaSi monawile piri unda acnobiereb-
des am urTierTobis mniSvnelobasa da SesaZlo mosa-
lodnel Sedegs. imisaTvis, rom pirma SeZlos konkre-
tuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis SesaZlo Sedegebis
prognozireba, amisaTvis ucilebelia, rom igi gonebrivi
ganviTarebis Sesabamis doneze imyofebodes. gonebrivi
ganviTareba ki, rogorc wesi, asakis matebis paralelu-
rad xdeba. sxvadasxva asakobriv etapze pirs aqvs Sesa-
Zlebloba garkveul samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi Se-
vides kontrahentTan. gansxvaveba am samarTalurTierTo-
baTa xasiaTsa da sirTuleSia. rac ufro rTulia samar-
Tlebrivi urTierToba, pasuxismgeblobis ufro maRali
xarisxia dadgenili da, Sesabamisad, am urTierTobaSi
monawileobisaTvis dadgenili asakobrivi standartic
gansxvavebulia~171.
qmedunarianobis instituti romis samarTlidan
momdinareobs. gansxvavebiT uflebaunarianobis insti-
tutisagan, romelsac istoriuli winamorbedi romis
samarTalSi ar hyavda. romis samoqalaqo samarTalSi
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda qmedunarianobas (Tumca
qmedunarianobis zogadi cneba damuSavebuli ar iyo).
��. xarazi, i., kvinikaZe, q., àsakis, rogorc uflebebisa da movaleobebis warmoSobis
wyaros Sesaxeb~, Jurnali `komunikaciebi~, # 23, 2014, 136.
142
qmedunarianobis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, didi mniSvn-
eloba eniWeboda asaks da Seracxadobis sakiTxs. ro-
mis samarTlis mixedviT qmedunarianobas moklebul, anu
araqmedunarianad iTvleboda 7 wlamde asakis pirebi
(infantes (infantes). 7-dan 14 wlamde asakis pirebs ufle-
ba hqondaT yidva-gayidvis da qonebis SeZenisa. 14-dan
25 wlamde asakis pirebi miCneul iyvnen srulyofili
qmedunarianobis mqone pirebad. qmedunarianobis ganx-
orcielebis erT-erTi aucilebeli moTxovna iyo piris
Seracxadoba, anu iseTi mdgomareoba, roca is janmrTe-
li iyo da angariSs uwevda Tavis moqmedebas. romis
samarTlis mixedviT suliT avadmyofebi da Wkuasustebi
iTvlebodnen araqmedunarianebad. isini Tavis uflebebs
axorcielebdnen mzrunvelis meSveobiT. qmedunariano-
baSi SezRudulad iTvlebodnen gamflangvelebi anu
susti nebisyofis adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi qceviT,
xasiaTiT qmnidnen garigebaTa Sesrulebis CaSlis sa-
SiSroebas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qalebi mamakacebTan
SedarebiT SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqoned iTvle-
bodnen172. `samarTalsubieqturobis sferoSi seriozuli
msgavseba (zogjer gavlena) dasturdeba asakis samarT-
lebriv gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. berZnul-romauli
samarTlis gavleniT xsnis niko xizaniSvili `ruis-urb-
nisi Zeglis weraSi~ saqorwinod Tormeti wlis qalis
miCnevas. es asakobrivi zRvari iustinianes daudgenia....
qali Tormet wlamdin episkopozTa xelTa aris, ar mar-
Tebs anderZis Tqma... vaJis asaki gacilebiT maRalia da
14-15 wliT Semoifargleba~173.
Tanamedrove qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis m. 12,
n. me-2 mTlianad iziarebs germanuli BGB-is mosazrebas,
172. metreveli,v., romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, 1995, 45-46.
173. xizaniSvili, n., rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 303. wyaro: zoiZe,
b. evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2005, 44-45.
143
imis Sesaxeb, rom `srulwlovaneba dgeba Tvrameti wlis
asakis miRwevidan ($2).
`mxolod uflebaunariani piri, rogorc samarTlis
subieqti, SeiZleba iyos samoqalaqo uflebaTa matarebe-
li. martooden uflebaunariani piri samarTlis pasiuri
subieqtia, qmedunarianoba mas samarTlis aqtiur subieq-
tad aqcevs. es ki, garigebaunarianobis SeZenasTanaa daka-
vSirebuli. garigebaunarianoba qmedunarianobaa. garige-
baunarianoba samarTlebrivad faseuli nebis gamovlenis
unarianobaa. es ki garkveul asakSi Cndeba da sxvadasxva
garemoebebzea damokidebuli~174. kodeqsis aseTi midgoma,
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT germanuli samarTlis gavle-
niT aixsneba. germaneli iuristebi piris nebis gamovle-
nas fizikuri piris Tvisebebs ukavSireben. samarTlis
subieqtad pirs es Tviseba ki ar aqcevs, aramed misi
adamianuroba. inglisur-amerikuli samarTlis enaze pa-
siuri uflebaunarianoba ubralod uflebaunarianobaa,
aqtiuri uflebaunarianoba ki qmedunarianoba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxli, nawili me-2, ro-
gorc avRniSneT, piris srulwlovanebas 18 wlis miRw-
evas ukavSirebs. aseve am muxlis mesame nawili iTval-
iswinebs asakis mixedviT qmedunarianobis gansazRvrisas
emansi paciis instituts. kerZod, `qmedunarianad iTvleba
piri, romelic iqorwinebs Tvrameti wlis asakis miR-
wevamde~. ssk 1108 muxlis 1-li nawiliT ki saqorwino
asakad dawesebulia Tvrameti weli, magram amave mux-
lis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, `gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Te-
qvsmeti wlis asakidan daqorwineba daiSveba mSoblebis
an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis winaswari weri-
lobiTi TanxmobiT~, xolo `Tanxmobaze mSoblebis an
sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uaris SemTxvevaSi pa-
174. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqrTveloSi, 2005, 209.
144
tivsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas dasaqorwinebel pirTa
gancxadebis safuZvelze nebarTva SeuZlia gasces sa-
samarTlom~ (m. 1108. n.3.). emansi paciis SemTxvevas icnobs
agreTve ssk 65-e muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad,
`Tu kanonieri warmomadgeneli aniWebs Teqvsmeti wlis
asaks miRweul arasrulwlovans sawarmos damoukide-
blad gaZRolis uflebas, maSin am sferosaTvis Cveu-
lebriv urTierTobebSi igi SeuzRudavad qmedunariani
xdeba. es wesi gamoiyeneba rogorc sawarmos dafuZnebis,
aseve `likvidaciisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis daw-
yebis an damTavrebis mimarTac~.
garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobam fizikuri pirebis janmrTelobis gansaz-
RvrasTan da masTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi samo-
qalaqo samarTlebrivi garigebebis dadebis Tvalsaz-
risiT. kerZod, 1. qmedunarianoba, anu fizikuri piris
unari Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT sruli moculobiT
SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da
movaleobebi warmoiSoba srulwlovanebis miRwevisTa-
nave. 2. srulwlovania piri, romelmac 18 wlis asaks
miaRwia. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi 2015 wlis 1 aprilidan
Sesuli cvlilebebiT `qmedunarianad iTvleba fsiqoso-
cialuri saWiroebis mqone piri (SemdgomSi mxardamWer-
is mimRebi, anu piri, romelsac aqvs myari fsiqikuri, gon-
ebrivi/inteleqtualuri darRvevebi, romelTa sxvadasxva
dabrkolebasTan urTierTqmedebam SesaZloa xeli SeuSa-
los sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mis srul da efeqtian
monawileobas sxvebTan Tanabar pirobebSi, Tu es akmayo-
filebs 12-e muxlis me-2 an me-3 nawilis pirobebs, amas-
Tanave aRniSnuli dabrkolebebi saTanado rCevisa da
daxmarebis gareSe mniSvnelovnad arTulebs piris mier
sakuTari nebis Tavisuflad gamoxatvas da informire-
145
buli da gaazrebuli arCevanis gakeTebas sasamarTlos
mier gansazRvrul sferoSi (n.4). me-5 novaciuri nawilis
Tanaxmad, ki: `mxardaWeris mimRebad sasamarTlom Sei-
Zleba cnos agreTve arasrulwlovani im farglebSi,
romlebSic, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mas
Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebis ganxorcielebisas kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba ar sWirdeba~. 7 wlamde
asakis arasrulwlovani (mcirewlovani) qmeduunarod
iTvleba~ (m. 12, n.7).
srulwlovani pirebis mxardaWeris mimReb pirebad175
aRiareba saWiroebs samedicino daskvnis safuZvelze
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, rasac, ver vityodiT
arasrulwlovani pirebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac TavianTi
ufleba-movaleobebis ganxorcielebisas, kanonieri war-
momadgenlebis Tanxmoba ar sWirdebaT. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom samedicino daskvna sasamarTlosaTvis utyuar,
erTxel miRebul dadasturebul cnobad yovelTvis ar
miiReba piris mxardaWeris mimRebad cnobis aRiarebi-
saTvis. qmeduunarod aRiarebul pirebs (mcirewlovnebs)
araviTari garigebis dadeba ar SeuZliaT, maT magivrad
garigebas debs maTi kanonieri warmomadgeneli-mxardam-
Weri piri (meurve), romlebic `gansakuTrebuli ufle-
bamosilebis gareSe warmoadgenen mxardaWeris mimRebi
piris (sameurveo piris) uflebebsa da interesebs mesame
pirebTan urTierTobaSi, maT Soris sasamarTloSi~. ma-
gram, amasTanave, ssk 1294-e muxli iTvaliswinebs meurvi-
sa da mzrunvelis uflebamosilebis SezRudvas, kerZod,
`meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos winaswari Tanx-
mobis gareSe meurves ar aqvs ufleba sameurveo piris
saxeliT dados garigeba, xolo mzrunvels samzrunvelo
piris saxeliT daTanxmdes garigebis dadebaze, romelic
175. Wkuasustobis, suliT daavadebis SemTxvevaSi (roca sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebamde isini iTvlebodnen qmeduunaroebad).
146
Seexeba qonebis gasxvisebas, dagiravebas, aT welze meti
vadiT gaqiravebas, Txovebas an sxva savalo valdebule-
baTa gacemas, Tamasuqis, sameurveo an samzrunvelo piris
kuTvnil uflebebze uaris Tqmas, samewarmeo sazogadoe-
baSi partniorad Sesvlas, sesxis aRebas, qonebis gayo-
fas, an romlebsac Sedegad SeiZleba mohyves qonebis
Semcireba~. mxolod ssk m. 1295 iTvaliswinebs gamonak-
liss, roca meurveobisa da mzrunvelobs organos ne-
barTvis gareSe SeiZleba gaiyidos malfuWebadi an is-
eTi qoneba, romelic Tavisi xasiaTis mixedviT gasayidad
aris gankuTvnili.
mxardaWeris mimReb pirad aRiarebuli srulwlovani
piris gankurnebis an janmrTelobis mniSvnelovnad gaum-
jobesebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo mas qmedunarianad
aRiarebs. es ki xdeba samedicino daskvnis safuZvelze.
qmedunarianad aRiarebul srulwlovan pirs Cveulebriv,
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe SeuZlia dados nebism-
ieri garigeba da gansazRvros am garigebis Sinaarsi.
bunebrivia ibadeba kiTxva ram ganapiroba samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis me-12 da sxva analogiur normebSi aRniS-
nuli cvlilebebis Setana?. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cv-
lilebebis Setanis mizans warmoadgenda qmeduunarobis
amsaxveli normebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebasa da `Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis dac-
vis konvenciis standartebTan, Sesabamisad, im pirebis
mimarT, romlebic samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT miiCneod-
nen `Wkuasustobis~ an `sulieri moSlilobis~ safuZv-
liT qmeduunaroebad da SemoTavazebul iqna individu-
aluri Sefasebis SemoReba, romelic ar daefuZneboda
mxolod samedicino models da masSi mniSvnelovan
adgils daiWerda socialuri Sefasebis sistemac. aseve
147
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda fsiqi-
kuri problemebis mqone pirebis uflebebis dacvis ga-
Zliereba, kanonmdeblobaSi cvlilebamde arsebuli sru-
li ugulebelyofis sistemidan mxardaWerisa da gamon-
aklis SemTxvevebSi Canacvlebis meqanizmebis SemoRebiT.
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobam axleburad Camoay-
aliba im pirTa cneba, romlebic ssk-Si cvlilebamde
miiCneodnen qmeduunaroebad, `Wkuasustobis~ da suli-
eri moSlilobis~gamo. cvlilebebis safuZvels war-
moadgens `SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa
uflebebis konvencia~, romelic princi pulad uaryofs
adamianisaTvis qmedunarianobis CamorTmevas (muxli 12).
konvenciis xelmoweriT, saxelmwifoebi aseve aRiare-
ben, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aris dinamiuri
cneba da warmoadgens janmrTelobis darRvevis mqone
pirebs, maT mimarT damokidebulebisa da garemos bari-
eris urTierTqmedebis Sedegs, rac aferxebs sazogadoe-
briv cxovrebaSi maT Tanabar, srulyofil da efeqtur
monawileobas~. Sesabamisad, mxolod fsiqikuri janmr-
Telobis gamo adamianisaTvis ara Tu qmedunarianobis
CamorTmeva, aramed misTvis qmedunarianobis SezRudvac
konvenciiT dadgenili maRali standartis sawinaaRmde-
god miiCneva. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
ganmartebiT: `gonebrivi CamorCenilobisa da fsiqikuri
aSlilobis mqone srulwlovani pirebis samarTlebrivi
dacva unda emyarebodes: 1. samarTlebrivi regulirebis
moqnil princi ps, romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iT-
valiswinebs iseTi samarTlebrivi instrumentebis gam-
oyenebas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen piris uflebebisa
da qonebrivi interesebis dacvis mizniT, konkretul
samarTlebriv viTarebaSi misi qmeduunarobis xarisxis
maqsimalurad srul gaTvaliswinebas, qmeduunarobis
gansxvavebuli xarisxebisa da gansxvavebuli viTarebis
148
Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi regulirebis arsebobas; 2.
qmedunarianobis maqsimaluri SenarCunebis princi ps,
rac gulisxmobs, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia qmeduun-
arobis gansxvavebuli xarisxebis arsebobasa da piris
qmedunarianobis xarisxis cvlilebebis SesaZleblobas
droTa ganmavlobaSi; 3. dacviTi RonisZiebebis piris
qmedunarianobis xarisxTan Tanazomierebis princi pi,
romlis Tanaxmad, qmedunarianobis SezRudvisas gaT-
valiswinebuli unda iqnes qmedunarianobis konkretuli
viTareba da Sesabamisi piris konkretuli saWiroebebi.
piris ufleba-TavisuflebaSi Careva dasaSvebia mxolod
im minimaluri moculobiT, rac aucilebelia miznis
misaRwevad. dacviTi RonisZiebebi avtomaturad ar unda
gulisxmobdes pirisaTvis qmedunarianobis sruli mocu-
lobiT dakargvas, xolo, sadac es SesaZlebelia, srulw-
lovan pirs unda hqondes ufleba, dados iuridiuli mniS-
vnelobis mqone yoveldRiuri yofiTi garigebebi~ da sxva.
gaeros `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa
uflebebis mqone pirTa konvencia~-m aRiara, rom misi
mizania xeli Seuwyos, daicvas da uzrunvelyos Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa Tanabari ufle-
bebisa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa realizeba, maTi Tan-
dayolili pirovnuli Rirsebis pativiscema. konvenciam,
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs miakuTvna
adamianebi, romelTa xangrZlivma fizikurma, mental-
urma, ineteleqtualurma da sensorulma175 darRveveb-
175. sensoruli integraciis darRveva. sensoruli dezintegracia – ase uwodeben
am mdgomareobas, mdgomareobas, roca adamiani Tavs dabneulad, dakargulad gr-
Znobs, rogorc specialistebi amboben, sensoruli integracia SegrZnebebis mowes-
rigebas niSnavs, Cveni tvini gamudmebiT iRebs informacia aramxolod TvalebiT,
yurebiT, ynosviT, aramed kunTebidanac da centraluri nervul sistemebSi am
informaciis sturtuireba Semdgom moqmedebebs ganapirobebs. es procesi iseve
meqanikurad mimdinareobs da isevev aucilebelia Cveni normaluri arsebobi-
saTvis, rogorc sunTqva sakmarisia, igi sadRac Seferxdes, tvinisaken mimaval
romelime arxs seriozuli problema Seeqmnas, problema Segveqmneba Cvenc. soli-
daroba. Soutce – 2007. - #10. red. nino cincaZe. vebgverdi: http:/w.w.w.np.lg.gov.ge/gwdiet/
index.pnp?a=term&d=58=17505
149
ma damatebiT barierebTan urTierTqmedebaSi SesaZloa
Seaferxos maTi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Tanaswori,
srulfasovani da efeqturi monawileoba~176.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom meore kolegiis gadawyvetilebiT177 daak-
mayofila saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis i. qemokliZisa da
d.xaraZis (SezRuduli gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqo-
ne pirebi) sakonstutucio sarCeli saqarTvelos parla-
mentis winaaRmdeg.
sakonstitucio sarCeli exeboda: davis sagans: 1)
# 532 konstituciur sarCelze: a) saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis me-5 nawilis sityva `Wkua-
sustobis~, amave kodeqsis 58-e muxlis pirveli nawilis
sityvebis `sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebu-
li piris nebis gamovlena~, 1290-e muxlis, 1293-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsi 81-e muxlis me-5 nawilis sityvebis: àgreTve
qmeduunarod cnobil moqalaqeTa~ da 327-e muxlis me-2
nawilis konstituciurobas saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-14178 da me-16179 muxlebTan mimarTebiT. b) saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 81-e muxlis me-5 nawi-
lis sityvebis: àgreTve qmeduunarod cnobil moqala-
qeTa~ da 327-e muxlis me-2 nawilis konstituciuroba
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis180 pirvel pir-
vel punqtTan mimarTebiT. g) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
176. dawvr. ix. gaeros `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis mqone
pirTa konvencia~. http://emc.org.ge/2014/08/18/uncrpd-is-imlementaciis-gaidlaini/
177. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamartlos meore kolegiis gadawyvetileba
#2/4/532, 533.
178. yvela adamiani Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad
rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa,
erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da
wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa.
179.yvelas aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba.
180. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad
mimarTos sasamarTlos.
150
kodeqsis 1120-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqtis
sityvebis àn Wkuasustobis~ konstituciuroba saqarTve-
los konstituciis me-14 muxlTan da 36-e muxlis pirvel
punqtTan181 mimarTebiT.
2) #533 konstituciur sarCelze: a) saqarTvelos sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis me-5 nawilis sityvebis
àn suliT avadmyofobis~, 58-e muxlis pirveli nawilis
sityvebis sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebu-
li piris nebis gamovlena~, 1290-e muxlis, 1293-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 81-e muxlis me-5 nawilis sityvebis àgreTve
qmeduunarod cnobil moqalaqeTa~, 327-e muxlisme-2 na-
wilis, `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis me-5 muxlis pirveli punqtis `T~ qvepunqtis si-
tyvebis `da kerZo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi~ kons-
tituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 da me-16
muxlebTan mimarTebiT. b) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sa-
proceso kodeqsis 81-e muxlis me-5 nawilis sityvebis
àgreTve qmeduunarod cnobil moqalaqeTa~, 327-e mu-
xlis me-2 nawilis konstituciuroba saqarTvelos kons-
tituciis 42-e muxlis pirvel punqtTan mimarTebiT. g)
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1120-e muxlis pirve-
li nawilis è~ qvepunqtis sityvebis `suliT avadmyofo-
bis~ konstituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14
muxlTan da 36-e muxlis pirvel punqtTan mimarTebiT. d)
`fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kano-
nis me-17 muxlis pirveli punqtis `g~ qvepunqtis kons-
tituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxlis
pirvel182 da me-2 punqtebTan183 mimarTebiT. e) `fsiqia-
181. qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobas da nebayoflobas.
182. adamianis Tavisufleba xelSeuvalia.
183 . Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an piradi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari SezRudva
dauSvebelia sasamarTlos gaadwyvetilebis gareSe.
151
triuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5
muxlis pirveli punqtis `g~ qvepunqtis sityvis `qmeduu-
naroa~ konstituciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-16 muxlTan, 24-e184 da 41-e muxlebis pirvel punqtTan185
mimarTebiT. v) `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ sa-
qarTvelos kanonis me-15 muxlis me-3 punqtis konstitu-
ciuroba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17 muxlis pir-
vel186 da me-2 punqtebTan187 mimarTebiT. z) `fsiqiatriuli
daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis
pirveli punqtis sityvis `qmeduunaro~ da me-14 muxlis
me-2 punqtis sityvebis `qmeduunarobis SemTxvevaSi~ (2006
wlis ivlisis redaqcia) konstituciis me-16 muxlTan
momarTebiT.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom nawi-
lobriv daakmayofila mosarCeleebis sakonstitucio
sarCeli da arakonstituciurad cno: a) saqarTvelos
konstituciis me-14 da me-16 muxlebTan mimarTebiT: a.a)
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis me-5 na-
wilis sityva `Wkuasustobis~ is normatiuli Sinaarsi,
romelic iTvaliswinebs~ Wkuasusti~piris qmeduunarod
miCnevas misi individualuri gonebrivi SesaZleblobe-
bis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; a. b) amave kodeqsis 58-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis sityvebi `sasamarTlos mier
qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris~, a.g) amave kodeqsis 1290-
e muxlis is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic Seexeba
sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris meur-
184. yovel adamians aqvs ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia,
gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilobiT an sxvagvari
saSualebiT.
185. saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi masze arsebul informacias, agreTve iq
arsebul oficialur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven saxelmwifo, profesiul
an komerciul saidumloebas.
186. adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia.
187. dauSvebelia adamianis wameba, arahumanuri, sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis
Semlaxveli mopyroba da sasjelis gamoyeneba.
152
vis mier sameurveo piris uflebebisa da interesebis
warmodgenas mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi, maT Soris,
sasamarTloSi; a.d) amave kodeqsis 1293-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic Seexeba sasa-
marTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris meurvis
mier sameurveo piris saxeliT yvela aucilebeli gari-
gebis dadebas.... g) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
1120-e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqtis sityvebis
àn Wkuasustobis~ is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic
iTvaliswinebs qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris qorwine-
bis akrZalvas misi individualuri gonebrivi SesaZle-
blobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saqarTvelos kons-
tituciis me-14 muxlTan da 36-e muxlis pirvel pirvel
punqtTan mimarTebiT....
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom konsti-
tuciuri sarCeli # 533 (saqarTvelos moqalaqe daviT
xaraZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg) nawilo-
briv daakamayofila, xolo arakonstituciurad cno sa-
qarTvelos konstituciis me-14 da me-16 muxlebTan mi-
marTebiT: a) saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 da me-16
muxlebTan mimarTebiT: a.a) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis me-12 muxlis me-5 nawilis sityvebis àn suliT
avadmyofobis~ normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic iTva-
liswinebs `suliT avadmyofi~ piris qmeduunarod miC-
nevas, misi individualuri gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; a.b) amave kodeqsis 58-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis sityvebi: `sasamarTlos mier qmeduuna-
rod aRiarebuli piris~; a.g) amave kodeqsis 1290-e muxlis
is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic Seexeba sasamarTlos
mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris meurvis mier sa-
meurveo piris uflebebisa da interesebis warmodgenas
mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi, maT Soris, sasamarTlo-
153
Si; a.d) amave kodeqsis 1293-e muxlis pirveli nawilis
is normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic Seexeba sasamarTlos
mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris meurvis uflebamo-
silebas, sameurveo piris saxeliT yvela aucilebeli
garigebis dadebas...
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebiT Za-
ladakargulad cno 2015 wlis 1aprilidan arakonsti-
tuciuri normebi: a) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
me-12 muxlis me-5 nawilis sityvis `Wkuasustobis~ is
normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic iTvaliswinebs `Wkua-
susti~ piris qmeduunarod miCnevas misi individualuri
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; b)
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis me-5 na-
wilis sityvebis `suliT avadmyofobis~ is normatiuli
Sinaarsi, romelic iTvaliswinebs `suliT avadmyofi~
piris qmeduunarod miCnevas misi individualuri gone-
brivi SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe; g.a) sa-
qarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 58-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis sityvebi: `sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRia-
rebuli piris~; g.b) amave kodeqsis 1290-e muxlis is nor-
matiuli Sinaarsi, romelic Seexeba sasamarTlos mier
qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piris meurvis mier sameurveo
piris uflebebisa da interesebis warmodgenas mesame pi-
rebTan urTierTobaSi, maT Soris, sasamarTloSi; amave
kodeqsis 1293-e muxlis pirveli nawilis isi normatiu-
li Sinaarsi, romelic Seexeba sasamarTlos mier qme-
duunarod aRiarebuli piris meurvis uflebamosilebas,
sameurveo piris saxeliT yvela aucilebeli garigebis
dadebas. d) `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ saqar-
Tvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis pirveli punqtis sityva
`qmeduunaro~. e) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1120-
e muxlis pirveli nawilis è~ qvepunqtis sityvebis `su-
154
liT avadmyofobis~ da àn Wkuasustobis~ is normatiu-
li Sinaarsi, romelic iTvaliswnebs qmeduunarod aRia-
rebuli piris qorwinebis akrZalvas misi individualri
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe188.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom rogorc
gadawyvetilebidan ikveTeba, miiCnia, rom saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvruli qmedunarianobis
instituti individualuri gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, ukrZalavda qmeduunaro pirebs
samoqalaqo ufleba-movaleobebis damoukideblad gan-
xorcielebas. amgvari SezRudvebiT pirs safuZvelSive
espoboda damoukidebeli moqmedebis SesaZlebloba, iseT
sferoebSi, romlebic uSualod mis yoveldRiur cxo-
vrebasTan, arsebobasTan da ganviTarebasTan iyo dakav-
Sirebuli. qmeduunaro pirebs sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetilebis mRebamde moqmedi samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobiT ekrZalebodaT iseTi martivi, wvrilma-
ni garigebebis dadebac ki, rogoricaa sakvebis, sayo-
facxovrebo nivTebisa Tu samgzavro bileTebis SeZena.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier saqmis garemoebebis
Seswavlis Sedegad dadgenil iqna, rom aseTi pirebis
unarebi individualuria. `suliT avadmyofoba~ da Wkua-
sustoba SeiZleba garkveul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba arc
ki iqces damabrkolebel faqtorebad nebis gamovlenis
unarisa, rac mxedvelobaSia misaRebi maT mimarT gada-
wyvetilebis gamotanisas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom yoveli SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
piris fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba unikalu-
ria da aucilebelia diferenciuli midgomis aucile-
bloba garigebebis sirTulisa da pirTa gonebrivi Se-
saZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. pirze mzrunvelobis
188. sakonstitucio gadawyvetilebis sruli versia ix. https://www.google.com/searc
h?client=opera&q=irakli+qemokliZe&sourceid=opera&ie=UTF8&oe=UTF-
155
interesebsa da mis pirad avtonomias Soris balansis
dadgenis mizniT, aucilebelia, pirovnebis Tavisufali
ganviTarebis ufleba SeizRudos imdenad, ramdenadac
amis saWiroeba arsebobs gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
SezRudvis xarisxidan gamomdinare. kanonmdebloba mka-
fiod unda gansazRvravdes piris qmeduunarobis cno-
bis kriteriumebs, romlis sakanonmdeblo reglamenta-
cia sakmarisi sicxadiT unda gamoirCeodes, raTa zus-
tad piris saWiroebebs da, am saWiroebebze morgebuli
SezRudvis dawesebis SesaZleblobas qmnides. kanonmde-
bloba ki cvlilebamde arsebuli normebiT absolutu-
rad, yovelgvari gradaciisa da diferenciaciis gareSe
zRudavda qmeduunaro pirTa uflebebs. kanonmdebloba
ar iTvaliswinebda meurvis mxridan nebis formirebaSi
daxmarebisa da qmeduunaro piris nebis gaTvaliswine-
bis SesaZleblobas. gamomdinare aqedan, sakonstitucio
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konstituciiT garantirebu-
li pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba araTa-
nazomierad izRudeboda189.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-13 muxli imperatiulia.
misi Secvla dauSvebelia garigebis monawile mxareTa
mier. kanonis aRniSnuli muxli pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom
`qmedunarianobis SezRudva daiSveba mxolod kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. dauSvebelia qmedunaria-
nobis SezRudva garigebiT~.
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba amomwuravad gansazR-
vravs qmedunarianobis SezRudvis pirobebs. samoqalaqo
kodeqsis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad: 1. àrasrulwlovani Svi-
didan Tvramet wlamde SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqo-
nea. 2. SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqoned iTvleba aseve
srulwlovani, romelsac sasamarTlom dauwesa mzrunve-
189. damat. ix. vebgverdi: http://constcourt.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=6&info_

id=1452
156
loba (am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmebian is srulwlovani
pirebi, romlebic ssk 16-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SezRuduli
qmedunarianobis mqoned iTvlebian imis gamo, rom bo-
rotad iyeneben alkohols an narkotikul nivTierebebs
da amiT ojaxs mZime mdgomareobaSi ayeneben da sasamar-
Tlos mier maT dauwesdaT mzrunveloba). SezRuduli
qmedunarianobis mqone piri Tavis qmedunarianobaSi uTa-
nabrdeba arasrulwlovans. 3. qmedunarianobis SezRudva
uqmdeba maSin, roca aRar aris is safuZveli, romlis
gamoc pirs SeezRuda qmedunarianoba.~ ase imitom ewode-
baT SezRudul qmedunarianebs, rom maT kanoniT miniWe-
buli aqvT ufleba dadon qonebis gankargvis garigeba,
agreTve gankargon xelfasi, pensia, an sxva saxis Semosa-
vali mxolod mzrunvelis TanxmobiT, garda wvrilmani
yofiTi garigebebis dadebisa (aseTs miekuTvneba vTqvaT,
sigaretis, funTuSis an sxva `wvrilmani~ nivTebis yidva).
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba ar iZleva konkretul gan-
martebas `wvrilmani yofiTi garigebebisa~. es praqtikis
gadasawyvetia da dakavSirebuli ar aris iseTi nivTebis
garigebebTan, romlebic did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu aRar iarsebebs is safuZveli, ris ga-
moc pirs SeezRuda qmedunarianoba, qmedunarianobis Se-
zRudva uqmdeba da pirs SeeZleba neba yovelgvari gari-
gebis dadebisas Tavisuflad gamoavlinos (aq igulisx-
meba ori SemTxveva: pirveli: roca piri sruli qmedu-
nariani xdeba, miaRwevs Tvrameti wlis asaks da, meorec:
narkomani an alkoholiki srulad gamojanmrTeldeba da
sasamarTlo aRadgens maT TavianT uflebebSi srulad.
am SemTxvevaSi `qmedunarianobis srulad aRdgena iwve-
vs mzrunvelobis gauqmebasac. SezRuduli qmedunaria-
nobis mqone piris nebis gamovlenis namdvilobisaTvis
misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobaa saWiro, garda
157
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac SezRuduli qmedunarianobis
mqone piri garigebiT iRebs sargebels. ra miekuTvneba
sargeblis miRebas? am kriteriumis Sesafaseblad mxed-
velobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli ara marto ekonomiuri
sargebeli, aseve ganmsazRvreli unda iyos e.w. `peda-
gogiuri xeiri~. aq mxedvelobaSia gasaTvaliswinebeli
rom sargeblis miReba unda iyos calmxrivi da ar aiZu-
lebdes arasrulwlovans meore mxarisaTvis garkveuli
sazRauris (sanacvlos) gadaxdas. sargebels SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT Cuqeba, anderZi, upatrono nivTis miTviseba
da a.S. SezRudulqmedunarianobis mqone pirTa mier
garigebebis dadebisas saWiroa, rogorc avRniSneT, maTi
kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba, magram samoqala-
qo kodeqsSi gvxvdeba specialuri norma, romelic aseT
Tanxmobas ar iTvaliswinebs. aseTia ssk m. 65 (àras-
rulwlovanis emansi pacia~), romliTac mowesrigebulia
(pirveli nawili) arasrulwlovanis mier `jibis fulis~
gankargvis uflebamosileba. `jibis fuls~ Kki miekuTv-
neba is saSualebani, romelic mas gadasca kanonierma
warmomadgenelma an am ukanasknelis TanxmobiT, mesame
pirebma ama Tu im xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
moqmedebis Sesasruleblad anda Tavisufali gankargvis
mizniT. `saSualebaSi~ upiratesad ivaraudeba fuladi
saSualeba. aRniSnul saSualebaTa gadacemaSi gamoixa-
teba kanonieri warmomadgenlis konkliudenturi Tan-
xmoba arasrulwlovanis mier dadebul garigebaTa mi-
marT. Tanxmoba kia, oRond zogadi xasiaTis SezRuduli
Tanxmoba da mkveTrad araa gamoxatuli. arasrulwlo-
vanis mier dadebuli garigeba Tavidanve namdvilia. aq
igulisxmeba, rom Tu arasrulwlovani kanonieri warmo-
madgenlis naCuqari fuliT, an kidev kanonieri warmo-
madgenlebis TanxmobiT mesame pirebis naCuqari fuliT
158
iqiravebs binas vTqvaT oTxi TviT, _ garigeba namdvili
iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, es garigeba Semdgom mis mSobels
moewoneba Tu ara. calmxrivi wesiT miRebuli sargeblis
magaliTad SeiZleba aseTi SemTxvevis moyvanac, romelic
Cvens yofa-cxovrebaSi arc Tu iSviaTia: deda, romelic
ganqorwinebulia meuRlesTan uars ambobs rom misma
arasrulwlovanma Svilma, romelic dedasTan cxovrobs,
mamisagan miiRo samkvidro qoneba, - Svili mainc miiRe-
bs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT samkvidro qonebas (sarge-
bels).
`saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsma emansi paciis
SemTxveva erT muxlSi moaqcia àrasrulwlovanis eman-
si paciis~ saTauris qveS, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsma
ki es ori SemTxveva cal-calke paragrafiT regulire-
bis sagani gaxada. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $110
da $112 da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 65-e muxli
analogiuria da mowesrigebis saerTo sagani gaaCniaT.
$110 (Bewirken der Leistung mit eigenen Mitteln) warmoadgens
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 65-e muxlis msgavs
daTqmas, kerZod, BGB samarTlebrivi Zalis mqoned miiC-
nevs arasrulwlovnis mier kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmobis gareSe dadebul xelSekrulebas, Tuki man
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesruleba ganaxor-
ciela im saxsrebiT, romlebic mas Tavisufali gankar-
gvis mizniT warmomadgenelma an am ukanasknelis Tanx-
mobiT - mesame pirma gadasca~. BGB-s $12 (Selbststandiger
Betrieb eines Trwerbsgeschafts) samewarmeo saqmianobis
damoukidelad warmarTvis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswi-
nebs da arasrulwlovans kanonieri warmomadgenlis
mier misTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis wyalobiT
samewarmeo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobe-
bSi SeuzRudavi qmedunarianobis statuss aniWebs. ga-
159
monaklis warmoadgens mxolod is garigebebi, romelTa
dadebisaTvis warmomadgenels esaWiroeba saojaxo sa-
qmeTa sasamarTlos (Familiengericht) Tanxmoba. saojaxo
saqmeTa sasamarTlos rols saqarTveloSi meurveobisa
da mzrunvelobis organo asrulebs, romlis Tanxmobac
aucilebelia imisaTvis, raTa arasrulwlovans sawarmos
gaZRolis nebarTva mieniWos~.190
3. saxelis ufleba
samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtebis, fizikuri pire-

bis sxva pirebTan samarTlebrivi urTierToba maT indi-
vidualur saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic fiziku-
ri pirebis identifikaciis saSualebaa. samoqalaqo sa-
xelis tarebis ufleba yoveli fizikuri piris uflebaa.
yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT ar SeiZleba arsebobdes
usaxelo adamiani. samoqalaqo saxels pirisas mniSvne-
lovani socialuri wesrigis funqcia akisria. saxelTan
dakavSirebuli urTierTobebiT regulirdeba ara marto
kerZo-samarTlebrivi, aramed sajaro-samarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobebic.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, `yovel
fizikur pirs aqvs saxelis ufleba, rac moicavs saxel-
sa da gvars.~ qarTuli samoqalaqo saxeli orwevriania,
gansxvavebiT postsabWoTa qarTuli samoqalaqo kode-
qsisagan, romelic fizikuri piris saxelis qveS moia-
zrebs saxels, mamis saxelsa da gvars. aqve SevniSnavT,
rom BBGB-s $12 `saxelis ufleba~ exmianeba qarTuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis 1-l da me-2 nawilebs
190. xarazi, i., kvinikaZe, q., àsakis, rogorc uflebebisa da movaleobebis warmoSobis
wyaros Sesaxeb~, Jurnali `kominikaciebi~, # 23, 2014, 138.
160
da masSi pirdapir miTiTebulia, rom: `Tu pirs saxelis
tarebis uflebas Seecileba sxva piri an Tu ufleba-
mosili piris interesebic ilaxeba sxva piris mier igi-
ve saxeliT unebarTvo sargeblobiT, uflebamosil pirs
SeuZlia mas mosTxovos darRvevis Sewyveta. Tu adgili
eqneba Semdgom darRvevebs, maSin mas SeuZlia sasamar-
Tlo wesiT moiTxovos moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba~191.
BGB-is $12 lakonurad awesrigebs saxelis uflebasTan
(Namensrecht) dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. me-18 muxli, pi-
radi araqonebrivi uflebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT
vrcel informacias Seicavs. germaniis samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis Sesabamisi paragrafi ki romlis saxelwodebaa
`saxelis ufleba,~ ZiriTadad saubrobs saxelTan dakav-
Sirebuli piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvaze. vfi-
qrobT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsma kargad daa-
laga kodeqsSi jer `saxelis ufleba~ (m.17) da Semdeg
`saxelTan dakavSirebuli `piradi araqonebrivi uflebe-
bi~ (m.18). BGB-is $12 erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs saxelis
or saxes – ZiriTadi saxeli (Znangsnamen), romelic
pirs gaaCnia da SerCeuli saxeli (Nahnamen)192. saxelis
ufleba absoluturi uflebaa. yoveli individi ufle-
bamosilia moiTxovos ara marto misi saxelisadmi pati-
viscema, aramed am uflebis (saxelis uflebis) aRiareba
da misi xelyofisagan Tavis Sekavebac. saxelze ufleba
fizikur pirs aRWuravs samarTlebrivi SesaZleblobiT:
iqonios saxeli da gvari, ataros dedis an mamis gvari, an
191. SevniSnavT, rom Tu saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi jer saxelis uflebis
definicias vxvdebiT da Semdeg fizikuri piri sacxovrebeli adgilisa, germanul
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi piriqiTaa: jer kodeqsi sacxovrebeli adgilis cnebas
gvTavazobs da Semdeg fizikuri piris saxelisa. ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
(BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT, $ 12; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание,
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, $12; ian, kropholeri,
dasax. naSr; 2.
��. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer,
Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S.
13-15.
161
kidev SeerTebuli gvari, meuRlis gvari, Seicvalos samo-
qalaqo saxeli, daqorwinebis Semdegac ataros yofili
meuRlis gvari, an misi moTxovniT daubrundes qorwine-
bamdeli gvari, romlis Sesaxeb unda mimarTos gancxa-
debiT saagentos teritoriul samsaxurs ganqorwinebis
registraciis dros, moiTxovos saxelis dacva da sxva.
fizikuri pirebi aseve uflebamosilni arian samo-
qalaqo saxelTan erTad ataron fsevdonimi193 (gamogo-
nili saxeli). fsevdonimi individis SemoqmedebiTi na-
warmoebis avtoris araqonebriv uflebaTa ricxvs ga-
nekuTvneba. fsevdonims atareben Semoqmedni - cnobili
mwerlebi, xelovanebi, msaxiobebi, Jurnalistebi da sxva.
magram isini oficialur dokumentebze xelis moweri-
sas TavianT identificirebas ufleba -valdebulebebis
ganxorcielebisas axdenen mxolod samoqalaqo saxe-
liT. `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, iseve rogorc
dasavleT evropis bevri qveynis samoqalaqo kodeqsebi,
fsevdonimTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs calke ar
awesrigebs da mas saavtoro samarTalSi miuCens ad-
gils _ fsevdonimiT nawarmoebis gamoqvenebis sakiTxis
mowesrigebisas194~ (magaliTad `saavtoro da momijnave
uflebebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis m. 10). fizikuri pirebi xSir
SemTxvevaSi atareben agreTve e. w. zedmet, `kninobiT-
-alersobriv~ saxels, romliTac maT mimarTaven axlo-
blebi bavSvobidan, megobrebi. Tumca es saxeli ar unda
iyos pirovnebis damamcirebeli.
samoqalaqo saxelis garda cnobilia e. w. samewar-
meo saxelwodeba, firma. `firmis~ qveS igulisxmeba iu-
ridiuli piris saxeli (Cven amis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT,
��.fsevdonimi(berZn. ψευδώνυμος, ლათ. pseudónymos -`SecdomiTwodebuli~;
ψεύδος; alternatiuli saxeli. „fseudos“ — tyuili da ὄνομα „onoma“ — saxeli)
aris adamianis gamogonili alternatiuli saxeli. vebgverdis misamarTi: https://
ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/fsevdonimi.
��. Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, 2011, 198.
162
iuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb TavSi ufro konkretulad
visaubrebT), romliTac igi amyarebs samarTlebriv ur-
TierTobebs, debs garigebebs sxva pirebTan (fizikur Tu
iuridiul pirebTan). safirmo saxelwodebiT iuridiuli
piri registrirdeba saregistracio organoSi, am saxe-
liT gamodis igi mosarCeled da mopasuxed da sxva. da-
saSvebia, rom iuridiuli piris saxelwodeba emTxveodes
im fizikuri piris saxels, romelmac iuridiuli piri
daaregistrira Tavisi saxeliT. magaliTad, `laRiZis wy-
lebi~ atarebs cnobili mewarmis mitrofane laRiZis sa-
xels, an kidev, saadvokato firma revaz abulaZe da a. S.
piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis damaxasiaTebelia
is, rom misi gadacema sxva pirebisaTvis SeuZlebelia, anu
igi gadacemauunaro uflebaa. piris saxeli misi indivi-
dualuri Tvisebebis gamoxatulebaa, romelic mxolod
misTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli maSinac ki roca ori fiziku-
ri piris saxeli SeiZleba erTmaneTs daemTxves, magali-
Tad, cnobili qarTuli filmidan `WriWina~ òri marina
da orive beraZe~. aseT konkretul SemTxvevaSic piris
saxeli misi pirovnulobis ganmsazRvrelia.
gansxvavebiT fizikuri piris saxelisa, romelic
gadaucemadia, iuridiuli piris saxelis gadacema ka-
nonmdeblobiT daSvebulia. magaliTad, piri mis mier
daregistrirebul iuridiul pirs asxvisebs safirmo
saxelTan erTad, magram iuridiuli piris ukve dare-
gistrirebuli safirmo saxels ar SeiZleba emTxveodes
dasaregistrirebeli iuridiuli piris safirmo saxeli,
kerZod, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 27-e muxlis me-3 nawilis
Tanaxmad, àrasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris saxelwodeba ar SeiZleba emTxveodes ukve regis-
trirebuli arasamewarmeo arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris saxelwodebas.~ komerciuli urTierTobebi dasaS-
163
vebad miiCnevs adamianis saxelis gadacemaunarianobas,
maSin roca fizikuri piris saxeli iuridiuli piris
safirmo saxeladaa gamoyenebuli da am dros saxeli
savaWro saxelad gardaiqmneba, sawarmos qonebis Semad-
genel nawilad iqceva.
saxelis SeZenis safuZvlebi. saxelis SeZenis safu-
Zvlad samoqalaqo kodeqsi amomwuravad CamoTvlis saxe-
lis SeZenis pirobebs: dabadebas, daqorwinebas, saxelis
Secvlas nebayoflobiT.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1189-e muxlis mi-
xedviT, Svilis warmoSoba daqorwinebuli mSoblebisa-
gan dasturdeba meuRleTa erToblivi an erT-erTi maTga-
nis gancxadebiT, bavSvis dabadebisa da mSobelTa qorwi-
nebis damadasturebeli dokumentiT~; sk-is 1194-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, Tanaxmad ki: `Svils saxels arqmeven mSoble-
bi urTierTSeTanxmebiT~. èrTmaneTTan dauqorwinebeli
mSoblebisagan Svilis warmoSoba dgindeba mSobelTa
erTblivi gancxadebiT da bavSvis dabadebis damadasas-
turebeli dokumentiT. mSobelTa erTobivi gancxadebis
ararsebobis an misi wardgenis SeuZleblobis SemTxve-
vaSi bavSvis mamoba SeiZleba dadgindes sasamarTlo we-
siT erT-erTi mSoblis, bavSvis meurvis (mzrunvelis) an
im piris gancxadebis safuZvelze, romlis kmayofazedac
imyofeba bavSvi, agreTve TviT bavSvis gancxadebiT mis
mier srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg~ (samoqalaqo ko-
deqsi m. 1190, n.1-2). saqarTvelos kanonis `samoqalaqo
aqtebis Sesaxeb~ 33-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `sasamarTlo Ta-
vis gadawyvetilebas mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb misi kano-
nier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 samuSao dRis vadaSi ugzavnis
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos gadawyveti-
lebis adgilis mixedviT. mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb sasa-
marTlos mier wardgenili gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze
164
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organo axorcielebs
mamobis dadgenis registracias da Sesabamisi cvlileba
Seaqvs dabadebis samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi~...
èqstrakorporuli195 ganayofierebis Sedegad da-
badebuli bavSvis dabadebis registraciisaTvis saqar-
Tvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul sabuTebTan
erTad samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos unda
waredginos: a) eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis dama-
dasturebeli sabuTi, romelic gacemulia samedicino
dawesebulebis mier embrionis implantaciisTanave; b)
eqstrakorporul ganayofierebamde dadebuli, sanotaro
wesiT damowmebuli xelSekruleba: b.a) bavSvis gamCen
qalsa da genetikur mSoblebs Soris, an: b.b) bavSvis ga-
mCen qals, genetikur mSobels, dabadebis aqtis Canawer-
Si bavSvis mSoblad Casawer pirsa (romelic ar aris
bavSvis genetikuri mSobeli) da donors Soris, an: b.g)
bavSvis gamCen qals, wyvilsa da donorebs Soris. eqs-
trakorporuli ganayofierebis Sedegad dabadebuli
bavSvis mSoblebad miiCnevian: a) genetikuri mSoblebi;
b) genetikuri mSobeli da xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
dabadebis aqtis CanawerSi mSoblad Casaweri piri; g)
wyvili. dabadebis samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi bavSvis
mSoblad donoris an `surogati dedis~ miTiTeba dauS-
vebelia. eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis Sedegad ga-
Cenili bavSvis dabadebis registraciisas zemoT aRniS-
nuli xelSekrulebis warudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi da-
badebis samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi bavSvis saxeli da
gvari mieTiTeba meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos
. ექსტრაკორპორული (E. extracorporal, Rus. экстракорпоральный,. extracorporalis. llaT.
��
extra gareT, corpora – sxeuli) –sxeulis gareT momxdari reaqcia, aqti, procesi
(mag; eqstrakorporuli ganayofiereba, dasxiveba da sxv.) eqstrakorporul
ganayofierebaSi igulisxmeba sinjaraSi, an vitro ganxorcielebuli
spermatozoidisa da kvercxujredis Serwyma, ris Semdegac miRebuli zigotis
implatancia xdeba saSvilosnoSi~. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php
165
gancxadebis safuZvelze~196.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT, napovni bavSvis re-
gistraciis faqts. bavSvi mitovebulad aRiarebas eqve-
mdebareba: a) is aris napovni bavSvi da 6 kviris vadaSi,
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis adgilobrivi organos, sa-
qarTvelos Sss teritoriuli organosa da iusticiis
saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi moqmedi sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piris – saxelmwifo servisebis
ganviTarebis saagentos teritoriuli organos mier gan-
xorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad ver dadginda am
bavSvis an/da misi mSoblis (mSoblebis) vinaoba; b) is
aris napovni bavSvi da 6 kviris vadaSi ganxorcielebu-
li RonisZiebebis Sedegad dadginda am bavSvis an/da misi
mSoblis (mSoblebis) vinaoba, magram is (isini) Tavs ari-
debs (arideben) mSoblis uflebis ganxorcielebasa da
movaleobebis Sesrulebas, 7 dRis vadaSi ar cxaddeba
(ar cxaddebian) meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis adgilo-
briv organoSi an masTan (maTTan) dakavSireba SeuZlebe-
lia; g) Tu mSobelma (mSoblebma) sakuTari qmedebiT an
umoqmedobiT gamoxata (gamoxates) misi mitoveba da is
(isini), saxelmwifos mier SeTavazebuli prevenciisa da
reintegraciis RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, Tavs aridebs
(arideben) mSoblis uflebis ganxorcielebasa da mova-
leobebis Sesrulebas an bavSvis 24 saaTian saxelmwifo
zrunvaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba aRemateba 6 Tves (garda
mSoblis (mSoblebis) janmrTelobis arasaTanado mdgo-
mareobis an mSoblis (mSoblebis) patimrobis/Tavisu-
flebis aRkveTis dawesebulebaSi yofnis SemTxvevisa)
da bavSvis mSobels (mSoblebs) SeCerebuli an SezRu-
duli aqvs (aqvT) mSoblis uflebamosilebebi. bavSvis
mitovebulad aRiarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRe-
��. saqarTvelos kanoni `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~, m. 19.
166
bs sasamarTlo misTvis meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis
organos mier mimarTvis Semdeg~... bavSvis mitovebulad
aRiarebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kano-
nier ZalaSi Sesvlis dRidan bavSvi aRiarebuli iqneba
mitovebulad....~197. kanonis `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~
22-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki: `napovni bavSvis dabadebis reg-
istraciisas misi saxeli, gvari, dabadebis TariRi da
adgili dabadebis samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi mieTiTe-
ba meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos werilobiTi
mimarTvisa da asakis dadgenis Sesaxeb samedicino daskv-
nis safuZvelze. napovni bavSvis dabadebis samoqalaqo
aqtis CanawerSi mieTiTeba: `bavSvi napovnia, mSoblebi
ucnobia~.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1188-e muxlis mixedviT, `mamis
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daqorwinebuli mSo-
blebisagan warmoSobilad CaiTvleba, Tu igi daibadeba
mamis gardacvalebidan araugvianes aTi Tvisa~, xolo
1190-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, `bavSvis mamobis
dadgenis sakiTxs (aq ukve kanonmdebeli gulisxmobs
davis SemTxvevebs, roca `pirobiTi mama~ saeWvos xdis
bavSvis mamobas), sasamarTlo wyvets biologiuri (gene-
tikuri) anTropologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebis (mt-
kicebulebebis) Sesabamisad, romelic Seexeba bavSvis
mamobis gansazRvris sakiTxs~. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ze-
moT aRniSnuli muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli
safuZvliT mamobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, sasamarTlo
mxedvelobaSi iRebs bavSvis dedisa da mamobis dadge-
nis Sesaxeb ganmcxadebeli piris (gancxadebaSi miTiTe-
buli piris) erTad cxovrebasa da saerTo meurneobis
warmoebas bavSvis dabadebamde an/da maT mier bavSvis
erTad aRzrdis an/da rCenis faqtebs, an/da sxva damamt-
��.saqarTvelos kanoni `Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb~, m. 14.
167
kicebel sabuTebs an/da garemoebebs, romlebic savsebiT
adasturebs gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli piris mier bavS-
vis mamobis aRiarebas (ssk, m.1190.n. 4).
saqarTvelos kanonis `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~
32-e muxlma (`mamobis dadgenis registraciis Taobaze
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organosTvis mimarTvis
uflebamosileba~) 2015 wlis 31.03.2015 wels mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi ganicada, kerZod: `mamobis dadgenis regis-
traciis Taobaze samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis or-
ganosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba aqvT: a) bavSvis dabadebis
momentisaTvis qorwinebaSi armyof pirebs; b) bavSvs
(srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg), mis erT-erT mSobels,
meurves an mzrunvels, Tu mamoba dadgenilia sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebiT; g) bavSvis mamas, Tu bavSvi aras-
rulwlovania, xolo deda gardacvlilia, sasamarTlos
mier aRiarebulia ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an CamorT-
meuli aqvs mSoblis ufleba. mamobis dadgenis Taobaze
mSobelTa erToblivi gancxadeba jer kidev gauCenel
bavSvTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia wardgenil iqnes
dedis orsulobis periodSi. am SemTxvevaSi mamobis
dadgenis registraciisaTvis saWiro ar aris mSobelTa
axali gancxadebis wardgena, Tu wina gancxadeba ar iqna
gamoTxovili erT-erTi an orive mSoblis mier. 3. mamo-
bis dadgenis registracia xorcieldeba, Tu: a) bavSvi,
romlis mimarTac unda ganxorcieldes mamobis dadge-
nis registracia, aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe, saqarT-
veloSi binadrobis nebarTvis mqone piri, dabadebulia
saqarTveloSi, an Tu misi dabadeba registrirebulia
saqarTvelos uflebamosili organos mier; b) arasrul-
wlovani bavSvis erT-erTi mSobeli aris saqarTvelos
moqalaqe an saqarTveloSi mudmivi binadrobis mqone
piri; g) mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba gamoi-
168
tana saqarTvelos sasamarTlom; d) mamobis dadgenis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba gamoitana sxva saxelmwifos sa-
samarTlom da cnobilia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili wesiT~.
rac Seexeba erTmaneTTan dauqorwinebeli mSo-
blebisagan Svilis warmoSobas kanoniT gansazRvruli
wesiT, aseve SeiZleba daadginos samoqalaqo aqtebis
registraciis organom piris garkveul drosa da viTa-
rebaSi dabadebis iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis
dadgenisas (ssk, m.1190, n.6).
pirs, romelic dasabuTebulad varaudobs rom Tvi-
Tonaa bavSvis mama, SeuZlia sadavo gaxados ssk 1190-e
muxlis (èrTmaneTisagan dauqorwinebeli mSoblebisa-
gan Svilis warmoSobis dadgena~) Sesabamisad samoqa-
laqo aqtebis registraciis organoSi bavSvis mamis Ses-
axeb Sesrulebuli Canaweri erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
im droidan, rodesac gaigo an unda gaego aRniSnuli
Canaweris Taobaze. sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs uari Tq-
vas bavSvis mamobis dadgenaze, Tu misi dadgena ewinaaR-
mdegeba bavSvis interesebs (ssk. m. 1190, n. 7-8).
sasamarTlo praqtika mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb:
quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom 2014 wlis 19 maiss ga-
nixila dava mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb n. gozaliSvilis
sarCeli mopasuxeebis p. tyeSelaSvilisa da T. ismailo-
vis mimarT mamobis dadgenis Taobaze. quTaisis saqa-
laqo sasamarTlom 2014 wlis 31 martis dauswrebeli
gadawyvetilebiT mosarCele n. gozaliSvils sarCeli
daukmayofila da 2013 wlis 10 ianvars dabadebuli i.
gozaliSvilis biologiur mamad cnobil iqna 1979 wlis
10 ivliss dabadebuli p. tyeSelaSvili. sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze samoqalaqo reestris saa-
gentos quTaisis samsaxuris mier moxda i. gozaliSvi-
169
lis dabadebis saaqto CanawerSi Semdegi cvlilebebis
Setana: i. gozaliSvilis dabadebis saaqto CanawerSi ma-
mis grafaSi nacvlad T. ismailovisa, Caiwera p. tyeSe-
laSvili198.
saxelisa da gvaris SeZenis meore safuZvels fizi-
kuri pirisaTvis daqorwineba warmoadgens. samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1187-e muxlis mixedviT, `Svilebis warmoSoba
dadasturebulia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT~. qorwinebis
registracia dawesebulia meuRleebisa da bavSvebis in-
teresebis dacvis mizniT da rac mTavaria dgindeba bavS-
vis samoqalaqo saxeli, romelic axalSobils miekuTvne-
ba rogorc avRniSneT mSobelTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT.
`bavSvis dabadebis registracia xdeba moqalaqeo-
brivi mdgomareobis registraciis organoSi bavSvis
dabadebis an mSoblebis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixed-
viT. Tu bavSvs aCens qorwinebaSi myofi deda, es niSnavs,
rom misi qmari am bavSvis mamaa. es prezumfcia ZalaSia
sanam TviT qmari sasamarTlos gziT ar daamtkicebs, rom
bavSvi sxva pirTanaa gaCenili~199.
rac Seexeba srulwlovani pirebis saxelis Secv-
las,- es maT nebazea damokidebuli, maT SeuZliaT at-
aron rogorc mSoblebis mier maTTvis miniWebuli samo-
qalaqo saxeli, aseve Seicvalon igi.
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT ($1616-
1618) `Svili dabadebis gvaris saxiT iRebs Tavisi mSo-
200
blebis saqorwino gvars. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu mSoblebs

ar aqvT saqorwino gvari da isini bavSvze zrunvas axor-
��. ix. quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqme # 2/1503-13, 2014
wlis 19 maisi
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, 2000, 161. Svilebis
warmoSobis dadgenaze ix. samoqalaqo kodeqsis m. 1187-1196, aRniSnuli komentaris
153-168.
��.ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, denhofer,
1912-1920
170
cieleben erToblivad, maSin isini samoqalaqo aqtebis
registraciis organos winaSe gakeTebuli gancxadebiT
Svilis dabadebis gvaris saxiT adgenen gvars, romelic
mamas an dedas aqvT gancxadebis wardgenis momentSi. Tu
mSoblebi bavSvis dabadebidan erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
ar iReben gadawyvetilebas, saojaxo saqmeTa sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas aniWebs erT-erT mSo-
bels201. sasamarTlos SeuZlia mSobels gadawyvetilebis
miRebis uflebis gamoyenebisaTvis daudginos vada. Tu
vadis gasvlamde gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba ar
iqneba ganxorcielebuli, maSin bavSvi iRebs im mSoblis
gvars, romelsac mieniWa gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufle-
ba... Tu mSoblebs ar aqvT saqorwino gvari da bavSvze
zrunvas axorcielebs mxolod erT-erTi mSobeli, ma-
Sin bavSvi iRebs im gvars, romelic am mSobels bavSvis
dabadebis momentSi aqvs. mSobeli, romelic erTpirovnu-
lad axorcielebs dauqorwinebel Svilze202 zrunvas, Seu-
Zlia samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos winaSe
gakeTebuli gancxadebiT mianiWos bavSvs meore mSoblis
gvari. gvaris miniWeba saWiroebs meore mSoblis Tanx-
mobas, xolo Tu bavSvma miaRwia xuTi wlis asaks, - aseve
bavSvis Tanxmobas.203~
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-17 muxlis me-2 nawilis
Tanaxmad, `saxelis Secvla dasaSvebia. amisaTvis saWiroa
piris dasabuTebuli gancxadeba, romelic dadgenili
wesiT unda ganixilos saTanado organom.~ kanoniT aseve
gaTvaliswinebulia saxelis, mamis saxelis, gvaris Secv-
lis wesi da pirobebi. kerZod, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
mier saxelis, mamis saxelis, gvaris Secvla dasaSvebia
��.Cven aseTi sistema `saojaxo sasamarTlosi~ ar gvaqvs.
��. migvaCnia, rom germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogierTi normis Targmani
arazustia.
��. gansxvavebiT germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan ($1617(a), saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsi aseT zRvrad asakisa miiCnevs 10 wels.
171
maT mier piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTis misaRebad
dadgenili asakis miRwevis Semdeg.
arasrulwlovan moqalaqeTa saxelis, mamis saxelis,
gvaris Secvla SesaZlebelia maTi mSoblebis an im mSob-
lis TanxmobiT, romelTanac cxovrobs bavSvi, agreTve
mSoblebis monacvle pirTa TanxmobiT. ra SeiZleba iyos
saxelis, mamis saxelis, gvaris Secvlis is mizezebi,
romlebic misaRebi iqneba registraciis organoebisaT-
vis? saqarTvelos kanoni `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~
m.62-69 da saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2012 wlis 31
ianvris # 18 brZaneba `samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis
wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ m.46 saxelis da/an gvaris
Secvlis safuZvlad miiCnevs: saqarTvelos moqalaqis
an saqarTveloSi mudmivi binadrobis nebarTvis mqone
moqalaqeobis armqone piris, romlis dabadeba regis-
trirebulia saqarTveloSi, - gancxadebas. gancxadebis
formas amtkicebs saagentos Tavmjdomare. saqarTvelos
moqalaqes, agreTve saqarTveloSi statusis mqone moqa-
laqeobis armqone pirs, romlis dabadeba registrirebu-
lia saqarTveloSi, ufleba aqvT, Seicvalon saxeli an/da
gvari. saxelis an/da gvaris SecvlisaTvis savaldebuloa
samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos mier saxelis
an/da gvaris Secvlis registracia. saxelis anda gvaris
Secvlis registraciis safuZvelia uflebamosili piris
gancxadeba da kanonis `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb Tavi
VII-is (`saxelis an/da gvaris Secvlis registracia~)
gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebis arseboba, kerZod: mx-
ardaWeris mimRebi piris an SezRuduli qmedunarianobis
mqone piris saxelis an gvaris Secvla xdeba Semdegi
safuZvlebis arsebobisas: 16 wlidan 18 wlamde aras-
rulwlovnis saxelis an/da gvaris Secvla dasaSvebia
am piris moTxovniT da misi mSoblis (mSoblebis) an
172
sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis TanxmobiT. 16 wlamde
arasrulwlovanis saxelis an/da gvaris Secvla xor-
cieldeba misi mSoblebis SeTanxebiT, xolo mSoblebis
SeuTanxmeblobisas, arasrulwlovanis saxelis an gva-
ris Secvlis sakiTxs misi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
wyvets sasamarTlo. qorwinebaSi armyofi dedis mier VII
TaviT dadgenili wesiT gvaris Secvlisas, agreTve im
mSoblis mier gvaris Secvlisas, romlis gvarsac at-
arebs misi arasrulwlovani Svili da mSoblebs sx-
vadasxva gvari aqvT, - 10 wlamde arasrulwlovanis
gvari Seicvleba mSoblis gvaris SecvlasTan erTad,
xolo roca arasrulwlovans 10 weli Seusruldeba,
misi saxelis/gvaris Secvla SesaZlebelia mxolod misi
TanxmobiT204. `mxardamWeris mimRebis saxelis an/da gva-
ris Secvla dasaSvebia misi moTxovniT da mxardamWeris
daxmarebiT, Tu sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sxva ram
ar aris gansazRvruli~ (kanonis `samoqalaqo aqtebis
Sesaxeb~ 63-e muxlis me-5 nawilSi ganxorcielebuli cv-
lilebebis Semotana ganapiroba saqarTvelos sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiis gadawyvetilebam
(#2/4/532,533, 2014 wlis 8 oqtomberi), romlis Sesaxebac
dawvrilebiT zemoT gvqonda ukve saubari. SezRuduli
qmedunarianobis mqone srulwlovnis saxelis an/da gva-
ris Secvla dasaSvebia am piris moTxovniT da misi mz-
runvelis TanxmobiT.
`srulwlovan pirs ufleba aqvs sakuTari survil-
isamebr Seicvalos saxeli mxolod erTxel, Tu kanoniT
sxva ram ar aris dadgenili. pirs SeuZlia Seicvalos
gvari da miiRos: a) pirdapiri aRmavali Stos naTesavis
gvari; b) mSobelTa SeerTebuli gvari; g) faqtobrivi
aRmzrdelis gvari; d) mSvileblis gvari; e) meuRlis
��.migvaCnia, rom 10 wliani zRvari unda gaizardos, Tundac 14 wlamde.
173
gvari; v) sxva saxelmwifo uflebamosili organos mier
misTvis miniWebuli gvari. 64-e muxlis me-2 punqtis ze-
moT aRniSnuli `v~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli piro-
bis arsebobisas gvaris Secvla SesaZlebelia, Tu piris
dabadebis samoqalaqo aqti registrirebulia saqa-
rTveloSi da sxva saxelmwifos uflebamosili orga-
nos mier am pirisaTvis sxva gvaris miniWebis Semdeg
man moi pova saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. gvaris Secvla
aseve SesaZlebelia, Tu pirs surs miiRos sakuTari da
meuRlis gvarebis gaerTianebis Sedegad miRebuli gvari,
daibrunos qorwinebamdeli gvari an aRidginos istori-
uli gvari~.
`piris piradobis damadasturebel an sxva doku-
mentebSi miTiTebuli gvari, romelic ar Seesabameba misi
dabadebis samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi miTiTebul gvars,
SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnes kanonierad, Tu dabadebis
samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi miTiTebul gvarze dabrune-
ba (piradobis damadasturebeli an sxva dokumentebis
miReba) dakavSirebulia araTanabarzomier xarjebsa
da ZalisxmevasTan. rac Seexeba gvaris dadgenis faqts,
`pirs, romlis dabadebis samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi ar
aris miTiTebuli gvari, misi survilisamebr, SeiZleba
daudgindes pirdapiri aRmavali Stos naTesavis gvari, an
sxva gvari, romliTac igi sargeblobda am kanonis amoq-
medebamde aranakleb 5 wlisa205, rac unda dasturdebodes
mis saxelze Sedgenili dokumentebiTa da sxva mtkiceb-
ulebebiT (kanonis `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~, m.67, n.1).
muxlis pirveli punqtis safuZvelze gvaris dadgenis
SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi pirs SeiZleba daudgindes
Tavisi an pirdapiri aRmavali Stos naTesavis saxelisa-
gan nawarmoebi gvari misTvis sasurveli daboloebiT an
��. kanonis `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~, m. 67, n.1-s mieca an kanoniTve ukuqceviTi
Zala.
174
daboloebis gareSe~(n.2).
pirs SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi istoriuli gvaris
aRdgena, Tu mtkicebulebaTa erTobliobiT dasturdeba,
rom misi gvari warmoiSva sxva gvaris gardaqmnis an
misi istoriuli gvaris warmomadgenlis mier sxva gva-
ris miRebis Sedegad. sxva mtkicebulebebTan erTad is-
toriuli gvaris aRdgenas safuZvlad agreTve SeiZleba
daedos dasabuTebuli mecnieruli varaudi, romliTac
dasturdeba zemoT aRniSnuli miTiTebuli garemoebebis
arseboba. istoriuli gvaris aRdgenis wesi ganisazRvre-
ba saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris brZanebiT206.
kanoni iTvaliswinebs gancxadebaze dasarTavi
aucilebeli sabuTebis wardgenas saregistracio or-
ganoSi. magaliTad, ganmcxadeblis srulwlovanebis
SemTxvevaSi - piradobis damadasturebel mowmobas;
ganmcxadeblis dabadebis mowmobas (mowmobis asls);
ganmcxadeblis qorwinebis mowmobas (mowmobis asls) -
Tu ganmcxadebeli daqorwinebulia; ganmcxadeblis aras-
rulwlovani Svilebis dabadebis mowmobebs (aslebi) -
Tu ganmcxadebels hyavs arasrulwlovani Svilebi; mSob-
lis (mSoblebis) monacvle pirTa werilobiT Tanxmobas
ganmcxadeblis saxelis Secvlaze - Tu ganmcxadebeli
arasrulwlovania, aseve saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros Sesabamisi organos nebarTvas saxelis, ma-
mis saxelis, gvaris Secvlaze da sxva.
qorwinebis registracia erT-erTi safuZvelia
meuRleebisaTvis saxelis Secvlisa. kerZod, daqor-
winebul meuRleebs SeuZliaT daitovon TavianTi qor-
winebamdeli gvari, an ataron meore meuRlis gvari. aseve,
meuRleebs CaewerebaT maT mier saerTo gvarad SerCeu-
li erT-erTi maTganis gvari an yovel maTgans Caew-
��. saubaria saqarTvelos iusticiis 2012 wlis #18 brZanebaze `samoqalaqo
aqtebis registraciis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, m. 48.
175
ereba Tavisi qorwinebamdeli gvari. erT-erTi meuRlis
survilisamebr SesaZlebelia sakuTari gvarisa da meo-
re meuRlis gvaris SeerTebiT gvaris Seqmna. gvarebis
SeerTeba dauSvebelia, Tu Tundac erT-erTi meuRlis
qorwinebamdeli gvari ormagia. sainteresoa ganqor-
winebis SemTxvevaSi meuRleTa mier gvaris SenarCu-
nebis an Secvlis sakiTxebi. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1133-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, `meuRles, romelmac gvari Seicvala,
daqorwinebis dros, ufleba aqvs ganqorwinebis Semde-
gac ataros igive gvari, an misi moTxovniT daubrundeba
qorwinebamdeli gvari. arc Tu iSviaTia praqtika imis
Sesaxeb, roca ganqorwinebul erT-erT meuRles (da aseT
faqtebs arc Tu iSviaTad SevxvdebiT) meore meuRlisaT-
vis mouTxovia, rom mas ar etarebina ganqorwinebuli
meuRlis gvari, Tumca sasamarTlos maTi sarCeli gamom-
dinare zemoT aRniSnuli muxlidan ar daukmayofile-
bia da savsebiT marTebuladac. gamodis, rom meuRles,
romelmac gvari Seicvala daqorwinebis dros, ufleba
aqvs ganqorwinebis Semdegac ataros yofili meuRlis
gvari, an misi moTxovniT daubrundeba qorwinebamdeli
gvari. meuRlisaTvis qorwinebamdeli gvaris mikuTvnebis
Sesaxeb saagentos teritoriuli samsaxuri akeTebs Se-
sabamis Canawers. `meuRlem, romelsac surs daibrunos
qorwinebamdeli gvari, amis Sesaxeb unda ganacxados
saagentos teritoriul samsaxurSi ganqorwinebis reg-
istraciis dros. meuRlisaTvis qorwinebamdeli gvaris
mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb saagentos teritoriuli samsaxuri
akeTebs Sesabamis Canawers~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 1134).
sainteresoa rogor wyvets meuRleTa davas saxe-
lis Secvlis Taobaze kanonmdebloba qorwinebis gaba-
Tilebis SemTxvevaSi. qorwinebis baTiloba warmoadgens
im normaluri iuridiuli Sedegebis gauqmebas, romleb-
176
sac kanoni akavSirebs namdvil qorwinebasTan. igi maSin
dgeba, roca darRveulia qorwinebis aucilebeli piro-
bebi da amdenad mas ar warmouSvia is iuridiuli Sedegi,
rac namdvil qorwinebas mosdevs.
pirdapir amaze miniSneba kanonSi ara gvaqvs, magram
1146-e muxli migvaniSnebs, rom `baTilad cnobili qor-
wineba baTilad iTvleba qorwinebis registraciis dRi-
dan da ar warmoSobs meuRleTa uflebebsa da movaleo-
bebs. bunebrivia, meuRles, romelic moatyues da meore
`meuRle~ masTan ojaxis Seqmnas sulac ar isaxavda miznad
da angareba amoZravebda, ver daitovebs keTilsindisieri
meuRlis gvars. magram bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva: icv-
leba aseTi ,,qorwinebisas~ gaCenili bavSvis samoqalaqo
saxeli (saxeli da gvari)? am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli
calsaxad migvaniSnebs, rom `qorwinebis baTilad cnoba
ar xelyofs aseTi qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebul bavS-
vTa uflebebs~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 1146, n. 4). pasuxi
naTelia, bavSvi inarCunebs mSoblebis mier mikuTvnebul
samoqalaqo saxels, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mSoblebi
(an erT-erTi maTgani) daqorwinebisas miznad ar isax-
avda ojaxis Seqmnas.
ra SeiZleba iyos maregistrirebeli organos uari
saxelis Secvlaze? maregistrirebel organos dasab-
uTebuli uaris safuZveli saxelis Secvlaze SeiZle-
ba iyos: Tu saxelis, mamis saxelis SecvliT realuri
safrTxe eqmneba mesame pirTa interesebs, piri, romelic
iTxovs saxelis Secvlas eWvmitanilia danaSaulis Ca-
denaSi, braldebulia, nasamarTlevia da nasamarTloba
moxsnili ar aqvs, Secvlili saxeliT emaleba sajaro
valdebulebebs (vTqvaT sagadasaxado valdebulebebs).
saxelis Secvla rodi warmoadgens im uflebebisa
da movaleobebis Sewyvetis safuZvels, romlebic SeZeni-
177
li iyo adrindeli saxeliT. piri movalea aucilebeli
zomebi miiRos saxelis Secvlis Sesaxeb kreditorebisa
da movaleebis gasafrTxileblad. piri, romelmac Seicv-
ala saxeli an gvari, valdebulia cvlilebebi Seitanos
yovelgvar dokumentSi, romlebic mis qonebriv ufle-
bebsa da movaleobebs exeba. droulad unda izrunon
kreditorebis, movaleebis gasafrTxileblad, rameTu, Tu
aman warmoSva meore mxarisadmi zianis miyeneba, aRniSnu-
lis kompensireba daekisreba sruli moculobiT im pirs,
romelmac Seicvala saxeli da amis Sesaxeb ar Seatyo-
bina partniorebs.
$. 4. saxelTan dakavSirebuli piradi

araqonebrivi uflebebi
àdamiani ar SeiZleba iyos miznis

miRwevis saSualeba, is Tavad unda iyos mizani~.
`demokratiul weswyobilebaSi adamiani miCneulia

individad, romelsac aqvs Tavisi cxovrebis damoukide-
blad Camoyalibebisa da warmarTvis unari, aqedan gamom-
dinare mas gaaCnia SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, raTa isarge-
blos Tundac pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis
uflebiT, romelic Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs individis
mier Tundac saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi CarTvas. individis CarTuloba ki damokidebu-
lia imaze, Tu ramdenad uqmnis saxelmwifo mas amis Sesa-
Zleblobas. saxelmwifo valdebulia individs Seuqmnas
Sesabamisi pirobebi da misces Tavisufali cxovrebi-
178
sa da saqmianobis saSualeba. xelisuflebis mxridan
swored am valdebulebis Sesrulebaa samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos arsebobis ganmapirobebeli erT-erT faq-
tori. mxolod aseTi valdebulebis arsebobis pirobeb-
Si SegviZlia vimsjeloT adamianis pativsa da Rirsebaze,
rogorc `princi pze~, romelic mxedvelobaSi unda iyos
miRebuli saxelmwifos mxridan nebismieri moqmedebis
ganxorcielebisas~207.
`samarTlis centrSi adamiani unda idges. àdamia-
nis pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba~- demokrati-
uli sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi fundamenturi Ri-
rebuleba da princi pia. adamianis Rirsebis aRiareba mo-
cemulia rogorc gaeros wesdebis, aseve adamianis ufle-
baTa dacvis yvela ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso - samarT-
lebrivi aqtis preambulaSi. radgan swored adamianuri
Rirseba qmnis im sawyiss, romlidanac gamomdinareobs da
romelsac efuZneba sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi~208. ,,pati-
vis dacvis sakiTxi mravalwaxnagovani problemaa. gansa-
kuTrebiT aqtualuria pativis samoqalaqo-samarTlebri-
vi uzrunvelyofa~209.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-17 muxlTan `saxelis
uflebasTan~aris dakavSirebuli me-18 muxliT gaTval-
iswinebuli saxelTan dakavSirebuli piradi araqone-
brivi uflebebis dacva. aq erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
ori faqtori, romlebic safuZvlad SeiZleba daedos
sasarCelo moTxovnebs saxelis uflebis dacvis Ses-
axeb. `pirveli, roca fizikur pirs saxels ecilebian
da meore, roca fizikuri piris saxeliT sxva unebarT-
��. TvaraZe, l., adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuvalobis princi pi, adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, 2012, 3.
��. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, https://borjgalo.files.wordpress.
com
209. m. biWia, pativis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba (qarTul-evrop-
uli midgomebi), Jurnali ,,Tanamedrove mimoxilva # 2(2), Tbilisi, 2014, 12.
179
vod sargeblobs da amiT fizikuri piris interesebi
ilaxeba~209. aRniSnuli muxlis 1-l nawilSi miTiTebu-
lia, rom `visac saxelis tarebis uflebas Seecilebian,
an visi interesebic ilaxeba misi saxeliT unebarTvo
sargeblobiT, mas ufleba aqvs xelmyofs mosTxovos
moqmedebis Sewyveta an uaris Tqma masze~. germanuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsis $. 12210êrogorc zemoTac avRniSneT,
aerTianebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-17 da
me-18 muxlebis definiciebs. masSi aRniSnulia, rom Tu
im piris saxeli, romlis tarebis uflebac mas gaaCnia,
arasamarTlebrivi gamoyenebiT ilaxeba sxva pirebis mier,
saxelis tarebis uflebis mqone pirs SeuZlia mosTxo-
vos am pirs misi darRvevis Sewyveta. mas aseve SeuZlia
gansakuTrebul RonisZiebebs mimarTos, Tu arsebobs sa-
SiSroeba Semdgomi darRvevisa.
piri, romlis saxelis araswori gamoyenebiT irRveva
am piris uflebebi, sarCelSi mtkicebulebis saxiT unda
waradginos sasamarTloSi misi pirovnebis identifika-
ciis saSualebebi (am SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo aqtebis
saregistracio organos Canawerebi an sxva dokumentebi,
romlebic adastureben mocemuli, konkretuli saxelis
mxolod misadmi kuTvnilebis udavi faqts.
me-18 muxlis SemTxvevaSi orgvar faqtTan gvaqvs
saqme: `pirvel SemTxvevaSi sasarCelo moTxovnas aqvs
ori faqtobrivi wanamZRvari: 1. sadavo saxeli ekuTvnis
mosarCeles; 2. mopasuxe uaryofs mosarCelisaTvis sa-
davo saxelis kuTvnilebas. dava SeiZleba Seexebodes
rogorc samoqalaqo saxels, ise fsevdonims, an araofi-
cialur saxels. sasarCelo moTxovnas mocemul SemTx-
vevaSi Seadgens mopasuxis mier mosarCelis kuTvnili
��. niniZe T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, red. Wanturia l.,
axvlediani z., zoiZe b., jorbenaZe s., wigni pirveli, Tbilisi, 1999, 58-59.
��. ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer,
Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. , 13-19.
180
saxelis aRiareba. kerZod, moTxovna Sesaferis SeTx-
vevebSi mosarCele ixseniebodes kuTvnili saxeliT~211.
meore SemTxvevaSi `sarCels sami faqtobrivi wanamZR-
vari aqvs: 1) saxeli ekuTvnis mosarCeles; 2) mopasuxe
unebarTvod sargeblobs mosarCelis saxeliT; 3) mo-
sarCelis interesebi ilaxeba212~. es faqtori SeiZleba
mraval SemTxvevebSi gamovlindes, piris saxelis miT-
viseba, mxatvruli nawarmoebis personaJisaTvis mosarCe-
lis saxelis gamoyeneba da sxva. pirveli SemTxvevisagan
meore gansxvavdeba imiT, rom meore SemTxvevaSi ilaxeba
mosarCelis qonebrivi, an kidev araqonebrivi interesi.
mopasuxis braleulobas orive SemTxvevaSi sarCelis Se-
tanisas sasamarTloSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ara
aqvs.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlma (n.2) gaafarTo-
va piris saxelTan dakavSirebuli piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebis wre da mas miakuTvna pativi, Rirseba, pi-
rad cxovrebis saidumloeba, piradi xelSeuxebloba an
saqmiani reputacia.
èTikis mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli ganmartebis
mixedviT, pirovnebis pativis qveS igulisxmeba pirovnebis
moraluri Tu sxva Tvisebebis sazogadoebrivi Sefaseba.
pativi pirovnebis obieqturi sazogadoebrivi Sefasebaa,
romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis damokidebule-
bas pirovnebis mimarT. ,,pativis sakonstitucio-samar-
Tlebrivi cneba gansxvavdeba misi samoqalaqo-samarT-
lebrivi gagebisagan~. saqme imaSia, rom pativis sakon-
stitucio samarTliT daculi sfero farTo xasiaTisaa
da araa sazogadoebriv Sefasebasa Tu individze TviT-
Sefasebaze damokidebuli.216 Rirsebis qveS igulisxmeba
��. niniZe T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, red. Wanturia l.,
axvlediani z., zoiZe b., jorbenaZe s., wigni pirveli, Tbilisi, 1999, 58-59.
��.iqve.
181
pirovnebis mier sakuTari moraluri Tu sxva Tvisebebis,
unaris, sazogadoebis winaSe misi valis moxdis, sakuTari
sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba Tavad pirovnebis
mier. amasTan, es TviTSefaseba emyareba moraluri Tu
sxva Tvisebebis Sefasebis sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul
kriteriumebs. rogorc pativi, ise Rirseba unda emyare-
bodes faqtebs, romlebic sinamdviles Seesabameba213~.
adamianis pativi da Rirseba Tavis TavSi moicavs
rogorc Tavisuflebas, aseve Tanasworuflebianobas,
rac gamoixateba uflebebis Tanasworad ganxorcieleba-
Si da moqalaqeebisadmi Rirsebisa da pativis Tanaswor
dacvaSi.
`RirsebaSi igulisxmeba socialuri moTxovna sax-
elmwifos mxridan adamianis respeqtirebaze. Rirseba
adamians aqvs iqedan gamomdinare, rom is adamiania da am
SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia sazogadoebis Sexed-
ulebas masze an mis subieqtur TviTSefasebas. adamia-
nis Rirsebis pativiscema gulisxmobs yoveli adamianis
pirovnul aRiarebas, romlis CamorTmeva da SezRudva
dauSvebelia. saxelmwifosaTvis adamiani aris umTavre-
si mizani, pativiscemis obieqti, mTavari faseuloba da
ara miznis miRwevis saSualeba da eqsploataciis obieq-
ti. Rirseba aseve ar SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc
mxolod erT-erTi subieqturi konstituciuri uflebis
obieqti. Rirseba aris is ufleba da amave dros, is fun-
213. jorbenaZe, s., axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., niniZe, T., Wanturia, l., saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 60.
213. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembers #1/11
477 gadawyvetdes saqmeze ,,saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da
saqarTvelos moqalaqe Tamar CugoSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.
wyaro, m. biWia, pativis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi cnebas moicavs Rrma (qarTul-
evropuli midgomebi); Jurnali ,,Tanamedrove samarTlis mimoxilva~. 2014. 15.
216. saqarTvelos moqalaqe maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlaments da
prezidentis winaaRmde. tuRuSi T; burjanaZe b; mSvenierraZe b; gociriZe g; me-
nade v; adamianis uflebebi da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos war-
moebis praqtika, m. kopaleiSvilis redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi, 2013, 85-86.
182
damenturi konstituciuri princi pi, romelsac eyrdnoba
da ukavSirdeba ZiriTadi uflebebi. piris samarTlebri-
vi statusis safuZvelSive devs Rirsebis idea, xolo
samarTlebrivi dacvis princi pis, rogorc pirovnebis
socialur-samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis safuZve-
li aris pirovnebis Rirsebis uzrunvelyofis princi pi.
Rirsebis xelyofa, faqtiurad yovelTvis ukavSirdeba
sxva ZiriTadi uflebis an uflebebis darRvevas~ (saqa-
rTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oq-
tombris #2/2-389 gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarTvelos
moqalaqe maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamen-
tisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg~). Rirseba
aris adamianTa calkeuli jgufis eqskluziuri ufleba,
Rirseba gaaCnia yvela adamians da am kuTxiT raime saxis
diferencireba dauSvebelia. adamianis Rirseba vrcel-
deba fetusze214, adamianis cxedarze da gardacvlili
adamianis xsovnazec~215. adamianis Rirseba sxvadasxva
saxis qmedebebiT SeiZleba iqnes darRveuli (rasobrivi
diskriminacia, adamianebiT vaWroba, monoba, wameba, arahu-
manuri mopyroba, fizikuri da fsiqikuri iZuleba (iZule-
biT garigebis dadeba), sistemuri damcireba da sxva. aqe-
dan mainc wamebas gamovyofdiT, romlis ganmartebasac
gaeros konvenciis 1 muxli iZleva, romlis Tanaxmad,
��. saubaria Canasaxis uflebaze, rogorc cocxal arsebaze, rom hqondes
sococxlis ufleba. ix. WeliZe, l., sicocxlis ufleba fetusisaTvis. http://
www.nplg.gov.ge ismis kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara fetuss sicocxlis ufleba dResac
sadavo problemaa. abortTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebma cxadyo, rom kanoniT
SeuZlebelia sicocxlis ganviTarebis procesis gansazRvra da mas ar ZaluZs
moaxdinos diferenciacia imaT Soris Tu ra aris daSvebuli da ra ar aris
akrZaluli. ekuTvnis Tu ara fetuss sicocxlis ufleba, abortebis irgvliv
Seqmnil debatebTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. fetusis
sicocxlis mxardamWerTa argumentiT, fetusi aris cocxali arseba. Tu fetusi
cocxali arsebaa, mas aqvs sicocxlis ufleba. J. van Nieuwenhove, Abortion: A Life for
Unborn Children?, in: Eugeen Verhellen (Ed.), Monitoring Children’s Rights, 1996, 785. wyaro: WeliZe,
l. sicocxlis ufleba fetusisaTvis. http://www.nplg.gov.ge
215. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, vebgverdis misamarTi: www.
legalportal.ge
183
wamebad iTvleba `nebismieri qmedeba, romliTac rome-
lime pirs ganzrax mieyena Zlieri sulieri tkivili an
tanjva, fizikuri an moraluri, im mizniT, rom miRebul
iqnas misgan aRiareba, raTa daisajos im qmedebisaTvis,
romelic man an mesame pirma Caidina am romlis Cadena-
Sicaa igi eWvmitanili, daaSinon, aiZulon is an mesame
piri an sxva mizniT, rac emyareba nebismieri saxis dis-
kriminacias~.
saqmiani reputaciis qveS ki igulisxmeba piris saqmi-
ani, profesiuli da sxva mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li Tvisebebis Sefaseba, rasac sazogadoebis damokideb-
uleba emyareba fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebis mimarT.
àqve unda aRiniSnos, rom anglo-amerikul samarTalSi
termini `reputacia~ gamoiyeneba zogadi mniSvnelobiT,
aRniSnul gvareobiT cnebaSi Sedis sami saxis reputacia:
zogadi (generaluri), profesiuli da saqmiani (komerci-
uli, samewarmeo). Cveulebriv, reputracia SeiZleba iyos
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi. difamaciuri216 samarTali gamo-
dis iqedan, rom dacvas eqvemdebareba subieqtis dadebiTi
ziani. Sesabamisad, difamaciuri samarTlis konteqstis
Sesabamisad terminis `reputacia~ da `kargi saxeli~
gamoiyeneba sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT. amgvarad, zogadi
(generaluri) reputaciis qveS igulisxmeba sazogadoe-
bis keTilganwyobili warmodgena konkretul pirze, misi
`kargi saxeli~ cnobilia sazogadoebisTvis. zogadi
reputaciis ganmarteba vrceldeba saqmian reputaciaze,
rogorc profesiuli sazogadoebis keTilganwyobis
gamovlena profesiuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli
kargi saxelis mqone piris mimarT. saqmiani reputaciis
zianis arsi mdgomareobs misi mflobelis unaris unaris
dazianebaSi, profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas
��.difamacia - ciliswameba.
184
isargeblos amave sazogadoebis keTilganwyobiT. saqmi-
ani reputacia aris saqmian sferoSi mudmivi momxmareb-
lisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis keTilganwyoba.... saqmi-
ani reputacia, misi yvela saxesxvaobiT, iTvleba misi
mflobelis ekonomikurad ganuzomel SesaZleblobad
da aramaterialur sikeTed~217.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli iT-
valiswinebs saxelis dasacavad, kompromentirebuli sax-
elis aRsadgenad, pirebma mimarTon rogorc maTi sax-
elis uSualo SembRalavs, aseve pirdapir sarCeliT sa-
samarTlos.
saqarTvelos kontitucia myar sakonstitucio ga-
rantiebs qmnis piris uflebebis dasacavad. magaliTad,
konstitucia me-17 muxliT garantirebuls xdis pativi-
sa da Rirsebis xelSeuvalobas. `rodesac kanonmdebli
gveubneba, rom àdamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuva-
lia~, sityva `xelSeuvaliT~ igi miuTiTebs rom adamia-
nis Rirseba da pativi aris yvelaze didi sikeTe da ar
SeiZleba adamianis Rirseba gaxdes saSualeba raime sxva
miznis misaRwevad. normis aseTi formulireba Tavis
TavSive gulisxmobs imas, rom aq gamoricxulia Tanazo-
mierebis princi pis gamoyeneba. es princi pi am SemTxveva-
Si ubralod ver imoqmedebs. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im
faqts, rom saqarTveloSi da yvela demokratiuli wyo-
bilebis qveyanaSi xelisuflebis wyaro xalxia, xolo
xalxi Sedgeba adamianebisagan, davinaxavT, rom lapara-
kia xalxis Rirsebasa da pativze, xalxi ar unda iyos
aRqmuli rogorc abstraqtuli erTeuli da idea, aramed
adamianebis jgufi, romelTac gaaCniaT Rirseba da pati-
vi, aqedan gamomdinare saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17
muxli icavs xelisuflebis wyaros - xalxis Rirsebasa
��.osakve kristofer, dasax. naSr; 66-67.
185
da pativs~218.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo,
samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam aRniSna, rom
,,samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli icavs pirovnebis pa-
tivs, Rirsebas, saqmian reputacias. pirovnebis Rirseba
warmoadgens im Rirebulebas, romlis Sefasebis unari
gaaCnia TviT am pirs da romelic moicavs sakuTari
moraluri Tvisebebis, sazogadoebisadmi pasuxismge-
blobis, sakuTari sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefase-
bas. pativi warmoadgens im RirebulebaTa Tvisebas, ro-
melic pirovnebis obieqturi sazogadoebrivi Sefasebaa.
aqedan gamomdinare, pativi, Rirseba, reputacia SefasebiTi
kategoriebia. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Rirseba
pirovnebis iseTi araqonebrivi sikeTea, romlis Sefaseba
SesaZlebelia im piris mier, romelic moiTxovs Tavisi
Rirsebis dacvas.~220.
`Rirsebis uflebis fundamenturi mniSvneloba
ikveTeba imiTac, rom igi ara mxolod negatiur-damcavi
an pozitiur-mfarvelobiTi ZiriTadi uflebaa, aramed
mas aqtiur-uflebaaRmWurveli uflebis statusic gaaC-
nia, vinaidan saxelmwifosagan moiTxovs adamianebis el-
ementaruli samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyo-
fas. adamianebs ar SeiZleba mieniWoT maRali an dabali
rangis samarTlebrivi statusi~219. xolo konstituciis
me-20 muxliT, `yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, pi-
radi saqmianobis adgili, piradi Canaweri, mimowera, sau-
bari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebebiT,
agreTve teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobine-
bani xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli uflebebis SezRudva
��. TvaraZe, l., dasax. naSr; 6-7.
��. TvaraZe, l., dasax. naSr; 7.
220 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis
saqmeTa palatis ganCineba #as-1174-1319-08, 23 ivlisi, 2009.
186
daiSveba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an mis gareSec,
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobi-
sas (p.1).
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
`yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da Ta-
visuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos (p. 1).
dacvis ufleba garantirebulia~ (p. 3). konstituciis
fundamenturi muxlebi uflebiT aRWuraven samoqalaqo
urTierTobebis monawileebs, romelTa uflebebic il-
axeba maTi saxelis ukanono miTvisebiT da gamoyenebiT,
_ daicvas igi sasamarTlos meSveobiT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piris pativis, Rirsebis, saqmiani
reputaciis an piradi cxovrebis Semlaxveli cnobebi
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiTaa gavrcelebuli,
maSin maTi uaryofac amave saSualebebiT unda moxdes.
piri, romlis saxeli, pativi usamarTlod Seilaxa masme-
diis nebismieri saSualebiT da gavrcelebuli informa-
cia sinamdvilisagan Sorsaa, bRalavs piris avtoritets,
igi uflebamosilia am saSualebebs mosTxovos imave
gverdze, imave SriftiT, rogorc rogorc masze makom-
promentirebeli masalebis publikacia moxvda, misi sax-
elis aRmdgeni statiis gamoqveyneba. aRniSnulis Semo-
tana kanonmdeblobaSi da mTlianad me-18 muxli samo-
samarTlo samarTlis brwyinvale Sedevria. samoqalaqo
kodeqsis amoqmedebidan Semdgom uamravi precendenti
Seiqmna msgavsi magaliTebisa, roca Ria eTeris, radios
Tu presis saSualebiT vrceldeboda pirebze monaWore-
bi, makompromentirebeli masalebi, romlebic Sors iyo
sinamdvilisagan da piris saxelis Selaxvas isaxavda
miznad. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi pirebi mimarTavdnen sa-
samarTlos sarCeliT am saSualebebis winaaRmdeg, raTa
aRedginaT TavianTi ukanonod SebRaluli saxeli. xSir
187
SemTxvevaSi, masmediis saSualebebi yurad ar iRebdnen
pirTa Txovnas, romelTa pativi, Rirseba, saqmiani reputa-
cia ilaxeboda araswori informaciis gavrcelebiT, rom
masmediis imave saSualebebiT namdvili cnobebi gamoqvey-
nebuliyo da aRdgenil yofiliyo pirebis pativi, Rirse-
ba, saqmiani reputacia, romlis aRdgenisaTvis brZola
pirebs aiZulebda sasamarTlosaTvis miemarTaT. susg-is
4 ivlisis (2002weli) (saqme #3k-390-02) gadawyvetilebiT
sasamarTlo ganmartebaSi aRiniSna, rom: `Jurnalistu-
ri gamoZiebis procesSi gakeTebuli Sefaseba miiCneva
pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvelad rodesac mosarCele
Jurnalistur Sefasebebs pativisa da Rirsebis Semlax-
velad miiCnevs, man unda miuTiTos, rom es Sefasebebi ar
warmoadgenen im faqtebis Sesabamiss, romelic Jurnal-
istur gamoZiebaSia gamoyenebuli, an faqtobrivi monace-
mebi, romelic Jurnalistis mier aris motanili, ar See-
sabameba sinamdviles. palatis azriT, ridesac faqtebi,
romelzedac SefasebiTi gansjaa dafuZnebuli, sadavo
ar xdeba, aseT SemTxvevaSi SefasebiTi gansjis gamoyofa
da maTi sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis mtkiceba usafuZ-
vloa220.
sainteresoa uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika saqmi-
an reputaciasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, saqarTvelos
uzanaesma sasamarTlom saqmeze (#3k/376-01 18 ivlisi, 2001
weli) `saqmiani reputaciis Selaxva~ (samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis me-18 muxlis me-2 nawili), CaTvala, rom sasamarT-
los mier araswori ganmarteba mieca ssk-is me-18 muxlis
me-2 nawilis erT-erT makvalificirebel niSans - saqmi-
an reputacias. saqmiani reputaciis qveS igulisxmeba
sazogadoebis mier piris profesiuli Tu sxva saqmiani
Tvisebebis Sefaseba. profesia aris xeloba, saqmiano-
��. naWyebia, a., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebebi uzenaesi
sasamarTlos praqtikaSi (2000-2013), 2014, 10.
188
ba, specialoba, romelsac garkveuli momzadeba sWird-
eba da romliTac adamiani Tavs irCens, xolo saqmiani
Tvisebebi, romelsac saqmiani reputacia gulisxmobs,
gaaCniaT maT, vinc monawileobs ekonomikur (komerci-
ul saqmianobaSi). aqedan gamomdinare saqmiani reputa-
ciis Selaxva, rasac ssk-is me-18 muxli iTvaliswinebs,
mimarTuli unda iyos piris mier ganxorcielebuli (an
gansaxorcielebeli) saqmiani operaciebisaTvis, misi
profesiuli Tvisebebis diskreditaciisaTvis. aseTi xe-
lyofiT pirs SeiZleba miadges materialuri zianic, e.
i. xelidan gauSvas mogeba, daekargos klienti da sxva221.
xSiria SemTxvebic, roca piri RvarZliani kriti-
kis sagani gamxdara. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa
saqarTvelos uzanaesi sasamarTlos (saqme #3k-337-02,
25 ivnisi, 2002 weli) ganmarteba, `piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb.~ganmartebaSi aRniSnulia,
rom piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis darRveva sakasacio
sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom SeiZleba gamoixatos Rvar-
Zlian kritikaSi, romelic scildeba saqmiani kritikis
farglebs da miznad isaxavs adresatis Rirsebis Se-
laxvas. pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvas aseve adgili
aqvs, maSin rodesac mesame mxarisadmi mimarTvisa erTi
adamiani meoris Rirsebas, reputacias an mdgomareobas
moixseniebs imgvari formiT, rom amcirebs pirs moqa-
laqeTa TvalSi, iwvevs siZulvils an zizRs. amdenad,
pirs dacvis ufleba eniWeba maSin, rodesac diskredite-
bulia misi sazogadoebrivi reputacia. marTalia, kri-
tikis farglebi politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebisa da
saxelmwifo moxeleebis mimarT ufro farToa, vidre
kerZo fizikuri pirebis mimarT, magram kritikam ar unda
gadalaxos zRvari, romelic dadgenilia `sxva pirTa
189
uflebebisa da reputaciis~ dasacavad222.
araerT SemTxvevas hqonda praqtikaSi adgili,
roca masmediis saSualebebi iWrebodnen `piris piradi
cxovrebis saidumloebaSi da masze aqveynebdnen iseT
informaciebs, romlebic ar unda yofiliyo sajaro. ami-
tom, samoqalaqo kodeqsma `piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxe-
bloba~ piris pirad araqonebriv uflebad aRiara, rom-
lis sajarod gamotanis uflebac TviT pirsve miakuTvna.
aseve, Tu piris gamosaxuleba (fotosuraTi, kino-
filmi, videofilmi da sxva) gamoqveyndeba misi Tanxmo-
bis gareSe, am SemTxvevaSic igi uflebamosilia daic-
vas piradi gamosaxulebis ufleba. am SemTxvevaSi piris
calmxrivi Tanxmoba aucilebelia. magram piris Tanxmo-
ba ar aris saWiro, roca fotogadaReba (videogadaReba
da sxva) dakavSirebulia mis sazogadoebriv aRiarebas-
Tan, dakavebul TanamdebobasTan, marTlmsajulebis an
policiis moTxovnebTan, samecniero, saswavlo an kul-
turul miznebTan, anda fotogadaReba (videogadaReba
da a.S.) moxda sazogado viTarebaSi, anda pirma miiRo
sazRauri. es exeba im konkretul SemTxvevas, roca piri
CarTulia qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis
aqtualur ferxulSi. sazogadoebas masze yvelaferi
ainteresebs da bunebrivia bevri informacia maT Ses-
axeb sajarod unda gamoqveyndes. sazogadoebis interesi,
miiRos informacia sazogadoebriv-politikuri movle-
nebis Sesaxeb, am saqmeSi CarTuli pirebis Tanxmobas ar
saWiroebs. magaliTad, parlamentaris Tanxmoba sapar-
lamento sesiis mimdinareobisas, sxdomis satelevizio
Canaweris gakeTebisas da sajaro Cvenebisas - parlamen-
tars davekiTxoT moxvdes Tu ara igi kadrSi, an kidev
masobrivi Sekrebebis Cvenebebi da sxva sazogadoebisaT-
190
vis saintereso, aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi movlenebi, rom-
lebic aRviZeben sazogadoebis interess. magram, Tu piri
guSin aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT cxovrobda
da èwereboda aqtualobisa da Tanamedroveobis~ Si-
naarsSi, magram dRes `Tanamedrove istoriuli pirovneba
ganmartoebulia~, Caketilia, ar mosaqmeobs da arc surs
misi saxelis aJitireba masmediis saSualebiT, am Sem-
TxvevaSi rogor unda moiqces masmedia? aSkaraa, rom
aseTi pirovnebebi iqcevian ise, rogorc ar moiqceodnen,
sazogadoebriv-politikur postebze muSaobisas. àm kat-
egoriis epizodebis gamomxatvel gamosaxulebaTa gamo-
qveyneba eqvemdebareba zogadi wesiT gansazRvrul dacu-
lobas. Tanamedroveobis istoriis amsaxveli movlenebi
informirebis sferoSi Semodian mxolod im pirobiT, Tu
maTi sajarod gamotana ar aRviZebs sazogadoebis ara-
jansaR cnobismoyvareobas, ar Seuracxyofs adamianur
grZnobebs~223.
rac Seexeba danaSaulis faqtTan dakavSirebuli
publikaciebis gaSuqebas, albaT aucilebelia maTi sa-
jarod publikacia, im SemTxvevaSi Tu damnaSave gaiqca
sapatimrodan, Tu piri Zebnilia da misi gamosaxulebis
Cveneba sazogadoebis farTo wrisaTvis xels Seuwyobs
samarTaldamcav organoebs mis dakavebaSi. magram eWvmi-
tanilebis mimarT imaves ver vityodiT. eWvmitanili mx-
olod eWvmitanilia, is xom SeiZleba damnaSave ar aR-
moCndes, misi gamosaxulebis Cvenebam ki eWvmitanilad,
misi Semdgomi gamarTlebis SemTxvevaSic ki saeWvod
aqcios misi reputacia; amas Tu davumatebdiT konsti-
tuciis me-40 muxlsac ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcias~,
gamodis, rom eWvmitanili jer kidev araa damnaSave da
misi gamarTlebis Semdeg, roca pirovnebis sajaro pub-
��. niniZe, T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, red.
Wanturia, l. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., jorbenaZe, s., 69.
191
likacia moxdeba, rogorc danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmi-
tanilisa, Znelia gamarTlebis Semdegac sazogadoebis
èWvian~ nawils umtkico Seni braleuloba. naTqvamia
`Tavi erTxel rom gagitydebao...~
rac Seexeba `dakargulebs~, pirebs, romlebic `sax-
lidan gavidnen da Sin aRar dabrunebulan~ maTi pub-
likacia sajarod, Ria eTeris saSualebiT, axlobel-
Ta gancxadebiT samarTlianad daSvebulia, rameTu igi
garkveuli daxmarebis gawevaa axloblebisaTvis dakar-
guli axloblis moZebnaSi.
yvelas aqvs ufleba daicvas piradi araqonebrivi
uflebebi. es maT saxelTan dakavSirebuli imanentu-
ri uflebaa. yvela fizikuri piria aRWurvili ufle-
bamosilebiT sxva pirebisagan moiTxovon pativiscemiT
mopyroba. me-18 muxlis me-6 nawili ganamtkicebs am de-
bulebas samarTlebrivad. kanonmdebeli brZanebs, rom
àm muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sikeTis dacva xorciel-
deba, miuxedavad xelmyofis bralisa. xolo Tu dar-
Rveva gamowveulia braleuli moqmedebiT, pirs SeuZlia
moiTxovos zianis (zaralis) anazRaurebac. zianis anaz-
Raureba SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes im mogebis saxiT,
romelic warmoeqmna xelmyofs. braleuli xelyofis
SemTxvevaSi uflebamosil pirs ufleba aqvs moiTxovos
araqonebrivi (moraluri) zianis anazRaurebac. `moral-
uri zianis anazRaureba SeiZleba qonebrivi zianis anaz-
Raurebisagan damoukideblad~.
pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli cnobebis
gavrcelebis gamo moraluri zianis dakisrebis Sesaxeb
uzenaesma samarTlom ganmarteba gaakeTa, imis Sesaxeb,
rom: `gamoTqmuli azris sajarod uaryofa amcirebs fu-
ladi kompensaciis odenobas, radgan fuladi anazRau-
reba moraluri zianis kompensaciaa, rac ganisazRvreba
192
ara ekvivalenturi princi piT, aramed mimarTulia miy-
enebuli tanjvisa da sulieri gancdebis Semsubuqebaze.
amasTan erTad, sakasacio palata ganmartavs, rom rode-
sac ilaxeba pirovnebis pativi, Rirseba, reputaciis
Selaxvis Sedegad moraluri zianis anazRaurebisTvis
metad did mniSvneloba eniWeba am Rirebulebebis Se-
laxvis uaryofas imave saSualebebiT, da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, im efeqtis dakmayofilebas, romlis iuridiuli
interesi gaaCnia dazaralebuls. zustad am efeqtis Se-
faseba SeiZleba warmoadgendes erT-erT kriteriums,
romliTac xdeba moraluri zianis odenobis dadgena....
pativis, Rirsebisa da reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebis
uaryofiT miRebuli efeqti ar unda iyos sakmarisi,
raTa maqsimalurad Semsubuqdes dazaralebulis suli-
eri tanjva Tu gancda. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
kasatorebi sakasacio saCivarSi ar uTiTeben da ar
amaxvileben yuradRebas iseT garemoebebsa da mtkice-
bulebebze, romliTac dgindeba, rom mopasuxeebisaT-
vis sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli cnobebis sajarod
uaryofa ar aris sakmarisi ciliswamebis mosarCelisaT-
vis miyenebuli zianis jerovani anazRaurebisaTvis, rac
unda Seefasebina da ar Seafasa an arajerovnad Sea-
fasa saapelacio sasamarTlom. amasTan unda aRiniS-
nos, rom ssk-is 413-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,
araqonebrivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba SeiZleba
moTxovnil iqnes mxolod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul
SemTxvevebSi gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebiT.
`gonivruli~ da `samarTliani~ SefasebiTi cnebebia da
imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros araqonebrivi zianis ode-
noba, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc subieqtu-
ri, aseve obieqturi faqtorebic, kerZod, moraluri zia-
nis xarisxi, aseve dazaralebulisa da zaralis mimyene-
193
blis224 qonebrivi mdgomareoba, rom moraluri zaralis
anazRaureba ar gaxdes usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wyaro.225
fizikuri piris piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis
xelyofiT miyenebuli qonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis
safuZvlad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis is muxlebi, romlebic zianis anazRaurebis zogad
safuZvlebs qmnian (ssk m.408-415, m.992 -993-e da a. S.) me-18
da 993–e muxlebis Sinaarsis mixedviT piradi araqone-
brivi uflebebis xelyofa SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
sami sxvadasxva Sinaarsis marTlsawinaaRmdego moq-
medebiT: 1. qonebrivi zianis momtani faqtebis gavrcele-
biT; 2. amgvari zianis momtani faqtebis gaxmaurebiT; 3.
fizikuri piris Tanxmobis gareSe misi gamosaxulebis
gamoqveynebiT. radgan 993-e muxli iTvaliswinebs zianis
anazRaurebis valdebulebas qonebrivi zianis momtani
faqtebis gavrcelebis, an gaxmaurebisaTvis, unda vigu-
lisxmoT, rom piradi gamosaxulebis unebarTvo gamoqvey-
nebiT miyenebuli qonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis valde-
bulebisaTvis gamoiyeneba qonebrivi zianis zogadi 992-e
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi.
`gaxmaurebis~ qveS, am sityvis leqsikologiuri
mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad ZiriTadad iseTi cnobebis
gavrceleba igulisxmeba, romlebic piradi cxovrebis
saidumloebas asaxavs da umeteswilad sinamdviles
Seesabameba. `gavrceleba~ unda gulisxmobdes pativ-
is, Rirsebis, saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebis
gavrcelebas~226.
��. ufro zust terminad am SemTxvevaSi migvaCnia ara `zaralis mimyeneblis~,

aramed zianis mimyeneblis~, rameTu doqtrinaSi da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi
aRiarebulia, rom `zianis miyeneba xdeba~, xolo zaralis anazRaureba~.
sasamarTlos praqtikaSi (2000-2013), 2014, 15-16.
Wanturia, l. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., jorbenaZe, s., 71-72.
194
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 993-e muxlSi227 kanonmdebeli
or SemTxvevas iTvaliswinebs zianis momtani cnobebis
gaxmaurebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi SedegebisaTvis.
pirveli, rom `piri, romelic ganzrax an gaufrTxile-
blobiT avrcelebs an axmaurebs sxva pirisaTvis qone-
brivi zianis momtan faqtebs, valdebulia aanazRauros
aqedan warmoSobili ziani `Tu es faqtebi aSkarad aras-
woria~, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi, zianis anazRaurebis
valdebuleba ar warmoiSoba iseTi gamonaTqvamebisas,
romlebic emsaxureba kanonieri sazogadoebrivi intere-
sebis dacvas. magaliTi: vTqvaT pirma Caidina sazogadoe-
brivad saSiSi qmedeba da igi samarTalSi iqna micemuli.
Ria eTeris saSualebiT, sajarod moxda am faqtis ko-
mentireba televiziiT. samarTalSi micemulma moiTxova
moraluri zianisaTvis materialuri anazRaureba. unda
dakmayofildes Tu ara misi moTxovna? bunebrivia ara,
radgan mis interess am SemTxvevaSi aRemateba sazoga-
doebis interesi da amasTanave arc piris uflebebi dar-
Rveula amiT da arc masmediis saSualebebs gadauWar-
bebia Tavisi uflebebisaTvis.
saidan unda amovides samarTalSemfardebeli
moraluri zianis228 miyenebisas materialuri anazRau-
rebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, im SemTxvevaSi Tuki
gavrcelebuli informacia sinamdviles ar Seesabameba?
am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia: jer erTi, rom gax-
maurebul cnobebi sinamdviles ar Seesabameba da pirma
garkveuli qonebrivi ziani miiRo; meorec, unda dadgindes,
��. CikvaSvili, S., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe,

tomi II, Tbilisi, red. Wanturia l., niniZe, T., Sengelia, xecuriani, j., ., 2001, 391.
��
. ànglo-amerikuli samarTliT da klasikuri gagebiT `moraluri zianis~ cneba
moicavs 30 dasaxelebis aramaterialuri zianis saxes, romelic warmoadgens
iuridiuli zianis gvareobiT, naTesaur mozaikas. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT,
moraluri ziani aris erTiani saxelwodeba sulieri zianis sxvadasxva saxeebis~.
ix. kristofer osakve, dasax. naSr; 8.
195
rom Tu piris Sesaxeb gadacemuli (gamoqveynebuli) masa-
lebiT ar darRveula piris uflebebi, rom sazogadoebas
`mometebuli interesi~ hqonda am piris mimarT da igi
`sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis aqtualobaSi~
iyo CarTuli, mesamec, unda dadgindes is mizezobrivi
kavSiri, rac arsebobs qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs So-
ris, anu ra simZimisaa miyenebuli ziani pirisaTvis mis
mimarT makompromentirebebli masalebis gamoqveynebiT,
aseve meoTxe, gasaTvaliswinebelia xelmyofi piris bra-
li. zianis anazRaurebis moculoba ganisazRvreba ro-
gorc damdgari zianis simZimis, aseve bralis xarisxis
mixedviT. zianis mimyeneblis ganzraxva an gaufrTxile-
bloba zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisaTvis Tana-
bari mniSvnelobisaa.
sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi me-18 muxlis me-6
nawilis SemoRebis Semdeg imata sarCelebma moraluri
zianisaTvis materialuri anazRaurebis moTxovnebisa229.
sasamarTloebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar akmayofilebdnen
mosarCeleebis sarCelebs da savsebiT marTebuladac.
anazRaurebas unda daeqvemdebaros iseTi ziani, romelic
pirs faqtobrivad miadga masze gavrcelebuli araswori
informaciiT da ramac gamoiwvia misi saqmiani reputa-
ciis SebRalva, ris gamoc daSordnen saqmiani partnio-
rebi da ramac bunebrivia materialuri zianic gamoiwvia
pirisa, an kidev, pirisaTvis miyenebuli moraluri travma
imdenad didi iyo, rom janmrTeloba Seerya, Sromis un-
ari waerTva; erTi sityviT igi misi samsaxurebrivi md-
gomareobisaTvis arastabiluri gaxda. ra moimoqmedos
man? samsaxuri xom misi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo.
am konkretul da sxva SemTxvevebSi, roca sasamarTlo
��. kristofer osakves gaTvlebiT~ moralur zianTan dakavSirebuli sarCelis
warmoeba `purs aWmevs~ amerikel advokatTa daaxloebiT 40%-s, romlebic kerZo
iuridiul praqtikas ewevian~. ix. k. osakve, dasax. naSr, 13.
196
konkretul faqtebs daadgens, xelmyofs akisrebs miy-
enebuli zianis anazRaurebas.
moraluri zianis qveS samarTlebrivad daculi im
araqonebrivi interesis xelyofa igulisxmeba, romelsac
qonebrivi eqvivalenti ar gaaCnia. `dasavleTis qveynebis
samarTalSi terminis - `moraluri ziani~ ori urTierT-
sawinaaRmdego gansazRvreba arsebobs. klasikur anglo-
amerikul samarTalSi `sulieri ziani~ (spiritual harm),
aseve frangul samarTalSi `moraluri danakargi~
(prejudice moral) asocirdeba aramaterialur/arafulad,
araekonomikur, araqonebriv zianTan, an anglo-amerikul
samarTalSi da frangul moraluri zianis qveS moiaz-
reba ekonomikurad ganuzomeli ziani, romelic adgeba
sxva piris arafulad interess (e.i. aramaterialur sik-
eTeebsa da araqonebriv uflebebs. germanul statutur230
samarTalsa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ki piriqiT, defi-
nicia Schmersensgelg (fuli tanjvisaTvis, fuladi kom-
pensacia gancdisaTvis) an Defühlsschaden (ziani grZno-
bebis, rogorc `moraluri ziani~ gaigivebulia emociur
zianTan (fizikuri an zneobrivi tanjvisaTvis)~231. xSir
SemTxvevaSi ukve dagvianebulia pirisaTvis `Svela~, man
Sromis unari dakarga Zlieri stresis gamo, rac misi pi-
radi araqonebrivi uflebebis SebRalvam gamoiwvia. fu-
ladi kompensacia misTvis am SemTxvevaSi veraferi saSve-
lia. adamians xSir SemTxvevaSi janmrTelobas bolomde
ver aRudgen, anu rogorc kanonSia Cawerili, `pirvan-
deli mdgomareobis aRdgena dauSvebelia~. xelyofili
��. normatiuli aqtebi (anu dawerili samarTali). statuti - 1. saerTaSoriso

samarTalSi mravalmxrivi xelSekruleba, romelic gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso
organos saqmianobas, struqturas, miznebs, funqciebsa da sxv. 2. calkeul pirTa
an organoTa uflebebisa da valdebulebebis ganmsazRvreli wesadeba, debuleba;
did britaneTsa da zogierT qveyanaSi kanonis Sesatyvisi dasaxeleba.
��.k osakve, kristofer, anglo-amerikul samarTalSi moraluri zianis cneba,
klasifikacia da anazRaureba, (Targ. T. SoTaZe), 2015, 7.
197
uflebis restitucia xSir SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeba,
radgan miyenebul zians xom fuladi eqvivalenti ar
gaaCnia. magram fuladma kompensaciam unda SeZlos axa-
li dadebiTi emociebis meSveobiT dazaralebulis sul-
ieri gawonasworeba da srulfasovani CarTva socialur
urTierTobebSi. aRniSnuli Seadgens moraluri zianis
satisfaqciur (daakmayofilos dazaralebuli) Sinaars.
Tu pirisadmi araqonebrivi uflebis xelyofa araviTar
substanciur zians ar ayenebs pirovnebas, moraluri zia-
nis anazRaurebas simboluri xasiaTi aqvs232. (magaliTad,
erTi lari). satisfaqciuris, anu dazaralebulis dakmay-
ofilebis garda deliqturi valdebulebebis es saxe iT-
valiswinebs xelmyofis mimarT represiuli zomebis gam-
oyenebas, anu zemoqmedeba moaxdinos zianis mimyenebelze
(aanazRauros ziani, bodiSi moixados piris winaSe). aseve
kanoni iTvaliswinebs prevenciuli funqciebis ganxor-
cielebas, xelmyofis dasjiT aicilos msgavsi qmedebis
Cadena mesame piris mxridanac, gafrTxildes, Tu isic
Caidens msgavs arakanonier qmedebas, masze samoqalaqo
pasuxismgebloba gavrceldeba. aqve, samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 412-e muxlis mixedviT, ànazRaurebas eqvemdebareba
mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo
savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis
uSualo Sedegs~. Tu xelmyofs mxolod moraluri dak-
mayofilebis valdebulebiT davtvirTavdiT (magaliTad,
mxolod bodiSis moxdiT), zianis mimyeneblisaTvis cxa-
dia es faqti misaRebi da momgebianic ki SeiZleboda rom
yofiliyo. magram isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom 413-e
muxli233 gvafrTxilebs, àraqonebrivi zianisaTvis fula-
Wanturia, l. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., jorbenaZe, s 74-75.
��
. damat. ix. zoiZe, b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame,
red. Wanturia l., niniZe, T., Sengelia, xecuriani, j., Tbilisi, 2001, 467-475.
198
di anazRaureba SeiZleba moTxovnil iqnes gonivruli
da samarTliani anaRaurebis saxiT~. samoqalaqo kod-
eqsi ar iZleva arc qonebrivi da arc araqonebrivi zia-
nis definicias. es sakiTxi doqtrinisa da sasamarTlo
praqtikis problemaa. mTavari isaa, rom kodeqsi dasaS-
vebad miiCnevs araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebas. kod-
eqsi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, isic nawilobriv, mxolod im
sikeTeebs CamoTvlis, risi xelyofis SemTxvevaSic unda
moxdes araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba. rogorc Cans
es sakiTxic sasamarTlos Sefasebis sagans warmoadgens.
mTavaria, rom kodeqsi zogad princi pebs ganamtkicebs~234.
aqve SevniSnavT, rom qonebrivi ziani ufro mate-
rializebul zians warmoadgens Tavisi garegnuli
gamoxatulebiT da Sesabamisad misi identifikaciac, -
anu misi sididis gansazRvra SedarebiT advilia, rameTu
sakuTriv qonebaa Sefasebis kriteriumi da gamomdinare
aqedan, obiqturi masStabebi dazaralebulis subieqtis
gareTaa, misgan `garegania~. rac Seexeba araqonebriv
zians, am SemTxvevaSi, obieqturi masStabebi sakuTriv
dazaralebulis subieqtSi `devs~ da amaze migviTiTebs
kidec zianis saxelwodebac. aqve gavakeTebdiT kidev
erT SeniSvnas, sk-is 413-e muxlis gamonaTqvamTan `ka-
noniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi~, sadac kanon-
mdebeli ar gulisxmobs mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
dadgenil SemTxvevebs, magaliTad, rogorc es me-18 mux-
lis SemTxvevaSia. aq mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT aseve
kerZo da sajaro samarTlebrivi xasiaTis aqtebic da
sxva. rac Seexeba 413-e muxlis gamonaTqvams: `gonivruli
da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT~, `gonivruli anaz-
Raureba~ imavdroulad `samarTliani anazRaurebaa~ da
piriqiT.
��. zoiZe, b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red.
Wanturia l., niniZe, T., Sengelia, xecuriani, j., Tb., 2001, 468.
199
ra moculobiT unda gadaxdes xelmyofs miyenebu-
li moraluri zianisaTvis materialuri anazRaureba?
rogor unda moxdes konkretuli Tanxebis dakisreba, Tu
Tu piri gadaxdisuunaroa?, - es da sxva problemebi iyo
kanonmdeblis diskusiis sagani.
kompensaciuri funqciebis realizaciisas al-
baT aucilebelia samarTalSemfardebelma daadginos
rogori sulieri tkivilebi gamoiwvia piris mimarT
dausabuTebeli, makompromentirebeli, Seuracxmyofeli
masalebis gamoqveynebam, ramac dazaralebulis janmrT-
elobis mniSvnelovan SeryevaSi iCina Tavi. fuladi kom-
pensaciis moculobis gansazRvrisaTvis yuradsaRebia
gamoqveynebuli masalebis mZafri, damamcirebeli toni,
korespodenciis populisturi xasiaTi, zianis mimyeneb-
lis bralis xarisxi da sxva. aseve, albaT yuradsaRebia
zianis mimyeneblis ekonomikuri, finansuri mdgomareo-
ba, misi gadaxdisunarianoba. Tu piri gadaxdisuunaroa,
unda gaTavisufldes Tu ara igi miyenebuli moral-
uri zianisaTvis kompensaciisagan? diskusiis Sedegad
gadawyda, rom ara, rameTu es piris `dausjelobis sin-
droms~ gazrdida. ziani unda gadaxdes, magram naklebi
odenobiT, vidre msgavsi darRvevisas meti qonebrivi Ses-
aZleblobis pirs gadaxdeboda. amgvari qmedebis prin-
ci pi is unda iyos, rom dausjeli aravin ar unda darCes.
aseve `moraluri zianis prevenciuli funqciebis ganx-
orcielebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa samarTaldarRvevis ganmeo-
rebis saSiSroeba da mogebi miReba zianis mimyeneblis
mier~.235
`mogeba~ SeiZleba gagebul iqnes ara marto sufTa
ekonomikuri mogebis saxiT, aramed mis qveS unda vigu-
Wanturia, l. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., jorbenaZe, s., Tbilisi, 2002, 77.
200
lisxmoT abstraqtuli `qonebrivi xeiri~. magaliTad, be-
WdviT sainformacio saSualebebSi `qonebrivi xeiris~
dadgenis mizniT SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ramde-
nad gaizarda tiraJi. SesaZlebelia `qonebrivi xeiris~
orientireba sareklamo fasebze iqnas agebuli. Tanxa,
romelic zianis mimyenebelma im statiis erTi gverdi-
dan miiRo, romliTac moralur zians ayenebs sxva pirs,
unda aRematebodes im Tanxas, romelic redaqciam imave
zomis gverdze ganTavsebuli reklamidan Semosdis236~
da sxva. aqve SevniSnavT, rom es da sxva meTodebi ar
gvaZleven gamoangariSebebSi zust Sesabamisobas, magram
`gonivruli da samarTliani~ anazRaurebis saxiT xdeba
moraluri zianisaTvis materialuri kompensacia.
sainteresoa arasaziano ciliswamebisas misi anaz-
Raurebis sakiTxi rogor aisaxeba sasamarTlo praqti-
kaSi. arasaziano zianis anazRaurebis faqtebs farTod
icnobs sazRvargareTis qveynebis samoqalaqo saproceso
kanonmdebloba (rogorc kontinenturi, romanuli, aseve
precendentuli samarTlis qveynebi)237. arasaziano ci-
liswameba anazRaurdeba minimaluri danakargiT (nominal
damages), romlis odenoba tradiciulad Seadgens erT
dolars238. nominalur anazRaurebas erTi mizani aqvs -
daakmayofilos mosarCelis moTxovnebi da Seumsubuqos
is tkivili, romelic dazaralebuls miadga araswori
(cru) da uzneobisken midrekili Setyobinebis gavrcele-
biT. aSS umaRlesi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dadg-
inda wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, ciliswamebis nebismier Sem-
TxvevaSi anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod realuri
ziani (actual injiurу). am gadawyvetilebiT aSS sasamarT-
��.iqve, 78.
��. rasac ver vityodiT qarTul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaze da am kuTxiT
gavrcelebul sasamarTlo praqtikaze., Tumca iSviaTad, magram mainc hqonda
adgili.
��.saqarTveloSi, vTqvaT, 1 lars.
201
lom mianiSna, Tumca pirdapir ar ganacxada, rom arasa-
ziano ciliswamebis anazRaureba, Tundac nominaluri
saxiT CaiTvleba arakonstituciuri dacvis saSualebad.
amerikeli komentatorebi miiCneven, rom jer kidev adrea
aSS umaRlesi sasamarTlos aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis
sicocxlisunarianobis Sefaseba, vinaidan aseTi konkret-
uli sakiTxi arasaziano ciliswamebis minimaluri anaz-
Raurebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi jer ar damdgara239.
moraluri zianis anatomias Tu gadavxedavT sazR-
vargareTis qveynebis samoqalaqo samarTlebriv sivrce-
Si, davinaxavT, rom moraluri zianis iuridiuli bunebis
gansazRvrisaTvis 10 simptomur elements gamoyofs (mag-
aliTad, emociuri tanjviTi ziani, hedonisturi ziani240,
col-qmuri harmoniis iribi dakargva, mSobliuri harmo-
niis iribi dakargva, miwiT sargeblobisa da misgan Semo-
savlis miRebis xelSeSla, reputaciis ziani {romelic
samarTlianad ganimarteba, rogorc `yvelaze gauvali
junglebi deliqtur samarTalSi~. interesi, romelic am
saxis deliqtiTaa daculi, aris miwis nakveTis mesaku-
Tris ufleba (uZravi qonebis mesakuTris ufleba) mSvi-
dad isargeblos miwiT da miiRos sargebeli} da sxv.)241.
migvaCnia, rom moraluri zianis Sefaseba ganekuT-
vneba im problemTa ricxvs saqarTveloSi, romlebic sa-
Tanadod ver iqna gadawyvetili mecnierebasa da praqti-
kaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom araqonebrivi (moraluri) zia-
nis cneba da misi materialuri kompensacia metnaklebad
asaxulia kanonmdeblobaSi, sasamarTlo praqtikac Camo-
yalibda am kuTxiT. rogorc iuridiul literaturaSia
aRniSnuli kanonis Zala usazRvro rodia, sinamdvileSi
��.dawvr. ix. osakve, kristofer, dasax. naSr; 71-72.
��.moraluri zianis miyenebis gamo momxibvlelobis dakargva, gemos SegrZnebis
dakargva, Cveuli saqmianobis Sedegebis miRebis tkbobis dakargva da sxv.
��.osakve, kristofer, dasax. naSr; 61-62.
202
arsebiTia, Tu samarTlis normis realizaciis rogori
praqtika damkvidrdeba qveyanaSi242.
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi me-181 muxli `personaluri
monacemebis miRebis ufleba~ novaciaa. aRniSnuli mux-
li iTvaliswinebs piris demokratiul uflebas gaecnos
masze arsebul personalur monacemebs da Canawerebs,
romlebic dakavSirebulia mis finansur (qonebriv) md-
gomareobasTan an sxva kerZo sakiTxebTan, miiRos mona-
cemebis aslebi, mxolod kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswineb-
uli SemTxvevebis garda. aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi sx-
vadasxva saxis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic dauS-
veblad miiCneven pirisaTvis garkveuli informaciis
miwodebas, misi konfidencialuri xasiaTis gamo. analo-
giuri xasiaTis normebs moicavs saqarTvelos 1999 wlis
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis Tavi III, romlis m.
271) (`piradi saidumloeba~). m. 272) (`komerciuli said-
umloeba~), muxli 273) (`profesiuli saidumloeba~), 371)
(`sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis personaluri monacemebi-
sa da komerciul saidumloebas mikuTvnebuli informa-
ciis xelmisawvdomoba~) da sxva muxlebi kidev erTxel
adastureben, rom piri uflebamosilia gaecnos masze
dacul personalur monacemebs, mas ar SeiZleba uari
eTqvas informaciis gacemaze, romelic moicavs person-
alur monacemebs an Canawers mis Sesaxeb. 181-e muxlis
me-3 nawili kidev meti kategoriulobiT gamoirCeva. igi
nebismier pirs avalebs, werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvel-
ze sxva pirs gadasces masTan daculi personaluri mo-
nacemebi da Canawerebi, Tu igi warudgebs im pirs weri-
lobiT Tanxmobas, romlis personalur monacemebsac
warmoadgens Sesabamisi informacia. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
informaciis mimRebi piri valdebulia daicvas aRniS-
��.wy. sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi, dvaliZe, i., kverenCxilaZe. g., 24.
203
nuli monacemebis, informaciis saidumloeba. analogiur
normas iTvaliswinebs administraciuli zogadi kodeq-
sis 371 muxli (n.1, n.2, n.3).
`pirs ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas im informaciis
gacemaze, romelic moicavs personalur monacemebs an
Canawerebs mis Sesaxeb, magram `garda kanonmdeblobiT
gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. piradi informacia Za-
lzed piradia, identificirebulia. ra SeiZleba iyos Ca-
debuli kanonSi, rom man pirs aukrZalos konstituciis
41-e muxliT masze miniWebuli uflebis ganxorcieleba,
rom `saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi
masze arsebul informacias, agreTve iq arsebul doku-
mentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven saxelmwifo, profesiul, an
komerciul saidumloebas~(p.1). `xSir SemTxvevaSi infor-
maciis Tavisuflebis Tema dakavSirebulia sajaro da
kerZo interesebis urTierTWidilTan. kanonmdeblobidan
gamomdinare aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlos Za-
lzed uWirs sapirwonis samarTlianad gamoyeneba. Tumca
aris misasalmebeli da sruliad samarTliani precenden-
tebic, romlebic amkvidreben saxelmwifo institutebis
sazogadoebrivi kontrolis qmediT da efeqtur meqa-
nizmebs243~. roca kanonmdeblobaSi saubaria imis Sesaxeb,
rom pirs kanonmdebloba `gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi~
ukrZalavs masze arsebuli personaluri informaciis
miRebas, saWiroa albaT, Cvenis mosazrebiT, jer gairkves
– esa Tu is informacia miCneulia Tu ara kanoniT dad-
genili wesiT saidumlod (an pirdapir aRiarebs Tu ara
kanoni mas aseTad), da amis Semdeg unda Sefasdes, mi-
ayenebs Tu ara zians misi gamJRavneba kanoniT dacul
interesebs. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTi sam-
��. wyaro: sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi, dvaliZe, i., kverenCxilaZe. g., 6.
204
saxuri (gansakuTrebiT samarTaldamcavi) dausabuTeb-
el uars eubnebian pirebs maTze arsebuli informaciis
gacemaze da sasamarTloebic samwuxarod xSir SemTx-
vevaSi umarTebulod aTavisufleben mTel rig Zalzed
mniSvnelovan sajaro dawesebulebebs (prokuratura, Sss,
erovnuli uSiSroebis samsaxuri, sagareo saqmeTa samin-
istro, Tavdacvis saministro) sajaro informaciis gace-
mis valdebulebisagan, rac umarTebulod migvaCnia.
sainteresoa administraciuli saproceso me-201
muxlTan dakavSirebiT administraciuli samarTlis
specialistTa mosazreba. aRniSnul muxlSi saubaria
imis Sesaxeb, rom, `sasamarTlo (mosamarTle) gasaidum-
loebuli sajaro informaciis gasaidumloebis kanon-
ierebis Semowmebis mizniT saqmes ixilavs daxurul
sxdomaze mxareTa daswrebis gareSe~ (n.1), xolo amave
muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, àm muxlis 1-li nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebuli informacia mxareebs ar waredgine-
baT~. bunebrivia, sasamarTlos xeli miuwvdeba yvela-
nair gasaidumloebul informaciaze, winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi mas sajaro dawesebulebis gadawyvetilebis
kanonierebis Sefasebis SesaZlebloba ar eqneba244. Tu
informacia marTlac saidumlo aRmoCnda, sasamarTlos
SeuZlia daeyrdnos mas da ise gadawyvitos saqme, ma-
gram am informaciis Sinaars igi ver gaamJRavnebs, aramed
masze miuTiTebs mxolod. sasamarTlos mier saidumlo
informaciis sworad da keTilsindisierad gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb mxareebma unda irwmunon mxolod, maT ar Seu-
ZliaT gaasaCivron sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saidum-
lo informaciis arasworad an damaxinjebulad gagebis
gamo, vinaidan maT am informaciis Sinaarsi ar ician misi
saidumloebis gamo. saCivari SeuZlia Seitanos saidum-
��. adeiSvili, z., vinteri, g., qitoSvili, d., saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsis komentari, 2002, 134.
205
loebis mflobelma organom im sababiT, rom mis xelT
arsebuli saidumlo informacia romelime mosamarTlem
gaayalba. aseTive pretenziis ufleba eqneba pirovnebas,
Tu es informacia mis personalur saidumloebas exeba.
Tu es ar moxda, saidumlo informacia mosamarTlisa-
gan gayalbebuli darCeba, riTac ukanonod isargeble-
ben mxareebi. gamodis, rom ukanonoba samarTliania, sa-
nam ar dadgindeba misi arakanoniereba. eWvi aseT dros
dauSvebelia, vinaidan saeWvo gadawyvetilebis miReba
dauSvebelia~245.
samwuxarod xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca xdeba erTma-
neTSi aRreva personaluri monacemebis saidumloebisa
da piradi saidumloebisa. informaciis Tavisuflebis
sferoSi samwuxarod erT-erT problemad kvlav rCeba
zogierTi sakanonmdeblo xarvezi, ufro swored aras-
worad damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikac. cxadia es
problema pirvel yovlisa ukavSirdeba iseT fundamen-
tur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa kodeqsis moqmedebis areali,
misi gavrcelebis farglebi. mas ki Semdgomi analizi da
dakonkreteba sWirdeba. misi ganxorcieleba ki SesaZle-
belia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erovnuli sakanonmde-
blo aqtebi srul SesabamisobaSi iqnebian konstituciis
fundamentur debulebebTan da ar unda moxdes normis
iseTnairi ganmarteba, rac TviT sakanonmdeblo aqtis
mniSvnelovan dakninebas gamoiwvevs.
piradi uflebebis dacva gardacvalebis Semdeg.
`samarTalSi adamiani figurirebs rogorc piri da
rogorc pirovneba. adamians, rogorc pirs, samarTlis
subieqts eniWeba uflebebi da ekisreba movaleobani.
��.ix. loria, g., kopaleiSvili, m/. loria, a., loria, v., loria, x., salxinaSvili, m.,
wkeplaZe, n., Cqareuli, c., xarSilaZe, i., saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso
kodeqsis komentari, 2010, 103-104.
206
pirovneba adamianis sulier RirsebaTa erTobliobaa~246.
piris gardacvalebiT fizikuri piri, rogorc samar-
Tlis subieqti arsebobas wyvets, magram misi, rogorc
pirovnebis socialuri zemoqmedeba grZeldeba. igi rCeba
adamianTa cnobierebaSi da sikvdilis Semdegac sazoga-
doebisaTvis garkveul Rirebulebas inarCunebs. aqedan
gamomdinare bunebrivia Cndeba kiTxva, aris Tu ara piris
saxeli gardacvalebis Semdeg dacvis interesi? samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis me-19 muxli dasaSvebad miiCnevs piris
gardacvalebis Semdeg, pirebs, romlebic Tumca ar arian
im saxelisa an piradi Rirsebis uflebis matarebeli,
romelsac icaven, magram saamisod aqvT dacvis Rirsi in-
teresi, _ SeuZliaT saxelisa da Rirsebis iseTi dacvis
moTxovnis ganxorcieleba, romelic pirovnebis arsebis
ganmsazRvrelia da sikvdilis Semdegac grZeldeba.
piri da pirovneba erTi arsebis ori mxarea: subi-
eqturi da obieqturi. bunebrivia es erTianoba piris
gardacvalebis Semdeg irRveva. gardacvlili cxadia ve-
Rar iqneba uflebebisa da movaleobebis matarebeli da
mas bunebrivia sakuTari interesebis dacvac aRar Seu-
Zlia. amitomac samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba `sxva pirebs~
(dainteresebul pirebs) aniWebs gardacvlilis pativis,
Rirsebis, saqmiani reputaciis, piradi cxovrebis saidum-
loebis da sxv. dacvas.
cxadia, gardacvlilis saxelis Secvla aRar Sei-
Zleba. cocxali mSoblis mier saxelis Secvla aRar
iwvevs cvlilebebis Setanas gardacvlili Svilis an
meuRlis saaqto CanawerebSi. gardacvlilis uflebis
darRvevad CaiTvleba misi ugulebelyofa, Secvla, dam-
axinjeba.
vin arian is pirebi, romlebic gardacvlilis
Wanturia, l. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., jorbenaZe, s.,78-79.
207
samoqalaqo saxelTan dakavSirebul pirad araqonebriv
uflebebs icaven? calsaxad eseni pirvel rigSi misi mem-
kvidreebi iqnebian, romlebisTvisac sulerTi araa ro-
gor moixsenieben maT winapars sazogadoebis wevrebi. qa-
rTuli andaza `gaxsovdes visi gorisa xar~, garkveuli
stimulis mimcemia maTTvis, sasamarTlos ZaliT moiTxo-
von gardacvlilis saxelis aRdgena. maT SeuZliaT mx-
olod gardacvlilis saxelTan dakavSirebuli SebRal-
uli pativis, Rirsebis da a. S. dacva. rac Seexeba pirad
araqonebriv uflebebs, igi memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema.
ssk me-19 muxliT garantirebulia memkvidreebis mier
mxolod pirovnuli uflebebis da ara gardacvlil-
isagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli uflebebis dacva. ase
udgeba am problemas sazRvargareTis samoqalaqo kanon-
mdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtikac. moraluri zianis
kompensaciis moTxovnis uflebiT mxolod konkretu-
li subieqti sargeblobs (ssk m.18), xolo me-19 muxliT
gaTvaliswinebul pirebs, gansxvavebiT me-18 muxlis me-6
nawilisa, kanonmdebloba ukrZalavs moiTxovon gardacv-
lilis saxelis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi moraluri zia-
nis kompensacia. `saxelis, pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani
reputaciis SelaxvisaTvis moraluri zianis qonebrivi
anazRaurebis moTxovna dauSvebelia,~-es kanonis impera-
tiuli moTxovnaa. magram sasamarTlos kanoniT gaTval-
iswinebul SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia materialuri kompensa-
ciis micema im pirisaTvis, romelic gardacvlilis sax-
elis aRdgenas moiTxovs mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi: Tu
gardacvlilma sicocxleSi Seitana sarCeli moraluri
zianisaTvis materialuri anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da ver
miiRo gardacvalebis gamo. aseTi kompensaciis miReba-
ze uflebamosili mxolod gardacvlilis memkvidreebi
arian. aseT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli fuladi sazRauri
samkvidro masis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.
208
sainteresoa germaniis sasamarTlo praqtika am
kuTxiT. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tanaxmad sar-
Celis Setanis ufleba hqondaT imaT, visac gardacv-
lili amis gakeTebas sTxovda, cocxali rom yofiliyo.
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciiT aseTi pirebi
Cveulebriv SeiZleba yofiliyvnen gardacvlilis axlo
naTesavebi da ar aris aucilebeli isini yofiliyvnen
gardacvlilis memkvidreebi. mTavaria, rom am mesame
pirebs hqondaT interesi, rac amarTlebs maTi uflebis
sasamarTlo wesiT dacvas.
s a s a m a r T l o p r a q t i k a: saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatam ga-
nixila saqme, (2009 wlis 23 ivlisi, saqme # as-1174- 1319-
08) romlis davis sagans warmoadgenda: z. a-Zis mier aR-
Zruli saqme sasamarTloSi gazeT àliasa~ (mogvianebiT
àlia~ Seicvala saTanado mopasuxiT – Sps àlia
holdingiT~) da a. k. k-is (Jurnalistis fsevdonimia n.
s-Ze) mimarT moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT.
mosarCele davobda gazeT àliaSi~ dabeWdili statiis
gamo saTauriT: `SantaJi saakaSvilTan gadaRebuli fo-
toTi~. mosarCele miuTiTebda, rom am statiis mixedviT
z. s-Ze aRniSnuli fotosuraTiT aSantaJebda xalxs da
miuTiTebda, rom statia Seuracxmyofeli da damamcire-
beli iyo misTvis. mosarCele miiCnevda, rom statiis yve-
la sityva, yvela abzaci gamiznuli iyo mis dasamcire-
blad, saxelis gasatexad da es gakeTebuli iyo ara Sem-
TxveviT, aramed Segnebulad, ris gamoc mas miadga ziani.
mosarCele ganmartavda, rom gazeTma adrec gamoaqveyna
statia saTauriT `frTxilad TbilisSi gamomZalvel qa-
lTa banda moqmedebs~, xolo mis fotosuraTze minawe-
ria: `nacionaluri moZraobis wevri – profesionali
gamomZalveli~.
209
s am o t i v a c i o n a w i l i: sakasacio palatam
miiCnia, rom sakasacio saCivari ar unda dakmayofildes
Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: sakasacio sasamarTlom ganmar-
ta, rom `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, `pirs ekis-
reba samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba kerZo
piris ciliswamebisaTvis, Tu mosarCele sasamarTloSi
daamtkicebs, rom mopasuxis gancxadeba Seicavs arsebi-
Tad mcdar faqts uSualod mosarCelis Sesaxeb da am
gancxadebiT mosarCeles ziani miadga. imisaTvis, rom
sworad ganimartos gansaxilveli norma (sk, m.18), yur-
adReba unda gamaxvildes im uflebaze, romlis dacvas
iTxovs mosarCele. kerZod, mosarCele aRniSnavs, rom
mas Seelaxa pativi da Rirseba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
garkveul SemTxvevaSi reputaciis uflebiT daculi
sferoebi SeiZleba moicavdes Rirsebis uflebiT dacul
sferoebs. sakasacio sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli icavs pirovnebis pativs,
Rirsebas, saqmian reputacias..... aqedan gamomdinare, pa-
tivi, Rirseba, reputacia SefasebiTi kategoriebia. amas-
Tan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Rirseba pirovnebis iseTi
araqonebrivi sikeTea, romlis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia im
piris mier, romelic moiTxovs Tavisi Rirsebis dacvas.....
unda arsebobdes samarTliani balansi dapirispirebul
Rirebulebebs Soris, kerZod am SemTxvevaSi Cvens wina-
Sea gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ufleba, xolo meore Sem-
TxvevaSi- sxva pirTa uflebebi da interesebi....
sakasacio sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom kasatoris
mier warmodgenili ar aris dasabuTebuli preten-
zia.... kasatori ver uTiTebs iseT garemoebebze, rom-
lebic konkretuli sadavo urTierTobiszemoaRniSnuli
Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, miuTiTebs gamoxatvis
210
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis aucileblobaze. amdenad,
saqmeSi ar moi poveba iseTi mtkicebulebebi, romlebic
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 105-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
gamoricxavda sasamarTlos mier dadgenil garemoebebs.
sakasacio palatam miiCnia, rom ar arsebobs sakasacio
saCivris dakmayofilebis safuZveli, radgan samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 410-emuxlis Tanaxmad, sakasacio sa-
samarTlo ar daakmayofilebs sakasacio saCivars, Tu
miTiTebuli kanoni ar darRveula. saapelacio sasamart-
los gadawyvetilebas ki safuZvlad ar udevs kanonis
darRveva.
s a r e z o l u c i o n a w i l i: sakasacio sa-
samarTlom ixelmZRvanela samoqalaqo saproceso kod-
eqsis 410-e muxliT da d a ad g i n a: z. s-Zis sakasacio
saCivari ar dakmayofildes;
ucvlelad darCes saapelacio sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 21 oqtombris
ganCineba~..247.
g e r m a n i i s sasamarTlo praqtikidan:
pirveli palatis 1999 wlis 15 dekembris

gadawyvetileba -1 BvR 653/96-safuZvlebi:
sakonstitucio saCivari exeba popularuli ada-
mianebis fotoebis gamoqveynebas, romlebzec asaxulia
maTi yoveldRiuri da piradi cxovreba.
mopasuxem mxare `burda~, romelic gamoscems Jur-
nalebs `Freizeitrevue~ da `Bunte~, JurnalebSi sxvadasx-
va teqstebTan erTad gamoaqveyna fotoebi, romlebzec
gamosaxuli iyo momCivani, monakos princesa karolina,
romelmac aRZra sarCeli gamoqveynebisagan Tavis Seka-
��. dawvr. sakasacio gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb ix. saqme as-1174-1319-08; 23 ivlisi,
2009w. q. Tbilisi.
211
vebis mizniT... landis sasamarTlom daakmayofila sar-
Celi safrangeTis teritoriaze gavrcelebul Jurna-
lebSi fotoebis gamoqveynebis nawilSi. sxva danarCen
nawilSi ki sarCeli ar daakmayofila. sasamarTlos
azriT, safrangeTis kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT,
germaniaSi momCivans ar hqonda qmedebisagan Tavis Se-
kavebis moTxovnis ufleba.... federalurma sasamarTlom
sakasacio saCivars uari uTxra....
man ganmarta, rom: ...im fotoebis gamoqveynebis
ufleba, romlebzec adamiani gamosaxulia yoveldRiur
an pirad situaciaSi, ganisazRvreba sakuTari fotog-
amosaxulebis uflebisa da piradi cxovrebis sferos
garantiis masStabiT, romelic warmoadgens zogadi
pirovnuli uflebis dakonkretebas. momCivanis mosaz-
rebisagan gansxvavebiT, germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis me-2
muxlis pirveli punqti da pirveli muxlis pirveli
punqti ar iTvliswinebs sakuTari Tavis warmodgenis
zogad da yovlismomcvlel uflebas.....rogorc germani-
is federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mraval-
gzis aRniSna, zogadi pirovnuli ufleba TiToeuls
ar miakuTvnebs imis moTxovnis uflebas, rom igi sxva
adamianebma ise warmoadginon, rogorc TviTon xedavs
sakuTar Tavs an rogorc es mis survilsa da warmod-
genebs Seesabameba (ix. BverfGE 82, 236, {269], 97, 125 {149}, 97,
391 {403}, 99, 185 {194}). aseTi masStabebi da farTo dacva
ara mxolod gadaaWarbebda dacvis mizans, romelic md-
gomareobs pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli
safrTxis Tavidan acilebaSi, aramed aseve Caereoda
mesame pirTa uflebebsa da TavisuflebaSi.
momCivani ar ewinaaRmdegeboda sadavo fotoebze
misi warmodgenis formas, magram imis garkveva surda
Tu ramdenad SeiZleboda am fotoebis gadaReba da gamo-
212
qveyneba, vinaidan igi im momentisaTvis ar iyo dakave-
buli Tavisi oficialuri funqciebis SesrulebiT, ar-
amed sazogadoebaSi imyofeboda pirad da yoveldRiur
ampluaSi.....
germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarT-
lom miiCnia, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi zRu-
davs momCivnis zogad pirovnul uflebas. vinaidan gamo-
saxulebebze vrceldeba aRniSnuli ZiriTadi uflebis
dacvis meqanizmi, sasamarTlos mier momCivnis survilis
winaaRmdeg maTi gamoqveynebis SesaZleblobis dadgena
warmoadgens aRniSnuli dacvis SezRudvas, risi gaTval-
iswinebac momCivans SeuZlia mosTxovos sasamarTlos
kerZo-samarTlebrivi davebis farglebSic (ix. BverfGE7,
198 {207}).
gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebebi srulyofilad
ver akmayofilebs germaniis ZiriTadi kanoni me-2 muxlis
pirveli punqtiTa da pirveli muxlis pirveli punqtiT
gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs...~248.
5. fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli

adgilis Sesaxeb
fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgili gansa-

kuTrebul rols TamaSobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobaSi. masTanaa dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva
samarTlebrivi moqmedebebis legitimuroba. sacxovrebe-
li adgili piris samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi identifi-
��. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis sruli versia ixileT, iurgen Svabe, hamburgis

universitetis sajaro samarTlis profesori, `germaniis sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi~, 2011, 33-37.
213
kaciis kriteriumia. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20 muxli249
ganmartavs fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgilis cne-
bas. aRniSnuli muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, `fizikuri
piris sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneva adgili, romelsac
igi Cveulebriv sacxovreblad miiCnevs~. sacxovrebeli
adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis SesaZleblobas iTval-
iswinebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1157-e muxlic, romelic
TiToeul meuRles Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr aZlevs
saSualebas airCios sacxovrebeli adgili, Tu es ar
ewinaaRmdegeba ojaxis interesebs~250. `pirs SeiZleba
hqondes ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili~. xazgasmiT
avRniSnavT, rom fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgili
adamianis ZiriTad adgilsamyofels warmoadgens da mas
irCevs sacxovreblad.
àdrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi qorwinebisas, Cveu-
lebriv qali gadioda mamis ojaxidan da rZlad Se-
dioda qmris ojaxSi. mogvianebiT ki gavrcelda iseTi
qorwinebac, roca mxolodSobili qali ar gadioda mamis
ojaxidan da qmari qalis mSoblebis ojaxSi mihyavdaT.
��.damat. ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT,
$7; Гражданское уложение Германииб 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2.
Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, стр 1; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller,
Diederichsen, Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage,
2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 11-12.
��. migvaCnia, rom muxlis formulireba mTlad swori ar aris, rameTu
konstitucia mSoblebs avalebs erTad aRzardon Svilebi da izrunon maTTvis
da samoqalaqo kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxli Seusabamod migvaCnia konstituciis
am debulebasTan. mSoblebis cal-calke cxovreba (miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
Cveulebriv registrirebul qorwinebaSi myofi meuRleebi arian), diskomforts
xom ar Seuqmnis garkveuli TvalsazrisiT Svilebis aRzrdis keTilSobilur
saqmes. cal-calke cxovreba bunebrivia dasaSvebia ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis
SemTxvevaSi da es gasagebicaa, Tumca Cveni mosazreba ise ar gavigoT, rom
meuRleebs ar hqondeT ufleba ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgilis qonisa.
am mxriv garkveul kritikas iwvevs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1157-e muxli, sadac
aRniSnulia, rom ~`TToeul meuRles Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SeuZlia airCios
sacxovrebeli adgili, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba ojaxis interesebs~. rogor ar
unda ewinaarmdegebodes ojaxis interesebs meuRleTa cal-calke cxovreba, roca
aq mTavari da gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori - Svilebia da maTi erTad aRzrdis
konstituciuri valdebuleba.
214
qals aseT SemTxvevaSi `saZeo~ ewodeboda. ..igi samkvi-
dros patronad da memkvidreobis ganmgrZob-aRmdgenad
iTvleboda. aseTi wesi progresuli iyo sacxovrebeli
adgilis gansazRvris sferoSi~251.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 22-e muxliT, `yvelas
vinc ki imyofeba saqarTveloSi, aqvs qveynis mTels teri-
toriaze Tavisufali mimosvlis da sacxovrebeli adgi-
lis Tavisufali arCevis ufleba. aseve saqarTvelos kon-
stitucia saqarTvelos prezidentis asarCevad erT-erT
umTavres kriteriumad miiCnevs saqarTveloSi cxovrebas
15 weli mainc da arCevnebis daniSvnis dRisaTvis cxov-
robdes saqarTveloSi. aseve konstitucias 2012 wlis
maisSi daemata Semdegi Sinaarsis 104 (4) muxli: `2014
wlis 1 ianvramde saparlamento da saprezidento arCev-
nebSi monawileobis da xmis micemis ufleba saqarT-
velos moqalaqeebTan erTad Sesabamisad aqvT pirebs,
romlebic dabadebuli arian da bolo 5 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi mudmivad cxovroben saqarTveloSi da am mux-
lis amoqmedebis momentisaTvis aqvT evrokavSiris wevri
saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba~. aqve ganisazRvra, rom (n.2)
àm muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTx-
vevaSi ar vrceldeba konstituciis 29-e muxlis 11 pun-
qtiT dadgenili SezRudvebi~.
mxolod fizikur pirs aqvs sacxovrebeli, iurid-
iuli piris `sacxovrebeli adgili~ misi samewarmeo
saqmianobis adgilia. iuridiuli piris samoqalaqo ad-
gili (administraciuli misamarTi) da fizikuri piris
sacxovrebeli adgilis misamarTi SeiZleba emTxveodes
erTmaneTs. aq mxedvelobaSia, roca fizikur pirs Ta-
visi sacxovrebeli saxlis (binis) teritoriis nawili
kerZo saqmianobisaTvis aqvs gamoyofili da samewarmeo
251. Sengelia, r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, l., red.
Wanturia, l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., 2000, 106.
215
mosaqmeobis adgilad Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgili aqvs
daregistrirebuli maregistrirebel organoSi. rac Se-
exeba sajaro samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul sacxovre-
beli adgilis cnebas, igi sul sxvagvari definiciiT
warmogvidgeba (magaliTad, sakonstitucio samarTali,
administraciuli samarTali, sagadasaxado samarTali
da sxva). sakonstitucio samarTali sacxovrebeli ad-
gilis cnebas ukavSirebs moqalaqeobis SeZenis safuZ-
vlebs: 1. moqalaqeobis SeZena dabadebiT (filiaciiT)
- (erovnuli sisxlis princi pi) (vTqvaT, bavSvi, romlis
orive mSobeli saqarTvelos moqalaqea, iTvleba saqa-
rTvelos moqalaqed dabadebis adgilis miuxedavad;
teritoriuli (niadagis princi pi) (mag; saqarTveloSi
mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis bavS-
vebi miiReben saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas, Tu isini saqa-
rTvelos teritoriaze daibadebian. 2. moqalaqeobis
SeZena naturalizaciiT: a. piri unda akmayofilebdes
moTxovnebs mudmivad cxovrobdes saqarTvelos terito-
riaze ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi da sxva. aseve
saqarTvelos 1993 wlis kanonis `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~,
m. 3-is misedviT saqarTvelos moqalaqed CaiTvleba: piri,
romelic mudmivad cxovrobda saqarTveloSi aranakleb
5 wlisa da cxovrobs am kanonis samoqmedod SemoRebis
dRisaTvis, Tu eqvsi Tvis vadaSi werilobiT uars ar
ganacxadebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze da sxva. ger-
manuli BGB-s mixedviT (paragr.7), piri, romelic dasax-
ldeba romelime adgilas da mas sacxovreblad miiCnevs,
es adgili mis sacxovreblad miiCneva. amave paragrafSi
aRniSnulia, rom sacxovrebeli adgili SeiZleba erT-
droulad ramdenime adgilas hqondes pirs (2). Tu piri
datovebs Tavis sacxovrebel adgils, maSin es adgili
aRar miiCneva piris sacxovreblad. germanuli samoqa-
216
laqo kodeqsis mixedviT, sacxovrebeli adgilis arCeva,
misi dafuZneba samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi garigebis
msgavs moqmedebas warmoadgens. gansxvavebiT qarTuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan (m.20), germanuli BGB iTval-
iswinebs qmeduunaro pirebis sacxovrebeli adgilis cne-
bas ($.8), samxedro mosamsaxureebis sacxovrebel adgils
($.9) (SevniSnavT, rom msgavs normas qarTuli samoqalaqo
kodeqsi ar icnobs). bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilis defi-
nicia mocemulia BGB-is $11-Si, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsi me-20 muxlis me-2 nawilisagan gansxvavebuli
definiciiT, kerZod: àrasrulwlovani bavSvi iziarebs
Tavisi mSoblis sacxovrebel adgils; igi ar iziarebs
erT-erTi mSoblis sacxovrebel adgils, romelsac ar
aqvs bavSvis movlis ufleba. Tu arc erT mSobels ar
aqvs bavSvis movlis ufleba, bavSvi iziarebs im piris
sacxovrebel adgils, romelsac aqvs es ufleba. bavSvi
inarCunebs sacxovrebel adgils manamde, sanam igi mas
kanonierad ar gaauqmebs252. germanulma kanonmdeblobam
4 paragrafi miuZRvna sacxovrebeli adgilis cnebas253,
maSin roca qarTuli erivnuli kanonmdeblobis zogad
nawilSi mas daTmobili aqvs erTi muxli (m.20).
aqve SevniSnavdiT, rom BGB-is $8-is (2)-is Tanaxmad,
`daqorwinebul arasrulwlovans an arasrulwlovans,
romelic adre daqorwinebuli iyo, SeuZlia damoukide-
beli sacxovrebeli adgilis dafuZneba da gauqmeba~. ms-
gavsi Canaweri saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar
gvxvdeba.
252. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba varaudi mSoblis uflebaCamorTmeuli mSoblis
(mSoblebis) sacxovrebel adgilze, roca bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgili icvleba
maTTvis mSoblis uflebis CanmorTmevis SemTxvevaSi.
253. dawvr. damat. ix. ian kropholeri, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo
komentari, 2014, 1; germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis
mdgomareobiT *$7-11); $7; Гражданское уложение Германииб 2-е издание, Bürgerliches
Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, стр 1-2; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet
von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo,
Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 11-13.
217
BGB-is $13 iZleva `momxmareblis~ cnebas, romelic
aseve am formulirebiT ar gvxvdeba saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo kodeqsSi. aRniSnuli paragrafis Tanaxmad, `momx-
marebels warmoadgens fizikuri piri, romelic debs ga-
rigebas im mizniT, romelic ar ganekuTvneba mis same-
warme an profesiul saqmianobas~. aRniSnuli paragraf-
is erTgvar, garkveulwilad arapirdapir gamoZaxils
warmoadgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 319-e
muxlis me-3 nawili, romelic erTgvari damcavi muxlia
momxmareblebisaTvis dominirebuli mdgomareobis mqone
pirebisagan zogadad bazarze da `romlebic arasame-
warmeo miznebisaTvis, an saarsebo moTxovnilebaTa da-
sakmayofileblad iZenen an sargebloben qonebiTa da
momsaxurebiT, dausabuTeblad ar SeiZleba maT uari
eTqvaT xelSekrulebis dadebaze, Tuki xelSekrulebis
meore mxare moqmedebs Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis
farglebSi~.
`saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi, iseve rogorc
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi, `sacxovrebeli ad-
gilisa~ Tu `Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofelis~ cnebebis
mniSvneloba da Sinaarsi sakmaod detaluradaa gaSuqe-
buli. aq sakmarisia mivuTiToT mis erT-erT mniSvnelo-
baze. piris sacxovrebel adgilze Tu mis Cveulebrov
adgilsamyofelze xSirad damokidebulia im qveynis
samarTlisá arCeva, romliTac unda mowesrigdes saer-
TaSoriso-kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierToba, agreTve, am-
aTu im qveynis sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso kompetencia,
anu sakiTxis gadawyveta imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli qvey-
nis sasamarTlom unda ganixilos aseTi urTierTobidan
warmoSobili saqmeebi254~.
saqarTvelos 1998 wlis kanoni `saerTaSoriso ker-
��. liluaSvili,. T., saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, 2001, 33-34.
218
Zo samarTlis Sesaxeb~ fizikuri pirebis mimarT iyenebs
ara marto `sacxovrebeli adgilis~, aramed `Cveulebri-
vi adgilsamyoflis~ cnebasac (muxlebi 9, 13, 14 15, 16 da
sxva), iuridiuli pirebis mimarT termins `rezidencia~,
iSviaTad iuridiuli piris administraciis `faqtobriv
adgilsamyofels~(muxlebi 9, 10, 24, 26).
saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali `Cveulebriv
sacxovrebelSi~ gulisxmobs fizikuri piris Ziri-
Tad, umTavres adgils. aseve aRniSvnis Rirsia, erT
adgilas eqvsTviani yofnis vada sacxovrebeli adgi-
lis warmoSobis prezumfciaze. magaliTad, es adgili
piris `Cveulebrivi sacxovrebelia~. eqvsTviani vadiT
(uwyvetliv), piris cxovrebisa erT adgilas, - iTvleba
rom dafuZnebulia fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli ad-
gili. `faqtobrivi adgilis~ ganmartebisas, aRsaniSna-
via, rom `sacxovrebel adgilad~ miCnevisaTvis mxolod
faqtobrivad piris yofna ar aris sakmarisi, amas Tan
piris neba unda axldes Tan, rom mas namdvilad surs am
konkretul adgilze cxovreba. faqtobrivi yofna moce-
mul adgilas avtomaturad ar warmoSobs sacxovrebel
adgils. maSin sapatimro, sadac piri iZulebiT imyofe-
ba, saavadmyofo, sadac piri mkurnalobs vTqvaT 6 Tveze
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, am pirebis sacxovreblad unda
migveCnia. gamodis daskvna, rom: 1. fizikuri piri Tavisi
surviliT, nebiT unda irCevdes Tavis sacxovrebel adg-
ils da, 2. iq unda cxovrobdes 6 Tve da meti xnis gan-
mavlobaSi. 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma legitimuri
gaxada fizikuri pirebisaTvis ramdenime sacxovrebeli
adgilis qonis ufleba. `pirs SeuZlia hqondes ramdenime
sacxovrebeli adgili~ (m. 20, n. 1, meore winadadeba), rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom am normasTan dakavSirebulia ara
marto kerZo-samarTlebrivi (magaliTad saojaxo-memkvi-
219
dreobiTi, alimentis gadaxdis, memkvidreobis miRebis da
sxva sakiTxebi), aramed sajaro-samarTlebrivi sakiTxe-
bic (magaliTad, sagadasaxado samarTlis _ gadasaxadis
gadaxdis valdebuleba konkretul adgilas). gamodis,
rom pirs aqvs ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili, Cawerili
SeiZleba iyos mxolod erT adgilas, ZiriTadad sadac
is mosaqmeobs. Caweris administraciul-samarTlebrivi
instituti sacxovrebeli adgilis arsebobis princi p-
Tan winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis. pirs SeuZlia Tavisi erT-
erTi (ZiriTadi) sacxovrebeli adgilidan moawesrigos
valdebulebani (mag; sagadasaxado valdebulebani) sax-
elmwifos winaSe. piri Tavisuflad irCevs sacxovrebel
adgils. am SemTxvevaSi misi nebis gamoxatuleba araviTar
kavSirSi araa winaswar administraciul-samarTlebriv
mowesrigebasTan, rogorc mas adgili hqonda sabWoTa
samarTlebriv sivrceSi. pirs jer saxelmwifos kompe-
tenturi sajaro samsaxuris nebarTva sWirdeboda sxva
adgilas sacxovrebeli adgilis dafuZnebisas (dgeboda
sapolicio an samisamarTo aRricxvaze da mere irCevda
sacxovrebel adgils), dRes ki piriqiTaa, registraciis
gareSec arsebobs piris sacxovrebeli adgili. aqve ar
SeiZleba ar SevexoT saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanons
`saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
ucxoelTa registraciis, piradobis (binadrobis) mow-
mobisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqis pasportis gacemis
wesis Sesaxeb~, romelmac gaauqma saqarTveloSi sapoli-
cio Caweris is sistema, romelic sabWoTa sinamdvileSi
arsebobda da 1-li muxliT daadgina, rom `saqarTvelos
konstituciisa da adamianis da moqalaqis uflebebis
Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso aqtebis Sesabamisad yvelas, vinc
kanonierad imyofeba saqarTveloSi, garantirebuli aqvs
qveynis mTel teritoriaze Tavisufali mimosvlisa da
220
sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisufali arCevis ufleba.
aRniSnulma kanonma gansazRvra registraciisa da reg-
istraciidan moxsnis pirobebi, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelTa piradobis dada-
sturebis wesi, pasportis gacemis wesebi da sxva. kanoni
savaldebulod miiCnevs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelTa Sesaxeb monacemebis
dadgenis, agreTve moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da movaleo-
bebis ganxorcielebis mizniT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelTa registracias,
adgens registraciis pirobebs, sacxovrebeli adgilis
6 Tveze meti vadiT Secvlisas piris valdebulebas 6
Tvis gasvlis gasvlidan ara ugvianes 10 dRisa kanonis
moTxovnaTa dacviT registraciis gasavlelad da pira-
dobis mowmobis misaRebad axali sacxovrebeli adgilis
mixedviT mimarTos saagentos teritoriul samsaxurs,
romelic 10 samuSao dRis vadaSi gaatarebs mas regis-
traciaSi. registraciis organo ki valdebulia piris
registraciaSi gaterebidan 3 dReSi acnobos amis Ses-
axeb im organos, sadac piri iyo registrirebuli, xolo
am ukanasknelma unda moxsnas piri registraciidan Sesa-
bamisi Setyobinebis miRebidan erTi dRis vadaSi. regis-
traciis moxsnis TariRad iTvleba piris axal misamar-
Tze registraciis TariRi. kanoni aseve iTvaliswinebs
winaswari patimrobis an sasjelis moxdis gamo piris
mier sacxovrebeli adgilis 3 Tveze meti vadiT Secv-
lisas registraciis pirobebs, samxedro-savaldebulo
an sakontraqto samsaxurSi yofnis gamo piris mier
sacxovrebeli adgilis 3 Tveze meti vadiT Secvlisas
piris registraciis Aadgilis mixedviT registraciis
wess da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, romlebic saqarT-
velos moqalaqeTa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoel-
221
Ta piradobis (binadrobis) mowmobisa da saqarTvelos
moqalaqis pasportis gacemis wesebs aregulireben.
aRniSnuli kanonis me-3 muxlis 2-e nawilis Tanax-
mad, saqarTvelos moqalaqe valdebulia 14 wlis miRwevi-
dan 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi miiRos piradobis mowmoba. iqve
miTiTebulia, rom piradobis mowmobis aReba survilis
SemTxvevaSi aseve SeuZlia 14 wlamde saqarTvelos moqa-
laqes. 21 muxlis mixedviT ki, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
ucxoeli valdebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili wesiT miiRos binadrobis mowmoba. 22 muxli
ki aregurirebs im SemTxvevebs, roca saqarTveloSi pira-
dobis eleqtronuli mowmobis misaRebad registraciis
valdebuleba ar vrceldeba saqarTvelos im moqalaqeze,
romelic kanoniT `saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da saqa-
rTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelTa registraciis, pirado-
bis (binadrobis) mowmobisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqis
pasportis gacemis wesis Sesaxeb~, _ gaTvaliswinebuli
registraciidan moixsna sxva saxelmwifoSi mudmivad
sacxovreblad gamgzavrebasTan _ emigraciaSi wasvlas-
Tan dakavSirebiT~.
`piri, romelic ar cxovrobs miwasTan myarad da-
kavSirebul, adamianTa xangrZlivi droiT samyofad
gamiznul SenobaSi an cxovrobs SenobaSi, romlis
misamarTis identificireba SeuZlebelia, misamarTis
miTiTebis gareSe registracias gaivlis im dasaxlebu-
li punqtis mixedviT, sadac igi imyofeba; Tu dabadebis
registraciis dros arasrulwlovani piris sacxovre-
beli adgilis mixedviT registraciisas mas ar hyavs
kanonieri warmomadgeneli an misi kanonieri warmomad-
geneli ar aris registrirebuli, arasrulwlovani piris
registracia xorcieldeba misamarTis miTiTebis gareSe.
gancxadeba-anketasa da saagentos eleqtronul monacem-
222
Ta bazaSi mieTiTeba piris faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli
adgili (aseTi informaciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi~ (m.
5, n. 2). `misamarTis miTiTebis gareSe piris registracia
ZalaSia registraciis TariRidan 6 Tvis vadaSi. am vadis
gasvlis Semdeg piri iTvleba registraciidan moxsni-
lad, rac piradobis (binadrobis) eleqtronuli mowmo-
bis moqmedebis SeCerebis safuZvelia. piri valdebulia
registraciis vadis gasvlis Semdeg xelaxla gaiaros
registracia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
wesiT~ (m. 5, n. 3)255.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ssk me-20 muxli fizi-
kur pirebs aZlevs saSualebas Tavisuflad airCion
sacxovrebeli adgili, me-2 nawilSi konkretuli pirebi-
sadmi garkveul SezRudvebs iTvaliswinebs da maT aseTi
arCevanis saSualebas ar aZlevs. aseTi pirebia arasrul-
wlovanebi da srulwlovani sameurveo pirebi, romleb-
sac ar SeuZliaT sacxovrebeli adgilis damoukideblad
arCevis ufleba. maT nacvlad amas samoqalaqo kodeqsi
akeTebs. amitomac maTi sacxovrebeli adgili `kanoniT
sacxovrebel adgilad~ iwodeba. kanoniT sacxovrebel
adgilad miiCneva agreTve mcirewlovnebis sacxovre-
beli adgilic, romlebic kanonier warmomadgenlebTan,
mSoblebTan erTad cxovroben. ruseTis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad (`moqalaqis sacxovre-
beli adgili~): `sacxovrebel adgilad iTvleba adgili,
sadac moqalaqe mudmivad an ùpiratesad~ cxovrobs. mo-
qalaqe, romelmac acnoba monacemebi kreditors, aseve
sxva pirebs, sxva sacxovrebeli adgilis Sesaxeb, atarebs
am SedegebiT gamowveul risks (1); arasrulwlovanebis
sacxovrebeli adgilad romelTac ar miuRweviaT ToTx-
��. dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb ucxoelTa registraciis, piradobis (binadrobis) mowmobisa da
saqarTvelos moqalaqis pasportis gacemis wesis Sesaxeb~.
223
meti wlis asakisaTvis, an meurveobis qveS myofi mo-
qalaqeebis sacxovrebeli adgilad iTvleba kanonieri
warmomadgenlebis - mSoblebis mSvileblebis an meurvee-
bis sacxovrebeli adgili~256. azerbaijanis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 27-e muxlis (`fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli
adgili~) Tanaxmad: `fizikuri piris sacxovrebel adgi-
lad iTvleba adgili, sadac fizikuri piri Cveulebriv
cxovrobs. pirs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime sacxovre-
beli adgili (27.1). fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgi-
lad, romelsac ToTxmeti wlis asakisaTvis ar miuR-
wevia, iTvleba misi mSoblebis sacxovrebeli adgili,
romelTac ar daukargiaT mSoblis ufleba, xolo im
pirebis sacxovrebel adgilad, romlebic meurveobis
qveS imyofebian - meurveebis sacxovrebeli adgili (27.2).
piri, romelmac gansazRvruli vadiT datova sacxovre-
beli adgili, ar kargavs sacxovrebel adgils~ (27.3)257.
somxeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad
(`moqalaqis sacxovrebeli adgili~), ki: `sacxovreb-
el adgilad iTvleba adgili, sadac moqalaqe mudmi-
vad an ùpiratesad~cxovrobs(1). arasrulwlovanebis
sacxovrebel adgilad, romelTac ar miuRweviaT ToTx-
meti wlis asakisaTvis, an meurveobis qveS myofi pirebis
sacxovrebel adgilad iTvleba maTi kanonieri warmo-
madgenlebis - mSoblebis, mSvileblebis an meurveebis
sacxovrebeli adgili~(2)258. rogorc aRniSnuli samoqa-
laqo kodeqsebidan ikveTeba, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis
samoqalaqo kodeqsebi ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
garkevul gavlenas ganicdian.
garkveul winaaRmdegobas vawydebiT im konkretul
��. ix. Гражданский кодекс Российской Федерации (ГК РФ), Статья 20, Место жительства
гражданина, http://base.garant.ru
��
. Гражданский кодекс Азербайджанской Республики, Статья 27. Место жительства
физического лица. www.google.com
��. ГРАЖДАНСКИЙ КОДЕКС РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ, Статья 23. Место жительства
гражданина. http://www.parliament.am/law_docs/050598HO239rus.html?lang=rus
224
SemTxvevebSi, roca meuRleebi ganqorwinebuli arian da
maT Soris xSirad warmoiSoba dava Tu visTan unda
icxovron (romeli mSoblis sacxovrebel adgilas) aras-
rulwlovanma Svilebma. aseTi konkretuli sakiTxebi
samarTlis normaTa interpretaciis Sedegad sasamarT-
lo praqtikiT unda gadawydes. ssk 1128-e muxliT gaT-
valiswinebulia konkretuli SemTxveva, roca meuRleebi
SeTanxmebuli ar arian ganqorwinebis Semdeg Svilebis
sacxovrebel adgilsa da maT sarCenad gadasaxdel sax-
srebze. sasamarTlo movalea ganqorwinebasTan erTad
gansazRvros isic, Tu romeli Svili romel mSobelTan
darCes da gansazRvros isic, Tu romel mSobels ra ode-
nobiT unda gadaxdes sarCo (alimenti).
sacxovrebeli adgilis gauqmeba, rogorc dafuZne-
ba piris nebazea damokidebuli da am nebis praqti-
kuli ganxorcieleba raime specialur aqtze ar aris
damokidebuli.
sacxovrebeli adgilis gauqmeba SeiZleba ganx-
orcieldes axali sacxovrebeli adgilis dafuZnebiT,
oRond es ukanaskneli avtomaturad ar iwvevs Zveli
sacxovrebeli adgilis gauqmebas. aqac piris nebaa saWiro,
rom igi auqmebs Zvel sacxovrebel adgils. sacxovre-
beli adgilis gauqmeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios ucxoel-
TaTvis mocemul qveyanaSi cxovrebis uflebis CamorT-
mevam, rac am qveynis moqalaqis mimarT dauSvebelia259~.
am debulebas ganamtkicebs saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-13 muxli: `saqarTvelo mfarvelobs Tavis moqalaqes
ganurCevlad misi adgilsamyofelisa. moqalaqeobis Cam-
orTmeva dauSvebelia. saqarTvelodan saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqis gaZeveba dauSvebelia~.
uqmdeba Tu ara sacxovrebeli adgili im moqa-
225
laqeebisaTvis, romlebic dauZleveli Zalis, omis an
sxva amgvari garemoebebis gamo iZulebulni arian da-
tovon TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgili da gadaadgild-
nen qveynis SigniT (iZulebiT gadaadgilebulni), an
kidev sacxovrebeli qveynis farglebs gareT eZebon
(ltolvilebi)? pasuxi iqneba: maTi sacxovrebeli ad-
gili mainc Tavdapirveli adgilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
sxvadasxva obieqturi mizezebis gamo maT iq dabruneba
ar SeuZliaT.
cxovrebis adgils gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs samoqalaqo samarTalSi. mas ukavSirdeba samoqa-
laqo samarTlis zogadi nawilis mTeli rigi samarT-
lebrivi normebi (m. 21, m. 22, m. 23), valdebulebiT-samar-
Tlebrivi normebi (m.362, m. 363, m.432, m.386 da sxv.), sao-
jaxo-samarTlebrivi normebi (m. 1128, m. 1137, m. 1157, m.1164
da sxv.), aseve memkvidreobiT-samarTlebrivi normebi (m.
1324, m.1325, m. 1326, m. 1327, m. 1385, m. 1386 da sxv.) da sxva
kerZo-samarTlebrivi Tu sajaro-samarTlebrivi urT-
ierTobebi. mniSvnelovan rols es instituti agreTve
samoqalaqo procesSic asrulebs, kerZo-samarTlebrivi
davebis uwyebrivi qvemdebareobisa da gansjadobisas.
magaliTad, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-16 mux-
lis Tanaxmad, 1. `sarCeli ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT sa-
samarTlos waredgineba erT-erTi mopasuxis sacxovre-
beli adgilis mixedviT. 2. xelSekrulebidan gamom-
dinare sarCelebi sasamarTlos waredgineba xelSek-
rulebis Sesrulebis adgilis, an im adgilis mixedviT,
sadac xelSekruleba unda Sesrulebuliyo. 3. sarCeli,
romelic gamomdinareobs iuridiuli piris filialis
saqmianobidan, sasamarTlos waredgineba mxolod fili-
alis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. 4. sarCelebi kanonis-
mier an anderZismier memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebiT sa-
226
samarTlos waredgineba mamkvidreblis gardacvalebamde
misi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. Tu mamkvidrebeli
saqarTvelos moqalaqea, magram gardacvalebis momenti-
saTvis igi sazRvargareT cxovrobda, sasamarTloSi sar-
Celi SeiZleba aRiZras saqarTveloSi misi ukanaskneli
sacxovrebeli adgilis an samkvidro qonebis adgilsa-
myoflis mixedviT~da sxva.
mokled moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis sacxovrebeli
adgilis Sesaxeb. `moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis mimarT
sks-Si ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba fizikuri piris sacxovre-
beli adgilis qveynis kanoni (lex domicilii), xolo misi
daudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi mimTiTebeli qveynis kanoni260.
amas gvidasturebs kanonis `saerTaSoriso kerZo samar-
Tlis Sesaxeb~ m. 22-is me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, `Tu
fizikuri piri moqalaqeobis armqonea an SeuZlebelia
misi moqalaqeobis dadgena, mis mimarT gamoiyeneba im
qveynis samarTali, sadac mas aqvs Cveulebrivi adgilsa-
myofeli an eweva ZiriTad saqmianobas, xolo Tu aseTi ar
arsebobs, saqarTvelos samarTali~. saerTaSoriso kerZo
samarTali icnobs agreTve ltolvilis statusis mqone
fizikur pirebsac. ltolvilis samarTlebrivi statusi
mocemulia gaeros Jenevis 1951 wlis 28 ivlisis kon-
venciaSi `ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb~261. konvencia
ltolvilis statusis gansazRvris ZiriTad kriteriu-
mad miiCnevs sacxovrebeli adgilis qveynis kanons (lex
domicilii). aRniSnuli konvenciis me-12 muxlis pirveli
nawilis Tanaxmad, `ltolvilis piradi statusi ganisaz-
Rvreba misi sacxovrebeli qveynis kanoniT, Tu mas aseTi
ar gaaCnia, misi adgilsamyofeli qveynis mixedviT~.
��. gabisonia, z., qarTuli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli
da damatebuli gamocema, 2011, 132.
��.konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1054 wlis 22 aprils.
227
6. fizikuri piris ugzoukvlod dakargulad
aRiareba da gardacvlilad gamocxadeba
gardacvlilad gamocxadebulis
dabrunebis Sedegebi
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxli fizikuri piris

ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebasa da masTan
dakavSirebul samarTlebriv Sedegebze akeTebs aqcen-
tebs. rodis unda iqnes aRiarebuli piri ugzo-ukvlod
dakargulad? ra garemoebebia amisaTvis saWiro? samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi pasuxs iZleva am kiTxvaze. ugzo-ukv-
lod dakargulad aRiareba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevebSi xdeba ori garemoebis arsebobisas: 1. Tu
piris adgilsamyofeli ucnobia da 2. piri ori wlis
manZilze ar gamoCenila Tavis sacxovrebel adgilas.
dainteresebuli pirebis sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis
Semdeg, sasamarTlo acxadebs am pirs ugzo-ukvlod da-
kargulad. ismis kiTxva: `vin arian es dainteresebuli
pirebi~? kanonmdebloba am kiTxvaze konkretuli pasux-
iT ar SemoisazRvreba da mxolod zogadi regulirebiT
gvcems pasuxs. dainteresebuli pirebi unda iyvnen isini,
visTanac `dakargul pirs~ axlo urTierToba hqonda.
es urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos axlo naTesauri, mego-
bruli, samsaxureobrivi, partnioruli da a.S.
ra dokumentaciiT xdeba adamianis ugzo-ukvlod da-
kargulad aRiareba? ZiriTadad mowmeTa CvenebiT, radgan
aseT dros sxva mtkicebulebebi ar moi poveba.
sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg
piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad cnobis Sesaxeb dgeba
meore aranakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: `dakargulis
qonebis marTvis~ Sesaxeb.
vinc ar unda Sediodes `dainteresebuli pirebis~
228
wreSi, romlebic sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebiT
sargebloben piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebis
Sesaxeb, sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg,
piris qonebis (uZrav-moZravis) droebiTi marTvis ufle-
biT misi kanonieri memkvidreebi isargebleben262 mindobi-
li mesakuTris saxiT, aseve isini uflebamosilni arian am
qonebidan sargeblis miRebisa. aqvT Tu ara memkvidreebs
am qonebis Tavisufali gankargvis ufleba? cxadia ara,
radganac dakarguli piri jer kidev ar aris sasamarT-
los mier gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli. memkvidreebi,
romlebmac dakargulis qoneba droebiT samarTavad mi-
iRes valdebuli arian: 1. sarCo miscen ugzo-ukvlod
dakargulis kmayofaze myof pirebs (aseTis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi) da, 2. aRniSnuli qonebidan unda daifaros
kreditorebis valebi (cxadia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu valebi
gaaCnda ugzo-ukvlod dakargul pirs).
praqtikaSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca piri sasamarT-
los mier aRiarebulia ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad,
qoneba droebiT samarTavad gadascemiaT mis kanonier
memkvidreebs, xolo aseTi memkvidreebis ararsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi ki, _ dakargulis qoneba umkvidrod gamocxade-
bula da gadascemia saxelmwifos (ssk, m. 1343, n.1). ugzo-
ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebuli piris dabrunebis an
misi adgilsamyoflis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi sasamarT-
lo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas am piris qonebis marTvis
Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba meurneobis saTanado gaZRoliT
miRebuli sargeblis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas,
_ `dabrunebuls~ amis ufleba ara aqvs (aq moqmedebs
ùsafuZvlod gamdidrebis~263 princi pi). sainteresoa ro-
gor unda gadawydes samarTlebrivad dava, roca memkvi-
dreebma, romlebmac ugzo-ukvlod dakargulis qoneba
��.kanonier memkvidreTa wre mocemulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1336-ე muxlSi.
��.usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Sesaxeb ix. ssk m. 996-991.
229
miiRes samarTavad, ar marTes es qoneba, ar miiRes misgan
sargebeli, rasac meurneobis gaCanageba mohyva, pirs mi-
adga ziani? warmoeSoba Tu ara `dabrunebuls~ufleba,
rom mosTxovos memkvidreebs sargeblis miuReblobiT
gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba? am kiTxvas dadebiTad
unda vupasuxoT. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis mesame
nawili xom iTvaliswinebs: `samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bis monawileni valdebuli arian keTilsindisierad ga-
naxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi da movaleobani~. am-
denad, isini valdebuli iyvnen mieRoT sargebeli dana-
tovaro qonebidan, Tu am qonebidan sargebels ugzo-ukv-
lod dakargulic iRebda (magaliTad sawarmos marTva)
da valdebuli arian miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaze
miuRebeli sargeblis gamo.
`fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba wydeba misi
gardacvalebiT~(ssk m.11. m.3). gardacvalebis faqts adas-
turebs gardacvalebis mowmoba da aRniSnuli dokumen-
tis samoqalaqo aqtebis saregistracio organoSi saTa-
nado Canaweris gakeTeba. gardacvalebasTan erTad piris
uflebaunarianobac wydeba. piri, rogorc fizikuri ar-
seba wyvets fizikur arsebobas, magram amave dros sxva
pirebs (memkvidreebs) garkveuli uflebebi warmoeSobaT
da es upirveles yovlisa gardacvlilis qonebis mem-
kvidreobiT miRebaa. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 22-e muxli
iuridiuli fiqciis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia.
piri cxaddeba gardacvlilad aRniSnuli iuridiuli
fiqciis safuZvelze. aq igulisxmeba SemTxveva, roca sax-
eze ar aris gardacvlilis gvami da piri mainc gar-
dacvlilad cxaddeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.
es ukiduresi RonisZieba gamoiyeneba mxolod kanoniT
zustad gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. es SemTxvevebia:
1. Tu piris sacxovrebel adgilas xuTi wlis ganmav-
230
lobaSi ar moi poveba cnobebi am piris adgilsamyoflis
Sesaxeb; 2. Tu piri ugzo-ukvlod daikarga iseT gare-
moebaSi, romelic mas sikvdils uqadda; 3. anda savarau-
doa misi daRupva raime ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo da
aseTi cnobebi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar moi poveba.
magaliTad, ojaxs aqvs informacia, rom savaraudod is
iseT viTarebaSi iyo rom SesaZloa daRupuliyo, maSin
xuTwliani vada saWiro aRaraa, mas sasamarTlo gar-
dacvlilad gamoacxadebs, oRond sasamarTlo saTanado
mtkicebulebebiT amaSi unda darwmundes (vTqvaT, moxda
avtokatastrofa, CaaiZira gemi da mtkicebulebebiT das-
turdeba, rom es mgzavri namdvilad iyo aRniSnul sa-
transporto saSualebebSi da aranairi informacia ar
moi poveba mis cocxlad gadarCenis faqtze). am SemTxveva-
Si sasamarTlo aseT pirs gardacvlilad gamoacxadebs,
xolo Tu momavalSi dabrundeba, am gadawyvetilebis
gauqmeba moxdeba. saomari moqmedebebis dros adamiani
SeiZleba daikargos (aq igulisxmeba rogorc samxedro,
aseve samoqalaqo piri), kanoni am faqtsac iTvaliswinebs
da samxedro mosamsaxure an sxva piri, romelic ugzo-
ukvlod daikarga, sasamarTlo wesiT, saomari moqmedebi-
dan, mxolod ori wlis gasvlis Semdeg cxaddeba gar-
dacvlilad.
vin arian is pirebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT sa-
samarTlos mimarTon aseTi pirebis gardacvlilad
gamocxadebaze? cxadia, rogorc es 21-e muxlis SemTx-
vevaSic avRniSneT, aseTi dainteresebuli pirebi pirvel
yovlisa memkvidreebi arian, romlebic piris gardacv-
lilad gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi misi qonebis memkvi-
dreebi iqnebian (savaraudod Tu ar iarsebebs anderZi
sxva pirebis, aranaTesavebis anderZismier memkvidreoba-
ze). vin gankargavs piris qonebas manam, sanam mas gar-
231
dacvlilad gamoacxadeben? roca piri gardacvlilad
gamocxaddeba, memkvidreebs Soris qonebis ganawileba
Cveulebrivi wesiT xdeba. Tu arian anderZismieri mem-
kvidreebi, qoneba, rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT, maT Soris
ganawildeba; Tu kanonismieri memkvidre ar arsebobs,
maSin qonebis mesakuTre (umkvidro qonebis memkvidre)
saxelmwifo aRmoCndeba. magram kanoni iTvaliswinebs
im faqtsac, roca SesaZlebelia sasamarTlos mier gar-
dacvlilad cnobili adamiani cocxali aRmoCndes da
dabrundes. bunebrivia gaCndeba kiTxva: daubrundeba Tu
ara mas qoneba? ugzo-ukvlod dakargulis qonebas ax-
loblebi gankargaven, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas qoneba
enaxeba, xolo Tu piri gardacvlilad gamocxadda da is
dabrunda Semdgom, aseT SemTxvevaSi misi gardacvalebu-
lad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
uqmdeba. SeiZleba qoneba, an misi nawili am dros ukve
memkvidres gasxvisebuli hqondes. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas
aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos is qoneba, romelic usasyidlod
sxvas gadaeca. Tu memkvidres qoneba gasxvisebuli ara
aqvs, mflobels daubrundeba. gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki dadgindeba, rom myidvelma icoda, sinamdvileSi
mflobeli ar iyo gardacvlili da mainc SeiZina misi
memkvidrisagan qoneba, - aseT SemTxvevaSi mas qoneba
CamoerTmeva da mepatrones gadaecema (savaraudod igi
CaiTvleba arakeTilsindisier pirad), Tumca amis damt-
kiceba Zalzed rTulia. dabrunebis drois miuxedavad,
pirs ufleba aqvs moiTxovos is SenarCunebuli qoneba,
romelic misi gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Semdeg us-
asyidlod gadaeca sxva pirs. `Tu gardacvlilad ga-
mocxadebuli piris qoneba gadaeca saxelmwifos da
man moaxdina misi realizacia, maSin gardacvlilad ga-
mocxadebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Semdeg
232
pirs ubrundeba qonebis realizaciiT miRebuli Tanxa~
(ssk, m. 23, n4). aqve erT SeniSvnas gavakeTebT imis Sesaxeb,
rom pirs marTalia ubrundeba dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi
darCenili qoneba, magram miRebuli sargeblis anazRau-
rebis moTxovnis ufleba mas ara aqvs.
romeli dro miiCneva mainc piris gardacvalebis
dRed? `piris gardacvalebis dRed miiCneva misi gar-
dacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis dRe. sa-
samarTlos SeuZlia piris sikvdilis dRed aRiaros
misi savaraudo daRupvis dRe~(ssk m. 22. n.3).
sainteresoa, aris Tu ara faqtebi imis Sesaxeb,
rom piri gardacvlilad gamocxadebula sasamarTlos
mier da Semdeg gamoCenila? aseTi faqtebi arsebobs
da sasamarTlo praqtikac sakmaod mdidaria am kuTx-
iT. aseT SemTxvevasac hqonia adgili, roca piri gar-
dacvlilad gamocxadebula, mis memkvidreebs sasamarT-
lo gadawyvetilebis Semdeg qoneba gauyidiaT da piri,
romelic yvelas daRupuli egona, Tavis sacxovrebel
adgilas gamocxadebula. ra unda gaakeTos am SemTx-
vevaSi im patiosanma myidvelma, romelmac kanonis yvela
moTxovnis dacviT SeiZina gardacvlilad gamocxade-
bulis qoneba? kanoni icavs keTilsindisier myidvels,
qonebas mas utovebs, xolo gamyidvels (memkvidres) ai-
Zulebs realizaciis Semdeg miRebuli Tanxa gadasces
`dabrunebuls~.
kanoni ar iTxovs, rom piris dakargvis SemTxvevaSi,
policias mivmarToT. iyo SemTxvevebi praqtikaSi, roca
ojaxma policias mimarTa, magram wlebis manZilze am
adamianze aranairi informacia ar arsebobda. esec erT-
erTi mtkicebulebaa, sasamarTloSi saqmis gansaxilve-
lad.
233
sainteresoa saojaxo sakiTxebi ssk 22-e muxl-
Tan dakavSirebiT. ssk 1122-e muxli qorwinebis Sewyve-
tis erT-erT safuZvlad miiCnevs `kanoniT dadgenili
wesiT erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvlilad gamocxadebas~.
gardacvlilad gamocxadebulis meuRle sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg uflebamosil-
ia daqorwindes sxva pirze. gardacvlilad gamocxade-
bulis dabruneba mxolod qonebriv uflebebSi iwvevs
mis restitucias, saojaxo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi
ki,_ara, Tu yofili meuRlis survili ar iqneba. am Sem-
TxvevaSi meore meuRles SeuZlia ganqorwindes sxva pir-
Tan da xelaxla daaregistriros qorwineba dabrunebul
meuRlesTan, xolo Tu igi daqorwinebuli ar iyo sxvaze
_ qorwineba yvela SemTxvevaSi unda aRdges, Tu ra Tqma
unda es meuRleTa survili iqneba. ganqorwinebas erT-
erTi meuRlis gancxadebiT iTvaliswinebs agreTve ssk
m. 1125, a) qvepunqti), roca kanoniT dagenili wesiT piri
aRiarebulia ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad.
saerTo sasamarTloebi udavo warmoebis wesiT264
ganixilaven (samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, m. 317-321)
moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebasa da mo-
qalaqis gardacvlilad gamocxadebas. gancxadeba moqa-
laqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebisa an moqa-
laqis gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb Seitaneba
sasamarTloSi dainteresebuli piris mier ganmcxadeb-
lis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
m a g a l i T i: gardacvlil petres darCa erTad-
��. udavo warmoeba sasamarTlo warmoebis damoukidebli saxea, romelic
ganpirobebulia am wesiT gansaxilvel saqmeTa TaviseburebebiT, romelic davisa
da modave mxareTa ararsebobiT gamoixateba. am kategoriis saqmeTa sasamarTloSi
ganxilvisas sasamarTlos mTavari amocanaa ara mxareTa Soris davis ganxilva-
gadawyveta, aramed ama Tu im faqtis dadgena-dadastureba; aseve udavo warmoebis
wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvisas aris mxolod ganmcxadebeli da ar arian modave
mxareebi: mosarCele da mopasuxe, mesame pirebi, TanamosarCeleebi. udavo warmoeba
erTi mxaris (erTpiriani) warmoebaa da sxva.
234
erTi pirveli rigis memkvidre, Svili – daviTi. mamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg daviTma gaagrZela mamis (pe-
tres) saxlSi cxovreba, yovelTviurad ixdida binis
`komunalur gadasaxadebs~Tavisi saxeliT, faqtobrivad
Seudga samkvidros marTvas. (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1421-e
muxlis mixedviT, `memkvidris mier samkvidro miRebu-
lad iTvleba, rodesac igi sanotaro organoSi Seitans
gancxadebas samkvidros miRebis Sesaxeb an faqtobrivad
Seudgeba samkvidros flobas an marTvas, rac udavod
mowmobs, rom samkvidro miiRo~). daviTma ver gamonaxa
dro da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTval-
iswinebul eqvs Tvian vadaSi (ssk, m.1424) ver miiRo mamis
danatovar qonebaze samkvidro mowmobis miReba.
daviTma mamis gardacvalebidan mesame wels
gancxadebiT mimarTa sasamarTlos da moiTxova udavo
samarTalwarmoebis wesiT gardacvlili mamis memkvi-
dreobis miRebis faqtis dadgena.
ra dokumentebi dasWirdeba gancxadebasTan erTad
daviTs, rom man samkvidro mowmoba miiRos?
daviTma am gancxadebas unda daurTos Tavisi da-
badebis mowmoba da aseve yvela is sabuTi, romliTac
dasturdeba rom igi gardacvlili mamis (petres) Svi-
lia. man sasamarTlos unda warudginos aseve amonaweri
sajaro reestridan, romliTac misi mamis (petres) sa-
kuTrebis ufleba rogorc mamkvidreblisa dasturdeba);
agreTve mamis (petres) gardacvalebis mowmoba; mezoble-
bis da sxva pirTa (magaliTad naTesavebis) axsna-ganmar-
tebebi, romlebic daviTis mier samkvidros miRebis da
dauflebis faqts daadastureben da aseve im faqtsac,
rom mamkvidrebel petres sxva memkvidre, garda daviTisa
ar darCenia. daviTma gancxadebas unda daurTos saxelm-
wifo baJis gadaxdis qviTris dedani.
235
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom da-
viTis gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi saqmis masa-
lebiT dasturdeba, igi daakamyofilebs mis gancxadebas.
aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom Tu udavo
warmoebis wesiT saqmis ganxilvisas aRiZvris iseTi uf-
lebebi, romlebic sasamarTlos uwyebrivad eqvemdeba-
reba, sasamarTlo gancxadebas ganuxilvelad datovebs
da dainteresebul pirebs ganumartavs, rom maT ufleba
aqvT warmoadginon sarCeli saerTo safuZvelze. es SeiZ-
leba iyos vTqvaT SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlo daviTis
gancxadebis ganxilvisas gamoarkvevs, rom daviTs hyo-
lis naxevarda, ana, romelsac mamam (petrem) gvari misca,
riTac aRiara Svilad da bunebrivia kanonier memkvidre-
Tac. daviTs aRniSnulis Sesaxeb sasamarTlosaTvis ar
ganucxadebia da cxadia, anis daviTis msgavsad Tanabari
uflebebi aqvs mamis danatovar qonebaze. im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu ana Tavis wil qonebaze uars ganacxadebs, maSin
daviTma Tavis gancxadebaSi unda miuToTos amis Sesa-
xeb da sasamarTlos warudginos anas sanotaro wesiT
damowmebuli uari samkvidros miRebaze. Tu sasamarT-
lo am konkretul SemTxvevaSi daadgens, rom daviTis
gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi saqmis masalebiT
dasturdeba, igi mis moTxovnas daakayofilebs.
sainteresoa saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis mid-
goma am sakiTxisadmi. saqarTvelos kanonis `saerTaSo-
riso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~, m. 25 aregulirebs `sa-
marTlis gamoyenebas ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiare-
bisas da gardacvlilad gamocxadebisas. aRniSnuli
muxlis Tanaxmad, 1. ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiareba
da gardacvlilad gamocxadeba wesrigdeba im qveynis
samarTliT, romelsac ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli an gar-
dacvlilad gamocxadebuli piri ganekuTvneboda misi
236
sicocxlis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli informaciis mixedviT.
moqalaqeobis armqone piris mimarT gamoiyeneba misi Cveu-
lebrivi adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTali, xolo Tu
aseTi ar arsebobs _saqarTvelos samarTali. 2. Tu ug-
zo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebuli an gardacvlilad
gamicxadebuli piri saqmis ganxilvis periodSi ucxo
qveynis moqalaqea, igi SeiZleba ugzo-ukvlod dakargu-
lad aRiarebuli an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli iq-
nes saqarTvelos samarTlis mixedviTac, Tu amisaTvis
arsebobs dasabuTebuli interesi265~.
am paragrafis dasasruls, daskvnis saxiT avRniSnavT,
rom sk 21-e, 22-e, 23-e muxlebSi gamokveTilia prezumfciis
roli samoqalaqo samarTalSi (`prezumfcia~laTinuri
sityvaa da varauds, varaudze damyarebul mosazre-
bas niSnavs) da mas garkveuli praqtikuli datvirTva
gaaCnia samarTalSi. `daudasturebeli movlena an fa-
qti miiCneva, ivaraudeba arsebulad, dadasturebulad
da mas samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba~. amgvari
prezumfciis arseboba imisTvisaa saWiro, rom urTier-
Tobis monawileebi gaurkvevel, bundovan mdgomareobaSi
ar aRmoCndnen da maTi samarTlebrivi statusi haerSi
ar iyos gamokidebuli. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
158-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT ivaraudeba, rom
`nivTis mflobeli aris misi mesakuTre~. Tu samoqalaqo
samarTalSi Cven aseTi varaudi ar gveqneboda, maSin eWvi
unda Segvetana yvela adamianis keTilsindierebaSi, rom
is, romelic maT aqvT, maTi ar aris da sxva.
��.damat. ix. gabisonia, z., saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli

da damatebuli gamocema, 2012.
237
kiTxvebi, testebi da kazusi meore TavisaTvis
1. ganmarteT fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba da

qmedunarianoba
2. rodidan warmoiSoba Casaxulis ufleba memkvid-
reobaze?
3. rogor davicvaT piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi?
4. romeli adgili miiCneva fizikuri piris
sacxovrebel adgilad?
5. ra gansxvavebaa qarTuli da germanuli samoqa-
laqo kodeqsebis mixedviT sacxovrebel adgilTan daka-
vSirebiT?
6. raSi gamoixateba personaluri informaciis
miRebis ufleba?
7. rogor xdeba piradi uflebebis dacva gardacva-
lebis Semdeg?
8. rogor xdeba piris aRiareba ugzo-ukvlod dak-
argulad da gardacvlilad?
t e s t e b i
1. arasrulwlovanma a. baRaTurma sarCeli Seitana g.

beriZis mimarT ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, im motiviT, rom igi
ver Seewyo asakiT masze gacilebiT ufros meuRles - g.
beriZes. sasamarTlom baRaTuris sarCeli ar miiRo, CaT-
vala ra, rom igi aRZrulia qmeduunaro piris mier.
swori gadawyvetileba miiRo sasamarTlom?
a. diax, iseve, rogorc daqorwinebisas, ganqorwine-
baze sarCelis aRZvris SemTxvevaSi 16 wlis asakidan
pirs sWirdeba mSoblis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgen-
lis winaswari Tanxmoba
238
b. diax, radgan saproceso qmedunarianoba sruli
moculobiT warmoiSoba srulwlovanebis, e. i. 18 wlis
miRwevis Semdeg
g. ara, qmedunarianad iTvleba piri, romelic iqor-
winebs Tvrameti wlis asakis miRwevidan
d. arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
1. Tu piris pativis, Rirsebis, saqmiani reputaciis Sem-

laxveli cnobebi gavrcelebulia masobrivi informaciis
saSualebiT, rogor unda moxdes maTi uaryofa?
a. samarTaldamcavi organoebis meSveobiT
b. sasamarTlos meSveobiT-piris Rirsebis Semlax-
veli cnobebis uaryofiT
g. imave masobrivi informaciis saSualebiT
d. ombudsmenis meSveobiT
2. piris gardacvalebis Semdeg aRmoCnda mis mier Sed-

genili anderZi, romliTac mTeli Tavisi qoneba uanderZa
disSvils, romelic moanderZis gardacvalebis momentisaT-
vis Casaxuli iyo. nayofi cocxali ar daibada. dedam an-
derZiT gaTvaliswinebuli qoneba moiTxova, radgan miaC-
nda, rom es qoneba Casaxulis sakuTreba iyo.
ramdenad kanonieria dedis moTxovna?
a. moTxovna ukanonoa, radgan Casaxuli ar SeiZleba
memkvidre iyos
b. moTxovna kanonieria, radgan deda Svilis memkvi-
drea
g. moTxovna ar aris kanonieri, radgan Casaxulis
memkvidred yofnis ufleba damokidebulia dabadebaze
d. moTxovna ukanonoa, radgan Casaxuli mxolod
mamis memkvidrea.
239
k a z u s i
1.
gardacvlil e. menabdeze masobrivi informaciis
saSualebiT Jurnalistma v. metrevelma gaavrcela misi
piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis Semcvleli cnobebi. e.
menabdis Svilebma moiTxoves dedis reputaciis Selax-
visaTvis moraluri zianisaTvis qonebrivi anazRaureba.
ramdenad kanonieria maTi moTxovna?
2.amilaxvari gardacvlilad iqna gamocxadebuli.

misi qoneba memkvidreobiT miiRo misma meuRlem l. abu-
laZem. memkvidreobiT miRebuli qonebis nawili man Ta-
visTvis daitova, mawili ki mihyida vinme T. korZaZes.
amilaxvari dabrunda da sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba
misi gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb gaauqma. ami-
laxvarma moiTxova misTvis qonebis dabruneba.
daubrundeba Tu ara amilaxvars qoneba?
240
Tavi IV. iuridiuli pirebi
1. cneba. saxeebi
`mxolod adamiani, rogorc individi aris zoga-

di da bunebrivi gagebiT piri da, samarTlis subieqti.
amasTanave arsebobs safuZvlebi, romlebic SeiZleba
kanonebma gansazRvron, rom sxva sagnebis personifici-
rebac movaxdinoT, e. i. SevxedoT maT, TiTqos isini pire-
bi iyvnen da amiT uflebaTa subieqtebi. aqedan gamomdin-
areobs iuridiuli piris cnebac, romelSic igulisxmeba
samarTlis mier aRiarebuli sagani~.
h a i z e
ìuridiuli pirebis adgili kerZo samarTalSi

ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiT wydeba. rigi qveynebis
samoqalaqo kodeqsebi iuridiuli pirebis zogad moZ-
Rvrebasac iZlevian da maT calkeul saxeebsac awes-
rigeben, zogi srulyofilad, zogi ki – nawilobriv~266.
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) axdebs samewarmeo
kavSirebis samarTlebriv mowesrigebasac ($22) da ga-
kotrebis definiciasac iZleva ($42). germanuli samo-
qalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, ìuridiuli pirebi arian
ara bunebis qmnilebebi, aramed isini Seqmnilia samarT-
lis mier (aqedan modis swored maTi saxelwodebac)~267.
ruseTis Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mocemulia
komerciuli iuridiuli pirebis momwesrigebeli norme-
bi, rac araa damaxasiaTebeli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsisaTvis da igi gamotanilia saqarTvelos kanonSi
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~.
termini ìuridiuli piri~ germanuli warmoSobisaa
��. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 4
241
da mas gustav hugos268 aRmoCenad Tvlian, radgan man 1798
wels gamocemul `bunebiTi samarTlis, rogorc poziti-
uri samarTlis filosofiis~ wignSi pirvelad gamoiy-
ena es termini. Tumca Tanamedrove gagebiT am cnebis
pirvelad damkvidrebas miaweren pandeqtikis mecnierebis
fuZemdebels georg arnold haizes, romelmac 1807 wels
gamocemul `saerTo samoqalaqo sistemis safuZvlebSi~
ufro detalurad ganixila da erTian, mwyobr sistemaSi
moaqcia iuridiuli pirebis cneba samoqalaqo samarTlis
subieqtebTan kavSirSi. ufro gvian, 1819 wels man iuridi-
uli pirebis cnebaSi korporaciebTan erTad fondebic
Seiyvana da amiT praqtikulad Camoayaliba iuridiuli
piris cneba, romelic XIX saukunis samarTlis mecniere-
bas ar moSorebia. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom haizes saxels
ukavSirdeba aseve `garigebis~ cnebis Semotana civilis-
tikaSi da isic 1807 wels. haize iuridiul pirs ganix-
ilavs rogorc abstraqtul cnebas: ìuridiuli piri
aris yvelaferi, garda konkretuli adamianebisa, rac
saxelmwifoSi uflebaTa damoukidebel subieqtad aris
aRiarebuli~. postsabWoTa samarTlis qveynebis samoqa-
laqo kodeqsebi xSir SemTxvevaSi arasworad ganmartavd-
nen iuridiuli piris cnebas. mag; maTSi gabatonebuli
mosazrebiT: ìuridiuli piri aris samoqalaqo -samar-
Tlebrivi kategoria~269. postsabWoTa samoqalaqo kod-
eqsebs aqvT pretenzia, rom moicvan da amomwuravad daa-
reguliron samarTalSi arsebuli yvela saxis iuridi-
��. gustav hugo – samarTlis istoriuli skolis fuZemdebeli. samarTlis
istoriuli skola ewodeba samarTlis filosofiaSi Sexedulebas samarTlis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. igi efuZneba mosazrebas, rom samarTali ar aris bunebrivi
mocemuloba (bunebiTi samarTali), aramed igi xalxis sulieri Sexedulebebisa
da samarTlebrivi azrovnebidan viTardeba istoriul epoqasTan erTad. http://
library.court.ge/gil/index.php?term_id=491
��. ase, magaliTad, Гражданское право. В 4т. Т. 1 Обшая част. Отв. Ред. Е. А. СуХанов. - 3-е
изд. М; Вортерс Клувер, 2006. С213. wyaro: Wanturia l. `ramdenime mosazreba sajaro
samarTlis iuridiul pirebze~, wignidan: r. Sengelia, saiubileo krebuli 70,
samarTlis problemebi, 2012, 207.
242
uli pirebi. Sedegi sruliad sapirispiroa: samoqalaqo
kodeqsebi ara Tu ver aregulireben yvela iuridiul
pirs, aramed saTanado samarTlebrivi regulirebis gar-
eSe toveben im iuridiul pirebsac ki, romlebic samoqa-
laqo samarTalma unda moawesrigos. amitom Znelia dav-
eTanxmoT mosazrebas, rom `samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs
detalurad damuSavebuli normebis sistemas iuridi-
uli pirebis Sesaxeb~270. samoqalaqo samarTlis gaTavi-
sufleba misTvis ucxo da zedmeti konstruqciebisagan
da amisaTvis samecniero da meTodologiuri winapiro-
bebis momzadeba warmoadgens postsabWoTa saxelmwifoe-
bis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi mecnierebis mniSvnelovan
amocanas. am sferoSi qarTulma samarTalma ukve gada-
laxa is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic sabWoTa samarTlis
reliqtebis271 saxiT mraval postsabWoTa qveyanaSi jer
kidev arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgani swored samoqalaqo
samarTlidan sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis
gamoyofaa~272.
dasavleTis bevri qveynis samoqalaqo kodeqsebi,
iuridiuli piris legalur definicias ar iZlevian. es
imiT aixsneba, rom am qveynebis samarTals ara definicia
ainteresebs, aramed am subieqtebis realuri Sinaarsi,
maTi monawileobis formebi da xasiaTi. amitom qarTu-
li samarTlis mecnierebaSi aRniSnulia, rom iuridi-
uli piris niSnebi im samarTlis normebidan gamohyavT,
romlebic am qveynebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSia mimob-
��. Wanturia, l., `ramdenime mosazreba sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze~,

wignidan: r. Sengelia, saiubileo krebuli 70, samarTlis problemebi, Tbilisi, 2012,
207-208. citireba avtors mohyavs: Коментарий к ГК Российской Федерации части первой
(постатейный), - Изд. 3-е Под Ред. О. С. Садикова.- М. `Контракт~, 2005. 149.
��. reliqti - organizmi, nivTi an movlena, romelic warmoadgens Soreuli
warsulis, Zveli epoqebis gadmonaSTs. WapaSvili, mixeil, ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni,
1989.
��. Wanturia, l., ramdenime mosazreba sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze~,
wignidan: r. Sengelia, saiubileo krebuli 70, samarTlis problemebi, 2012, 223.
243
neuli da iuridiuli pirebis samarTlebriv mdgomareo-
bas gansazRvraven. qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi unda
Sesuliyo fuZemdebluri normebi, rac xelSemwyobi iqne-
boda sakanonmdeblo regulirebis erTianobisaTvis da
iuridiuli pirebis klasifikaciac amomwurav warmod-
genas mogvcemda maT nairsaxeobaze, raTa ar momxdariyo
sxvadasxva organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis erT-
maneTSi aRreva da kanoniT gauTvaliswinebeli pirebis
gaCena273~. iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove moZ-
Rvrebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba TiTqmis mTels
msoflioSi dakavSirebulia pandeqturi samarTlis
mecnierebasTan, radgan iuridiuli piris Tanamedrove
cneba praqtikulad Seqmna da ganaviTara XIX saukunis
pandeqturma samarTalma. sainteresoa icnobda Tu ara
iuridiuli piris cnebas civiluri samarTlis fuZem-
debeli–romis samarTali? romis samarTali ar icnobs
iuridiuli piris cnebas, misTvis aseTi saxelwodebiT
`piri~ ar arsebobs, magram praqtika ganasxvavebda calke
piris (`personas~) uflebebs da korporaciis anu gaer-
Tianebis uflebebs (saamqro, sagvareulo da a.S.), dRe-
vandeli gagebiT fizikur pirTa gaerTianebebs. Tumca
iuridiuli pirebi romSi aRiarebuli iqnen samarTlis
subieqtebad, Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom Zvel romSi
iuridiuli piris istoriis ganviTarebisda kvalobaze
TandaTan viTardeba iuridiuli piri da imperiis xanaSi
SedarebiT naTlad Camoyalibda274. iuridiuli pirebis
warmoSobis process romSi win uZRoda sxvadasxva amx-
anagobebis da gaerTianebebis arseboba, xolo ìmperiic
periodSi ukve iwyeboda iuridiul pirTa Camoyalibeba
��. xecuriani, j., iuridiuli piris institutis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis
srulyofis amocanebi sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, Jurnali `samarTali~, . 52-53.
��. mxolod kapitalizmis xanaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli iuridiuli pirebis
srulmasStabiani ganviTareba.
244
sanebarTvo wesiT~275. àmas mohyva garkveuli siaxleebis
Semotana iuridiul pirTa struqturaSi,ramac asaxva hpo-
va iustinianes kodifikaciaSi, kerZod iuridiuli pire-
bi gaiyo ùniversitetes personarum~, xalxis gaerTianebad
da ùniversitetes rerum~ - qonebriv gaerTianebad. iurid-
iuli piris arseboba wydeboda miznis miRwevis, masSi
gaerTianebul pirTa daSliT da organizaciis ukanono
saqmianobiT~276.
Zv. w. II-I saukuneebSi Zlieri romis saxelmwifos
uzarmazari qoneba gaaCnda (miwebi, monebi (mona romis
samarTalSi nivTs warmoadgenda, romelsac araviTari
uflebebi ar gaaCnda), Senobebi), romlebic romaeli
iuristebis azriT samoqalaqo brunvaSi ver moeqceod-
nen. aseTi qoneba `res eqstra kommercium~samoqalaqo urT-
ierTobebis gareT idgnen, isini sazogado qonebad iTv-
lebodnen. konkretul pirebs masze sakuTrebis ufleba
ar hqondaT, isini yvelasi iyo. am etapze samarTalgan-
viTarebisa saxelmwifo xazina samarTlis subieqtad,
iuridiul pirad ar moixsenieboda, igi Cveulebriv sax-
elmwifo `saWurWles~ warmoadgenda. magram TviT ro-
maeli iuristebi mividnen mogvianebiT im daskvnamde, rom
saxelmwifo Tavisi xazinis saxiT aris iuridiuli piri,
rom qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobebi arian iuridiuli pire-
bi da a.S... magram TviT romis ayvavebis xanaSic iuridi-
uli pirebi mainc da mainc did rols ar asrulebdnen
da verc Seasrulebdnen. mxolod kapitalistur xanaSi
SeeZloT iuridiul pirebs didi rolis Sesruleba qvey-
nis socialur_da politikur cxovrebaSi.
Teoriebi. iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb Seqmnilma Teo-
riebma kidev ufro gamokveTes misi rogorc samarTlis
subieqtis statusi, misi samarTalsubieqturoba.
��. metreveli, v., romis samarTali (safuZvlebi, 2005, 58.
��. lobJaniZe, g., romis saxelmwifo da samarTali, II, 2009, 25-26.
245
fiiqcis Teoriam (romlis fuZemdeblad iTvle-
ba didi germaneli iuristi savini277 da romelmac Ta-
visi moZRvreba cnobil naSromSi `romis samarTlis
sistema~(tomi II) Camoayaliba Sexeduleba iuridiuli
pirovnulobis Sesaxeb, romelic uflebaunarianobas niS-
navs, magram ramdenadac aseTi unaris mqone SeiZleba
mxolod adamiani iyos, magram samarTali gvaZlevs Sesa-
Zleblobas, rom aRniSnuli unari ganavrcos konkretul
sacialur warmonaqmnebzec (saxelmwifoze, saamqroebze,
gildiebze, Temebze) da maT daexmaros maTi saqmiano-
bis Tavisufal ganviTarebaSi. savinma uflebaunariano-
bis teqnikuri gadatanis fiqciis meSveobiT uCvena, rom
socialuri warmonaqmnebis uflebaunarianoba mxolod
qonebrivi sferoTi Semoifargleboda `rom iuridiuli
piri `qonebaunariani~, `xelovnuri subieqtia~. igi ada-
mianisagan gansxvavebiT ar aris qmedunariani, mas hyavs
warmomadgenelic. igi askvnis, rom Tu iuridiuli piri
araa qmedunariani, is arc deliqtunariani iqneba. flume,
romelic ilaSqrebda savinis fiqciis Teoris winaaRm-
deg, ambobda, rom àrasworia rom savinis fiqciad mieC-
nios is warmonaqmnebi, romlebic samarTlis mixedviT
iuridiul pirebs warmoadgenen, `savinis saerTod ar
��. savini cnobilia, rogorc samarTlis istoriuli skolis erT-erTi

fuZemdebeli puxtasTan erTad. samarTlis istoriuli skolis ZiriTadi
debulebebis Tanaxmad,samarTlis Semoqmedi arsi ara saxelmwifoebrivi TviTneboba,
aramed `xalxis sulia~. daweril samarTals win uZRvis CveulebiTi samarTali.
imdenad, ramdenadac samarTali iseTive òrganuli~ movlenaa, rogorc ena an
Cvuleba, samarTlis mecniereba SeiZleba iyos mxolod istoriuli mecniereba.
kodifikaciis aucilebeli piroba, samarTlis mecnierebis mier arsebuli
samarTlebrivi masalis sruli damuSaveba da sistematizaciaa. savini miiCnevda,
rom am mxriv jer kidev bevri ram iyo gasakeTebeli da amitom winaaRmdegi
iyo samoqalaqo samarTlis kodifikaciisa. aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi savinim
swored kodifikaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTul TxzulebaSi `Vom Beruf unserer Zeit Fur
Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft~ Camoayaliba. aRniSnuli Txzuleba iyo pasuxi
tibos cnobil Txzulebaze, romelSic man samoqalaqo kodeqsis aucilebloba
daasabuTa. http://ka.wikipedia.org/
246
dausvams kiTxva maTi realurobis Sesaxeb, romlebic
iuridiuli piris Tvisebebs iReben~. Tu ramdenad re-
aluria iuridiuli pirebi savinisaTvis, uwinaresad yov-
lisa, iqedan gamomdinareobs, rom misTvis saxelmwifoc
iuridiuli piria... amrigad, savinis mixedviT, fiqcia aris
is, rom mxolod adamianis unari, iyos pirovneba, gadaaqvs
socialur warmonaqmnebze, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT ar
arian pirovnebebi da uflebaunariani arsebebi, e. i. xe-
lovnurad vqmniT maT. maSasadame, savinis Tanaxmad, so-
cialuri warmonaqmnebi realurad arseboben (isini ar
aris fiqcia), mxolod maTTvis pirad (pirovnebad yof-
nis statusis miniWebaa fiqcia278~. (iuridiulma fiqciam,
rogorc garkveulma sakanonmdeblo teqnikam adgili
daikava samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi. mas xSirad mimar-
Taven samarTlis subieqtebi TavianTi uflebebis gansam-
tkiceblad. mag; moZravi nivTebis SemTxvevaSi xelSek-
rulebis dadebisas (vTqvaT sesxis xelSekrulebis
dadebisas) kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs werilobiT formas,
Tumca swored iuridiuli fiqciis gamoyenebiT igi arc
ukrZalavs pirebs xelSekrulebis dadebas werilobiTi
formiT da mis sajaro reestrSi gatarebas (mag; fulis
sesxebisas). am SemTxvevaSi `fuli, rogorc moZravi nivTi
samarTlebrivad ùZravia~, xolo fizikurad, is cxadia
moZrav nivTad rCeba).
realuri kavSirebis Teoria (XIX saukuneSi, mis
meore naxevarSi warmoiSva, ideologi _ girke). girke,
fiqciis Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT amtkicebs, rom adami-
anebis gaerTianebebi realurad arseboben da miuTiTebs
am gaerTianebaTa did socialur mniSvnelobaze. girkes
azriT, kavSirebi nebisa da moqmedebis subieqts warmoad-
genen. es niSnavs, rom kavSirebi TviTon ganaxorciele-
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, 212.
247
ben TavianT saqmianobas da ara warmomadgenlis meSveo-
biT, rogorc es iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb romanul
moZRvrebas esmoda. girke aviTarebs azrs imis Sesaxeb,
rom `kavSirs specialuri, misi arsebobisaTvis Sesabam-
isi da individebisagan gansxvavebuli wesrigi sWird-
eba. am wesrigis aRsaniSnavad girke iyenebs socialuri
samarTlis cnebas. samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic ka-
vSiris cxovrebas gansazRvraven, unda ganvasxvaoT ker-
Zo samarTlis aqtebisagan. kavSiris dafuZneba ar aris
xelSekruleba, aramed erToblivi aqti, misi organoebis
saqmianoba ki ar aris warmomadgenloba; aSkaraa, rom es
uxilavi kavSiri - pirovneba ganxorcielebeli da Se-
racxadi, survilebis mqone da moqmedi erTeulia279~.
miznobrivi qonebis Teoriis mamamTavari brinci,
iuridiuli piris sakiTxis ganxilvisas gadamwyvet mniS-
vnelobas aniWebda ara pirTa gaerTianebas, aramed qone-
bas, rom iuridiuli pirisaTvis gadamwyveti qonebaa, ro-
melic iuridiul pirs gansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad
sWirdeba. piris arseboba am miznis gansaxorcieleblad
sulac ar iyo saWiro. misi azriT, SeiZleba arsebob-
des uflebebi subieqtis gareSe -amtkicebda igi. swored,
brincis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli iuridiuli piris
Sefaseba: ìuridiuli piri - safrTxobela adamianTa
Soris~.
mainc raSi mdgomareobda am Teoriebis dadebiT
da uaryofiTo mxareebi? yvela maTgani WeSmaritebisak-
en miiltvoda: aexsnaT iuridiuli piris buneba. yvela
Teoriis ideologebi cdilobdnen, rom iuridiuli piri-
saTvis adamianis saxe miecaT, adamianisaTvis daemsgavse-
binaT, raTa mas gaadvileboda samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis monawile yofiliyo. `Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
248
epoqas, romelSic es Teoriebi ibadeboda, saxeldobr
ganmanaTleblobisa da bunebiTi samarTlis gaugonari
zegavlenis Sedegad adamianma axlaxan moi pova sruli
uflebaunarianoba; igi didi xania, rac samarTlis subi-
eqti gaxda da samarTlis subieqtad yofnis es unari
dabadebisTanave warmoeSoba. imavdroulad warmoiSoba
meore garemoebac: ekonomiuri winsvlis aucileblo-
ba moiTxovs socialur urTierTobebSi ara mxolod
calkeuli adamianebis, aramed maTi gaerTianebebis monaw-
ileobas.... yvela Teoria cdilobs iuridiul pirSi dain-
axos adamiani, romelic fiqrobs, azrovnebs, moqmedebs
(girke), romelsac aqvs miznobrivi qoneba (vindSaidi) da
iZens uflebebsa da movaleobebs (savini)~280.
`saerTo samarTlis sistemis mqone qveynebSi aRi-
arebul princi ps warmoadgens e.w. ìnkorporaciis prin-
ci pi~, romelsac doqtrinaSi `dafuZnebis anu daarsebis
Teoria~ ewodeba. am Teoriis mixedviT iuridiuli
piris èrovnuloba~ ganisazRvreba misi daarsebis, reg-
istraciis qveynis mixedviT. inkorporaciis princi pi
miuTiTebs, rom kompania mas Semdeg, rac erTxel daarse-
buli iqneba mocemul qveyanaSi, sxva saxelmwifoSi aRi-
arebuli unda iyos uflebaunarianad. am SemTxvevaSi
misi administraciis mdebareobis adgils mniSvneloba
ara aqvs. didi britaneTisa da aSS kanonmdeblobebSi
iuridiuli piris èrovnulobis~ ganmsazRvreli kri-
teriumi misi daarsebis adgilia, anu is qveyana, sadac
kompania daarsda, daamtkica Tavisi wesdeba da regis-
tracia gaiara. ingliseli avtorebi am kanons inkorpo-
raciis kanons uwodeben da Tvlian, rom Tu iuridiuli
piri daarsda did britaneTSi da iq daamtkica Tavisi
wesdeba, is iTvleba inglisuri samarTlis iuridiul
249
pirad (inkorkoraciis princi pi). problemuria sakiTxi
imis Sesaxeb, Tu konkretulad romeli qveyana unda iqnes
miCneuli dafuZnebis qveynad. am Teoriis momxre saxelm-
wifoTa umravlesobis sakorporacio samarTali amgvar
qveynad wesdebiT gansazRvrul adgilsamyofel qveyanas
miiCnevs~281.
kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebi ki (germania, avs-
tria da sxv.) aRiarebs iuridiuli piris e.w. àdgil-
samyoflis~ anu `binadrobis~ princi ps, romlis mixed-
viTac, iuridiuli piris èrovnulobis~ gansazRvris
ZiriTad kriteriumad misi centraluri administraciis
mdebareobis adgils miiCnevs. àse magaliTad, avtokon-
cerni `BMB~ samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba germanulad, Tu misi centraluri
administraciuli organo germaniis teritoriaze iqneba
ganTavsebuli (miuxedavad imisa, rom misi safirmo sax-
elwodebis abreviaturaSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli misi
germanuli warmoSoba). aRniSnuli Teoria germanul sks-
is doqtrinaSi àdgilsamyoflis Teoriis~ (`Sitztheorie~)
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili~282.
eqsploataciis centris Teoriis mixedviT, romelic
axlo aRmosavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi gavrcelda, kom-
paniis erovnulobis gansazRvris mTavari kriteriumi
sawarmos savaWro-samrewvelo saqmianobis faqtobrivi
ganxorcielebis adgilia, anu eqsploataciis adgili da
sxva.
iuridiuli pirebis uflebaunarianoba. fizikuri
pirebis uflebaunarianobisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
erTiani cnebiT arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, iurid-
iuli pirebis uflebaunarianobis sakiTxs sxvadasxva
qveynis samarTali gansxvavebuld wyvets. germanuli
��. gabisonia, z., qarTuli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, 2012, 140-141.
��. gabisonia, dasax. naSr; 142.
250
samarTlis wris qveynebSi (germania, Sveicaria, avstria),
aRiareben iuridiuli piris zogadi uflebaunarianobis
princi ps da amiT mas praqtikulad fizikuri pirebis
uflebaunarianobasTan aigiveben. inglisur-ameriku-
li samarTlis qveynebi, aseve konstituciuri samarTlis
zogierTi qveyana, iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianobis
farglebs zRudaven mxolod wesdebiT an sxva sadam-
fuZneblo dokumentebiT gansazRvruli miznebiT. amiT
am qveynebis samoqalaqo samarTali, sabWoTa samarTlis
msgavsad, ganamtkicebs specialuri uflebaunarianobis
instituts.
zogadi uflebaunarianobis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli
piri SeiZleba iyos nebismieri samoqalaqo samarTlebri-
vi urTierTobis monawile da araa aucilebeli, rom es
urTierTobebi wesdebaSi an sxva sadamfuZneblo doku-
mentebSi iyos Camoyalibebuli.
iuridiuli piri niSnavs uflebaunarianobas kerZo
samarTlis farglebSi, aseTi unari ki SeiZleba hqondes
mxolod adamians - fizikur pirs, radgan mxolod ada-
miani SeiZleba iyos pirovneba, fizikuri piri. magram
samarTals aqvs SesaZlebloba es unari ganaviTaros
gansazRvrul socialur warmonaqmnebze, rogoricaa sax-
elmwifo da, es xdeba imisaTvis, rom maT gauadvilos
Tavisufali saqmianoba da daexmaros dasaxuli miznebis
miRwevaSi. fizikuri pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, iuridi-
uli pirebis uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba erT-
droulad aRmocendeba. es ki maSin xdeba, roca iuridi-
uli piri, rogorc samarTlis subieqti, oficialurad
warmoiSoba.
`kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis uflebau-
narianoba, rogorc wesi, aris zogadi, xolo sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis - yovelTvis special-
251
uri. saxelmwifo sadamfuZneblo aqti yovelTvis unda
Seicavdes iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis mizans da ani-
Webdes am pirs miznis Sesabamis uflebaunarianobas. àm
uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba mocemuli
iuridiuli piris mier ganxorcielebuli amocanebis
xasiaTiT, xolo uflebaunarianobis moculoba ganisaz-
Rvreba saxelmwifo aqtSi, romelic gamoicema iuridi-
uli piris dasafuZneblad.~283 umravles SemTxvevaSi sa-
jaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianoba
ganisazRvreba kanonebiT aseTi pirebis Sesaxeb~284.
iuridiuli piris cneba. iuridiuli piris lega-
lur definicias iZleva samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e mux-
li, romelic emyareba rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis
mecnierebis miRwevebs, agreTve saerTaSorisod aRiare-
bul iuridiuli piris niSnebs. SevniSnavT, rom am defi-
nicias ar SeiZleba hqondes srulyofilebis pretenzia.
masSi mxolod iuridiuli piris arsebiT niSnebzea sau-
bari. àrsebobs mosazreba, rom yovelgvari definicia
samoqalaqo samarTalSi saxifaToa, gansazRvrebis moce-
ma xSirad aramarTebulia, radgan rTulia i povo saWiro
gamoTqma~285. `gansazRvrebani ufro doqtrinis saqmed
unda iqnes miCneuli. swored, doqtrina da iuridiuli
praqtika unda iqces samarTlebriv sikeTeTa gansaz-
Rvrebis amosaval safuZvlad, rac samarTlebrivi qaosis
mizezi ki ar gaxdeba, aramed sasamarTlebs gauadvilebs
swori gadawyvetilebis miRebas, xolo kanonmdebels si-
��. aseTi ganmarteba misca saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis uflebaunarianobas: 2001 wlis 22 Tebervlis
3k/599-e gadawyvetileba.wyaro: l. Wanturia, ramdenime mosazreba sajaro
samarTlis iuridiul pirebze~, wignidan: r. Sengelia, saiubileo krebuli 70,
samarTlis problemebi, 2012, 214.
��.magaliTad, 1995 wlis 21 dekembris kanoni uzbekeTis respublikis centraluri
bankis Sesaxeb.wyaro: Janturia, l. ramdenime mosazreba sajaro samarTlis
iuridiul pirebze~, wignidan: r. Sengelia, saiubileo krebuli 70, samarTlis
problemebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 214.
��.dawvr. ix. Савелъев В. А. Гражданский кодекс Германии, М; 1994, 20.
252
frTxile marTebs gansazRvrebaTa mimarT, vinaidan is
saxifaToa, radgan is SeiZleba ver asaxavdes sagnis re-
alur mdgomareobas~286. cxadia es mosazreba ssk-is 24-e
muxlTan mimarTebaSic moiazreba.
saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi mniSvnelovani ad-
gili ukavia iuridiuli pirisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niS-
nebs. magram aqve SevniSnavT, rom `Tavad termini ùcxo
qveynis iuridiuli piri~ xSirad samarTlebrivi Tval-
sazrisiT bundovania, vinaidan ar arsebobs erTiani nor-
matiuli definicia da is kriteriumebi, romlebic zus-
tad gansazRvravdnen ucxo qveynis iuridiuli pirebis
samarTlebriv statuss~287. èvropuli sks-is doqtrina
or ZiriTad kriteriums gamohyofs, romelTa gaziarebis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas, Tu romeli
qveynis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebareba esa Tu is iuridi-
uli piri. pirvel amgvar kriteriumad miiCneva iurid-
iul pirTa personaluri statusis (Gesellschaftststatut)
gansazRvra, xolo mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba kompaniis
statuti, unda moxdes am statutis sxva qveynebis mier
cnoba-aRiareba..... iuridiuli piris èrovnuloba~ sks-Si
pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs da masSi igulisxmeba piris
mikuTvneba gansazRvruli saxelmwifosadmi. es sakiTxi
imdenad rTulia, rom mis mimarT erTgvarovani damokide-
buleba ar arsebobs~288. `dasavleTis bevri qveynis samo-
qalaqo kodeqsebi iuridiuli piris legalur defini-
cias ar iZlevian. es ufro imiT aixsneba, rom am qvey-
nebis samarTals ar ainteresebs ara definicia, aramed
am subieqtebis realuri Sinaarsi, ufro zustad, samarT-
lebriv urTierTobebSi maTi monawileobis formebi da
xasiaTi. amitom, rogorc sworad iyo qarTuli samarT-
287. gabisonia, z., dasax. naSr; 138.
��. gabisonia, z., dasax. naSr; 139.
253
lis mecnierebaSi aRniSnuli, iuridiuli piris niSnebi
im samarTlis normebidan gamohyavT, romlebic am qvey-
nebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSia da iuridiuli pirebis
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas gansazRvraven~289. qarTvel
mecnierTa mier araerTxel aRiniSna, rom kodeqsma defin-
iciebisagan Tavi unda Seikavos. prof. j. xecurianis
azriT `kodeqsma iuridiuli piris gansazRvrebas Tavi
unda daanebos~290.
magram rogorc vxedavT samoqalaqo kodesSi moce-
mulia iuridiuli piris definicia, oRond kanonmdebeli
tovebs e. w. `Ria adgils~ adgils am gansazRvrebis gas-
avrcobad.
iuridiuli piris niSnebi. sk 24-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis Tanaxmad, ìuridiuli piri aris gansazRvru-
li miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili, sakuTari qonebis mqone,
organizebuli warmonaqmni, romelic Tavisi qonebiT da-
moukideblad agebs pasuxs da sakuTari saxeliT iZens
uflebebsa da movaleobebs, debs garigebebs da SeuZlia
sasamarTloSi gamovides mosarCeled da mopasuxed~. TviT,
am definiciaSi iuridiuli pirisa, mocemulia iuridi-
uli pirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romelTa er-
Toblioba qmnis TviT iuridiul pirs. rac Seexeba ger-
manul samoqalaqo kodeqss, igi qvekari 1, Tavi 1-Si iZleva
kavSirebis Sesaxeb zogad debulebebs, xolo Tavi 2-Si
registrirebuli kavSirebis cnebas, qvekar 2-Si fond-
ebis definicias291 da sxva. rogorc vxedavT, qarTulma
samoqalaqo samarTalma uari Tqva msgavsad germanuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsisa, arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis
��.ix. konspeqti – iuridiuli piris cneba da saxeebi; saiti http://mimomxilveli.
wordpress.com/2012/09/09
290. xecuriani, j., iuridiuli piris institutis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis
srulyofis amocanebi sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. Jurnali `samarTali~, #
1-2, 52-53.
��.dawvr. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 4-24.
254
dayofaze kavSirebad da fondebad (Tumca samoqalaqo
kodeqsis miRebisas arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis
cneba mocemuli iyo germanulis msgavsad) da zogad
ganmartebas iZleva arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebisa,
konkretulad ar gamoyofs kavSirebisa da fondebis
definicias, Tumca cxadia am ukanasknelebsac moiazrebs
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis cnebaSi sxva arasame-
warmeo iuridiul pirebTan erTad, Tumca maTi definicia
doqtrinisa da praqtikis Sefasebis arealad datova.
gansazRvruli miznis miRweva iuridiuli piris erT-
erT konstituciur niSnadaa aRiarebuli. iuridiuli
piris dafuZnebisas damfuZnebeli yovelTvis raRacis
miRwevas isaxavs miznad da amisaTvis saWiroebs im nor-
matiul-samarTlebriv konstruqcias, romelsac iuridi-
uli piri ewodeba. am miznis gansazRvrisas erTmaneTisa-
gan gansxvavdeba samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani mizani
da iuridiuli piris monawileTaTvis mniSvnelovani
mizani. samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovnad unda CaiTvalos
iuridiuli piris Seqmna komerciuli (mogebis miReba)
Tu arakomerciuli (idealuri) miznebisaTvis. amgvari
dayofa samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovania imitom, rom
kanonmdebloba gansazRvrul SezRudvebs awesebs orga-
nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis arCevisas. iuridiuli
pirebis dayofas komerciul (mogebaze dafuZnebuli) da
arakomerciul (idealuri mizani) iuridiul pirebad
samarTlebrivad relevanturia, rameTu kanonmdebloba
garkveul SezRudvebs awesebs samarTlebrivi formebis
arCevisas (magaliTad arakomerciuli iuridiuli pire-
bi mxolod idealuri miznisaTvis, anu arakomerciuli
miznebisaTvis iqmneba).
organizebuli warmonaqmnobis miznis xasiaTidan
unda irkveodes, rom is aris erTjeradi, erTi moqmedebis
255
meSveobiT misaRwevi movlena. igi unda moiTxovdes
organizebuli warmonaqmnis arsebobas xangrZlivi va-
diT. kanoni sruliad bunebrivad da marTebulad ar
gansazRvravs am vadis xangrZlivobas, radgan vadis xan-
grZlivoba gamoiyeneba ara konkretuli kalendaruli
vadis aRsaniSnavad, aramed im ganzraxvis gamosaxatavad,
romelic safuZvlad udevs iuridiuli piris Seqmnas da
mis saqmianobas.
iuridiuli piris erT-erTi aucilebeli niSania
aseve is, rom mas unda hqondes Tavisi damoukidebeli
qoneba. es qoneba gancalkevebuli unda iyos wevrTa pi-
radi qonebisagan. es imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom zogi-
erTi Teoria amas gadamwyvetadac ki miiCnevs. iuridi-
uli piris qoneba arc damfuZneblebis, an masSi monawile
pirebis saerTo sakuTreba ar aris, maTi sakuTreba mx-
olod am iuridiuli piris wilebi an aqciebia. maSinac
ki roca saqme sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebTan
gvaqvs, romlis erTaderTi damfuZnebeli saxelmwifoa,
qonebis mesakuTred mainc iuridiuli piri gamodis.
damoukidebeli qonebis arseboba ukavSirdeba iuridi-
uli piris damoukidebeli qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxs. zogadi princi pis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli piri
kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.
TiTqmis yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba iuridiuli
piris erT-erT mniSvnelovan niSnad rogorc avRniSneT,
misi damoukidebeli qonebis arsebobas aRiarebs. magram
arc iuridiuli piris monawileebisP(partniorebis) pa-
suxismgeblobas gamoricxavs. magaliTad; safrange-
Tis samoqalaqo samarTliT Ria savaWro sazogadoeba
iuridiuli piria, magram misi partniorebi kreditorebis
winaSe pirdapir da SeuzRudavad ageben pasuxs. analo-
giur wesebs iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos 1994 wlis
256
kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~. im qveynebSi ki, sadac kanon-
mdebloba pirdapir gansazRvravs, rom iuridiuli piris
pasuxismgebloba mxolod misi qonebiT Semoifargleba,
sasamarTlo praqtikam gamonaklisebi mainc daamkvi-
dra. saxelmwifo sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi ki, romlebic
iuridiul pirebs warmoadgenen, maTi pasuxismgebloba
kreditorebis winaSe ar Semoifargleba mxolod maTi
qonebiT, damatebiT saxelmwifoc agebs pasuxs sawarmos
kreditorebis winaSe.
samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileobis ga-
martivebisaTvis iuridiul pirs aqvs sakuTari saxe-
li (mag; ss `rusTavcementi~, Sps `ganTiadi~ da sxva)
da, swored es niSani aRWuravs mas uflebamosilebiT
SeiZinos uflebebi da movaleobebi, ikisros (Seasru-
los) movaleobebi, dados garigebebi, an kidev sasamarT-
loSi gamovides mosarCeled da mopasuxed, e. i. iyos
yvela im urTierTobis monawile, romelsac mas samoqa-
laqo samarTali ganusazRvravs. iuridiuli pirisaTvis
samoqalaqo saxelis arseboba erT-erTi mniSvnelovania,
rameTu am saxelis meSveobiT xdeba misi individuali-
zeba da identifikacia. samoqalaqo samarTali, rogorc
kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebis samoqalaqo samar-
Tali, kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis warmoSobas
registraciis faqts ukavSirebs292 da mas konstituciuri
mniSvneloba aqvs.
iuridiuli pirebis dayofas saxeebad ara mxolod
Teoriuli, aramed didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobac aqvs.
mas mravali, xSirad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli samar-
Tlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba. es Sedegi ara mxolod
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivia, aramed arc Tu iSviaTad,
sajaro-samarTlebrivi, sagadasaxado-samarTlebrivi da
��. iuridiuli pirebis registraciis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT qvemoT gveqneba
saubari.
257
a.S. klasifikacias aseve mniSvneloba aqvs imisaTvis, rom
adamianebs an iuridiul pirebs mieceT arCevanis Sesa-
Zlebloba, kerZod gadawyviton, Tu organizaciis romeli
formaa maTTvis yvelaze xelsayreli da xelmisawvdomi,
moxerxebuli da gamarTlebuli, usafrTxo da garan-
tirebuli293~.
iuridiuli pirebi SeiZleba iyos korporaciulad
organizebuli, wevrobaze dafuZnebuli, wevrTa mdgo-
mareobaze damokidebuli an misgan damoukidebeli da
misdevdes an ar misdevdes mewarmeobas~ (ssk m. 24, n.2).
iuridiuli pirebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdnen garkveu-
li organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT: korporaci-
ulad organizebuli, anu gaerTianebebis safuZvelze
(mag; arasamewarmeo iuridiuli da samewarmeo iuridi-
uli pirebi). aseve am iuridiul pirebs SeiZleba hyavdeT
wevrebi (mag; sportsazogadoeba `fexburTis klubi~ an
kidev `ragbis klubi~), an SeiZleba iuridiul pirebs ar
hyavdeT wevrebi (aseTis magaliTad fondebi aviRoT, mag-
aliTad, fondi ìavnana~). TviTon wevrobaze damokide-
buli iuridiuli pirebi SeiZleba daiyos wevrTa mdgo-
mareobaze damokidebulad da wevrTa mdgomareobisagan
damoukideblad (pirvel SemTxvevaSi iuridiuli pirisa-
gan wevris gasvla am iuridiuli piris daSlas iwvevs,
miTumetes rom Tu es sakiTxi am iuridiuli piris sad-
amfuZneblo dokumentebiTaa daregulirebuli, xolo
Tu iuridiuli pirisagan wevris gasvla mis daSlas ar
iwvevs, aseT SemTxvevaSi saxeze gveqneba iuridiuli piri,
romelic wevrTa mdgomareobisagan damoukidebelia).
samoqalaqo samarTali icnobs kerZo da sajaro
samarTlis iuridiul pirebs.
258
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mimarT `nume-
rus klausa~-s princi pi gamoiyeneba, rac imaze miuTiTebs
rom kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis samarTlebrivi
wre kanoniT amomwuravadaa CamoTvlili. es imas niSnavs,
rom pirebs SeuZliaT daafuZnon mxolod is iuridi-
uli pirebi, romlebic kanoniTaa reglamentirebuli. ram
ganapiroba kanonis aseTi moTxovna? kerZo samarTali,
bunebriviaKKkerZo pirTa samarTalia, pirebis qonebri-
vi areali ki, - SeuzRudavi, zRvardaudebelia. maT rom
kanonmdeblobiT Tavisuflad ganesazRvraT iuridiuli
pirebis saxelwodebebi, es qaosis mets arafers Semoi-
tanda samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi da saerTod samoqa-
laqo brunvaSi. magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom, kerZo
samarTlis subieqtebs SezRuduli aqvT airCion iuridi-
uli pirebis formebs Soris maTTvis misaRebi mobiluri
forma konkretuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. jer
erTi, rom kerZo samarTlis subieqtebi uflebamosil-
ni arian daafuZnon rogorc arasamewarmeo (idealuri
miznis mqone294, aseve samewarmeo korporaciuli (mogebis
miRebaze orientirebuli) iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic
SeiZleba iyos sajaroc da kerZoc. gansxvaveba maT So-
ris saqmianobis mizansa da SedegSia.
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis saxelwodebis
Sesaxeb saubaria ssk 27-e muxlSi, xolo komerciuli
iuridiuli pirebis definicias gvawvdis `mewarmeTa Ses-
axeb kanonis~ m. 2, p. 1, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `mewarme
subieqtebi arian: individualuri mewarme, samewarmeo
amxanagoba, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba
(sps), komandituri sazogadoeba (ks), SezRuduli pasux-
ismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps), saaqcio sazogadoeba (ss,
��.idealuri miznis mqoned iuridiuli pirebi moiazrebian imdenad, ramdenadac
maTi saqmianoba saqvelmoqmedoa, aramogebis princi pebzea agebuli. mag, fondi
ìavnana~.
259
korporacia) da kooperativi.
komerciuli iuridiuli pirebi da individualuri
mewarme, rogorc kanoniT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ gaTval-
iswinebul ufleba - movaleobaTa subieqti, warmoiSoba
mxolod samewarmeo reestrSi registraciis momentidan.
Tu registraciamde mewarme subieqtis saxeliT raime
moqmedeba ganxorcielda, am moqmedebis Semsruleblebi
da sawarmos damfuZneblebi pasuxs ageben personalurad,
rogorc solidaruli movaleebi, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT
pirdapir da uSualod am moqmedebidan warmoSobili
yvela valdebulebisaTvis. es pasuxismgebloba ZalaSi
rCeba mewarme subieqtis registraciis Semdegac. soli-
daruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri
sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-
doeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da kooperativi warmoad-
genen iuridiuli piris statusis mqone sawarmoebs (kom-
paniebs). am kanoniT gansazRvruli individualuri me-
warme ar aris iuridiuli piri. individualuri mewarme
saqmian urTierTobebSi Tavis ufleba-movaleobebs ax-
orcielebs, rogorc fizikuri piri (kanoni `mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb, m. 2. p.2. p.3.).
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi gvawvdis iuridiuli
pirebis definicias, romelsac eZRvneba kari 2. ìuridi-
uli pirebi~,xolo qvekari 1. aregulirebs kavSirebTan
dakavSirebul samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebs,
Tavi 2. `registrirebul kavSirebs~, qvekari 2. `fond-
ebs~, qvekari 3. `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebs~
exeba, romlis msgavsi danawesi qarTul samoqalaqo
samarTalSi ar gvxvdeba. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebis samarTlebrivi regulireba xorcieldeba saqa-
rTvelos kanoniT `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piris Sesaxeb~, Tumca, samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urT-
260
ierTobebSi iseve monawileoben, rogorc kerZo samarT-
lis iuridiuli pirebi. sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirs dasaxuli miznebisa da dakisrebuli funqciebis
gansaxorcieleblad aqvs specialuri uflebaunariano-
ba. igi sakuTari saxeliT iZens uflebebsa da movaleo-
bebs, debs garigebebs da SeuZlia sasamarTloSi iyos mo-
sarCele da mopasuxe. saqarTvelos `sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb~, me-2 muxlis 1-li nawilis
Tanaxmad, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri aris Se-
sabamisi kanoniT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT
an kanoni safuZvelze saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis orga-
nos administraciuli aqtiT Seqmnili, sakanonmdeblo da
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebisagan gancalkev-
ebuli organizacia, romelic saxelmwifo kontroliT
damoukideblad axorcielebs politikur, saxelmwifoe-
briv, socialur, saganmanaTleblo, kulturul da sxva
sajaro saqmianobas, agreTve avtonomiuri respublikis
umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organos normatiuli aqtiT
Seqmnili, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebisagan gan-
calkevebuli organizacia, romelic saxelmwifo kon-
troliT damoukideblad axorcielebs socialur, sagan-
manaTleblo, kulturul da sxva sajaro saqmianobas.
q. TbilisSi, qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos normatiuli
aqtiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas sajaro samarTlis iuridi-
uli piri saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT àdgilobri-
vi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsiT~ gansazRvruli wesiT.
aRniSnuli kanonis me-3 muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad,
ki: `dasaxuli miznebisa da dakisrebuli funqciebis
gansaxorcieleblad sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs
aqvs specialuri uflebaunarinoba. igi sakuTari sax-
eliT iZens uflebebsa da movaleobebs, debs garigebebs
da SeuZlia sasamarTloSi gamovides mosarCeled da mo-
261
pasuxed~. `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri SeiZleba
Seiqmnas: kanoniT; saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT;
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organos administraciuli
aqtiT kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi;
avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli
organos normatiuli aqtiT, avtonomiuri respublikis
kompetencias mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad;
q. Tbilisis sakrebulos normatiuli aqtiT, kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarT-
velobis organoebis kompetenciisaTvis mikuTvnebuli
sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. sajaro samarTlis iuridi-
uli piri SeiZleba erToblivad daafuZnos ramdenime
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organom~ (kanoni `sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb~, m5, ùflebaunari-
anobis SeZena~).
BGB-s qvetituli III `sajaro samarTlis iuridi-
uli pirebi~$.89295 (`pasuxismgebloba organoebis moqmede-
bebisaTvis; gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba~), aRniSnulia:
(1) norma Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba xazinis mimarT, iseve
rogorc sajaro samarTlis korporaciebis, fondebisa
da dawesebulebebis mimarT~, xolo (2)-s Tanaxmad, ki:
analogiuri wesi dadgenilia $ 42 me-2 nawilis normis
mimarT im farglebSi, romlebSic igi gakotrebis saq-
mis warmoeba daSvebulia sajaro samarTlis korpora-
ciebis, fondebisa da dawesebulebebis mimarT296. aseTi
��. ix. kropholeri, ian, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, 2014;
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT, $. 89;
Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage.
Wolters Kluwer. стр. 16-17; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller,
2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 60-62.
��. ix. ian kropholeri, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari,
2014; germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT, $.
42; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2.
Auflage. Wolters Kluwer. стр. 5; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller,
2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 41-42.
262
dasaTaurebiT muxls Cven qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi
rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT, ver vxvdebiT.
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri SeiZleba Seiqm-
nas mxolod iseTi sajaro miznebisa da funqciebis
Sesasruleblad, romelTa ganxorcieleba uSualod ar
Sedis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis kompeten-
ciaSi, xolo Tu sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri
arsebiTad gadavida samewarmeo saqmianobaze, Sesabamisi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organo valdebulia daaye-
nos am piris reorganizaciis an likvidaciis sakiTxi.
sajaro samarTlis umTavresi iuridiuli piri sax-
elmwifoa. saxelmwifo metad abstraqtuli cnebaa. sain-
teresoa mainc konkretulad romeli organoebi gamodian
misi saxeliT sxva pirebTan urTierTobaSi? am kiTxvaze
pasuxs gagvcems ssk 24-e muxlis n.4, sadac aRniSnulia,
rom `saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli er-
Teuli samoqalaqo urTierTobebSi monawileoben is-
eve, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi. sax-
elmwifos an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ufle-
bamosilebebs am dros axorcieleben misi organoebi
(uwyebebi, dawesebulebebi da a. S.), ise, rom isini ar arian
iuridiuli pirebi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo ganaTlebis
politikas axorcielebs ganaTlebis saministrosa da
misdami daqvemdebarebuli struqturebis meSveobiT. am
SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebis saministro saxelmwifos war-
moadgens (igi ar aris iuridiuli piri).
saxelmwifo SesaZlebelia warmodgenil iqnes
iuridiuli pirebis saxiT, romlebic sanebarTvo, sagank-
argulebo wesiT fuZndebian (mag; finansTa saministros
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali Semosavlebis samsaxuri, ro-
melic sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria). sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis CamonaTvali SezRudu-
263
li ar aris, ganxxvavebiT kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebisagan, radgan saxelmwifo uflebamosilia Seqm-
nas imdeni iuridiuli piri, ramdenic ki misi politikis
ganxorcielebisaTvis iqneba saWiro.
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebs agreTve mie-
kuTvnebian e.w. sajaro-samarTlebrivi korporaciebi
(maT TviTmmarTvelobiTi organoebi - munici palitete-
bi ganekuTvneba). saxelmwifos darad isini iuridiuli
piria da misi organoebi ganyofilebebis, sxvadasxva
samsaxurebis formiTaa warmodgenili da sxva. sajaro-
samarTlebriv korporacias aseve miekuTvneba iseTi or-
ganizaciebi, romlebic saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili
saxsrebis xarjze funqcionireben, magaliTad sazoga-
doebrivi televizia, aseve sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirebs miekuTvnebian specialuri kanonmdeblobis safuZ-
velze Seqmnili organizaciebi, romlebic saxelmwifos
funqciebs da mis politikas axorcieleben Sesabamis
sferoebSi, magaliTad, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piria saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. saqarTvelos or-
ganuli kanonis erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb, 1-li muxlSi
Cawerilia, rom igi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria~.
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis CamonaTva-
li Zalzed farToa da mas ganekuTvneba saxelmwifo bib-
lioTekebi (erovnuli, sajaro biblioTeka), samecniero-
kvleviTi institutebi, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi
da sxv. dasavleTis kanonmdeblobisaTvis cnobilia e.w.
sajaro-samarTlebrivi fondebi, romelic gansazRvruli
miznisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul qonebas flobs, qarTul-
Si aseT fondad SeiZleba dasaxelebuliyo prezidentis
fondi.
`sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb~
kanonSi (m.2) aRniSnulia, rom `qalaq TbilisSi qalaq
264
Tbilisis sakrebulos normatiuli aqtiT SeiZleba
Seiqmnas sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri saqarT-
velos organuli kanoniT àdgilobrivi TviTmmarTv-
elobis kodeqsi gansazRvruli wesiT~. es ganpirobebu-
lia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsis 63-e mux-
lis me-3 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad: `q. Tbilisis mu-
nici palitetis (Semdgom Tbilisi), rogorc saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqis statusi gulisxmobs Tbilisis rogorc
gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, romelic
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi interesebis dasacavad uz-
runvelyofs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoe-
bis meSveobiT Tbilisis marTvas~. q. Tbilisis gansa-
kuTrebuli statusiT, kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis misi
aseTi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gamokveTilia imiT-
ac, rom igi aris saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos
mTavrobis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis, sxva organoe-
bis, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos, saqarTvelos
kontrolis palatis, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis,
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis, ucxo qveynis di plomati-
uri da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlo-
bebis adgilsamyofeli.
sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs agreTve war-
moadgenen politikuri partiebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebaa, misi miznidan gamomdinare
da rom isini monawileoben saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
da mmarTvelobis organoebis muSaobaSi _ ganapirobebs
maTi sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad yofnas.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT samoqalaqo kodeqsis
gardamavali da daskvniTi debulebebis 1509-e muxls,
kerZod mis 1-l nawils, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `samo-
qalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul sajaro samarTlis
iuridiul pirebad iwodebian:
265
a) saxelmwifo;
b) TviTmmarTveli erTeuli;
g) saxelmwifos mier kanonmdeblobis an adminis-
traciuli aqtis safuZvelze Seqmnili iuridiuli pire-
bi, romlebic ar arian Camoyalibebuli samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis an mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoniT gansazRvruli orga-
nizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT;
d) saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi da saxelmwifo
fondebi, romlebic ar aris Seqmnili samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis an mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis Sesabamisad;
e) sajaro miznebis misaRwevad kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze Seqmnili arasaxelmwifoebrivi organizacie-
bi (politikuri partiebi da sxva);
v) saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT aRi-
arebuli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri~ saqarT-
velos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebluri
eklesia;
z) am kodeqsis 15091 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli re-
ligiuri gaerTianebebi~.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091 muxli ki aviTarebs
azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom: religiuri gaerTianebebi Sei-
Zleba daregistrirdnen sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirebad, xolo amave muxlis me-2 nawili alternatiulad
gansazRvravs, rom aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli nawili
rodi zRudavs religiuri gaerTianebebis uflebas,
daregistrirdnen samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswineb-
uli arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiul pirebad,
agreTve eweodnen saqmianobas, rogorc samoqalaqo kod-
eqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli araregistrirebuli kavSiri.
sainteresoa sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mosaz-
reba religiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. saqarT-
velos 2011 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, `re-
266
ligiur saqmianobad iTvleba dadgenili wesiT regis-
trirebuli religiuri organizaciis (gaerTianebis)
saqmianoba, romlis mizania aRmsareblobisa da sarwmu-
noebis gavrceleba... (n1.) amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanax-
ma ki, `religiur saqmianobas uTanabrdeba im religiuri
organizaciebis (gaerTianebebis) sawarmoTa saqmianoba,
romlebic gamoscemen religiur (saRvTismsaxuro) lit-
eraturas an awarmoeben religiuri daniSnulebis sa-
gnebs; am organizaciebis (gaerTianebebis) an maTi sawar-
moebis saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia religiuri
(saRvTismsaxuro) literaturis an religiuri daniS-
nulebis sagnebis realizaciasTan (gavrcelebasTan);
agreTve aseTi saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis
gamoyeneba religiuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad~
(sagadasaxado kodeqsi, m. 11, n. 2)297.
religiuri gaerTianebebis registracias ki axor-
cielebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTv-
elobis sferoSi moqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piri~ sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento.
saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis
sferoSi moqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri
`sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento uflebamosilia
sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirad daaregistriros
saqarTvelosTan istoriuli kavSiris mqone religiuri
mimdinareoba an religiuri mimdinareoba, romelic ev-
ropis sabWos wevr qveynebSi kanonmdeblobiT miCneulia
religiad.
amave muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, `sajaro samar-
Tlis iuridiul pirad registrirebul religiur gaer-
��.migvaCnia, rom religiuri konfesiebi unda Camoyalibdnen da funqcionirebdnen
rogorc sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi, romlebic dafuZnebuli iqneboda
sazogadoebis wevrebis rwmenis Tavisufal arCevanze da ara sajaro samarTlis
iuridiul pirebad.
267
Tianebaze ar vrceldeba `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
piris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni; me-6 nawiliT gaT-
valiswinebul SemTxvevaSi ki, muxlis pirveli nawiliT
gaTvaliswinebuli religiuri gaerTianebebis registra-
ciis mimarT moqmedebs arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli pirebis registraciisaTvis dadgenili wesi
da maTi uflebamosileba ganisazRvreba samoqalaqo
kodeqsis pirveli karis meore TaviT~298.
azerbaijanis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 43.3 Tanaxmad,
àzerbaijanis respublika samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi monawileobs sxva iuridiul pirebTan
Tanasworad. am SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanis respublikis
uflebamosilebebi xorcieldeba misi organoebis meS-
veobiT, romlebic ar iTvlebian iuridiul pirebad~. `mu-
nici palitetebi samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTo-
bebSi monawileoben sxva iuridiul pirebTan Tanaswo-
rad. am SemTxvevaSi munici palitetis uflebamosilebas
axorcieleben misi organoebi, romlebic ar iTvlebian
iuridiulpirad~299.
`somxeTisa da saqarTvelos garda TiTqmis yvela
postsabWoTa qveyana gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom ara
saxelmwifo, aramed saministroebi da uwyebebi arian
iuridiuli pirebi da isini warmoadgenen saxelmwifos
mesame pirebTan urTierTobebSi. praqtikulad aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs samarTlebriv konstruqcias-
Tan, romelic ara mxolod ar Seesabameba kontinenturi
evropis samarTlis debulebebs iuridiuli pirebis Ses-
axeb, aramed aseve ewinaaRmdegeba postsabWoTa saxelm-
wifoebis samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi ganmtkicebul iuridi-
uli pirebis legalur definiciebs. saministroebisaT-
vis da uwyebebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli arc
gankerZoebuli qonebis, arc damoukidebeli pasuxismge-
��.saubaria II Tavze, kerZod, iuridiul pirebze.
. Гражданский кодекс Азербайджанской Республики, Глава 4. Юридические лица, § 1. Основные
��
положения, Статья 43. Понятие и виды юридического лица Статья 43.1.; 43.3.; 43.4.; www.google.com.
268
blobis arseboba, rac aris iuridiuli pirebis samoqa-
laqo -samarTlebrivi cnebis mniSvnelovani elementi. es
kidev erTxel aCvenebs, rom sajaro samarTlis iuridi-
uli pirebi gansxvavdebian kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebisagan~300.
iuridiuli pirebis uflebaunarianobis Sesaxeb.
iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianobis sakiTxSi saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsi kontinenturi evropis samar-
Tlebriv gzas iziarebs da ganamtkicebs zogadi ufle-
baunarianobis cnebas. ìuridiuli piris zogadi ufle-
baunarianoba misi moqmedebis Tavisuflebis aRiarebaa,
rac mas uflebas aniWebs, ganaxorcielos nebismieri mo-
qmedeba (`saqmianoba~), romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
adamianis TvisebebTan an akrZaluli kanonmdeblobiT~.301
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 25-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanax-
mad, `kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirs (samewarmeos Tu
arasamewarmeos) ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos kanoniT
aukrZalavi nebismieri saqmianoba, miuxedavad imisa, aris
Tu ara es saqmianoba misi sadamfuZneblo dokumentebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli~. kerZo samarTlis Tavisufleba aseve
mocemulia kodeqsis me-10 muxlis me-2 nawilSi, sadac
aRniSnulia, rom `samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawilee-
bs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi, maT
Soris kanoniT pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli nebismieri
moqmedeba~. miuxedavad kodeqsis amgvari definiciebisa,
erTmaneTTan ar unda gavaigivoT fizikuri da iuridi-
uli pirebis uflebaunarianoba. cxadia maT Soris re-
alurad aris gansxvaveba, rasac TviT iuridiuli piris
samarTlebrivi bunebac ganapirobebs. konstituciis 45-e
muxliT, konstituciaSi miTiTebuli ZiriTadi ufleba-
ni da Tavisuflebani maTi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT
vrceldeba agreTve iuridiul pirebzec. fizikur pir-
��. Wanturia, l., ramdenime mosazreba sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze~,
wignidan: r. Sengelia, saiubileo krebuli 70, samarTlis problemebi, 2012, gv. 219.
269
Tan SedarebiT, iuridiuli piri SezRudulia uflebebSi
misi bunebidan gamomdinare. zogadi uflebaunarianobis
miuxedavad, iuridiul pirSi Cans specialuri uflebau-
narianobis niSnebic. amdenad, saeWvo iqneboda iuridiul
pirTan mimarTebiT saerTo da specialuri uflebaunari-
anobis Cinuri kedliT gamoyofa~302. amis sailustraciod
SeiZleba magaliTis moyvana imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo
samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis arsebobis ganmsazRvre-
li xan `saerTo mizania~, xan kidev `saerTo sazogadoe-
briv -sasargeblo mizani~, romlis Secvlam iuridiuli
piris arsebobis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxic ki SeiZle-
ba daayenos dRis wesrigSi.
rogorc avRniSneT, samoqalaqo kodeqsi iuridiuli
pirebis or kategorias icnobs: kerZos da sajaros. Ta-
visTavad aman gamoiwvia azri iuridiuli piris ufle-
baunarianobis dualisturi bunebis Sesaxeb. zogadi
uflebaunarianobis definiciiT, iuridiuli piri nebism-
ieri samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile
SeiZleba iyos (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m.25, n.2, m.10. n.2.).
konkretuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel iuridiul
pirs, Tu es kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeba, SeiZleba Seecvalos
saqmianobis profili. zogadi uflebaunarianoba niS-
navs, rom iuridiuli pirebi arian mesakuTreebi nivTebi-
sa, uflebebisa da moTxovnebisa, mflobelebi, xelSek-
rulebis mxareebi, memkvidreebi, saqmiani partniorebi da
sxva. isini samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufali monawileebi
arian. iuridiuli pirebis samarTalsubieqturoba gan-
sxvavebuladaa mowesrigebuli fizikuri pirebis ufle-
baunarianobisa da qmedunarianobisagan gansxvavebiT. Tu
fizikuri pirebis SemTxvevaSi uflebaunarianoba da qme-
dunarianoba cal-calke warmoiSoba, kerZod fizikuri
pirebis uflebaunarianoba iwyeba dabadebiT da wydeba
gardacvalebiT (ssk m.11), xolo qmedunarianoba asak-
��. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 2005, gv. 216.
270
Tan da janmrTelobasTan aris dakavSirebuli (ssk m.12),
- iuridiuli pirebis SemTxvevaSi iuridiuli pirebis
samarTalsubieqturoba erTdroulad warmoiSoba, ker-
Zod misi registraciis momentidan da wydeba registra-
ciis gauqmebiT.
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebisagan gansxvave-
biT, romlisTvisac zogadi uflebaunarianobaa damaxa-
siaTebeli, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebisaTvis
uflebaunarianoba yovelTvis specialuria. miuTiTebs
kidec samoqalaqo kodeqsis 25-e muxlis 1-li nawili:
`sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri uflebamosilia ga-
naxorcielos kanoniT an misi sadamfuZneblo dokumente-
biT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis Sesabamisi saqmianoba~.
`zogierTi saqmianoba, romelTa CamonaTvalsac gansaz-
Rvravs kanoni, iuridiul pirs SeuZlia ganaxorcielos
mxolod specialuri licenziis/nebarTvis safuZvelze.
aRniSnuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba iuridi-
ul pirs warmoeSoba licenziis/nebarTvis miRebis momen-
tidan303 (magaliTad, iuridiul pirs sawyobis (rogorc
erT-erTi sasaqonlo operaciis (sabaJo reJimis) Seqmna
SeuZlia mxolod Semosavlebis samsaxuris nebarTvis
miRebis Semdeg)304. rogorc aRniSnuli muxlidan irkveva,
iuridiul pirs zogierTi saqmianobis ganxorcieleba
mxolod sajaro nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg SeuZlia. es
sajaro-samarTlebriv akrZalvas warmoadgens da, Tu
iuridiuli piri am moTxovnas daarRvevs, mas Sesabamisi
administraciul-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dae-
kisreba. magram aqve SeiZleba daisvas im mesame pirebis
`samarTlebrivi bedis~ sakiTxi, romlebic licenziis ga-
reSe funqcionirebdnen, magram mesame pirebTan debdnen
garkveuli saxis xelSekrulebebs (magaliTad, avtoteq-
momsaxurebis saxelosno, romelic funqcionirebda ne-
��.ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~.
��. ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, m. 231; xarazi, i., saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado samarTali, meore nawili, 2014.
271
barTvis, Sesabamisi registraciis gareSe, momsaxurebas
uwevda avtosatransporto saSualebebis mZRolebs). ase-
Ti magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba. cxadia, es
rodi aTavisuflebT maT pasuxismgeblobisagan.
aqvT Tu ara arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirebs damx-
mare xasiaTis samewarmeo saqmianobis ufleba? saerTod,
arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirebs kanoni ukrZalavs same-
warmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis uflebas, rogorc
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) idealuri miznis mqone
pirebs, magram maTi saqmianobis ukeT ganxorcielebis
mizniT, ssk 25-e muxlis me-5 nawili maT uflebamosile-
biT aRWuravs eweodnen damxmare xasiaTis samewarmeo
saqmianobas, romlidanac miRebuli mogebac unda mox-
mardes arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris
miznebis realizacias. aseTi saqmianobis Sedegad miReb-
uli mogebis ganawileba arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris
damfuZneblebs, wevrebs, Semomwirvelebs, agreTve xelmZ-
Rvanelobisa da warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis
mqone pirebs Soris dauSvebelia.
iseve, rogorc fizikur pirs SeiZleba hqondes
sacxovrebeli adgili, ìuridiuli piris sacxovrebeli~,
adgilsamyofeli, misi administraciis mdebareobis ad-
gilia. iuridiul pirs SeiZleba hqondes mxolod erTi
adgilsamyofeli (iuridiuli misamarTi), xolo iuridi-
uli piris sxva adgilsamyoflad misi filialis adgil-
samyofeli CaiTvleba.
aqve avRniSnavdiT, rom BGB-s mixedviT (iuridiul
pirebs aregulirebs $ 21-89)305, gansxvavebiT qarTuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan, gamoyofilia registrirebuli
kavSirebis ($55-79) da fondebis ($80-88) samarTlebrivi
reglamentacia. adre, samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirvel vari-
antSi arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi mocemuli iyo
��. damat. ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen,
Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H.
Beck. 24-62.
272
msgavsad BGB-si, kavSirebisa fondebis saxiT, magram
droTa ganmavlobaSi arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis
mravalferovnebam gamoiwvia qarTul samoqalaqo kod-
eqsSi cvlilebebi da ssk-is I karis II Tavi ìuridi-
uli pirebi~, romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: `zogadi
debulebani~(m.24-26) da àrasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli pirebi~ (m. 27-34), swored am ukanasknelSi ga-
nivTebulia arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
pirebis reglamentacia da ara kavSirebisa da fond-
ebis samarTlebrivi regulireba, rogorc es, rogorc
avRniSneT, samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebisas arsebob-
da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. aqve SevniSnavdiT,
rom germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi $ 89_Si saubrobs
`sajaro samarTlis pirebze~, kerZod `pasuxismgebloba-
ze organoebis moqmedebebisaTvis; gakotrebis saqmis
warmoebaze~ da aRniSnavs, rom: $ 31 (saubaria kavSiris
pasuxismgeblobaze misi organoebisaTvis) norma Sesabam-
isad gamoiyeneba xazinis mimarT, iseve rogorc sajaro
samarTlis korporaciebis, fondebisa da dawesebule-
bebis mimarT. (2) analogiuri wesia dadgenili $ 42 me-2
nawilis (1) (saubaria im SemTxvevaze, roca `gadaxdisu-
unarobis an zedavalianebis SemTxvevaSi gamgeobam unda
ganacxados gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis gaxsnis Ses-
axeb) debulebaSi. Tu adgili eqneba gancxadebis ward-
genis dagvianebas, braleulad moqmedi gamgeobis wevre-
bi valdebulni arian, aunazRauron kreditorebs amis
Sedegad miyenebuli ziani; isini pasuxs ageben rogorc
solidaruli movaleebi~) normis mimarT im farglebSi,
romlebSic gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba daSvebulia sa-
jaro samarTlis korporaciebis, fondebisa da dawese-
bulebebis mimarT~. msgavsi norma qarTul samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi ar mogvepoveba.
273
2. arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi.
saxelwodeba. registracia.
cvlilebebis registracia
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa

saqmianobis mizans ar warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmiano-
ba, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi warmodgenilia arasamewarmeo
iuridiuli pirebis saxelwodebiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsis
Tavdapirveli redaqciiT rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT,
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi warmodgenili iyvnen
kavSirebisa da fondebis saxiT, romlis registraciasac
sasamarTlo axorcielebda kavSiris adgilsamyoflis
mixedviT, xolo fondisas ki _ iusticiis saministro.
ufro mogvianebiT ki, arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis,
maTi filialebis registracias saqarTvelos finansTa
saministros registraciaze uflebamosili saxelmwifo
reestris mwarmoebeli organoebi axorcielebdnen sax-
elmwifo reestrSi saTanado CanawerebiT, saidentifika-
cio nomris miniWebiT, saxelmwifo da sagadasaxado reg-
istraciis mowmobis (administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqtis) gacemis safuZvelze.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebisda kvalobaze, arasame-
warmeo iuridiuli pirebis ricxovnobis zrdam, maTi
daregistrirebis adgilis Secvlam, ramac ufro mobi-
luri gaxada maTi saqmianobis kontrolic, cvlilebebis
Setana gamoiwvia samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi, rac
ZiriTadad arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
pirebis, ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris (warmomadgenlobis) registraciis cv-
lilebebSi gamoixata. vin SeiZleba iyos arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) pirebisa da ucxoeTis arasamewarmeo
iuridiuli pirebis filialis damfuZnebeli? damfuZne-
274
beli SeiZleba iyos fizikuri (rezidenti306 an arare-
zidenti307), an iuridiuli (saqarTveloSi an ucxoeTSi
Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT registrirebuli) piri.
rogorc fizikuri pirebis identifikaciisaTvis
aucilebelia saxelis qona, aseve iuridiuli pirebis
identifikaciis savaldebulo saSualebaa saxelwo-
deba (safirmo saxelwodeba). samoqalaqo kodeqsis 27-e
muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom àrasamewarmeo (arakomerciul)
iuridiul pirs aqvs saxelwodeba, romelSic aRiniSneba
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirisadmi
misi kuTvnileba~. kanoni krZalavs (2011 wlis cvlile-
bebiT, 01. 07. 2011, #5017) arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris saxelwodebaSi gamoyenebul iqnes is-
eTi grafikuli simboloebi, romelTac ar aqvT enobrivi
normebiT dadgenili bgeriTi an sityvieri Sesatyvisi,
aseve `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniTa da `mo-
qalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarT-
velos organuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iuridiuli
pirisa da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris samar-
Tlebrivi formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRniSvnebi.
amasTanave, saxelwodebas ar unda erTvodes raime iseTi
damateba, romelmac SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mesame
piri an/da gamoiwvios Secdoma an/da gaugebroba subi-
eqtis formisa Tu saqmianobis Sesaxeb~. arasamewarmeo
iuridiuli piris saxelwodeba aseve ar SeiZleba emTx-
veodes ukve daregistrirebuli arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciuli) iuridiuli piris saxelwodebas. praqtikaSi
��.saqarTvelos rezidentad mTeli mimdinare sagadasaxado wlis ganmavlobaSi,
iTvleba fizikuri piri,romelic faqtobrivad imyofeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze
183 dRe an metxans nebismieri uwyveti 12 kalendaruli Tvis periodSi, romelic
mTavrdeba am sagadasaxado wels, an fizikuri piri, romelic am sagadasaxado wlis
ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda ucxo qveyanaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi
(saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, m, 34, n. 2).
��. saqarTvelos ararezidentad iTvleba fizikuri piri, romelic
sagadasaxado kodeqsis 34-e muxlis mixedviT ar aris rezidenti.
275
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca axlad daarsebuli iuridiuli
pirebi unebarTvod iyeneben adre daarsebuli iuridi-
uli pirebis saxels, romlebic ukve farTod cnobilni
arian sazogadoebisaTvis da maT sayovelTao aRiareba
da prestiJi mopoves. amitom samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba
krZalavs axlad daarsebuli iuridiuli pirebis mier
sxva iuridiuli pirebis saxelis marTlsawinaaRmdegod
gamoyenebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi valdebulia
uflebamosili piris (visi saxeliTac marTlsawinaaR-
mdegod sargeblobs) moTxovnis safuZvelze Sewyvitos
aseTi sargebloba da aanazRauros marTlsawinaaRm-
dego sargeblobiT gamowveuli ziani. iuridiuli pire-
bi saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis SemTxvevaSi iyeneben
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul
normebs da moiTxoven Selaxuli saxelis restitucias
da aRniSnuli normebiT daregulirebul samarTlebriv
saSualebebs iyenebs im iuridiul pirTa winaaRmdeg,
romelTa ukanono saqmianoba maTi saxelis miTvisebiT
zianis momtania am arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebis
saqmianobisaTvis.
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebisaTvis registra-
ciis faqts gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. sad unda ga-
iaros arasamewarmeo iuridiulma pirma da ucxo qveynis
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris filialma (warmomad-
genlobam) registracia?
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da Sesabamis kanonebSi gaT-
valiswinebuli cvlilebebi (ssk m.28-32308) imaze miman-
iSnebelia, rom TandaTan martivdeba arakomerciuli
iuridiuli pirebis registraciis pirobebi, raTa igi
xelmisawvdomi gaxdes nebismieri im pirisaTvis, romelic
kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis daregistrirebas
��.30-e muxli amoRebulia.
276
iTvaliswineben.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, àrasame-
warmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris, ucxo qveynis
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris fili-
alis (warmomadgenlobis) registracia xorcieldeba me-
warmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
pirebis reestrSi. mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrs awarmoebs saqa-
rTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi
moqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri _ sajaro
reestris erovnuli saagento (Semdgom `maregistrire-
beli organo~). arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridi-
uli piris, ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris filialis (warmomadgenlobis) reg-
istracia xorcieldeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kod-
eqsiTa da mewarme subieqtebis, ucxo qveynis mewarme
iuridiuli piris filialis (warmomadgenlobis) regis-
traciisaTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
wesiT.
aqve gavakeTebdiT komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom `kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~(m. 57 SesaZleblad mi-
iCnevs ucxo qveynis sawarmos registraciis gadmota-
nas redomicilebas) saqarTveloSi, sawarmos saqmianobis
uwyvetobis daurRvevlad da daregistrirebas mxolod
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli samar-
Tlebrivi formiT. aseve SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi
registrirebuli sawarmos registraciis gadatana ucxo
qveyanaSi sawarmos saqmianobis uwyvetobis daurRvevlad,
Semdegi pirobebis arsebobisas: am qveyanasTan dadebu-
li saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT ar aris akrZaluli
sawarmos redomicileba; sawarmos winaaRmdeg saqarT-
veloSi ar mimdinareobs dava an gadaxdisuunarobis saq-
277
mis warmoeba an sisxlis samarTlis saqmis warmoeba;
sawarmos redomicilebis droisaTvis saqarTvelos saga-
dasaxado organoebis mimarT ar gaaCnia sagadasaxado
davalianeba. saqarTveloSi registrirebuli sawarmos
redomicileba aris sawarmos reorganizaciis tolfasi
da masze kanoniT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ reorganizaciis
maregulirebeli normebi vrceldeba~309. avRniSnavT, rom
saqarTveloSi funqcionireben saerTaSoriso finansuri
kompaniebi (magaliTad, ÀMS konsaltingi~), romelTaT-
vis saerTaSoriso finansuri kompaniis statusis mini-
Weba xdeba am kompaniis uflebamosili warmomadgenlis
gancxadebis safuZvelze, romelic unda akmayofilebdes
pirvel yovlisa saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmde-
blobis moTxovnebs310.
mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis re-
estris warmoebis pirobebsa da reestridan amonaweris
formebs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos iusticiis ministri
brZanebiT damtkicebuli `mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris registraciis Ses-
axeb instruqciiT~. `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iurid-
iuli piris, ucxo qveynis iuridiuli piris filialis
(warmomadgenlobis) registraciisaTvis gadaixdevineba
momsaxurebis safasuri. sajaro reestris erovnulma
saagentom gadawyvetileba arasamewarmeo (arakomer-
ciuli) iuridiuli piris, ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris filialis registra-
ciis Sesaxeb unda miiRos gancxadebi wardgenidan 1 sa-
muSao dReSi. maregistrirebeli organos gadawyvetile-
ba registraciis Sesaxeb ZalaSi Sedis mxarisaTvis
��. xarazi, i., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, pirveli nawili, 2015, gv. 159.
��. dawvr. ix. xarazi, i., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, pirveli nawili,
2015, 162-164.
278
oficialurad gacnobisTanave an gamoqveynebisTanave.
gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebad ki iTvleba misi saja-
ro reestris vebgverdze ganTavseba. sajaro reestris
erovnuli saagento valdebulia, rom daregistrirebu-
li arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirisa da ucxo qveynis
iuridiuli piris filialis registraciasTan erTad
mianiWos saidentifikacio nomeri da gasces amonaweri
mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridi-
uli pirebis reestridan. arasamewarmeo (arakomerci-
uli) iuridiuli piri aseve ucxo qveynis iuridiuli
piris filiali registraciis dokumentis miRebisTanave,
iRebs agreTve sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT
gadasaxadis gadamxdelis saidentifikacio nomers311.
registraciaze uflebamosili pirebi, romlebsac
dausabuTebeli uari eTqvaT arasamewarmeo iuridiuli
piris an kidev ucxo qveynis iuridiuli piris filialis
daregistrirebaze, uflebamosilni arian registraciaze
uari gaasaCivron saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadge-
nili wesiT.
`registraciis monacemebis mimarT moqmedebs utyua-
robisa da sisrulis prezumfcia, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
Tu dainteresebuli pirisaTvis winaswar iyo cnobili
am monacemebis uzustoba~.
bunebrivia ismis kiTxva: mainc rogor unda davreg-
istrirdeT arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridiul pi-
rad? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gagvcems samoqalaqo kodeqsis 29,
31 muxlebi. pirvel rigSi registraciiT dainteresebuli
piri maregistrirebel organos warudgens damfuZnebel-
Ta/wevrTa SeTanxmebas da gancxadebas, romelic unda
Seicavdes `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb iuridiuli piris registracisaTvis
��. damat. ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi; xarazi, i., saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado samarTali, pirveli nawili, 2015.
279
dadgenil savaldebulo monacemebs. gancxadebas xels
unda awerdnen damfuZneblebi (an maTi warmomadgenlebi).
gancxadebas Tan unda daerTos arasamewarmeo (arakomer-
ciuli) iuridiuli piris yvela partnioris mier xel-
mowerili da sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sadamfuZne-
blo dokumenti (wesdeba, wevrTa SeTanxmeba).
gancxadebis formas Tan unda erTvodes Semdegi do-
kumentebi: a) arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris saqmianobis mizani; b) arasamewarmeo (arakomerci-
uli) iuridiuli piris wevrad miRebis, wevrobidan gasv-
lisa da garicxvis wesi, Tu igi wevrobaze dafuZnebuli
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piria; g) re-
organizaciis an likvidaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi organos (piris) dasaxeleba, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis wesi da procedura; d) arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciuli) iuridiuli piris xelmZRvaneli organos
(xelmZRvaneli piris) Seqmnis (arCevis) wesi da ufle-
bamosilebis vada.
kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi filia-
lis cnebas, Cveulebriv komerciuli iuridiuli pirebis
struqturul qvedanayofad gamoiyeneben. filiali Sei-
Zleba gaaCndes rogorc komerciul, ise arakomerciul
iuridiul pirebs. komerciuli iuridiuli pirebis fil-
ialis samarTlebrivi statusi kanoniT `mewarmeTa Ses-
axeb~ aris mowesrigebuli, xolo arakomerciuli iurid-
iuli pirebis filialisa _ samoqalaqo kodeqsiT.
arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirs SeuZlia daarsos
filiali (warmomadgenloba).
arakomerciuli iuridiuli piris filiali gan-
calkevebuli qvedanayofia, romelic mdebareobs iuridi-
uli piris adgilsamyoflis gareT da srulad an nawi-
lobriv warmoadgens an asrulebs mis funqciebs, ar
280
aris iuridiuli piri da saqmianobas axorcielebs dam-
fuZneblis mier miRebuli aqtis (oqmis) safuZvelze. mas
arc damoukidebeli pasuxismgebloba akisria.
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris,
ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridi-
uli piris filialis (warmomadgenlobis) cvlilebebis
registracia iwvevs cvlilebebs maT sadamfuZneblo do-
kumentebSi (wesdeba, wevrTa SeTanxmeba) da misi regis-
tracia aucilebelia. arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris/ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciuli) iuridiuli piris filialis (warmomadgen-
lobis) registrirebuli monacemebis cvlilebis regis-
tracia xorcieldeba mewarme iuridiuli piris/fili-
alis (warmomadgenlobis) registraciisaTvis dadgenili
wesiT.
maregistrirebeli organo misi kompetenciisaTvis
mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze iRebs `sajaro reestris Ses-
axeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT registraciisa da informa-
ciis xelmisawvdomobisaTvis dadgenil, aseve `mewarme-
Ta Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 142 muxliT gaTval-
iswinebul gadawyvetilebebs. aseve, am gadawyvetilebis
gauqmebis wesic igive kanonis imave muxliT regulird-
eba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 32-e muxlis me-3 nawilis
Tanaxmad, àrasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris, ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris filialis (warmomadgenlobis) reg-
istraciis da registrirebul minacemebSi cvlilebis
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi maregistrirebeli organo, garda
mewarme subieqtisTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
gansazRvruli safuZvlebisa, iRebs gadawyvetilebas
saregistracio warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, Tu: a) reg-
281
istraciisaTvis wardgenili arasamewarmeo (arakomer-
ciuli) iuridiuli piris, ucxo qveynis arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris filialis (warmo-
madgenlobis) miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba moqmed samarTals,
aRiarebul zneobriv normebs an saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciur-samarTlebriv princi pebs; arsebobs saqarT-
velos konstituciis 26-e muxlis me-3 punqtiT312 gaTval-
iswinebuli pirobebi.
kanonis `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ me-6 muxlis
1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, `sajaro reestrSi registrire-
buli monacemebi da maregistrirebel organoSi daculi
dokumentacia aris sajaro da xelmisawvdomia gasac-
nobad nebismieri pirisaTvis, garda saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT dadgenili SemTxvevebisa~.
aRniSnuli kanonis me-11 muxliT gansazRvrulia
ùZrav nivTebze uflebaTa reestrSi registraciisadmi
daqvemdebarebuli uflebebi da valdebulebebi~, kerZod,
am muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, uZrav nivTebze ufle-
baTa reestrSi registrirdeba: a) sakuTreba; b) aRnagoba,
aRnagobis uflebis i poTekiT datvirTva; g) uzufruq-
ti: d) servituti; e) i poTeka; v) qiravnoba; qveqiravnoba;
z) ijara, qveijara; T) Txoveba; i) lizingi; k) sajaro
samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli sargeblobasa da mflob-
elobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi; l) uZrav nivTze
sakuTrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi.
kanonis me-11 muxlis me-41) punqtis Tanaxmad, ùZrav niv-
Tze SezRuduli ufleba registrirdeba Sesabamis Sez-
RudvasTan /valdebulebasTan erTad~.
kanonis me-16 muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad, ki:
��.dauSvebelia iseTi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmna da
saqmianoba, romlis mizania saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxoba an
ZaladobiT Secvla, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa, teritoriuli mTlianobis
darRveva, an romelic eweva omis an Zaladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul,
kuTxur, religiur an socialur SuRls~.
282
`moZrav nivTebsa da aramaterialur qonebriv sikeTeze
uflebaTa reestrSi registrirdeba: a) giravnoba (garda
finansuri giraosi313, romlis registracia regulirde-
ba sagadaxdo sistemisa da sagadaxdo momsaxurebis Ses-
axeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad); b) lizingi; g)
sabanko garantia.
saxelmwifos kontroli arasamewarmeo (arakomer-
ciuli) iuridiuli piris saqmianobaze. registraciis
minacemebi. xelmZRvaneloba da warmomadgenloba. samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs (m. 33) saxelmwifos kom-
petenturi organoebis mier kontrolis ganxorciele-
bas arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis
saqmianobaze. arakomerciuli iuridiuli pirebi sazoga-
doebrivi Zalis organizaciebia, romlebic did rols
TamaSoben sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebaSi. maT
aseve, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, gaaCnia damxmare same-
warmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba, romlidanac
miRebuli mogeba unda moxmardes TviT arakomerciuli
iuridiuli piris interesebs da ara mis damfuZnebelTa
da partniorebis ekonomikur interesebs, romelTa mag-
aliTebic (roca damfuZnebeli da partniori iTvisebda
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris samewarmeo saqmianobi-
dan miRebul mogebas) qveyanaSi samwuxarod araerTxel
dafiqsirebula da sisxlis samarTlisa da administraci-
uli samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZvel-
ic gamxdara. aqedan da sxva faqtorebidan gamomdinare,
gasagebia ssk 33-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli saxelm-
wifo kontrolis ganxorcieleba maT saqmianobaze.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
��. saqarTvelos kanonis sagadaxdo sostemisa da sagadaxdo momsaxurebis
Sesaxeb~ m.2 `terminTa ganmarteba~ q) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, `finansuri girao -
finansuri instrumentebi an angariSze ricxuli fuladi saxsrebi, romlebic am
kanonis Sesabamisad gamoyenebulia moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad.
283
iuridiuli pirebi ar asruleben kanoniT an maTi sad-
amfuZneblo dokumentebiT gaTvaliswinebul saqmianobas,
maSin maTi saqmianobis SeCerebis an akrZalvis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobis Sesabamisad314.
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba SeiZleba gamoixatos,
Tu arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri ar-
sebiTad gadavida samewarmeo saqmianobaze. am SemTxveva-
Si sasamarTlo maregistrirebeli organos anda dain-
teresebuli piris315 sarCelis safuZvelze ganixilavs
da wyvets arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) saqmianobis
SeCerebis an akrZalvis sakiTxs. sasamarTlos mier
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris saqmi-
anobis akrZalvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sem-
deg maregistrirebelma organom unda gaauqmos arasame-
warmeo iuridiuli piris registracia.
kanoni konkretulad miuTiTebs im pirTa (organos)
kompetencias, romlebic uflebamosilni arian arasame-
warmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebi warmoadgi-
non mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi. ssk 35-e muxli
konkretulad CamoTvlis aseT pirobebs, kerZod, àrasame-
warmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris damfuZnebe-
li (wevri) uflebamosilia erT pirs mianiWos saqmeebis
erTpirovnulad gaZRolis uflebamosileba anda daawe-
sos ori an orze meti piris erToblivi xelmZRvaneloba
da warmomadgenloba. Sida xelmRvanelobiTi urTier-
Tobebis dros (saqmianobis dros) xelmZRvanelobaze
��.sawarmos registraciis gauqmebis Sesaxeb ix. susg, as-799-1121-07, 27 Tebervali,
2008 weli.
��. dainteresebuli piri am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos vTqvaT arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris wevrebi, Tu wevrobaze dafuZnebuli
iuridiuli piria, an is pirebi, romlebic sargebels iReben am iuridiuli piris
saqmianobisagan (magaliTad, invalidTa daxmarebis fondis destinaterebis mier)
(destinaterebi is pirebis – fizikuri iuridiuli da sxv; visTvisac iqmneba
fondi) piradi, sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis fondis saxsxrebis moxmareba).
284
uflebamosili pirebi raime specialuri mindobilobs
gareSe warmoadgenen arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirebs
mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi, Tu kanonmdebloba ar
iTvaliswinebs aseT SezRudvebs. rac Seexeba warmomad-
genlobaze uflebamosil pirebs, isini SeiZleba iyvnen
sxva pirebi, garda arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis
damfuZneblebis an wevrebisa da warmoadgenen mindobi-
lobis safuZvelze arasamewarmeo iuridiul pirebs sxva
pirebTan urTierTobaSi (mag; advokati sasamarTloSi
daicavs arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris kanoniT dacul
interesebs, an kidev, masmediasTan urTierTobisas iyene-
ben xelSekrulebiT mowveul pirs Sesabamisi anazRaure-
biT da sxva). arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris organizacia da struqtura wesrigdeba wesdeb-
iT (wevrTa SeTanxmebiT), romelic saWiroebs sanotaro
wesiT damowmebas (ssk m.35)316.
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris
qonebis gasxviseba. zianis anazRaureba. SeiZleba Tu
ara arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris sakuTrebaSi ar-
sebuli qonebis gasxviseba? ra Tqma unda SeiZleba, mx-
olod kanoniT zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi. es,
kanoniT dadgenili SemTxvevebia: 1. Tu gasxviseba emsax-
ureba arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris
saqmianobas; 2. mis organizaciul ganviTarebas; 3. xels
uwyobs misi miznebis ganxorcielebas an, 4. emsaxureba
saqvelmoqmedo miznebs. arasamewarmeo iuridiul piris
(damfuZneblebs (wevrebs), rogorc vxedavT sakuTari pi-
radi interesebisaTvis organizaciis qonebis gasxviseba
ar SeuZliaT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT dadgeba
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli pasux-
ismgebloba.
��.dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `notariatis Sesaxeb~.
285
pasuxismgeblobis instituti mniSvnelovania
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris saqmianobaSi. arasame-
warmeo iuridiulma pirebma ise unda imoqmedon, rom
ziani ar miadges mesame pirebs am urTierTobidan, wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
piri pasuxs agebs im zianisaTvis, romelic miadgaT
mesame pirebs xelmZRvanelobisa da warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis mqone piris (pirebis) mier dakisre-
buli movaleobis Sesrulebisas iseTi moqmedebis ganx-
orcielebisas, romelic zianis anazRaurebas iwvevs.
xelmZRvanelobisa da warmomadgenlobiTi ufle-
bamosilebis mqone pirebis saqmianobis mimarT gamoiyeneba
ndobis, gulisxmierebis da keTilsindisierebis `mefuri
muxlebi~. ssk m. 8. n. 3-is cnobili debulebaa, rom `samar-
Tlebrivi urTierTobis monawileni valdebulni arian
da movaleobebi,~ romelic srulad miesadageba sk 37-e
muxlis me-2 nawils, sadac aRniSnulia, rom `xelmZRvan-
elobisa da warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis mqone
piri (pirebi) saqmes keTilsindisierad unda uZRvebod-
nen~. am movaleobis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi isini
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris winaSeEpasuxismgebelni
arian warmoSobili zianisaTvis. zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnaze uaris Tqma baTilia, Tu es aucilebelia
mesame pirTa moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. (analo-
giur muxls Seicavs mewarmeTa kanonic, kerZod m.9.7.),
romelic iTvaliswinebs komerciul iuridiul pirebSi
xelmZRvanelobaze uflebamosili pirebis sazogadoe-
bis saqmeebisadmi namdvili komersantis gulisxmierebiT
da keTilsindisierebiT gaZRolas. Tu isini ar Seas-
ruleben am movaleobas, warmoSobili zianisaTvis part-
niorebis winaSe solidarulad ageben pasuxs. sazoga-
286
doebis xelmZRvanelebma unda daamtkicon, rom maT ar
daurRveviaT TavianTi movaleoba. movaleobis darRve-
vis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba gardauvalia. magali-
Tad, arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanelobaze
uflebamosili piris mier ganxorcielebuli aramarTl-
zomieri, daudevari moqmedebis gamo ziani mTlianad
am iuridiuli pirebis xelmZRvanelebs daekisraT sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebiT da aseT araerT SemTxvevebs
SevxvdebiT sasamarTlo praqtikaSi. zianis kompensaci-
is Semdeg mesame pirTaTvis regresuli (ukumoTxovnis)
uflebis safuZvelze arakomerciuli iuridiuli piris
winaSe gadaxdili zianis Tanxas sasamarTlo daakis-
rebs xelmZRvanelobaze an warmomadgenlobaze ufle-
bamosil pirebs. arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris qoneba
xelmZRvanelobisa da warmomadgenlobis uflebamosili
pirebis qonebisagan damoukidebelia. arakomerciuli
iuridiuli piris wevrebi iuridiuli piris valdeb-
ulebebisaTvis pasuxs ar ageben, rogorc arasamewarmeo
iuridiuli pirebi pasuxs ar ageben misi wevrebis, aseve
misi xelmZRvanelobisa da warmomadgenlobiTi ufle-
bamosilebis mqone pirebis valdebulebebisaTvis.
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris
reorganizacia da likvidacia. arasamewarmeo (ara-
komerciuli) iuridiuli piris samarTlebrivi formis
Secvla dauSvebelia, xolo gayofa (dayofa, gamoyofa),
Serwyma (gaerTianeba, mierTeba) da likvidacia xor-
cieldeba mewarme subieqtis likvidaciisaTvis/ reor-
ganizaciisaTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadge-
nili wesiT. arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli
piris likvidaciis Sedegad darCenili qonebis miRebaze
uflebamosil pirs registraciis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT
gansazRvraven arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridi-
287
uli piris damfuZneblebi/wevrebi. arasamewarmeo (ara-
komerciuli) iuridiuli piris likvidaciisas qonebis
gasxviseba SesaZlebelia, Tu: a) gasxviseba xels uwy-
obs mis mier dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas; b) gasxviseba
emsaxureba saqvelmoqmedo miznebs; g) qoneba gadaecema
sxva arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiul pirs
(ssk m. 38, n. 2.). akrZalulia arasamewarmeo (arakomerci-
uli) iuridiuli piris likvidaciis Sedegad darCenili
qonebis ganawileba mis damfuZneblebs/wevrebs, xelmZR-
vanelobiTi da warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis
mqone pirebs Soris.
salikvidacio procesis damamTavrebeli stadia
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis qonebis ganawilebaa,
anu unda ganisazRvros qonebis miRebaze uflebamosili
pirebi. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 38-e muxlis me-4 nawili
adgens, rom Tu arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridi-
uli piris damfuZneblebma ar gansazRvres misi likvi-
daciis Sedegad darCenili qonebis miRebaze uflebamo-
sili piri, sasamarTlo arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris likvidaciis Sedegad darCenil qone-
bas gadascems erT an ramdenime arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciul) iuridiul pirs, romlebsac aqvT igive an ms-
gavi miznebi, rogorebic likvidirebul arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciul) iuridiul pirs. xolo Tu aseTi iurid-
iuli piri (pirebi) ar arsebobs an aseTi iuridiuli
piris (pirebis) gamovlena SeuZlebelia, SeiZleba miRe-
bul iqnes gadawyvetileba am qonebis saxelmwifosaTvis
gadacemis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom qoneba SeiZleba gaanawi-
los likvidaciis procesis dawyebis registraciidan 6
Tvis gasvlis Semdeg.
likvidacias xelmZRvanelobaze uflebamosilebis
mqone piri (pirebi) axorcieleben, xolo gansakuTrebul
288
garemoebaTa arsebobisas saqarTvelos finansTa samin-
istros uflebamosil organos SeuZlia mimarTos sa-
samarTlos sxva likvidatorebis daniSvnis moTxovniT317.
likvidatorebi pasuxs ageben, rogorc xelmZRvanelobisa
da warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis mqone pirebi.
Tu miRebulia sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli gana-
Ceni sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, - likvidacias axor-
cielebs sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli likvidatori
(likvidatorebi). kanoni krZalavs arasamewarmeo (ara-
komerciuli) iuridiuli piris mimarT salikvidacio da
reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis war-
moebas mis mimarT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis warmoebis
dawyebis momentidan sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli gana-
Cenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde an sisxlis samarTlis
saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetamde.
saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris brZaneba
(2009wlis 31 dekemberi, #2410), `mewarmeTa da arasame-
warmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiul pirTa registraciis
Sesaxeb~ instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze~, awesrigebs
samewarmeo da arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis sax-
elmwifo registraciis wesebs. kerZod; àrasamewarmeo
iuridiuli piris registracia saregistracio pirobebs
unda akmayofilebdes, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar akmay-
ofilebs, - sagento valdebulia registraciis sakiTxze
miiRos gadawyvetileba registraciis, xarvezis dadgenis
an registraciaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, xolo saamiso
safuZvlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Sewyvitos saregistra-
cio warmoeba an ganuxilvelad datovos gancxadeba~318.
saregistracio warmoebis dawyebis safuZvelia: a)
��.vTqvaT finansTa saministros dasabuTebuli eWvi aqvs, rom likvidaciis saqmes
keTilsindisierad ar udgebian, an sxva SemTxvevebSi.
��. saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris brZaneba (2009wlis 31 dekemberi, #2410),
`mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiul pirTa registraciis
Sesaxeb~, m. 14, n.1
289
dainteresebul pirTa gancxadeba; b) saagentosaTvis
kanonmdeblobiT, zemdgomi organos an sasamarTlo aqtiT
(arbitraJis gadawyvetilebiT) dakisrebuli valdebule-
ba – miiRos gadawyvetileba. gancxadebis wardgena da
Sesabamisi dokumentebis gacema warmoebs eleqtronuli
programis saSualebiT; saagento gancxadebis warmodge-
nas adasturebs Sesabamis eleqtronul programaSi misi
registraciiTa da masze saregistracio nomris miniWe-
biT.
`saagentos gadawyvetileba gamoicema eleqtronuli
formiT da Seicavs Semdeg monacemebs: a) gadawyvetilebis
saxe; b) saTauri; g) gamomcemi organos dasaxeleba da
misamarTi; d) gamocemis dro da gancxadebis registra-
ciis nomeri; e) dasabuTeba da samarTlebrivi safuZ-
vlebi; v) im organos dasaxeleba da misamarTi, sadac
SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba da saCivris ward-
genis vada.
subieqti warmoSobilad, registracia gauqmebulad,
xolo registrirebuli monacemebi Secvlilad iTvleba
registraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi Sesvlis
momentidan. gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis misi saagen-
tos vebgverdze ganTavsebisTanave319~.
saagento iRebs gadawyvetilebas xarvezis dad-
genis Sesaxeb, Tu: saregistraciod wardgenili doku-
mentebi ar aris warmodgenili aRniSnuli instruqciis
da moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT320 dadgenili formiT da
wesiT; saregistraciod wardgenilia arazusti, araid-
entificirebadi an arasrulyofili monacemebi; ar aris
gadaxdili momsaxurebis safasuri kanonis `sajaro re-
estris~ mier dadgenili wesiT da sxv. Tu samewarmeo
��
. ix. dasax. instruqc. m. 14, p. 203.
��. konkretul SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba samoqalaqo kodeqsis da saqarTvelos
kanonis `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ Sesabamisi normebi.
290
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris saregistracio do-
kumentebi wardgenilia, magram igi ar akmayofilebs reg-
istraciisaTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadge-
nil pirobebs, an es pirobebi mogvianebiT ispoba, arasame-
warmeo iuridiuli pirs xarvezis gamosasworeblad
eZleva xarvezis aRmoCenidan 30 dRiani vada, romelic
aiTvleba dainteresebuli piris mier xarvezis dadge-
nis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis oficialurad gacnobidan,
xolo gadawyvetilebis erovnuli saagentos Sesabamis
vebgverdze gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi – gamoqveynebi-
dan. aRniSnuli vadis gagrZeleba dauSvebelia, xolo
Tu xarvezis gamosasworeblad dadgenili vadis ganmav-
lobaSi xarvezi ar gamosworda (ar aRmoifxvra), mareg-
istrirebeli organo uars ambobs iuridiuli piris reg-
istraciaSi gatarebaze. registracia uqmdeba mxolod
likvidaciis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg. bunebrivia
warmoiSoba kiTxva: iuridiuli piri daregistrirebulia,
magram mogvianebiT gairkva, rom igi ar akmayofilebda
registraciisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs. am
iuridiul pirTan urTierTobisas ki, mesame pirebi endo-
bodnen kanoniT dadgenil debulebas, imis Sesaxeb, rom
registraciis mimarT utyuarobisa da sisworis prezum-
fcia moqmedebs da masTan garkveul samoqalaqo-samar-
Tlebriv urTierTobebSi Sevidnen. maTTvis miyenebuli
zianis SemTxvevaSi aramarTlzomierad daregistrirebu-
li arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piri agebs Tu ara pasuxs
zianis kompensaciaze? cxadia pasuxi dadebiTia. - pasuxs
agebs. aq moqmedebs prezumfcia imis Sesaxeb, rom iuridi-
uli piri `sworad daregistrirebulia~. analogiur de-
bulebas vxvdebiT kanonSi `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~. kerZod,
Tu sawarmo registrirebulia, magram igi ar akmayofi-
lebs registraciis pirobebs, an es pirobebi mogvianebiT
291
ispoba, registracia uqmdeba, Tu es xarvezi ar iqneba
gamosworebuli. registraciis gauqmebamde SecdomiT
registrirebuli sawarmo ganixileba rogorc uSec-
domod registrirebuli, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca es
ar ewinaaRmdegeba calkeuli pirebis an sazogadoebis
arsebiT interesebs da sawarmos damfuZneblebs (part-
niorebs) ar ganucxadebiaT amis Sesaxeb~.
mokled komerciuli iuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ (m.2. p.2) gansaz-
Rvravs mewarme subieqtebis eqvs oragnizaciul-samarT-
lebriv formas. esenia: individualuri mewarme, solida-
ruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (sps), komandituri
sazogadoeba (ks), SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-
doeba (Sps), saaqcio sazogadoeba (ss, korporacia) da
kooperativi. aqedan individualuri mewarme ar warmoad-
gens iuridiul pirs.
kanonis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, `solidaruli pasux-
ismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelSic
ramdenime piri (partniori) erToblivad, erTiani safirmo
saxelwodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas da sazoga-
doebrivi valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pa-
suxs agebs, rogorc solidaruli movaleebi, - mTeli
Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod~. `solidaruli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis mizania ori an meti
piri erToblivad eweodes samewarmeo saqmianobas erTi,
saerTo safirmo saxelwodebiT. amasTan, sazogadoebis
TiToeuli wevris saqmianoba ganixileba rogorc mTeli
sazogadoebis saqmianoba~321.
`komandituri sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba,
romelSic ramdenime piri erTiani safirmo saxelwodeb-
iT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas, Tu sazogadoebis kredi-
��. Wanturia, l., niniZe, T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, mesame gamocema,
2002, 228.
292
torebis winaSe erTi an ramdenime partnioris pasux-
ismgebloba gansazRvruli sagarantio Tanxis gadaxdiT
Semoifargleba _ SezRuduli partniorebi (komanditebi),
xolo sxva partniorebis pasuxismgebloba SezRuduli
ar aris _ sruli partniorebi (komplementarebi) (kanon-
is m.34). komandituri sazogadoebis partniori SeiZleba
iyos rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri.
kanonis 44-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SezRuduli pasux-
ismgebobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis pa-
suxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe Semoifargle-
ba mTeli misi qonebiT. aseTi sazogadoebis dafuZneba
SeuZlia erT pirsac~.
`saaqcio sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis
kapitali dayofilia wesdebiT gansazRvruli klasisa
da raodenobis aqciebad. aqcia aris aramaterializebuli
saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs saa-
qcio sazogadoebis valdebulebebs partnioris (aqcio-
neris) mimarT da aqcioneris uflebebs saaqcio sazoga-
doebaSi.... saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas kapitali
SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismieri odenobiT.~(m. 51).
kanonis `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ 60-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
ki: `kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saqmianobaze da-
fuZnebuli an wevrTa meurneobis ganviTarebisa da Se-
mosavlis gadidebis mizniT Seqmnili sazogadoeba, rom-
lis amocanaa wevrTa interesebis dakmayofileba da igi
mimarTuli ar aris upiratesad mogebis miRebaze~. koop-
erativi SeiZleba iyos magaliTad: nedleulis mompov-
ebeli, sasoflo-sameurneo an sarewao produqciis erTo-
blivi gasaRebis kooperativebi da sxva322.
araiuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo samar-
��.arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia moiZieT
saiti: http://www.civilin.org/pdf/Guidebook-final.pdf `არასამეწარმეო იურიდიული პირების
დაბეგვრის თავისებურებები საქართველოში“, gzamkvlevi.
293
TalSi. kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawilee-
bi mxolod kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi (same-
warmeo, arasamewarmeo) rodi arian, aseve kanoni iTval-
iswinebs (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 39) araregistrirebuli
kavSiris (gaerTianebis) (m.39) da erToblivi saqmianobis
(amxanagobis) (m. 930-940). aqtiur monawileobas samoqa-
laqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi. ra ganmasxvavebeli
niSani axasiaTebs araregistrirebul gaerTianebas, reg-
istrirebuli gaerTianebisagan? mxolod erTi ganmasx-
vavebuli, ZiriTadi niSani - registraciaSi gatareba, ris
gamoc igi ver Rebulobs iuridiuli piris statuss (ase-
Ti arsebobda skolebSi sameTvalyureo sabWoebis saxiT,
an kidev ufro adre mSobelTa komiteti da sxva). gan-
sxvavebiT registrirebuli iuridiuli pirebisagan, ara-
registrirebuli kavSiris (gaerTianebis) mowyobisa da
struqturis sakiTxebi ganisazRvreba mis wevrTa urT-
ierTSeTanxmebiT (urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZveli Sei-
Zleba iyos wesdeba, an vTqvaT wevrTa Soris dadebuli
xelSekruleba).
araregistrebuli kavSiris msgavsad registrire-
bul kavSirs SeiZleba hqondes saxeli, gaaCndes sabanko
angariSi da sxva. sainteresoa ra saxsrebiT arseboben
aseTi ti pis organizaciebi? amaze pasuxs gagvcems sk
39-e muxlis me-2 nawili: `wevrTa sawevro Sesatanebi da
am SesataniT SeZenili qoneba Seadgens araregistrire-
buli kavSiris (gaerTianebis) saerTo qonebas.
radganac araregistrirebuli kavSiri pirTa gaer-
Tianebis Sedegadaa warmoSobili, mis wevrTa SeTanxme-
biT SesaZlebelia igi sasamarTloSi an sasamarTlos-
gareSe urTierTobebSi warmodgenil iyos wevrebiT an
warmomadgenlobaze uflebamosili pirebiT.
kreditorebis moTxovnebi araregistrirebuli ka-
294
vSiris (gareTianebis) saerTo qonebidan SeiZleba da-
kmayofildes. amasTanave, personalurad da, rogorc
solidaruli movaleebi pasuxs ageben agreTve is pirebi,
romlebic moqmedebdnen araregistrirebuli kavSiris
(gaerTianebis) saxeliT.
Tu araregistrirebuli kavSiri iqmneba e. w. ideal-
uri miznebisaTvis, - amxanagobis Seqmnisas ki gamokveTil-
ia saerTo-sameurneo miznebis miRweva, igi miznad isax-
avs Semosavlebis miRebas da kanoniTac ganmtkicebulia
miRebuli Semosavlebis ganawilebis wesi. èrToblivi
saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebiT ori an ram-
denime piri kisrulobs erToblivad imoqmedos saerTo
sameurneo an sxva miznebis misaRwevad xelSekrulebiT
gansazRvruli saSualebebiT, iuridiuli piris Seuqm-
nelad~ (m. 930). èrToblivi saqmianoba, anu amxanagoba,
rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierToba jer
kidev romis samarTlidan aris cnobili. uZvelesi amx-
anagobis xelSekrulebebi Tavdapirvelad ojaxis wevrTa
(ZiriTadad Zmebisa da mama-Svilebis) mier erToblivad
warmoebul saqmianobas aregulirebda. am urTierTobam
samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis garkveuli etapebi gaiara
da yvela qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi Taviseburi asaxva
hpova, Tumca yovelTvis Seucvleli iyo is ZiriTadi Ta-
viseburebebi (amxanagobis saqmianobis mizani, monawile
subieqtebi, amxanagobis saqmianobis Sedegebi, amxanagoba,
rogorc samarTlis subieqti da a. S.), romliTac is mkve-
Trad aris gamijnuli sxva samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobisagan~323.
erToblivi saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niS-
nebi aseve aisaxebodnen amxanagobis sxvadasxva formeb-
Si, magaliTad rogoricaa; savaWro amxanagoba, saaqcio
��. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi meore,
Tbilisi, 2001; gv. 275. axvlediani, z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, 1999.
295
sazogadoebebi, sruli amxanagoba, romlebic cnobili
iyo ruseTisa da Semdgom sabWoTa periodis kerZo kanon-
mdeblobaSi.
amxanagoba ar aris iuridiuli piri, masSi monawilee-
bma unda Seitanon xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
Sesatanebi, wilis an qonebis gadacema mesame pirebisaT-
vis xelSekrulebis sxva monawileTa Tanxmobis gareSe
dauSvebelia, Tu xelSekruleba sxva rames ar iTval-
iswinebs. erToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) wevrebi
saqmeebs erToblivad uZRvebian da amxanagobas warmoad-
genen sxva pirebTan urTierTobaSi. Tu xelSekrulebiT
sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, Semosavals amxana-
gobis wevrebi inawileben wilis Sesabamisad.
kanonSi gamokveTilia (m. 937) amxanagobis monawile-
Ta solidaruli pasuxismgebloba erToblivi saqmiano-
bidan warmoSobili valebisaTvis, anu moqmedebs princi-
pi: èrTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis~, rac damaxa-
siaTebelia yvela am ti pis gaerTianebebisaTvis, iqneba is
komerciuli iuridiuli piri (magaliTad solidaruli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba), Tu araregistrirebuli
amxanagoba.
rac Seexeba xelmZRvanelobasa da warmomadgenlo-
bas amxanagobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi iuridiul
pirs ar warmoadgens, Tu xelSekrulebiT ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli xelmZRvanelobis wesebi, maSin isini
`saqmeebs erToblivad uZRvebian~. Sida pasuxismgebloba
maTi wilis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba. rogorc zemoTac
avRniSneT, monawileTa wilis Sesabamisad ageben pasuxs,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu xelSekrulebiT pasuxismge-
blobis sxva formebs xelSekrulebiT ar gansazRvraven.
àmxanagobebi xSirad gamoiyeneba araiuridiuli
piri fondebis saxiT, romlis drosac xdeba finans-
296
uri saxsrebis gaerTianeba SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli
miznebis dasafinanseblad. magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli
niWis mqone axalgazrdebis xelSewyobis fondi SeiZle-
ba arsebobdes amxanagobis formiT. binis menaSeneTa an
sabinao-samშeneblo amxanagoba erToblivi saqmianobis
kidev erT gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens~324.
msxvili ekonomikuri proeqtebis gansaxorciele-
blad amxanagoba, e.w. konsorciumebis saxelwodebiT,
didi popularobiT sargeblobs. magaliTad, baqo-Tbili-
si-jeixanis navTobsadenis mSenebeli da operatori or-
ganizacia arsebobs konsorciumis formiT325~.
,,arauflebaunarian kavSirs germanuli samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobac icnobs, romlis Tanaxmad arauflebiani
gaerTianebebis mimarT gamoiyeneba miTiTebebi ubralod
amxanagobis Sesaxeb. aseTi kavSiris saxeliT mesame
pirebTan dadebuli garigebis mixedviT, am ukanasknelis
winaSe piradad pasuxs agebs is piri, romelmac dado ga-
rigeba~. Tu ki garigeba dadebulia ramdenime piris mier,
maSin isini pasuxs ageben solidarulad~.326
325 . iqve.
326. d. mJavanaZe, Германское право, Т1. Гражданское уложение, под. ред. М. «алеский, М. 1996,
24. araregulirebeli kavSiri. Jurnali ,,samarTali~ #9,10, 2013. 43
297
k i T x v e b i
1. ganmarteT iuridiuli piris cneba

2. daaxasiaTeT iuridiuli piris niSnebi
3. ganmarteT termini: ìuridiuli piris samarTal-
subieqturoba~
4. arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris ra saxeebs ic-
nobT?
5. rogor davaregistriroT arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciuli) iuridiuli piri?
6. ra formiT xorcieldeba arasamewarmeo (arako-
merciuli) iuridiuli piris reorganizacia da likvi-
dacia?
t e s t e b i
1. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi:

a) samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi ar
monawileoben
b) samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monaw-
ileoben iseve, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebi
g) monawileoben mxolod korporaciul pirebTan
urTierTobisas
d) monawileoben mxolod registraciis Semdeg.
2. iuridiuli piris adgilsamyoflad iTvleba:

a) misi administraciis mdebareobis adgili
b) filialis mdebareobis adgili
g) iuridiuli piris adgili ganisazRvreba iusti-
298
ciis ministris brZanebiT
d) iuridiuli piris adgils adgens xelmZRvanelo-
baze warmodgenili pirebi.
3. arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris saxelwodeba:

a) SeiZleba emTxveodes sxva arasamewarmeo iuridi-
uli piris saxelwodebas
b) ar SeiZleba emTxveodes ukve registrirebuli
arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris saxelwodebas
g) SeiZleba emTxveodes komerciuli iuridiuli
piris saxelwodebas
d) SeiZleba emTxveodes sajaro samarTlis iuridi-
uli piris saxelwodebas.
4. akrZalulia Tu ara likvidaciis Sedegad darCe-

nili qonebis ganawileba arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris
damfuZneblebs, wevrebs, xelmZRvanelobisa da warmomad-
genlobiTi uflebis mqone pirebs Soris?
a) daiSveba iusticiis ministris brZanebiT
b) daiSveba arakomerciuli iuridiuli piris xelmZ-
Rvanelobis uflebis mqone pirebis gadawyvetilebiT
g) akrZalulia likvidaciis Sedegad darCenili
qonebis ganawileba arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli)
iuridiuli piris damfuZneblebs, xelmZRvanelobisa da
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis mqone pirebs So-
ris
d) daiSveba, Tu es arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piris
wesdebiTaa gansazRvruli.
299
k a z u s i
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 25-e muxlis me-5 nawilis Tanax-
mad Seudga damxmare xasiaTis samewarmeo saqmianobis
ganxorcielebas, xolo aqedan miRebul mogebas in-
awilebdnen am iuridiuli piris damfuZneblebi. arasame-
warmeo iuridiuli piris erT-erTma damfuZnebelma sar-
Celi Seitana sasamarTloSi danarCeni damfuZneblebis
winaaRmdeg. mogebis mimRebma pirebma sasamarTloSi ga-
nacxades, rom maT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 25-e muxlis me-5
nawili amis uflebas aZlevs.
rogor gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda sasamarTlo?
300
Tavi V. g a r i g e b e b i
1. zogadi normebi garigebebis Sesaxeb
`xelSekruleba unda aalaparako!~

rober bulanJe
`xelSekruleba is mSvenieri sasaxlea,

sadac Sesvla advilia, gamosvla ki – Zneli~
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi adamianebi uamrav garige-

bas deben da gansazRvraven am garigebis Sinaars. `ga-
rigebis~ rogorc terminis warmoSoba XVIII saukunes
ukavSirdeba. am definiciis warmoSobas arnold haiz-
es saxels ukavSirdeba. 1807 wels gamocemuli Sromis
pirvel wignSi _ `zogadi moZRvrebani~, haizem samoqa-
laqo samarTlis sistemis dasaxasiaTeblad `moqmede-
bani~ moixsenia, romelic or paragrafadaa dayofili:
`nebis garigeba~ da gansakuTrebiT `garigebani~. es
sistema gansakuTrebiT ganavrco pandeqturma samarTal-
ma, gansakuTrebiT-savinim.
jer kidev romaelma iuristebma miaqcies yurafRe-
ba mxareTa nebis gamovlenis da ganmartebis sakiTxebs.
`romis valdebulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, `Bovae Fidei~
xelSekrulebebis gaCenamde mxareTa nebis axsna-ganmarte-
ba xelSekrulebebis dadebisas araviTar siZneles ar
warmoadgenda. saxeldobr, mxareTa Sinagan gamoxatul
nebas ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala (gamoxatvis Teoria):
interpretatio secundum verba. nebis gamoxatuleba dgebo-
da im obieqturi faqtebis gverdiT, romlebic garigebis
formas Seadgendnen326.
326. lobJaniZe, g., romis saxelmwifo da samarTali, II, 290.
301
`Bovae Fidei~ xelSekrulebebis dadebiT romaul
samarTalSi TandaTan mkvidrdeboda nebis Teoria, anu
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac xelSkrulebebis dadebisas
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli ara marto is, rasac
mxareebi acxadeben, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, is, rac
maT namdvilad surT garigebebSi Sesvlisas~327.
klasikur samarTalSi nebis Teoria jer kidev ar
iyo pirvelxarisxovani da igi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
gamoiyeneboda, roca nebis gamoxatuleba ar iyo srulad
gasagebi da moqmedebda formula, rodesac ar arsebobs
gamoxatul nebis codnaSi eWvi, saWiroc ar aris scado
rom gaarkvio mxareTa Sinagani neba. magram rac dro ga-
dioda, TandaTan ufro ikrebda Zalas nebis gamoxatvis
Teoria da saboloo saxiT Camoyalibda iustinianes
dros da formulis saxe miiRo, kerZod, kontrahentebis
SeTanxmebebSi ufro meti yuradReba unda daTmoboda
nebas, vidre masSi arsebul gamoxatvas328.
Zvel qarTul samarTalSi `garigeba~ gacilebiT
farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda, vidre Tanamedrove
samoqalaqo samarTalSi da igi raimes dadgenas, dawese-
bas, gansazRvras gulisxmobda329.
garigebis cneba uzogadesi cnebaa, rac imas niS-
navs, rom igi ara marto samoqalaqo samarTalSi gamoiy-
eneba (mis eqvsive wignSi), aramed kerZo samarTlis sxva
dargebSic: samewarmeo, sabanko, Sromis da sxv. dargebSi.
`garigeba ~- TviT cneba germanuli warmoSobisaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi pirvelad samarTlebriv
sivrceSi Semotana haizes saxels ukavSirdeba, magram
klasikuri formiT, anu rogorc igi dRes gvaqvs moce-
327. iqve.
328. ix. romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes ìnstituciebi~. Tbilisi, 2002;
ДгестЫ Юстниана. Пер. и комментарии И. С. Перетерского, М; 1984; ДгестЫ Юстниана (Отвеств
ред. Л. Л. Кофано, М; 2002-2006.
��. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis komentari, wigni pirveli, 165-166.
302
muli mravali qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi _ savins uka-
vSirdeba. swored savinis saxels ukavSirdeba Teori-
ulad termini `nebis gamovlena~.
`samarTlis subieqtTa moqmedebebi, romliTac mi-
iRweva kerZo -samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, SeiZleba daiyos
Semdegnairad: 1. garigeba aris moqmedebaTa erToblioba,
rodesac, sul cota, erTi moqmedeba gamoxatavs gansaz-
Rvruli samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevisaken mimarTul
nebis gamovlenas.... calmxrivi garigebebia, mag; xelSek-
rulebis Sewyveta, Secileba, xelSekrulebidan gasvla,
jildos sajarod dapireba, nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis
mitoveba, xolo mravalmxrivi garigebebis nimuSia mag;
xelSekruleba. samarTlebrivi Sedegi dgeba mxareTa
nebis safuZvelze. 2. garigebis msgavsi moqmedebebi uSua-
lod ar Seexeba maTgan miRebul samarTlebriv Sedegebs
da aseve isini ar axasiaTebs maT; marTalia, aseTi moq-
medebebi xSirad xorcieldeba samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
gacnobierebiT, Tumca am Sedegebis dadgoma damokidebu-
lia mxolod moqmedebaze da ara piriqiT, mxareTa nebaze.
magaliTebi: gafrTxileba, vadis dadgena,.. pretenzia na-
klis aRmofxvraze... 3. realuri moqmedebebi iseTi moq-
medebebia, romlebic mimarTulia ubralod faqtobrivi
Sedegis miRwevisaken da, rogorc wesi, igi ar exeba arc
samarTlebriv urTierTobas da arc samarTlebriv Sede-
gebs, Tumca kanoni - mxareTa nebisagan damoukideblad
maT ukavSirebs gansazRvrul samarTlebriv Sedegebs.
mag; mflobelobis miReba, mflobelobis mitoveba, nivTis
gadacema, gadamuSaveba, Sereva, napovari (ganZi)....~.330
`nebis gamovlena piradi nebis gamoxatvas warmoad-
gens, romelic samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevisaken aris
mimarTuli. nebis gamovlena samarTlebrivi Sedegis miR-
��. kroholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 29.
303
wevisken mimarTuli nebis gamovlenaa. igi ori elementi-
sagan Sinagani nebisa da nebis gamoxatvisagan Sedgeba.
piris Sinagani neba SeiZleba sam nawilad daiyos, kerZod:
moqmedebis nebad (Handlungswille), gamoxatvis nebad (Erk-
laerungsweille) da garigebis nebad (Geschaeftswille). moq-
medebis nebaSi moqmedebis gaTviTcnobiereba moiazreba.
aq gaTviTcnobierebuli nebelobiTi aqti igulisxmeba,
romelic realuri ganxorcielebisken aris mimarTuli
(magaliTad, neba mimarTulia laparakisaken, sxvadasxva
mimikisken {Tavis dakvra, Tavis gaqneva331); an siCumisken;
gamoxatvis neba saxezea, rodesac pirs gaTviTcnobiere-
buli aqvs, rom misi moqmedeba aucileblad raRac samar-
Tlebriv Sedegs gamoiwvevs... (amis klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgens, rodesac auqcionze SemTxveviT moxvedri-
li a. misalmebis mizniT xels uwevs mis megobars da ver
warmoudgenia, rom misi misi xelis aweva 200 larad Se-
fasebuli vazis larnakis yidvis oferts warmoadgens...
marTalia a. xelis awevisas moqmedebis nebiT xelmZRvan-
elobda, saxeze ar gvaqvs a-s gamoxatvis neba, radganac
a-s xelis aweviT aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegis miR-
weva ar surda, igi mxolod da mxolod mis megobar
b-s miesalma; garigebis nebis qveS iseTi neba moiazreba,
romlis gamoxatvisas pirs konkretuli samarTlebrivi
Sedegis miRweva surs.... (magaliTad, a-s surs b-s Tavisi
avtomobili 7600 larad mihyidos, Tavis SeTavazebul
ofertSi ki SecdomiT 6700 lars wers. marTalia, am Sem-
TxvevaSi saxeze ar gvaqvs a-s garigebis neba, radgan mas
am samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRweva ar surs. mas surs Ta-
visi avtomobili ara 6700, aramed 76000 larad gayidos...332
avtomobili cxadia arsebiTi SecdomiT dadebuli ga-
��. damat. ix. iaSvili, n., maRalaSvili, e., naWyebia, z., saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebis praqtika, Tbilisi, 2006, 52-59.
��. mariamiZe, g., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili,I nawili, I gamocema, 2011, 51-53.
304
rigebis safuZvelze gamyidvels daubrundeba, anu a-s
SeuZlia sacilo gaxados nivTis 6700 larad gayidvis
faqti.
Tanamedrove germanul samarTalSi garigeba ger-
manuli BGB-s zogad nawilSia mocemuli da mas 104
paragrafidan 181 paragrafamde333 eZRvneba. aRniSnul
paragrafebSi detaluradaa gadmocemuli garigebebis
saxeebi, qmedunarianoba garigebis dadebisas, garigebis
dadebis formebi, SeTanxmebebi, pirobebi da vadebi ga-
rigebis dadebisas, warmomadgenloba garigebebSi da
sxva. aqve avRniSnavdiT, rom germanul samoqalaqo kod-
eqsSi, im paragrafebSi, romlebic garigebebs exeba, ram-
denadme sxva formiTaa warmodgenili garigebebTan da-
kavSirebuli definiciebi, vidre es qarTul samoqalaqo
kodeqsSia. magaliTad, `sasamsaxuro an SromiT-samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebi~ ($113), `sasamarTlo wesiT damt-
kicebuli morigeba~($127{a}, `sanotaro wesiT damowmeba~
($128) (qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi – sajaro re-
estrSi daregistrireba, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi
sanotaro damowmebac gamoiyeneba, magaliTad saqorwino
kontraqtis dadebisas da sxv; Tumca SevniSnavT, rom
ZiriTadad qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba garige-
bebis cnebebis axsnisas ZiriTadad mihyveba germanul
samoqalaqo kodeqss.
unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelma kanonmdebelma saqarT-
velos samoqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTad `saSen masalad~
germanuli kodeqsis garigebis Sesabamisi paragrafebi
gamoiyena, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom garigebebis sxvadasxva
Tavebis Semotanisas kodeqsSi sxvadasxva qveynis samarT-
��.damat. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание,
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, стр. 19-35; Bürgerliches
Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs,
Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 77-190.
305
lis analogiuri normebic gamoiyena, romlebic sakmaod
`komfortulad moewyvnen~ qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi.
magaliTad, `SecdomiT dadebuli garigebebis kodifici-
rebisas, germanulis garda gamoyenebul iqna Sveicariul
da italiur samarTalSi miRebuli debulebebi. àrse-
biTi Secdomis definiciisa da klasifikaciis brwyin-
vale nimuSs warmoadgens `valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb~ Svei-
cariis kanoni. misi 23-e da 24-e muxlebi mTlianad Ca-
jda qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. aseTive mowadinebiT
gamoviyeneT Cven 26-e muxlis me-2 nawilic, romelic
daudevrobis Secdomis iuridiul Sedegebs exeba. calke
mowesrigda motivSi da uflebaSi Secdomis SemTxvevebi.
aqac Seveicariuli da italiuri samarTlis gavlenebi
igrZnoba. zogadi norma franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsis
110-e muxlis gavlenas ganicdis334...~. `daaxloebiT analo-
giurad ganviTarda movlenebi motyuebis Sesaxeb normebis
SemuSavebisas. komisiis mier mowonebul debulebebSi
Cans franguli da inglisuri samarTlis gavlenebi. zo-
gierTi norma waagavs braziliis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi
arsebuls. inglisuri samarTlis kvali atyvia 81-e mux-
lis me-2 nawils, romelSic saubaria wayruebiT motyueba-
ze. komisiam ar gaiziara gaufrTxileblobiT motyuebis
germanuli varianti: iZulebis kodeqsiseuli cnebac da
Sinaarsic franguli samarTlidanaa aRebuli335~.
Tu gadavxedavT germanuli samoqalaqo samarT-
lis normebs, romlebic `Tanxmobas garigebebSi~ exebian,
aSkarad davinaxavT, rom igi zustad gadmovida erovnul
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi identuri dasaxelebis TavSi (m.
99-102). germanuli BGB-s 165-e, 167-e, 175-e, 177-e 179-e da
sxva paragrafebi, romlebic warmomadgenlobis insti-
tuts exeba, recefcirebul iqna germanuli samoqalaqo
��. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 223.
306
samarTlidan. germanulSi am nawils `warmomadgenloba
da rwmunebuleba~ hqvia, CvenTan ki _ `warmomadgenloba
garigebebSi~. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ga-
rigebis dadebisas formis arCevis sakiTxs da qarTuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom igi
àm mxriv srulad emTxveva avstriis samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 283-e paragrafis debulebebs, romlis Tanaxmad, ga-
rigebis monawileebis mier nebis gamovlenis arCeva Ta-
visufalia. Sveicariis samarTalic igives ganamtkicebs
da arsebiTad qarTuli kodeqsis analogiurad wyvets
formis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs. am mxriv gansxvaveba ar
Cans germanul samarTalSic336~.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 50-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, `garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mra-
valmxrivi nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyveti-
saken~. germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar iZleva cnebas
`garigebisa~, I titulis $104 pirdapir iwyeba qmeduun-
arobis337 definiciiT. garigebis arsebobisas sul mcire
erTi piris nebis gamovlenac sakmarisia. nebis gamovlena
garigebis safuZvelia, fundamentia. magram misi identuri
mainc ar aris. xSir SemTxvevebSi samarTlebrivi Sede-
gis dasadgomad nebis gamovlena sakmarisi ar aris da
mas Tan unda erTvodes piris garkveuli realuri aqtis
ganxorcieleba, an kidev romelime organos Sesabamisi
moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, a-m b-s mihyida
raime nivTi. garigeba rom Sedges da samarTlebrivad
vargisi iyos, saWiroa ara mxolod garigebis dadebis
faqti, aramed mkveTrad gamoxatuli realuri moqmedeba:
��. germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi erTguli darCa termins `qmeduunarobisa~,
maSin roca qarTulma samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobam igi `mxardaWeris mimReb
pirad~ Secvala sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.
307
a-m b-s unda gadasces nasyidobis sagani, xolo b-m unda
gadaixados Sesabamisad anazRaureba. `garigeba aris
nebis gamovlena. am sakiTxis mimarT orgvari midgoma ar-
sebobs. erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, garigebis definiciaSi
mTavaria neba, rogorc aseTis - es nebis Teoriaa. bune-
brivia, rodesac pirs surs miaRwios raime samarTlebriv
Sedegs, am SemTxvevaSi es Sedegi nebis gamovlenis gar-
eSe ar dadgeba. srulad SesaZlebelia Sinagani neba da
gamovlenili neba ar emTxveodes erTmaneTs... saTanado
samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobisas am dros SeiZle-
ba daisvas sakiTxi nebis gamovlenis baTilobis Ses-
axeb. magram vidre misi baTiloba moxdebodes arsebuli
nebis gamovlena garigebad rom CavTvaloT manamde xom
ucnobia piris Sinagani neba, amdenad Sinagani da gareT
gamovlenili nebis urTierTmimarTeba interesis sagani
xdeba maSin, rodesac maT Soris arsebobs konfliqti,
Seusabamoba. manamde nebis gamovlena unda miviCnioT im
sinamdviled, romelsac hqvia garigeba338~.
kiTxvaze garigeba kerZo nebis gamovlenaa, Tu obi-
eqturis? _ unda gavceT pasuxi calsaxad: garigeba upi-
ratesad kerZo nebis gamovlenaa, magram amavdroulad
obieqturi nebis gamovlenacaa da es upiratesad valdeb-
ulebiT-samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, _ garigebebs exeba,
sadac neba metad avtonomiuria da cxadia pirTa Soris
urTierTobebic meti dispoziciurobiT xasiaTdeba. amis
saukeTeso magaliTia saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis
princi pi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, romelic saukeTeso
gamoxatulebas poulobs 319-e muxlSi, romelic samoqa-
laqo brunvis umTavres faseulobas warmoadgens. aRniS-
nuli muxli xelSekrulebis dadebis da aseve misi Si-
naarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebasac gulisxmobs. kon-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 166.
308
trahirebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo samarTlis, kerZod
ki, valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis funda-
menturi princi pia da misi mizani samoqalaqo brunvis
monawileTa interesebis dacvaa. an kidev, `mesame pirTa
sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekruleba~(m. 349-351), rom-
lebic pirebs SesaZleblobiT aRWuraven, ara mxolod
iseTi garigebebi dadon, romlis samarTlebrivi sikeTis
(sargeblis) adresatebi TviTve iqnebian, aramed, kontra-
hentTan dadon xelSekrulebebi ara TavisTvis, aramed
mesame pirTa interesebisaTvis, an kidev `Tu mesame piri
uars ambobs xelSekrulebiT SeZenil uflebebze, maSin
kreditors SeuZlia TviTon moiTxovos valdebulebis
Sesruleba (ssk m. 351.). amaze meti Tavisufleba ra Sei-
Zleba iyos, _ kreditorebi sruli uflebamosilebiT
arian aRWurvili ara marto xelSekrulebis ti pis, Si-
naarsis arCevaSi, aseve TviTon damoukideblad gansaz-
Rvron adresati kontrahentTan dadebuli xelSekrule-
bebisas.
Tu valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi garigebebis
(xelSekrulebebis) dadebisas piris kerZo avtonomia
farTod aris gamokveTili, rom maT SeuZliaT dadon
iseTi xelSekrulebebic, rac kanoniT ar aris gaTval-
iswinebuli, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas, _ sanivTo samar-
TalSi garigebebis dadebisas gamokveTilia kanonis obi-
eqturi neba, aq sanivTo-samarTlebrivi reg-lamentacia
mkacradaa SemosazRvruli, `numerus klausa-s~ princi piT.
es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom sanivTo garigebebis wre ka-
noniTaa moxazuli. yvela SemTxvevaSi garigeba kerZo
(subieqturi) da sajaro (obieqturi) nebis gamovlinebis
rezultatad unda warmovidginoT. sanivTo garigebebi
samoqalaqo samarTalSi sanivTi uflebis warmoSo-
bis, Secvlis da Sewyvetiskenaa mimarTuli, Tumca unda
309
SevniSnoT, rom `sanivTo uflebaTa mimarT igive Sede-
gebs iwvevs valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi garigebac.
magaliTad, rogoricaa sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSoba
nasyidobis safuZvelze... sanivTo da valdebulebiT ga-
rigebas Soris gansxvaveba maT SinaarsSi vlindeba. ker-
Zod uflebis warmoSobis gzaSi da ara imdenad TviT am
uflebis xasiaTSi. nasyidobis gziT Cndeba sakuTrebis
sanivTo ufleba, magram TviT nasyidoba valdebulebiTi
garigebaa339~. ,,valdebulebiTi da sanivTo garigebis er-
Tiani mizani – sanivTo uflebis warmoSoba, ganapirobebs
maT mWidro samarTlebriv kavSirs. amdenad, garigebis
formaTa namdvilobas – iuridiuli Zalis, baTilobis,
gauqmebis, warmomadgenlobis mimarT moqmedi normebi er-
Tiani ZaliT vrceldeba erT xelSekrulebaSi Semaval
sanivTo da valdebulebiT pirobebze~.340
sanivTo garigebis mimarT gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo
kodeqsis zogadi normebi garigebaTa Sesaxeb, Tuki, TviT
sanivTo samarTlis normebi sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs.
magaliTad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sanivTo garigebebis dade-
bas sanivTo samarTlis socialuri wesebi iTvaliswinebs.
`miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi
pirdapir ar axsenebs sanivTo SeTanxmebas rogorc sa-
kuTrebis uflebis gadamcem gankargviT garigebas, igi
mainc miCneul unda iqnes arsebulad qarTul samar-
TalSi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e muxlis
arsiT igi Sedis werilobiT dokumentSi, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom am ukanasknels SeiZleba ewodebodes nasyido-
bis, Cuqebis, gacvlis, amxanagobis da a.S. xelSekruleba,
anu masSi mieTiTeba gankargviTi garigebis safuZvlad
��
. zoiZe, b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, 2003, 10.
340. SoTaZe T., sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi 2014, 43.
310
arsebul mavaldebulebel garigebaze340~. mag; samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis 183-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, ùZravi
nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia garigebis werilobiTi
formiT dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT gansazRvruli
sakuTrebis uflebis registracia sajaro reestrSi~.
sanivTo garigebebSi, gansxvavebiT valdebulebiT-
samarTlebrivi garigebebisagan, xelSekrulebis dadebis
Tavisuflebis princi pi ar gamoiyeneba. aq kanonis nor-
matiuli neba zeimobs. sanivTo garigebebSi gvxvdeba
normebi, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba sanivTo uflebebze
uaris Tqma (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 184). sanivTo
garigeba xSir SemTxvevaSi valdebulebiTi urTierTo-
bebis Sesasrulebladaa mimarTuli. giravnoba (ssk m.
254-285) da i poTeka (ssk m. 286-310) amis saukeTeso magali-
Tia (giravnoba da i poTeka valdebulebiTi urTierTo-
bis gareSe ar arsebobs).
garigebebi Taviseburi formebiT Tavis gamoxat-
ulebas poulobs saojaxo-memkvidreobiT, inteleqtual-
uri sakuTrebis, SromiT -samarTlebriv da sxva urTier-
TobebSi.
mokled sajaro-samarTlebrivi garigebebis Ses-
axeb, romlebic sajaro samarTlis dargebSia mocemuli.
SedarebiTi analizi rom gavakeToT, am ori gansxvave-
buli sistemis samarTlis dargebSi (kerZo da sajaro
samarTlis dargebSi) garigebis dadebis samarTlebrivi
princi pisa, Cven arsebiT gansxvavebas davinaxavT. magali-
TisaTvis aviRoT administraciuli samarTali. adminis-
traciul garigebas eZRvneba zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsis damoukidebeli V Tavi341. `kodeqsSi ar aris
mocemuli administraciuli garigebis cneba, magram 66-e
muxlSi ganmartebulia, rom samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv
��. WeWelaSvili, z., sanivTo samarTali, 2010. 183-184.
��. loria, v., saqarTvelos administraciuli samarTali, 2002, 314.
311
urTierTobebSi administraciuli organo moqmedebs mx-
olod kanoniT misTvis miniWebul uflebamosilebaTa
farglebSi. administraciuli garigebis aseTi cneba erT-
gvarad gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo samarTalSi mocemuli
cnebisagan. zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis ganmarte-
ba am ukanasknelis ganmartebisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom
samoqalaqo samarTalSi garigeba ar aris Semofargluli
subieqtebis uflebamosilebiT da gansazRvrulia, rom
igi SeiZleba iyos calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi
nebis gamovlena. maSasadame, samoqalaqo garigeba Sei-
Zleba Seexos qonebrivi urTierTobis nebismier sakiTxs.
administraciul garigebebSi qonebrivi sakiTxebi Semo-
farglulia administraciuli organos misTvis kanoniT
miniWebul uflebamosilebaTa farglebSi. amitom, Tu
moqalaqes SeuZlia magaliTad, dados garigeba nebis-
mier sakiTxze, administraciul organos ufleba aqvs
dados qonebrivi xasiaTis garigeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mis kompetenciaSi aqvs es gaTvaliswinebuli~342. sajaro
samarTlis organoebi garigebebis dadebisas kisrulo-
ben garkveul valdebulebebs garigebis aRsasruleblad,
magram mesame piri sargeblobs garkveuli uflebebiT am
garigebebSi, romelsac eTanxmeba administraciuli or-
gano, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi garigeba ar Sedgeba. Tu
kerZo samarTlebrivi garigebebis dadebisas pirTa (ga-
rigebis damdebi mxareebis sruli avtonomiaa gamokveTi-
li, amas ver vityviT sajaro-samarTlebrivi garigebebis
dadebisas, sadac garigebis dadebisas sajaro samarT-
lis konkretuli subieqtis (administraciuli organos)
nebaa gamokveTili.
rogorc prof. b. zoiZe aRniSnavs, `komisiam mi-
uReblad miiCnia kodeqsSi im normebis Setana, romelTa
��. loria, v., dasax. naSr; 314.
312
mixedviTac sacilo garigebis (magaliTad, motyuebis, Za-
ladobis) baTiloobisas qonebrivi sargeblis mimRebi
xdeba saxelmwifo. ruseTis da sxva postsabWouri qvey-
nebis samoqalaqo kodeqsebs sabWoTa samarTlis msgavsad,
baTili garigebis arenaze SemohyavT saxelmwifo~343.
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi garigeba garkveuli iurid-
iuli Sedegebis momtania misi damdebi mxareebisaTvis,
radgan misi dadeba samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis war-
moSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas iwveven (magaliTad, mamkvi-
dreblis nebis gamoxatva anderZis formiT iwvevs misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg anderZismieri memkvidreebisaTvis
axali samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZ-
vels, rac naanderZevi qonebis miRebaSi gamoixateba, an
kidev, samoqalaqo kodeqsis zianis anazRaurebis normebi
(ssk m. 408-415), deliqturi normebi, sxvadasxva samarT-
lebriv Sedegs ukavSirdeba da igi SeiZleba iyos samo-
qalaqosamarTlebrivi, administraciul-samarTlebrivi
da sisxlissamarTlebrivic. amis saukeTeso magaliTia
kumulaciuri sanqciebi piris mimarT, romelic sxva pirs
marTlsawinaaRmdegod ayenebs zians.
marTlzomieri Tu aramarTlzomieri nebis gamov-
lena unda CaiTvalis garigebad? cxadia orive. Tu piri
kanonis yvela moTxovniT debs garigebas, cxadia misi
nebis gamovlena marTlzomieria da iuridiuli Zalis
mqone garigebasTan gvaqvs saqme, magram marTlsawinaaR-
mdego nebis gamovlenac garigebis faqts warmoadgens,
magram misi marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamo _ igi deliqtia.
aseTia meryevad baTili da ucilod baTili (arara) ga-
rigebebi, romlebic ar warmoSoben samarTlebriv Sede-
gebs. rac Seexeba cnebas `meryevi garigeba~,_aq cneba
`meryevi~ niSnavs, rom aseTi ti pis garigebebi namdvi-
313
lobisa da baTilobis zRvarze arian (mag; ssk m. 63.
n. 1.). am SemTxvevaSi kanoni TiTqos elodeba `viRacis~
Tanxmobas rom kanonis mier `sapirwoned dadebuli ga-
rigeba~ namdvilad iqces. Tu moiwonebs mas mowonebaze
uflebamosili piri, - igi namdvili iqneba. mag; `Tu aras-
rulwlovani debs ormxriv garigebas (xelSekrulebas)
kanonieri warmomadgenlis aucilebeli Tanxmobis ga-
reSe, maSin xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebulia
imaze, SemdgomSi misi warmomadgeneli moiwonebs Tu ara
mas (ssk m. 63, n. 1). gamodis ra, rom arasrulwlovanis
dadebuli garigeba saeWvooa, anu meryevia, _ igi kanonieri
warmomadgenlis Tanxmobas (nebis gamovlenas) elodeba.
rogori iqneba es neba-mowoneba Tu, masze uari? amis
mixedviT gadawydeba bedi meryevad baTili garigebisa.
iqneba namdvili _ dasturis, mowonebis SemTxvevaSi da
warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs, an kidev aranamdvili
(armowonebis SemTxvevaSi) da arc samarTlebrivi Sede-
gis momtani iqneba igi arasrulwlovanisaTvis. SevniS-
navT, rom `Tanxmobas~ farTo gamoyeneba aqvs garigebebSi
(gansakuTrebiT xelSekrulebis dadebisas), rameTu igi
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis sicocxlisunarianobas
gansazRvravs.
garigeba calmxrivi nebis gamovlenaa. es imas niS-
navs, rom am SemTxvevaSi gansazRvrulia erTi piris neba
da misi nebis gamoxatulebazea damokidebuli Sedgeba
Tu ara garigeba da miiRebs Tu ara `mesame piri~ samar-
Tlebriv sargebels. calmxrivi garigebis saukeTeso
magaliTia samoqalaqo samarTalSi-anderZi (ssk m. 1344),
napovari (ssk m. 191), jildos sajarod dapireba (ssk
m. 755) da sxva normebi, romelSic gamokveTilia piris
calmxrivi nebis gamovlena. samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobebis warmosaSobad ormxrivi garigebis saukeTeso
314
magaliTs xelSekrulebebi warmoadgens. xelSekruleba
ori an meti piris SeTanxmebaa garigebis yvela pirobaze.
cnobilia ti piuri da ati piuri xelSekrulebebi. mag-
aliTad, nasyidoba, nardoba, ijara, qiravnoba - ti piuri
xelSekrulebebia, xolo lizingi, frenSaizingi, faqtor-
ingi _ ati piuri.
rac Seexeba mravalmxriv garigebebs, igi ufro
xSirad gvxvdeba samewarmeo samarTalSi. roca same-
warmeo iuridiuli pirebis Seqmna pirTa SeTanxmebazea
damokidebuli, e. i. pirTa SeTanxmebuli nebis rezul-
tats warmoadgens.
kauzaluri344 da abstraqtuli garigebebi. `garige-
baTa dayofa abstraqtul da kauzalur garigebebad
tradiciulad germanuli samoqalaqo samarTlisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. es gamomdinareobs germanul samar-
TalSi ganmtkicebuli abstraqciis princi pidan, romlis
Tanaxmad, sakuTreba SemZenze gadadis mxolod nivTis
gadacemiT da es gadacema namdvilia miuxedavad imisa,
mis safuZvlad arsebuli valdebulebiT-samarTlebri-
vi aqti (kauza) namdvilia Tu ara...345. garigeba miiCne-
va kauzalurad, Tu misgan gamomdinareobs garigebis
mizani (kauza), samarTlebrivi safuZveli, e.i. kauzal-
uria garigeba, romelsac aqvs konkretuli xelSesaxebi
samarTlebrivi safuZveli - kauza, mizani. magaliTad, a.
aZlevs b-s wigns. ra SeiZleba iyos am wignis micemis
samarTlebrivi safuZveli? samarTlebrivi safuZveli
SeiZleba iyos Cuqeba, Txoveba, miyidva da a.S. garigebis
am uSualo ti piur safuZvelsM(mizans), romelic gadace-
mis samarTlebriv xasiaTs gansazRvravs, ewodeba samar-
Tlebrivi safuZveli _ kauza, aseve titulus.346
��.kauzaluri(causalis)-mizezobrivi. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?
��. Wanturia,l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 311-312 311-312.
��. Wanturia, dasax. naSr. 312.
315
abstraqtuli garigebis dros kauzalurisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, samarTlebriv safuZvels mniSvneloba ara
aqvs da garigebis nadviloba damoukidebelia am samar-
Tlebrivi safuZvlis namdvilobisagan. abstraqtuli ga-
rigebis magaliTia moTxovnis daTmoba kreditoris mier
(ssk m.199) _ cesia347. garigeba Zvelsa (cedenti) da axal
(cesioneri) kreditors Soris: Zveli kreditori Tavisi
moTxovnis uflebas movalisagan uTmobs axal kredi-
tors; an kidev mindobilobis gacema romelime Ziri-
Tad urTierTobasTan (momsaxureba, nardoba da sxva)
aris dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba mindobilobas, misi
namdviloba damokidebulia am urTierTobebis xasiaT-
Tan. abstraqtuli garigebebi aseve mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben sawarmdgenlo348 da saordero fasiani qaRal-
debis349 dros (ssk m.925, n.1), roca vTqvaT saordero qa-
Raldis mflobeli uflebamosilia xelmowerili doku-
mentis (vTqvaT Ceki da sxva) Cabarebis sanacvlod gadax-
da moiTxovos. aRniSnuli xelmowerili dokumenti mis
mflobels uflebas aZlevs sakredito dawesebulebidan
miiRos fuladi Tanxa ise, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra
samarTlebrivi safuZveli udevs mas _ nasyidoba, Cuqeba
da sxva. fasiani qaRaldis gamcemi Tavisi xelmoweriT
adasturebs fulis gadaxdis Tanxmobas ise, rom ar aris
gamokveTili amgvari gadacemis mizani.
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba icnobs agreTve sasy-
idlian (sanacvalgebo) da usasyidlo (unacvalgebo) ga-
��. damat. ix. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., xecuriani, j., Wanturia, l., saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore.; gv. 137-140; b. zoiZe, qarTuli
sanivTo samarTali, 2003, 191-199. WeWelaSvili, z., sanivTo samarTali, 2010, 217-274.
348. sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldi ewodeba dokuments, romelsac eminenti gas-
cems gadaxdis dapirebiT. dokumentis mflobels SeuZlia moiTxovos gadaxda da-
pirebis Tanaxmad, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca mas amis ufleba ar hqonda (ssk. m 991).
349. saordero fasiani qaRaldi aris savalo dokumenti, romliTac eminenti
dokumentis wardgenisas gadaxdas hpirdeba dokumentSi dasaxelebul pirs, an im
pirs, romelsac fasiani qaRaldi indosamentis meSveobiT gadaeca (ssk m. 929-e,923-e).
316
rigebebs. sasyidliani iseTi garigebebia, roca erTi mx-
are valdebulia meore mxaris garkveuli moqmedebis Ses-
rulebisaTvis. sapasuxo ekvivalenturi Sesruleba Tanx-
iT SeiZleba gamoixatos. magaliTad, nasyidoba, qiravnoba,
nardoba, lizingi da sxva. usasyidlo garigebebisas, mar-
Talia valdebuli piri garkveul sapasuxo moqmedebas
asrulebs, magram mas fuladi kompensacia ar axlavs Tan
(mag; Cuqeba, Txoveba da sxva). sasyidliani xelSekrule-
bebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ormxrivi (mravalmxrivi) (sina-
lagmaturi) garigebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo
usasyidlo-calmxrivi garigebebisaTvis.
cnobilia agreTve mavaldebulebeli da gankargviTi
garigebebi. mavaldebulebeli garigebebi gansakuTrebiT
gamokveTilia samoqalaqo samarTlis meoTxe wignSi, sa-
dac mavaldebulebeli garigebis klasikur magaliTs
nasyidoba warmoadgens, romlis 477-e muxlis mixedviT:
`nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT gamyidveli movalea myid-
vels gadasces sakuTrebis ufleba qonebaze, masTan da-
kavSirebuli sabuTebi da miawodos saqoneli~. an, kidev,
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 531-e muxlis mixedviT, `qiravno-
bis xelSekrulebiT gamqiravebeli movalea damqiraveb-
els sargeblobaSi gadasces nivTi gansazRvruli va-
diT. damqiravebelo movalea gamqiravebels gadauxados
daTqmuli qira~. an kidev, m. 533, `gamqiravebelma unda
gadasces damqiravebels uflebrivad da nivTobrivad
unaklo nivTi~.
`mavaldebulebel garigebaTa umravlesoba ormxriv
xelSekrulebas warmoadgens, Tumca gamonaklis SemTx-
vevebSi, gvxvdeba aseve calmxrivi mavaldebulebeli ga-
rigebanic348~.
��. mariamiZe, g. samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema,

Tbilisi, 2011, 60.
317
gankargviTi garigebebi damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTa-
dad sanivTo samarTlisaTvis. am dros xdeba sanivTo
uflebis uSualod gadacema, datvirTva, Secvla an gauqme-
ba. magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 186-e muxlis Tanax-
mad, `moZrav nivTze sakuTrebis gadasacemad aucilebe-
lia, rom mesakuTrem namdvili uflebis safuZvelze ga-
dasces SemZens nivTi~.
`samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis safuZvlebidan
gamomdinare, ZiriTadad gadamwyvetia samarTlebrivi
da ara ekonomikuri efeqti. mavaldebulebeli da sa-
nivTo garigebebis analizi unda moxdes erTmaneTisa-
gan damoukideblad (gancalkevebis princi pi). maval-
debulebeli garigebebi samarTlebrivad sargebliania,
rodesac SezRudulqmedunariani piri ar kisrulobs
valdebulebas, rac xdeba calmxrivi, mxolod xelSek-
rulebis meore mxarisaTvis mavaldebulebeli xelSek-
rulebis SemTxvevaSi; gankargviTi garigebebi, rogorc
wesi, sargebliania mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sez-
Rudulqmedunariani piris sasargeblod xdeba uflebis
gadacema, an misTvis uaris Tqma. aseTi garigebebi, samarT-
lebrivi TvalsazrisiT, ar aris sargeblian mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SezRudulqmedunarian pirs Sede-
gad ekisreba iseTi valdebulebebi, romelTaTvisac igi
pasuxismgebelia sanivTosamarTlebrivad ara mxolod
nivTis SeZenis Sedegad, aramed aseve, piradad, sxva Tavisi
qonebiTac yovelTvis ganmsazRvrelia garigebis uSualo
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac
aseTi Sedegebi dgeba ara mxolod mxareTa nebis safuZ-
velze, aramed - kanonis ZaliT, isini samarTlebrivad
wamgebiania; aseTi SemTxvevaa, mag; memkvidris pasuxismge-
bloba samkvidro masaSi Semavali valdebulebebisaTvis
318
samkvidros miRebis SemTxvevaSi349~.
nebis gamovlena martooden rodia sakmarisi, rom
garigeba Sedegs gvaZlevdes, amasTanave saWiroa, rom
`nebis gamovlena~, romelic moiTxovs meore mxaris mier
mis miRebas, namdvilad CaiTvalos im momentidan, roca
igi meore mxares miuva.
arsebobs garigebaTa sxvagvari klasifikaciac.
mag; qonebrivi da araqonebrivi da sxva.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT Tanmyof da araTan-
myof pirebs. Tanmyofia pirebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan
fizikurad axlos imyofebian, vTqvaT erT qalaqSi, an
kidev daSorebuli arian (sxvadasxva qalaqSi arian), ma-
gram komunikaciis saSualebebiT (mobiluri, faqsi da
sxv.) isini advilad da drois mokle intervalSi uka-
vSirdebian erTmaneTs. rac Seexeba araTanmyof pirebs,
isini erTmaneTisagan fizikurad daSorebul mdgomareo-
baSi imyofebian (vTqvaT qveynis sxvadasxva wertilebSi,
an sxvadasxva qveynebSi, romelTa Soris dakavSireba Wirs,
komunikacia Zneldeba). rogor unda moxdes araTanmyofi
pirebis SemTxvevaSi dakavSireba da garigebis pirobe-
bze SeTanxmeba? Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi drois faqtori
did rols ar TamaSobs, meore SemTxvevaSi (araTanmyo-
fi pirebisaTvis) wamoiWreba drois faqtoris sakiTxi.
rodemde unda velodoT aqceptantisagan (Tanxmobis mim-
cemi piri) pasuxs? bunebrivia mTeli cxovreba ver dav-
elodebiT. aq unda gamoviyenoT debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rodis miuva oferti (winadadeba) meore mxares (vTq-
vaT 1 TveSi (da rodis dabrundeba pasuxi meore mxari-
sagan (vTqvaT 1, 5 TveSi). gamodis saSualod 2,5 Tve.
nebis gamovlena da misi ganmarteba. `ganmartebani
garkveul rols TamaSoben sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis
��
. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 31.
319
gamosworebis saqmeSi. jer erTi, esaa xarvezebi, ro-
melTa aRmofxvra ganmartebaTa gziTaa SesaZlebeli da
meore – esaa xarvezebi, romelTa aRmofxvra mxolod
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT Tu SeiZleba~350. doqtrinis
Tanaxmad, nebis gamovlena misi gamovlenis momentidan
aris namdvili. aq unda gamovyoT sami SemTxveva. kerZod:
1. nebis gamovlena (pirma gamoxata neba, vTqvaT werili
dawera), 2. nebis gagzavna (pirma gaagzavna werili), magram
es jer kidev ar niSnavs werilis adresatamde misvlas
da, 3. adresatma miiRo neba (werili). aqve ganvmartoT
erTi problemac. adresatisaTvis nebis misvlaa sakmari-
si, rom garigeba Sedges? cxadia ara. aq kidev mTavari
da ganmsazRvrelia Tu rogor miiRo, rogor aRiqva pir-
ma neba. nebis miRebis sxvadasxva magaliTebi arsebobs
samoqalaqo samarTalSi. vTqvaT rogor Rebulobs kon-
kretuli piri nebas, piradad, mosamsaxuris daxmarebiT,
an Tundac `mokiTxvamde~, an kidev zepirad, an warmomad-
genlis meSveobiT, aseve neba vTqvaT jer ojaxis wevrs
gadaecema konkretuli adresatisaTvis gadasacemad da
mere adresats. magram Tu adresatma neba ar miiRo (weri-
li ar miiRo an waikiTxa, magram nebas ar Rebulobs), an
aiZules nebis miRebaze (iZulebiT Caudes werili jibe-
Si), am SemTxvevaSi neba misulad ar CaiTvleba. im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu piri agzavnis nebas, magram Semdeg gadaifiqra,
Tumca neba ukve gagzavnilia dauyovnebliv gaafrTxi-
lebs (nebis misvlamde) adresats, rom neba ar miiRos (vT-
qvaT werilSi gamoTqmuli azrebs is ukan iRebs), magram
adresati Rebulobs nebas (kiTxulobs werils) moqme-
debs prezumfcia, rom neba misulad ar CaiTvleba. sain-
teresoa SemTxvevac, Tu pirma gamoavlina neba (dawera
werili), magram ver moaswro misi gagzavna, vTqvaT sawer
��. zoiZe, z., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 232.
320
magidaze darCa, neba am SemTxvevaSi misulad CaiTvleba?
ara. nebis gagzavna aucilebelia rom nebis gamovle-
nis subieqtma ganaxorcielos Sesabamisi moqmedeba. Tu
vTqvaT, magidaze darCenili werili sxva pirma (vTqvaT
ojaxis wevrma) gaagzavna, neba misulad mainc ar CaiTvle-
ba. an kidev neba gamovlenil da misulad ar CaiTvleba
Tu igi gamoavlina mxardamWeris mimRebma pirma, Tu mas
mxardamWeri mimRebi piris Tanxmoba ar gaaCnia (ssk m. 51,
n.1293).
`Sesabamisad gasamijnia miRebasavaldebulo (miRe-
baaucilebeli) da aramiRebasavaldebulo (aramiRebami-
uRebeli) nebis gamovlenis namdviloba. aramiRebasaval-
debulo nebis gamovlena namdvilia misi `gacxadebisTa-
nave~, anu rodesac dasrulebulia subieqturi nebis
formirebisa da misi obieqturad Secnobad gamoxatvis
procesi. miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena namdvilia
`misvlis~ momentidan, rodesac adresats arsebuli gare-
moebebis (magaliTad, safosto kavSiris funqcionirebis,
samuSao saaTebis) gaTvaliswinebiT, aqvs misi Sinaarsis
gacnobis SesaZlebloba. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs,
gaecnoba Tu ara igi mas realurad~351.
erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxi garigebebis dadebi-
sas es aris nebis gamovlenis ganmartebis sakiTxi. `nebis
gamovlenis ganmartebaSi `sityvasityviTi~ mniSvnelobis
miRma realuri mniSvnelobis danaxva igulisxmeba. savi-
ni miuTiTebs, rom ganmartebis mizania, `mkvdar asoebSi
Cadebuli cocxali azri kvlav aRdges Cvens warmosaxva-
Si~. igi ar mijnavs frazas misi avtorisagan da mxedve-
lobaSi iRebs im garemoebebsac, romlebSic moxda nebis
gamovlena.
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, Tu
321
vin aris nebis gamomvleni da Tu ra garemoebebs SeeZlo
gavlena moexdina mis mier Sesabamisi frazis formireba-
ze. dasadgenia is, Tu ra mniSvneloba SeeZlo mieniWebina
nebis gamomvlens calkeuli sityvisa Tu frazisaTvis
konkretul viTarebaSi, anu rogor metyvelebs Tu wers
igi, ra terminologias iyenebs, ra saxis ganaTleba aqvs
miRebuli da rogor fsiqikur mdgomareobaSi SeiZlebo-
da yofiliyo is nebis gamovlenis momentSi~352. nebis ga-
movlenis ganmartebisas logikurad mxedvelobaSi unda
iqnes miRebuli yvelaferi, rasac iTvaliswinebs konkre-
tuli nebis gamomvleni da rac zegavlenas axdens misi
nebis formirebaze.
nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas unda dadgindes
neba gonivruli gansjis Sedegad unda ganimartos da
ara martooden gamoTqmis sityvasityviTi azridan (ssk
m. 52). germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad ki, ($133)
`nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas unda dadgindes namd-
vili neba gamoTqmis sityva-sityviT mniSvnelobaze gaCe-
rebis gareSe~.
`namdvili neba~ gamonaklisis saxiT miRebasaval-
debulo nebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSic ganmsazRvrelia,
rodesac nebis gamovlenis mimRebma icis, Tu ra surda
nebis gamomvlens. araswori dasaxeleba mxedvelobaSi
ar miiReba, rodesac orive mxares nebis gamovlena esmis
ara ise, rogorc es zogadad gasagebia, aramed sxvagvari
arsiT (Falsa demonstratio non nocet). Tu mxareTa Sinagani
neba erTmaneTs Seesabameba, maSin gadamwyvetia im SemTx-
vevaSic, rodesac nebis gamovlenis SinaarsSi Sesabamisi
gamoTqma ar moi poveba, an es ukanaskneli arasrulyofi-
lia. magaliTad, k. yidulobs v-sgan Haarjioringsköd~-sda
tvirTavs gem `jesikaze~ (aRniSnuli aris zvigenis xor-
322
cis aRmniSvneli norvegiul enaze). orive mxare gulisx-
mobs veSapis xorcs. Sesabamisad iyideba veSapis xorci~353;
sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebSi miRebasavaldebulo nebis
gamovlinebebi samoqalaqo brunvis dacvis interesebSi
ise unda ganimartos, rom isini nebis gamovlenis mimRe-
bis mier gagebul iqnes, keTilsindisierebis princi pis
Tanaxmad, Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (moZRvreba adre-
satis mier qmedebis ganmartebis obieqturi SesaZleblo-
bis Sesaxeb. amdenad, ganmsazRvrelia ara is subieqturi
gageba, rasac nebis gamovlenis mimRebi aniWebs gamovle-
nil nebas, aramed samoqalaqo brunvis obieqturi monawi-
lis mier xedva nebis gamovlenis mimRebis mdgomareobi-
sa. gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, adresatis mier
qmedebis ganmartebis obieqturi SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb
moZRvreba gamoyenebuli unda iqnes aseve im kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, saxezea Tu ara nebis gamoovlena
Segnebuli nebis gamovlenis ararsebobisas~354.
,,saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi garigebis gan-
martebis wesis dadgenisas iZleva zogad orientirs.
kerZod, erTis mxriv, yuradReba unda mieqces monawilis
(monawileebis) namdvil nebas; es ukanaskneli unda dad-
ges procesis gansjis Sedegad da ara martooden sity-
va-sityviTi gamoTqmidan.~355
formasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi,
damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, SeiZle-
ba erTdroulad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli dokumentis
miRma arsebuli saSualebebi, iseve rogorc ganmartebi-
sas, SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli nebis gamov-
lenis aqtis miRma arsebuli sxva gverdiTi movlenebi.

355. WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, 2008
323
sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, garigebisaTvis gamoy-
enebuli dokumentis mimarT moqmedebs sisrulisa da si-
sworis prezumfcia. aseTi prezumfcia dasabuTebulia,
rodesac dokumentis teqsti Tavis formulirebisa da
Sida konteqstis mixedviTa da Cveulebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT iZleva gansazRvrul Sinaars da ar aris bolo-
mde gaugebari; am varaudis uaryofisaTvis (da ara misi
gamyarebisaTvis) SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes dokumen-
tis miRma arsebuli ganmartebis saSualebebi (garige-
bis gverdiTa movlenebi, dokumentis miRma mxareTa mier
gakeTebuli gancxadebebi da a.S.). mxolod ganmartebis
Semdeg unda Semowmdes garigebis formis dacvis fa-
qti (anderZis mimarT BGHZ, 86, 41, 47). am SemTxvevaSi sa-
samarTlo praqtika misdevs miTiTebis Teorias, romlis
mixedviTac dokumentis miRma arsebuli garemoebebis
mixedviT gamovlenili neba - Tundac arasrulyofilad
gamovlenili neba - unda gamoixatebodes dokumentSi.
Tumca es Teoria aucileblad eqvemdebareba SezRudvas
im farglebSi, romlebSic ganzraxvis gareSe araswori
miTiTeba ar ayenebs zians formasavaldebulo nebis ga-
movlinebis SemTxvevaSic~355.
garigebis, rogorc kanonis ganmartebisas, xdeba
bundovani, saeWvo azris dazusteba. magram, Tu kanonis
ganmartebas zogadi xasiaTi aqvs, e. i. savaldebuloa an
gamoiyeneba yvelas, kerZo samarTlis subieqtebis mimarT
da kanonis bundovani adgilebis erTian gagebas ayali-
bebs, garigebis ganmartebisas, am ganmartebis mizani ufro
viwroa da moicavs mxolod garigebis damdeb mxareebs
Soris urTierTobis garkvevas. amgvar ganmartebas gari-
gebis Zala mxolod konkretuli garigebis damdebi
mxareebisaTvis aqvT. gonivrul gansjas da aramarto si-
��
. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 60-61.
324
tyva_sityviT azrs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
garigebis ganmartebisas. magaliTad, pirma meore pirTan
dadebuli garigebisas gaakeTa daTqma imis Sesaxeb, rom
gamqiravebels damqiraveblis mier qira 1 ivnisisaTvis
unda mieRo. garigeba Sedga zepirad. damqiravebelma ki
es daTqma 1 ivlisad aRiqva. aq sainteresoa visi neba
unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli wamoWrili davisas? cxa-
dia sasamarTlom gonivruli gansjiT unda gadawyvitos
rogor gamoavlina pirma neba da rogor miiRo igi nebis
gamovlenis adresatma (an rogor unda mieRo, rom gari-
gebis damdeb mxareTa Soris dava ar wamoWriliyo).
nebis gamovlenis adresatma unda Seecados ise Sei-
mecnos nebis gamomvlenis WeSmariti neba, rom jer erTi
es iyos keTilsindisierad gamovlenili, rameTu nebis
mimRebs diskomforti ar Seeqmnas nebis swor miRebaSi.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi, garigebis ganmartebisas
(romelic garigebis nebismier saxes exeba), calmxrivi
garigebis ganmartebis garda icnobs agreTve konkretu-
lad ormxrivi garigebis (xelSekrulebis) ganmartebis
normebsac, kerZod romelic valdebulebiTi samarTlis
zogad nawilSia moTavsebuli. esenia ssk m. 337-340, rom-
lebic xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis gan-
martebas (upiratesoba eniWeba xelSekrulebis damdebi
mxareebis sacxovrebel adgils), xelSekrulebis Sinaars
(urTierTgamomricxavi da mravalmniSvnelovani gamonaT-
qvamebi), Sereul xelSekrulebebs, savaWro tradiciebs
da Cveulebebs da sxvebs exebian356.
,,samoqalaqo kodeqsi – xelSekrulebis ganmartebis
sakiTxs nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs, kerZod, samoqalaqo
kodeqsi zogad nawilSi Seicavs mxolod erT normas
zogadad garigebis (nebis gamovlenis) ganmartebebis Se-
��.damat. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 2001, 154-
175; ioseliani, n., xelSekrulebis ganmarteba, 2008.
325
saxeb (52-e muxli). saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi xelSe-
krulebis ganmartebis wesebi mocemulia 4 muxlSi (mux-
lebi 337-340). ganmartebas, arsebiTad amiT saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqs baZavs germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
midgomas, romelSic aseve xelSekrulebis (garigebiT)
ganmartebas arsebiTad mxolod 2 paragrafi eTmoba $$
133, da 157~ 359
nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas, yvela garigeba ki
ar unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, aramed mxolod isini,
romlebic am garigebebTan uSualod dakavSirebulia.
mag; adgili, drois faqtori garigebebis dadebisas. mag;
cnobili kinofilmidan `mimino~, roca mizandari saz-
RvargareTidan saqarTveloSi, TelavSi rekavs da te-
lefonisti mas israels, Tel-avivs akavSirebs. unda ga-
daixados Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi satelefono saubris
Tanxa mizandarma? ai kiTxva, romlis pasuxic ssk 52-e
muxlma unda gaxsnas. cxadia, mizandars, vTqvaT Tbili-
sidan rom SeekveTa Telavi, problemac ar iarsebebda,
magram kiTxva Cndeba, rogor gaego evropel qals, rom
patara saxelmwifoSi SeiZleboda qalaqi Telavi arse-
buliyo (gaugebroba qalaqebis saxelwodebis msgavsebam
gamoiwvia). magram albaT masac unda daezustebia sate-
lefono SekveTis Sinaarsi, radgan ucxoeli iZleoda
SekveTas. e.i. aq samarTalSemfardebelma davis SemTx-
vevaSi unda gaarkvios problema, - ra surda nebis ga-
momvlens (mizandars) da rogor unda mieRo es neba mis
mimRebs (evropel telefonist qals). garkveuli mniSv-
neloba eniWeba azrs (im mravali Teoriidan, romelic
ki Camoyalibebula ssk 52-e muxlis ganmartebis SemTx-
vevaSi), romelic nebis mimRebs SeeZlo warmoSoboda
359. jejelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, 2008, 78-79.
326
da unda warmoSoboda kidec. nebis mimRebs mxolod ise
SeeZlo mieRo neba, rogorc im konkretul situaciaSi
nebismieri analogiurad miiRebda mas? maSin nebis ga-
momvlensac iseve iseTive mniSvnelobiT unda gaego neba,
rogorc es nebis mimRebma miiRo. erTi sityviT, ramdeni
Teoriac ar unda arsebobdes garigebis dadebis dros
nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas, mTavaria misi ganmar-
tebisas gonivruli gansja da ara mxolod gamoTqmis
sityva-sityviTi azri.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT xelSekrulebaTa gan-
martebis sakiTxsac, Tumca am Tematikis irgvliv valde-
bulebiTi samarTlis zogad nawilSi iqneba saubari357 da
Cven radgan nebis gamovlenis ganmartebaze vsaubrobT
da neba ormxrivi garigebebis, xelSekrulebebis dadebis
drosac vlindeba, bunebrivia ar SeiZleba oriod sity-
viT aq ar visaubroT am sakiTxis irgvliv. `xelSekru-
lebis ganmartebis aucilebloba warmoiSoba yovelTvis,
roca mxareTa gamonaTqvamebi bundovania, an maT SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mieniWoT. amgvari ram cxovreba-
Si arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba. amitom mosamarTlem xelSe-
krulebaTa ganmartebisas upiratesoba unda mianiWos im
gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic yvelaze metad Seesabamebian
��. rac Seexeba xelSekrulebas, rogorc ormxriv garigebas, - germanuli

samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogad nawilSi, ganyofileba I, tituli III –Si aqvs adgili
dadebuli, sadac saubaria ofertiT boWvaze, ofertis gauqmebaze, aqceptis
vadaze, dagvianebiT miRebul aqceptze, aqceptis sanotaro wesiT damowmebaze,
xelSekrulebis dadebaze auqcioniT vaWrobisas, xelSekrulebis ganmartebaze
da sxv. qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ki xelSekrulebaTa ganmartebaze
valdebulebiT samarTalSia saubari. aqve SevniSnavT, rom Tu qarTul
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi oTxi muxli exeba xelSekrulebis ganmartebas (m. 337-340),
germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mas mxolod erTi paragrafi aregulirebs ($157),
romlis Tanaxmad, `xelSekrulebebi ganmartebul unda iqnes keTilsindisierebis
princi pis safuZvelze samoqalaqo brunvis Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT~. damat.
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 157-is
Sesaxeb ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen,
Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C.
H. Beck. S. 162-166.
327
xelSekrulebis Sinaars~(ssk m.338)358. xelSekrulebebis
ganmartebisas samoqalaqo samarTalSi aseve savaWro
Cveulebebi da tradiciebic gamoiyeneba (ssk m.339), rom-
lebic warmoiSoba samewarmeo saqmianobis konkretuli
dargis farglebSi vaWrobaSi, mSeneblobaSi da isini ar
warmoadgenen samarTlis wyaros. sityva `savaWro~ rodi
niSnavs imas, rom igi mxolod vaWrobis sferoSi gamoi-
yeneba da moicaven samewarmeo saqmianobis sxvadasxva
dargs. ìmisaTvis, rom esa Tu is wesi savaWro Cveu-
lebad da tradiciad CaiTvalos, aucilebelia rom igi
gamoiyenebodes drois gansazRvrul periodSi aRiare-
bul unda iyos yvela monawilis mier da faqtobrivad
xorcieldebodes kidec~359. savaWro Cveulebebs da tra-
diciebs xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas eniWe-
baT damatebiTi mniSvneloba da xelSekrulebis mxareTa
uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba
mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli (ssk 339-e muxli). rogorc
avRniSneT, savaWro Cveuleba ar warmoadgens samarTlis
normas da bunebrivia igi kanons ver Secvlis. magram
dispoziciur normebTan SedarebiT savaWro Cveulebebsa
da tradiciebs upiratesoba eniWeba, gamomdinare iqedan,
rom Tu mxareebma dades xelSekruleba da gamorCaT
raime sakiTxis mosawesrigeblad, davisas jer gamoiyene-
ba savaWro Cveuleba an tradicia, xolo Semdeg kanonis
dispoziciuri norma.
xelSekrulebis monawileebi mxareTa avtonomiuri,
xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis princi pidan gamomdinare
deben iseT xelSekrulebebsac, romlebic xelSekrule-
baTa erT saxes ar ganekuTvnebian. anu, erTi xelSekru-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 2001, 163; axvlediani,
z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, 1999.
��. Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red.
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., 166.
328
leba (vTqvaT nasyidoba) aseve Seicavs gadazidvis, mom-
saxurebis, an kidev nardobis elementebs. erTi sityviT,
adgili aqvs xelSekrulebaTa kombinacias, mxareebi ki -
igivea. xelSekrulebaTa am kombinaciis romelime saxis
xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobas bunebrivia SeiZleba
mohyves zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, an kidev da-
zianebuli nivTis gamocvla, SekeTeba da sxva. bunebrivia
ismis kiTxva: xelSekrulebaTa kombinaciidan erT-erTis
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, danarCeni yvelas mimarT
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli konkretuli, erTnairi sanq-
cia da xelSekruleba mTlianad baTilia? albaT swori
iqneboda, rom xelSekrulebaTa es kombinacia dagveyo
calkeul xelSekrulebebad da TiToeulis mimarT ga-
mogveyenebina Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis damaregulire-
beli normebi, an kidev, mTliani xelSekrulebis mimarT
gamogveyenebina xelSekrulebis erTi ti pi, romelic am
kombinaciaSi dominirebs. xelSekrulebis erTi nawilis
Seusruleblobam ar unda gamoiwvios mTliani Sereuli
xelSekrulebis baTiloba da misi moSla, magram Tu es
nawili iwvevs xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobas, maSin
bunebrivia daSvebulia mTliani xelSekrulebis moS-
lac. Tumca vfiqrobT misi namdviloba-baTilobis sa-
kiTxi kreditors unda mivandoT. sainteresoa aseve
nebis gamovlenaTa ganmarteba, romelic pirTa ganusaz-
Rvreli wrisadmia mimarTuli (ssk m.329.). cxadia am kon-
kretul SemTxvevaSi Znelia yvela SesaZlo piris aRqmis
unaris gaTvaliswineba, am SemTxvevaSi aseTi nebis gan-
martebisas am urTierTobis saSualo monawilis aRqmis
unari unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.
calmxrivi wesiT nebis gamovlenisas (vTqvaT ander-
Zisas) unda dazustdes gamovlenili nebis namdviloba
(xom ar hqonia adgili anderZis Sedgenisas moandeZis
329
mimarT Zaldatanebas). aq gadamwyvetia nebis gamomvlenis
neba da misi mimRebis neba. am SemTxvevaSi anderZis gan-
martebis Tavisufleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom anderZis
teqsti srul SesabamisobaSi unda iqnes ganmartebuli,
anu konkretulad ra azri Caaqsova masSi moanderZem.
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad gvxvdeba saeWvo
mdgomareoba garigebebis dadebisas. am dros mosamarT-
le `gulis karnaxiT~ moqmedebs, Tavis gadawyvetilebas
Sinagan rwmenaze amyarebs, zogjer ki normatiuladaa
gansazRvruli Tu vis sasargeblod unda gadawydes
saeWvo mdgomareoba. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi xSirad vxvde-
biT termins `saeWvoobisas~. magaliTad, ssk m. 386: `Ses-
rulebis adgilis saeWvoobisas fuladi valdebuleba
unda Sesruldes kreditoris adgilsamyoflis (sac-
xovrebeli adgili, an iuridiuli misamarTi) mixedviT~.
`garigeba ar arsebobs, Tu arc garegnuli gamoxat-
vidan da arc sxva garemoebebidan ar SeiZleba zustad
dadgindes garigebis Sinaarsi (ssk m. 53). aq, am SemTxveva-
Si aqcenti garigebis formazea gadatanili. garigebis
dadebisas garigebis damdebi mxareebis neba naTlad da
garkveviT unda gamoixatos, anu cxadad Candes garigebis
Sinaarsi da ara ise, rogorc es calkeuli garigebebis
SemTxvevaSia: ver gaigeb mxareebma qiravnoba dades Tu
ijara. 53-e muxls prevenciuli funqcia akisria da gari-
gebis mxareebs avaldebulebs neba kanoniT dadgenili
formis dacviT gamoavlinon.
dumili da konkliudenturi moqmedebac SeiZleba
miviCnioT garigebis dadebis safuZvlad. dumili gari-
gebis dadebis specifikuri formaa. mas samarTlebrivi
Sedegebi ukavSirdeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi kanoni pirdapir
iTvaliswinebs dumilis meSveobiT garigebis dadebis
samarTlebriv Sedegebs. magaliTad, 335-e muxli, sadac
330
aRniSnulia, `Tu mewarme, romelsac uxdeba sxva pirTa
operaciebis Sesruleba, miiRebs oferts amgvari saqmee-
bis Sesrulebaze im pirisagan, romelTanac imyofeba sa-
qmian urTierTobebSi, maSin is valdebulia gonivrul
vadaSi upasuxos am winadadebas; misi dumili CaiTvleba
aqceptad~.
nebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaa agreTve konkliuden-
turi moqmedebis ganxorcieleba, magaliTad, piri Cadis
metroSi, adis avtobusSi, Sedis supermarketSi, ixdis mg-
zavrobis, produqtis safasurs, ise, rom mas sityvebiT
gamoxatva nebis gamovlenisas ar uwevs, igi `Jestikula-
ciebis~, garkveuli moZraobebis saSualebiT debs gari-
gebas. magram Tu pirma ar gadaixada vTqvaT mgzavrobis,
nayidi saqonlis safasuri, maSin Cveulebriv mis winaaRm-
deg samarTali amoqmeddeba.
`baTilia garigeba, romelic arRvevs kanoniT dadge-
nil wessa da akrZalvebs, ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs
an zneobriv normebs~ (ssk m.54). `debuleba - baTilia
dadgenili wesisa da akrZalvebis darRveviT dadebuli
garigebani - baTilobis saerTo cnebis gamomxatveli
debulebaa. aq erTis mxriv mxedvelobaSia, rogorc yve-
la is garigeba, romelsac gaaCnia baTilobis kanoniT
gansazRvruli saerTo safuZveli (magaliTad, motyue-
biT, ZaladobiT, cdomilebiT da a.S. dadebuli garige-
bani) ise calkeuli garigebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specialuri safuZvlebi. magaliTad, motyueba zogadad
arRvevs samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ndo-
bisa da keTilsindisierebis princi ps da amdenad kano-
niT dadgenil wessac ewinaaRmdegeba, magram igi baTilo-
bis damoukidebeli safuZvelia, rogorc nebis gamovle-
nis naklis gamo360~. amoralur garigebebs exeba BGB-is
331
$138 (amoraluri garigeba; mevaxSeoba), romlis Tanaxmad,
`garigeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba zneobriv normebs, ba-
Tilia~ (1) (es norma analogiuria ssk 54-e muxlisa, mxo-
lod im gansxvavebiT, rom qarTul normaSi mevaxSeoba-
ze saubari ar aris). `sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad,
garigeba arRvevs zneobriv normebs, rodesac igi arR-
vevs `zogadi samarTliani da marTebuli warmodgenebis
standarts~361. `zneobrivi normebis sawinaaRmdego mxo-
lod obieqturi darRveva SesaZlebelia, rodesac igi
xorcieldeba garigebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare (mag;
xelSekruleba danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb). xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi, zneobrivi normebisadmi winaaRmdegoba gamom-
dinareobs mxolod mTlianad garigebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebidan. am SemTxvevaSi, gaTvalis-
winebul unda iqnes xelSekrulebis motivi da mizani,
rogorc wesi, subieqturi mxarea zneobrivi normebis
winaaRmdegobis gamomwvevi aucilebeli garemoebebis Se-
saxeb codna; aseve, rodesac garigeba obieqturad jer
ar aris uzneo (magaliTad, saCuqris gayidva), garigebis
motivi an mizani (gamiznuli iyo adamianebis winaaRmdeg
gamosayeneblad) iwvevs baTilobas. subieqturi elementi
unda arsebobdes orive mxarisaTvis, rodesac zneobrivi
normebis darRveva mimarTulia sazogadoebis an mesame
pirebis winaaRmdeg.362~
ssk m. 320 baTilad miiCnevs xelSekrulebas, romli-
Tac erTi mxare kisrulobs valdebulebas, mTeli Tavisi
momavali qoneba an am qonebis nawili gadasces sxvas,
an uzufruqtiT datvirTos igi, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
roca xelSekruleba dadebulia momavali qonebis cal-
keul nivTebze~.
`samoqalaqo kodeqsSi moralur impirativebTanaa
332
dakavSirebuli `sajaro wesrigis cneba~. qarTul sa-
marTalSi cnebis `sajaro wesrigis~ SemoReba frangul
samarTals ukavSirdeba~. sajaro wesrigis cnebaSi sa-
moqalaqo brunvis fundamenturi princi pebi moiazreba.
sajaro wesrigis darRveviT aseve ilaxeba ara marto
samoqalaqo brunvis konkretuli monawilis, aramed zog-
aad saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis interesi. aseve sa-
jaro wesrigis darRveva uaryofs sxvadasxva princi pul
samarTlebriv faseulobebs, rac mxareTa Tavisuflebis
SezRudvaSi gamoixateba. sajaro wesrigis darRveviT
ilaxeba sakuTrebis, xelSekrulebebis, mewarmeTa Tavi-
suflebis princi pebi. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-2 muxlis
me-4 nawilma samoqalaqo kodeqsSi pirvelad 54-e muxliT
dadgenili faseulobani pirvelad gaaJRera, rom `Cveu-
lebani gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, Tu isini ar ewinaaRm-
degeba samarTlisa da zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
normebs an sajaro wesrigs~. sajaro wesrigis dadgeni-
li princi pebis gadaxvevisagan normis baTilobas iwve-
ven sanivTosamarTlebrivi, valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
da saojaxomemkvidreobiTi samarTlis Sesabamisi norme-
bi. magaliTebi: xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis
baTilobis SemTxvevebs iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo ko-
deqsis 347-348 muxlebi, an kidev, Tu piri gascems sesxs
da msesxebels uyenebs pirobas, rom sanam igi sesxs ar
gadaixdis ver gadava axal samuSaoze, ar aiRebs sesxs
sxva pirisagan da sxva, an kidev, qorwinebis akrZalva pi-
risaTvis, romelic daqorwinebis Tavisuflebas uspobs
pirs, _ igi zneobis sawinaaRmdego garigebis nimuSadac
SeiZleba gamodges. kidev metic, aukrZalo pirs reli-
giuri, eTnikuri da a. S. warmoSobis gamo ar iqorwinos
sxva mrwamsis, socialuri jgufis, eTnikuri warmoSobis
pirTan, aseve komerciulma bankma, romelic sesxs gascems
333
konkretul pirze, _ aukrZalos kreditis amRebs sxva
sakredito dawesebulebisagan sesxis aReba.
kanoni krZalavs zneobis sawinaaRmdegod dadebul
garigebasac. sazogadoebis zneobrivi normebi Rrma war-
sulidan modis da yoveli sazogadoebis ganmsazRvrel,
misTvis Sinagan da damaxasiaTebel princi pebs emyare-
boda. yvela safexuris sazogadoebas misi ganviTarebis
donis xasiaTis miuxedavad, sakuTari zneobrivi Rirebu-
lebebi gaaCnia da romlis dacvac is Tavis wevrebs xSir
SeTxvevaSi imperatiulad sTxovs.
`zneobis saZirkvelze aRmocenebul-dafuZnebuli
uflebebi, maTi warmoSobis Semdegac, Tavdapirvel wy-
arosTan arian mibmuli. aq ara gvaqvs is tradiciuli
SemTxveva, rodesac xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gaCenil
sakuTrebas aRaraferi akavSirebs am xelSekrulebasTan.
zneobriv imperativebze agebuli sakuTreba kvlavac misi
gamCenis kontrolis qveS rCeba363~. saintereso saqme ga-
nixila saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom sa-
moqalaqo kodeqsis 529-e muxlTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod
konstituciuri sarCelis Semtani mosarCele arakonsti-
tuciurad miiCnevda am muxlSi miCneul debulebebs, rom:
1. `Cuqeba SeiZleba gauqmdes, Tu dasaCuqrebuli mZime
Seuracxyofas miayenebs an did umadurobas gamoiCens
mCuqeblis an misi axlo naTesavis mimarT. 2.Tu Cuqe-
ba gauqmdeba, maSin gaCuqebuli qoneba SeiZleba gamoT-
xovil iqnes mCuqeblis mier. 3. Cuqeba SeiZleba gauqm-
des erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac mCuqebeli
Seityobs im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas Cuqe-
bis gauqmebis uflebas aZlevs~. mosarCele miiCnevda,
rom naCuqrobis gziT dasaCuqrebuli naCuqari nivTis
mesakuTre xdeboda da 529-e muxli konstituciis 21-e
334
muxlTan garantirebuli sakuTrebis uflebasTan srul
SeusabamobaSi modioda. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar
daakmayofila sarCeli sxvadasxva princi puli garemoe-
bebis gamo da aRniSna, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
samarTali yvelaze Zlieradaa SeboWili zneobiT, ker-
Zod, `mCuqeblis ufleba, ukan daibrunos qoneba, Cuqebis
urTierTobis maRali zneobrivi xasiaTiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli. naCuqroba istoriulad Camoyalibda, rogorc
zneobriv saZirkvelze dafuZnebuli urTierToba... na-
Cuqroba samarTlisa da zneobis urTierTkavSiris ide-
alur gamovlinebas warmoadgens. aq eTikur-zneobrivi
imperativebiTaa datvirTuli mTeli urTierToba misi
warmoSobidan gauqmebis momentis CaTvliT. amitomacaa,
rom mCuqeblis mier qonebrivi sikeTis usasyidlod gad-
acema pirdapir enaskveba dasaCuqrebulis marTalia ara
samagiero, magram zneobrivi qcevis valdebulebas... sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebisas gamoCnda, rom sakuTrebis
ufleba rogorc faseuloba, SeiZleba aRematebodes sa-
zogadoebis zneobriv faseulobebs. uzomod uzneo iqne-
boda es sakuTreba, kanonmdebels misi SenarCunebisaTvis
mxari rom ar daeWira... Cuqebis gauqmebiT am SemTxvevaSi,
samarTali asrulebs zneobriv faseulobaTa mxardaWe-
risa da dacvis funqcias364~.
moralis (zneobis) normebi kodificirebuli arian,
amitom xSir SemTxvevaSi Zneli dasadgeni xdeba konkre-
tulad romel zneobriv normebs ewinaaRmdegeba garige-
ba. mosamarTle konkretuli davebis ganxilvisas unda
amovides iqedan, rom mouxmos ara marto `saxalxo mora-
lis normebs~, aramed ama Tu im socialuri wrisaTvis
��.ufro dawvr. ix. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi,
28-31; xarazi,i., kvinikaZe,q.,baramiZe,g.,`Cuqeba,rogorc altruistuli xelSekruleba
da sagadasaxado dabegvris obieqti~, Jurnali `cxovreba da kanoni~, #1)29), 2015,
73-85.
335
miRebul moralur (zneobriv) normebsac. antizneobrivi
garigeba, xSir SemTxvevaSi antikanoniericaa. gana uzneo
ar aris im srulwlovani piris qceva, romelic arasrul-
wlovans maTxovrobisaken, qurdobisaken, sxva amoralu-
ri saqcielisaken ubiZgebs sakuTari materialuri inte-
resebidan gamomdinare. aseTi da msgavsi garigebani, rom-
lebic erTdroulad kanonsac da moralur normebsac
arRvevs, sasamarTlom unda gaabaTilos. ti piur normebs
moicavs agreTve kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qvey-
nebic. isev movixmobT, magaliTad BGB-s $138 àmoraluri
garigeba; mevaxSeoba~, romelic Tvlis, rom (1) garige-
ba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba zneobriv normebs, baTilia~.
meore nawilSi ki akonkretebs germanuli kodeqsi, rom
`kerZod, baTilia garigeba, romliTac piri sxva piris
mZime mdgomareobiT, gamoucdelobiT, gonivruli gans-
jis uunarobiT an nebis mniSvnelovani sisustiT aiZu-
lebs am ukanasknels valdebulebis Sesrulebis moqme-
debis sanacvlod misadmi an mesame pirisadmi qonebrivi
sargeblis Sepirebas an Sesrulebas, romelic aSkarad
araproporciulia valdebulebis Sesrulebisa~. `mTel
msoflioSi kanonis da keTili znisadmi dapirispire-
ba iTvleba darRvevad, rasac mivyavarT xelSekrulebis
baTilad aRiarebamde. amitom anglo-amerikul da roma-
nul samarTlebriv sistemebSi es problema ganixile-
ba saxelSekrulebo samarTlis CarCoebSi. kanonis da
keTili znis darRvevas mxolod germaniaSi SeiZleba
mohyves yvela saxis samarTlebrivi garigebis gabaTile-
ba. Sveicaruli samarTali italiurTan erTad praqtiku-
lad igive Sedegs aRwevs. Tumca formalurad baTiloba
mxilod xelSekrulebis uflebas exeba~365.
ar SeiZleba aq ar moviyvanoT prof. b. zoiZis mo-
��.k. cvaigerti, h.kotci, dasax. naSr; 65-66.
336
sazreba zneobasTan mimarTebaSi: `samarTals ver Sevay-
varebT xalxs, Tu igi zneobasTan mimarTebaSi mudam dam-
cirebul mdgomareobaSi gveyoleba. ar SeiZleba adamian-
ebs marto is swamdeT, rom samarTali zneobis minimumia,
rogorc amas amtkicebda cnobili germaneli iuristi
georg elineki... kanonmdebels yovelTvis unda axsovdes,
rom igi ar unda daupirispirdes aRiarebul zneobriv
faseulobebs. aseTi dapirispireba safrTxes Seuqmnis
TviT adamianis arsebobas, vinaidan ar SeiZleba arsebob-
des adamiani, rogorc martooden samarTlebrivi subie-
qti... samarTlis qmnadobis procesi ise unda avawyoT,
rom igi sazogadoebis sasicocxlo zneobriv faseulo-
bebs diregad (boZad) edges da ara Zirs uTxrides mas366.
garigebis dadebis Tavisufleba samoqalaqo brun-
vis umTavres faseulobas warmoadgens. aki, kidec gveu-
bneba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 319-e muxli, rom kerZo sa-
marTlis subieqtebs xelSekrulebis dadeba Tavisuflad
SeuZliaT da aseve xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRv-
raSic kanonis farglebSi isini Tavisufali arian nebis
gamovlenaSi. es ki bunebrivia, zogadad garigebis dade-
bis Tavisuflebasac gulisxmobs, Tu ar gamovricxavT
zogierT muxlebs samoqalaqo kodeqsidan (mag; m.183),
roca garigebis dadeba uZrav nivTebze moiTxovs kano-
niT dadgenil formas. magram samoqalaqo kanonmdeblo-
ba icnobs muxlebs, romlebic baTilia misi kanonTan
Seusabamobis gamo da swored erT-erT aseT muxls war-
moadgens m.55 (`garigebis baTiloba gavlenis borotad
borotad gamoyenebis gamo~), romlis Tanaxmad, `baTi-
lia garigeba, romelic dadebulia erTi mxaris meoreze
gavlenis borotad gamoyenebiT, roca maTi urTierToba
dafuZnebulia gansakuTrebul ndobaze~. sainteresoa ka-
��. zoiZe, b., sakonstitucis kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi,
2007, 139-140.
337
nonmdebeli am SemTxvevaSi rogor udgeba aRniSnuli
muxliT garigebis baTilobis sakiTxs? ra faqtori unda
amoqmeddes, rom garigeba gabaTildes? rogorc normi-
dan irkveva erT-erTi faqtoric ki sakmarisia garigebis
gasabaTileblad. am muxlis komentirebisas Cven gamo-
vyofdiT ndobis faqtoris rols samarTalSi, romelic
cxadia nebismieri sazogadoebis arsebobis dedaboZia.
garigebis damdebi mxareebi unda endobodnen erTmaneTs,
ise unda iqceodnen, rogorc keTilsindisieri part-
niorebi, Tanasworebi mxareTa uflebebisa da movaleobe-
bis gansazRvrisas. anu moqmedebs princi pi: Tu endobi
ese igi gwams!. magram yovelTvis rom ase araa. mxareebi
xSir SemTxvevaSi iyeneben TavianT sabazro Zalauflebas,
rom TavianTi upiratesoba, monopoliuri mdgomareoba
Seiqmnan. ki batono! Tuki aravis surs konkretuli saq-
mis wamowyeba (mag; sazRvargareTidan garkveuli saxis
produqciis importi) da Sen gaqvs kanonierad monopo-
liuri mdgomareoba, magram es rodi gaZlevs uflebas
sabazro Zalaufleba sxvebis dasaTrgunad gamoiyeno da
kontrhagents SesTavazo xelSekrulebis Seusabamo pi-
robebi. bunebrivia Tavisufali konkurencia daSvebulia,
magram arakonkurentulia sxvebis ukanonod `Cawixlvis~
xarjze. aRniSnul muxls amagrebs agreTve, 319-e muxlis
meore nawili, sadac aRniSnulia, rom Tu xelSekrule-
bis erT-erT mxares ukavia dominirebuli mdgomareoba
bazarze, maSin saqmianobis am sferoSi mas ekisreba xel-
Sekrulebis dadebis valdebuleba. mas ar SeuZlia kon-
trhagents usafuZvlod SesTavazos xelSekrulebis ara-
Tanabari pirobebi. an kidev, m. 319-is me-3 nawili, romelic
im pirebs exeba, romlebic arasamewarmeo miznebisaTvis
an saarsebo moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad iZenen
an sargebloben qonebiTa da momsaxurebiT. aseT pireb-
338
ze dausabuTebeli uarisTqma xelSekrulebis dadeba-
ze dauSvebelia, Tuki xelSekrulebis meore mxare mo-
qmedebs Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi. Tu
ra miiCneva mxaris mZime mdgomareobad, es sasamarTlo
praqtikis Sefasebis sakiTxia. mxaris mZime mdgomareoba
sxvadasxva subieqtur-obieqturi faqtorebiT aris ga-
mowveuli. mag; piris avadmyofoba, romelic iZulebulia
maRal fasad iyidos wamali, romelsac wamlis gada-
myidveli sTavazobs, an kidev, bazarze fasebis mkveTri
xelovnuri zrda, rac ewinaaRmdegeba sabazro wesrigis
pirobebs da sxva. ra igulisxmeba terminebSi: àSkara
Seusabamoba~, `mxaris gulubryviloba?~esec sasamarT-
loseuli Sefasebis sakiTxia. aSkara Seusabamoba iqneba
100 000 lariani nivTis 1 000 larad gayidva piris mier,
romelic mZime materialuri mdgomareobidan gamomdi-
nare iZulebulia gayidos nivTi da gamyidvelis mZime
mdgomareobiT sargeblobs myidveli. myidvels, an kidev
gamyidvels (ufro xSirad) dominirebuli mdgomareoba
ukavia bazarze da gamyidvels sxva gza ar aqvs konkre-
tuli myidvelis iqeT. rac Seexeba `gulubryvilobis~
faqts, an kidev àSkara Seusabamobas~, romelic dRes
ukve aRar gvxvdeba ssk-is 55-e muxlSi, magram konkretu-
li faqtis Sefasebisas igi mosamarTlis mier gamosayene-
belia. aq sainteresoa, rom ar gamogvrCes erTi detali.
xom ver vaiZulebT garigebis damdeb mxares xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi yvela piroba, niuansi auxsnas garigebis meo-
re mxares? bazarSi produqtis gamyidveli aqebs Tavis
saqonels da albaT imaze met reklamas ukeTebs, vidre
misi realuri Rirebulebaa. mas, bunebrivia ar evaleba
yvela detali auxsnas myidvels, magram Tu gamyidvelma
myidvelis gulubryvilobiT isargebla da myidvels sa-
qoneli mihyida aSkara SeusabamobiT saqonlis realur
339
fasTan, - bunebrivia aseTi garigeba gabaTildeba. kanon-
mdebloba zogadad migvaniSnebs àSkara Seusabamobaze~,
magram ra TanxebSi meryeobs es àSkara Seusabamoba~
amaze arafers ambobs. aqac sasamarTlo praqtika unda
dagvexmaros amaSi da individualurad unda miudges am
SemTxvevaSi gadasawyvet kazuss.
moCvenebiTi da TvalTmaqcuri garigebebi, romle-
bic ssk 56-e muxlSia mocemuli analogiuria germanuli
BGB-s 117 paragrafisa367 (moCvenebiTi garigeba). muxlis
pirveli nawilis SemTxvevaSi, `Tu nebis gamovlena, ro-
melic mimarTuli unda iyos meore mxarisaken, am uka-
nasknelis TanxmobiT gakeTebulia mxolod mosaCveneb-
lad, maSin baTilia~. xolo me-2 nawiliT, `Tu moCvene-
biTi garigebiT ifareba sxva garigeba, maSin gamoiyeneba
dafaruli garigebis mimarT moqmedi normebi~. muxlis
orive nawilis SemTxvevaSi cxadia adgili aqvs fiqtiur
garigebebs. orive nawils aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom
arc erT SemTxvevaSi nebis gamovlena ar Seesabameba mxa-
reTa namdvil nebas. aRniSnuli ti pis garigebebi ideba
im SemTxvevaSic, roca erT-erTi mxare cdilobs `Cafi-
qrebuli mizani~, romelic kanonsawinaaRmdegoa, damalos
misi baTilobis SiSiT da mosaCveneblad, _ aramarTl-
zomieri miznebis misaRwevad debs kanonsawinaaRmdego
garigebebs. magaliTi: a-s hqonda b-s vali da valis uz-
runvelsayofad gamoiyeneboda a-s moZrav nivTze girav-
nobis ufleba. a. b-s TanxmobiT iyenebda nivTs saWiroe-
bisamebr. valis gadaxdis drois mosvlisas, a-m, rome-
lic ver ixdida b-s vals, gamoucxada b-s, rom nivTi
dakarga da `viTom~ Zebna daiwyo. faqtiurad man nivTi
gadamala, an kidev meore varianti: nivTi sxvas `mihyida~
��. damat. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von
Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau,
Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 87-88.
340
(`kvazi nasyidoba~). faqtiurad aravisTvis ar miuyidia,
kreditoris mosaCveneblad `viTomcda~ dado nasyidobis
xelSekruleba. sesxis xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis
Semdeg, gamsesxebelma (b-m) moiTxova sesxis dabruneba,
razedac msesxebelma (a-m) ganacxada, rom sesxis gadaxda
ar SeeZlo. maSin b-m moiTxova nivTis misTvis gadacema
sarealizaciod, raTa am gziT daebrunebina fuli. ismis
kiTxva: unda daabrunos Tu ara mesame pirma nivTi, ro-
melmac araferi ar icoda sesxis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb
da msesxeblis `TaRliTobis~ Sesaxeb? mesame piri xom
keTilsindisieri SemZenia, romelmac araferi ar icoda
moCvenebiTi garigebis Sesaxeb, amitom igi araa valdebu-
li nivTis dabrunebaze, man nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba
moi pova, xolo msesxebeli yvela SemTxvevaSia valde-
buli sesxis dabrunebaze. moCvenebiT dadebuli gari-
gebis sailustraciod SeiZleba aseTi magaliTis mota-
na: kompanioni sawarmoebi erTmaneTs Soris deben iseT
xelSekrulebebs, rom xarjebi warmoebisa gazardon,
raTa Seamciron saxelmwifosaTvis gadasaxadi Tanxis
odenoba. cxadia mxareTa aseTi saxiT dadebuli gari-
geba moCvenebiTia da baTilobas eqvemdebareba, xolo
baTiloba ki imavdroulad sanqciis sxvadasxva saxeebs
warmoSobs (mag: zianis anazRaureba, jarima, SeiZleba
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxsmgeblobac sawarmos xelmZR-
vanelTa mimarT).
moCvenebiT dadebuli garigebis Sesaxeb uzenaesi
sasamarTlos palatam ganmarta (saqme #as-1-453-06-07,
2007, 24 maisi) rom: `moCvenebiTi garigebis dros mxare-
Ta SeTanxmeba moklebulia namdvilobas da igi kanon-
sawinaaRmdego miznebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba im miz-
niT, rom kreditorebis dakmayofilebas gaeqces, movale
341
viTom yidis an Cuqnis qonebas. sinamdvileSi araviTa-
ri nasyidoba an Cuqeba ar aris. moCvenebiTi garigebis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daisvas mesame pirTa interesebis
dacvis sakiTxi. moCvenebiTi garigebis dros mosaCvene-
blad iqceva am garigebis monawile nebis gamovlenis
yvela subieqti.....368~
TvalTmaqcuri garigebebi moCvenebiTi garigebis
nairsaxeobas warmoadgenen da maTgan gansxvavdebian imiT,
rom garigebis monawileebs mosaCveneblad dadebuli
garigebiT surT sxva garigebis dafarva, romlis ganxor-
cielebasac isini realur miznad isaxaven (mag; Cuqebas,
roca realurad nasyidobaa da sxva). samoqalaqo kode-
qsis 57-e muxli `garigebis baTiloba nebis gamovlenis
araseriozulobis gamo~ analogiuria germanuli samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis $. 118-isa (seriozulis ararseboba369), im
gansxvavebiT, rom qarTuli muxli ornawiliania, gansx-
vavebiT germanulis Sesabamisi paragrafisa, romelic
mxolod ori winadadebisagan Sedgeba (`nebis gamovlena,
romelic gakeTebulia araseriozulad im varaudiT, rom
seriozulobis ararseboba gamocnobili iqneboda, baTi-
lia~). ssk m. 57-e muxli iTvaliswinebs araseriozulad
(xumrobiT) nebis gamovlenas baTilad, imave varaudiT,
rom araseriozuloba gamocnobili iqneboda (rogorc
vxedavT germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis analogiuria).
nebis mimRebs ki, romelmac ziani ganicada imis gamo, rom
igi nebis gamovlenas endoboda, miyenebuli ziani unda
aunazRaurdes. bunebrivia, adamianebi xSirad xumroben
da nebasac Sesabamisad araseriozulad gamoxataven, ma-
gram rogoria es xumroba: keTili Tu boroti? rogor
��. dawvr. ix. susg. samoq. saqme #as-1-453-06-07, 2007, 24 maisi, sarCelis sagani;
nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba.
��. damat. ian kropholeri, dasax. naSr; ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von
Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 88.
342
mizans isaxavs `xumroba?~, roca piri xumrobisas nebas
araseriozulad avlens? bunebrivia, `keTili xurobis
dros nebis gamomvleni borot ganzraxvas ar isaxavda
miznad, es rom scodnoda arc ixumrebda. gamomdinare
aqedan keTilsindisieri xumroba baTilia, xolo boro-
ti xumroba, roca piri winaswari SecnobiT `xumrobs
borotad~, rom xumrobis adresats ziani miayenos,-aseTi
xumroba ar iwvevs garigebis baTilobas.
ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves aseTi saxis xumrobebs?.
amaze pasuxs gvcems swored ssk m. 57-is me-2 nawili, rom
Tu piri, romelmac ziani miiRo imis gamo, rom igi xum-
robiT nebis gamomxatvels endoboda, radganac mas ver
warmoedgina am piris nebis araseriozuli gamovlena,-
ziani unda aunazRaurdes. ziani orive SemTxvevaSi (ke-
Tili da boroti xumrobisas) unda anazRaurdes, magram
mometebuli riskiT boroti xumrobisas, radgan boro-
ti xumrobiT `xumara~ miznad isaxavs meore mxarisaT-
vis zianis miyenebas da am pirs garkveuli riskis qveS
ayenebs. keTilsindisieri xumrobis dros mxolod ziani
anazRaurdeba.
rogor gavigoT xumroba `keTilia Tu boroti?~es sa-
qmis arsis garkvevisas sasamarTlos Sefasebis sakiTxia.
sanqciis dakisrebisas sasamarTlom unda gamoarkvios
xumrobis xasiaTi, garigebis xasiaTi, kontrahentis piro-
vneba, is konkretuli garemoebani, ra viTarebaSic daido
garigeba, aseve sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, romelic
arsebiT gavlenas axdenen xumrobis avtoris mier nebis
gamovlenaze.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 58-e muxlma garkveuli no-
vacia ganicada (2015 wlis 20 martis kanoniT #3339) sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlod mier miRebul gadawyveti-
lebasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis i.
343
qemokliZisa da d. xaraZis sarCelze saqarTvelos par-
lamentis winaaRmdeg~, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT vrclad
gvqonda saubari da am SemTxvevaSi mas ar ganvavrcobT,
SevexebiT mxolod muxlis cvlilebebs, kerZod, aRniSnu-
li norma CamoTvlis mTel rig SemTxvevebs garigebis
baTilobisa. kerZod: 1) mcirewlovnis mier nebis gamov-
lena baTilia. 2) baTilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos piris
mier nebis gamovlena cnobierebis dakargvis an droebi-
Ti fsiqikuri moSlilobis dros. 3) baTilia fsiqikuri
aSlilobis mqone piris mier nebis gamovlena garigebis
dadebisas, roca es realuri viTarebis sworad aRqmas,
ar Seesabameba, Tund es piri am garigebiT sargebels ar
iRebs, Tundac igi sasamarTlos mier mxardaWeris mim-
Rebad ar iyos cnobili~. imave gadawyvetilebiT moxda
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi 581 muxlis (mxardaWeris mimRebis
mier garigebis dadeba~) damateba, romlis Tanaxmad, `Tu
mxardaWeris mimRebi debs garigebas sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli mxardaWeris miRebis ga-
reSe, garigebis namdviloba damokidebulia imaze, Semd-
gomSi mxardaWeri moiwonebs Tu ara mas, garda im Sem-
Txvevebisa, roca mxardaWeris mimRebi am garigebiT sar-
gebels iRebs (n.1). (rogorc normis ganmartebidan Cans,
mas ukuqceviTi Zala gaaCnia garigebis dadebis momenti-
dan, kerZod, gamoyenebul unda iqnes aRniSnuli normis
kvalifikaciisas ssk, m. 101, romlis Tanaxmad: `Semdgom
Tanxmobas (mowonebas) ukuqceviTi Zala aqvs garigebis
dadebis monetidan, Tu sxva ram ar aris dadgenili~.
dadgenili ki is aris, rom Tu mxardamWeri calmxrivi
garigebiT sargebels iRebs, mas mxardaWeris mimRebis
Tanxmoba aseTi garigebis dadebisas ar sWirdeba). meo-
re nawilis Tanaxmad, ki: mxardaWeris mimRebis mier sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli mxardaWeris
344
miRebis gareSe garigebis dadebaze vrceldeba samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis 64-e (ùari arasrulwlovanis mier dade-
bul garigebaze~) da 66-e (`warmomadgenlis aucilebeli
Tanxmobis gareSe dadebuli garigebis baTiloba~) mux-
lebiT dadgenili wesi~370.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis zemoT aRniSnu-
li normebi bunebrivia saTaves iRebs germanuli BGB-s $
104 (qmeduunaroba), $ 105 (nebis gamovlenis baTiloba), $
105a. (yoveldRiuri garigebebi), $ 106 (arasrulwlovanis
SezRuduli qmedunarianoba)-dan. aRniSnul paragrafebSi
zustad igive faqtoria CamoTvlili garigebis baTilo-
bisa, rac saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 58-e muxlSi.
am muxlis komentirebisas avRniSneT, rom mcirewlova-
nisa da sasamarTlos mier piris mxardaWeris mimRebad
aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT gansazRvruli SemTxve-
vebis garda, maT garigebis dadeba ar SeuZliaT, xolo
Tu dades _ igi gabaTildeba. aseTi pirebis nacvlad
garigebebs maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi - mxardamWe-
rebi (meurveebi) deben. mxardaWeris miRebis SemTxvevaSi
saxezea absoluturi uunaroba (saubaria mcirewlovan
pirebze), romelic damoukideblad nebis gamovlenas ver
ganaxorcielebs (gamonaklisia mSoblis TanxmobiT mci-
rewlovanis mier vTqvaT funTuSis, saReWi rezinis yid-
va da sxva, romelic faqtiurad nebis gamovlenad arc
ki CaiTvleba). aq erTgvari gardamavali mdgomareoba
gvaqvs mxardaWeris miRebidan mxardaWeris gauqmebamde,
roca maT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT aRudgebaT jan-
mrTeloba da moxdeba piris sruli restitucia Tavis
pirvandel uflebebSi. amis Semdeg mas bunebrivia damou-
kideblad SeeZleba garigebis dadeba. rac Seexeba fizi-
kur nakls (simunje, siyrue da sxva), isini pirs xels ar
��.am normebis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
345
uSlian garigebis dadebisas da safuZvelsac ver qmnian
bunebrivia misi qmeduunarod aRiarebisaTvis.
cnobierebis dakargva da droebiTi fsiqikuri moS-
lilobac safuZvelia garigebis baTilobisaTvis, radgan
am SemTxvevaSi piris sulieri mdgomareobis droebiTi
moSliloba damabrkolebeli faqtoria misi nebis Tavi-
suflad gamovlenisa (vTqvaT, Zlieri nerviuloba, stresi,
Zlieri fizikuri da sulieri travma, Zlieri simTvrale
da sxva). magaliTad, ssk 1403 muxlis me-3 nawili iTvalis-
winebs anderZis sasamarTlos mier baTilad gamocxade-
bis SemTxvevas, Tu piri iseT mdgomareobaSia, rom mas ar
SeuZlia Seignos Tavisi moqmedebis mniSvneloba da war-
marTos igi. bunebrivia, rom sasamarTlos mier garigeba
unda gabaTildes maSinac, roca piri mxardaWeris mimRe-
bia (aq saubaria kanonSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebam-
de im pirebze, romlebic srulwlovanebi iyvnen, magram
suliT avadmyofobis gamo ar SeeZloT damoukideblad
garigebis dadeba), magram ar arsebobs sasamarTlos ga-
dawyvetileba am piris mxardaWeris mimReb pirad aRiare-
bis Sesaxeb, radganac mis mier nebis gamovlena realu-
ri viTarebis sworad aRqmas ar eqvemdebareba, magram
garigeba SeiZleba namdvilad CaiTvalos, roca pirma igi
dado gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg (`naTel SualedebSi~),
xolo Tu igi Semdeg isev daavadda (gaxda sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT mxardaWeris mimRebi piri), - sasamarT-
lo isev gamoitans gadawyvetilebas misi mxardaWeris
mimReb pirad aRiarebis Sesaxeb.
garigebis formebze Cven Semdeg paragrafSi gveq-
neba saubari, ssk 59-e muxlis 1-li nawilis SemTxvevaSi
ki avRniSnavT, rom kanoni baTilad miiCnevs garigebas,
romelic kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li aucilebeli formis daucvelad, an nebarTvis gare-
346
Se daido (Tu konkretuli garigebis namdvilobisaTvis
saWiro iyo nebarTva). `formis damdgeni normis funqcia
SeiZleba iyos is, rom ganmcxadebelma nebis gamovlenis
Sinaarsi sakmarisad gaiazros (prevenciuli funqcia)....
kanoniT dadgenili formis daucvelobis samarTlebri-
vi Sedegi, rogorc wesi, baTilobaa~371. norma (m. 59) im-
peratiulia, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom garigebis mona-
wileebs misi Secvla ar SeuZliaT. aq saubaria imis
Sesaxeb, rom jer erTi, garigebis formas gansazRvravs
kanoni imperatiuli formiT (mag; ssk 183-e muxliT, an ki-
dev, `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb kanonis II TaviT, romel-
Ta Tanaxmad, ùZrav nivTze nasyidobis xelSekrulebis
dasadebad aucilebelia werilobiT xelSekrulebasTan
erTad sajaro reestrSi sakuTrebis uflebis gatare-
ba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklisis saxiT daSvebulia im
xarvezis gamosworeba, faqtobrivi SesrulebiT, romelic
garigebis dadebisas mxareebma ver gaiTvaliswines. mag;
ssk 563-e muxli372 iTvaliswinebs sacxovrebeli sadgomis
qiravnobis Sewyvetas werilobiTi formiT. magram Tu
mxareebma es moTxovna ar daicves da ise Sewyvites xel-
Sekruleba, aseTi Secdoma baTili aRar iqneba, radgan
faqtobrivi SesrulebiT formis xarvezi gamoaswores.
gamonaklisi SemTxveva kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswine-
bul SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba da es im SemTxvevebSi, roca
samoqalaqo brunvis wesrigs, am brunvis subieqtebs zia-
ni ar adgebaT. rac Seexeba sesxis xelSekrulebiT gaT-
valiswinebuli aucilebeli formis daucvelad dade-
bul garigebas, isic baTilad cxaddeba. magaliTi: 624-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, `sesxis xelSekruleba ideba zepirad
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes weri-
��. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 51, 52.
��. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi I, 2001,
126-128.
347
lobiTi formac~373, Tu xelSekrulebis damdebma romeli-
me mxarem daarRvia xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
piroba rom sesxi werilobiT daidos, miuxedavad imisa,
rom sesxis xelSekruleba formasavaldebulo ar aris,
mainc baTili iqneba. yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, ra
mizniT aiRes mxareebma garigebis es forma; `garigebis
namdvilobis winapirobad Tu garigebidan gamomdinare
uflebebis naTelsayofad an maT mtkicebulebebad. am
ukanaskneli safuZvliT formiT SeTanxmeba praqtikaSi
Zalian xSiria, razedac zemoT motanili erT-erTi maga-
liTi migvaniSnebs sesxis xelSekrulebisa.
martivi werilobiTi formis daucveloba xan iwvevs
garigebis baTilobas; (mag; anderZi (m.1357) aucileblad
werilobiTi formisa unda iyos)374, an kidev, pirgasamtex-
lo werilobiTi formiT unda iyos SeTanxmebuli (m. 418,
n. 2375), - xan kidev ara. magram, sakamaTo ar aris, rom zepiri
formiT dadebuli garigebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi maRali
riskis matarebelia, xandaxan mowmeTa Cvenebebi, rogorc
mtkicebulebebi ar kmara garigebis dadebis namdvilobis
dasamtkiceblad. amis sailustraciod mivmarTavT isev
624-e muxlis bolo winadadebas, rom zepiri xelSekru-
lebis dros (igulisxmeba sesxis xelSekruleba) misi
namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod mowmeTa
CvenebiT). Tumca mowmis Cveneba kargi mtkicebulebaa Se-
sanaxad mibarebuli nivTis amosacnobad. zepiri formiT
dadebuli xelSekrulebebi mxareTa uflebebis dacvis
saukeTeso samarTlebrivi forma rom araa, doqtrinam
amitomac aRiara iuridiuli fiqciis didi roli xelSe-
krulebiT kontrahentebis uflebaTa ganmtkicebis erT-
��. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi I, 2001,
229-230.
��. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, 2000, 413-414.
Sengelia, r., Sengelia, e., memkvidreobiTi samarTali, 2007.
��.ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 2001, 490-492.
348
erT saukeTeso saSualebad (magaliTad, mxareebs kanoni
ar avaldebulebs werilobiT dadon moZrav nivTebze
xelSekrulebebi, magram maTi uflebebis gansamtkiceb-
lad uflebamosilebiT aRWuravs werilobiT gaaformos
xelSekruleba (mag. sesxis) da sajaro reestrSi gaata-
ron igi). es iuridiuli fiqciis erT-erTi magaliTia.
rTuli werilobiTi forma kanoniT zustadaa de-
terminirebuli (ssk m.183, m. 184 da a. S.).
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi $126-129376 aregu-
lirebs garigebis namdvilobis damdgen formebs da
aseT formebad Sesabamisad miiCnevs: werilobiT for-
mas da $126-Si alternatiul variants gvTavazobs, ka-
noniT dadgenil werilobiT formas misi Semdgenlebis
xelmoweriT, an masze misi sanotaro wesiT damowmebu-
li inicialebiT; aseve misTvis misaRebia eleqtronu-
li formac ($126a.). am SemTxvevaSi nebis gamomvlenma
am formas unda daurTos sakuTari saxeli, xolo ele-
qtronul dokuments ki daumatos kvalificiuri ele-
qtronuli xelmowera èleqtronuli xelmoweris Sesa-
xeb~ kanonis (Signaturgesetz) mixedviT; $ 127a. mixedviT,
sasamarTlo wesiT damtkicebuli morigebis SemTxveva-
Si, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis (Zivilprozessordnung)
normebis mixedviT gancxadebebis miRebis Sedegad Sedge-
nili oqmi cvlis sanotaro wesiT damowmebas~; germanu-
li samoqalaqo kodeqsi araerTgzis imowmebs sanotaro
wesiT damowmebis mniSvnelobas garigebis namdvilobis
pirobisaTvis, kerZod, $128: `Tu xelSekrulebis sanota-
ro wesiT damowmeba gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT, maSin
sakmarisia, Te jer oferti, xolo Semdeg aqcepti damowm-
des notariusis mier; qarTul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblo-
��. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge,
Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff
65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 103-109.
349
baSi bevrgan notariusi Caanacvla sajaro reestrma, an
martivma werilobiTma formam. aseve, germanuli samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis $129 imowmebs sanotaro damowmebas, Tu
gancxadebis sajaro damowmeba gaTvaliswinebulia kano-
niT da am SemTxvevaSi igi werilobiT unda Sedges da
ganmcxadeblis xelmowera damowmdes notariusis mier....
gancxadebis sanotaro wesiT damowmeba cvlis sajaro
damowmebas~.
rodidanaa sacilo garigeba baTili? am kiTxvaze
pasuxs gagvcems 59-e muxlis me-2 nawili: `sacilo gari-
geba baTilia misi dadebis momentidan, Tu igi Secile-
buli iqneba. Secileba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes xelSe-
krulebis meore mxaris mier~; mesame nawilis Tanaxmad,
ki - `Secilebis ufleba aqvs dainteresebul pirs~377.
BGB-is $ 143-e Semdegnairad aregulirebs `Seci-
lebis gancxadeba~ -s: (1) `Secileba xorcieldeba mo-
winaaRmdege mxaris (Anfechtungsgegner) mimarT wardge-
nili gancxadebiT....~. germanul samarTalSi ($143) azu-
��.prof. l. Wanturias mosazrebiT 59-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebis mTlianad

sacilo garigebebisaTvis mniSvnelovan debulebebs Seicaven da isini calke
muxlSi unda yofiliyvnen moTavsebuli. rogorc Cans, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
bolo redaqciis momzadebis dros gai para Secdoma, romelic dRemde ar
gasworebula. momavalSi kanonis es xarvezi aucileblad unda gaswordes. ix.
Wanturia, l. samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi,
2011, 394 (sqolio 566). igives adasturebs kereseliZe, d. wignSi `kerZo
samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi~ (361-263), kerZod: `ssk-is 2 muxlis
Tanaxmad, `Secileba xorcieldeba xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mimarT~. aseT
formulirebaSi normis aSkara xarvezi vlindeba. `xelSekrulebis meore
mxaris miTiTeba, misi sityva-sityviTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, gamoricxavs
Secilebis institutis gavrcelebas calmxrivi nebis gamovlenaze. saqarTvelos
iuridiul literaturaSi aris am formulirebis farTod ganmartebis mcdeloba,
raTa xelSekrulebis meore mxaris garda, `Secilebis adresati iyos yoveli
mesame piri, romelmac sargebeli naxa am garigebidan~(l. Wanturia, Sesavali
saqarTvelos samoqalqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,Tb; 1997,389). umjobesia aqcenti
Tavdapirveli Tu sacilo nebis gamovlenis mimRebze – adresatze gakeTdes.
aseTi ganmarteba SesabamisobaSia mowesrigebis arsTan da mizanTan, vinaidan
kanonmdebels swored nebis gamovlenis Secilebis adresatis gansazRvra surs,
rogorc calmxriv, ise ormxriv garigebebSi. cxadia, xelSekrulebis meore mxare
ver iarsebebs calmxrivi garigebis SemTxvevaSi da, Sesabamisad, aseT garigebaze
ssk-is 59-e II 2 muxli misi dRevandeli sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobis sruli
ignorirebiT Tu analogiiT unda gavrceldes~.
350
stebs debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom Secilebis adresati
xelSekrulebaSi, xelSekrulebis meore mxarea ($143, {2},
xolo $ 123 me-2 nawilis me-2 winadadebis SemTxvevaSi
(saubaria imis Sesaxeb, `Tu motyueba Cadenil iqna mesame
piris mier, maSin nebis gamovlena, romelic unda gakeTe-
buliyo meore mxaris mimarT, SeiZleba gaxdes sacilo
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac am ukanasknelma mo-
tyuebis Sesaxeb icoda, an unda scodnoda amis Taobaze~),
- piri, romelmac xelSekrulebiT uSualod miiRo ufle-
ba~; aRniSnuli paragrafis (3) – is Tanaxmad, `calmxrivi
garigebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic daido sxva piris mimarT,
mowinaaRmdege mxares warmoadgens es sxva piri. analo-
giuri wesi moqmedebs iseTi garigebis drosac, romelic
unda dadebuliyo sxva piris an administraciuli or-
ganos mimarT maSinac ki, rodesac garigeba administra-
ciuli organos mimarT ukve daido~; igive paragrafis
(4) - is Tanaxmad: `sxva saxis calmxrivi garigebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, mowinaaRmdege mxared miiCneva piri, romelmac
uSualod miiRo uflebrivi sargebeli garigebis safuZ-
velze. Tumca, Tu nebis gamovlena unda gakeTebuliyo
administraciuli organos mimarT, Secileba SeiZleba
gakeTdes administraciuli organos mimarT gakeTebuli
gancxadebiT; administraciulma organom unda Seatyo-
binos Secilebis Sesaxeb im pirs, romlis interesebsac
uSualod Seexnen garigebiT~378.
sacilo garigeba manam, sanam Secilebuli (Seda-
vebuli) ar iqneba, sasamarTlo ar cnobs mas baTilad.
arsebobs prezumfcia, rom sanam igi baTilad ar iqne-
ba cnobili, anulirebamde namdvilia, anulirebis Sem-
deg ki-baTili. `sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebamde sacilo
��. damat. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von
Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 149.
351
garigebis namdviloba ganpirobebulia im safuZvelTa
TaviseburebebiT, ris gamoc xdeba misi baTiloba. nebis
gamovlenis faqtSi baTilobis safuZveli obieqturad
SeumCnevelia. vTqvaT motyuebiT daido garigeba. motyue-
bis faqti obieqturad ar vlindeba, formis daucveloba
ki obieqtur, garegnul gamoxatulebas poulobs. am uka-
nasknelis arsebobis mtkiceba TviT am faqtSia. amitoma-
caa, rom vidre ar damtkicebula motyuebis, cdomilebis
mdgomareoba, manamde ver vityviT, rom garigeba baTilia.
sasamarTlo aq garigebis baTilobis dadastureba - kon-
statacias ki ar axdens, aramed, adgens mas379~. saqarTve-
los uzenaesma sasamarTlom formis daucvelad dade-
buli garigebis baTilobis saqmis gaxilvisas ganmarta,
rom: uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia garigebis
werilobiTi formiT dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT
gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis registracia saja-
ro reestrSi. aRniSnuli normis Sinaarsidan gamomdina-
re, uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba unda dadasturdes
mxolod kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili formiT. sakasacio
sasamarTlom sruliad gaiziara saapelacio sasamarT-
los miTiTeba, rom X-s zemoxsenebuli wesiT sadavo bi-
naze Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba ar daudasturebia, ara-
med ganmarta, rom g-sagan nivTi SeiZina zepiri SeTanxme-
bis safuZvelze ssk 68-e muxlis Sesabamisad, garigebis
namdvilobisaTvis ki saWiroa kanoniT dadgenili for-
mis dacva, xolo 59-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT ki, ba-
Tilia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli aucilebeli formis
daucvelad dadebuli garigeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
igi CaiTvleba baTilad. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare X-sa
da g-s mier nasyidobis xelSekrulebis zepirad dadebis
dadasturebis pirobebSic garigebis kanoniT dadgenili
352
forma daculi ar yofila da maT Soris dadebuli xelSe-
kruleba aris ucilod baTili, arara garigeba, romelsac
raime iuridiuli mniSvnelobis Sedegi ver mohyveba.
Secilebis ufleba yvela pirs ar SeuZlia. aseTe-
bad kanoni aRiarebs dainteresebul pirebs. eseni ara
marto garigebis damdebi mxareebi arian, aramed mesame
pirebic, romlebic am garigebis rezultatiT arian dain-
teresebuli.
ras niSnavs garigebis konversia?380 `Tu baTili
garigeba akmayofilebs sxva garigebisaTvis gaTvalis-
winebul moTxovnebs, maSin es ukanaskneli gamoiyeneba,
Tuki garigebis baTilobis Setyobisas mxareebs surs
misi namdviloba~ (ssk m. 60).
aRniSnuli debuleba magaliTad BGB-s 140-e para-
grafisgan, arsebiTad `mxareebze~ miTiTebiTia da am
mxareTa survilis awmyoSi moxseniebiTa Tu faqtis ar-
sebobis konstantaciiT gansxvavdeba. qarTuli ssk-is me-
60 muxlis debuleba `mxareebs surT misi namdviloba~-
Sesabamisia germanuli normisa - `misi namdviloba
sasurveli iqneboda~ da erTis mxriv, calmxriv nebis
gamovlenaze argavrcelebasa da, meores mxriv mxareTa
nebis faqtobrivad arsebobaze aqcentiT vlindeba. `sa-
marTlebrivi Zalis mqone Semcvlel garigebaSi konver-
siiT SeiZleba miRweul iqnes baTili garigebis mniSvne-
lovani ekonomikuri Sedegi. es norma moqmedebs aseve im
garigebebis mimarT, romlebic Tavidan meryevad baTili
iyo da (mag; $1366-is me-4 nawilis Sesabamisad) sabolood
baTili aRmoCnda. winapirobebi: baTili garigeba unda
akmayofilebdes Semcvleli garigebis namdvilobis moT-
xovnebs. Semcvleli garigebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi
ar SeiZleba iyos ufro meti, vidre rac gansazRvruli
��. konversia – laT. konversio –Secvla; winaT gamoSvebuli saxelmwifo sesxis
pirobebis Secvla (procentis Semcireba, gadaxdis vadis gadaweva da misT.).
353
iyo baTili garigebiT. igi unda Seesabamebodes baTili
garigebis dadebis momentSi arsebul mxareTa savaraudo
nebas. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia is faqti, rom dadebd-
nen Tu ara mxareebi Semcvlel garigebas baTiilobis
cnobis SemTxvevaSi, maT mier dasaxuli ekonomikuri miz-
nebis gaTvaliswinebiT~381.
konversiis dros saxeze gvaqvs mxareebis mier Ta-
vidanve SeTanxmebuli garigeba da Semdgomi garigeba.
baTili swored Tavdapirveli garigebaa, anu saxeze unda
iyos mTliani garigebis baTiloba, nawilisa - am mux-
lis SemTxvevaSi ki ara. àRniSnuli muxlis specialuri
ganmarteba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac igi
moicavs sxva namdvil garigebas da roca am ukanaskne-
lis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi garigebis ukan rCeba382~.
me_60 muxlis moqmedeba SeTanxmebis dadebis procesSi
myofi garigebis mimarT ar vrceldeba. sxva garigeba
mxolod maSin iqneba namdvili, Tuki mxareebi Seityoben
Tavdapirveli garigebis baTilobas da moindomeben mis
namdvilobas.
`samoqalaqo samarTali ganamtkicebs namdvili
garigebisa da da baTili garigebis cnebebs. namdvi-
lad iTvleba iseTi garigeba, romelic iwvevs garigebis
monawileebis mier dasaxuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebis
dadgomas. garigeba miiCneva baTilad Tuki mas Sedegad
ar mohyveba dasaxuli mizani imis gamo, rom moqmedi
samarTali ganxorcielebul qmedobas samarTlebrivad
uvargisad miiCnevs~ (mag; Tu uZrav qonebaze nasyidobis
xelSekruleba kanoniT dadgenili imperatiuli formiT
ar daido (m. 183), aseTi garigeba baTilia. samoqalaqo
��. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 68. analogiur ganmartebas vxvdebiT qarTul
doqtrinaSic.
��. zoiZe, b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, red.
Wanturia, l. axvlediani, z., zoiZe, b., jorbenaZe, 1997.
354
samarTali icnobs agreTve garigebaTa saxeebs, romelTa
erTi nawilia aranamdvili da romelic garigebis baTi-
lobis safuZvelia, e. i. ivaraudeba, rom garigeba am baTi-
li nawilis gareSec daideboda (m.62). aq bunebrivia wa-
moiWreba problema kiTxvebis saxiT: konkretulad rome-
li nawili CavTvaloT garigebis baTilobis safuZvlad?
am nawilis baTiloba iwvevs mTlianad garigebis baTi-
lobas Tu ara? garigebis nawilis baTiloba danarCen
nawils unarCunebs samarTlebriv Zalas? warmoSobs ki
iuridiulad samarTlebriv Sedegebs pirTaTvis? am da
sxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad unda amovideT iqedan,
rom davsvaT kiTxva: SeiZleba am nawilis gamoyofa gari-
gebidan, romelic baTilia? magaliTad, Tu erToblivi
saqmianobis (amxanagobis) wevrebi xelSekrulebaSi amxa-
nagobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb Caweren, rom amxanagoba iuri-
diuli piria, - aseTi nawilis baTiloba xelSekrule-
baSi, mTlianad amxanagobis xelSekrulebis baTilobas
iwvevs, radganac kanonSi (ssk m.930) pirdapir Cawerilia,
rom èrToblivi saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekru-
lebiT ori an ramdenime piri kisrulobs erToblivad
imoqmedos saerTo sameurneo an sxva miznebis misaRwe-
vad xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli saSualebebiT, iuri-
diuli piris Seuqmnelad~.
`sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb arsebobs Tu ara erTiani
garigeba, romelic calkeuli nawilebisagan Sedgeba da
iwvevs Tu ara am nawilebis baTiloba mTlianad garige-
bis baTilobas, surT Tu ara garigebis monawilebs mT-
lianad garigebis baTiloba, Tu Tanaxmani arian mxolod
erTi nawilis baTilobaze, - unda dadgindes ganmarte-
bis safuZvelze. amitom nawilobrivad baTili garigebe-
bis ganxilvisas ganmartebas Zalian didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba. ganmartebis safuZvelze unda dadgindes, iTva-
355
liswineben Tu ara garigebis monawileebi imis SesaZ-
leblobas, rom garigebis erTi nawilis baTilobam ar
gamoiwvios mTlianad garigebis baTiloba... nawilobrivi
baTili garigebis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania aseve sa-
kiTxi, Tu ramdenad arsebiTia garigebisaTvis is nawili,
romelic baTilad iqna miCneuli, gonivrulia Tu ara mis
gamo mTlianad garigebis aRiareba baTilad~ da sxva~383.
BGB-s 139-e paragrafSi kanonmdebeli `negatiur
formulirebas~ iyenebs. kerZod: `garigebis nawilis ba-
Tiloba iwvevs mTliani garigebis baTilobas, Tu ar
aris savaraudo, rom igi daideboda misi baTili nawilis
gareSec~.
arsebobs aseve meryevad baTili garigebebi. igi
iseTi ti pis garigebebis saxea, romelic `neitraluria~
garigebis baTilobasa da namdvilobas Soris, `TiTqos
viRacas~, an `raRacas~ elodeba, ras moimoqmedeben pirebi
misi namdviloba_aranamdvilobisaTvis. magaliTi: aras-
rulwlovanma kanonieri warmomadgenlis gareSe iyida
iseTi nivTi (mag; kompiuteri), romlis yidvisas mas ka-
nonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba sWirdeboda. ra unda
moimoqmedos am SemTxvevaSi kanonma? igi elodeba kano-
nier warmomadgenels (mSobels). Tu arasrulwlovanis
mier dadebuli ormxrivi garigeba (xelSekruleba) ka-
nonieri warmomadgenlis aucilebeli Tanxmobis gareSe
daido, maSin xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebulia
mas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca roca igi iRebs sar-
gebels (ssk m.63, n.1), xolo Tu ar moiwona kanonierma
warmomadgenelma aseTi garigeba, igi baTili iqneba. aseT
garigebebs samoqalaqo doqtrina sacilo garigebebs
uwodebs. samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis cnobilia fardo-
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, 386-387.
356
biTad baTili garigebebi, romlebic mTlianobaSi aris
namdvili, magram konkretuli piris (pirebis) SemTxvevaSi
maT iuridiuli Zala ara aqvT. magaliTad, erToblivi
saqmianobis (amxanagobis) xelSekrulebaSi Caiwera, rom
erToblivi amxanagobidan erT-erTi monawilis gasvli-
sas, romelmac Tavisi saqmianobiT ziani miayena mesame
pirebs, pasuxs ar ageben am pirebis winaSe miyenebuli
zianisaTvis, rameTu isini ukve gavidnen amxanagobidan.
es SeTanxmeba SeiZleba maTTvis iyos Zalis mqone, magram
mesame pirebis SemTxvevaSi (rom isini pasuxs ar age-
ben valdebulebisaTvis) iuridiulad uvargisia. radgan
`gamsvlelis valdebuleba gasvlis momentSi arsebuli
kreditorebis winaSe ucvlelia~ (m.938, n. 3, bolo wina-
dadeba).
ùcilod baTili (arara) garigeba baTilad iTvle-
ba misi dadebis momentidan (ssk m.61, n.1). rogorc normi-
dan vgebulobT, es saxe garigebisa yvelaze mkacria da
kategoriuli misi damdebi mxareebisaTvis, igi ar iTva-
liswinebs aseTi garigebis dadebisas araviTar samarT-
lebriv Sedegebs arc garigebis mxareebisaTvis, arc me-
same pirebisaTvis. igi Tavidanve, dadebisTanave `ganwiru-
lia~ baTilobisaTvis. magram es ise ar unda gavigoT,
TiTqos saerTod ar warmoSobs araviTar samarTlebriv
Sedegebs. warmoSobs zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas
im piris winaSe, visac aseTi garigebis dadebiT miadga
ziani. iZleva Tu ara aseTi ti pis garigebebi `gamoswo-
rebis saSualebas~, rom igi namdvilad gadaiqces? amaze
pasuxs gagvcems sk 61-e muxlis me_2 nawili: `Tu piri,
romelic debs ucilod baTil garigebas, adasturebs
mas, maSin misi moqmedeba ganixileba, rogorc garigebis
xelaxla dadeba~. magaliTi: a-m da b-m erTmaneTs Soris
gaaformes saxlis nasyidobis xelSekruleba werilo-
357
biT sajaro reestrSi daregistrirebis gareSe. cxadia,
aseTi garigeba ucilod baTilia. magram, SemdgomSi, ima-
ve mxareebma aRniSnul saxlze nasyidobis xelSekrule-
ba gaaformes kanonis mTeli moTxovnis dacviT (ix. m.183).
kanonma pirebs àrara garigebis~kvlav Tavidan dadebis
ufleba misca imave saganze da samarTlebrivi Sedegic
kanonieria.
SeiZleba Tu ara sacilo garigebis dadastureba
da vis mier? `Tu garigebas adasturebs Secilebis uf-
lebis mqone piri, maSin igi amiT kargavs Secilebis uf-
lebas~ (ssk, m.61, n.3.). gamodis ra? rom, Tuki Secilebis
uflebis mqone piri, romelsac dadebuli garigebidan
gamomdinare Secilebis ufleba aqvs da ar sargeblobs
kanoniT misTvis miniWebuli am uflebiT, piriqiT asru-
lebs garigebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs, mas aRar
aqvs Secilebis ufleba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad,
bunebrivia samarTalSemfardebelma unda gaarkvios pi-
ris dumilis mizezi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi rodi
niSnavs dadasturebas. Znelia iZulebiT dadebuli gari-
gebebisas piris dumilis mizezi dadastureba iyos (ssk
m.88), gansxvavebiT motyuebiT dadebuli garigebebisas
(ssk m.81), sadac dumili dadasturebis niSania (pirs hgo-
nia, rom namdvil garigebas debs).
ormxrivad baTili garigebis dadasturebis SemTx-
vevaSi,mxareebi saeWvoobisas valdebuli arian erTmaneTs
gadascen yvelaferi, rac ki maT SexvdebodaT, garigeba
Tavidanve namdvili rom yofiliyo. gamodis, rom mxaree-
bi dadasturebas TavinT ufleba-movaleobebs ukavSi-
reben. 61-e muxlis me-4 nawilis SemTxvevaSi Tavidanve,
garigebis dadebidan, namdvilobis varaudia. magaliTi:
a. beriZem p. ivaniZes mihyida saofise farTi. nasyidoba
dadebul iqna kanoniT daculi wesebis darRveviT da
358
bunebrivia igi gabaTilda. mogvianebiT (1 wlis gasvlis
Semdeg). a. beriZem da p. ivaniZem igive saofise farTze
Tavidan dades nasyidobis xelSekruleba (sanivTo gari-
geba) 183-e muxlis dacviT. am erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
p. ivaniZem farTis nawili miaqirava Sps-s, romelic mas
yovelTviurad qiras uxdida. a. beriZem p. ivaniZes mosT-
xova Sps-s mier gadaxdili qiris misTvis gadacema. p.
ivaniZem mas uari ganucxada. a. beriZem sasamarTlos mo-
marTa. sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela ra ssk 61-e muxlis
me_4 nawiliT, a. beriZis sarCeli ar daakmayofila.
ra SemTxvevebSia dadastureba namdvili, formisa
Tu Sinaarsis naklisas? pasuxi calsaxaa: mxolod for-
mis naklisas. rac Seexeba zneobis normebis, sajaro wes-
rigis sawinaaRmdego garigebebs, mas mowoneba an dada-
stureba namdvilad ver aqcevs. dadasturebas isev baTi-
loba moyveba. am SemTxvevaSi urTierTobis SenarCuneba
Znelia, radgan 61-e muxlis me-5 nawiliT, dadastureba
mxolod maSin gaxdeba namdvili, roca xelSekruleba an
garigeba ar ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs da dadge-
nil sajaro wesrigis moTxovnebs~.
359
k i T x v e b i
1. ganmarteT garigebis cneba

2. ra saxis garigebebs icnobs qarTuli samoqalaqo
samarTali?
3. vis saxels ukavSirdeba `nebis gamovlenis Teo-
ria~?
4. rogor ganimarteba neba?
5. ganmarteT `garigebis konversia~
6. ganmarteT moCvenebiTi da TvalTmaqcuri garige-
bebi
6. rogoria meryevad baTili, àrara~ garigebebi?
t e s t e b i
1. garigeba aris:
a. mxolod calmxrivi
b. mxolod ormxrivi
g. mxolod mravalmxrivi
d. calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis
gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urT-
ierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken.
2. nebis gamovlena namdvilad CaiTvleba im momenti-

dan:
a. roca igi meore mxares miuva
b. roca oferenti gamoavlens mas
g. nebis gamovlenas garkveul pirTa Tanxmoba
sWirdeba
d. nebis gamovlenas Tanxmoba saerTod ar sWirdeba.
360
3. nebis gamovlenis Teoria ukavSirdeba:
a. haizes saxels
b. savinis saxels
g. vindSaidis saxels
d. kotcis saxels.
4. vin ganmartavs nebas?

a. nebas ganmartavs misi gamomvleni piri
b. neba unda ganmartos misma mimRebma
g. nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba unda dadg-
indes gonivruli gansjis Sedegad da ara martooden
gamoTqmis sityva-sityviTi azridan
d. nebas ganmarteba ar sWirdeba.
5. garigebis konversia im SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs, roca:

a. saxezea baTili garigeba
b. saxezea sajaro wesrigis da zneobis normebis
sawinaaRmdego garigeba
g. saxezea sabazro Zalauflebis borotad gamoy-
eneba
d. Tu baTili garigeba akmayofilebs sxva garigebi-
saTvis gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, gamoiyeneba es
ukanaskneli, Tuki garigebis baTilobis Setyobisas mxa-
reebs surT misi namdviloba.
6. Secilebis uflebis mqone piri kargavs Secilebis

uflebas:
a. Tu es aqceptantis nebaa
b. Tu garigebas adasturebs Secilebis uflebis
mqone piri, maSin igi kargavs Secilebis uflebas
g. Tu es piri baTil garigebas adasturebs
d. Secilebis uflebis mqone piri arasodes ar kar-
gavs Secilebis uflebas.
361
2. qmedunarianoba, rogorc garigebis
namdvilobis piroba
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis komentirebisas

xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom arasrulwlovani piri
7-dan 18 wlis asakis miRwevamde SezRuduli qmedunari-
anobis mqonea, xolo me-15 muxlSi ki gamoikveTa, rom Sez-
Ruduli qmedunarianobis mqone piris nebis gamovle-
nis namdvilobisaTvis misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmobaa saWiro, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Sez-
Ruduli qmedunarianobis mqone piri garigebiT iRebs
sargebels. kanoniT aseve gaTvaliswinebulia piris Sez-
Rudulqmedunarianad aRiareba, romelic srulwlovania,
magram borotad iyenebs alkohols an narkotikul niv-
Tierebebs da amis gamo Tavis ojaxs mZime materialur
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. sasamarTlo aseT pirebs mzrun-
vels uniSnavs (ssk m.14, m.15, m.16). magram Cven am para-
grafSi konkretulad asakis mixedviT (7-dan-18 wlamde)
pirebze (arasrulwlovanebze) gveqneba saubari, kerZod,
ramdenad marTlzomieria maT mier dadebuli garigebebi,
Tu isini am garigebebs deben kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmobis gareSe, xdeba Tu ara maTi emansi pacia da sxva.
kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis gareSe aras-
rulwlovans saerTod ar SeuZlia garigebis dadeba,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca SezRuduli qmedunariano-
bis mqone piri garigebiT iRebs sargebels (ssk m.15). aq
saubaria calmxriv garigebaze (mag; anderZi, jildo, na-
povari da sxva). rac Seexeba im faqts, roca arasrulw-
lovani debs ormxriv garigebas (xelSekrulebas) kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlis aucilebeli Tanxmobis gareSe, ma-
Sin xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebulia imaze,
SemdgomSi misi warmomadgeneli moiwonebs Tu ara mas,
362
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca igi sargebels iRebs (ssk m.
63, n.1). aq, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs meryevad baTil ga-
rigebasTan. kerZod, garigebis iseT saxesTan, romelic ar
aris imperatiulad, mbrZaneblurad baTili. igi baTilo-
bisa da namdvilobis `samarTlebriv gzasayarze~dgas da
elodeba arasrulwlovanis kanonier warmomadgenels,
moiwonebs Tu ara igi arasrulwlovanis mier dade-
bul ormxriv garigebas. Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi kanonis
analogiiT gamoiyeneba ssk m.101 (`Semdgomi Tanxmoba (mo-
woneba~), ukuqceviTi Zala aqvs garigebis dadebis momen-
tidan, Tu sxva ram ar aris dadgenili384. gamodis, rom Tu
kanonierma warmomadgenelma moiwona arasrulwlovanis
mier dadebuli garigeba (xelSekruleba), igi namdvili
iqneba. samarTlebriv namdvilobas mas aniWebs swored
kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba. magaliTi: 16 wlis
arasrulwlovanma mSoblebisagan naCuqari fuliT, iy-
ida kompiuteri, ise rom am faqtis Sesaxeb gamyidvelTan
nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebamde mSoblebisaTvis
ar ganucxadebia da bunebrivia arc Taxmoba miuRia ga-
rigebis dadebaze. kompiuteri samoqalaqo brunvis niv-
Tia, metad sasargeblo informaciis wyaroa da bunebriv-
ia mSoblebis reaqcia uaryofiTi ar unda yofiliyo.
magram mSoblebma Tu ar moiwones arasrulwlovani Svi-
lis mier dadebuli garigeba, maSin igi baTili iqneba.
kanonma daadgina, rom srulwlovania piri mxolod 18
wlis asakis miRwevidan da am SemTxvevaSi (radgan Cvens
mier moyvanil magaliTSi igi arasrulwlovania) mas
sWirdeboda kanonieri warmomadgenlebis (mSoblebis)
Tanxmoba, radganac kompiuteri ZviradRirebuli nivTia
da aseTi nivTebze ormxrivi garigebis (xelSekrulebis)
dadebas kanonieri warmomadgenlebis Tanxmoba yovelT-
��.Cven am muxlebs Sesabamisi paragrafis komentirebisas farTod SevexebiT.
363
vis sWirdeba. doqtrinis Tanaxmad, ormxrivi garigeba,
jer erTi, rom `pedagogiuri xeiris~, sargeblis momtani
SeiZleba sulac ar iyos mozardisaTvis da kompiuteris
misTvis miyidva SeiZleba rom garkveuli boroti ganz-
raxviT, Semxvedri valdebulebisaTvis gamoiyenos meore
(srulwlovanma) pirma (gamyidvelma). rac Seexeba ssk 63-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis bolo winadadebas, rom Tu
arasrulwlovani garigebiT iRebs sargebels, mas kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba ar sWirdeba, analogi-
uria me-15 muxlis bolo winadadebisa, roca calmxrivi
wesiT garigebiT miRebul sargebelze arasrulwlovans
kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba ar sWirdeba. orive
SemTxvevaSi (ormxrivi xelSekrulebis dadebisas da
calmxrivi garigebisas) zogadad 50-e muxliT dareguli-
rebul garigebas aqvs adgili. maSin ratomaa, rom pirvel
SemTxvevaSi kanoni imperatiulad moiTxovs arasrulw-
lovanis mier ormxrivi garigebis dadebisas kanonieri
warmomadgenlis Tanxmobas,- winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ga-
rigeba baTilia (kompiuteris yidvisas arasrulwlovans
kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba sWirdeba), xolo
igive kompiuteri Tu mas aCuqes (an vTqvaT anderZiT
dautoves) aseT Tanxmobas samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba
ar iTvaliswinebs. raSia saqme? orive SemTxvevaSi ga-
rigebaa dadebuli erTidaigive nivTze (an Tundac sx-
vadasxva nivTze)? saqme swored rom garigebis samarT-
lebriv sargeblianobaSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi (nasyido-
ba) - ormxrivi garigebasTan (xelSekrulebasTan) gvaqvs
saqme, xelSekruleba ki ara marto uflebamosilebiT
aRWuravs arasrulwlovans, aramed igi avaldebulebs
kidec; meore SemTxvevaSi arasrulwlovani mxolod
sargebels iRebs, yovelgvari Semxvedri valdebulebis
gareSe. gamodis, rom samarTlebrivi sargebliT unda
364
Sefasdes arasrulwlovanis mier dadebuli garigeba.
samarTlebrivi sargeblis iqneba sanivTosamarTlebrivi
garigebac. magaliTad, arasrulwlovanisaTvis sakuTre-
baSi qonebis gadacema, Tundac rom datvirTuli iyos
sanivTo uflebebiT, sanivTo sargebeli xom mainc sax-
ezea. samarTlebrivi sargeblis momtania agreTve val-
debulebiTsamarTlebrivi garigebac. magaliTad, muxli
525, n. 3: `saCuqris dapireba warmoSobs Cuqebis valde-
bulebas mxolod maSin, Tu igi werilobiTi formiTaa
dadebuli~. sainteresoa am mxriv ssk m.191 (`napovari~),
roca arasrulwlovani i povis dakargul nivTs da sa-
jaro gancxadebis Semdeg (1 wlis gasvlis Semdeg) igi
am nivTis mesakuTre gaxdeba. SeuZlia Tu ara mas am
nivTiT isargeblos Tavisuflad? gaaCnia nivTs, pirve-
ladi Tavisufleba yovelTvis ar warmoSobs nawarmoeb
Tavisuflebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca napovari nivTis
gamoyenebis ufleba misi maRali Rirebulebis, an Tun-
dac am nivTis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare ar aqvs mas
srulwlovanebis miRwevamde, an kidev didi Tanxis pov-
nis SemTxvevaSi misi Tavisufali gankargva arasrul-
wlovans ar SeuZlia srulwlovanebis miRwevamde, Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis srul emansi pacias daqor-
winebis SemTxvevaSi 16-dan 18 wlis asakis miRwevamde
kanonieri warmomadgenlebis TanxmobiT an sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebiT.
ssk 63-e muxlis me-2 nawili arasrulwlovans or-
mxrivi garigebis Tavisufali dadebis SesaZleblobiT
da am garigebiT miRebuli sargeblis Tavisuflad gan-
kargvis unariT aRWuravs. ra aris mizezi aseTi usamano
Tavisuflebisa? arasrulwlovani qmedunariani gaxda
da igi TviTon wyvets Tavisi nebis gamovlenis namdvi-
lobis sakiTxs.
365
arasrulwlovanis mier dadebuli garigeba (gar-
da calmxrivi wesiT miRebuli sargeblisa da ssk 65-e
muxlis SemTxvevaSi _ emansi paciisa) meryevad baTilia
da kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobas elodeba misi
namdvilobisaTvis. magram vidre arasrulwlovanis mier
dadebul garigebas (xelSekrulebas) kanonieri warmo-
madgeneli moiwonebdes, meore mxares aqvs ufleba aras-
rulwlovanis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis mowone-
bamde, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze. uaris Tqma gamoricx-
ulia Tu meore mxarem icoda piris arasrulwlovnobis
Sesaxeb, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca arasrulwlovani
mas atyuebda, rom warmomadgenlisagan miRebuli hqonda
Tanxmoba (ssk m.64).
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 65-e muxli specialuria. igi
iTvaliswinebs gamonaklisebs ssk m. 15-dan, romelic
SezRuduli qnedunarianobis mqone piris mier dade-
buli ormxrivi garigebisas misi kanonieri warmomad-
genlis Tanxmobas rom moiTxovs ucilod. aRniSnuli
norma afarToebs arasrulwlovanis qmedunarianobas,
Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis winaswari Tanxmobis
SemTxvevaSi (warmomadgenlis mxridan uflebamosilebis
miniWebiT) (miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena) aras-
rulwlovani SeuzRudav qmedunarianobas iZens garige-
baTa gansazRvruli wrisaTvis. aq, am normis SemTxvevaSi
ar arsebobs pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis SesaZleblo-
ba da 65-e muxlis gamoricxavs me-15 muxliT gaTval-
iswinebul SemTxvevas, roca SezRudulqmedunarian pirs
(arasrulwlovans) kanonieri warmomadgenlis winaswari
Tanxmoba sWirdeba garigebis dadebisas. kerZod, rom da-
vakonkretoT norma, 65-e muxlis 1-li nawili arasrulw-
lovans uflebamosilebiT aRWuravs `jibis fulis~ Ta-
visuflad gankargvaze. `xelSekruleba, romelic dadeb-
ulia arasrulwlovanis mier kanonieri warmomadgenlis
366
Tanxmobis gareSe, iTvleba namdvilad, Tuki arasrul-
wlovanma xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul moqmedeba-
Ta Sesasruleblad gankarga is saSualebebi, romlebic
mas gadasces kanonierma warmomadgenlebma, an am war-
momadgenlebis TanxmobiT - mesame pirebma am mizniT an
Tavisufali gankargvis mizniT~ (ssk m.65, n.1). gamodis
rom, Tu zogadad arasrulwlovans ormxrivi garigebis
dadebisas kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba sWirdeba
(winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi garigeba baTildeba), am konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi, specialuri normiT mowesrigebul
urTierTobasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic gamonakliss Sei-
cavs saerTo normebisagan. kerZod, Tu arasrulwlovans
mSoblebma, an kidev, mSoblebis TanxmobiT sxva pirebma
(vTqvaT, naTesavebma, mSoblebis megobrebma) dabadebis
dReze fuli aCuqes da mSoblebma mas am Tanxis Ta-
visufali gankargvis ufleba misces, - mas SeuZlia es
fuli gamoiyenos sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, mag; iqira-
vos bina garkveuli vadiT. es garigeba iqneba namdvili,
miuxedavad imisa, rom SemdgomSi misi kanonieri warmo-
madgenlebi mozardis am qceviT ukmayofiloni iqnebian
Tu ara. cxadia, 65-e muxlis 1-li nawili usamano (usaz-
Rvro) Tavisuflebad mainc ar unda gavigoT. am fuls
arasrulwlovani ver daabandebs iseT nivTSi, romelic
samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebulia. aqve erTi SeniSvnac:
Tu arasrulwlovanma, romelmac amoralur saqciels
mihyo xeli naqiraveb binaSi, romelic man mSoblebisa-
gan Tavisufali gankargvis mizniT miiRebuli fuliT
iqirava, bunebrivia qiravnobis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis
ufleba eqneba gamqiravebelsac da arasrulwlovanis
kanonier warmomadgenelsac. Tu vin iqneba arasrulw-
lovanis mier gamqiraveblisaTvis miyenebuli zianis
kompensaciaze pasuxismgebeli pasuxs gagvcems ssk 994-e
muxlis me-3 nawili.
367
qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxli
analogiuria germanuli BGB-s $112-isa (`samewarmeo
saqmianobis damoukideblad warmarTva~)385, sadac aRniS-
nulia, rom (1) `Tu kanonieri warmomadgeneli saojaxo
saqmeTa sasamarTlos (Familiengericht) TanxmobiT aras-
rulwlovans aniWebs samewarmeo saqmianobis damoukide-
blad warmarTvis uflebamosilebas, maSin am warmoebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli garigebebisaTvis igi SeuzRudavad
qmedunariania~. aseve, am nawilis meore winadadebiT, `gam-
onakliss miekuTvneba is garigebebi, romelTa dadebi-
saTvis warmomadgenels esaWiroeba saojaxo saqmeTa sa-
samarTlos Tanxmoba~. (2)-is Tanaxmad, warmomadgenels
SeuZlia gaauqmos uflebamosileba mxolod saojaxo
saqmeTa sasamarTlos TanxmobiT~. qarTul samoqalaqo
kodeqss aseTi formulireba ar gaaCnia. aseve germanuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs $113-Si (`sasamsaxuro
an SromiT-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi~)386 arasrulw-
lovanis SeuzRudavad qmedunarianobas im garigebisaT-
vis (Tu kanonieri warmomadgeneli arasrulwlovans ani-
Webs samsaxuris an muSaobis dawyebis uflebamosile-
bas), romlebic dakavSirebulia daSvebuli saxis sam-
saxuris an muSaobis dawyebasTan an mitovebasTan anda
aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare
valdebulebaTa SesrulebasTan. gamonakliss miekuT-
vneba is xelSekrulebebi, romelTa dadebisaTvis war-
momadgenels esaWiroeba saojaxo saqmeTa sasamarTlos
Tanxmoba~387. (2)-is Tanaxmad, ùflebamosileba SeiZleba
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer. стр. 21; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich,
Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 83.
386. damat. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 36-37; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е
издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer. стр. 21; Bürgerliches
��.msgavs sakanonmdeblo danawess qarTul samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba ar icnobs.
368
gauqmdes an SeizRudos warmomadgenlis mier~, xolo (3)-
s Tanaxmad, `Tu kanonieri warmomadgeneli warmoadgens
meurves (Vormund), uflebamosileba, Tu am ukanasknelis
miniWebaze uars acxadebs warmomadgeneli, SeiZleba mini-
Webuli iqnes saojaxo saqmeTa sasamarTlos mier aras-
rulwlovanis gancxadebis safuZvelze. saojaxo saqme-
Ta sasamarTlom unda mianiWos uflebamosileba, Tu es
sameurveo piris (mundel) interesebSia~, (4)-is Tanaxmad ki,
`calkeuli SemTxvevisaTvis miniWebuli uflebamosile-
ba saeWvoobisas miiCneva zogad uflebamosilebad ms-
gavsi saxis urTierTobebSi SesvlisaTvis~. `$$ 112,113
afarTovebs arasrulwlovnis qmedunarianobas. Tavisi
kanonieri warmomadgenlis mxridan uflebamosilebis
miniWebiT (=miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenas) aras-
rulwlovani iZens SeuzRudav qmedunarianobas garige-
baTa gansazRvruli wrisaTvis. amitomac ar arsebobs
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis SesaZlebloba srulw-
lovanebis dadgomis monetSi arsebuli qonebiT: $ 1629(a)-
s me-2 nawili388 gamoricxavs $112-is moqmedebas. pirveli
nawilis me-2 winadadebis Tanaxmad dadebuli garige-
bebis wre gamomdinareobs $1643-is pirveli nawilidan389,
1821390 da 1822391-dan; aRniSnuls, kerZod miekuTvneba kred-
itis miReba ($1822 #8). $113-is pirveli nawilis pirveli
winadadeba moicavs aseve iseT garigebebs, romlebic vi-
wro sagnobriv kavSirSia samsaxurebriv urTierTobaSi
SesvlasTan (mag; sacxovrebeli sadgomis daqiraveba sa-
��.àrasrulwlovani bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobis SezRudva~.

��.`Tanxmobasavaldebulo garigebebisas bavSvis sasargeblod garigebebis
dadebisaTvis~, mSoblebs esaWiroebaT saojaxo saqmeTa sasamarTlos mowoneba, im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac $1821 da $1822 ##1, 3, 5, 8, 11-is Tanaxmad meurves esaWiroeba
mowoneba (Sead. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 65-e muxlis me-3 nawils).
��.ix. `Tanxmoba miwis nakveTebTan, sazRvao xomaldebTan an mSenebare sazRvao
xomaldebTan dakavSirebuli garigebebis dasadebad~ (msgavsi danawesi qarTul
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar moi poveba).
��. ix. `Tanxmoba sxva garigebebis dasadebad.~ aseT danawess saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar icnobs).
369
muSao adgilze)~392.
gankargvis pirveladi Tavisufleba rodi warmo-
Sobs gankargvis momdevno Tavisuflebas. magaliTi: 16
wlis arasrulwlovanma mSoblebisagan naCuqari fuliT
iyida latariis bileTi (amis ufleba mas 63-e muxlis
1-li nawiliT hqonda) (pirveladi gankargva) da moigo
avtomobili. ismis kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara mas avtomo-
bilis marTva, an gayidva? cxadia ara. pirvel SemTxveva-
Si arasrulwlovans latariis bileTis yidva SeeZlo,
radgan, igi wvrilman garigebebs ganekuTvneba, romlis
dadebis uflebac arasrulwlovans samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobiT hqonda, xolo avtomobilis marTvas ukve ad-
ministraciuli kanonmdeblobiT garkveuli asaki sWird-
eba; meore SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovans nasyidobis ga-
rigebis dadebaze kanonieri warmomadgenlebis Tanxmoba
sWirdeba. gamodis, rom pirveladma gankargvis Tavisu-
flebam ar warmoSva gankargvis momdevno Tavisufleba.
ase wyvets am sakiTxs sasamarTlo praqtika (rogorc
erovnuli, aseve ucxouri).
aq erTi saintereso sakiTxia: SeuZlia Tu ara mSo-
bels gamoiyenos piradi interesebisaTvis Svilis sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli Tanxa (gamoiyenos Svilis mier nay-
idi latariiT mogebuli avtomanqana (gayidos da fuli
TviTon moixmaros)? cxadia ara. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
dgeba sakiTxi mSoblis mier SvilisaTvis miyenebuli
zianis anazRaurebisa. analogiurad wyvets am proble-
bas sazRvargareTis kanonmdeblobac.
specialur SemTxvevebs iTvaliswinebs arasrulw-
lovanis emansi paciisa 65-e muxlis me-2 nawili, romelic
iseT SemTxvevas exeba, roca kanonieri warmomadgeneli
(mSobeli. bebia-papa, axlo naTesavi da sxva) Teqvsmeti
wlis asaks miRweul arasrulwlovans sawarmos da-
moukideblad gaZRolis uflebas aniWebs. am sferosaT-
370
vis Cveulebriv urTierTobebSi arasrulwlovani Seuz-
Rudavad qmedunariani xdeba (aq erTgvar fiqciasTan
gvaqvs saqme). es wesi gamoiyeneba sawarmos dafuZnebis,
aseve likvidaciisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis dawyebis
an damTavrebis mimarTac. gamodis, rom 17 wlis axalgaz-
rda, romelsac mamam sakuTari sawarmos menejeroba mi-
ando, - am saqmeSi sruliad damoukidebel xelmZRvanel
pirad iqceva da kanoni mas aniWebs am saqmisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli garigebebis Tavisuflad dadebis uflebas.
kanonier warmomadgenlebs am SemTxvevaSi meurveobisa
da mzrunvelobis organos Tanxmoba sWirdebaT. ratom?
sawarmo xom kerZo sakuTrebaa da yvela riskis matare-
beli misi mesakuTrea, Tu arasrulwlovani arasworad
warmarTavs sawarmos menejments, ratom unda sWirde-
bodes mesakuTres sxva organos (saxelmwifo organos)
Tanxmoba? am SemTxvevaSi ra rols TamaSobs saxelmwifo
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis saxiT? saqme imaSia, rom
emansi pirebul pirs garkveuli xelSekrulebebis dadeba
mouwevs mesame pirebTan da gamomdinare aqedan kanoni
icavs im socialur wres, visTanac saqmiani Sexeba eqneba
emansi pirebul arasrulwlovans. gansxvavebiT arasrul-
wlovanis daqorwinebisas misi sruli emansi pirebisa
(ssk m.1108. n.2 n.3), roca igi samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi `sruli qmedunariani~xdeba (iuridiuli
fiqcia) da mas SeuZlia dados nebismieri samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi garigeba kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmobis gareSe. arasrulwlovani piris mier sawarmos
marTvis SemTxvevaSi am piris samoqalaqo uflebebi ga-
rigebis dadebisas ramdenadme SezRudulia: igi emansi p-
irebulia mxolod sawarmos marTvis SemTxvevaSi, rac
Seexeba misi daqorwinebis faqts, aq ukve kanoni moiTxovs
kanonieri warmomadgenlebis (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi
sasamarTlos) Tanxmobas. aseve meurveobisa da mzrunv-
371
elobis organos aucilebel Tanxmobas saWiroebs aras-
rulwlovanis partniorad Sesvla samewarmeo sazoga-
doebaSi. meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos msj-
elobis sagani xdeba agreTve emansi pirebuli arasrul-
wlovanisaTvis sawarmos marTvis funqciebis CamorTmeva
kanonieri warmomadgenlebis mier, rameTu am SemTxvevaSi
ikveTeba TviTon arasrulwlovanis, rogorc xelmZR-
vanelis (menejeris), damoukidebeli mewarmis interesi.
arasrulwlovanis mier ormxrivad dadebuli garigebebi
xSir SemTxvevaSi saciloa, kerZod, meryevad baTilia da
Tu kanonieri warmomadgeneli mas moiwonebs, igi namd-
vili iqneba. rac Seexeba calmxrivi wesiT dadebul ga-
rigebebs arasrulwlovanis mier, gansxvavebiT garigebis
meryevobisa, igi ucilod baTil (arara) garigebaTa ricx-
vs ganekuTvneba. aseTi imperatiuli moTxovniT kanoni im
pirTa interesebs icavs, romlebsac arasrulwlovanis
mier calmxrivi wesiT dadebuli garigebiT arsebiTi
ziani adgeba. amitom brZanebs kanonmdebeli: `baTilia
calmxrivi garigeba, romelsac debs arasrulwlovani
kanonieri warmomadgenlis aucilebeli Tanxmobis gar-
eSe~. Tanxmobis ganxorcielebamde meore mxare samar-
Tlebrivad gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis muxlebi 352-360 (`xelSekrulebi-
dan gasvla~), valdebulebis Sewyveta (ssk m.427-454)393 da
sxva, meore mxaris mier xelSekrulebis moSlis, xelSek-
rulebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb meore mxaris nebis miRebas
saWiroeben. mag; ssk m. 355: `xelSekrulebidan gasvla
xdeba xelSekrulebis meore mxarisaTvis SetyobinebiT~,
- Seutyobinebloba mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda meo-
re mxares. àm SemTxvevaSi kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmoba mizanSewonilia werilobiT gamoiTqvas da am
formiT miuvides igi meore mxares. aseTi formiT Tanx-
mobac rom iyos, Tu arasrulwlovans meore mxarisaT-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi komentari, wigni mesame, gv. 229-266; 508-566.
372
vis ar warmoudgenia amis damadasturebeli werilobiTi
sabuTi, meore mxares ufleba aqvs dauyovnebliv uari
Tqvas garigebis dadebaze. ra rols TamaSobs 66-e mux-
lis SemTxvevaSi termini `dauyovnebliv~?394 igi drois
mcire monakveTTan aris dakavSirebuli da Tu dauyovne-
bliv uari ar iTqmeba meore mxaris mier arasrulw-
lovanisaTvis garigebis dadebaze, igi CaiTvleba aras-
rulwlovanis nebis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebulad395.
àseTi uari dauSvebelia maSinac ki, Tuki meore mxare
informirebuli iyo kanonieri warmomadgenlis am Tanx-
mobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi ivaraudeba, rom kanonierma
warmomadgenelma dasturi meore mxares arasrulwlov-
anTan garigebis dadebaze acnoba.
SezRuduli qmedunarianoba garigebis namdvilo-
baze gavlenas axdens ara marto maSinac, rodesac piri
aseTadaa cnobili sasamarTlox mier, aramed maSinac,
roca garigebis dadebis drosac misi qmedunarianobis
SezRudvis safuZveli ukve aSkarad arsebobda. amasve
iTvaliswinebs sk 58-e muxlis mesame nawilic, romlis
Tanaxmad, `baTilia fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone piris
nebis gamovlena garigebis dadebisas, roca es realuri
viTarebis sworad aRqmas ar Seesabameba, Tu es piri am
garigebiT sargebels ar iRebs, Tundac igi sasamarTlos
mier mxardaWeris mimRebad ar iyos cnobili~.
��. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT `dauyovnebliv~
ganmartebulia rogorc `rac ar daugvianiaT, maSinve, daugvianeblad, dauyovnebliv
Seudgeba saqmes – dauyovnebliv gaemgzavreba~- qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, Tb; 1986, 196; inglisur-qarTul iuridiul leqsikonSi
vxvdebiT termin immediate-s Semdegnair ganmartebas: uSualo, pirdapiri,
gadaudebeli, gadadebis gareSe, dauyovnebeli, uaxlesi – d. wulaia, inglisur-
qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, gamomc. `saqarTvelos macne~, 2005, 443.
��. T. zarandia, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi,
Tbilisi, 2005, 77. samoqalaqo kodeqsi gansazRvrul vadebTan erTad farTod
iTvaliswinebs ganusazRvrel vadebsac, romelTa dadgenisas xSirad gamoiyeneba
terminebi: `dauyovnebliv~, `maSinve~, `Sesabamis vadaSi~, nebismier dros~, `gonivrul
vadaSi~ da sxv. Cveulebriv, valdebuleba unda Sesruldes dauyovnebliv: gayidvis
SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad safasuri gadaxdil unda iqnes imavdroulad, rodesac
nivTi SemZens gadaecema~.
373
k i T x v e b i
1. ras niSnavs gamoTqma: àrasrulwlovanis emansi-

pacia~?
2. axseniT ssk 65-e muxlis specialuroba
3. rodis aqvs xelSekrulebis meore mxares aras-
rulwlovanTan xelSekrulebis dadebaze uaris Tqmis
ufleba?
4. ra SemTxvevaSia baTili arasrulwlovanis mier
dadebuli garigeba?
5. rogori piri iTvleba mxardaWeris mimReb pirad?
k a z u s i
1. 17 wlis arasrulwlovanma b-m latariis bileTiT

moigo 100 000 lari. misma mSoblebma Svilis mier mo-
gebuli Tanxa gamoiyenes piradi interesebis dasakmayo-
fileblad. Svilma sarCeliT mimarTa sasamarTlos mSo-
blebis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova Tanxis ukan dabruneba.
ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebda sasamarTlo?
2. arasrulwlovan g. beriZes mSoblebma andes

sawarmos marTvis ufleba meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis
organos TanxmobiT. g. beriZe gaxda ra mSoblebis sawar-
mos menejeri, daiwyo sawarmos fuladi Tanxebis gamoy-
eneba gasarTobad, riTac man sawarmos mniSvnelovani
ziani miayena. mSoblebma mas CamoarTves sawarmos mar-
Tvis ufleba. mSoblebis es gadawyvetileba g. beriZem
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoSi gaasaCivra.
ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebda meurveobisa da mz-
runvelobis organo? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
374
3. garigebis forma
garigebis formis sakiTxs (nebis gamovlenis for-

ma) erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, rameTu zogad nawilSi definirebuli
normebze, garigebis formebze garkveulad mibmulia
xelSekrulebis formebi, saojaxo-memkvidreobiT samar-
TalSi pirTa nebis gamoxatulebis formebi. garigebis
formebi cxadia gvxvdeba sajaro samarTalSic (magali-
Tad administraciuli garigeba). saqarTvelos uzenaesma
sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi garigebis
formis funqciis ori mniSvnelovani aspeqti gamoyo: 1.
mtkicebis gaadvileba da 2. ganzraxvis seriozulobis
dadastureba396. samoqalaqo samarTali, romlis subi-
eqtebis urTierTobebi umetesad nebis Tavisufali
gamovlenis safuZvelze regulirdebian da isini TviTon
gansazRvraven TavianT ufleba-movaleobebs konkretul
samoqalaqo -samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, bunebrivia
formis arCevanis Tavisuflebis princi pzea SeCerebuli,
romlis gareSec warmoudgeneli iqneboda samoqalaqo
brunvaSi wesrigis damyareba. qarTulma samoqalaqo
samarTalma orientacia dasavluri samarTlis princi-
pebze gaakeTa samoqalaqo kodeqsis 68-71 muxlebis Camo-
yalibebisas. Tu gadavxedavT germanuli BGB-s statiebs
($125, $126, $126a. $126b. $127397 da sxva), davinaxavT, rom
ZiriTadad misi gamoZaxilia qarTuli samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis Sesabamisi muxlebic garigebis formebisa. kodeq-
sis 68-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `garigebis namdvilobisaTvis
saWiroa kanoniT dadgenili formis dacva. Tu aseTi
��.ix. susg, samoq. 1/2008, 52.
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer. стр. 23-24; Bürgerliches
Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 100-108.
375
forma ar aris dawesebuli, mxareebs SeuZliaT TviTon
gansazRvron igi~. `kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli
formis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi exeba mxolod
nebis gamovlenas. Sesabamisad, garigebis namdvilobisaT-
vis aucilebelia im formis dacva, rac dadgenilia Sesa-
bamisi nebis gamovlenisaTvis.~398.
garigebis formis cneba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
farTo da viwro gagebiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gvxvde-
ba rogorc dispoziciuri midgoma garigebis formebis
SerCevisas da sruliad Tavisufalia, mxareTa nebazea
damokidebuli ra formiT gadawyveten pirebi garigebis
dadebas, xolo kodeqsiT regulirdeba agreTve for-
mis kanoniT dadgena umetesad maSin, rodesac garigebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sikeTe socialuri tvirTis matarebe-
lia da kanonmdebeli miiCnevs rom mxolod aseTi wesiT
ufro SesaZlebelia misi dacva da mowesrigebuli urT-
ierTobis SenarCunebac. magaliTad, uZrav nivTebze ga-
rigebis dasadebad kanonmdebeli savaldebulod Tvlis
garigebis monawile mxareebs Soris aucilebel weril-
obiT formas da mis daregistrirebas sajaro reestrSi.
aRniSnulis magaliTia ssk m. 183, m. 184 da a. S. gamodis,
rom uZravi qonebis gankargviTi garigeba kanoniT mka-
crad dadgenili formiT xorcieldeba. magram kanonis
formis dadgena rodi cvlis formis Tavisuflebas, um-
ravles SemTxvevaSi TviTon garigebis mxareebi irCev-
en garigebis formas. `qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi
am mxriv exmianeba avstriis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 883-
e paragrafis399 debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, garigebis
monawileebis mier nebis gamovlenis formis arCeva Ta-
visufalia. Sveicariis samarTalic igives ganamtkicebs
da arsebiTad qarTuli kodeqsis analogiurad wyvets
��.Австрийский гражданский кодекс http://lections.net/avstriyskiy-grazhdanskiy-kodeks.htm
376
formis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs~400. zemoT avRniSneT, rom
analogiuria germanuli samarTalic. `werilobiT for-
maSi gamoxatuli dokumenti gulisxmobs materalize-
buli azris gamoxatvas, rodesac dokumenti SeiZleba
daiweros xeliT, an aseve Sedges dabeWdili saxiT~401.
`garigebis formis daxasiaTebisas mniSvnelovania misi
ganxilva erT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc garigebis erT-erTi
atributis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi rogorc absolu-
turi formis. am klasifikaciaze xSirad aris damokide-
buli garigebad Cafiqrebuli, ganzraxuli nebis gamov-
lenis bedi. roca garigebis forma mxolod garigebis
atributad moiazreba, misma daucvelobam SeiZleba gamoi-
wvios garigebis baTiloba. magaliTad, saxlis nasyido-
bis xelSekruleba, Tu ar aris werilobiT gaformebuli
da SemZeni ar aris sajaro reestrSi registrirebuli
(ese igi forma araa daculi), CaiTvleba baTilad, Tumca
xelSekrulebis monawileebis mier ganxorcielebul qm-
edobas SeiZleba ewodos nasyidoba402~.
rodesac formis Tavisuflebaze vsaubrobT, bune-
brivia yvelaze xSirad igi Tavs valdebulebiT samar-
TalSi iCens. TviT kodeqsis 319-e muxlis danawesi, rom
`kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT kanonis farg-
lebSi Tavisuflad dadon xelSekrulebebi da gansaz-
Rvron am xelSekrulebaTa Sinaarsi, maT SeuZliaT da-
don iseTi xelSekrulebebic, romlebic kanoniT gaTval-
iswinebuli ar aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas~, _ ara
marto xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Tavisufali gansaz-
Rvris saSualebebze, aramed nebis gamovlenis formis
Tavisuflebazec migvaniSnebs. aseTi normebi romc ar
��. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, 227.
��. Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, 2011,
337-338.
377
yofiliyo kodeqsSi, samarTlis analogia iqneboda aRniS-
nuli dispiziciurobis wyaro. magram 319-e muxlSivea
miniSnebuli, rom `Tu sazogadoebis an pirovnebis arsebi-
Ti interesebis dacvisaTvis xelSekrulebis namdviloba
damokidebulia saxelmwifos nebarTvaze, maSin es unda
mowesrigdes calke kanoniT~. saxelmwifos nebarTva ki
werilobiTi (sanebarTvo) wesiT xorcieldeba403. ufro
metic, 328-e muxli mxareebs sTavazobs xelSekrulebi-
saTvis formis misadagebas, oRond Txoulobs maT mier
arCeuli formis Sesaxeb moTxovnis Sesrulebis Semdeg
Sevides xelSekruleba ZalaSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
Tu kanonis imperatiuli normebis moTxovniT uZravi
nivTebis nasyidobis xelSekruleba imperatiuli for-
miT unda daidos.
Tu valdebulebiT samarTalSi formis Tavisufle-
ba aSkarad gamokveTilia umniSvnelo gamonaklisebis
garda, sanivTo samarTalSi igi mkacrad reglamentire-
bulia, samarTlebrivi wesrigi imperatiul formebSia
gamokveTili. `sanivTo ufleba `numerus klausa~-s prin-
ci piTaa gansazRvruli. es imas niSnavs, rom sanivTo
uflebaTa wre kanoniT amomwuravadaa aRiarebuli. es-
enia: sakuTreba, aRnagoba, servituti, uzufruqti, gi-
ravnoba, i poTeka. sanivTo uflebaTa Sinaarsi kanonis
normatiuli nebiTaa gansazRvruli, radgan sanivTo
uflebis farglebi piris nivTTan mimarTebaSi dgindeba.
amitomac am mimarTebas ZiriTadad kanoni moxazavs. Tum-
ca es ar gamoricxavs sanivTo uflebis Taobaze mxareTa
calkeul SeTanxmebebs, magaliTad rogorc esaa servi-
tutis, uzufruqtis SemTxvevebSi. sanivTo uflebaTa Si-
naarsis aseTi sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia cxovrebi-
seuli gamocdilebiTaa nakarnaxevi. ase, magaliTad, sa-
��.magaliTad, licenziis gacema.
378
kuTreba Sinaarsobrivad rom ar iyos reglamentire-
buli, aman SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi qaosi gamoiwvios...
yovelive es samoqalaqo brunvis simyaris garantiaa~404.
`yvela Tanamedrove marTlwesrigSi aRiarebulia,
rom garigebaTa rigi saxeobebi iuridiulad faseuli
iqneba, Tu dadebulia gansazRvruli formiT. Tumca,
yvelgan, gansazRvruli formis dacva gaxda gamonakli-
si Tavisufali formis zogadi princi pidan. aRniSnuli
princi pi uSualod aris gamoxatuli bevr marTlwes-
rigSi. Sveicariis valdebulebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb
kanonis Tanaxmad (muxli 11), xelSekrulebis namdvilo-
bisaTvis maT dadebas `mxolod im SemTxvevaSi sWirdeba
gansakuTrebuli formis dacva, rodesac amas pirdapir
iTxovs kanoni~ (msgavsia avstriis samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis $883). germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi iuridiuli te-
qstebis cxad da konkretul gadmocemasTan SedarebiT
upiratesoba eniWeba ezopeseul lapidarulobas da ab-
straqtulobas. amitom $125 safuZvelze mxolod nawi-
lobriv SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom zogadi wesis Tanaxmad,
iuridiuli garigebebi ar eqceva formis moTxovnebis
moqmedebis arealSi~405.
`romanul samarTlebriv ojaxSi formis moTxovnas
ZiriTadad mtkicebulebis funqcia aqvs. Tu ar sruldeba
moTxovnebi formis Sesaxeb, garigeba ar baTildeba, ar-
amed mxolod rTuldeba misi namdvilobis dadastureba,
radgan gamoricxulia samarTlebrivi politikis Tval-
sazrisiT arasasurvel mowmeTa Cvenebebis gamoyeneba
maTi arasaimedoobis gamo. amis miuxedavad, isini dasaS-
vebia, Tu sadavoa Tundac primitiuli werilobiTi mt-
kicebuleba an saqmesTan dakavSirebuli Cveneba, romelic
��. zoiZe, b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, 2003, 5-6.
��. konrad cvaigerti, hain kotci, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali
kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, tomi II, 2001, 51.
379
adasturebs, rom aRebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis
piroba namdvilad daido~406. `formis dacva frangul
samarTalSi iSviaTad aris garigebis namdvilobis wi-
naswari piroba. xolo iq, sadac kanoni iTxovs formis
dacvas, umetes SemTxvevebSi igi unda iyos notarialuri.
amgvar samarTlebriv garigebebs ganekuTvneba naCuqro-
bis dapireba (safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli
931; italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 782) da saqor-
wino xelSekruleba (safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis
muxli 1394, italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 162 da momdev-
no muxlebi..... safrangeTSi namdvilad iTvleba uZravi
qonebis Sesaxeb zepiri garigebebic (safrangeTis samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis muxli 1583). Tumca zepirad dadebuli
garigebis damadasturebeli gancxadebis dasamowmeblad
SeiZleba moiTxovon gancxadebis damadasturebeli wer-
ilobiTi dokumenti da mowmeTa Cvenebebi) da a. S407.
`sruliad gansxvavebulad aris saqme germanul
samarTlebriv ojaxSi. formis moTxovnebi aqac mtkiceb-
ulebis funqcias asrulebs. magram es funqcia damxmare
bunebisaa `ganzraxvis seriozulobis~ damadasturebel
funqciasTan mimarTebiT. aRniSnuls adasturebs Sem-
degi faqti: formasTan dakavSirebul naklovanebebs
germanul samarTlebriv ojaxSi yovelTvis mosdevs ga-
rigebis gabaTileba maSinac, Tu calkeul SemTxvevebSi
udavod dasturdeba mocemuli pirobis namdviloba an
partniorTa urTierTSeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis dasa-
debad. amgvari mkacri zomebi formis daucvelobis
mimarT aixsneba imiT, rom kanonmdeblisTvis forma aris
safuZveli xelSekrulebis dadebis Sesaxeb partniorTa
ganzraxvis seriozulobis dasadastureblad~408.
��.k. cvaigerti, h. kotci, dasax. naSr; 57.
��. ix. k. cvaigerti, h.kotci, dasax. naSr; 54-57.
��.k. cvaigerti, h. kotci, dasax. naSr; 57.
380
rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT, kanonmdebloba mxareTa
SeTanxebebisas nebis gamovlenis formis Tavisuflebis
princi ps qadagebs samoqalaqo brunvis gasaviTareblad,
gansakuTrebiT es moZrav nivTebze garigebebis dadebas
exeba. aki aRiarebs kidec am debulebas samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis 186-e muxli: `moZrav nivTze sakuTrebis gadasace-
mad aucilebelia, rom mesakuTrem namdvili uflebis
safuZvelze gadasces SemZens nivTi (n. 1). aq arsad araa
miniSnebuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul formaze da bune-
brivicaa, radgan yoveldRiur rutinul cxovrebaSi ada-
mianebi imden wvrilman sayofacxovrebo garigebebs de-
ben, rom werilobiTi formiT aseTi garigebebis dadebis
moTxovna kanonmdeblis mxridan dabrkoleba iqneboda
pirTa nebis gamovlenis gzaze (TumcaRa iuridiuli fiq-
ciis gamoyenebis saSualebiT SegviZlia moZrav nivTebze
sakuTrebis SeZenis xelSekrulebebi werilobiTi for-
miT davdoT da sajaro reestrSic davaregistriroT)409.
kanoni aseve gvTavazobs saintereso alternativebs,
sadac gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia sazogadoebis Segne-
baSi gabatonebuli zneobrivi normebis roli. magali-
Tad, sesxis xelSekruleba ideba zepirad (m. 624), magram
kanonmdebeli iqve mxareebs sTavazobs, rom Tu iarsebebs
mxareTa undobloba, maT aseve SeTanxmebiT SeuZliaT
gamoiyenon werilobiTi formac da cxadia am formiT
isargebleben mxareebi, Tu zepiri formiT dadebuli
xelSekruleba maTTvis sarisko iqneboda maTi ufle-
bebis dasacavad (magaliTad, gamsesxebeli moiTxovs 100
000 larze sesxis werilobiT dafiqsirebas meti garan-
tiisaTvis), miTumetes, rom TviT kanonmdebeli gvafrTxi-
lebs, rom `zepiri xelSekrulebis dros misi namdvilo-
ba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod mowmeTa CvenebiT~(ix.
ssk m.624).
��.magaliTad, ssk, m. 624.
381
rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT, garigebis dadeba Sei-
Zleba agreTve dumiliT, konkliudenturi moqmedebiT.
`dumili Tanxmobis niSania~ _ es cnobili gamoTqma samar-
TalSi naklebad gamoiyeneba. zogadi da damkvidrebuli
wesiT dumili nebis gamovlenas ar warmoadgens410~. im-
isaTvis, rom dumili gamoyenebul iqnes aqceptad (Tanxmo-
bad) aucilebeli garkveuli winapirobebis arseboba ar
aris sakmarisi, mxareebi winaswar unda SeTanxmdnen imaze,
rom dumili maT Soris dadebul xelSekrulebebSi maTi
garigebis formad, Tanxmobis niSnad miiRebodes. dumi-
li, rogorc SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris xelSekrulebis
dadebisa, SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes mewarmeTa urTierTo-
bebSi rogorc erTmaneTis winadadebis miRebis saukeTe-
so saSualeba. `Tu mewarme, romelsac uxdeba sxva pirTa
saqmiani operaciebis Sesruleba, miiRebs oferts amgvari
saqmeebis Sesrulebaze im pirisagan, romelTanac imyofe-
ba saqmian kavSirSi, maSin igi valdebulia gonivrul
vadaSi upasuxos am winadadebas; misi dumili CaiTvleba
aqceptad~(ssk m. 335, m.1, pirveli winadadeba). dumili am
SemTxvevaSi mewarmeebs, saqmian kavSirSi myof pirebs So-
ris urTierTobas awesrigebs, magram mxolod im pirebisa,
romelTac sxva pirTa saqmiani operaciebis Sesruleba
uxdeba. aviRoT magaliTi: turistuli kompania `centu-
ri~ yidis aviakompania àirzenas~ aviabileTebs. igi val-
debulia SemkveTs gonivrul vadaSi upasuxos bileTis
arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
dumili ssk 335-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tanxmobad CaiTvleba.
igive wesi moqmedebs im SemTxvevaSic, roca mewarme iRebs
aseT oferts im pirisagan, romlisganac igi iTxovda
SekveTebs amgvari saqmeebis Sesasruleblad. magaliTi:
saaqcio firma `koka-kola~-sa da saavtomobilo gadam-
382
zidvels Soris daido xelSekruleba saqonlis gada-
zidvaze, romlis Tanaxmad eqspeditori valdebulebas
iRebs damkveTi firmis winaSe, rom masTan gaaformebs
xelSekrulebas da gadauzidavs saqonels daniSnulebis
adgilamde. Tu oferts (winadadebas) gaagzavnis Semkve-
Ti ss `koka-kola~ da gonivrul vadaSi ar upasuxebs
gadamzidavi organizacia, romlidanac adre SekveTebs
iRebda igi, bunebrivia 335-e muxlidan gamomdinare misi
dumili aqceptad CaiTvleba da Tu igi ar Seasrulebs
valdebulebas da kontrahents ziani miadgeba, igi pasux-
ismgebelia zianis kompensaciaze. `germanuli samoqalaqo
kodeqsis da doqtrinis mixedviT, `dumili ar warmoSobs
samarTlebriv Sedegebs~, Tumca arsebobs ramdenime gam-
onaklisi; am SemTxvevaSi Sedegad viRebT imas, rom im
arsidan da miznidan, romlebic Sesabamis momentSi amar-
Tlebs dumilTan samarTlebrivi Sedegis dakavSirebas,
es samarTlebrivi Sedegebi Secilebis Sedegad SeiZle-
ba kvlav gamoiricxos. gamonaklisis saxiT dumilTan
dakavSirebulia samarTlebrivi Sedegebi Semdeg SemTx-
vevebSi: a) metyveli dumili. am dros SeTanxmeba xdeba
im mxareTa Soris, romlebic dumils aniWeben garkveul
mniSvnelobas, an rodesac mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebu-
lia myari saqmiani kavSiri.... b) normiT gansazRvruli
dumili. kanoni Tavad aniWebs dumils nebis gamovle-
nis samarTlebriv Zalas.... g) dumili mewarmis werilo-
biT dasturze qmnis CveulebiT samarTalSi aRiarebul
`normiT gansazRvruli~ dumilis specialur SemTxve-
vas411. damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdi-
nare, saxeze unda iyos Semdegi winapirobebi: 1. gamg-
zavni da mimRebi unda iyvnen mewarmeebi, an unda monaw-
ileobdnen samewarmeo saqmianobis msgavs garigebebSi; 2.
��. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; aseve, ix. analog. norma qarTul samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi, m.335.
383
zepiri, satelefoni an msgavsi molaparakebebis Semdeg
gamgzavni gamodis mimRebisaTvis aRqmadi ukve dadebuli
xelSekrulebis dadasturebidan (ganmartebis Sedegad
gamijvna SekveTis miRebis dasturidan, rac ofertis
werilobiTi aqceptia; aRniSnuli ar aris damokidebuli
dasaxelebaze; 3. molaparakebebis uSualo da Sinaarso-
brivi kavSiri dadasturebasTan; 4. gamgzavni unda iyos
keTilsindisieri; amdenad, ivaraudeba, rom misi werilo-
biTi dasturis Sinaarsi Seesabameba SeTanxmebas, an mx-
olod iseT gansxvavebebs Seicavs, romelTa SemTxveva-
Sic gamgzavs SeeZleba mimRebis Tanxmobis gonivrulad
gaTvaliswineba; 5. mimRebis dauyovneblivi protestis
dauSvebloba. samarTlebrivi Zala: samarTlebrivi us-
afrTxoebis interesebSi xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sedis
werilobiTi dasturis SinaarsTan erTad. iyo Tua ara
is ukve winaswar zepirad dadebuli, da Tu iyo, ra Si-
naarsiT, mniSvnelovani ar aris. Secilebis SesaZleblo-
ba gulisxmobs kanoniT navaraudev Tanxmobas; d) dumili
uaris Tqmis valdebulebis miuxedavad. molaparakebebis
mdgomareoba, keTilsindisierebis princi pis Tanaxmad,
SeiZleba warmoSobdes uaris Tqmis valdebulebas, rom-
lis ganuxorcielebloba ganixileba rogorc Tanxmoba;
mag; `valdebulebisagan Tavisufali~ oferentis dumili
misken mimarTul ofertze; dumili im ofertze, romelic
xorcieldeba SeTanxmebuli winaswari molaparakebebis
safuZvelze, romlebic exeba yvela mniSvnelovan punqts;
oferentis dumili dagvianebul aqceptze - am SemTx-
vevaSi, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saqmiani
partniori jer kidev dainteresebulia xelSekrulebis
dadebiT; piriqiT, Secvlili aqceptis SemTxvevaSi aRniS-
nulis daSveba ukve aRar SeiZleba, vinaidan SemdgomSi
Secvlili xelSekrulebis pirobebze dumili, rogorc
384
wesi, ar CaiTvleba axali ofertis miRebad, garda im
SemTxvevisa, rodesac sxva garemoebebi (mag; saqonlis
miReba pretenziis gareSe) fasdeba rogorc konkluden-
turi Tanxmoba~412.
konkliudenturi moqmedebis dros nebis gamovle-
na konkretuli garemoebebidan igulisxmeba. aq ZiriTa-
dad garigebebi fizikuri Jestikulaciuri moqmedebe-
biT ideba. magaliTad, suprmarketSi Sesvlisas viRebT
CvenTvis saWiro nivTebs da vixdiT Tanxas operatorTan,
avdivarT avtobusSi da vixdiT mgzavrobis safasurs, ise,
rom amisaTvis Cven sityvebiT garigebis dadeba sulac
ar gvWirdeba. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi ase rodia saqme.
xSir SemTxvevaSi sadavo gamxdara pirebis mier dumil-
iT dadebuli garigebebi. magaliTi: vTqvaT orma pirma
lotos bileTebis gayidvis jixurTan gamoxates neba,
rom èTamaSaT~ da iyides bileTi, romelmac didi Tanxa
moigo. mogebuli bileTi erT-erT maTganTan inaxebo-
da, romelmac mogebis Tanxa ar gauyo partniors, imaze
miTiTebiT, rom aq adgili ar hqonia garigebis dadebas.
bunebrivia sasamarTlo aseTi formiT (konkliudenturi)
dadebul garigebas dadebulad CaTvlida da erT-erT
maTgans daavalebda mogebuli Tanxis Suaze gayofas.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis amoqmedebas memkvidreobad
gadmohyva Zveli samarTlis pirobebSi gaukuRmarTebu-
li formiT warmoSobili urTierTobani. amis farTod
gavrcelebul magaliTs warmoadgens e. w. àtstupnoi~413,
rac sacxovrebel sadgomze sakuTrebis uflebis gver-
diT misi sargeblobis sxvadasxva formebs cnobda. es
sakiTxi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagan-
ic ki gamxdara, kerZod sadavo aqts warmoadgenda saqa-
rTvelos kanoni `sacxovrebeli sadgomiT sargeblobi-
��.`gasamclelo~.
385
sas414 warmoSobili urTierTobebis Sesaxeb~, romlis
ganxilvis procesSic wamoiWra uflebisa da garigebis
formis mimarTebis sakiTxi. aRniSnuli kanonis me-2 mux-
lis pirveli punqti adgenda, rom `Tu mxareebs Soris
urTierToba mowesrigebulia werilobiTi dokumentiT,
romelic aRiarebs maT Soris sacxovrebeli sadgomis
nasyidobis xelSekrulebis arsebobas, magram misi forma
ar Seesabameba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil moTxovnebs,
SemZeni cnobil iqna mesakuTred~. sasamarTlos mier
ganviTarebuli azriT ar arsebobs urTierToba, Tuki
ar arsebobda aucilebeli forma. sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlom aRniSnuli norma arakonstituciurad cno
da daemyara uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis SeZenis kanonism-
ieri, savaldebulo formis moTxovniT garigebis dade-
bas uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis mopovebisa. aseve
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom `formisa da
nebis gamovlinebis konfliqtis viTarebaSi, ar unda
gamoiricxos nebis gamovlenis sxvagvari mtkiceba da
ase formis naklis gamosworeba. Tuki SesaZlebelia nam-
dvili da utyuari nebis sxva gziT dadgena, amaze uari
ar unda iTqvas415~.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, kanoni formis Tavisu-
flebas qadagebs samoqalaqo brunvis wesrigis gansam-
tkiceblad. ssk 69 - muxlis 1-li nawilis debuleba,
rom `garigeba SeiZleba daidos zepirad an werilobiTi
formiT~, _ pirTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis naTeli
dasturia. zepiri formiT garigebebi, rogorc zemoTac
��.migvaCnia rom uTuod dasaxvewia kanonis is adgili, sadac wesia, `sacxovrebeli

sadgomiT~. umjobesi iqneboda, Tu kanonmdebeli fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli
sadgomis~ aRmniSvneli terminis nacvlad kanonSi `sacxovrebel adgils~ Cawerda
da mere rogorc aris.
��. dawvr. ix. zoiZe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi
saqarTveloSi, gv. 53-52-54. aqve, damat. ix. saqarTvelos sakontitucio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba #1/1/103,117,147-148,152-153 (2001 wlis 7 ivnisi).
386
avRniSneT, ZiriTadad xorcieldeba moZravi nivTebis
SemTxvevaSi sanivTo garigebebis dadebisas, rac Seexeba
valdebulebiT samarTals, aq meti Tavisuflebaa for-
mis arCevaSi da xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
ufleba-movaleobebi mxareebs Soris verbaluri (ze-
piri) formiT dadebuli garigebebidan vlindeba. erTi
sityviT, 68-e muxlis 1-li nawili alternatiul vari-
ants sTavazobs pirebs garigebebis formis Tavisuflad
arCevaSi. movixmobT sesxis xelSekrulebas (es magaliTi
zemoTac gamoviyeneT konkretuli sakiTxis ukeT gas-
agebad), romelic zepirad ideba, magram mxareebs aqvT
alternativa – igi werilobiTac dadon. es forma sesxis
da sxva ti piuri xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebisaT-
vis samarTlebrivi garantiebis miRebis meti saSuale-
baa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sesxis xelSek-
rulebis 624-e muxlis bolo, arc Tu damamSvidebel
debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `zepiri xelSekrulebis
dros misi namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod
mowmeTa CvenebiT~. sasamarTlos mier kanonieri da obi-
eqturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saqmeSi werilobiTi
formiT dadebuli garigebebis mniSvnelobisas, rom ad-
rec da exlac didia albaToba imisa, rom sasamarTlo
procedurebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakmaod rTul
wesebTan, arsebobs safrTxe imisa, rom zepirad dadebuli
garigebebis dasadastureblad sasamarTlos motyuebac
SeiZleba, tyuili ficis dadebac an kidev crumowmeebis
daqiraveba da sxva. amitom cxadia, werilobiTi formiT
dadebul garigebebs meti mtkicebulebiTi Zala aqvT sa-
samarTlo davebis ganxilvisas da sxv.
werilobiTi formiT garigebis dadebisas pirvel
SemTxvevas SeiZleba vuwodoT mkacrad gansazRvruli,
imperatiuli moTxovniT gaTvaliswinebuli forma, rom-
387
lis darRvevac ara Tu ar iwvevs uflebebis warmoSo-
bas misi damdebi mxareebisa, xSir SemTxvevaSi zianis
anazRaurebis mavaldebulebel normadac qceula. aseTi
normebi ZiriTadad gaTvaliswinebulia uZrav nivTebze
sakuTrebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT, igi rTuli weri-
lobiTi formis saxeliTaa cnobili doqtrinaSi, magram
amave dros kanoni iTvaliswinebs Cveulebriv, werilo-
biTi formiT dadebul garigebebsac (xelSekrulebebs).
magaliTad, `xelSekruleba, romliTac erTi mxare iRebs
valdebulebas mTeli Tavisi amJamindeli qoneba an am
qonebis nawili gadasces sxvas an uzufruqtiT datvir-
Tos igi, moiTxovs werilobiT formas~(ssk m. 321), xolo
imave muxlis bolo winadadeba zepir formasac miiCnevs
dasaSvebad, Tu xelSekruleba dadebulia amJamindelo
qonebis calkeul nivTebze. an kidev, ssk m. 563-e qiravno-
bis xelSekrulebidan, romelic sacxovrebeli saxlis
qiravnobis xelSekrulebis SewyvetisaTvis werilobiT
formas moiTxovs, da ara sajaro reestrSi mis daregis-
trirebas, rogorc es rTuli werilobiTi formis drosaa
aucilebeli. magram praqtikam saintereso magaliTebi
SemogvTavaza imisa, rom Tu qiravnobis xelSekrulebis
mxareebma es forma ar gaiTvaliswines da faqtobrivad
Sewyvites xelSekruleba (gamqiravebelma daibruna qi-
ravnobis sagani, xolo damqiravebelma ki gadaixada qira,
e. i. mxareebma xelSekrulebiT daTqmuli yvela pirobiT
Sewyvites xelSekruleba zepiri formiT da erTmaneT-
Tan sadavo araferi aqvT), _ kanoni am formasac Rebu-
lobs qiravnobis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis safuZvlad
(zepir, verbalur formas). magram amas ver vityviTY 1174-e
muxlze, romelic kanonmdeblis mier mkacrad reglamen-
tirebulia da imperatiulad moiTxovs, rom `saqorwino
xelSekruleba ideba werilobiT da dasturdeba sanota-
388
ro wesiT~. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs garigebis wer-
ilobiTi formis namdvilobisaTvis garigebis monawile
mxareebis xelmowerebis arsebobas. SevniSnavT, rom sano-
taro formiT xelSekrulebis dadeba calkeuli gamon-
aklisebis garda Caanacvla werilobiTma (martivma) an
kidev, rTulma werilobiTma formam - werilobiTi for-
miT dadeba xelSekrulebisa da Semdgom misi daregistri-
reba sajaro reestrSi). germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsma
ki SeinarCuna sanotaro formis mniSvneloba mravali
saxis garigebebis dadebisas. magaliTad, $12-is mixedviT,
`Tu xelSekrulebis sanotaro wesiT damowmeba gaTval-
iswinebulia kanoniT, maSin sakmarisia, notariusis mier
damowmdes jer oferti, xolo Semdeg aqcepti~(msgavsi
danawesiT norma qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi ar
mogvepoveba); an kidev, $129 (`sajaro damowmeba~) iTval-
iswinebs: `(1) Tu gancxadebis sajaro damowmeba gaT-
valiswinebulia kanoniT, maSin gancxadeba werilobiT
unda Sedges da ganmcxadeblis xelmowera damowmdes
notariusis mier. Tu gancxadeba Semdgenlis mier xel-
moweril iqna sakuTari niSnis dadebiT, maSin saWiro da
sakmarisia $ 126-is416 pirvel nawilSi gaTvaliswinebuli
inicialebis damowmeba. (2) gancxadebis sanotaro wesiT
damowmeba cvlis sajaro damowmebas~. sainteresoa BGB-
is $ 127{a) sasamarTlo wesiT damtkicebuli morigeba,
romlis msgavs danawess qarTuli samoqalaqo kanon-
mdebloba ar icnobs, kerZod: `sasamarTlo wesiT damt-
kicebuli morigebis SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis normebis mixedviT gancxadebebis miRebis Sede-
gad Sedgenili oqmi cvlis sanotaro wesiT damowmebas~.
germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis $415 mixedviT,
damowmeba imis mtkicebulebaa, rom gancxadebebi sinamd-
��.saubaria werilobiT formaze.
389
vileSi gakeTda.
werilobiTi forma xelSemkvrel mxareebs bune-
brivia icavs naCqarevi gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan, mar-
tivad rom vTqvaT, werilobiTi formiT xelSekrulebis
dadebisas, kontrahentebi kidev erTxel `gadaavleben
Tvals~ xelSekrulebis pirobebs, waikiTxaven mas da mere
moaweren xels, magram samwuxarod qarTul sinamdvileSi
samwuxarod es ase rodi xdeba da naCqarevad miRebu-
li gadawyvetileba, xelSekrulebaze xelis mowera misi
gonivrulad wakiTxvisa da gaanalizebis gareSe, xSirad
gamxdara sasamarTlo davis sagani. uzenaesi sasamarT-
los erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi Caiwera, rom werilo-
biT dokumentze xelmowera dasturia imisa, rom xelSek-
rulebis (ormxrivi garigebis) monawileni icnoben mis
Sinaars417. aseT uaryofiT praqtikas xSirad vxvdebiT
xolme xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gansaz-
Rvrisas418, roca xelSekrulebis pirobebs SemTavazebeli
(oferenti) gansazRvravs da es pirobebi mravaljeradi
gamoyenebisaa. gansakuTrebiT es gvxvdeba xelSekrulebis
standartuli pirobebis xelmoweraze gaziT, eleqtroen-
ergiiT, wyliT da a.S. momsaxurebis (SeTavazebis) dros,
roca uxeSad irRveva momxmareblis uflebebi, igives vi-
tyodiT sabanko - sasesxo momsaxurebisas komerciuli
bankebis mier SeTavazebul pirobebze kreditis aRebisas,
sadac elementarulad sabanko kreditis xelSekrulebis
formularebis Sedgenisas, iq, sadac bankebis uflebebzea
saubari, - farTo SriftiTaa gawerili standartul pi-
robebSi bankebis uflebebi, xolo kreditis mimRebis
uflebebi ratomRac wvrili SriftiTaa gawerili, ise,
rom misi wakiTxvac ki Wirs xSir SemTxvevaSi da es im
��.ix. susg, samoq. 9/2005, 32
��. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, m. 342-348; saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 180-212.
390
dros, roca mosaxleobis udidesi nawili SeWirvebuli
mdgomareobis gamo, oRond krediti aiRos da xSirad arc
ki kiTxulobs Tavis valdebulebebs, - araa gacnobiere-
buli Tavis uflebebs da ise awers xels sakredito
xelSekrulebas, saxeze ki bankebis valis potenciuri
vergadamxdelebi da ubinaod darCenili moqalaqeebi
gvrCeba saxeze, romelTa raodenobac aseulobiTaa saqa-
rTveloSi.
aqve avRniSnavdiT, rom sakonstitucio sasamarT-
los meore kolegiis gadawyvetilebam i. qemokliZisa da
d. xaraZis sakonstitucio sarCelze (#2/4/532,533) ganapi-
roba aseve cvlilebebis Setana 69-e muxlSi, romelsac
daemata 31 muxli, kerZod: mxardamWeris mimRebis mier
garigebis werilobiTi formiT dadebisas mas, mxaree-
bis garda xels awers mxardamWeri. mxardamWeri xelmow-
eriT adasturebs mxardaWeris mimRebis mier garigebis
dadebisas sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli
mxardaWeris gawevas~.
kanoni aseve iTvaliswinebs (ssk m.69 n.4) blanke-
tur xelmoweras, romelic Tanamedrove pirobebSi did
rols asrulebs da mas iseTive mniSvneloba aqvs, ro-
gorc mindobilobis dokuments. rogorc mindobiloba
aniWebs rwmunebuls uflebas marwmuneblis saxeliT gan-
axorcielos moqmedeba, aseve blanketuri, anu Seuvsebeli
dokumenti mis mflobels uflebamosilebiT aRWuravs
Seavsos dokumenti da amiT dokumentis gamcemis sax-
eliT ganaxorcielos nebis gamovlena. im SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac blanketuri dokumenti arasworadaa Sevse-
buli, varaudia imisa, rom nebis gamovlena ganxorciel-
da dokumentis gamcemis mier. magram Tu ise moxda, rom
blanketuri dokumenti misi mflobelis mier marTlsawi-
naaRmdegodaa mopovebuli, Sevsebuli da adresatisaTvis
391
gadacemuli, mas ganixilaven rogorc warmomadgenlo-
bis uflebamosilebis gareSe sxvisi saxeliT saqmiano-
bis ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes normebi `davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Ses-
rulebisa~ (m. 969-975)419. blanketuri formiT garigebis
dadebis gavrcelebul saxes adgili aqvs xolme sawar-
moebisa da organizaciebis mier didi odenobiT safirmo
blankebis arsebobisas, romlebzedac am sawarmos yvela
rekvizitia aRniSnuli. blanketuri xelmowera dasaSve-
bia agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, roca Seuvsebeli dokumenti
(blanki) gadaecema pirs da gamcemis uflebamosilebiT
aRWurvili piri avsebs mas. Tu misma mimRebma araswo-
rad Seavso dokumenti, arsebobs prezumfcia imisa, rom
nebis gamovlena dokumentis gamcemis mier sworadaa
ganxorcielebuli, xolo Tu blanki borotad iqneba
gamoyenebuli, es SemTxveva dakvalificirdeba, rogorc
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis borotad gamoy-
eneba, xolo uflebamosilebis gareSe sxvisi saqmiano-
bis ganxorcielebad ganixileba blanketuri dokumentis
misi mflobelis gareSe marTlsawinaaRmdegod mopoveba
da gamoyeneba. roca kanoni iTxovs werilobiT for-
mas garigebis arsebobisas, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevebSi an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT garigeba an ga-
rigebis monawile mxareTa xelmowerebis namdviloba
unda daamowmos notariusma an kanoniT gaTvaliswineb-
ulma sxva pirma. magaliTad, 258-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT
`sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e
muxlis pirveli punqtiT420 gansazRvrul satransporto
��.ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, Tbilisi,
2001, 341- 351.
��.saqarTvelos kanonis `sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb~ 53-e muxlis (`satransporto
saSualebis, misi nomriani agregatebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo manqanis damxmare
teqnikuri saSualebebis registracia da registraciis gauqmeba~) pirveli
punqtis Tanaxmad, `saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli garemoebebis
392
saSualebasa da sasoflo-sameurneo manqanis damxmare
teqnikur saSualebaze registrirebuli giravnobis war-
moSobisaTvis aucilebelia garigebis werilobiTi for-
miT dadeba da am garigebiT gansazRvruli giravnobis
uflebis registracia sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirSi _ saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mom-
saxurebis saagentoSi.... saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saminis-
tro uflebamosilia misi kuTvnili zemoT aRniSnuli
53-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT gansazRvruli satrans-
porto saSualebebisa da maTi nomriani agregatebis
registracia da registraciis gauqmeba ganaxorcielos
Tavad an sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirSi – saqarT-
velos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros momsaxurebis saagen-
toSi (kanonis `sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb~ m. 53. p.1, qve-
punqti 7); meore magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT
ssk m. 286, n. 3. ìs moTxovna, romelic uzrunvelyofilia
i poTekiT, SeiZleba Seicvalos sxva moTxovniT. amisaT-
arsebobisas registracias eqvemdebareba: a) Sigawvis Zravas mqone meqanikuri
satransporto saSualeba, romlis Zravas cilindros moculoba 50 sm{3] –ze
metia; b) eleqtroZraviani meqanikuri satransporto saSualeba, romlis Zravas
maqsimaluri gamomuSavebuli simZlavre 4 kvt-ze metia; g) misabmeli, romelic
gankuTvnilia à~ da `b~ qvepunqtebiT gansazRvruli meqanikuri satransporto
saSualebebiT misi buqsirebisaTvis; d) sasoflo-sameurneo manqanis damxmare
teqnikuri saSualeba; e) am punqtis à~- `d~ qvepunqteebiT gansazRvruli
satransporto saSualebebis nomriani agregatebi; v) individualuri (TviTnakeTi)
wesiT damzadebuli an gadakeTebuli am punqtis à~ - è~ qvepunqtebiT gansazRvruli
satransporto saSualebebi, maTi nomriani agregatebi da sasoflo-sameurneo
manqanis damxmare teqnikuri saSualeba~.
sqolios b) qvepunqtSi saubaria saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 194-
e muxlis me-5 nawilis l) qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebul, sagareo-ekonomikuri
saqmianobis erovnuli sasaqonlo nomenklaturis 8703 sasaqonlo poziciiT
gaTvaliswinebul eleqtroZravian satransporto saSualebaze, romelic
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTavisuflebulia aqcizisagan CaTvlis
uflebis gareSe; damat. ix. i. xarazi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali,
pirveli nawili, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 2013, 475, 494. aRniSnul sakiTxebs
studentebi dawvrilebiT gaecnobian sagadasaxado samarTalSi, xolo `sagzao
moZraobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvruli mZimegabaritiani
satransporto saSualebebis dabegvris, sabaJo sawyobSi moTavsebis, saqarTvelos
sabaJo sazRvarze maTi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb dawvr. gaecnobian isev sagadasaxado
samarTlis kursis da sabaJo sakiTxebis Seswavlisas, damat. aseve ix. i. xarazi,
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, meore nawili, 2014, 134-135; 139-140.
393
vis saWiroa mesakuTrisa da kreditoris (i poTekaris)
SeTanxmeba da am SeTanxmebis registracia reestrSi~.
aseve, sxva magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba zemoTaRniSnuli
ssk m. 1174 muxlis motana, rom `saqorwino xelSekruleba
ideba werilobiT da dasturdeba sanotaro wesiT; isev
magaliTi, ssk 1357-e muxli dasabuTebulad miiCnevs weri-
lobiTi anderZis or saxes: a) Sinauruls da b) Tu pirs
misi deponireba surs notariusTan, maSin anderZi damow-
mdeba - sanotaro wesiT.
kanonmdeblobiT dasaSvebia xelis moweris gadan-
doba sxva pirisaTvis, roca nebis gamomxatveli Tavi-
si uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iyenebs sxva
pirebs davalebis, mindobilobis safuZvelze. es dasaS-
vebia samewarmeo samarTalSi (magaliTad, saqarTvelos
1994 kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, m.10 `generaluri savaW-
ro mindobiloba (prokura) da iuridiul moqmedebaTa
ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba~, m.11. `savaWro warmo-
madgeneli, damoukidebeli movaWre da komisioneri~), sax-
elSekrulebo samarTalSi xelSekrulebebis dadebisas,
rodesac xdeba davalebis gadandoba mesame pirisaTvis
(ssk m.711), memkvidreobiT samarTalSi (ssk m.1361) wera-
kiTxvis ucodinari piris, yru-munjisa da brmis mier saa-
nderZo gankargulebis gakeTebisas notariusTan da sxva.
warmomadgenlis xelis mowera aucileblad unda damow-
mdes oficialurad, amasTan unda aRiniSnos is mizezi,
romlis gamoc garigebis damdebma ver SeZlo garige-
baze xelis mowera. magaliTad, garkveuli Tavisebure-
bebi axasiaTebs brmis, an wera-kiTxvis ucodinari piris
mier saanderZo gankargulebis gamoxatvas, romelic mas
ar SeuZlia. amitom igi uflebamosilia, misi neba saa-
nderZo gankargulebis gamoxatvisas warmomadgenels mi-
andos, bunebrivia, pirs, romelsac igi endoba da es piri
394
araa dainteresebuli anderZSi gamoxatuli nebiT. kan-
onis mometebuli yuradReba am SemTxvevaSi moanderZeTa
interesebis dacvis garantirebulobis maRali xarisxis
aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli da moiTxovs damate-
biT pirobebs, kerZod, brmis, wera-kiTxvis ucodinaris
saanderZo gankarguleba unda gakeTdes notariusTan
sami mowmis TandaswrebiT. amis Semdeg unda gakeTdes
saTanado Canaweri da waekiTxos moanderZes. Camweri da
wamkiTxveli, sxva pirebis msgavsad SeiZleba iyvnen mow-
mebic. magram Camweri, amave dros, ar unda iyos wamkiTx-
veli. CanawerSi miTiTebul unda iqnes Tu vin gaakeTa
Canaweri da vin waukiTxa moanderZes. Canawers xeli unda
moaweros mowmeebma da daadasturos notariusma. aseTi
dokumentebi srulfasovani anderZia~421.
garigebis werilobiTi formis Sedgenisas aucile-
belia misi damdebi mxareebis mier garigebis dokumen-
tze xelis mowera, romliTac dasturdeba am garigebis
namdviloba.
Tu garigebis dadebisas erTi da imave Sinaarsis
ramdenime dokumentia Sedgenili, romlebic Sinaarso-
brivad identuria, kanoni dasaSvebad miiCnevs TiToeuli
mxaris xelmoweras im dokumentis egzemplarze, romelic
Sesabamisi mxarisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. magaliTad, ga-
rigebis damdebi mxareebi uflebamosili arian garigebis
erTi formularis SedgeniT dakmayofildnen, xeli moaw-
eron mas da deponirebisaTvis (Sesanaxad) gadascen mesa-
me pirebs (vTqvaT-notariuss), an kidev, Seadginon imde-
ni dokumenti (formulari) garigebisa, ramdeni mxarec
monawileobs masSi (vTqvaT 3 piria) da TiToeulma maT-
ganma misTvis gankuTvnil formulars moaweros xeli
da erTmaneTSi gacvalon dokumenti, an kidev, yvela for-
��. Sengelia,r., Sengelia, e., memkvidreobiTi samarTali, 2007, 75-76.
395
mularze dafiqsirdes garigebis mxareebis xelmowera
da TviTve daitovon Sesanaxad yvela mxaris mier xel-
mowerili dokumenti. kanoni aq SezRudvebs ar cnobs.
formis daucvelad dadebuli garigebebi baTilia.
rogorc avRniSneT, ssk m. 59, n. 1 iTvaliswinebs, rom
`baTilia kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li aucilebeli formis daucvelad dadebuli garigeba,
aseve nebarTvis gareSe dadebuli garigeba, Tu am ga-
rigebisaTvis saWiroa nebarTva~. aRniSnuli debuleba
garkveul msgavseba avlens BGB-s $ 125-Tan422, kerZod, am
paragrafis Tanaxmad, (1) `Tu kanoniT dadgenilia weri-
lobiTi forma, maSin dokumenti sakuTari xeliT unda
iqnes xelmowerili Semdgenlis mier an masze unda ga-
keTdes misi sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli inicialebi~423.
rodesac ssk m. 59-is 1-li nawiliT baTilad cxaddeba
nebarTvis gareSe dadebuli garigeba, Tu am garigebisaT-
vis saWiroa nebarTva~, _ baTilobis safuZvlad nebarT-
vis ararsebobis miTiTeba formisdaucvelad dadebul
Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 100-103.
��. qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi sanotaro wesiT damowmeba sajaro reestrSi
registraciam Caanacvla, xolo germanul samoqalaqo kanomdeblobaSi ufro
xSirad vxvdebiT sanotaro wesiT dadasturebas,mag; $ 126(4),sadac weria: `sanotaro
forma cvlis werilobiT formas~, aseve, $ 128(`sanotaro wesiT damowmeba, sadac
vkiTxulobT: `Tu xelSekrulebis sanotaro wesiT damowmeba gaTvaliswinebulia
kanoniT, maSin sakmarisia, Tu jer oferti, xolo Semdeg aqcepti damowmdes
notariusis mier~); an kidev $ 129(2): `gancxadebis sanotaro wesiT damowmeba
cvlis sajaro damowmebas~, agreTve $152: `Tu xelSekruleba damowmebul
unda iqnes sanotaro wesiT orive mxaris erTdrouli Tandaswrebis gareSe,
masin xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba $128 Tanaxmad gakeTebuli aqceptis
damowmebis momentidan, Tu sxva raime ar aris dadgenili. gamoiyeneba $ 151 me-2
winadadebis norma($151-is me-2 winadadebaSi saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom: ...momenti,
rodesac oferti uqmdeba, ganisazRvreba oferentis ofertidan an garemoebebidan
nagulisxmevi ganzraxvis mixedviT~ da sxv. Cven aseT daTqmebs saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar vxvdebiT garda gamonaklisebisa, magaliTad saqorwino
kontraqtis dros, romlis dadeba werilobiTi formiT xdeba da dasturdeba
sanotaro wesiT da a. S, Tumca germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi vxvdebiT aseve
saadgilmamulo reestrSi Canawerebis aucileblobas, rac cvlis qarTul
sajaro reestrs. magaliTad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $. 927, sadac saubaria
mesakuTris registraciaze saadgilmamulo reestrSi da a.S.
396
garigebasTan urTierTkavSirSi Sesabamis ganmartebas
saWiroebs. `cxadia ssk-s 59-e I muxlSi ar aris saubari
nebarTvaze ssk-is me-100 muxlis gagebiT, vinaidan aseT
SemTxvevaSi garigeba meryevad baTilad unda gamocxade-
buliyo. Sesabamisad, aseTi garigeba baTili mxolod
calmxrivi garigebis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda. sxva SemTx-
vevebSi igi damokidebuli iqneboda Semdgom Tanxmobaze,
anu mowonebaze, ssk-is 101-e muxlis gagebiT. savaraudod
kanonmdebeli ssk-is 59-e muxlis I muxlSi Sesabamisi
sajaro uflebamosilebis mqone organos nebarTvas Tu
licenzias gulisxmobs. swored aseTi savaldebulo ne-
barTvis gareSe dadebuli garigeba unda CaiTvalos ba-
Tilad.424~
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom (2007 wlis
23 aprils, #818. 1182-07), formis daucvelad dadebuli.
garigebis Tanaxmad baTilad cnobisas, ganmarta rom
,,samoqalaqo kodeqsis 68-e muxlis Sesabamisad, garigebis
namdvilobisaTvis saWiroa kanoniT dadgenili formis
dacva, xolo 59-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT ki, baTilia
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli aucilebeli formis daucve-
lad dadebuli garigeba. miTiTebuli normebis Tanaxmad,
namdvilia mxolod kanoniT gansazRvruli formiT ga-
formebuli garigeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi CaiTv-
leba baTilad. uZravi qonebis nasyidobis garigebisaT-
vis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs werilobiT formas,
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, r. gabaiZis da q. nabaZis mier
nasyidobis xelSekrulebas zepirad dadebis dadas-
turebis formebSic garigebis kanoniT dadgenili forma
daculi ar yofila da maT Soris dadebuli xelSek-
ruleba aris ucilod baTili, ara garigeba, romelsac
425. saqarTvelos susg. #as-818, 1182-07 (23 aprili, 2007).
397
raime iuridiuli mniSvnelobis Sedegi ver mohyveba.425~
bolo dros sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi farTo
gavrceleba hpova e. w. eleqtronulma vaWrobam. garigebis
damdebi mxareebi xSirad erTmaneTTan deben savaWro ga-
rigebebs, magaliTad yiduloben sxvadasxva saqonels, ise,
rom ar xvdebian erTmaneTs. aseTi formiT dadebulma
garigebebma iseTi masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo, rom gae-
ros saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis komisiam mode-
luri kanonic ki miiRo eleqtronuli vaWrobis Sesaxeb.
sruliad SegviZlia, rom eleqtronuli formiT dadebu-
li xelSekrulebebs mivusadagoT martivi werilobiTi
forma. germanuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba gamoyofs
($ 126a.) eleqtronuli formas garigebebis dadebisas.
kerZod, (1) `Tu kanoniT dadgenili werilobiTi for-
ma unda Seicvalos eleqtronuli formiT, maSin nebis
gamomvlenma am formas unda daurTos sakuTari saxeli,
xolo eleqtronul dokuments ki daumatos kvalifici-
uri eleqtronuli xelmowera èleqtronuli xelmow-
eris Sesaxeb~ kanonis (Signaturgesetz) mixedviT. (2)-is
mixedviT ki, `xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi TiToeulma
mxarem eleqtronulad unda moaweros xeli identur eg-
zemplars 1-l nawilSi aRwerili saxiT~. aseTi konkret-
uli miTiTeba xelSekrulebis dadebisas eleqtronuli
xelmoweris SemTxvevebze qarTuli kanonmdeblobisaT-
vis ucnobia, Tumca es imas rodi niSnavs, rom kanonmde-
blobiT igi akrZalulia. eleqtronul dokumentSi mo-
cemuli nebis gamovlena unda Seicavdes dokumentis Sem-
dgenlis saxels. vinaidan saxeli ar aris `xelmowera~,
igi ar unda mieTiTos dokumentis bolos~425.
saqarTvelos kanoni èleqtronuli xelmowerisa da
eleqtronuli dokumentis426 Sesaxeb~ gansazRvravs ele-
��. kropholeri, ian, dasax, naSr; 54.
��. eleqtronuli dokumenti – eleqtronuli, optikuri an sxva msgavsi
saSualebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili, gagzavnili, miRebuli an Senaxuli werilobiTi
informacia, romelic adasturebs iuridiuli mniSvnelobis faqts an iuridiuli
398
qtronuli sistemis da masSi eleqtronuli xelmower-
is gamoyenebis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs. eleqtronul
dokumentze cifruli xelmowera iTvleba materialur
dokumentze piradi xelmoweris Tanabari iuridiuli Za-
lis mqoned, Tu cifruli xelmowera gamoiyeneba ele-
qtronuli dokumentis xelmoweris momentSi moqmed
sertifikatSi (mowmobaSi) miTiTebuli monacemebis Se-
sabamisad da SesaZlebelia cifruli xelmoweris nam-
dvilobis Semowmeba da dadastureba da sertifikatis
safuZvelze Seqmnili cifruli xelmoweriT damowme-
buli an/da dadasturebuli eleqtronuli dokumentis
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba moiTxovs dokumentis mate-
rialur formas.
aqve avRniSnavdiT, rom sertifikatis safuZvelze
Seqmnili cifruli xelmoweriT damowmebuli an/da da-
dasturebuli eleqtronuli dokumentis gamoyeneba ar
SeiZleba samoqalaqo kodeqsis 341-e (`valis arsebobis
aRiareba~), 892-e (`Tavdebobis forma~), 942-e (samisdRe-
Sio `xelSekrulebis forma~) da 1357-e (anderZis `sano-
taro forma~) muxlebiT gansazRvrul garigebebze an/da
xelSekrulebebze.
eleqtronuli xelmowera saqarTveloSi yvelaze
ufro masiurad gamoiyeneba sagadasaxado saqmeSi, saga-
dasaxado organosa da valdebul pirebs Soris mimow-
erisas, sagadasaxado dokumentebis Sedgenisas427 da a. S.
mniSvnelobis armqone faqts; materialuri dokumenti – qaRaldze an sxva

materialur matarebelze warmodgenili informacia, romelic adasturebs
iuridiuli mniSvnelobis faqts an iuridiuli mniSvnelobis armqone faqts.
��.dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2010 wlis 31 dekembris brZanebiT
(#996) damkicebuli instruqcia: `gadasaxadebis administrirebis Sesaxeb~, Tavi III
èleqtronuli formiT komunikacia~.
399
k i T x v e b i
1. SeuZliaT Tu ara mxareebs TviTon gansazRvron

garigebis misTvis misaRebi forma, Tu igi kanoniT araa
gaTvaliswinebuli?
2. kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul ra formebs icnobs ga-
rigebis dadebisas samoqalaqo samarTali?
3. ras niSnavs gamoTqma: `numerus klausa~-s princi pi?
4. rogoria verbaluri garigebebi?
5. ganmarteT `blanketuri xelmowera~.
t e s t e b i
1. uZravi qonebis nasyidobisas pirebma xelSekruleba

SeiZleba dadon:
a.zepirad
b. werilobiTi formiT
g. zepirad an werilobiTi formiT
d. werilobiTi formiT da am garigebiT gansaz-
Rvruli uflebis registracia unda moaxdinon sajaro
reestrSi.
2. garigeba werilobiTi formiT SeiZleba daidos:

a. oferentis nebiT
b. aqveptantis TanxmobiT
g. saxelmwifos nebarTvis safuZvelze
d. kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi,
an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT.
3. mxardaWeris mimRebi piris garigebaze xelmoweri-

saTvis kanoni iTvaliswinebs Tu ara mxardamWeris Tanx-
mobas?
a. mxardamWeris mimRebis mier garigebis werilo-
biTi formiT dadebisas mas, mxareebis garda xels awers
mxardamWeri. mxardamWeri xelmoweriT adasturebs mx-
ardaWeris mimRebis mier garigebis dadebisas sasamarT-
400
los gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli mxardaWeris gaw-
evas
b. mxardamWeris mimRebis mier garigebis werilo-
mxardamWeri da notariusSi xdeba misi damowmeba
g. mxardamWeris mimRebis mier garigebis werilo-
mxardamWeri da sajaro reestrSi xdeba misi damowmeba
icnobs.
kazusi:
nivTis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis

Sesaxeb Semdegi safUZvlebiT: m.g-Ze aris martoxela, xan-
dazmuli da xSirad avadmyofobs. igi daavadda amneziiT.
gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg gamoirkva, rom misi sacxovre-
beli bina TaRliTurad gadaaforma Tavis saxelze n.
g-Zem da maT Soris gaformebuli martivi formis nasy-
idobis xelSekrulebiT, rac mosamarTlis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 55-e da 58-e muxlebis Tanaxmad baTilad cno-
bis safuZvelia. nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze misi xel-
moweris nacvlad dasmulia jvari. samoqalaqo kodeqsis
70-e muxlis moTxovnaa, aseTi jvris dasmis special-
uri sanotaro forma ar ganxorcielebula. mosamarTle
iTxovs garigebis gabaTilebas da sacxovrebeli binis
misTvis dabrunebas, ra gadawyvetileba unda miiRos
mosamarTlem?
sasamarTlo praqtika formis daucvelad dadebuli

garigeba-is Sesaxeb ix:
1. susg samoq. as-339-372-2010, 4 noemberi, 2010 w;
2. susg samoq. as-922-1205-09 5 marti, 2010 w;
3. susg samoq. # as-818, 07.2007 w.
401
4. sacilo garigebani
4. 1. SecdomiT dadebuli garigebani
Secdomas adamianis araswori warmodgenebi udevs

safuZvlad, romelic mas SeiZleba warmoeSvas realuri
cxovrebidan da faqtia, rom is ar dadebda aseT garige-
bas, mas rom faqtobrivi (realuri) garemoebebi scod-
noda. SecdomiT dadebul garigebebs aseve, samecniero
iuridiul literaturaSi `nebis gaucnobierebel na-
klsac~ uwodeben428. aseve sacilo garigebebis saxes
kanonmdebeli ganakuTvnebs: 1 SecdomiT, 2. motyuebiT da
3. iZulebiT dadebul garigebebs, romlebsac sakmaod
vrceli muxlebi aregulireben.
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi `Secdomis~ rogorc
terminis ganmarteba ar gvxvdeba, amitom sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi `Secdoma~ ganimarta, rogorc araswori war-
modgenebi ama Tu im faqtze, movlenaze. rom ara Secdoma,
garigebis monawileebi arc iseT garigebebs dadebdnen,
romlebic maT sinamdvileSi ar surdaT da arc garkveu-
li saxis urTierTobebs daamyarebdnen erTmaneTTan
mosalodneli Sedegebi rom scodnodaT. ra Sedegebi
moyveba SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis baTilad cno-
bas? ra ufleba-movaleobani warmoeSobaT mis damdeb
mxareebs Secdomis gamovlenisas? rogor imoqmedebs
SecdomiT dadebuli garigebani mesame pirTa uflebebze
da saerTod imoqmedebs Tu ara, - ai, is kiTxvebi, romle-
bic civilistikas awuxebda romis samarTlidan moyole-
buli dRemde. Secdomad, anu erro-r (ignorantia) iTvleboda
mcdari warmodgena raime faqtze garigebis dadebisas.
Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba ar maxvildeboda
��. ix. kereseliძe, d., dasax. naSr; 317.
402
kontrahentis gamoxatul garegan da Sinagan nebas So-
ris. aq laparaki iyo nebis gamoxatvaze arsebuli nebis
sawinaaRmdegod. amitom romaeli iuristebi Tvlidnen,
rom Secdoma winaswar gansazRvravs aranamdvilobas: ar
arsebobs SeTanxmeba imaT Soris, vinc cdeba; WeSmariteba
ewinaaRmdegeba SecdomiT dadebul SeTanxmebas, romlis
qveS ucodinaroba imaleba. SecdomiT dadebuli aqtebis
dros moqmedebda princi pi: `nulla voluntas errantis est~429 -
àr codna, ar codvaa~. magram yovelgvari Secdoma rodi
miiCneoda samarTal-relevanturad, amisaTvis saWiro iyo
ramdenime piroba: is misaRebi unda yofiliyo; arsebiTi
da faqtebis arcodnidan gamomdinare.
`romis samarTali SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis
zogad problemas ar ganixilavda. mas isini ukav-
Sirebdnen xelSekrulebebidan, memkvidreobiTi samarTl-
idan da sxva gamomdinare problemebs. momdevno epoqebis
civilistebi Secdomis moZRvrebas bunebiT samarTal-
Tan akavSirebdnen. `garigebis cnebis damkvidrebasTan
erTad Secdomis sakiTxma nebis gamovlenis problema-
tikis sferoSi gadainacvla. Secdoma ukve ganixilebo-
da uTanxmoebad nebasa da mis gamovlenas Soris. amiT
Secdoma nebis naklis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis Semadgenel
nawilad iqca~430.
`Tanamedrove moZRvrebis Camoyalibeba didi savi-
nis saxels ukavSirdeba. mis Tanaxmad, SecdomiT ganxor-
cielebuli nebis gamovlena ar aris namdvili, vinaidan
am garegnuli gamoxatvis ukan ar dgas namdvili neba, e.
i. neba da misi gamovlena ar emTxveva erTmaneTs~431.
`Secdomisagan gansxvavdeba ucodinaroba. Tu Sec-
doma sinamdvilis yalbi warmodgenaa, ucodinaroba saq-
��.digestebi, 33, 3, 20
��. Wanturia,l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, 368.
403
mis namdvili mdgomareobis arcodnaa. maT erTi da igive
Sedegebi mosdevs da Sesabamisad erTi mniSvnelobiTac
gamoiyenebian~432. bunebrivia ismis kiTxva: rogori Sec-
doma miiCneva sacilod? yvelanairi Secdoma, maT So-
ris wvrilmanic, romelsac xSirad arc ki vaqcevT yur-
adRebas? cxadia ara. es rom ase yofiliyo samoqalaqo
urTierTobebis stabiluroba eWvqveS dadgeboda. samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis 72_e muxli pirdapir pasuxs gvcems am
kiTxvaze: `garigeba SeiZleba sacilo gaxdes, Tu nebis
gamovlena moxda arsebiTi Secdomis safuZvelze~. Sec-
doma kerZo nebis gadaxvevaa saerTo normatiuli nebisa-
gan (divergencia)433.
Secdoma nebis gaucnobierebeli naklia. SecdomiT
dadebuli garigeba sacilo garigebaTa ricxvs ganekuT-
vneba. `Sesabamisad saciloobis winapirobaa is, rom nebis
gamovlenaze gavlena unda moexdina Secdomas, anu unda
arsebobdes mizezobrivi kavSiri piris `subieqtur~ Sec-
domasa da misi nebis gamovlenas Soris. amasTan, es Sec-
doma òbieqturad~ àrsebiTad~ unda iyos miCneuli. Sem-
dgom ki, ssk-is 73-e da Semdgomi muxlebiT xorcieldeba
Secilebis uflebis warmomSobi àrsebiTi Secdomis~
calkeuli saxisa da Secilebis gamomricxavi àraarse-
biTi Secdomebis~ mowesrigeba~434.
winapiroba SecdomiT dadebuli garigebisa Sec-
domaa. unda SevniSnoT, rom SecdomiT dadebuli garige-
bebisas Secilebis uflebis mqone piri yvelaze nak-
lebad imsaxurebs dacvas, rameTu Secdoma misi arsebi-
dan momdinareobs, Tavad nebis gamomvlenis Zalauflebis
qveSaa misi neba garigebis dadebisas rogor nebas ga-
��. zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, red.
Wanturia l., axvlediani z., zoiZe b., jorbenaZe s., 2000, 223.
��.divergencia – divergentia – 1. sxvadasxvaoba; gadaxra, ganStoeba; diferenciacia.
2. lingv. igivea, rac diferenciacia. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni.
404
moavlens igi, aq sxvaTa Zalauflebis gamovlena saer-
Tod gamoricxulia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kanonmde-
blobiT gaTvaliswinebulia mosazreba msgavs situacia-
Si, viTarebaSi ra zomebs miiRebda `gonivruli adamiani~,
cdomilebaSi myofi piri, mas saqmis namdvili garemoe-
ba rom scodnoda. bunebrivia, Secdoma Cveni cxovrebis
Tanamdevia da mas is araswori warmodgenebi udevs
safuZvlad, romelic gvibiZgebs garigebis dadebisaken,
rameTu saqmis namdvili arsis Sesaxeb rom gvqonoda
informacia, msgavs garigebas ar davdebdiT. cxadia, Sec-
doma maSin unda CaiTvalos arsebiTad, `Tuki piri aseT
viTarebaSi saerTod ar dadebda garigebas, an dadebda
mas sruliad gansxvavebuli pirobebiT...~ SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom garigebis damdeb mxares `wacda xeli~ garigebis
dadebisas, anu Secdoma dauSva xelSekrulebaze xelmow-
erisas, metyvelebisas (nebis zepiri gamovlenisas), aseve
sxva moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisas, romelTa daxmare-
biTac man garigeba dado.
`saqarTveloSi Secdomas samoqalaqo samarTal-
Si ar gaaCnia raime saxis konkretuli ganmarteba...~435
`kanonis saSualebiT xdeba diferencireba Tu ra sax-
is Secdomis daSvebaa samarTlebrivi Sedegis mqone
da rom cxovrebaSi daSvebuli ToToeuli Secdoma ar
SeiZleba samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomis winapirobas
warmoadgendes~436.
arsebiTi Secdomis saxeebi. ssk-is mixedviT arse-
biTi Secdomis saxeebi iyofa eqvs erTmaneTisagan da-
moukidebel saxed. sakiTxi SeiZleba meore kuTxiTac
iqnes ganxiluli, rogoricaa Secdomis erTi ZiriTadi
saxis arseboba, romlis mixedviTac xdeba dakonkrete-
��
. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 1999, 223.
��. Wanturia, l.,Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
2000, 369.
405
ba xdeba danarCeni saxeebisa. aRniSnuli mosazreba, ro-
melic Secdomis erT ZiriTad saxes gamoyofs, saintere-
soa im kuTxiT, rom ZiriTadi aqcenti arsebiTi Secdomis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeze – SinaarsSi daSvebul
Secdomaze keTdeba. Tu aviRebT germaniis magaliTs, Se-
vamCnevT, rom sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze gamoiyo-
fa Secdomis ori ZiriTadi saxe: Secdoma SinaarsSi437 da
Secdoma ganmartebaSi438, xolo yvela sxva saxis Secdoma
zemoaRniSnul saxeebs Sinaarsobrivad eqvemdebareba~439.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT arse-
biTi Secdomis saxeebi eqvs nawilad iyofa da esenia: 1.
Secdoma garigebis ti pis arCevaSi; 2. Secdoma SinaarsSi;
3. Secdoma garigebis safuZvelSi; 4. Secdoma kontra-
hirebis iZulebaSi; 5. Secdoma sagnis ZiriTad Tvise-
bebSi; 6. Secdoma uflebaSi.
ssk 73 - e muxli CamoTvlis arsebiTi Secdomis
saxeebs, kerZod: a. pirs surda daedo sxva garigeba da
ara is, romelzedac man gamoTqva Tanxmoba; b. piri cde-
ba im garigebis SinaarsSi, romlis dadebac mas sur-
da; g. ar arsebobs is garemoebebi, romelTac mxareebi,
keTilsindisierebis princi pebidan gamomdinare, ganixi-
laven garigebis safuZvlad.
a. pirs surda daedo sxva garigeba da ara is,
romelzedac man gamoTqva Tanxmoba. aq naTlad ikveTeba
faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom piri aSkarad cdeba garigebis
ti pSi. mas rom scodnoda, rom cdeboda (razedac ga-
rigeba dado), bunebrivia, igi am garigebas sinamdvileSi
ar dadebda. magaliTad, a-m b-s aTxova wigni 1 TviT. b.
am wigns aRar abrunebs vadis gasvlis Semdeg. roca a-m
��.Secdoma SinaarsSi – der inhaltsirrtum.
��.Secdoma ganmartebaSi – der erklärungsirrtum.
��. jorbenaZe, sergi, `garigebaSi daSvebuli Secdomis saxeebi saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT~, wignidan: r. Sengelia, samarTlis problemebi;
Tbilisi, 2012, 399
406
b-s wigni mosTxova, b-m a-s ganucxada, rom mas xom es
wigni aCuqes. gamodis, rom aq Txovebis nacvlad pirma
Cuqeba igulisxma. rogor unda dadgindes faqti rom am
SemTxvevaSi Txovebaa da ara Cuqeba? konkretuli faqtis
safuZvelze, nebis gamovlenis gonivruli ganmartebis
Sedegad. e.i. sasamarTlom unda daadginos, rom nebis
gamomvlens azradac ar mosvlia, rom b-sTvis wigni
eCuqebina. cxadia, b-m wigni ukan unda daabrunos. ga-
rigebis ti pSi Secdoma SeiZleba Segvxvdes ara marto
sxvadasxva garigebebis dadebisas (Txovebis nacvlad
Cuqeba, qiravnobis nacvlad ijara da a.S.), aseve TviT
erTi garigebis SigniTac. isev magaliTi: a. b-s Sepirda,
rom aCuqebda `vefxistyaosans~ da Tu mCuqebeli saxl-
Si ar iqneboda-waeRo wigni. a-s saxlSi hqonda agreTve
XIX saukuneSi dabeWdili `vefxistyaosani~, romelic
waiRo b-m. a-m moiTxova wignis ukan dabruneba. Tu nebis
gonivruli gansjis Sedegad dadginda, rom a-s mxedv-
elobaSi ar hqonda cxadia unikaluri gamocemis Cuqeba,
nivTi ukan dabrundeba. an kidev, a-s b-sTvis unda eCuqebi-
na dabadebis dReze 100 lari da konvertSi ki SecdomiT
100 amerikuli dolari Caudo. e.i. am, da zemoT moyvanil
sxva magaliTebSi pirebi deben garigebas, razedac maT
Tanxmoba ar gamouTqvamT. aseTi garigebebi bunebrivia
unda gabaTildes. Sedegi am baTilobisa? nivTi sawyis
mesakuTres daubrundeba. gamodis, rom, nivTis gadace-
mis dros daSvebuli Secdomis SemTxvevaSi, ganmcxadeb-
els aniWebs uflebamosilebas kanonmdebloba, moaxdi-
nos misi gancxadebulis Sinaarsis sawinaRmdego nebis
realizacia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SemTxveva, roca piri
arsebiTi SecdomiT akeTebs gancxadebas meore mxares-
Tan. b. ssk m. 73.b. `piri cdeba im garigebis SinaarsSi,
romlis dadebac mas surda~. àm dros ganmcxadebeli
407
aJRerebs imas, rac mas surs, Tumca igi cdeba Tavisi
gancxadebis mniSvnelobaSi. ganmcxadebelma icis, rasac
ambobs, magram man ar icis is, Tu amiT risi Tqma gamosdis.
mag; `Secdoma vinaobaSi~, ganmcxadebels eSleba saqmi-
ani partnioris pirovneba an garigebis sagani, mag; gay-
iduli miwis nakveTi Tu avtomanqana~440. gamodis ra, rom
piris mier gamovlenili neba mis namdvil survils ar
emTxveva. garigebis SinaarsSi Secdomas xSirad aqvs ad-
gili mxareTa sxvadasxva sacxovrebel adgilTan daka-
vSirebiT garigebis dadebasTan, enis arcodnasTan, roca
TviT nebis gamomvleni mis mier gamovlenil nebaSi sul
sxva Sinaars aqsovs, vidre mas surda da sxva. magali-
Tad, aSS moqalaqem kanadis moqalaqes asesxa 20 000 aSS
dolari. valis gadaxdis dros kanadelma amerikels 20
000 kanaduri dolari daubruna. amerikelma ki moiTxo-
va 20 000 amerikuli dolaris dabruneba. rogor unda
gavigoT saqmis namdvili arsi? amaze pasuxs gagvcems
337-e muxli (`xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis
ganmarteba~). `Tu xelSekrulebis calkeuli gamonaTqv-
amebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes sxvadasxvanairad, maSin up-
iratesoba unda mieniWos imas, romelic Cveulebriv miRe-
bulia xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebis sacxovrebel
adgilze~. amerikelsa da kanadels xom ar aqvT saerTo
sacxovrebeli adgili Cvens magaliTSi? maSin, pasuxs
isev 337-e muxlis bolo winadadeba iZleva: `Tuki mxa-
reebs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli adgili aqvT, gadamwyve-
tia aqceptantis sacxovrebeli adgili~. pasuxi naTeli
da gasagebia.
aseve, xSiria xelSekrulebebSi urTierTgamomricx-
veli da mravalmniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamebis arsebo-
ba, romelic xSirad gaugebars xdis nebis gamovlenaTa
��. kropholeri, ian, dasa. naSr; gv. 42.
408
ganmartebas. ra unda movimoqmedoT am Cixidan gamosas-
vlelad? am konkretuli SekiTxvas amomwurav pasuxs
gascems 338-e muxli: `xelSekrulebaSi urTierTgamom-
ricxavi an mravalmniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamebis dros
upiratesoba unda mieniWos im gamonaTqvamebs, romelic
yvelaze metad Seesatyviseba xelSekrulebis Sinaars.
magaliTi: orma gogonam Cauara saqorwino kabebis maRa-
zias. erT-erTma maTganma survili gamoTqva rom Sesuli-
yvnen maRaziaSi, radgan igi Txovdeboda da saqorwino
kabis morgeba undoda. meorem uTxra, rom mas hqonda
saxlSi saqorwino kaba, romelic zustad misi zoma iqne-
boda da miscemda. meore SemTxveva: gogonebma saqorwino
kabebis gamqiravebel salons Cauares da erT-erTi maT-
ganis Txovnaze, rom Sesuliyvnen da daeTvalierebinaT,
radgan erTi maTgani male Txovdeboda, meorem isev gau-
meora, rom misi zomis kaba saxlSi hqonda da miscemda.
Tu orive SemTxvevaSi garigeba Sedgeboda da gaTxovili
megobari kabas ar daabrunebda, romel SemTxvevaSi See-
Zlo meore mxares (saqorwino kabis mimcems) saqorwino
kabis dabruneba? raTqma unda Tu neba (kabis mimcemisa)
gamovlindeboda im salonis gverdiT Cavlisas, romelic
saqorwino kabas aqiravebda da ar yidda. Tu megobari
am SemTxvevaSi kabas ar daabrunebs, meore mxares sa-
samarTlos ZaliT ufleba aqvs misi dabrunebisa qiris
gadaxdiT (saloni xom kabas aqiravebda da ar yidda).
amrigad, 73-e(g) da 337-338-e muxlebs441 didi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvT, radganac arcTu ise xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca
calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi mxareebs sxvadasxvanairad
esmiT da sxvadasxvanair samarTlebriv Sedegebsac iT-
valiswineben am garigebebidan. sxva magaliTis moyvanac
SeiZleboda, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTi samarTlidan:
��. damat. ix. Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni
mesame, red. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., gv. 154-165.
409
piri, romelic anderZs wers da surs rom mTeli Tavisi
qoneba disSvils dautovos, anderZSi kanonier memkvi-
dreebs moixseniebs, ar icis ra, rom misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg memkvidreobas am SemTxvevaSi miiReben is kanon-
ismieri memkvidreebic, romlebic 1336-e muxlSi arian
moxseniebuli da sxva.
g. 73.g. àr arsebobs is garemoebebi, romelTac mx-
areebi, keTilindisierebis princi pebidan gamomdinare,
ganixilaven garigebis safuZvlad~. xSiria SemTxvevebi,
roca ar arsebobs is garemoebebi, romelTac mxaree-
bi keTilsindisierebis princi pebidan gamomdinare ga-
rigebis safuZvlad ganixilavdnen. gamodis, rom mxaree-
bs erToblivad iseTi warmodgena hqondaT konkretuli
garigebis dadebisas garemoebebze, romelic safuZveli
gaxda misi dadebisa, magram aRmoCnda, rom mxareebi cde-
bodnen am garemoebis arsebobaSi, radgan keTilsindis-
ierad endobodnen mas. gamodis, rom mxareebs misTvis
miuRebeli garemoebebi rom scodnodaT, garigebas ar
dadebdnen. aq safuZvelSi Secdomaa, romelic motivSi
Secdomasac gulisxmobs da meores mxriv, nebis gamovle-
naSi Secdomas. aq adgili aqvs erTdroulad subieqtur
da obieqtur garemoebebs brunvis keTilsindisierebidan
gamomdinare.
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 119-is Tanax-
mad (1)442, romelic `Secilebas Secdomis gamo~ eZRvneba,
aRniSnulia, rom `pirs, romelmac nebis gamovlenis dros
dauSva Secdoma nebis gamovlenis SinaarsTan dakavSire-
biT an mas saerTod ar hqonia ganzraxva aseTi Sinaar-
siT nebis gamovlenisa, _ SeuZlia sacilo gaxados nebis
��. damat. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von
410
gamovlena, Tu ivaraudeba, rom igi ar gaakeTebda nebis
gamovlenas saqmis viTarebis codnisas an misi gonivru-
li Sefasebisas. (2) nebis gamovlenis SinaarsSi Secdomad
miiCneva Secdoma piris an nivTis TvisebebSi, romlebic
samoqalaqo brunvaSi miiCneva arsebiTad.~ `Secdoma aris
obieqturi garemoebebis uneblie arcodna. Sesabamisad,
Secdoma ar xdeba, rodesac ganmcxadebeli nebas avlens
imis SegnebiT, rom am ukanasknelis Sesaxeb araferi ar
unda icodes. Tu piri dokumentis teqsts wakiTxvisa da
mis Sinaarsze warmodgenis gareSe xels ar moawers, sax-
eze ar aris Secdoma; Tumca Secdoma xdeba im pirisaT-
vis, visac araswori warmodgena eqmneba misi Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb~443. `sadavoa, SeiZleba Tu ara nebis gamovlenis
gacnobierebis gareSe ganxorcielebuli nebis gamovle-
na Secilebulad iqnes $119444-is Tanaxmad, Tu mocemuli
ar aris nebis gamovlenis sakanonmdeblo Semadgenlo-
ba. im Sexedulebis sasargeblod, romlis Tanaxmadac
ganmcxadeblis realuri nebis gamovlenis gacnobierebis
gareSe ar miiReba (sacilo) nebis gamovlena, metyvelebs
$118: xumrobiT445 gakeTebuli gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi,
ganmcxadebelma icis, rom igi qmnis samarTlebrivad
relevanturi gancxadebis iluzias. nebis gamovlenis
gacnobierebis ararsebobisas ganmcxadebelma ar icis,
rom $118-is SefasebiT mxolod garigebis baTiloba unda
dadges. umaRlesi federaluri sasamarTlosa da gaba-
tonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, piriqiT sakmarisia po-
tenciuri nebis gamovlenis gacnobiereba. am poziciis
mixedviT, (sacilo) nebis gamovlena saxezea, rodesac
ganmcxadebels SeeZlo scodnoda, rom misi garegnulad
gamoxatuli Sexeduleba keTilsindisierebis princi pi-
��.Seadar. ssk, m. 72.
��.Seadar. ssk-is m.57.
411
sa da samoqalaqo brunvis interesebidan gamomdinare
SeiZleboda gagebuli yofiliyo rogorc nebis gamov-
lena da rodesac nebis gamovlenis mimRebi faqtobrivad
amgvarad aRiqvamda. es wesi moqmedebs agreTve konkliu-
denturi moqmedebis formiT nebis gamovlenisas...~446. aqve
ar SeiZleba ar moviyvanoT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis mniSvnelovani
ganmarteba (saqme #as-1350-1275-2012), romelic man gaakeTa
sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis samar-
Tlebrivad mosarCelisagan gansxvavebulad Sefasebis
SesaZleblobisa da am SesaZleblobis realizebis piro-
bebSi orive mxaris interesebis dacvis aucileblobis
Taobaze. mocemul saqmeze mosarCele moiTxovda mopa-
suxesTan dadebuli uZravi qonebis Txovebis xelSek-
rulebis, rogorc motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis ba-
Tilad cnobas. sakasacio sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom
mxareTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Sefaseba Sedis
sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi da mxaris mier araswori
normatiuli safuZvlis miTiTeba ar SeiZleba gaxdes
sarCelze uaris Tqmis safuZveli, Tumca sasamarTlos
aRniSnuli diskrecia unda ganxorcieldes imgvarad,
rom mopasuxes ar SeezRudos konkretul sakiTxze
Sesageblis wardgenis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli
uflebamosileba. saqmeze gadawyvetileba miRebul unda
iqnes SejibrebiTobis princi pis srulad realizaciis
pirobebSi. sakasacio sasamarTlom aqve miuTiTa, rom
sarCelisagan gansxvavebuli samarTlis normebis gamoy-
eneba ar gulisxmobs garigebis Secilebis safuZvlis
Secvlas. mxaris ganmarteba, rom igi garigebis dadebis
mizniT moatyues, sarCelis faqtobrivi Semadgenlo-
bis nawilia da ara normatiuli safuZveli. rac Se-
412
exeba xandazmulobis vadebs, sasamarTlom miuTiTa: rom
xandazmuloba ganixileba, rogorc saqmis faqtobrivi
garemoeba. mxare ki, saproceso kanonmdeblobiT Sez-
Rudulia miuTiTos axali faqtebisa da mtkicebule-
bebis Sesaxeb zemdgom instanciebSi, amdenad, Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, xandazmulobis sakiTxis dayeneba SesaZle-
belia mxolod pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, ma-
gram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo mosarCelis-
agan gansxvavebulad afasebs mxareTa Soris arsebul
samarTlebriv urTierTobas da mopasuxes obieqturad
ar aqvs saSualeba garkveul garemoebebze (xandazmu-
lobis CaTvliT) miTiTebiT daicvas Tavi sarCelisagan,
xandazmulobis sakiTxis wamoWra zemdgom instanciaSi
dasaSvebad unda iqnes miCneuli~447.
garigebis sworad ganmartebas, ara marto Teori-
uli, aramed didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnia. es
sabuTdeba imiT, rom SesaZleblobas aZlevs mxareebs
ara marto sworad gamoavlinon neba, aramed gamovle-
nili neba sworad miiRos meore mxaremac (nebis mim-
Rebma). nebis gamovlenis gaugebrobisas, meore mxarec
arasworad iRebs nebas da es xdeba Semdeg maT Soris
warmoSobili davis sagani. Zalzed Znelia xSirad sau-
bari mxareTa saerTo nebaze, SeuZlebelic xdeba xSir
SemTxvevaSi garigebis ganmarteba imis mixedviT, Tu ras
fiqrobda nebis gamomvleni, an piriqiT-nebis mimRebi.
gamosavals kidev gvawvdis ssk 52-e muxli, rom, `nebis
gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba unda dadgindes gonivru-
li gansjis Sedegad, anu gonieri adamiani konkretul
gamonaTqvamSi ra Sinaars Caaqsovda. gamonaTqvamebi so-
cialuri komunikaciis aqtia da bunebrivia misi avtori
garkveul pauxismgeblobasac kisrulobs am gamonaTq-
��
. http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/n59-mnishvnelovani-ganmarteba.pdf
��
413
vamebisaTvis, rameTu masSi garkveuli azria Cadebuli.
amitom garigebis dadebisas, yovelma mxarem gamonaTqvams
iseTi mniSvneloba unda mianiWos, romelsac aseve mi-
iRebda gonieri adamiani. Tu garigebis damdebi mxareebi
saqmiani wris warmomadgenlebi arian, maSin cxadia, isic
unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, am wreSi am pirebis gam-
onaTqvamebs ra mniSvneloba mieniWeboda. magaliTad, ssk
m. 339 (`savaWro Cveulebebi da tradiciebi~)448 mixedviT,
savaWro Cveulebebi da tradiciebi warmoiSoba ama Tu
im samewarmeo saqmianobis warmomadgenelTa mier urT-
ierTSeTanxmebuli da xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad.
ssk-is 339-e muxlTan erTad ar SeiZleba aqve oriod
sityviT ar SevexoT ìnkotermss~, Incoterms (Internation-
al Commercial Terms (qarTulad: saerTaSoriso savaWro
terminebi, romlebic msoflioSi aRiarebuli mTeli rigi
terminebia, romlebic faqtobrivad, savaWro tradiciebi-
sa da praqtikis safuZvelze Seiqmna). saerTaSoriso
savaWro terminebis, anu, rogorc mas saxelSekrulebo
praqtikaSi SemoklebiT uwodeben, ìnkoterms~-is termi-
nebi mowodebulia moaxdinos saerTaSoriso nasyidobisa
da gadazidvebis xelSekrulebaTa ZiriTadi pirobebis
harmonizeba~449. àRsaniSnavia, rom inkotermsis moqmedeba
vrceldeba mxolod xelSekrulebis mxareTa uflebebsa
da valdebulebebze, saqonlis miwodebasTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxebSi~450.
amasTanave amgvari garigebebis ganmartebisas yur-
adReba unda mieqces nebis gamovlenis ganmartebas mxa-
reebis mier keTilsindisierad moqmedebis varauds. `vi-
naidan keTilsindisierebis princi pis sawinaaRmdegod
��.ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 166-170.
��
. `Tavisufali qarTulenovani enciklopedia viki pediidan. ix. saiti: http://
ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/
��. iaSvili, n. maRalaSvili, e., naWyebia, z., saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis
praqtika, 2006, 156.
414
ganxorcielebuli Secileba dauSvebelia, Secilebis
meore mxares, romelic dauyovnebliv acxadebs pasuxs,
SeuZlia CaTvalos moqmedad garigebis is Sinaarsi,
romelsac gulisxmobda Semcilebeli da romliTac ga-
batonebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT xdeba garigebis ba-
Tilobis Tavidan acileba~451.
keTilsindisieri qceva araa samarTlebrivi qcevis
tolfasi. gamodis, rom yoveli aramarTlzomieri qceva
imavdroulad ar niSnavs arakeTilsindisier qcevas da
piriqiT, - keTilsindisiereba gulisxmobs samoqalaqo
brunvis monawileTa erTmaneTisadmi gulisxmier, pasux-
ismgeblobiT aRsavse, erTmaneTis uflebebisadmi pativ-
iscemiT mopyrobas.
Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi. `Secdoma kon-
trahentis pirovnebis mimarT mxolod maSin CaiTvle-
ba arsebiTad, rodesac TviTon kontrahentis pirovne-
ba an misi piradi Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba garigebis
dadebis mTavari safuZvelia~ (ssk m. 74. m. 1.). rogorc
muxlidan Cans, Tu ofertis aqceptireba pirma konkretul
pirs daukavSira, an kidev mis pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs
(profesionalizmi, asaki, unari, cnobadoba da sxva), maSin
SeiZleba vilaparakoT garigebis baTilobaze. magaliTi
roca pirTan dakavSirebiTaa Secdomaa: a-s surs mTeli
Tavisi qoneba dautovos axlo naTesavs da mas konkre-
tuli saxeliT moixseniebs anderZSi, sinamdvileSi ki,
aRmoCndeba, rom es piri misi axlo naTesavi ar yofila,
an kidev, a-m gadawyvita avtoportreti SeekveTa cno-
bili mxatvrisaTvis, Tumca mas fizikurad ar icnobda.
saxelosnoSo Sesvlisas man ikiTxa es mxatvari da iqve
myofma pirma (sxva mxatvarma) upasuxa, rom is warmoad-
genda am saxelis matarebel pirs. portretis daxatvis
��.kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 45.
415
Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom saxelosnoSi ori mxatvari muS-
aobda erTi da igive samoqalaqo saxeliT da naklebad
cnobili mxatvrisaTvis gaugebari iyo rom portretis
SemkveTi `cnobil mxatvars~ eZebda. gabaTildeba Tu ara
es garigeba? garigebis gabaTilebis sakiTxi gonivruli
ganmartebis Sedegad unda dadgindes da gasaTvaliswine-
belia subieqturi (mxareTa neba) da obieqturi (nebis
garegnuli gamoxatva) faqtorebi (moqmedebebi, sityvebi,
azris formulireba). sxvanairad faqtiurad SeuZlebe-
lia garigebis gabaTileba. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba
swored garegnul gamoxatulebas eniWeba.
magram aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi ZiriTadi
faqtori imis Sesaxeb, rom piri Secda kontrahentis
pirovnul TvisebebSi (surda sxva mxatvars daexata misi
portreti da sxvam, ufro naklebad cnobilma mxatvarma
daxata, romelmac ar icoda, rom SemkveTi `did mxat-
vars~, eZebda), magram SemkveTma miiRo naxati, _ maSin
Secdomas kontrahentis pirovnebaSi adgili aRar eqneba
da SemkveTis mier garigebis gabaTilebac aRar moxdeba.
an kidev pirma xanZris Casaqrobad gamoiZaxa erTi sax-
anZro razmi da meore movida. saqme (xanZris Caqroba)
keTilsindisierad iqna Sesrulebuli. garigebis gaba-
Tileba moxdeba Tu ara? cxadia ara. Tu gadaxdis val-
debuleba warmoiSoboda momsaxurebisas, cxadia pirma
unda gadaixados momsaxurebis safasuric, Tu misTvis
gansakuTrebuli, gamokveTili mniSvneloba ar eqneboda
Tu vin Seasrulebda samuSaos.
Secdomas kontrahentis pirovnebaSi mxolod maSin
eqneboda adgili, Tu konkretul pirs (an mis pirovnul
maxasiaTebels) davukavSirebdiT garigebis dadebas.
sainteresoa s. CaCavas mosazreba imasTan dakavSire-
biT, rom Tu ratom ar SeiZleba gamCuqeblis mier daSve-
416
bul iqnes Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi, rodesac
igi uSualod dasaCuqrebulis pirad TvisebebSi cde-
ba? azris avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs ssk-is 74-e muxlis
pirveli nawili, sadac kontrahentis `pirad TvisebebSi~
Secdomazea saubari452. vfiqrobT, aq sakamaTo da saWoW-
mano araferia, rameTu `Secdoma kontrahentis pirovneba-
Si~ da konkretulad `pirad TvisebebSi~ ar SeiZleba vi-
wrod ganvmartoT, rameTu kontrahentis pirovnebaSi Sec-
doma abstraqtuli xasiaTisaa da kontrahentis mxolod
`viwrod~ damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs rodi moicavs. aq
SeiZleba pirovnebis iseT Tvisebebzec gamaxvildes yu-
radReba, rogoricaa: madliereba gamCuqeblis mimarT, hu-
manuroba, zrdilobianoba, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da
misT.
sergi jorbenaZe, Tavis statiaSi (`garigebaSi daS-
vebuli arsebiTi Secdomis saxeebi saqarTvelos samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis mixedviT~), iziarebs s. CaCaniZis mosazre-
bas da aRniSnavs, rom: `sruliad logikurad mimaCnia, am
ori institutis (Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi da
Cuqebis xelSekruleba) dakavSireba erTmaneTTan~, Tumca
is miiCnevs, rom `naCuqari nivTis ukan gamoTxova Sec-
domiT dadebuli garigebis Sedegi araa, vinaidan samar-
Tlebrivi Sedegic garigebis sacilooba gaxdeboda~453.
mas aRniSnuli problemis gadasaWrelad mohyavs saqa-
rTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba (#as-
385-358. 2010), kerZod, `sakasacio sasamarTlom gaiziara
da daeTanxma saapelacio palatis mosazrebas, romelic
miiCnevda, rom mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris dade-
bul Cuqebis xelSekrulebas ar gaaCnda xelSekrulebis
��. CaCava, s., moTxovnebisa da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia, evropuli da
SedarebiTi samarTlis institis gamomcemloba, 2011, 90-91, aseve gv. 105 da Semdgomi.
��. jorbenaZe, sergi `garigebaSi daSvebuli Secdomis saxeebi saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT~, wignidan: r. Sengelia, samarTlis problemebi,
2012, 407.
417
moSlis safuZveli. saqmis garemoeba SemdegSi mdgo-
mareobda: mosarCelem mopasuxes baTumSi aCuqa sacxovre-
beli bina, mxolod im pirobiT, rom dasaCuqrebuli
(saqmeSi mopasuxe) mouvlida damsaCuqrebels (saqmeSi
mosarCele) da masTan mcxovreb qalbatons, romelic mo-
sarCelis azriT mopasuxem ar Seasrula da mis mimarT
didi umaduroba gamoiCina. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
saqmeSi ar hqonda Sesabamisi mtkicebulebani warmodge-
nili, romliTac igi ùmadurobis~ faqts daaadastureb-
da, xolo mopasuxis mier saqmeSi warmodgenili mtkice-
bulebani uSualod miuTiTebda mis mier nakisri valde-
bulebebis Sesrulebaze, kerZod: mopasuxe mxare Cuqebis
xelSekrulebis dadebamde da dadebis Semdegac cxov-
robda sadavo saxlSi da ara sxvis adgilas. amasTan,
igi mudam cdilobda madliereba gamoexata damsaCuqre-
blis mimarT, rac misTvis garkveuli Tanxis gadacemaSi
gamoixateboda. im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom mopasuxe iCen-
da mzrunvelobas mosarCelis mimarT, damsaCuqrebelma
Tavad ganucxada sasamarTlos, rac Semdgom sakasacio
palatisaTvis gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis erT-erTi
saSualeba gaxda. Sedegad sarCeli am nawilSi (iseve ro-
gorc mTlianad) ar dakmayofilda, mocemuli ganmarte-
bani da dasabuTebani ar gaxda sasamarTlosTvis imis
darwmunebis mizezi, rom dasaCuqrebulis moqmedeba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 529-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis darRveviT moxda454.
moyvanili sasamarTlo praqtikidan s. jorbenaZe
askvnis, rom dasaCuqrebulis umaduroba ar SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes kontrahentis pirovnebaSi SecdomiT.
moyvanili saqmis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, - askvnis s.
jorbenaze, - mosarCeles SeeZlo evarauda, rom dasaCuqre-
��.dawvr. ix. 2010 wlis 14 ivnisis susg-is ganCineba #as-385-358.
418
buli didi qonebis patroni iyo da aucileblad gamoi-
Cenda mis mimarT imgvar mzrunvelobas (sasamarTlom
amgvar faqtze gamoxata sakuTari pozicia da aRniSna,
rom mosarCelem icoda Cuqebis xelSekrulebis gafor-
mebis Sesaxeb, mas ar surda sxva saxis xelSekrulebis
dadeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebda amis Sesaxeb),
romlis arqonis gamoc Seitana sarCeli sasamarTloSi,
magram saqmis masalebidan Cans, rom damsaCuqrebelma ico-
da dasaCuqrebulis vinaoba, vinaidan dasaCuqrebuli misi
ZmisSvili iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, s. jorbenaZe askvnis,
rom kontrahentis pirovnebaSi Secdoma gamoricxulia.
ssk-is 74-e muxlis I nawili ar unda gavaigivoT mxolod
subiqtur warmodgenebTan, romelic pirs xelSekrulebis
dadebamde gaaCnda, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivi-
RoT Sedegi, ara rogorc arsebiTi SecdomiT dadebuli
garigeba, aramed Secdoma motivSi455, romelic qarTuli
kanonmdeblobiT wesrigdeba da romelsac samarTlebri-
vi Sedegi ar gaaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare, iseve rogorc
TiToeuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobisas, am SemTx-
vevaSic konkretuli SemTxvevis mixedviT aris saWiro
imaze msjeloba, Tu ra saxis Secdoma iqna daSvebuli
piris kontrahentis pirovnebaSi da Tu daSvebul iqna, ra
safuZveli gaaCnda mas456.
sagnis ZiriTad TvisebebSi Secdomisas garigebis
baTiloba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca maT mniSvnelo-
ba aqvT sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis. magali-
Tad, piri yidulobs cnobili moqandakis skulpturas
da ixdis did Tanxas imitom, rom igi bumberazi Semo-
qmedis Sedevria. aRmoCndeba rom, es Sedevri ki ara,
��.ix. kereseliZe, d., dasax. naSr; 330.
��
. l. dawvr. ix. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 372-
373, dawvr.zemoT moyvanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb ix. s. jorbenaZis
statia `garigebaSi daSvebuli Secdomis saxeebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis mixedviT~, wignidan: r. Sengelia, samarTlis problemebi, 2012, 408-409.
419
misi aslia. an kidev, koleqcioneri auqcionze yidu-
lobs miqelanjelos naxats da Semdeg irkveva, rom es
originali ki ara-misi aslia; qali yidulobs beWeds,
hgonia, rom masSi Zvirfasi Tvlebia da aRmoCndeba, rom
yalbi Tvlebia. am magaliTebidan Zneli misaxvedri araa,
rom garigeba uciloblad gabaTildeba, radgan piri
cdeba sagnis im ZiriTad TvisebebSi, romelic man ga-
rigebis dadebas daukavSira. aq saxeze gvaqvs subieqtur-
obieqturi faqtorebis arseboba (anu ara marto sagnis
ZiriTadi fizikuri Tvisebebi, aramed is faqtobrivi da
iuridiuli urTierTobanic, romlebic gavlenas axdens
mis gamoyenebiT vargisianobaze, Rirebulebaze. magali-
Ti: a-m b-sagan iyida miwis nakveTi venaxis gasaSeneblad.
aRmoCnda, rom es nakveTi venaxisaTvis ar vargoda, an
kidev, cnobilma mecnierma qalaqgareT garkveuli va-
diT iqirava agaraki, raTa qalaqis xmaurisagan moSore-
biT `siwynareSi~ daemTavrebina samecniero naSromi, ma-
gram aRmoCnda, rom iqve axlos nagvis gadasamuSavebeli
mini qarxana muSaobda sistematurad, romlis xmaurmac
xeli SeuSala mecniers naSromis dasrulebaSi. agara-
kis mesakuTres ki, romelic agarakze iSviaTad adioda,
mezoblisagan xmauri ar awuxebda. am magaliTSi sagnis
ZiriTadi Tviseba subieqturi kategoriiT unda Sevafa-
soT, rameTu mecniers xeli SeeSala muSaobaSi da ara
am agarakis mesakuTres. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos arsebiT
garemoebad da ra araarsebiT garemoebad, es konkre-
tuli SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli garigebis mixedviT unda
gadawydes, rameTu, is, rac erTi garigebisaTvis arsebiTia,
meorisaTvis ki SeiZleba sruliad umniSvneli iyos da
arc gamodges garigebis baTilobis safuZvlad.
`mizanSewonilia germanul sasamarTlo praqti-
kaSi damkvidrebuli midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT, sagnis
420
ZiriTad Tvisebebad miCneul iqnes `yvela faqtobrivi
garemoeba da samarTlebrivi (uflebrivi) urTierToba,
romlebic, maTi xasiaTidan da xangrZlivobidan gamom-
dinare, sagnis moxmarebasa da fasze axdenen gavlenas457~.
germanuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, `piris
bunebriv damaxasiaTebel TvisebebTan erTad, mniS-
vnelovania aseve is faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi urT-
ierTobebi, romlebic maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebi-
sa da savaraudo xangrZlivobis Sedegad, samoqalaqo
brunvaSi aRiarebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, gavlenas
axdens piris Sefasebaze yvela an gansazRvrul samar-
Tlebriv urTierTobebSi. Sesabamisad, nivTis fizikur
TvisebebTan erTad mxedvelobaSi miiReba aseve nivTis
faqtobrivi, ekonomikuri, socialuri da samarTlebrivi
kavSirebi gare samyarosTan, romlebic mniSvnelovania
misi sargeblianobisa da RirebulebisaTvis; Tumca es
kavSirebi Tavad unda hpovebdes TavianT safuZvels sa-
gnis niSan-TvisebaSi, misTvis uSualod damaxasiaTebeli
unda iyos, misgan gamomdinareobdes. amdenad, miwis nakve-
Tis SemTxvevaSi damaxasiaTebel niSnebad aRiarebulia
sazRvrebi, adgilmdebareoba, mSeneblobisa da samewarmeo
saqmianobisaTvis vargisianoba, magram ara sakuTrebis
ufleba, vinaidan igi ar aris TavisTavad arsebuli gare-
moeba, romelic imyofeba nivTis farglebs gareT, aseve
sagnis Rirebuleba, rogorc aseTi, damkvidrebuli sa-
samarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, ar aris sagnis Tviseba~458.
uflebaSi Secdoma. uflebaSi Secdoma xSirad kan-
onis ucodinarobiTaa gamowveuli. pirs araswori war-
modgenebi aqvs mis mier dadebuli garigebis samarT-
lebriv Sedegebze. man ar ici, rom mis mier gamoxatuli
neba mis survils ewinaaRmdegeba, am nebaSi Cadebul azrs,
��. kereseliძe, d., dasax. naSr. 331-332.
421
Sinaars ar emTxveva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aseTi saxis
garigebas ar dadebda. magaliTi: pirma, romelsac surda,
rom mxolod sacxovrebel saxlSi aveji gaeyida, raTa
igi axliT Caenacvlebina, erT-erT sareklamo gazeTSi
gaakeTa gancxadeba rom yidda mTel Tavis uZrav-moZrav
qonebas da aseTi formiT dado kidec xelSekruleba
myidvelTan. myidvelma bunebrivia moiTxova rogorc uZ-
ravi, ise moZravi qonebis misTvis gadacema gamyidvelis-
agan. gamyidvelma ki mas ganucxada, rom mxolod moZ-
ravi nivTebis (avejis) gayidvas apirebda. myidvelma
sasamarTlos mimarTa. rogor unda gadawydes qonebis
bedi sasamarTlo davisas? am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs
75-e muxlis danawess, rom `Secdoma uflebaSi arsebiTi
mniSvnelobisaa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki igi ga-
rigebis dadebis erTaderTi da mTavari safuZveli iyo~.
gamodis, rom nebis gonivruli ganmartebis Sedegad unda
dadgindes (romelic xSirad advili dasadgeni araa) ra
surda nebis gamomvlens (avejis gamyidvels mxolod
moZravi nivTebis (avejis) gayidva undoda, Tu ara) da
amis Semdeg dadgindes garigebis baTilobis sakiTxi.
uflebaSi Secdomad ar CaiTvleba iseTi garigeba,
romliTac piri aRiarebs garigebiT sxvisTvis miyenebul
zians da uars ambobs garigebis meore mxarisavis miyeneb-
uli zianis anazRaurebaze. an kidev, gamyidveli roca
pasuxs ar agebs gayiduli nivTis naklze. aq moyvanili
da sxva ti piuri SemTxvevebi cxadia nebis gamomvlens
ver icaven da garigebis baTilobis ucilobel pirobas
qmnian, rameTu `dauSvebelia mxareTa winaswari SeTanx-
meba movalis mier ganzraxi moqmedebiT valdebulebis
darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan misi gaTavisu-
flebis Sesaxeb (ssk m. 395, n. 2); aseve, kanonis imperatiuli
moTxovnaa: `gamyidvelma myidvels unda gadasces nivTo-
422
brivi da uflebrivi naklisagan Tavisufali nivTi~(ssk
m. 487). nivTis nakliT an xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli
sxva pirobebis darRveviT miyenebuli zianis anazRau-
rebis es zogadi wesebi 75-e muxlsac Seexeba.
Secdoma motivSi. motivSi Secdoma yovelTvis ar
iwvevs garigebis baTilobas,rameTu garigebis damdeb yov-
el mxares Tavisi, individualuri warmodgenebi da zrax-
vebi gaaCnia da isini kontrahentisagan rodi gamomdin-
areoben da kanoniT maT ar aiZulebs miiRon nebis gamom-
vlenis warmodgenebi da zraxvebi. garigebis motivebs
ganekuTvneba mxolod iseTi warmodgenebi garigebis
dadebisas nebis gamomvleni pirisa, romelsac garigebis
erTi monawile iqmnis garigebis sxva monawileebis Ses-
axeb, an kidev sagnis ZiriTad Tvisebebze. magaliTi: a-m
b-s fuli asesxa, radgan igi keTilsindisier pirad mi-
iCnia, koleqcionerma iyida Zvirfasi nivTi, imitom, rom
igi originalad miiCnia da sxva. garigebis dadebisas sx-
vadasxva motivebi mxareebisaTvis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
magaliTad, gogona yidulobs saqorwino kabas imitom,
rom mas male qorwili eqneba. rodisaa mainc motivSi
Secdoma garigebis baTilobis safuZveli? pasuxs 76-e
muxli iZleva: `Secdoma garigebis motivSi ar CaiTv-
leba arsebiTad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac motivi
SeTanxmebis sagans warmoadgenda~. moviyvanT isev mag-
aliTs: qaliSvilma, romelic mokle xanSi gaTxovebas
apirebs da mkeravs SeukveTa saqorwino kaba im piro-
biT, rom igi mzad iqneba kvira dRis dilis 10 saaTze,
radgan mas 14 saaTze aqvs qorwili da momzadeba sWird-
eba. mkeravma saqorwino kaba 15 saaTze Sekera. cxadia
garigeba gabaTildeba da zianis anazRaurebis valde-
bulebac warmoiSoba mkeravis mxridan, rameTu qaliS-
vilma saqorwino kabis Sekerva garigebis motivs (qor-
423
wilis dros) daukavSira. mas rom mkeravisaTvis saqor-
wino kabis Sekerva eTxova `kviris bolomde~ da mkeravs
im kviris 18 saaTisaTvis gaemzadebina, am SemTxvevaSi
motivi veraferi safuZveli iqneboda patarZlis mxri-
dan garigebis gabaTilebisa da zianis moTxovnisaTvis,
radgan SeTanxmebiT vada damTavrdeboda kviris dRis
damTavrebisTanave (12 saaTze). roca motivi SeTanxmebis
sagania, am SemTxvevaSi igi ukve arsebiTi mniSvnelobis
garemoebaa, radgan swored mas ukavSirebs garigebis dam-
debi mxare garigebis namdvilobas magaliTad, mSobeli
avejis fabrikasTan debs xelSekrulebas avejis damza-
debaze im motiviT, Tu misi vaJi ianvris TveSi cols moi-
yvans, radgan aveji mas axaldaqorwinebulebis oTaxis
mosawyobad sWirdeba. Tu qorwili ar Sedgeba, bunebriv-
ia motivsac ar eqneba arsebiTi mniSvneloba da avejis
fabrikasTan garigebac ar Sedgeba.
garigebis motivs ukavSireben rogorc kontrahen-
tis pirovnebas, aseve sagnis ZiriTad Tvisebebs da xSir
SemTxvevaSi gamijvnac Wirs: sad aris garigebis motivSi
Secdoma da sad kidev Secdoma pirovnebis an sagnis
TvisebebSi.
germanuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba icnobs `Sec-
domas gamoTvlaSi, romlis drosac ganmcxadebeli
gamoTvlisas mxedvelobidan uSvebs mniSvnelovan ci-
frebs an gamoTvlisas uSvebs Secdomas, - am SemTxvevaSi
mainc aris araarsebiTi Secdoma motivSi, rodesac xdeba
garigebis meore mxarisaTvis mxolod gamoTvlis Sede-
gebis Setyobineba da ara detaluri kalkulaciis ward-
gena. Tumca e.w. gamoTvlaSi aSkara Secdomis sasarge-
blod ki, romlis SemTxvevaSic araswori kalkulaciis
Sesaxeb Setyobineba egzavneba garigebis meore mxares
saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis warmoebisas, an igi cno-
424
bili xdeba misTvis, piriqiT saubrobs $119-is pirveli an
me-2 nawilebis459 gamoyenebaze, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi ga-
rigebis meore mxaris veraviTari gamarTlebuli ndoba
garigebis arsebobis mimarT ver iarsebebda..460~
kontrahentis Tanxmoba SecdomiT dadebul garige-
bebSi. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca garigebis damdebi mxare
cdeba garigebis dadebisas, ver asrulebs garigebis pi-
robebs, magram ara ganzraxviT, aramed SecdomiT. gamodis,
rom garigebis erTi mxare cdomilebaSia, meore ki-ara.
Tuki meore mxare Tanaxma iqneba, rom garigebis pirobebi
Seasrulos ise, rogorc es garigebaSia Cadebuli, maSin
garigeba ar gabaTildeba. aki miTiTebulia kidec amis
Sesaxeb 77-e muxlSi, rom `SecdomiT nebis gamovlena
ar SeiZleba sacilo gaxdes, Tuki meore mxare Tanax-
maa Seasrulos garigeba im mxaris survilis Tanaxmad,
romelsac surs sacilo gaxados garigeba~, am muxlis
ganmartebisas ar SeiZleba ar vixelmZRvaneloT merve
muxlis mesame nawiliT, rom `samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bis monawilebi valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad ga-
naxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi da movaleobebi~. mar-
Tlacda Tuki garigebis meore mxares keTilsindisierad
surs gamoasworos garigebis nakli da Seasrulos meo-
re mxaris TanxmobiT garigebaSi daSvebuli cdomileba,
kanonmdebelma ratom unda gaabaTilos garigeba, igi xom
pirTa Tavisufali nebis gamoxatulebaa da pirTa neba
da Tanxmoba asworebs mas. cxadia kanoni pirTa nebis
Tavisufal gamovlenaSi, miTumetes Tu maTi kerZo Se-
��. Secileba Secdomis gamo, kerZod, (1)pirs, romelmac nebis gamovlenis dros
dauSva Secdoma nebis gamovlenis SinaarsTan dakavSirevbiT an mas saerTod
ar hqonia ganzraxva aseTi SinaarsiT nebis gamovlenisa, - SeuZlia sacilo
gaxados nebis gamovlena, Tu ivaraudeba, rom igi ar gaakeTebda nebis gamovlenas
saqmis viTarebis codnisas an misi gonivruli Sefasebisas. (2) nebis gamovlenis
SinaarsSi Secdomad miiCneva Secdoma piris an nivTis TvisebebSi, romlebic
samoqalaqo brunvaSi miiCneva arsebiTad.
��. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 43-44.
425
TanxmebiT sajaro wesrigis princi pebi ar irRveva, - ar
Caereva. amis sailustraciod moviyvanT magaliTs: a-m
b-sagan iyida avejis garnituri 6000 larad, faqtiurad
ki myidvelma SecdomiT gadasca gamyidvels 5500 lari.
gamyidvelma Secdomis gamosworeba moiTxova: an Tanxis
Sevseba daTqmul odenobamde, an kidev garigebis gaba-
Tileba da an Tanxis ukan dabruneba (miyenebuli zianis
anazRaureba). myidvelma gamyidvels 500 lari daubru-
na. garigeba cxadia am SemTxvevaSi ar gabaTildeba,
radgan myidvelma gamoaswora nebis kidev gamovleniT
garigebis nakli. magram yovelTvis ase martivad rodi
xdeba yvelaferi. xSirad SeuZlebelia garigebis dadeba
cnobil mxatvars daukavSiroT da naklebad cnobilma
mxatvarma dagimzadoT SekveTa, cnobil dizainers Seu-
kveToT tansacmeli da ucnobma dizainerma SegikeroT
da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia unda gamoikveTos mx-
areTa mzaoba: valdebulebis Sesruleba da misi miReba
(am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs subieqturi da obieqtu-
ri faqtorebis urTierTmimarTebas). vin unda Seafasos
yovelive es? mxolod da mxolod cdomilebaSi myofma
pirma. igi valdebulia keTilsindisierad imoqmedos, wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi moTxovna garigebis baTilo-
baze mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.
rac Seexeba wvrilman Secdomebs gamoangariSebebSi
an werilobiT ganxorcielebul nebis gamovlinebaSi,
igi iZleva mxolod Sesworebis, magram ara Secilebis
safuZvels. 78-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli wvrilmani
Secdomebi garigebis SinaarsSi daSvebul Secdomebs
ganekuTvneba. ra CaiTvleba wvrilman Secdomebad, misi
Sefasebisas, samoqalaqo brunvis wesrigidan, aseve iurid-
iuli praqtikidan (ufro obieqturi, vidre subieqturi)
unda amovideT. magaliTi: gamyidvelma pirs SecdomiT
426
mihyida 20 lariani wigni 22 larad. myidveli am Sem-
TxvevaSi uflebamosilia moiTxovis gamyidvelisagan
zedmetad gadaxdilis dabruneba da ara garigebis ga-
baTileba. aseve, Tu werilobiT ganxorcielebul nebis
gamovlenaSi (vTqvaT, gacemul dokumentSi _ di plomSi
studentis saxeli arasworadaa dafiqsirebuli) aris
Secdoma, romelic araarsebiTia da kanoniT dadgenil
wess da akrZalvebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba da SecdomaSi myo-
fi mas asworebs (sakuTari xarjiT ucvlis students
di ploms), meore mxaris mier garigebis gabaTilebis neba
ar miiReba, radgan aseTi wvrilmani Secdomebi mxolod
Sesworebis, magram ara Secilebis uflebas iZleva. ro-
gorc civilistebi ityvian xatovnad: `brunvis monawile
mewvrilmane ar unda iyos~.
Secilebis namdviloba. kanoni xandazmulobis saer-
To gadas gansazRvravs 10 wliT. saerTo (zogadi) vadebi
xandazmulobisa ki vrceldeba ara marto samoqalaqo
kodeqsis zogadi nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul garigebebze,
aramed xelSekrulebebze, samoqalaqo _ samarTlebriv
garigebebze da sxva, Tu kanonis specialuri normiT
sxva vada ar aris dadgenili. 128_e muxlis bolo wina-
dadebis danawesi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sacilo garige-
baTa yvela ti pis mimarT.
Tu movaxdenT SedarebiT analizs germanul samo-
qalaqo kodeqsTan Secilebis xandazmulobis vadebTan,
- igi identuria qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesa-
bamisi normisa, kerZod: $ 1211 migvaniSnebs $$ 119, 120461
miTiTebul SemTxvevebSi Secileba unda ganxorcieldes
braleuli gaWianurebis gareSe (dauyovnebliv) mas Sem-
deg, rac Secilebaze uflebamosili pirisaTvis cnobili
��. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 45-46; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von
427
gaxda Secilebis safuZvlis Sesaxeb. araTanmyofi piris
mimarT gakeTebuli Secileba iTvleba droulad ganx-
orcielebulad, Tu Secilebis gancxadeba dauyovnebliv
iqna gagzavnili. $121-s me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, `Secileba
gamoricxulia, Tu nebis gamovlenis momentidan gavida
aTi weli~.
Secilebis uflebis mqone pirma Secileba unda
moaxdinos garigebis meore mxaris winaSe gancxadebis
gakeTebiT (nebis gamovleniT). Secileba unda iyos namd-
vili da igi unda moxdes `Secilebis safuZvlis Setyo-
bis momentidan erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi~(ssk m.79, m. 1.).
Secilebis ufleba moispoba, Tu nebis gamovlenidan gava
saerTo xandazmulobiT gaTvaliswinebuli aTi weli.
Secilebis gancxadebaSi naTlad unda Candes Secilebis
safuZveli da misi dasabuTebuloba. Tu garigeba saci-
lo gaxda da Secdoma gamowveulia Secilebis uflebis
mqone piris daudevrobiT, maSin igi valdebulia meore
mxares aunazRauros garigebis baTilobiT warmoSobili
ziani~. ziani cxadia piris braleuli qmedebis Sedegi
unda iyos rom anazRaurdes (magaliTad daudevrobisas)
`da ara zogadad imisaTvis, rom vinc avlens nebas, mas
meore mxare endoba da amdagvarad mis winaSe pasuxismge-
belicaa garigebis namdvilobaze samoqalaqo brunvis
simyaris interesebidan gamomdinare462. Tuki meore mxarem
icoda nebis gamomvlenis Secdomis Sesaxeb, romlis ga-
moc mas ziani miadga, an es ucnobi iyo misTvis daudev-
robis gamo (unda scodnoda daudevrad rom ar moqceo-
da kanoniT masze miniWebul uflebebs Secilebaze da
zianis anazRaurebaze) zianis anazRaurebis valdebule-
ba ar warmoiSoba. dazaralebulis brali gamoricxavs
428
Semcileblis pasuxismgeblobas.
zianis anazRaurebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Tu
visi braliTaa gamowveuli ziani, Tu adgili aqvs e. w.
`Sereul brals~, roca zianis dadgomaSi orive mxaris
bralia gamokveTili. magaliTad, Tu dazaralebuli mo-
qmedebda ganzrax, aseT viTarebaSi movale ganzrax imo-
qmedebs Tu gaufrTxileblobiT, damdgari zianis anaz-
Raureba gamoricxulia; Tu dazaralebuli imoqmedebda
uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, movale ki _ ganzrax, am dros
dazaralebuls ziani srulad unda aunazRaurdes; Tu
dazaralebuli imoqmedebs martivi gaufrTxileblobiT,
movale ki erT SemTxvevaSi _ uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT,
sxva SemTxvevaSi ki martivi gaufrTxileblobiT, _
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelSekruleboa urTierToba,
ziani nawilobriv anazRaurdeba, arasaxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebSi ki _ srulad anazRaurdeba da sxva463.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu nebis gamovlena mis miRebas
saWiroebs (xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi), zianis anaz-
Raurebis ufleba aqvs yovel yovel im pirs, viskena-
caa mimarTuli neba. ès ufleba gvaqvs maSinac, rode-
sac araa savaldebulo nebis gamovlenis Setyobineba
xelSekrulebis dasadebad~; Tuki saxezea nebis gamovle-
na, romelic mimarTulia pirTa ganusazRvreli wrisadmi
(mowveva ofertze), maSin zianis anazRaurebaze ufleba
aqvs nebismier dazaralebuls464~.
dazaralebuls SeuZlia moiTxovos ara `dadebiTi
ziani~, aramed e. w. ùaryofiTi interesi~, `ndobis in-
teresi~, rac Tanabaria im zianisa, romelic mxarem gani-
cada imis gamo, rom man garigeba namdvilad CaTvala,
zians ar miiRebda, mas rom garigebis baTilobis piro-
��.dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 482-483.
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 2002, 237.
429
bebis Sesaxeb scodnoda. amasTanave dazaralebuli verc
erT SemTxvevaSi ver miiRebs zianis moTxovnisas imaze
mets, vidre miiRebda is materialur sargebels, garigeba
namdvili rom yofiliyo.
aqve mokled ganmartebis saxiT zianis saxeebis Ses-
axeb. ziani SeiZleba iyos materialuri (qonebrivi, mate-
rializebuli), aramaterialuri (moraluri, araqonebri-
vi), pirdapiri (warmoadgens movalis qmedebis uSualo
Sedegs (dadebiTi ziani), romelic anazRaurdeba sru-
lad), arapirdapiri ziani (warmoadgens movalis, mesame
pirebis moqmedebis da an sxva faqtorebis Sedegs). am
saxis ziani anazRaurdeba ganzraxvis an uxeSi gaufrTx-
ileblobis dros (mag; ssk 742-e muxlis meore nawili),
nominaluri ziani (simboluri Tanxaa, romelic dginde-
ba da ekisreba movales kreditoris uflebis dasadas-
tureblad; realuri (miuRebeli) ziani warmoadgens im
xarjebis erTobliobas, romelic gaswia dazaralebulma
movalis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gamo, anda is Se-
mosavalia, romelic ar miuRia pirs da romelsac igi
miiRebda valdebuleba jerovnad rom Sesrulebuliyo.
Secdoma Suamavlis mizeziT. `Suamavloba aris
xelSekruleba, romlis sagania saSuamavlo saqmiano-
ba da masTan dakavSirebuli momsaxureba. saSuamavlo
saqmianobis qveS igulisxmeba saqmianoba, romelic mimar-
Tulia mesame pirebTan xelSekrulebis dadebisaken~465.
pirs, romelic saSuamavlo saqmianobas eweva, ewodeba
makleri, agenti, faqtori, brokeri (sxvadasxva qveynebSi).
Suamavlis mizeziT nebis gamovlena, romelic Suamav-
lad gamoyenebuli piris mier iqna arasworad Setyo-
binebuli, sacilo xdeba imave pirobebiT, rogorc 73-e
465. xuxitaSvili, d., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe,
tomi I, 2001, red. Wanturia l/. zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., 441.
430
muxlis mixedviT SecdomiT dadebuli garigeba. Cven aq
aRar movyvebiT miTiTebiT normaze saubars, radgan ukve
gvqonda mis Sesaxeb saubari. aq ganvmartavT, rom `Sua-
mavali is piria, romelic erTgvar neitralur rols
TamaSobs or mxares Soris, e. i. erTi piris nebas meores
atyobinebs. Suamavlad miiCnevian rogorc kerZo pirebi
(fizikuri, iuridiuli), aseve satelefono, satelegrafo
sawarmoebi, romelTa meSveobiTac, pirebi TavianT nebas
meore mxares atyobineben. Suamavlis mier daSvebuli ar-
sebiTi xasiaTis Secdoma cxadia Secilebis safuZvels
iZleva. Tu Suamavali winaswari SecnobiT, ganzrax amax-
injebs piris nebis gamovlenas, am SemTxvevaSi ssk me-80
muxli ar gamoiyeneba, radganac am muxlSi mxolod Sua-
mavlis mier SecdomiT, arasworad, yovelgvari pirdapiri
ganzraxvis gamoxatvis gareSea arasworad gadacemuli
neba erTi pirisagan meorisaTvis. aRniSnuli muxli arc
warmomadgenlobis institutisaTvis gamoiyeneba, radgan
warmomadgeneli garigebis erTi, konkretuli mxaris
warmomadgenelia, da mis interesebs gamoxatavs. warmo-
madgeneli sxvisi nebis gamovlenas axdens Tavisi ufle-
bamosilebis farglebSi da uflebebi da movaleobebic
mxolod warmodgenil pirs warmoeSoba. amitomacaa ssk
106-e muxlis pirveli nawilis danawesi rom gvamcnobs:
`nebis gamovlenis naklis gamo garigebis saciloobisas
gadamwyvetia warmomadgenlis neba~. warmomadgeneli ar
SeiZleba iyos neitraluri, igi Sedegze orientirebulia,
oRond im Sedegze, romelsac warmodgenili piri miiRebs
garigebis dadebisas. Suamavali ki ar SeiZleba iyos
garigebis romelime mxaris warmomadgeneli calsaxad,
piriqiT, igi cdilobs, rom orive mxaresTan urTierTo-
baSi Tanabari uflebamosilebiT gamovides da garigebis
431
mxareebs sworad gadasces erT-erTis mimarT gamoxat-
uli neba. `Tu Suamavali mimRebis warmomadgeneli ar
aris, is SeiZleba misi `monacvle~ (Empfangsbote) iyos.
es iseTi piria, romelic Setyobinebis (nebis gamovlenis
miRebisTvis) gankuTvnil da uflebamosil pirad Sei-
Zleba CaiTvalos~466. aseTi pirebia ojaxis mosamsaxure,
an kidev ojaxis srulwlovani wevri, romelic vTqvaT,
ojaxis wevris Sin aryofnis gamo mis nacvlad iRebs
Setyobinebas (mag; sasamarTlo Setyobinebas).
Suamavloba, rogorc instituti, ZiriTadad xelSek-
rulebebis dasadebad gamoiyeneba. mag; `Suamavloba bi-
nis qiravnobas~ (s m. 749-750), `Suamavloba sesxebisas~(sk
m.751-753) da a.S.
k i T x v e b i
1. rogori garigebebia sacilo garigebebi?

2.sacilo garigebis ra saxeebs icnobT?
3.rodis SeiZleba garigeba gaxdes sacilo?
4. ra miiCneva arsebiT Secdomad?
5. rodis aqvs adgili Secdomas kontrahentis
pirovnebaSi? uflebaSi?
6. rodis unda moxdes garigebis Secileba?
t e s t e b i :
1. mweralTa kavSiris gamgeobam nardobis xelSek-

ruleba gaaforma v. beriZesTan. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,
466. mariamiZe, g., samoqalaqo samarTali,zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema, 2011,
97.
432
menardes unda moexdina gamgeobis SenobaSi arsebuli Zve-
li avejis restavracia. v. beriZes winaswar gadauxades 200
lari, danarCeni 600 lari samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg unda
mieRo. mogvianebiT gamgeobisaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom v.
beriZe, sulac ar iyo is restavratori, romlis mowvevac
maT surdaT. igi cnobili restavratoris mosaxele iyo.
SemkveTs ki, swored cnobili specialistis mowveva surda
avejis restavraciisaTvis. SemkveTma moiTxova nardobis
garigebis baTilad cnoba. sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila
mweralTa kavSiris moTxovna.
sworad moiqca Tu ara sasamarTlo?
a. diax, radgan menardem-v. beriZem nardobis xelSek-
rulebis gaformebis Semdeg miiRo avansad 200 lari.
b. ara, radgan Secdoma kontrhagentis pirovnebis
mimarT, rac garigebis dadebis mTavari safuZveli iyo,
uflebas aZlevs mxatvarTa kavSirs, moiTxovos am ga-
rigebis baTiloba.
g. diax, radgan nardobis xelSekruleba gaforme-
buli iqna dadgenili wesiT.
d. ara, radgan nardobis xelSekrulebis baTilo-
bas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs.
2. garigeba SeiZleba sacilo gaxdes:

a. Tu nebis gamovlena moxda arsebiTi Secdomis
safuZvels;
b. Tu nebis gamovlena moxda uenblied;
g. Tu nebis gamovlena moxda erT-erTi mxaris
daudevrobiT;
d. neba arasworad gamoavlina garigebis damdebma
erT-erTma xmarem.
3. rodisaa SecdomaSi ufleba arsebiTi?

433
a. Tu igi garigebis dadebisas erTaderTi safuZve-
li iyo.
b. nebismier SemTxvevaSi;
g. Tu ki igi garigebis dadebisas erTdaerTi da
mTavari safuZveli iyo;
d. arc erTi pasuxi swori ar aris.
4. dedamTilma sarZlosaTvis saiuveliro maRaziis

gamyidvels sTxova misTvis 1000 laris farglebSi SeerCia
briliantisTvliani beWedi. gamyidveli mixvda ra, ro mmy-
idveli ver erkveoda Zvirfas qvebSi, mas safirisTvliani
beWedi mihyida.
aqvs Tu ara myidvels ufleba moiTxovos garigebis
gabaTileba?
a. aqvs, radgan Secdoma sagnis ZiriTad TvisebebSi
mxolod maSin CairTveba arsebiTad Tu maT mniSvneloba
aqvs sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis;
b. aqvs yvela SemTxvevaSi;
g. ara aqvs, radgan gamyidvelma myidvels gadasca
nasyidobisagan;
d. ara, radgan nivTis safasuris gadaxdilia.
k a z u s i
a. forCxiZem maRaziaSi megobrisaTvis saCuqrad iy-

ida ZviradRirebuli pijaki. gamyidvelTan SeTanxmda,
rom megobris erT Sarvals unda morgeboda mainc pi-
jaki feriT da misi azriT es asec unda yofiliyo. es
ase ar moxda. a. forCxiZem moiTxova garigebis baTilad
cnoba da pijakis dabruneba, razedac maRaziam uari ga-
nucxada.
sworad moiqca maRazia?
434
4. 2. motyuebiT dadebuli garigeba
xelSekrulebaTa dadebis safuZveli nebis gamov-

lenaa, magram xSir SemTxvevebSi, rogorc wina paragraf-
Sic avRniSneT, garegnulad gamoxatuli neba ar emTxveva
misi gamovlenis Sinagan nebas da garigebis dadeba xor-
cieldeba gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT (nebis gareg-
nuli gamovleniT), romelic romis samarTlidan dRemde
iTvleboda da iTvleba `nebis nakliT~ dadebul garige-
bebad, romelsac jer kidev romaelebi miakuTvnebdnen
motyuebiT, iZulebiT dadebul garigebebs, Tumca maT So-
ris gansxvavebasac kargad xedavdnen.
digestebis mixedviT, motyueba (dolus-i) SeiZleba
momxdariyo kontrahentis mcdar warmodgenebSi provo-
cirebis ganzraxviT, misTvis sazaralo raime xelSek-
rulebis dasadebad. xelSekruleba motyuebiTaa dade-
buli, rodesac kontrahentis CasaTrevad amboben erTs
da akeTeben meores467.
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis dros adgili aqvs
nebis gamovlenis nakls. gansxvavebiT SecdomiT dadebu-
li garigebebisgan, sadac adgili aqvs piris mier sinamd-
vilis yalb warmodgenas, motyuebis dros piri ganzrax
SehyavT cdomilebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi garigebis kon-
trahentis mxridan aSkarad ganzraxi moqmedebaa, roca
miznadaa dasaxuli garigebis meore mxaris cdomile-
baSi ganzrax Seyvana. aq aSkaraa, rom saxezea nebis
gamovlenis nakli. Tu SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis
dros nebis gamovlenis nakli TviT nebis gamomvlenis
pirovnebaSia, radgan igi arasworad axorcielebs moq-
medebebs, mas amisken aravin ubiZgebs, motyuebiT dadebu-
li garigebisas ki - piriqiTaa, garigebis mxaris araswor,
��.romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes `digestebi~, 2000, 2001, 2,14,7,9.
435
misTvis miuRebel qcevas iwvevs garigebis meore mxare, an
mesame piri da igi debs iseT garigebas, saqmis namdvili
arsi rom scodnoda, aseT garigebas ar dadebda. aSkaraa,
rom aq adgili aqvs samarTlebrivad gasakicx moqmede-
bas. am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom piri uflebamosilia am
garigebis gabaTileba moiTxovos. `Tu piri garigebis
dadebis mizniT moatyues, igi uflebamosilia moiTxo-
vos am garigebis baTiloba. es xdeba maSin, roca aSkaraa,
rom motyuebis gareSe garigeba ar daideboda~(ssk m.81,
n.1.). baTilobas iwvevs motyueba, romelmac garigeba war-
moSva da ara xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli motyueba. piri
am SemTxvevaSi uflebamosilia moiTxovos zianis anaz-
Raureba, zianis anazRaurebis zogadi normebis safuZ-
velze. avRniSnavT, rom motyuebiT dadebuli garigebi-
sas aSkaraa, rom aqtiuria `motyueba~ im mxaris mxridan,
romelic cdilobs is informacia, garemoebebi daum-
alos garigebis damdeb mxares, romelic ar daideboda,
garigebis damdeb mxares swori informacia rom hqono-
da xelSekrulebis saganze. gamJRavnebis valdebuleba
arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca mxare amas elodeboda
keTilsindisierad. 81-e muxlis meore nawili aSkarad
moiTxovs, mxaris keTilsindisierebas, samoqalaqo brun-
vis aucilebeli princi pis ganxorcielebas (`samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebis monawileni valdebulni arian
da movaleobani~), rom garigeba samarTlebrivad gasa-
kicxi ar iyos da mxareebma kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT
ganaxorcielon uflebebi da garigebiT nakisri valdeb-
ulebebic Seasrulon.
`ssk-is 81-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi miTiTebuli infor-
maciis miwodebis valdebuleba, kerZod, formulireba _
`mxare amas eloda keTilsindisierad~ _ dazustebas
436
saWiroebs. cxadia, aq ar aris saubari piris subieqtur
`molodinze~. gadamwyvetia is, rom pirs unda hqondes
`misi molodinis~ obieqturi safuZveli, anu meore mx-
are, saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
valdebuli unda iyos, Tundac keTilsindisierebis prin-
ci pidan gamomdinare, miawodos mas Sesabamisi informa-
cia. aseT SemTxvevaSi piris `molodini~ (èlodeboda
keTilsindisierad~) obieqturad gamarTlebulia. amas-
Tan, ar arsebobs zogadi valdebuleba, individma saTa-
nado moTxovnis gareSe Seatyobinos xelSekrulebis
meore mxares yvela im garemoebis Sesaxeb, rac SesaZle-
belia misTvis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas arsebiTi iyos.
piris valdebuleba ar vrceldeba gansakuTrebiT, iseT
garemoebebze, romelTa Sesaxebac mas SeuZlia ivarau-
dos, rom maTze aucileblad ikiTxaven, Tu mniSvnelobas
aniWeben~468.
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis samarTlebriv regu-
lirebas vxvdebiT germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 123-
Si iZulebiT dadebuli garigebis SecilebasTan erTad.
kerZod, `Tu piri nebis gamovlenaze daiyolies motyuebis
gziT an marTlsawinaaRmdego iZulebiT, mas SeuZlia es
nebis gamovlena gaxados sacilo (1). garigebis meore mx-
arisagan momdinare wayrueba-dumili, roca meore mxare
Tavis nebas ar gamoavlenda (ar dadebda garigebas saqmis
namdvili garemoeba rom scodnoda), rogorc avRniSneT
garigebis baTilobisa da zianis moTxovnis safuZvlad
iqceva. magram yovelTvisaa motyueba garigebis baTilo-
bis safuZveli? yovelTvis ara. yvelas ar moeTxoveba
saqmis yvela niuansi, detali gaumJRavnos meore mxares.
magaliTad, samewarmeo `nou-hau~, an kidev acnobos Tavisi
konkurentebis Sesaxeb, produqciis teqnologiis Sesaxeb,
437
aseve bazarSi Sesvlisas vxedavT rogor aqebs gamyidve-
li gasayid saqonels da imaze metadac, vidre misi samo-
mxmareblo Rirebulebaa, magram am SemTxvevaSi `motyue-
ba~ ver iqneba garigebis gabaTilebis safuZveli, magram
Tuki partniori cdomilebis mdgomareobas ganumtkicebs
partniors imiT, rom ganzrax Seiyvans mas cdomilebaSi,
_ aq ukve saxeze motyuebiT dadebuli garigebaa.
gamodis, rom garigebis damdeb mxares `gulRiaoba~
garkveuli doziT moeTxoveba garigebis dadebisas. ma-
gram sainteresoa ra doziT?. Tu nasyidobis xelSek-
rulebis dadebis dros igi naklebia, piriqiT -mometebu-
lia warmomadgenlobis, amxanagobis, dazRvevis urTier-
TobebSi, imitom, rom aq pirTa ndobis xarisxi garigebis
dadebisas gansakuTrebiT maRalia da samoqalaqo brun-
vis mowesrigebis garanticaa.
`motyuebis gamo Secilebis winapirobebi Semde-
gia: a) mocemuli unda iyos nebis gamomvlenis motyueba
xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mier. motyueba unda iyos
dakavSirebuli faqtTan, mag; xaliCis asaki an avtomanqa-
nis garbeni. ubralo Sefasebebi an reklama sakmarisi ar
aris; b) motyueba umoqmedobiT (dumiliT) saxezea, rode-
sac arsebobs ganmartebis valdebuleba. es damokidebu-
lia calkeul SemTxvevaTa garemoebebze. garemoebebis
Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba unda moxdes keTilsindi-
sierebis princi pisa da samoqalaqo brunvaSi arsebuli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT... sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanax-
mad, avtomobilis gayidvisas dumili, rogorc wesi, mo-
tyuebaa mZime avtoavariis an amis Sesaxeb myidvelis
mxridan pirdapiri kiTxvis SemTxvevaSi; g) motyuebas
Sedegad mohyveba motyuebuli piris Secdoma da igi unda
iyos nebis gamovlenis gamomwvevi mizezi.... dumiliT mo-
tyuebis SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia hi poTeturi mizezobrivi
438
kavSiri, radganac informaciis miuwodeblobis SemTx-
vevaSi, Tuki es ukanaskneli moxdeboda, motyuebuli Tavs
Seikavebda garigebis dadebisagan; d) boroti ganzraxva
iTxovs motyuebis nebas, Tumca TaRliTobisgan gansx-
vavebiT, igi ar saWiroebs zianis miyenebis ganzraxvas,
pirobiT ganzraxva sakmarisia; aseve sakmarisia, rodesac
motyuebis Camdenma icis, rom sxva piris motyuebis ga-
reSe, savaraudod ar gamoavlenda nebas; e) mesame piris
cneba sasamarTlo praqtikis mier TandaTan Seviwrov-
da Secilebis SesaZleblobis gazrdis SedegiT. `mesame
pirs~ ar warmoadgens ara marto warmomadgeneli, aramed
nebismieri sxva piri, romelic xelSekrulebis dadebisas
monawileobda rogorc nebis gamovlenis mimRebis min-
dobili piri; aseTia magaliTad, molaparakebebis war-
moebisas damxmare piri xelSekrulebis dadebis ufle-
bamosilebis gareSe an warmomadgeneli warmomadgen-
lobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe garigebis mowonebis
Semdeg.... v) Secilebis safuZveli exeba, rogorc wesi, ara
mxolod ZiriTad garigebas, aramed, agreTve Sesrulebis
garigebasac. Tu A-m B SecdomaSi Seiyvana Tavisi gadax-
disunarianobis faqtTan dakavSirebiT, B-s SeuZlia Se-
cileba ara marto nasyidobis xelSekrulebisa, aramed
aseve sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemisas, vinaidan B ar gan-
axorcielebda nivTis miwodebas, A-s rom ar moetyuebina
igi gadaxdisunarianobis faqtTan dakavSirebiT~.469
garigebis meore mxarisagan momdinare wayrueba-du-
mili, roca mxare Tavis nebas ar gamoavlenda (ar dadeb-
da garigebas saqmis namdvili garemoeba rom scodno-
daT), rogorc avRniSneT garigebis baTilobisa da zianis
moTxovnis safuZvlad iqceva. magram rogorc avRniSneT
motyueba garigebis baTilobis safuZvlad yovelTvis
��.kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 47-48.
439
rodi iqceva. magram Tuki partniori cdomilebis md-
gomareobas ganumtkicebs partniors imiT, rom ganzrax
Seiyvans mas cdomilebaSi _ aq ukve saxeze motyuebiT
dadebuli garigebaa.
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis baTilobisaTvis
motyuebis obieqturi faqtic sakmarisia, romelic ga-
rigebas warmoSobs. `motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis ba-
Tilad cnobisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, araswori cno-
bebis SetyobinebiT mxare miznad isaxavda raime sargeb-
lis miRebas, Tu meore mxarisaTvis zianis miyenebas~(ssk
m. 82). rogorc aRniSnuli muxlidan aSkarad ikveTeba
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis baTilad cnobisaTvis
martooden erTi faqtoric sakmarisia (araswori cno-
bebis SetyobinebiT meore mxarisaTvis zianis miyeneba),
rom dadges baTilobis da miyenebuli zianis anazRau-
rebis sakiTxic. motyuebiT dadebuli garigebisas zia-
nis anazRaureba motyuebul mxares SeuZlia moiTxovos
motyuebis normebis safuZvelze, magram zog SemTxveveb-
Si ki deliqturi sarCelebis safuZvelze, roca magali-
Tad, saqme exeba uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveul zians,
romelsac SeuZlia piris janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani
Seryeva gamoiwvios. uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli
zianisaTvis pasuximgeblobisas mtkicebis tvirTi ekis-
reba dazaralebuls~ (ssk m. 1012), xolo Tu erTi da
imave zianisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba
ekisreba ramdenime mwarmoebels, isini pasuxs ageben, ro-
gorc solidaruli movaleebi~ (ssk m. 1013).
motyuebiT dadebuli garigebisas xSir SemTxvevebSi
motyueba modis ara marto garigebis meore mxarisagan,
aramed mesame pirebisagan, magram garigebis monawilem
amis Sesaxeb icis. mag; sabinao maklerma icis, rom saxlis
mesakuTre, romelic yidis am saxls, avariulia, Camoqce-
440
vis safrTxe emuqreba, magram radgan gamorCenas elis am
garigebidan, ayidvinebs avariul saxls mxares. swored
83-e muxli aZlevs uflebas motyuebul da amave dros
dazaralebul mxares moiTxovos garigebis baTiloba da
zianis anazRaurebac.
Tu motyuebiT da iZulebiT dadebul garigebebs
sxvadasxva muxlebi aregulireben, germanul samoqalaqo
samarTalSi mas miZRvnili aqvs erTi, paragrafi, $123470,
sadac saubaria motyuebiT da iZulebiT dadebuli ga-
rigebebisas misi saciloobis SesaZleblobaze.
Tu motyuebas axorcielebs mesame piri (sk 83-e
muxli `motyueba mesame piris mxridan~ gaerTianebulia
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 123-e pirveli da meore
winadadebebis debulebebTan), maSin Secileba dasaSvebia
(`baTilobis moTxovna~) Tu `motyuebis Sesaxeb icoda
an unda scodnoda im pirs, romelic sargebels iRebs
am garigebidan~. normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, am
ukanasknelSi eqceva rogorc nebis gamovlenis adresati,
ise nebismieri mesame piri, rac cxadia aramarTebulia.
sainteresoa isic, rom mesame pirad Secilebisas ver
gamova yvela mesame piri. mag; mesame pirad ver CaiTv-
leba warmomadgeneli, nebis naklze igi damoukideblad
agebs pasuxs (ssk m.106, n. 1.). aseve verc davalebis gareSe
moqmedi piri (ssk, m. 969-975), Tundac rom misi moqmede-
ba mxaris mier mowonebul iqnes. aqve unda dadgindes
faqti mesame piris keTilsindisiereba - arakeTilsindi-
sierebis Sesaxeb. Tu mesame piri keTilsindisieria da
ar icoda garigebis damdebi mxaris arakeTilsindis-
ierebis Sesaxeb, cxadia misi keTilsindisiereba gaaba-
Tilebs garigebis kontrahentis arakeTilsindisierebas
��. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge,
65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 94-99
441
da pasuxs ar agebs, anu moqmedebs samoqalaqo brunvis
erT-erTi princi pi, `rom mas ar SeeZlo scodnoda ga-
rigebis damdebi mxaris arakeTilsindisierebis Ses-
axeb~, da bunebrivia ziansac ar ixdis, magram garigeba
bunebrivia gabaTildeba, radganac igi nebis nakliTaa
dadebuli. pirveli garigebis baTilobaze xom Semdgomi
garigebis samarTlebrivi bedia damokidebuli. aq moq-
medebs ssk m. 61-is 1-li nawilis danawesi, rom ùcilod
baTili (arara) garigeba baTilad iTvleba misi dadebis
momentidan,~xolo arakeTilsindisiereba misi mxridan
garigebis damdeb mxaresTan erTad -pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis safuZvels iZleva.
sainteresoa SemTxveva, roca orive mxare motyuebiT
moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, orive erTmaneTis
mimarT miznad isaxavs zianis miyenebas an sargeblis
miRebas. amitom, `Tu garigebis orive mxare motyuebiT
moqmedebda, maSin arc erT maTgans ara aqvs ufleba mo-
tyuebaze miTiTebiT moiTxovos garigebis baTiloba an
zianis anazRaureba~. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs prezum-
fcias, anu roca orive mxare tyuis. es viTareba arsebi-
Tad tolfasia imave mdgomareobisa, rom garigebis arc
erTi mxare ar tyuis.
saerTod motyuebiT dadebuli garigeba faqto-
brivad piris ganzrax SecdomaSi Seyvanaa, ganzraxi
cdomilebaa pirisa, romlisganac sargebels iReben, an
motyuebul mxares zians ayeneben. ra safuZvliT unda
moxdes garigebis baTiloba am SemTxvevaSi - Secdomis
Tu motyuebis? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom SecdomiT dade-
buli garigebis Secilebis vada 1 Tvea, xolo motyuebi-
sa _1 weli, bunebrivia es ukanaskneli ufro upriania
motyuebuli mxarisaTvis, miTumetes Tu kanoni aZlevs
mas amis uflebas. ssk 84-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `motyue-
442
biT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi. vada aiTvleba im momentidan, roca
Secilebis uflebis mqonem Seityo Secilebis safuZv-
lis arsebobis Sesaxeb~. aq SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 130-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, `xan-
dazmuloba iwyeba moTxovnis warmoSobis momentidan.
moTxovnis warmoSobis momentad CaiTvleba dro, roca
pirma Seityo an unda Seetyo uflebis darRvevis Ses-
axeb~. Secileba ki SeiZleba ganxorcieldes xandazmu-
lobis saerTo 10 wliani vadis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc es
xdeba Cveulebriv sacilo garigebebisas.
igives iTvaliswinebs BGB-s $124 (`Secilebis vada),471
romlis Tanaxmad, `(1) $123 Tanaxmad sacilo nebis gamov-
lenis Secileba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi., xolo $124 (2)-is mixedviT, Secdomis
SemTxvevaSi vadis dena iwyeba im momentidan, rodesac
Secilebaze uflebamosili piri aRmoaCens Secdomas,
xolo iZulebis SemTxvevaSi, iZulebis Sewyvetis momen-
tidan. vadis denis mimarT gamoiyeneba xandazmulobis
mimarT dadgenili $ 205472 (am paragrafSi saubaria `xan-
dazmulobis vadis denis SeCerebaze valdebulebis Ses-
rulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebis SemTxvevaSi~ da aRniS-
nulia, rom: `xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba im vadiT,
ra vadiTac movale kreditorTan SeTanxmebis safuZvel-
ze droebiT uflebamosilia, uari Tqvas valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze~), $ 206473 (`xandazmulobis vadis denis Se-
Cereba dauZleveli Zalis SemTxvevaSi)~, aRniSnulia, rom:
`xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba im vadiT, ra vadiTac
kreditori xandazmulobis vadis bolo eqvsi Tvis gan-
Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 99-100.
��.dasax. naSr; 222-223.
443
mavlobaSi moklebulia sakuTari uflebebis realiza-
ciis SesaZleblobas dauZleveli Zalis Sedegad~) da
$ 211 (`xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyveta samemkvi-
dreo saqmeebSi~474 da sadac saubaria, moTxovnis ufle-
baze, romelic Sedis samkvidro qonebaSi an mimarTulia
mis winaaRmdeg, ar aris xandazmuli eqvsi Tvis vadis
gasvlamde im momentidan, rodesac samkvidro miRebul
iqna memkvidris mier an samkvidro qonebis mimarT dai-
wyo gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba anda moTxovnis ufleba
wardgenil iqna warmomadgenlis mier an mis mimarT. Tu
xandazmulobis vada eqvs Tveze mcirea, maSin xandazmu-
lobisaTvis dadgenili vada ikavebs eqvsi Tvis adgils~.
Secilebuli garigeba misi dadebis momentidanaa ba-
Tili da igi baTilad CaiTvleba ara marto mxareTa da
maT uflebamonacvle, aramed mesame pirTa mimarTac, mesame
piri keTilsindisieri iqneba Tu ara, garigeba xom nebis
nakliTaa dadebuli. gamomdinare aqedan keTilsindis-
ieri myidveli, romelmac araferi ar icoda garigebis
baTilobis Sesaxeb, qoneba motyuebul mxares mainc unda
daubrunos. aseTia garigebis baTilobis samarTlebrivi
Sedegis princi pi.
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom (#as-1350-1275-
2012), 2013. 25 marti Txovebis xelSekrulebis baTilad
cnoba motyuebiT dadebuli garigebisas ganmarteba,
aRniSnavs, rom ,,samarTlisagan Tavis dacvis erT-erTi
formaa moTxovna xandazmulobaze miTiTeba. amgvari
miTiTebis mimarT ki, garkveuli SezRudvebi moqmedebs.
sakasacio sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom sasamarTlo ar
aris uflebamosili Tavisi iniciativiT gamoikvlios
xandazmulobis sakiTxi. amis Sesaxeb dainteresebul
pirs unda mieTiTos. aRniSnuli SezRudva gamomdin-
444
areobs mxareTa SejibrobiTobis princi pidan: Tu erT
mxares eniWeba darRveuli uflebis sasamrTlo wesiT
dacvis SesaZlebloa, meore mxare uflebamosilia gamoi-
yenos nebismieri samarTlebrivi meqanizmi mowinaaRmdege
mxaris poziciis gasaqarwyleblad, xolo sasamarTlos
mxridan xandazmulobis vadaze miTiTebiT, ilaxeba mx-
aris ufleba, garda amisa, xandazmuloba ganixileba, ro-
gorc saqmis faqtobrivi garemoeba. mxare ki saproceso
kanonmdeblobiT SezRudulia mieTiTos axali faqtebi-
sa da mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb zemdgom instanciebSi.
amdenad, Cveulebriv pirobebSi, xandazmulobis sakiTxis
dayeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod pirveli instanciis sa-
samarTloSi, magram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo
mosamarTlisagan gansxvavebulad afasebs mxareTa So-
ris arsebul samarTlebriv urTierTobas da mopasux-
es obieqturad ar aqvs saSualeba garkveul garemoebe-
bze (xandazmulobis CaTvliT) miTiTebiT Tavi daicvas
sarCelisagan. xandazmulobis sakiTxis wamoWra zemd-
gom instanciaSi dasaSvebad iqnes miCneuli. saapelacio
sasamarTlosaTvis, amgvar viTarebaSi xandazmulobaze
miTiTeba, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 380-e muxlis
gaTvaliswinebiT gamonaklis SemTxvevad unda Sefasdes.
sakasacio sasamarTlom saWirod moiCnia yuradRebis
gamaxvileba motyuebiT da SecdomiT dadebuli garige-
baTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze. man CaniSna, rom sru-
lyofilad unda iqnes gamokvleuli garigebis dadebis
winapirobebi da unda dadgindes ra kriteriumebi daedo
safuZvlad mxareTa nebis gamovlenas:
motyuebiT dadebul garigebebs rogorc avRniSneT,
bunebrivia icnobs germanuli samoqalaqo samarTalic,
romelic motyuebiT dadebuli garigebebis aRsaniSna-
vad iyenebs termins `ganzraxi motyueba~. am mosazrebas
445
ar iziarebs qarTuli kanonmdebloba da igi ar icnobs
ganzrax motyuebas. amiT is gamoxatavs agreTve azrs
imis Sesaxeb, rom motyueba gaufrTxileblobiTac Sei-
Zleba ganxorcieldes. qarTulma iuridiulma liter-
aturam calsaxad gaiziara azri (franguli da ingli-
suri samarTlis normebi) imis Sesaxeb, rom motyueba
piris ganzrax SecdomaSi Seyvanaa475~.
k i T x v e b i
1. ganmarteT motyuebiT dadebuli garigeba

2. ra rols asrulebs mesame piri motyuebiT dade-
bul garigebebSi?
3. ra aris motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis baTilo-
bis safuZveli?
4. ra vadaSi SeiZleba sacilo gaxdes motyuebiT
dadebuli garigeba?
t e s t e b i
1. v. beriZem megobars, l. anTiZes SesTavaza misi

kuTvnili 5000 aTasi aSS dolarad Rirebuli beWdis
gacvla Tavis saaTSi, romelic briliantis TvlebiT
iyo morTuli, sakmaod lamazi iyo da mesakuTris TqmiT
5400 aSS dolari Rirda. mogvianebiT gairkva, rom arc
erTi nivTi Zvirfasi ar yofila da cxadia araviTar
faseulobas ar warmoadgenda. v. beriZem sasamarTlos
mimarTa da garigebis baTiloba moiTxova. sasamarTlom
misi sarCeli daakmayofila.
ramdenad sworad moiqca sasamarTlo?
��. zoiZe, b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, gv. 123; Wanturia,
l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 378-479.
446
a. sworad moiqca, radgan gacvlis xelSekruleba
Secilebidan 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba baTilad
iqnes cnobili.
b. sworad moiqca, radgan motyuebiT dadebuli ga-
rigeba baTilia.
g. sworad ar moiqca, radgan Tu garigebis orive
mxare motyuebiT moqmedebda, maSin arc erT maTgans ara
aqvs ufleba motyuebaze miTiTebiT moiTxovos garigebis
baTiloba an zianis anazRaureba.
d. ara, radgan mxareebs ufleba aqvT mxolod zia-
nis anazRaurebaze.
2. motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis motyuebul mx-

ares SeuZlia:
a. moiTxovos nivTis ukan dabruneba;
b. moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba;
g. nawilobriv moiTxovos garigebebis dadebis Sede-
gad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba;
d. Tu piri garigebis dadebis mizniT moatyues, igi
uflebamosilia moiTxovos am garigebis baTiloba. es
xdeba maSin, roca aSkaraa, rom motyuebis gareSe ga-
rigeba ar daideboda.
3. motyuebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba sadavo

gaxdes:
a. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi vada aiTvleba im mo-
mentidan, roca Secilebis uflebiT moqalaqem Seityo
Secilebis safuZvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
b. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi motyuebis Setyobis dRi-
dan;
g. sami wlis Semdeg, roca gaigo motyuebis Sesaxeb;
d. aseTi ufleba pirs saerTod ar gaaCnia.
447
k a z u s i
a-s surda eyida sacxovrebeli bina 20 000 aSS

dolaris farglebSi. man mimarTa sabinao maklers b-s,
romelsac am saqmeSi gamocdileba hqonda da dapirda
a-s, rom am TanxiT mas ayidvinebda binas g-sagan. a-m ar
icoda, rom g-s bina, romelsac b aqebda, avariuli iyo
(g-m am faqtis Sesaxeb daumala b-s). a-m iyida bina, ro-
melic Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom sacxovreblad uvargisi iyo
da safrTxe iqmneboda misi Camongrevisa. man moiTxova
garigebis baTiloba.
rogor gadawyvetilebas miiRebda sasamarTlo?
sasamarTlo praqtika:
as198-189-2010 13 ivlisi
motyuebiT dadebuli garigeba
davis sagani: nasyidobis xelSekrulebis baTilad
cnoba, nivTis mikuTvneba
l. p-ikma sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi s. d-Zis
mimarT 2008 wlis 31 martis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis
baTilad cnobisa da q. qobuleTSi, ... q. 12-Si mimde-
bare 72kv.m miwis nakveTis mesakuTred cnobis Sesaxeb
Semdegi safuZvlebiT: 2004 wels samkvidro mowmobiT
mosarCelem meuRlisagan memkvidreobiT miiRo # 19-Si
mdebare sacxovrebeli saxli. mopasuxe aris l. p-ikis
mama, romelmac SesTavaza Svils, ijariT gadaeca zemox-
senebuli uZravi qoneba saerTo maRaziis gaxsnis mizniT.
mogvianebiT mosarCelem Seityo, rom s. d-Zem mas mo-
tyuebiT xeli moawerina ara ijaris, aramed nasyidobis
448
xelSekrulebaze. miTiTebuli garigeba dadebulia mo-
tyuebiT, mopasuxem isargebla iuridiul sakiTxebSi l.
p-ikis gamoucdelobiT, susti mxedvelobiTa da mamisad-
mi misi ndobiT, ris gamoc cnobil unda iqnes baTilad.
mopasuxem sarCeli ar cno Semdegi dasabuTebiT: mxareTa
Soris daido uZravi nivTis nasyidobis xelSekruleba,
romliTac gamyidvelma gamoavlina nivTis gayidvis nam-
dvili neba. mosarCelem garigebis motyuebiT dadebis
faqti saTanadod ver daasabuTa.
qobuleTis raionuli sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 23
ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli dakmayofilda, baTi-
lad iqna cnobili l. p-iksa da s. d-Zes Soris 2008 wels
dadebuli xelSekruleba uZravi qonebis, miwis nakveTis
nasyidobis Sesaxeb, l. p-iki cnobil iqna q. qobuleTSi
q. 19-Si mdebare uZravi qonebis – 72 kv. m. nakveTis me-
sakuTred, rac s. d-Zem gaasaCivra saapelacio wesiT.
quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlo samoqalaqo saqmeTa
palatam 2010wlis 6 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT s. d-Zis
saapelacio saCivari daakmayofila, ris Sedegad ga-
saCivrebuli gadawyvetileba gauqmda da l. p-ikis sar-
Celi ar dakmayofilda Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo: nasy-
idobis xelSekruleba daido mxareTa Soris, daregis-
trirda sajaro reestrSi, sadac mxareebs ganemartaT
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi da Sedegebi.... sasamarTlom
ar gaiziara mosarCelis pozicia, nasyidobis xelSek-
rulebis baTilad cnobis safuZvlebze da CaTvala, rom
nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e
muxlis arc erTi piroba darRveuli ar aris, radgan
mocemul SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba daido or fizikur
pirs Soris, romlebsac ganemartaT xelSekrulebis Si-
naarsi, maT gamoxates TavianTi neba moaweres mas xeli.
palatis miTiTebiT, saqmis masalebiT ar dgindeba, rom
449
p-ikma sadavo garigebas xeli iZulebiT moawera. amde-
nad, xelSekruleba ar arRvevs sajaro wesrigs, kaniniT
dadgenil akrZalvebsa zneobriv normebsac ar ewinaR-
mdegeba.samoqalaqo kodeqsis 55-e muxlis 1-li da me-2
nawilis Tanaxmad, palatam miiCnia, rom garigebis baTi-
lobisaTvis aucileblad sami faqtori: sabazro Zalau-
flebis gamoyeneba,476 mxaris mZime mdgomareoba da misi
gamoucdeloba477.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba l. p-ikma
gaasaCivra sakasacio wesiT da moiTxova misi gauqmeba...
man sakasacio saCivarSi miuTiTa, rom sasamarTlos unda
emsjela arsebobda Tu ara mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba
sadavo uZravi qonebis nasyidobaze, mis fasze, gadaixada
Tu ara myidvelma aRniSnuli fasi da riT dasturdeba
miTiTebuli garemoeba. saapelacio sasamarTlom ugule-
belyo is garemoeba, rom garigebis dadebisas SesaZle-
belia arsebobdes nebis nakli, rodesac garigeba gareg-
nulad akmayofilebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 183-e da 477-e
muxlebs, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad mcdaria. naklovani neba
arsebobs, rodesac misi safuZvlis, motivisa da Sinaar-
sis dros igi garkveul zegavlenas ganicdis. SesaZloa,
pirma sakuTar nebas safuZvlad daudos mcdari warmod-
gena raime garemoebaze an amgvari zemoqmedeba gamowveu-
li iyos motyuebiT Tu muqariT. sadavo nasyidobis sa-
gnis Rirebulebis simcire Tadav mopasuxemac dadaastu-
ra (12500 lari). kasatori miuTiTebda, rom sasamarTlom
arasworad ganmarta samoqalaqo kodeqsis 55-e muxli da
ar gaiTvaliswina, rom s. d-Zes ar gaaCnia upiratesoba,
igi gamocdilia komerciul saqmeebSi da SeeZlo, Tavs
moexvia gamoucdeli pirisaTvis Tavisi neba, miT umetes,
rom kasators misi, rogorc mamis mimarT, gansakuTreb-
��. ukeTesi iqneboda Tu gadawyvetilebaSi Caiwereboda `sabazro Zalauflebis
`borotad~ gamoyeneba.
��.ssk-is 55-e muxlma cvlileba ganicada, saqarTvelos 2012 wlis 8 maisis kanoni,
#6151 - vebgverdi, 25.05. 2012,
450
uli ndoba gaaCnda.... kasators miaCnia, rom sasamarT-
lom arasworad ganmarta samoqalaqo kodeqsis 81-e da
84-e muxlebic, vinaidan s. d-Zis mer sadavo garigebis
Sinaarsis ganzrax damalvis gareSe xelSekruleba ar
daideboda....
samotivacio nawili: sakasacio sasamarTlom CaT-
vala, rom p. –ikis sakasacio saCivari ar unda dakmayo-
fildes da ZalaSi unda darCes saapelacio sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba, radgan mxares dasabuTebuli saka-
sacio pretenzia ar warmoudgenia, igi iziarebs saapela-
cio palatis daskvnas, rom sadavo nasyidobis xelSek-
rulebis baTilobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli ar arse-
bobs; usafuZvloa kasatoris argumenti, rom nasyidobis
xelSekrulebis motyuebiT dadebas adasturebs Semdegi
faqtobrivi garemoebebi: 1. mxareebi arian mama-Svili
da maT Soris arsebobs ndoba; 2. kasators aqvs sus-
ti mxedveloba da erTi Tvalis SevlebiT ar SeeZlo
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gageba; 3. nasyidobis sagani
ukavSirdeba centralur gzas da l. p-iks ar aqvs is-
eTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rom sacxovrebeli ezo
gaesxvisebina 2500 larad – realur sabazro fasebTan
sruliad Seusabamod. ar Cans 81-e muxlis 1-li nawilis
piroba imis Sesaxeb, rom motyuebiT daido garigeba da
unda gabaTildes, mxarem icoda, rom xels awerda nasy-
idobis xelSekrulebas, kasatori verc im faqts adas-
turebs, rom xelSekruleba ar waukiTxavs, Tumca am Sem-
TxvevaSic ver iqneba xelSekruleba baTili, vinaidan
xelSekrulebaze xeli nebayoflobiTaa mowerili da
mxareebi gamoTqvamen Tanxmobas xelSekrulebis pirobe-
bze, gamodis, rom xelSekrulebis pirobebi misTvis cno-
bilia. kanoni ki ar iTvaliswinebs xelSekrulebis baTi-
lobas mxaris daudevrobis –xelSekrulebis gacnobis
gareSe xelismoweris gamo. dausabuTebelia l. p-ikis
451
mosazreba sk-is 55-e muxlis arasworad ganmartebasTan
mimarTebiT. aRniSnuli normiT garigeba SeiZleba gaba-
Tildes, Tu garigebiT gansazRvrul Sesrulebasa da am
SesrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas Soris
aSkara Seusabamobaa da garigeba daido mxolod imis
wyalobiT, rom xelSekrulebis erT-erTma mxarem boro-
tad gamoiyena Tavisi sabazro Zalaufleba an isargeb-
la xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mZime mdgomareobiT an
gamoucdelobiT (gulubryvilobiT). baTilia garigeba,
romelic dadebulia erTi mxaris mier meoreze gavlenis
borotad gamoyenebiT, roca maTi urTierToba dafuZne-
bulia gansakuTrebul ndobaze. sakasacio sasamarTlom
miiCnia rom aq CamoTvlils adgili ar hqonia. rac Seexe-
ba kasatoris susti mxedvelobis faqts, esec ver daad-
gina sasamarTlom, kasatorma ver warmoadgina myari ar-
gumentebi, arasruli ganaTlebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rom-
liTac meore mxarem isargebla, susti mxedveloba da
arasruli ganaTleba ar aris myari argumenti xelSek-
rulebis gasabaTileblad.
samoqalaqo saprocesokodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirve-
li nawilis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma mxarem unda daamt-
kicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis
moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels. mocemul SemTxvevaSi l.
p-ikma ver SeZlo daesabuTebina sarCelis safuZvlad
miTiTebuli faqtebis arseboba, rac misi mtkicebis
tvirTs warmoadgenda.
sakasacio sasamarTlom ar daakayofila kasatoris
sakasacio saCivari da quTaisis saapelacio sasamarT-
los gadawyvetileba ucvlelad datova478.
kiTxva:
Tqveni azriT sworad moiqca sakasacio sasamarT-
lo? dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxis TemTxvevaSi Tqveni
azri daasabuTeT.
��.susg as198-189-2010 13 ivlisi
452
4. 3 iZulebiT dadebuli garigebani
`nebis naklis gamo garigebebis yvelaze mZime da

yvelaze mkacr formas iZulebiT dadebuli garigebani
warmoadgens~479. Tu SevadarebT mas SecdomiT, motyue-
biT dadebul garigebebs (rogorc sacilo garigebis
saxeebs), davinaxavT, rom aq arc sinamdvilis realuri
faqtebis arcodnaa (rogorc Secdomisas) da arc sx-
visi SecdomaSi ganzrax Seyvanaa (motyueba), aq saxezea
piris iZuleba, rom man dados iseTi garigeba, romelic
ar daideboda, rom maiZulebeli piris mxridan iZulebas
adgili ar hqonoda. iZulebiT dadebul garigebebs bune-
brivia icnobs kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebi. ger-
manuli samoqalaqo samarTali motyuebiT da muqariT
dadebul garigebebs erT paragrafSi ($ 123) aerTianebs.
romis samarTlis mixedviT iZuleba (vis) marTl-
sawinaaRmdego qmedebas warmoadgenda kontrahentis
mimarT, rom fizikurad aeZulebina mxare, daedo xelSek-
ruleba, romelsac igi sxvagvarad ar dadebda. kontra-
hentis mimarT iZulebis qmedebebs romSi yofdnen saja-
rod (vis publica) da kerZod (vis privata). adrianes droid-
an Zaladobis cneba, anu iZuleba xSirad uTanabrdeboda
muqaris (metus) cnebas. iuristebi Tvlidnen, rom muqara
warmoadgenda nebismieri iZulebis safuZvels. am droi-
dan termini vis gamoiyeneboda Zaladobis sajaro deli-
qtis, xolo termini metus – kerZo deliqtis mniSvnelo-
biT, romelic SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo muqarebiT an
fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 85-e muxliT garigebis dadebis
mizniT iZuleba (Zaladoba an muqara), romelic aniWebs
pirs garigebis baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas, xor-
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 379; Wanturia,
l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 380-381
453
cieldeba an fizikuri zemoqmedebis, an kidev fsiqikuri
zemoqmedebis formiT. Zaladoba ki SeiZleba iyos aSka-
ra da faruli muqarac: muqara mimarTuli konkretul
pirze (romelsac garigebis dadebas aiZuleben), piris
axloblebze, an kidev muqara piris qonebis ganadgure-
biT. iZuleba garigebis baTilobas iwvevs im SemTxvevaSi,
roca iZulebis formebis gamoyenebiT daido garigeba.
iZuleba xSir SemTxvevaSi imdenad uxeSad arRvevs piris
uflebebs nebis Tavisufali gamovlenisa, imdenad ux-
eSad ereva piris TavisuflebaSi, rom xSirad igi deli-
qturi sarCelis safuZvelic ki xdeba.
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
fsiqikuri iZulebisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi garemoe-
bebis arseboba, romelic pirs afiqrebinebda, rom mas
safrTxe emuqreboda da aseT garemoebad sasamarTlom
ar miiCnia colis ultimatumi gayris Taobaze qmris
mimarT da daadgina, rom aseTi garemoeba ar SeiZleba
iyos seriozuli safrTxis Semcvleli moqmedeba, ro-
melic adamians aiZulebda, rom yvelaferi gaeyida Tavi
usasxro mdgomareobaSi Caegdo480.
`nebis gamovlenis formirebaze dauSvebeli ze-
moqmedebis kidev erTi SemTxvevaa ssk-is 85-e da Sem-
dgomi muxlebiT mowesrigebuli fsiqikuri iZuleba.
amasTan, ssk-is 85-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saciloobis wina-
pirobaa `garigebis dadebis mizniT im piris iZuleba
(Zaladoba an muqara), romelmac dado garigeba...~am nor-
mis aseTi formulirebiT iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos
kanonmdebels Secilebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZ-
vlad iZulebis orive saxis _ fizikuri (`Zaladoba~)
da fsiqikuri (`muqara~) iZulebis _ gansazRvris neba
hqonda. ganmartebis es alternativa ar aris marTebuli.
��.saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba #as-743-1069-07, 20.02.2008.
454
fizikuri iZulebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba ara piris nebis
Tavisufal formirebaze zemoqmedeba, rac Secilebis
uflebis warmoSobis safuZveli iqneboda, aramed pirs
ar aqvs moqmedebis neba, anu ar xdeba nebis gamovlenis
subieqturi komponentis formireba. aseT SemTxvevebSi
nebis gamomvlenis nacvlad moqmedebs sxva piri _ is,
vinc mas fizikuri zemoqmedebiT, `ZaladobiT~ awerinebs
dokumentze xels, `Tanxmobis niSnad~ aqnevinebs Tavs, an,
magaliTad, auqcionze awevinebs xels. Sesabamisad, aseT
SemTxvevebSi ar arsebobs nebis gamovlena. cxadia, Tu
ar arsebobs nebis gamovlena, SeuZlebelia, ararsebuli
nebis gamovlenisa Tu garigebis Secilebaze saubari~481.
SevniSnavT, rom kontinenturi evropis samarTlis
qveynebSi aqcenti keTdeba Secilebis safuZvlad mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego fsiqikur iZulebaze. magaliTad, ger-
maniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 123-iT determinirebulia
`marTlsawinaaRmdego iZulebiT piris mier nebis gamov-
lenaze dayolieba~ da sxva.
iZuleba SeiZleba gamoixatos: a) fizikur iZule-
baSi. magaliTad, maiZulebeli mxare fizikurad masze
sust pirs aiZulebs, rom man xeli moaweros xelSek-
rulebas, romlis dadebac pirs ar surs. magaliTad, ji-
kaviT mihyavs xelSekrulebis dokumentTan da ZaliT
awerinebs xels dokumentze, an kidev Zalismieri meTo-
debis gamoyenebiT aiZulebs miiRos didi raodenobiT
alkoholi, an kidev ZaliT aRebinebs narkotikul saSu-
alebebs, raTa `gaTiSos~ piri da xeli moawerinos ga-
rigebas; b) fsiqikur iZulebaSi, roca pirs axloblebis
xelyofiT emuqrebian, Tu igi ar dadebs garigebas da
sxvisi nebis Sesatyvis nebas ar gamoavlens. cxadia, mai-
Zulebel mxares esmis, rom igi ganzrax sCadis iseT mo-
455
qmedebas, romelic dasjadia da misi qmedebis kanonsawi-
naaRmdego ganzraxvas orive elementi gaaCnia: intele-
qtualuri (kognituri) da nebelobiTi (voluntaturi).
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, maiZulebeli mxare acnobierebs
Tavisi moqmedebis xasiaTsac da Sedegsac, xolo neb-
elobiTis dros ki igi aSkarad gamoTqvams survils,
rom samarTaldarRveviT ganaxorcielos piris mimarT
iZuleba da ZaliT daadebinis garigeba.
iZuleba ara marto garigebis damdebi mxarisagan
momdinareobs, aramed igi SeiZleba momdinareobdes mesa-
me piris mxridanac. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom garigebis
kontrahenti da mesame piri SeTanxmebulad, erTad axor-
cielebdnen iZulebas. miuxedavad amisa, dazaralebuls
am SemTxvevaSic kontrahentTan eqneba saqme. rogorc
motyuebis dros (roca kontrahentma araferi icis da
mesame piri ityueba), _ iZulebis SemTxvevaSic miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom dazaralebulma araferi icis imis Ses-
axeb, rom kontrahenti ki ara mesame piri ityueba, _ es
safuZveli ver iqneba garigebisaTvis samarTlebrivi Za-
lis SesanarCuneblad. iZulebis qveS myofi piri yov-
elTvisaa uflebamosili moiTxovos garigebis baTiloba,
radganac mis iZulebas, romelsac piris Tavisuflebis
uxeSi SezRudva mohyveba, _ kanoni ar cnobs. cxadia,
iZulebasac aqvs Tavisi gamarTleba rogorc saxelmwi-
fos, ise kerZo piris mxridanac (am ukanasknelze Cven
mogvianebiT visaubrebT amave qvepunqtSi, konkretuli
muxlis komentirebisas), magram mTavaria, rom iZuleba
ar Secvalos Zaladobam, romelmac SeiZleba safrTxe
Seuqmnas samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisuflebis princi ps da
saerTod demokratiul Tavisuflebas. `saxelmwifoc da
kerZo piric Tavis Tavs unda avlendes samarTliT moxa-
zul wreSi, rameTu Cven samoqalaqo brunvis monawileni
456
SeboWili varT samarTliT~.
mainc rogori iZuleba iwvevs garigebis baTilobas?
`garigebis baTilobas iwvevs iseTi iZuleba, romelsac
Tavisi xasiaTiT SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos pirze da
afiqrebinos, rom mis pirovnebas an qonebas realuri
safrTxe emuqreba~ (ssk m. 86. n. 1). gamomdinare aqedan,
yovelgvari iZuleba ar yofila garigebis baTilobis
safuZveli, aramed iseTi, romelic Tavisi xasiaTiT gav-
lenas axdens pirze da afiqrebinebs, rom pirovnebas, an
qonebas realuri safrTxe emuqreba. aqedan daskvna: Tu
piri emuqreba meore mxares, rom Tu igi mas ar gadaux-
dis vals, romlis gadaxdis vadac damdgaria, igi maSin
yvelanair megobrul urTierTobas gawyvets, an kidev, Tu
sawarmo muSaks ar moumatebs xelfass, igi imuqreba, rom
sxva, konkurent sawarmoSi gadava samuSaod da sxva. ro-
gorc vxedavT, aq iZulebis Tavisebur saxesTan gvaqvs
saqme, roca `muqaris~ mizani ar Seicavs arc marTlsawi-
naaRmdego da arc kanonsawinaaRmdego debulebebs.
germanul samarTalSi iZulebis marTlsawinaaRm-
dego xasiaTi sami kriteriumiT dgindeba. es kriteri-
umebia:`1. iZuleba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, Tu iZulebis
saSualeba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, es saSualebaa, rom-
lis gamoyenebac dauSvebelia, Tundac dasaSvebi Sedegis
misaRwevad; 2. iZuleba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, rodesac
iZulebis mizani saSualebisagan damoukideblad marTl-
sawinaaRmdegoa; 3. iZuleba marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, rode-
sac miznis miRwevis saSualeba Seusabamoa mizanTan. Se-
usabamoba im SemTxvevasac gulisxmobs, roca mizanic da
saSualebac marTlzomieria, magram Seusabamobis gamo
miznis misaRwevad arsebuli saSualebebis gamoyenebaa
usamarTlo~482.
��.ix. Larenz / wolf . Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts . München . 2004. 692-694.
457
ra kriteriumebiT unda Sefasdes iZuleba? ssk
86-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT es kriteriumebi SeiZleba
iyos: pirTa asaki, sqesi da cxovrebiseuli garemoe-
bani. pirvel yovlisa, sasamarTlos mier iZulebiT ga-
rigebebis dadebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, rom
iZulebis qveS myofi piris Sefasebisas Cveulebriv
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom is aris gonivruli, normal-
uri adamiani da ara raRac gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT
dajildoebuli adamiani. yvelas xom ver mosTxov gmiri
iyos. aseve sasamarTlos mier gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
iZuleba realuri safrTxis mauwyebeli unda iyos, piri
darwmunebuli unda iyos imaSi, rom Tu maiZulebel mx-
ares ar daeTanxmeba garigebis dadebaSi, igi Tavis muqa-
ras ganaxorcielebs (am SemTxvevaSi garigeba baTilia),
magram Tu iZuleba moCvenebiTia, `maiZulebel mxares~
sulac ar hqonia mxedvelobaSi pirisaTvis, an misi axlo-
blebisaTvis da maTi qonebisaTvis raime zianis miyeneba,
_ bunebrivia iZulebac ar arsebula da arc kanonsawi-
naaRmdegi Sedegi dadgeba.
ra rols TamaSobs iZulebis faqtis sasamarTlo-
seuli Sefasebisas zemoT CamoTvlili kriteriumebi? a)
asaki. asaks gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs iZulebis
faqtis Sefasebisas im gagebiT, rom advilia aiZulo
kanonsawinaaRmdego garigebis dadebaze arasrulwlovani
an kidev pensioneri, romelTac ar ZaluZT winaaRmdegoba
gauwion maiZulebels; b) sqesi. am faqtorsac aranaklebi
mniSvneloba eniWeba iZulebis faqtis dadgenisas, rameTu
mamakacTan SedarebiT, qalis damorCileba ufro advilia,
magram samarTalSemfardebelma yuradReba unda gaamax-
vilos vin aris es qali profesiiT: qali karatisti
(sportsmeni), policieli (romelic garkveul varjiSebs
gadis profesiidan gamomdinare), romelTa damorCileba
SedarebiT Znelia, maTi fizikuri siZlieridan gamom-
458
dinare. aqve davamatebdiT, rom piris janmrTelobac
garkveuli mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes iZulebiT dadebuli
garigebis gabaTilebisa. aq igulisxmeba iZulebis qveS
myofi piris janmrTelobis iseTi mdgomareoba (invali-
doba, mZime daavadeba da sxva), roca adamiani uZluria
winaaRmdegoba gauwios moZalades.
garigebis baTilobas iwvevs agreTve roca ga-
rigebis dadebisas piris iZuleba mimarTulia iZulebis
qveS myofi mxaris meuRlis, ojaxis sxva wevrebis an
axlo naTesavebis winaaRmdeg. konkretulad Tu vin ari-
an es pirebi, romelTa gamoc piri maiZulebel mxaresTan
kanonsawinaaRmdego garigebas debs, mocemulia ssk 1336-e
muxlSi, romelic mamkvidreblis memkvidreTa xuT rigs
CamoTvlis da, romlebic memkvidris axlo naTesavebSi
moiazrebian. iZulebis Sefasebisas obieqturi kriteri-
umebidan unda amovideT, ramdenadac gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia is samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani safuZveli, ro-
melic garigebis baTilad cnobisaTvis gamoadgeboda
samarTalSemfardebels, magram sasamarTlom ar unda
daiviwyos subieqturi faqtorebic. magaliTad, rogori
urTierToba akavSirebT iZulebis qveS myof pirs da
axlo naTesavs, iqneb ,,mtruli~, iZulebis qveS myofs maTi
(axloblebis) bedi sulac ar aRelvebs sulac surs
kanonsawinaaRmdego garigebis dadeba, imedovnebs, ra, rom
samarTali gaiTvaliswinebs maiZulebeli piris mier mis
mimarT ganxorcilebul muqaras, rom Tu igi masTan ga-
rigebas ar dadebs axlo naTesavis (naTesavebis) sicocx-
les xelyofs. sasamarTlos mier ara marto naTesauri
kavSirebi unda dadgindes iZulebiT dadebuli garigebis
Sefasebisas, aramed masTan dakavSirebuli interesebi da
gancdebi.
iZulebiT dadebuli garigeba rom gabaTildes da
dadges maiZulebeli piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi
459
(ara marto samoqalaqo -samarTlebrivi, xSir SemTx-
vevaSi sisxlis - samarTlebrivic), unda dadgindes ga-
rigebis miznisa da marTlwinaaRmdegoba _ marTlzom-
ierebis sakiTxi.
iZulebad ar CaiTvleba iseTi moqmedeba, (ssk 85-
87 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli), romlebic arc mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego mizniT da arc marTlsawinaaRmdego
saSualebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldebian. gamodis, rom
Tu mizani da saSualeba marTlzomieria arc garigebis
saciloobis safuZveli iqneba saxeze. magaliTi: Tu a. b-s
aiZulebs masTan garigebis dadebaze, winaaRmdeg SemTx-
vevaSi sasamarTloSi sarCels Seitans mis mier danaSau-
lis Cadenis gamo, _ aseT SemTxvevaSi Znelia vilapara-
koT garigebis baTilobaze, radgan arc garigebis gan-
zraxvaSia raime kanonsawinaaRmdego da arc iZulebis
saSualebaa aseTi. a-s moqmedebaSi Cven verafers kanon-
sawinaaRmdegos ver davinaxavT, radganac yoveli piri
valdebulia (sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare)
ganacxados Sesabamis organoebSi sxva piris mier Cadeni-
li danaSaulis Sesaxeb. arc garigebis dadebis ganzrax-
vaSia raime arasamarTlebrivi, magram roca marTlsawi-
naaRmdegoa mizanic da Sedegic, maSin garigeba aucile-
blad unda gabaTildes. magaliTi: a. emuqreba b-s, Tu igi
masTan erTad ar ivaWrebs narkotikebiT, gaitacebs misi
ojaxis wevrs da sicocxles gamoasalmebs. realuria,
rom maiZulebeli mxare marTlac Seasrulebs muqaras.
am SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom dgeba garigebis baTilobis
sakiTxi, magram dadgeba aseve maiZulebeli piris mimarT
ufro mZime braldebac _ sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasux-
ismgebloba.
sainteresoa ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebda sa-
samarTlo im piris mimarT, romelic aiZules axloblis
sicocxlis xelyofis muqariT narkotikebiT evaWra?
460
gaTavisufldeba igi pasuxismgeblobisagan? cxadia ara.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirma muqaris gamo miiRo monaw-
ileoba narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi, an sxva kanonsawinaaRm-
dego saqmianobaSi, mas pasuxismgebloba daekisreba, Tun-
dac rom maiZulebel mxares Seesrulebina muqara.
praqtikaSi aris precendentebi, roca saSualeba
qmedebisa marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, mizani ki_marTlzom-
ieri. magaliTi: kreditori emuqreba pirs misi an ax-
loblis sicocxlis xelyofiT, Tu igi mas nakisr val-
debulebas ar Seusrulebs. aqsiomaturi (princi puli)
debulebaa, rom xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes (pacta
sunt servanda) da valdebuli piri iZulebis gareSec
valdebulia nakisris Sesrulebaze, magram mas kanoni
rodi aZlevs uflebas, rom amisaTvis marTlsawinaaRm-
dego iZulebas mimarTos. samoqalaqo brunvaSi ver dam-
kvidrdeba princi pi, rom valdebuleba kanonsawinaaRm-
dego saSualebiT sruldebodes, es qaoss gamoiwvevda
samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobisa da wesrigisa. `Tu
mesame pirma aiZula valdebuli piri, rom man nivTi ga-
dasces kreditors, romlis gadacemis vadac damdgaria,
am SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba garigebis saciloobis sakiTx-
is dasma (nivTi ukan brundeba), magram es ver ganxor-
cieldeba, radganac kreditors SeuZlia piris moTxov-
na gaabaTilos Tavisi moTxovniT. Tavad kreditoridan
rom wamosuliyo iZuleba, maSin gamoricxuli iqneboda
Sesageblebi da CaTvlebi~483.
qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikas Tu gadavxedavT, da-
vinaxavT, rom piris fsiqikuri iZulebis makvalifici-
rebel garemoebad miiCneva iseTi garemoebebis arsebo-
ba, romelic iZulebis qves myofs afiqrebinebs, rom mas
safrTxe emuqreba. roca sasamarTloebi obieqtur faq-
torebze amaxvileben yuradRebas, aqve bunebrivia, gasaT-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni pirveli, 251.
461
valiswinebelia subieqturi faqtoric: ramdenad realu-
rad aRiqvams piri safrTxes, romelic mas emuqreba, Tu
maiZulebeli piris davalebas ar Seasrulebs (migvaC-
nia, rom iZulebis muxlebis gamoyenebisas normis Se-
fardebis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba unda mieqces obieqtur
(iZulebis faqts) da aseve sebieqtur faqtorebsac (piris
mier realurad aRqma mosalodneli safrTxisa, Tu igi
maiZulebeli piris `gankargulebas~ ar Seasrulebs).
ìZulebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba sadavo
gaxdes erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iZulebis damTavrebis
momentidan~(ssk m. 89). gansxvavebiT sacilo garigebebis
sxva saxeebisagan, roca SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis
saciloobis vada Secilebis safuZvlis Setyobis momen-
tidan iwyeba, xolo motyuebiT dadebuli garigebis Sem-
TxvevaSi - erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi im momentidan, roca
Secilebis uflebis mqonem Seityo Secilebis safuZv-
lis arsebobis Sesaxeb, iZulebiT dadebuli garigebis
SemTxvevaSi unda damTavrdes iZulebis faqti, piri unda
iqces sxvisi nebis gamovlenis iaraRad da Semdeg dasaS-
vebia iZulebiT dadebuli garigebis baTilad cnoba.
iZulebiT dadebuli garigeba kanoniT mkacrad dauSve-
beli garigebaa, romlis baTilobisas aseve unda daisvas
sakiTxi `pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenis movaleo-
bisa~ (ssk m.408), `deliqturi valdebulebani~ (ssk m.
992) zianis anazRaurebisa, romelic unda moxdes imisgan
damoukideblad, nebis gamovlenis Secilebas hqonda Tu
ara adgili. aseve, aq dgeba sakiTxi usafuZvlod gam-
didrebis normebis gamoyenebisa (ssk m. 978), romelic
iTvaliswinebs: piri, romelic sxvas gadascems raimes
ara valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, aramed iZulebis an
muqaris safuZvelze, SeuZlia misi ukan dabruneba...~. da
es normebi gamoiyeneba maiZulebeli piris mimarT xan-
dazmulobis vadis ganmavlobaSi, misi Secileba moxda
Tu ara.
462
prof. d. kereseliZis mosazrebiT, `dasafiqrebe-
lia, xom ar SeiZleba, muqariT dadebul garigebebze
gavrceldes motyuebiT gamovlenili nebis mimarT moq-
medebis analogiuri midgoma; Sesabamisad nebis gamov-
lenis Secilebis winapirobad CaiTvalos is, rom fsiqi-
kur iZulebas obieqturad SeeZlos piris nebis gamov-
lenaze gavlenis moxdena da, amave dros, mas sinamdvile-
Si `subieqturad~ gamoewvia Sesabamisi nebis gamovlena.
am midgomis sasargeblod metyvelebs samarTlebrivi
xicxadis maRali xarisxi da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo
praqtikis damkvidrebis simartive. mis sawinaaRmdegod
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom Sesustdeba iseTi
piris dacva, romelic ar eqceva `Cveulebrivi~ Tu `gon-
ieri~ adamianis moqmedebis standartSi. am uxerxulobis
daZleva swored imiT miiRweva, rom calkeul SemTxveva-
Si mxedvelobaSi miiReba, magaliTad, `pirTa asaki, sqesi
da cxovrebiseuli garemoebani~, anu yvelaferi is, rasac
SeeZlo individis aRqmis gamZafreba ~Cveulebriv adami-
anTan SedarebiT~484. azris avtori miiCnevs, rom `garda
amisa, am midgomis sasargeblod metyvelebs motyuebisa
da fsiqikuri iZulebis SemTxvevebis erTgvarovani mow-
esrigebis mizanSewonilobac. fsiqikuri iZulebis safuZ-
velze saciloobis mimarT moqmedi winapirobebi. muqa-
ris ganmxorcilebels unda hqondes nebis formirebasa
Tu mis gamovlenaze zemoqmedebis mizani an, minimum, gac-
nobierebuli hqondes, rom mis moqmedebas SeuZlia piris
nebis gamovlenaze zemoqmedebis moxdena. Tavis mxriv
am zemoqmedebam uSualod unda gamoiwvios piris nebis
gamovlena. Sesabamisad unda arsebobdes mizezobrivi
kavSiri muqarasa da piris nebis gamovlenas Soris~.485
mogvaCnia, rom rameTu iZulebiT dadebuli garigeba
yvelaze mZime formaa sacilo garigebebs Soris da Sei-
Zleba sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakis-
��. kereseliZe, d. dasax. naSr; 353.
463
rebis safuZvelic ki gaxdes, misi damamZimebel formebSi
ganxorcielebisas (Tumca motyuebis xarisxsac gaaCnia
piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis
dakisrebis safuZveli, magram es ufro iSviaTad), ami-
tom garkveulwilad migvaCnia, rom motyuebiT dadebuli
garigebebis normebis iZulebiT dadebuli garigebebis
mimarT SeuZlebelia (yovel SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis),
analogiuri midgoma.
rogorc avRniSneT, iZulebiT dadebuli garigebisas
ara marto samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi, aramed sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobac SeiZleba dadges.
k i T x v e b i
1. rogori garigebebi miiCneva iZulebiT dadebul

garigebebad?
2. raSi gamoixateba piris iZuleba?
3. moqmedebs Tu ara garigebis baTilobaze piris
iZuleba garigebis dadebaze, Tu iZuleba am piris ax-
lobelTa winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli?
4. CaiTvleba Tu ara iZulebad marTlsawinaaRmdego
saSualebiT, magram marTlzomieri mizniT dadebuli ga-
rigeba baTilad?
5.rodidan cxaddeba iZulebiT dadebuli garigeba
baTilad?
6. gaukeTeT SedarebiTi analizi sacilo garige-
bebis samive saxes.
t e s t e b i
1. garigebis baTilobas iwvevs:

a. mesame pirisagan ganxorcielebuli iZuleba
464
b. saxelmwifos mxridan ganxorcielebuli iZuleba
g. iseTi iZuleba, romelsac Tavisi xasiaTiT Seu-
Zlia gavlena moaxdinos pirze da afiqrebinos, rom mis
pirovnebas an qonebas realuri safrTxe emuqreba.
d. samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi garigeba ar gabaTil-
deba.
2. garigebis iZulebis xasiaTis Sefasebisas mxedvelo-

baSi miiReba:
a. piris janmrTeloba
b. piris qceva zogadad
g. mxolod cxovrebiseuli garemoebani
d. asaki, sqesi da cxovrebiseuli garemoebani.
3. iZulebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba sadavo gax-

des:
a. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iZulebis damTavrebis
momentidan;
b. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca pirma Seityo
iZulebis Sesaxeb;
g. sami wlis Semdeg iZulebis damTavrebis momentidan;
d. 10 wlis Semdeg iZulebis damTavrebis momentidan.
.
k a z u s e b i
1.a-s hqonda b-s vali, romelsac igi ar ixdida,

miuxedavad b-s araerTgzis gafrTxilebisa. b-m icoda,
rom a-s warsulSi Cadenili hqonda danaSauli da dae-
muqra a-s, rom Tu ar gadaixdida vals, policiaSi daas-
menda Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb
ramdenad sworad moiqca b.? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
2. Tu a. Seecdeba, rom b. aiZulos kreditoris wi-

naSe Seasrulos garkveuli saxi valdebuleba (mag; niv-
465
Ti daabrunos), romlis Sesrulebis vadac damdgaria,
iZulebis qveS myofs SeuZlia garigebis sacilooba? an
kidev, Tu kreditoridan wamovida iZuleba am magaliTSi,
maSin ra iqneboda gamoricxuli?
3. g. didxans eweoda narkotikebiT vaWrobas. man
gadawyvita Tavisi ukanono saqmianobis areali rom gae-
farTovebina, `saqmeSi~ daeyoliebina mezobeli. g. gamud-
mebiT emuqreboda b-s (mezobels) Svilis gatacebiT, Tu
igi am saqmianobas xels ar mohkidebda. b. mixvda, rom
muqara realuri iyo, eSinoda g.-s saqmianobis Sesaxeb
policiisaTvis ganecxadebina da iZulebuli Seiqna
TviTonac daewyo g.-sTan erTad narkotikebiT vaWroba.
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg orive daakaves. b.-m
Tavisi kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianoba imiT axsna, rom g.
mas aiZulebda Svilis gatacebiTa da mokvliT, Tu mas-
Tan erTad narkotikebiT ar ivaWrebda.
k i T x v a: gaamarTlebda Tu ara sasamarTlo b.-s
iZulebis wesiT ganxorcielebul kanonsawinaaRmdego
qmedebas, maSin roca realuri muqara mis Svils sicocx-
lis xelyofiT emuqreboda?
sasamarTlo praqtikidan amonaridi:

sasamarTlom biznesmen X-s sakuTrebis ufleba
aRudgina (17.07.2014).
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom miiRo
gadawyvetileba moq. X-is mimarT da mas daubruna wina
xelisuflebis dros misTvis iZulebis wesiT (X-ma ga-
rigeba dado fizikuri da fsiqologiuri zewolis qveS
ZaldatanebiT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilas) dadeb-
uli garigebisas warTmeuli qoneba da wilebi, baTilad
cno misi patimrobisas iZulebiT gaformebuli garigeba
da aRudgina sakuTrebis ufleba..486.
��
. medianews.ge/ge
466
5. pirobiTi garigebani
garigebis monawilebi (xelSemkvreli mxareebi) ga-

rigebis dadebisTanave iwyeben nakisri valdebulebebis
Sesrulebas, magram xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca ga-
rigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis
Sesrulebas misi monawile mxareebi garkveul pirobebs
rom ukavSireben mis Sesrulebas da aseTi garigebebi
samoqalaqo samarTalSi pirobiT garigebebad iwodeba.
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, II karSi `garigebani~calke
mexuTe Tavad gamoyofilia `pirobiTi garigebani~, rom-
lebic gansxvavebiT sabWoTa samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan,
romelsac mxolod erTi muxli (m.60) hqonda daTmobi-
li, - sakmaod detalurad awesrigebs `pirobasTan~ da-
kavSirebul garigebebs. qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi
germanuli da franguli samoqalaqo samarTlis Sesa-
bamis nimuSebs iyenebs garigebis am saxis dasareguli-
reblad erovnul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi. piro-
biTi garigebani, romlebic zogad nawilSia moqceuli,
aregulireben agreTve im valdebulebiT - samarTlebriv,
Tu saojaxo - memkvidreobiT urTierTobebs, romelTa
iuridiuli vargisianoba mxaris `daTqmul pirobazea~
damokidebuli. garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis
dadgoma ki SeiZleba ramdenime pirobaze iyos damokide-
buli. es pirobebi SeiZleba iyos kumulatiuli (romlis
drosac aucilebelia yvela im pirobis arseboba, ro-
melic garigebis namdvilobis pirobad aris dasaxele-
buli) da alternatiuli (romlis SemTxvevaSi garigebis
namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisia erT-erTi romelime piro-
bis dadgoma)487.
definicia `piroba~sityvaTxmarebaSi sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. `piroba~ xSir SemTxvevaSi ga-
487. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wogni pirveli, 254; Wanturia, l.,
samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 410-411.
467
rigebis arsebobis pirobaa, xolo ssk 90-98 muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi `piroba~ garigebis Semad-
genlobis arsebiTi pirobaa, romelsac TviT kanoni iT-
valiswinebs da garigebis mxareTa nebaze araa damokide-
buli. mag; xSir SemTxvevebSi kanoni garigebis formas,
konkretuli garigebis arsebiT pirobad miiCnevs (ssk
m.183, m.184 da a.S.) da am formis gareSe dadebuli ga-
rigebebi baTilia, an kidev, samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesa-
bamisi muxlebi srulwlovanebas miiCnevs nebis gamovle-
nis namdvilobad, an kidev garkveul pirTa kategoriis
TanxmobiT sxva pirTa nebis gamovlenisaTvis kanoni
savaldebulod miiCnevs kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanx-
mobas. zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebis SemTxvevaSi sax-
ezea obieqturi pirobebi, romlebic garigebis, rogorc
samarTlebrivi kategoriis arsebobas ganapirobeben
da moklebuli arian damatebiTi faqtis mniSvnelobas.
es pirobebi kanoniT dadgenili pirobebia, romlebic
iuridiul Zalas aniWeben garigebas da icaven mas ba-
Tilobisagan. 90-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobiTi
garigebisas pirobas damatebiTi faqtis mniSvneloba eni-
Weba da `TviT garigebas ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed am
garigebis iuridiul Sedegebs gansazRvravs488~, razedac
swored ssk 90-e muxli migviTiTebs: `pirobiTad iTv-
leba garigeba, rodesac igi damokidebulia samomavlo
da ucnob movlenaze imiT, rom an garigebis Sesrulebis
gadadeba xdeba mis dadgomamde, anda garigebis Sewyveta
_ am movlenis dadgomisTanave~. d. kereseliZis marTebu-
li mosazrebiT, `ssk-is 90-e muxlis debuleba adekvatur
ganmartebas saWiroebs. dasazustebelia, magaliTad is,
Tu ra igulisxmeba `garigebis Sesrulebis gadadebaSi~.
pirobiTi garigebis yvela SesaZlo Sedegi ver moeqceva
`Sesrulebis~ cnebaSi, vinaidan calkeuli Sedegi xSir-
��. b. zoiZe, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, red.,
Wanturia l., axvlediani x., zoiZe b., jorbenaZe s., 2002, 253.
468
ad àvtomaturad~, anu piris damatebiTi moqmedebisagan
damoukideblad, dgeba. es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac ga-
rigebis dadebisas sruldeba misi SinaarsisaTvis yvela
arsebiTi winapiroba da pirobis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi
~Sesruleba~ nebis gamomvlens, ubralod, aRar sWirdeba.
magaliTad, aseTi SemTxvevaa sakuTrebis uflebis Senar-
CunebiT dadebuli nasyidobis xelSekruleba, rodesac
xelSekrulebis sagani ukve gadacemulia da sakuTrebis
uflebis erTi piridan meoreze gadasvla nasyidobis fa-
sis srulad dafarvis pirobazea damokidebuli. cxadia,
am SemTxvevaSi pirobis dadgomas _ fasis srul gadax-
das _ àvtomaturad~mohyveba Sesabamisi Sedegi~489.
pirobiT garigebebs aregulirebs germaniis samoqa-
laqo kodeqsis $158-163490. aRniSnuli paragrafebis mixed-
viT `Sesruleba~ garigebis ~Sedegebis~ Sinaarsis Sesa-
bamisad ganimarteba. sasurvelia aseve ganvmartoT igi
qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSic. `pirobis dadgeniT
garigebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi damokidebuli xdeba
samomavlo ucnob movlenaze; xolo vadis gansazRvris
SemTxvevaSi ($163), piriqiT, samomavlo cnobili movlena
ganmsazRvrelia samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgomis an
gauqmebisaTvis~491.
rogorc normis ganmartebidan Cans, pirobiTi ga-
rigebani samomavlo da ucnob movlenebs ukavSirdebi-
an ìmiT, rom an garigebis Sesrulebis gadadeba xdeba
mis dadgomamde, an kidev garigebis Sewyveta am movle-
nis dadgomisTanave. movixmobT magaliTebs. 1. TbilisSi
mcxovrebi naTesavi hpirdeba soflidan Camosul abitu-
rients, rom Tu igi umaRles saswavlebelSi Cairicxeba,
masTan acxovrebs; 2. mSobeli Svils hpirdeba, rom teqni-

167-169.
469
kur universitetSi samSeneblo fakultetze Caricxvis
SemTxvevaSi, mas manqanas uyidis; 3. Tbilisis `dinamo~-s
administracia fexburTels hpirdeba, rom Tu ar gadava
sxva qveynis safexburTo klubSi saTamaSod, xelfass
gauzrdis da sxva. rogorc moxmobili magaliTebidan
vxedavT, piroba samomavlo movlenebzea damokidebuli,
romlis saSualebiTac awmyosagan pirTa emansi pacia da
momavlis damorCileba xdeba. aq adgili aqvs `momavlis
SemTxveviTobebTan samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Seg-
uebas~. samomavlod pirobiTi garigebebis SemTxvevaSi
nebis SezRudva ki ar xdeba, aramed misi gafarToeba, pi-
robis dadgomisas garigebis meore mxarisaTvis garkveu-
li uflebebis warmoSoba, kerZod pirobis damdebs na-
kisri pirobis Sesruleba mosTxovos.
piroba SeiZleba iyos: kumulaciuri da alterna-
tiuli. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi ori an ramdenime piroba
unda dadges, rom garigebis iuridiuli Sedegebi mivi-
RoT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi nakisri ramdenime piro-
bisagan erT-erTis dadgomac sakmarisia iuridiuli
Sedegis dadgomisaTvis.
pirobiTi garigebebis dros, urTierToba gamoixate-
ba `maSin~ da `Tu~kavSirebiT. `Tu Sen Caabareb gamocdebs
umaRles saswavlebelSi _ maSin giyidi manqanas~ (hpird-
eba mSobeli Svils) da sxv. cxadia piroba ucnobi unda
iyos, anu obieqturad ucnobi movlena, romlis realize-
bac momavalSi xdeba, awmyo da warsuli mxedvelobaSi ar
miiReba. iuridiuli Sedegebis gansazRvras da gadawyve-
tas momavalSi damdgari Sedegi iwvevs (Svili Caabarebs
gamocdas, xolo mSobeli Seasrulebs pirobas da mas
saCuqrad manqanas gadascems). pirobis samarTlebriv in-
stituts gansakuTrebuli roli ekuTvnis valdebulebis
SesrulebaSi, igi garkveuli garantiaa im pirisaTvis, ro-
melic pirobis dadgomisas `pirobas~ asrulebs, magram
daTqmuli Sedegis miRebasac iTxovs meore mxarisagan.
470
pirobiT SeiZleba daidos TiTqmis yvela garigeba
da maT mimarT Cveulebriv is wesebi gamoiyeneba, rac
garigebebis mimarT. magram amasTanave arsebobs iseTi
garigebebis saxe, romlis dadebac pirobiT ar SeiZle-
ba da es TviT am garigebis bunebidan gamomdinareobs
(daqorwineba ar SeiZleba pirobiT, ar SeiZleba saqor-
wino kontraqtSi iseTi pirobebis gaTvaliswineba, rom-
lebic piris kanoniT aRiarebul uflebis SemzRudveli
iqneba (magaliTad, meuRlis SezRudva profesiul ufle-
bebSi) da a.S).
pirobiTi garigebac SeiZleba iyos baTili, roca igi
ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis moTxovnebs an zneobis normebs,
anda SeuZlebelia misi Sesruleba. garigeba, romelic
romelime aseT pirobazea damokidebuli, mTlianad ba-
Tilia. rogorc normidan aSkarad Cans, 91-e muxliT gaT-
valiswinebuli alternatiuli pirobebidan erT-erTic
sakmarisia garigebis baTilad cnobisaTvis. kerZod, an
kanonis moTxovnebTan Seusabamoba (winaaRmdegoba) anda
zneobis moTxovnebTan Seusabamoba, anda misi Sesrulebis
SeuZlebloba. aRniSnuli muxlis ganmartebisas ar Sei-
Zleba ar movixmoT analogiuri 54-e muxli, romelic
garigebis baTilobas mkacrad moiTxovs, Tu igi arRvevs
kanoniT dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs, ewinaaRmdegeba
sajaro wesrigs, an zneobis normebs. e. i. 91-e muxlis Sem-
TxvevaSi pirobiT dadebuli garigebebis baTilobas ka-
noniT gansazRvruli saerTo safuZveli gaaCnia. magali-
Tad, garigebis pirobad daTqmuli qurdoba, mkvleloba
da a.S, romelic ara marto kanonis, aramed zneobis sawi-
naaRmdego pirobacaa. aviRoT aseTi magaliTi. sawarmos
menejeri hpirdeba axalgazrda qals, rom Tu igi mas-
Tan sqesobriv kavSirze daTanxmdeba, samsaxurSi miiRebs.
ra Tqma unda piroba arc samarTlebrivad vargisia da
arc zneobrivad gamarTlebuli. piroba, romelic Ses-
rulebis SeuZleblobas iwvevs - baTilia. magaliTad, a.
471
hpirdeba b-s, rom caSi varskvlavebs daiTvlis, an zRvaSi
kenWebs. aseTi pirobis Sesruleba xom SeuZlebelia da
mis baTilobas iwvevs ucilod. am ukanasknels namdvi-
lobisaTvis òbieqturoba~ aklia.
kanonsawinaaRmdego, uzneo, Seusrulebeli pirobebi
garigebis baTilobis upirobo safuZvelia, ara aqvs mniS-
vneloba garigeba sasyidliania Tu usasyidlo, gadadebi-
Tia Tu gauqmebiTi.
pirobiTi garigebis baTilobas iwvevs agreTve neba-
ze damokidebuli garigebebi. 92-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `neba-
ze damokidebulad iTvleba iseTi piroba, romlis dad-
goma an daudgomloba damokidebulia mxolod garigebis
mxareebze. aseTi pirobiT dadebuli garigeba ki - ba-
Tilia.~ piroba mxareTa nebaze ar unda iyos damokide-
buli, rom iyos namdvili. es misi Tvisebaa da swored
amis wyalobiTaa igi samarTlebrivad namdvili. piroba,
romelic erTi mxaris nebazea damokidebuli, baTilia,
radganac bunebrivia igi dadebiT samarTlebriv Sedegs
rom iwvevdes, erTi mxaris nebaze iqneboda damokidebuli
garigebis pirobis marTva da iuridiuli Sedegic yov-
elTvis misTvis sasargeblod dadgeboda, anu, Tu moin-
domebda, gamoiwvevda misTvis sasurvel Sedegs, Tu ar
moindomebda_ara.
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba òri saxis potestatu-
ri (nebasTan dakavSirebuli) piroba: 1. ubralod po-
testaturi da 2. wminda potestaturi. ubralod potes-
taturis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs dainteresebuli piris
mxridan ara marto nebis gamovlenas, aramed garkveuli
garegnulad gamoxatuli moqmedebis ganxorcieleba-
sac492~. magaliTi: mSobeli hpirdeba Svils avtomanqanis
yidvas, Tu igi Caabarebs stu-Si mimdinare wels samSene-
blo fakultetze.
`wminda potestaturi pirobis SemTxvevaSi movle-
472
nis dadgoma damokidebulia erTi mxaris nebaze da am
azriT, sulac aRaraa igi SemTxveviTi da gamoucnobi.
amitom piroba ufro kategoriul, imperatiul formaSia
gamoxatuli: Tu me movisurveb, Tu me saWirod CavTvli~493.
magaliTi: gasesxeb fuls, Tu me amas movisurveb, Tu me
saWirod CavTvli). rogorc vxedavT, aq aranair SeTanxme-
bas ara aqvs adgili da pirobis dadgoma mTlianad erTi
mxaris nebazea damokidebuli.
potestaturis garda piroba SeiZleba iyos kauzal-
uric494. `kauzaluria piroba, roca misi arseboba SemTx-
veviT movlenazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, zianis dad-
gomaze, an avariis dros mZimed daSavebulis gadarCenaze.
kauzaluri piroba SeiZleba moqmedebaSic gamoixatos,
kerZod, mesame piris nebis gamovlenaSi. magaliTad, ga-
rigeba SeiZleba daidos im pirobiT, rom garigebis
monawileebi mesame pirisagan miiReben Tanxmobas~495.
garigebis Sedegebze orientirebuli piroba Sei-
Zleba iyos pozitiuri (e. i. dadebiTi Sinaarsis) da nega-
tiuri (uaryofiTi Sinaarsis).
pozitiuri pirobis dros, garigeba dadebulia im
pirobiT, rom raime movlena ar dadgeba gansazRvrul
vadaSi da am SemTxvevaSi piroba Zaladakargulad iTv-
leba, Tuki es vada gavida da movlena ar dadga. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, piroba rom Sesruldes garkveul vadaSi unda
dadges movlena, Tu es vada gava da movlena ar dadgeba,
maSin pirobac ar Sesruldeba. mSobeli Svils hpirdeba,
rom Tu warmatebiT daamTavrebs Tsu-s, mas samogzaurod
gauSvebs italiaSi. Tu Svili ver daamTavrebs warmate-
biT universitets, cxadia, rom mSobeli Tavis pirobas
ar Seasrulebs, piroba Zaladakargulad CaiTvleba ga-
dadebis pirobiT; an kidev, mSobeli Svils hpirdeba, rom
��.Sinaarsis mixedviTaa dayofili piroba kauzalurad da potestaturad.
Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 2011, 414.
473
avtomanqanas uyidis, Tu mimdinare wels samxatvro aka-
demiaSi Caabarebs. magram aRmoCnda, rom mimdinare wels
samxatvro akademias ar hqonia gamocxadebuli abituri-
entebis miReba. am SemTxvevaSi ki piroba Zladakargulad
CaiTvleba gauqmebis pirobiT.
93-e muxlis 2-e nawilis Tanaxmad, `Tu vada ar aris
gansazRvruli, maSin piroba SeiZleba Sesruldes nebi-
smier dros~. Tuki mSobeli Svils hpirdeba, rom Tu
Caabarebs samxatvro akademiaSi mas manqanas uyidis da
ar akonkretebs dros, maSin man piroba unda Seasrulos
(Svils manqana uyidos), ar aqvs mniSvneloba romel wels
Caabarebs Svili konkretul umaRles saswavlebelSi
(mimdinare Tu momaval wlebSi), radganac mSobels vada
gamocdis Cabarebisa ar daukonkretebia. piroba Zala-
dakargulad iqneba miCneuli, roca aSkaraa, rom movle-
nis dadgoma SeuZlebelia (samxatvro akademia saerTod
aRar Rebulobs studentebs mSoblis mier SvilisaTvis
arCeul specialobaze).
pirobis Sinaarsi negatiuri iqneba, Tu garigebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis dadgoma imazea damokidebu-
li, rom piroba ar dadges. 94-e muxlis Tanaxmad (n.1), `Tu
garigeba dadebulia im pirobiT, rom raime movlena ar
dadgeba gansazRvrul vadaSi, maSin piroba Sesrulebu-
lad iTvleba, Tu aRniSnuli vada gava movlenis dadgo-
mis gareSe. aseve piroba Sesrulebulad iTvleba maSin-
ac, roca vadis gasvlamde aSkaraa rom movlenis dadgoma
SeuZlebelia~ (magaliTi: mSobeli hpirdeba Svils, rom
Tu ar Caabarebs teqnikur universitetSi, mas samogzau-
rod gauSvebs). piroba damdgarad CaiTvleba, Tu Svili
ar Caabarebs aRniSnul umaRles saswavlebelSi. piroba
Sesrulebulad iTvleba maSinac, Tu Svili ver Caaba-
rebs teqnikur universitetSi, imis gamo, rom teqnikurma
universitetma studentebis miReba Sewyvita. uaryofiTi
piroba SeiZleba iyos ara marto gadadebiTi, aramed gau-
qmebiTic.
474
94-e muxlis meore nawilSi negatiuri pirobis Ses-
ruleba gansazRvruli ar aris vadiT, aramed piroba
Sesrulebulad iTvleba mxolod maSin, rodesac naTeli
gaxdeba, rom movlena ar dadgeba. meore nawilSi arsebi-
Tad pirveli nawilis meore winadadeba meordeba. gansx-
vaveba mxolod movlenis dadgomis vadebSia, Torem Tu am
movlenis dadgoma SeuZlebelia, maSin mniSvneloba aRar
aqvs imas, es movlena rodis unda damdgariyo - mimdinare
wels, Tu vada ganusazRvreli iyo da Sesabamisad sul
erTi iyo rodis dadgeboda igi. orive SemTxvevaSi nega-
tiuri piroba Sesrulebulad CaiTvleba~496.
pirs, romelmac gansazRvruli pirobiT dado ga-
rigeba, ara aqvs ufleba pirobis dadgomamde raime iseTi
moqmedeba Seasrulos, romelsac SeuZlia xeli SeuSa-
los misi valdebulebis SesrulebaSi (ssk m. 95, n.1).
gamodis, rom garigebis mxareebi pirobis dadgomamde
erTmaneTTan urTierTSeboWvis pirobebSi imyofebian da
dauSvebelia pirobis dadgomamde iseTi moqmedeba ganax-
orcielos pirobis damdebma mxarem, rac xels SeuSlis
pirobiTi uflebamosilebis mqones danapirebis miRebaSi.
magaliTi: a. werilobiT Sepirda b-s saCuqars (saCuqris
dapireba ki Cuqebis valdebulebas warmoSobs mxolod
maSin Tu igi werilobiTi formiTaa dadebuli (sk m. 525,
n.3). miuxedavad imisa, rom a-s jer kidev ar gadaucia
b-sTvis Sepirebuli saCuqari da gadacemamde kvlav am
nivTis mesakuTrea, igi kanoniTaa SeboWili, rom valde-
buleba unda Seasrulos da ar unda gaasxvisos nivTi.
95-e muxlis wesebi gamoiyeneba rogorc gadadebiTi, ise
gauqmebis pirobis SemTxvevaSi da nakisri valdebulebis
Sesrulebas uwyobs xels. 95-e muxlis pirveli nawilis
pirobis darRveva am muxlis meore nawiliT gaTval-
iswinebul Sedegebs warmoSobs. kerZod, Tu piroba dade-
bulia gansazRvrul dros da pirs ukve Sesrulebuli
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 1999, 261.
475
aqvs aseTi moqmedeba, maSin igi valdebulia meore mx-
ares aunazRauros amgvari moqmedebiT gamowveuli ziani.
gamodis, rom Tu zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi, a. Tavis
pirobas ar asrulebs da Sepirebul saCuqars ar ga-
dascems pirobiTi uflebis mqones (dakargvis, gafuWebis,
damsxvrevis, sxva pirze gayidvis da a.S. gamo), igi valde-
buli iqneba meore mxarisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anaz-
Raurebaze. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba zianis anazRau-
rebis zogadi normebi.
samoqalaqo samarTalSi pirobiTi garigebebis
dadebisas erTmaneTisagan gamoyofen gadadebis (anu
suspensiurs) da gauqmebiT (anu rezolutiur) pirobebs.
gadadebis pirobebi (suspenziuri pirobebi) samomavlo
movlenas ukavSirebs samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgo-
mas, gauqmebis pirobebi ki (rezolutiuri pirobebi) maT
Semdgom arsebobas.
gadadebis, anu suspensiuri pirobiT garigeba dade-
bulad iTvleba, Tu garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufle-
bebisa da movaleobebis warmoSoba samomavlo da ucnob
movlenazea damokidebuli, an/da kidev iseT movlenaze,
romelic ukve damdgaria, magram mxareebisaTvis jer
kidev ucnobia. magaliTad, 799-e muxlis 1-li nawilis
1-li winadadebis Tanaxmad, `dazRvevis xelSekrulebiT
mzRveveli movalea aunazRauros damzRvevs sadazRvevo
SemTxvevis dadgomiT miyenebuli ziani xelSekrulebis
pirobebis Sesabamisad, an kidev, mSobeli Svils Sepirda
saCuqars umaRles saswavlebelSi Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi.
Svili Cairicxa umaRles saswavlebelSi, magram mxaree-
bisaTvis jer kidev es faqti ucnobia, rameTu Caricx-
vis Sesaxeb informacias Sesabamisi organoebi aqveyneben
Caricxvidan garkveuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg. gamodis
ra, rom `gadadebis piroba nebis gamovlenis subieqtebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs awmyoSive~, awmyosagan momavlis
SemTxveviTobebTan dakavSireba xdeba~. sadazRvevo kom-
476
paniam ar icis ra, rom ukve dadga sadazRvevo riski
(mogvianebiT gaigo man amis Sesaxeb), magram am riskis
dadgomisas mas ukve warmoeSva valdebuleba pirobis
ganaRdebisa samomavlod, aseve mSobels, romelic Svils
saCuqars Sepirda, Tu umaRlesSi Cairicxeboda. Svilis
umaRlesSi Caricxvis momentidan mSobeli valdebulia
Svilis winaSe pirobis Sesrulebaze, Tumca mSoblisaT-
vis es faqti (Svilis umaRlesSi Caricxva) jer kidev
ucnobia. bunebrivia, Sempirebeli mxare nivTis gadace-
mamde am nivTis mesakuTrea, igi uflebamosilia gamoiy-
enos es nivTi (magaliTad, Tu manqanaa Sepirebuli, rom-
liTac misi mesakuTre `taqsaobs~ da amiT Semosavals
iRebs, bunebrivia igi uflebamosilia nivTis gadacemamde
am uflebiT isargeblos, an kidev, Tu binaa Sepirebuli
da es bina gaqiravebulia, -sargebeli miiRos mis gadace-
mamde. magram aq erTi sakiTxi warmoiSoba. damqiravebeli
rogor mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda, binis sxva pirisaT-
vis gadacemis Semdeg? bunebrivia, rom igi uflebamosil-
ia axal mesakuTresTanac damqiraveblad darCes. axal
mesakuTres ufleba aqvs pativsadebi mizezebis arsebo-
bisas damqiravebels binis dacla mosTxovos (oRond
gonivrul vadebSi). nivTis gamoyenebam Sempireblis mier
xeli ar unda SeuSalos mas pirobis SesrulebaSi. ismis
kiTxva: magram Tu nebis gamomvlenma, romelsac piroba
boWavs, gayida Sepirebuli nivTi (igi xom am nivTis me-
sakuTrea), safrTxe xom daemuqreba pirobiTi uflebis
mqones Tavisi uflebis ganxorcielebisas? cxadia, ma-
gram kanoni icavs mas imiT, rom moiTxovos pirobis Seus-
ruleblobiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba. pirobiTi
garigeba dadebulad xom nebis gamovlenis momentidan
iTvleba da ara pirobis dadgomis momentidan. pirobis
dadgomidan pirobiTi uflebis ganxorcieleba iwyeba.
garigeba gauqmebis, anu rezolutiuri pirobiT
dadebulad iTvleba, roca am pirobis dadgoma iwvevs
477
garigebis Sewyvetas da aRadgens garigebis dadebamde
arsebul mdgomareobas (ssk m.97). gauqmebis pirobis ar-
sebobisas garigebis Sedegi maSinve dgeba, magram piro-
bis dadgomisTanave igi uqmdeba. magaliTi: a-m b-s da-
pirda, rom Tu igi konkursSi gaimarjvebda, saCuqars
gadascemda mas. gamodis, rom Tu piri konkursSi ver
gaimarjvebs, mxareTa Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi
urTierTobac Sewydeba da is mdgomareoba aRdgeba, rac
garigebis dadebamde iyo. an kidev, binis mesakuTrem damq-
iravebels im pirobiT (im dromde) miaqirava bina, vidre
misi vaJi cols moiyvanda, radgan mas bina axaldaqor-
winebulebisTvis dasWirdeboda. aRniSnuli pirobis
dadgo
misas bunebrivia damqiravebelma unda daubru-
nos mesakuTres bina. am SemTxvevaSi aRdgeba garigebis
dadebamde arsebuli mdgomareobac, magram aq SeiZleba
warmoiSvas erTi problemac. Tu damqiravebelma binis
mesakuTris TanxmobiT qveqiravnobiT sxvas gadasca bi-
nis erTi oTaxi? am SemTxvevaSi damqiravebeli valde-
bulia oTaxi gamoiTxovos qvemoqiravnisagan (moiTxovs
Tu ara zians vadaze adre qveqiravnobis SewyvetisaTvis
qvemoqiravne, es ukve damqiraveblis problemaa) da ga-
dasces mesakuTres, Tumca kanoni ar arTmevs uflebas
gamqiravebels (mesakuTres) misi sakuTrebis sagani nebi-
smieri mesame pirisagan gamoiTxovos, visTanac ar unda
imyofebodes igi.
me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilis danawesi, rom `samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis monawileni valdebulni arian
da movaleobebi~, mxolod deklaraciuli xasiaTis ar
aris da ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis princi pis dar-
RvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis moTxovnis da-
moukidebel safuZvels warmoadgens. avRniSnavT, rom am
normiT gaTvalisiwnebuli danawesis darRveva xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi dadebul garigebas marTlsawinaaRmdegod da
478
amoralurad aqcevs. samarTalurTierTobis safuZveli
yovelTvis gamarTlebuli unda iyos. bunebrivia, me-8 mux-
lis danawesi pirobiTi garigebis mxareebsac avaldebu-
lebs keTilsindisierad moiqcnen. pirobis damdebma mxa-
rem arakeTilsindisierad ar unda daabrkolos pirobis
dadgoma (romlisTvisac pirobis dadgoma xelsayreli
ar aris), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs iuridiuli
fiqcia da piroba mainc dadebulad CaiTvleba. xolo Tu
pirobis dadgomas arakeTilsindisierad Seuwyo mxarem
xeli, romlisTvisac pirobis dadgoma xelsayrelia,_pi-
roba damdgarad ar CaiTvleba.
ra gansxvavebaa pirobasa da winapirobas Soris,
Tu saerTod ar aris maT Soris gansxvaveba da isini
identuri cnebebia? pirobasa da winapirobas Soris aSka-
ra gansxvavebaa, ara mxolod terminologiurad, aramed
masTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Sede-
gebiT. mag; piri iqiravebs manqanas, Tu manqana karg md-
gomareobaSi iqneba _ aris ara garigebis piroba, aramed
winapiroba. pirobiTi garigebis kvalifikaciisaTvis mas
aklia is, rom ar warmoadgenen òbieqtur da ucnob mov-
lenas~, romlebic momavalSi unda warmoiSvan, _ isini
mxareTa nebazea damokidebuli.
aseve aq ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT vadebis mniSvn-
elobas pirobiTi garigebebisas. gadadebiTi, gauqmebiTi
da saerTod mTeli pirobiTi garigebebi vadebTan aris
dakavSirebuli da igi pirobis dadgomis mniSvnelovan
sazoms warmoadgens. magaliTad, `garigebis Sesrulebis
gadadeba mis dadgomamde, anda garigebis Sewyveta am
movlenis dadgomisTanave~(ssk m.90), an kidev, Tu garige-
ba dadebulia im pirobiT, rom raime movlena dadgeba
gansazRvrul vadaSi piroba Zaladakargulad iTvleba
Tu es vada gavida da movlena ar dadga (ssk m.93, n.1),
`Tu vada ar aris gansazRvruli, maSin piroba SeiZleba
Sesruldes nebismier dros...~(ssk m.93, n.2. pirveli wina-
479
dadeba). `Tu garigeba dadebulia im pirobiT, rom raime
movlena dadgeba gansazRvrul vadaSi, maSin piroba Ses-
rulebulad iTvleba, Tuki aRniSnuli vada gava movle-
nis dadgomis gareSe; `piroba Sesrulebulad iTvleba
maSinac, roca vadis gasvlamdec aSkaraa, rom movlenis
dadgoma SeuZlebelia~, aseve garigeba gadadebis an gau-
qmebis pirobiT (ssk m.96-97) da sxva. arseboben vadiani
pozitiuri pirobebi (mag; Tu Svili Caabarebs umaRlesSi
mSobeli mas manqanas uyidis) da aseve vadiani negati-
uri pirobebi, roca garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sede-
gis dadgoma damokidebulia imaze, rom garigebiT piro-
badadebuli movlena ar dadges gansazRvrul vadaSi.
(mag; Tu Svili mimdinare wels ar Caabarebs teqnikur
universitetSi (mSobels surs, rom misma Svilma Tsu-Si
Caabaros), maSin uyidis manqanas. gamodis, rom Tu Svilma
Caabara teqnikur universitetSi, piroba Zaladakargulia.
da bolos erTi damaxasiaTebeli niuansi pirobiTi
garigebisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirobiTi garigebis
dadgomisas mxareebi sruliad Tavisufalni arian nebis
gamovlenaSi (isini Tavisuflad gansazRvraven garigebis
pirobebs), magram pirobis dadebis Semdeg, kanoni maT
avaldebulebs (boWavs) am pirobis Sesrulebis valde-
bulebiT (Tu mSobeli dapirda Svils saCuqars umaR-
lesSi Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi, kidevac unda Seasrulos
piroba), xolo Tu mxare pirobas daarRvevs da iseT
moqmedebas Seasrulebs, rac pirobis dadgomas xels
uSlis, piroba damdgarad CaiTvleba da mxare, romelmac
arakeTilsindisierad SeuSala xeli pirobis dadgomas,
mTeli samarTlebrivi riskis matarebelia (valebulia
pirobis Sesrulebaze, an zianis anazRaurebaze da sxva).
aseve pirobiTi garigebebisaTvis damaxasiTebelia pi-
robiTi garigebis monawileebis samarTlebrivi intere-
sebis dacva (ssk m.98, n.1, n.2).
480
k i T x v e b i
1. rogori garigeba iTvleba pirobiTad?

2. ganmarteT nebaze damokidebuli garigeba
3. rogoria pozitiuri da negatiuri piroba?
4. axseniT gadadebis da gauqmebis pirobiT ga-
rigebis arsi
5. romeli muxli miuTiTebs iuridiuli fiqciis
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze pirobiT garigebebSi?
t e s t e b i
1.pirobiTad iTvleba garigeba:

a. roca damokidebulia mxareTa nebaze
b. erT-erTi mxaris nebazea damokidebuli
g. saxelmwifos raime aqtzea damokidebuli
d. rodesac igi damokidebulia samomavlo da uc-
nob movlenaze, imiT, rom an garigebis Sesrulebis ga-
dadeba xdeba mis dadgomamde, anda garigebis Sewyveta-am
movlenis dadgomisTanave.
2. im pirs, romelmac gansazRvruli pirobiT dado

garigeba:
a. ufleba aqvs pirobis dadgomamde Seasrulos mo-
qmedeba, romelsac SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos misi valde-
bulebis Sesrulebas
b. pirobis dadgomaze zemoqmedeba moaxdinos
g. nebismier dros daarRvios piroba
d. ar aqvs ufleba pirobis dadgomamde Seasrulos
raime iseTi moqmedeba, romelsac SeuZlia xeli SeuSa-
los misi valdebulebis Sesrulebas.
3. nebaze damoukidebulad iTvleba iseTi piroba:

a. romlis dadgoma damokidebulia garigebis mxa-
reebze;
481
b. romlis dadgoma an daudgomloba damokidebu-
lia mxolod garigebis mxareebze;
g. romlis daudgomloba damokidebulia garigebis
mxareebze;
4. Tu vada ar aris gansazRvruli:

a. piroba SeiZleba Sesruldes nebismier dros;
b. piroba SeiZleba Sesruldes nebismier dros;
g. piroba SeiZleba nawilobriv Sesruldes;
d. piroba saerTod ar Sesruldes.
5. pirobis dadgomis mxarem arakeTilsindisierad

Seuwyo xeli damdgarad iTvleba Tu ara piroba?
a. damdgarad iTvleba;
b. Tu pirobis dadgomas arakeTilsindisierad Seu-
wyo mxarem xeli, piroba mainc dadgeba;
g. Tu pirobis dadgomas arakeTilsindisierad Seu-
wyo mxarem xeli, romlisTvisac pirobis dadgoma xel-
sayrelia, piroba damdgarad ar CaiTvleba.
icnobs.
k a z u s i
a-m miaqirava sacxovrebeli bina b-s im pirobiT, rom

Tu misi Svili moiyvans cols, bina a-s daubrundeboda,
radganac igi axaldaqorwinebulebisaTvis dasWirdebo-
da. b-m qveqiravnobiT gaaqirava binis nawili g-ze. piro-
bis dadgomisas (a-s Svilma coli moiyvana) qvemoqiravnem
(g-m) ar daabruna binis naqiravebi nawili, imaze miTiTe-
biT, rom qveqiravnobis xelSekrulebas vada ar gasvlia.
vis aqvs ufleba gamoiTxovos bina? a-s, Tu b-s? Tu
orives erTad?
482
6. Tanxmoba garigebebSi
samoqalaqo samarTali iTvaliswinebs ara marto

iseT garigebebs, romlis namdvilobisaTvis garigebis
monawile mxareebis Tanxmobaa saWiro, rom garigeba
samarTlebrivad namdvili iyos, aramed aseve konkret-
uli xasiaTis garigebis namdvilobisaTvis kanoni aseve
moiTxovs mesame pirTa Tanxmobasac. garigebebSi mesame
piris TanxmobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs areguli-
rebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 99-102 muxlebi. Tumca ara
marto samoqalaqo kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxlebi. Cven
samoqalaqo samarTlis sxva normebSic gvxvdeba ga-
rigebis namdvilobis aRiarebisaTvis mesame pirebis Tanx-
mobis savaldebuloba. aRniSnuli normebis imperatiuli
moTxovnaa, rom Tanxmoba, rogorc garigebis namdvilobis
piroba, mxolod kanoniT ganisazRvreba. Tanxmoba Sei-
Zleba ganxorcieldes da garigeba iuridiulad vargisi
iyos, rogorc winaswar gacemuli (nebarTvis) SemTxveva-
Si (ssk m.100), aseve Semdgomi Tanxmobis (mowonebis) (ssk
m.101) Semdegac. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi Cven ukve Se-
sabamisi muxlebis komentirebisas avRniSneT, rom aseTs
adgili aqvs arasrulwlovanis mier dadebuli garige-
bebisas (ssk m. 63-67), warmomadgenlobisas da sxva. aris
normebi kanonmdeblobaSi, romlebic dispoziciuria da
garigebis monawileTa nebiT wydeba mesame piris Tanx-
mobis saWiroeba. aseTs adgili aqvs kanonSi `mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb~, m. 9, sadac aRniSnulia, rom xelmZRvanelobaze
uflebamosili pirebi mewarme subieqts warmoadgenen
mesame pirTan samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, Tu wes-
debiT (samewarmeo amxanagobis SemTxvevaSi monawileTa
xelSekrulebiT) sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
yovelgvari garigebis dadebas rodi sWirdeba mesa-
483
me piris mier nebis gamovlena garigebis namdvilobis
dasadastureblad, Tu vTqvaT mxareebi gansazRvraven,
rom erT-erTi maTganis Tanxmobis gareSe garigeba ar
daideba, magram am Tanxmobis gareSec garigeba namdvilia,
- aseTi garigebebis dadebas mesame pirTa Tanxmoba ar
sWirdeba. mag; a-m b-s fuli asesxa, im pirobiT, rom igi
sanam vals ar gadaixdida, igi im sawarmodan, sadac isini
erTad muSaobdnen, sxva samuSaoze misi Tanxmobis gareSe
ver gadavidoda. bunebrivia aseT Tanxmobas araviTari
iuridiuli Zala ar eqneba, radgan igi samoqalaqo urT-
ierTobis monawiles (a-s) uzRudavs saqmianobis Tavisu-
fali arCevis uflebas. magram amas ver vityodiT saaqcio
sazogadoebis mimarT. ss-Si direqtorebs sameTvalyureo
sabWos gadawyvetilebis gareSe uZravi qonebis gasxvise-
ba ar SeuZliaT. rogorc vxedavT, aq saWiroa sameTvaly-
ureo sabWos Tanxmoba garigebis namdvilobisaTvis. am
SemTxvevaSi Tanxmoba garigebis namdvilobis piroba ki
ar aris, romlis arsebobasac garigebis monawileebi ga-
rigebis samarTlebriv Sedegs daukavSirebdnen, aramed
garigebis Sinaarsis Semadgeneli elementia.
`samarTlianad aris literaturaSi aRniSnuli, rom
Tanxmoba, rogorc garigebis namdvilobis winapiroba, Sei-
Zleba ganisazRvros mxolod kanoniT. es imas niSnavs, rom
garigebiT, miT ufro xelSekrulebiT, ar SeiZleba imis
dadgena, rom garigebis namdviloba SeiZleba damokide-
buli iyos `viRacis~ Tanxmobaze. aseTi ram daiSveba mx-
olod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi~497.
`marTalia Tanxmoba garigebis namdvilobis pirobaa,
magram igi imavdroulad TviT warmoadgens garigebas,~
romelic momsaxurebis funqcias asrulebs ZiriTadi ga-
rigebis mimarT. e. i. Tanxmoba erTdroulad damoukide-
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 394.
484
beli garigebacaa da saSualebac~498. `Tu garigebis nam-
dviloba damokidebulia mesame piris Tanxmobaze, maSin
rogorc Tanxmoba, aseve masze uari SeiZleba gamoiTqvas
rogorc erTi, ise meore mxaris winaSe~ (m. 99. n.1). magal-
iTad, arasrulwlovans garigebis dasadebad kanonieri
warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba sWirdeba, aseve es Tanxmoba
werilobiTi formiT unda miuvides meore mxaresac rom
garigeba iyos namdvili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, baTilia
calmxrivi garigeba, romelsac arasrulwlovani debs
kanonieri warmomadgenlis gareSe (ssk m. 66). aseve, samo-
qalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs, aucilebel normebs samo-
qalaqo brunvis stabilurobis SenarCunebisaTvis, roca
kanonieri warmomadgenlebi arasrulwlovans andoben
sawarmos marTvis uflebas. am SemTxvevaSi `sawarmos
marTvis nebarTva kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis
garda meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebis Tanxmo-
basac (SeTanxmebas) saWiroeben, rogorc iseTi SemTxveva,
roca igive kanonieri warmomadgeneli arasrulwlovans
sawarmos marTvis uflebas arTmevs.
Tanxmoba erTi SexedviT mindobilobas hgavs,
romelsac saxelSekrulebo samarTali aregulirebs.
msgavseba gamoixateba imaSi, rom xSirad mindobilobis
gacema ama Tu im garigebaze, xSirad imavdroulad Tanx-
mobac aris.
rogori garigebebi SeiZleba iyos Tanxmobaze
damokidebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda mi-
vmarToT ssk 50-e muxlis danawess da avRniSnoT, rom
Tanxmobaze damokidebuli garigeba SeiZleba iyos ro-
gorc calmxrivi, aseve mravalmxrivi. calmxrivi garige-
bebis magaliTia Sromis xelSekrulebis moSla muSak-
Tan sawarmos administraciis iniciativiT.
��. Wanturia, l., Sesavali samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
396.
485
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul Tanxmobas iTvaliswinebs
agreTve saojaxo samarTlis 1108-e muxlis me-2 nawili,
romlis Tanaxmad, `gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Teqvsmeti
wlis asakidan daqorwineba daiSveba mSoblebis an sxva
kanonieri warmomadgenlobis winaswari werilobiTi
TanxmobiT~. amave muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad ki,
`Tanxmobaze mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgen-
lebis uaris SemTxvevaSi pativsadebi mizezebis arse-
bobisas dasaqorwinebel pirTa gancxadebis safuZvelze
daqorwinebis nebarTva SeuZlia gasces sasamarTlom~ (am
SemTxvevaSi nebarTva saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Tanx-
mobis gamomxatvelia, romelic arasrulwlovani pirebis
daqorwinebas kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uaris Tqmis
SemTxvevaSi mxolod sapatio mizezis arsebobisas ax-
dens (mag; gogona orsuladaa da sxva).
Tanxmobas ar sWirdeba garigebisaTvis dadgenili
formis dacva. gamodis, rom Tanxmoba, romelic calmxri-
vi nebis gamovlenas warmoadgens, TviTonaa damoukide-
beli garigeba da ara im garigebis nawili, romlis
samarTlebrivi namdvilobisaTvis igia gacemuli. amitom
Tanxmoba, rogorc garigeba, SeiZleba daidos zepirad an
werilobiT (ssk m. 69), aseve konkliudenturi moqmedebe-
biT da sxva. magram nebis gamovlena ise unda ganxor-
cieldes, rom meore mxarem misi aRqma SeZlos. am SemTx-
vevis dasadastureblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT 51-e mux-
lis ganmarteba nebis gamovlenis meore mxaris miRebis
Sesaxeb. e.i. Tanxmoba 50-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul
calmxriv garigebaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba. rogorc
avRniSneT, Tanxmobas kanoniT dadgenili formis dacva
ar sWirdeba garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-
vevebisa (igives vityodiT arasrulwlovanis mier dade-
bul garigebaze, romelic misi samarTlebrivi namdvi-
486
lobisTvis moiTxovs nebarTvas) kanonieri warmomad-
genlebis mxridan aseTi garigebis dadebaze, an kidev,
samewarmeo urTierTobebisaTvis zog SemTxvevaSi imper-
atiuladaa gaTvaliswinebuli aseTi nebarTvis gacema
da rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, igi samewarmeo iuridiuli
pirebis xelmZRvanelebs sWirdebaT (ss-Si sameTvaly-
ureo sabWos gadawyvetileba) uZravi qonebis gasxvise-
baze da sxva. gamonaklis iTvaliswinebs kanonmdebloba
specialuri normebiT.
sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebisas gansa-
kuTrebiT gamokveTilia saxelmwifos roli da mniSvn-
eloba kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis damyarebi-
sas da saxelmwifos aseTi `SemoWra~`pirTa Tanasworobis
samarTalSi~ uxeSad ki ar xdeba da arc saxelisufle-
bo struqturebis uxeSi gadametebaa uflebamosilebi-
sa, - piriqiT, igi isev kerZo pirTa interesebs icavs,
rom ar `walekos~ bazarze dominirebuli mdgomareo-
bis mqone pirebma sxvaTa uflebebi. aseTi dominirebu-
li mdgomareobis mqone pirebs, saqmianobis am sferoSi
ekisrebaT xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebuleba. maT ar
SeuZlia kontrahents usafuZvlod SesTavazon xelSek-
rulebis àraTanabari pirobebi~. saxelmwifo ùTanas-
woro ekonomikur brZolaSi~ kerZo piris interesebs
icavs, es misi valdebulebaa, rameTu, sadac saxelmwi-
fos valdebuleba ar aris gamokveTili, an ar asrulebs
saxelmwifo Tavis valdebulebas misi qveSevrdomebis
(moqalaqeebis winaSe), iq bunebrivia arc pirebis ufle-
bebi moiazreba. kidev metic, xSir SemTxvevaSi zogierTi
saqmianobis wamowyebisaTvis kerZo pirebs saxelmwifos
nebarTva sWirdebaT. `Tu sazogadoebis an pirovnebis
arsebiTi interesebis dacvisaTvis xelSekrulebis nam-
dviloba damokidebulia saxelmwifos nebarTvaze, maSin
487
es unda mowesrigdes calke kanoniT~ (m.319. n.1. bolo
winadadeba). aseTs warmoadgens magaliTad, saqarTvelos
2005 wlis kanoni `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~,
sadac gawerilia kerZo pirTa saqmianobis is sferoebi,
sadac saqmianobis legalizebisaTvis saxelmwifos ne-
baa saWiro. mag; sabaJo sawyobis gaxsna kerZo pirebsac
SeuZliaT, oRond saxelmwifos mier miRebuli nebarT-
vis Semdeg; reeqsportiorebs499 200 000 laris garantia
sWirdebaT sawyobis gaxsnis nebarTvis misaRebad; aseve
kerZo piri uflebamosilia samedicino wamlebiT re-
alizaciaze garkveul iuridiul pirad Camoyalibebis
Semdeg da mas am saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis sax-
elmwifos mier gacemuli licenzia sWirdeba, isev kerZo
pirTa ekonomikuri, socialuri interesebidan gamomdin-
are. 99-e muxlis me-3 nawili miuTiTebs, rom `Tu garige-
ba, romlis namdvilobac damokidebulia mesame piris
Tanxmobaze, dadebulia misi TanxmobiT, maSin Sesabamisad
gamoiyeneba 66-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 winadadebebi.~ Cven
am muxlis Sesaxeb Sesabamis paragrafSi gvqonda sau-
bari, aq mokled avRniSnavT, rom arasrulwlovanis mier
kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis gareSe dadebuli
garigeba baTilia. baTiloba arsebobs im SemTxvevaSic,
Tu arsebobs kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba, magram
arasrulwlovans am Tanxmobis werilobiTi sabuTi meo-
re mxarisaTvis ar warmoudgenia, ris gamoc meore mxare
uflebamosilia aseTi sabuTis gareSe garigebis dadeba-
ze dauyovnebliv Tqvas uari, magram imave muxlis bolo
winadadebiT kanoni aseT uars ar Rebulobs meore mx-
arisagan, Tu igi am Tanxmobis Sesaxeb arasrulwlovanis
��.reeqsporti sasaqonlo operacia (sabaJo reJimia),romlis drosac saqarTvelos
sabaJo teritoriaze Semotanili ucxouri saqoneli gatanil unda iqnes
saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriis gareT. ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi,
m.233. dawvr. i. xarazi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, meore nawili, 2014.
507-521.
488
kanonieri warmomadgenlis mier informirebuli iyo.
rogorc am paragrafis SesavalSive avRniSneT, Tanx-
moba SeiZleba iyos rogorc winaswar gacemuli (nebarT-
va) aseve Semdgomi Tanxmoba (mowoneba). winaswar gace-
muli Tanxmoba (nebarTva) Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT
Zalian hgavs mindobilobas. mindobilobis meSveobiT
aZlevs uflebamosilebas am Tanxmobis gamcemi (warmod-
genili piri) warmomadgenels. 103-e muxli adasturebs
kidec, rom `garigeba SeiZleba daidos warmomadgenlis
meSveobiTac. warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba an kanon-
idan gamomdinareobs anda warmoiSoba davalebis (min-
dobilobis) safuZvelze~. uflebamosilebis (rwmuneb-
ulebis) micema ki xdeba rwmunebulis an im mesame piris
mimarT nebis gamovleniT, romelTanac unda Sedges war-
momadgenloba.
kanoniT SeiZleba Tu ara garigebis dadebamde gau-
qmdes nebis gamomvlenis Tanxmobis (nebarTvis) gamcemi
piris mier Tanxmoba (nebarTva)? ra Tqma unda amis samar-
Tlebriv safuZvels iZleva me-100 muxli, romlis Tanax-
mad, `winaswar gacemuli Tanxmoba (nebarTva) SeiZleba
garigebis dadebamde gauqmdes, Tuki mxareebi sxva rameze
ar SeTanxmebulan. Tanxmobis (nebarTvis) gauqmebis Ses-
axeb unda ecnobos orsave mxares~. gamodis, rom Tanx-
mobis (nebarTvis) gamcems yovelTvis SeuZlia ukan `gai-
wvios misi Tanxmoba, anu garigebis dadebamde gaauqmos
igi. magaliTad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba uZrav
qonebaze saaqcio sazogadoebis mier sameTvalyureo sab-
Wos Tanxmobis gareSe sxva samewarmeo iuridiul pirTan.
molaparakebebs ki specialuri mindobilobis safuZvel-
ze am sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaze uflebamosili
pirebi awarmoeben. ss-s sameTvalyureo sabWos SeuZlia
gaauqmos nebarTva (ar Sedges nasyidoba). magram aq med-
489
lis meore mxarea. medali am SemTxvevaSi kanonia. rogor
unda gadawyvitos am SemTxvevaSi kanonma es konkretu-
li SemTxveva, xom SeiZleba, rom garigebis meore mxares
ziani miadges. valdebulia Tu ara erTi mxare meore mx-
arisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaze, es sakiTxi
sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia konkretuli viTarebidan
gamomdinare.
nebarTvis gauqmebis Sesaxeb (nebarTva rogorc vic-
iT calmxrivi garigebaa) orsave mxares unda ecnobos, e.
i. ara mxolod imas, visac es nebarTva mieca (warmomad-
genels), aramed im mxaresac, visTanac nebarTvis mimRebi
debda garigebas.
Tu nebarTvis gareSea dadebuli Tanxmobasavalde-
bulo garigeba, igi meryevad baTilia, Sesabamisi pirisa-
gan mowonebas elodeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi arc
samarTlebriv uflebebs warmoSobs da arc movaleo-
bebs. magram, Tu vinmem sargebeli miiRo aseTi garigebis-
agan, igi valdebulia ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis
safuZvelze~(ssk, m.976) ukan daabrunos yvelaferi is,
rac viTom _ kreditorma miiRo, Semdeg SemTxvevebSi, Tu:
a. valdebuleba garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlis
gamo ar arsebobs, ar warmoiSoba, an Sewydeba Semdgom-
Si; b. valdebulebis sawinaaRmdegod iseTi Sesagebeli
iqna wardgenili, rom xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
gamoricxulia moTxovnis wardgena~. am paragrafis, am
konkretuli monakveTisaTvis meti Sinaarsis misacemad,
ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT 64-e da 112-e muxlebs, romle-
bic gamonaklisebs iTvaliswineben im wesebidan, roca
meryevad baTili garigebisas misma damdebma pirebma ki
ar gaauqmon garigeba, aramed daelodon mesame pirebi maT
moqmedebas moiwoneben Tu ara. 64-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi
arasrulwlovanis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebis mo-
wonebamde meore mxares aqvs xelSekrulebaze uaris Tq-
490
mis ufleba (n.1), xolo Tu meore mxarem icoda piris
arasrulwlovnobis Sesaxeb, maSin uaris Tqma SeuZlia
im SemTxvevaSi, roca mas arasrulwlovani atyuebda, rom
warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba hqonda miRebuli. analogiur
danawess moicavs ssk m.112, sadac naTqvamia, rom `xelSek-
rulebis dasadebad Tanxmobis micemamde meore mxares
aqvs ufleba uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, garda im Sem-
Txvevebisa, roca warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis
naklis Sesaxeb man xelSekrulebis dadebis dros ico-
da. xelSekrulebis dadebaze uari SeiZleba gamoiTqva
warmomadgenlis mimarTac~. 101-e muxls aqvs ukuqceviTi
Zala, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Semdgom Tanxmobas (mo-
wonebas) aqvs ukuqceviTi Zala ara garigebis mowonebis
momentidan, aramed garigebis dadebis momentidan. ratom
xdeba saWiro ukve dadebuli garigebis Semdgomi mo-
woneba am garigebisaTvis iuridiuli vargisianobis mis-
aniWeblad da mainc vin unda moiwonos aseTi garigebebi,
an kidev rogori saxisaa mowonebasavaldebulo garige-
bebi? daviwyebT bolodan, rom aseTi garigebebi ZiriTa-
dad meryevad baTili garigebebia da kanoniT gaTval-
iswinebul SemTxvevebSi mas warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba
sWirdeba. isev moviyvanT am debulebis dasamtkiceblad
63-e muxlis 1-l nawils, imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu arasrul-
wlovani debs ormxriv garigebebs (xelSekrulebebs)
kanonieri warmomadgenlis aucilebeli Tanxmobis ga-
reSe, maSin xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebulia
mas, _ Tu moiwonebs _ namdvili, vargisi iqneba da yovel-
gvar samarTlebriv Sedegs warmoSobs garigebis mxaree-
bisaTvis, xolo Tu ar moiwonebs _ baTilia da mas igive
Sedegi mohyveba, rac saerTod baTili garigebebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli (zianis anazRaureba, miyenebuli sargeb-
lis ukan dabruneba da sxva). magaliTi: arasrulwlovan-
491
ma mSoblebis Sin aryofnisas megobars aCuqa mSoblebi-
sagan naCuqari kompiuteri. cxadia, rom kompiuteri Zvi-
radRirebuli teqnikaa da masze Cuqebis xelSekrulebis
damoukideblad dadeba arasrulwlovans ar SeeZlo.
aSkaraa rom garigeba meryevad baTilia _ kanoni, kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlebis (mSoblebis) Tanxmobas elode-
ba, moiwoneben Tu ara arasrulwlovanis (Svilis) mier
dadebul garigebas. Tu moiwoneben namdvili iqneba. ra
momentidan? mowonebis momentidan? cxadia ara. ssk 101-e
muxli amaze pasuxs gvcems, rom-garigebis dadebis momen-
tidan.
yovelTvis ar SeiZleba mivmarTod 101-e muxlis da-
nawess, raTa nebismieri meryevad baTili garigeba mo-
wonebis Semdeg namdvilad vaqcioT. Tu kanoni impera-
tiulad gansazRvravs, rom dadebuli garigeba Tavisi
samarTlebrivi xasiaTiT ucilod baTil (arara) garige-
baTa ricxvs miekuTvneba (ssk m. 61, n. 1), maSin aseTi
garigeba baTilad iTvleba misi dadebis momentidan
da veraviTari mowoneba mas namdvilad ver aqcevs (mag;
dadebuli garigebebi mowonebis samarTlebrivi pirobiT,
mowonebis calmxrivi gamoricxva da sxva.).
`mowonebis an masze uaris gamoTxova dauSvebelia.
rogorc calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovle-
nebi, isini moqmedeben uflebadamdgenad meryevad baTili
garigebis mimarT imgvarad, rom igi xdeba sabolood
Zalmosili an samarTlebrivi Zalis armqone. samoqa-
laqo brunvis usafrToebis moTxovnisa da garigebis
monawilis interesebSi SeuTavsebeli iqneboda, Tu am
samarTlebrivi Sedegis Tavidan acileba moxdeboda
Tanxmobis micemaze uflebamosili piris calmxrivi
uariT~500.
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs iseT
samarTlebriv SemTxvevebs, rodesac ara marto sagnis
492
gankargva xdeba uflebamosili piris mier (mag; binis me-
sakuTre yidis binas, romelic mis saxelze iricxeba sa-
jaro reestrSi), aramed iseT SemTxvevebsac, roca sagnis
gankargva xdeba arauflebamosili piris mier. vin aris es
arauflebamosili piri mainc? piri, romelsac mocemul
saganze araviTari uflebamosileba ar gaaCnia, Tu am
sagnis mesakuTre, romelsac sxvasxva samarTlebrivi ga-
rigebebiT (vTqvaT sai poTeko xelSekrulebiT) SezRudu-
li aqvs es ufleba? 102-e muxlis 1-li nawili gagvimar-
tavs, rom sagnis gankargva arauflebamosili piris mier
namdvilia, Tuki igi xorcieldeba uflebamosili piris
winaswari TanxmobiT. aq SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi
SemTxvevebi: mag; pirma, romelmac sesxis uzrunvelyofis
sanacvlod bankSi i poTekiT datvirTa sakuTari bina,
marTalia is am binis mesakuTred kvlav rCeba, radganac
aseTadaa daregistrirebuli sajaro reestrSi, magram
mas kreditoris TanxmobiT SeuZlia mxolod am binis
gasxviseba (gayidva, gaCuqeba da sxva). Tu man kreditoris
Tanxmobis gareSe ganaxorciela es moqmedeba, igi am Sem-
TxvevaSi arauflebamosili piria da mis mier dadebuli
gankargviTi garigeba baTilad unda CaiTvalos, xolo Tu
bankis TanxmobiT moxdeba saxlis gasxviseba im pirobiT,
rom igi gayiduli binis safasuridan kreditors val-
debulebas Seusrulebs (vals dafaravs), aseTi garigeba
iqneba namdvili, radgan igi uflebamosili piris (bankis)
TanxmobiT ganxorcielda. an kidev, damqiravebelma qveqi-
ravnobiT daqiravebuli farTis nawili rom gaaqiravos
qvemoqiravneze, mas Tavdapirvelad gamqiraveblis (binis
mesakuTris) Tanxmoba sWirdeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
igi uxeSad daarRvevs mesakuTris konstituciiT aRiare-
bul fundamentur uflebas (sakuTrebis uflebas).
arauflebamosili piris mier ganxorcielebuli
gankargvebi Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT Zalian waagavs
493
warmomadgenlobis institutidan warmomadgenlis mier
ganxorcielebul gankargvebs. pirvel da meore SemTx-
vevaSi sagnis gankargva arauflebamosili piris mier
xdeba da Tu aseTi garigeba uflebamosili piris winas-
wari TanxmobiT ar moxda, _ baTilia, magram aqve SevniS-
navT, rom warmomadgenlobis instituti ufro farToa,
vidre gankargvebi.
gankargva xdeba namdvili, Tu uflebamosili piri
mas moiwonebs (ssk m.102, m. 2). am konkretul SemTxvevaSi,
adgili aqvs Semdgomi mowonebis SemTxvevaSi gankarg-
vis namdvilobas. magaliTad, a. sazRvargareT gaemgza-
vra da Tavisi bina dautova naTesavs, b-s, drodadro
misaxedad. b-m gadawyvita, rom a-s bina gaeqiravebina da
Tanxa misTvis Seenaxa. a. roca dabrunda, man moiwona b-s
(arauflebamosili piri) mier dadebuli garigeba (bi-
nis gaqiravebis faqti) da bunebrivia garigebam samarT-
lebrivi Zala SeiZina. aqve SevniSnavT, rom kanoni aseTi
gankargvebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis mxolod mo-
wonebiT rodi Semoifargleba.
`gankargva aris nebismieri garigeba, romelic sani-
vTo - samarTlebriv uflebriv mdgomareobas uSualod
cvlis, iqneba es arsebuli uflebis gadacemis, gauqmebis,
uflebrivad datvirTvis Tu Sinaarsobrivi cvlile-
bebis gziT~501. ssk-is 102-e muxli identuria BGB-is 185-e
muxlis (àrauflebamosili piris gankargva~) 1-li da
meore nawilebis, garda me-2 nawilis meore winadadebi-
sa, sadac saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom gankargva samar-
Tlebrivi Zalis mqoned iTvleba ...ànda iZens mas mem-
kvidreobiT uflebamosili pirisagan da igi samkvidro
qonebis valebisaTvis SeuzRudavad agebs pasuxs. orive
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, Tu saganze ganxorcielda er-
Tze meti SeuTavsebeli gankargva, maSin ZalaSia mxolod
ufro adre gakeTebuli gankargva~. `pirs, romelsac
��.kropholeri, ian. dasax. naSr; 93.
494
surs arauflebamosili piris gankargvis mowoneba, $185-
is me-2 nawilis Sesabamisad, mowonebis momentSi unda
hqondes gankargviTi uflebamosileba; sxva SemTxvevaSi
igi xelyofda sxva piris, kerZod, ki namdvili mesa-
kuTris uflebas. Tavdapirvelad mesakuTres SeuZlia,
aRar moiwonos arauflebamosili piris gankargva, rode-
sac, amave dros, mesame pirma, magaliTisaTvis, sakuTrebis
ufleba SeiZina auqcionis gziT iZulebiTi aRsrulebis
procesSi~502. igives vityodiT ssk-is 102-e muxlis SemTx-
vevaSic.
germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi `Tanxmobasa da
mowoneba~-s miZRvnili aqvs $182-185 (Tanxmoba, Tanxmoba-
ze uari, mowonebis ukuqceviTi Zala, arauflebamosili
piris gankargva. rogorc vxedavT qarTuli analogiuri
muxlebi BGB-danaa aRebulia.
k i T x v e b i
1. rogor SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Tanxmoba?

2. ra hqvia winaswar gacemul Tanxmobas? Semdgom
mowonebas?
3. garigebis namdvilobaze mxolod kerZo-samarT-
lebrivi xasiaTis Tanxmobebi axdens gavlenas?
4. Tanxmoba rogori garigebaa?
5. vin arian arauflebamosili da uflebamosili
pirebi sagnis gankargvisas?
t e s t e b i
1. Tanxmobas:
a. sWirdeba garigebisaTvis dadgenili formis dacva
b. mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi sWirdeba
kanoniT dadgenili formis dacva
g. sWirdeba saxelmwifos nebarTva
��.iqve.
495
d. Tanxmobas ar sWirdeba garigebisaTvis dadge-
nili formis dacva.
2. Semdgom Tanxmobas:
a. ara aqvs ukuqceviTi Zala
b. ukuqceviTi Zala aqvs mxolod im SeTxvevaSi, Tu
mxareebi amis Sesaxeb SeTanxmdebian
g. ukuqceviTi Zala aqvs dispoziciuri normebiT
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi
d. ukuqceviTi Zala aqvs garigebis dadebis momenti-
dan, Tu sxva ram ar aris dadgenili.
3. rodis iTvleba namdvilad sagnis gankargva arau-

flebamosili piris mier?
a. im momentidan, rodesac sagnis gankargva moxdeba;
b. im momentidan, roca sagani gadaecema uflebamo-
sil pirs;
g. sagnis gankargva arauflebamosili piris mier
namdvilia Tu ki igi xorcieldeba uflebamosili piris
winaswari TanxmobiT.
d. Tu ki gankargvas mesame piri moiwonebs.
k a z u s i
a. sazRvargareT wavida da Tavisi binis gasaRebi

dautova mezobels, b-s, raTa drodadro daexeda binisaT-
vis. b-m a-s gamgzavrebis Semdeg gaaqirava a-s bina, ise,
rom mas amaze a-s Tanxmoba ar miuRia. aRebuli qiriT
ki saqme wamoiwyo da didi mogebac naxa. sazRvargareTi-
dan dabrunebul a-s mxolod qiris Tanxa gadasca. a-m
moiTxova miRebuli sargeblis misTvis gadacema, radgan
b-m sargebeli a-s binis gaqiravebiT miiRo. amaze b-m
uari ganacxada.
rogor gadawydeba maT Soris dava?
496
7. warmomadgenloba garigebebSi
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, roca samoqalaqo

brunva arnaxul masStabebs aRwevs, pirebi erTmaneTs
Soris yvelanair garigebas deben, romlebic kanons ar
ewinaaRmdegeba. xSir SemTxvevebSi garigebis monawilee-
bi TviTon gansazRvraven garigebis pirobebs da Tvi-
Tonve deben am garigebebs. magram sxvadasxva mizezTa
gamo kanoniT daSvebulia sxvadasxva saxis garigebebis
dadebisas warmomadgenlebis gamoyeneba, romelTa mier
dadebuli garigebebis Sedegebi warmodgenili pirebis
interesebis realizebas emsaxureba. 103-e muxlis 1-li
nawilis Tanaxmad, `garigeba SeiZleba daidos warmomad-
genlis meSveobiTac. warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba
an kanonidan gamomdinareobs, anda warmoiSoba davalebis
(mindobilobis) safuZvelze~.
romis civiluri samarTali warmomadgenlobis in-
stituts ar icnobda. sxva pirisaTvis garigebis safuZ-
velze Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis gadan-
doba sxva pirisaTvis ucxo iyo. rac Seexeba germanul
samarTals, `warmomadgenlobisas uflebamosilebebs~
miZRvnili aqvs $164-181503. samoqalaqo samarTlis Teoria-
Si dRes gabatonebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom garigebis
Semadgenloba xorcieldeba warmomadgenlis pirovneba-
Si, xolo Sedegebi _ warmodgenili piris mimarT.
warmomadgeneli ara sakuTari saxeliT da sakuTari
interesebisaTvis debs garigebas, aramed sxvisi saxeliT
da samarTlebrivi Sedegebic am piris (warmodgenili
pirisaTvis) dgeba. warmomadgenlobiT garigebebSi Cveu-
��.ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) 2010 wlis 1 martis mdg; z. WeWelaSvilis
Targm; kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание,
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 74-190.
497
lebriv monawileoben: warmodgenili (marwmunebeli),
warmomadgeneli (rwmunebuli) da garigebis mesame mx-
are, visTanac debs garigebas warmomadgeneli warmod-
genili piris saxeliT. Tavdapirvelad dgeba SeTanxmeba
(garigeba) warmodgenilsa da warmomadgenels Soris
(Sinagani urTierToba), romliTac faqtobrivad gan-
isazRvreba warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba garigebis
meore mxaresTan garigebis dasadebad, xolo amis Sem-
deg myardeba garegani urTierToba warmomadgenelsa da
mesame pirs Soris. Sinagani urTierToba ganapirobebs
garegan urTierTobas.
garigebiTi warmomadgenloba pirTa subieqturi
nebis gamovleniT ganisazRvreba da regulirdeba dis-
poziciuri normebiT. mxareebi TviTon gansazRvraven Ta-
vianT uflebamosilebebs garigebiTi warmomadgenlobi-
sas. magaliTad, a. b-s avalebs binis daqiravebas, nivTis
yidvas, lizingis xelSekrulebis dadebiT TviTmfrina-
vis safinanso ijariT lizingiT) aRebas garkveuli va-
diT da sxva.
rac Seexeba kanonismier warmomadgenlobas, igi kan-
onis obieqturi nebiT ganisazRvreba da gamoiyeneba ka-
noniT pirdapir gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi. kanonismieri
warmomadgenlobis magaliTebi Cven wina paragrafebSi
ganvixileT. es iyo mxardaWeris mimRebi pirebis, Sez-
Rudulqmedunariani pirebis SemTxvevebSi, roca pirvel
SemTxvevaSi mxardaWeris mimRebi pirebi moklebulni
arian garigebis dadebisas Tavisufali nebis gamovle-
nas da amas maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi (meurveebi),
mxardamWeri pirebi axorcieleben, xolo meore SemTx-
vevaSi (SezRuduli qmedunariani pirebis SemTxvevaSi)
garigebebs maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi deben, Tumca
maT kanonieri warmomadgenlis TanxmobiTac SeuZliaT
dadon garigeba. Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom warmodge-
498
nili piri Tavisufalia warmomadgenlis arCevaSi (garda
mxardaWeris mimRebis pirebisa). mas SeuZlia SezRudul-
qmedunariani piric aiyvanos warmomadgenlad mesame
pirebTan garigebis dadebisas, Tumca am garigebis Sede-
gebis riskis mTlianad matarebeli TviTonaa (man xom
icoda warmomadgeneli piris SezRudulqmedunariano-
bis Sesaxeb), rasac ver vityviT sajaro samarTlis subi-
eqtebze. sajaro samarTali krZalavs SezRudulqmedu-
nariani pirebis warmomadgenlobas sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli subieqtebis mier mesame pirebTan garigebebis
dadebisas. es xom bunebrivia. saxelmwifo Tavis sajaro
interess sasworze ver Seagdebs. aq, warmomadgeneli yve-
la SemTxvevaSi srulwlovani, qmedunariani piri unda
iyos.
ra warmoadgens garigebiTi warmomadgenlobis
safuZvels? garigebiTi warmomadgenlobis safuZvels
mindobiloba warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba garegnu-
lad gamoixatos rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi for-
mis saxiT. umeteswilad, garigebiTi warmomadgenlobisas
mindobiloba werilobiTi formisaa, romelic ndobis
am instituts met samarTlebriv Zalas matebs. mindobi-
lobiT ideba magaliTad; davalebis, Sromis xelSekrule-
bebis, aseve samewarmeo sazogadoebebis xelSekrulebebi
sxva pirebTan.
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi $ 167-170504-Si, $172-
173505_Si, $ 175-176506-s mxareebs mianiSnebs mindobilobis
Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 176-180.
Targm; ian kropholeri, dasax. naSr; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание,
Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 180-183
499
gamoyenebis mniSvnelobaze warmomadgenlobisas. $ 170-is
Tanaxmad, `Tu mindobiloba gaicema mesame piris mimarT
gakeTebuli gancxadebiT, maSin igi inarCunebs Zalas mis
mimarT manamde, sanam Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mas ar Seatyo-
binebs marwmunebeli~; $ 176-s Tanaxmad, ki: (1) marwmuneb-
el SeuZlia mindobilobis dokumenti sajaro gamoqvey-
nebiT Zaladakargulad gamoacxados; Zaladakargulad
gamocxadeba unda gamoqveyndes sasamarTlo uwyebis
sajaro gamoqveynebis momwesrigebeli samoqalaqo sap-
roceso kodeqsiseuli normebiT. Zaladakargulad ga-
mocxadeba ZalaSia oficialur gazeTebSi misi bolo
gamoqveynebidan erTi Tvis vadis gasvlisTanave. (2) is
raionuli sasamarTlo, romlis samoqmedo teritori-
aze marwmunebels aqvs Tavisi saerTo gansjadoba da
raionuli sasamarTlo, romelic gansjadi iqneboda min-
dobilobis dokumentis dabrunebaze sarCelis mimarT,
_Tanabrad gansjadia gamoqveynebaze Tanxmobis micemaze
sadavo sagnis Rirebulebis miuxedavad. (3) Zaladakar-
gulad gamocxadeba samarTlebrivi Zalis armqonea. Tu
marwmunebels ar SeuZlia mindobilobis gauqmeba~. ms-
gavs danawess qarTuli samarTali ar icnobs.507 garkveu-
li normatiuli msgavsebisa, arsobriv gansxvavebasac vx-
vdebiT germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, rac damaxasiaTe-
beli araa qarTuli samoqalaqo warmomadgenlobisaTvis,
an ganivTebulia sxva normebSi. mag. $168 `mindobilobis
gauqmeba~, romlis `gauqmeba xdeba Tavad mindobilobis
Sinaarsis Sesabamisad. gauqmebis sxva safuZvlebia: 1.
ZiriTadi urTierToba ($168-is pirveli winadadeba); 2.
vadis gasvla ($158-is me-2 nawili); 3. gauqmebis piroba
Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 184.
500
($158-isme-2 nawili)~508. $169 `rwmunebulisa da mmarTve-
li partnioris mindobiloba~, $ 171 moqmedebis vada sa-
jaro gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi~, $173 `moqmedebis vada,
rodesac pirma icoda an unda scodnoda mindobilobis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb~, $176, `mindobilobis dokumentis Za-
ladakargulad gamocxadeba~, $180`calmxrivi garigeba~
da sxv.
warmomadgenlobis instituts safuZvlad warmo-
madgenlobiTi uflebamosileba udevs _ warmoadgi-
non konkretuli piris (pirebis) uflebebi sxva mesame
pirebTan dadebuli garigebebisas.
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba pirdapiri da arapir-
dapiri warmomadgenloba. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis
dros garigeba warmomadgenlis uSualo monawileobiT
ideba, magram am garigebiT miRebuli Sedegi uSualod
warmodgenili piris mimarT dgeba. kanoniT `mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb~, me-10 muxlis mixedviT prokuristi ara marto
warmodgenili pirisaTvis moqmedebs, aramed am ukanaskne-
lis saxeliTac. arapirdapiri warmomadgenlobisas, war-
momadgeneli sakuTari saxeliT moqmedebs: jer samarT-
lebrivi Sedegi mis mimarT dgeba, Semdeg ki _ warmodge-
nili piris mimarT. ssk 103-e muxlis danawesi pirdapiri
warmomadgenlobis magaliTia. aRniSnuli muxliT war-
momadgenlebad ver CavTvliT mewarmeTa kanoniT gansaz-
Rvrul savaWro warmomadgenels, movaWres, komisioners,
radgan maTi saqmianoba ufro saSuamavlo xasiaTisaa,
arc mrCevlebi, mdivnebi, samdivnos personalia warmo-
madgenlebi, maTi movaleoba mxolod nebis gamovlenis
gadacemaa adresatisaTvis.
`saqarTvelos prezidenti warmoadgens saqarT-
velos sagareo urTierTobebSi~ (saqarTvelos kon-
�� kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 87.
501
stitucia, m. 69. n.3). prezidents saqarTvelos uzenaesi
kanoni aniWebs am maRal uflebamosilebas da amisaTvis
raime sagangebo mindobiloba ar sWirdeba.
garda fizikuri pirebisa, romlebic an TviTon
warmoadgenen mesame pirebTan urTierTobebs TavianTi
uflebebis damoukideblad gansaxorcieleblad, an war-
momadgenlis meSveobiT, iuridiuli piri xom fizikuri
piri ar aris TviTon gamoxatos Tavisi neba. iuridiuli
pirebi TavianTi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT axorciele-
ben yovelgvar moqmedebas, amitomacaa, rom iuridiuli
piris warmomadgenlobis instituts kanoni specialu-
rad awesrigebs `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi, an kidev
sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebTan dakavSirebul
normebSi. magaliTad, mewarmeTa kanoniT, prokuristi,
iuriskonsulti, menejeri, xelSekrulebiT gansazRvru-
li pirebi, romlebic mesame pirebTan urTierTobisas am
iuridiuli piris interess warmoadgenen.
warmomadgenlobis instituti damaxasiaTebelia
agreTve araiuridiuli pirebisTvisac. isinic xom monaw-
ileoben sxvadasxva samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi da
bunebrivia warmomadgenelic sWirdebaT. magaliTad, amx-
anagobis SemTxvevaSi, romelic iuridiuli piri ar aris,
maTi organoebi gansxvavdeba iuridiuli piris organoe-
bisagan, arc warmomadgenlobis sruli Sesabamisi arian,
amitom TiTqosda Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT war-
momadgenlobasa da iuridiuli piris organoebs Soris.
sainteresoa sakuTrebis mindobis instituti (ssk
724-729509), romlis Tanaxmad, mindobis xelSekrulebiT
mindobili mesakuTre, romelic movalea marTos min-
dobili sakuTreba Tavisi saxeliT, magram sakuTrebis
mimndobis riskiTa da xarjiT, sxva pirebTan urTier-
��. xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe,
tomi I, red. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., 2001, 416-421.
502
TobaSi sargeblobs mesakuTris uflebamosilebiT...
mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi pasuxs agebs mindobili
mesakuTre~ (ssk 725, m.728). am SemTxvevaSi (sakuTrebis
mindobisas), cxadia saxeze ar aris warmomadgenlobis
klasikuri magaliTi, magram mainc mindobili mesakuTre
mimndobis interesebisaTvis moqmedebs mesame pirebTan
urTierTobaSi da aq adgili sworedac, rom arapirdapir
warmomadgenlobas aqvs.
garigeba yovelTvis rodi SeiZleba daidos war-
modgenili piris saxeliT warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.
kanonis obieqturi, normatiuli moTxovnaa, rom igi uSua-
lod unda dados pirma. es xdeba maSin, roca garigebis
xasiaTidan gamomdinare, an kidev kanoniT ikrZaleba ga-
rigebis dadeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. amis naTel
magaliTebs icnobs samoqalaqo samarTali: m.1107 (daqor-
wineba), m.1243 (warmomadgenlis meSveobiT Svilad ayvanis
dauSvebloba), m.1346 (anderZis Sedgena piradad510, m. 1347
(erToblivi anderZis Sedgena piradad mxolod meuRlee-
bis mier), m. 1352 (mesame piris monawileobis dauSveblo-
ba wilis gansazRvrisas), m.1398 (anderZis Secvla), m. 1449-
is SemTxvevaSi samkvidroze uaris Tqma warmomadgenlis
meSveobiT daSvebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
davalebaSi (mindobilobaSi) uflebamosilebaze uaris
Tqmis Sesaxeb specialurad aris gaTvaliswinebuli).
garigebebSi warmomadgenlobis Taviseburebebi imaSi
gamoixateba, rom garigebiT miRebuli yovelgvari Sede-
gis mimRebi mxolod da mxolod warmodgenili piria,
warmomadgeneli xom warmodgenili piris mier gacemuli
uflebamosilebis (mindobilobis) farglebSi moqmedebs
��. kanoni am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisebs ssk m.1360-1361-is SemTxvevaSi uSvebs,
roca pirs anderZze xelis mowera ar SeuZlia, raime mizeziT (vTqvaT wera-
kiTxvis ucodinaria, yru-munjia), magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom mis magivrad
misi neba sxvam gamoxatos, aq mxolod xelmoweris gadandobazea saubari.
503
da mis interesebs gamoxatavs. am urTierTobis aqtiuri
da pasiuri subieqtebi warmodgenili da warmomadgene-
lia. am institutis Taviseburebaa is, rom masSi aseve
CarTulia mesame piri (pirebi) visTanac warmodgenili
piris saxeliT debs garigebas warmomadgeneli. gamodis,
rom sami piris SeTanxmebuli nebaa gamoxatuli warmo-
madgenlobis ganxorcielebisas. warmodgenil pirs ara
marto uflebebi, aramed movaleobebic warmoeSoba ga-
rigebis dadebisas warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT (pirve-
li umetesad garigebebis dadebisas, xolo movaleobebi,
cxadia ormxrivi (mravalmxrivi) garigebebis dadebisas).
warmomadgeneli warmodgenili piris nebis uSualo
gamomxatvelia. mas ar SeuZlia gadauxvios am nebas, ra-
meTu warmomadgenlobiTi uflebis gareSe sxvisi sax-
eliT dadebuli garigeba ar warmoSobs warmodgenili
pirisaTvis araviTar ufleba-movaleobebs. magram, `Tuki
warmodgenilma pirma iseTi garemoebebi Seqmna, rom ga-
rigebis meore mxares keTilsindisierad egona aseTi
uflebamosilebis arseboba, am SemTxvevaSi meore mxares
ar SeuZlia garigebis baTilobis moTxovna.
bunebrivia,rom warmomadgeneli warmodgenili piris
saxeliT debs garigebebs da damdgari Sedegis yvela
samarTlebrivi sikeTiT sargeblobs warmodgenili piri.
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs warmomadgenlisagan imis
dasabuTebas da mtkicebas, rom igi konkretul pirze
miTiTebiT gamokveTavs, rom am konkretuli pirisaTvis
ideba garigeba. mas warmomadgenlobiTi garigebisaTvis
arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTi: a. b-sTvis yid-
uloba raime nivTs. igi sulac araa valdebuli, rom
g-s, gamyidvels acnobos warmodgenili piris vinaobis
Sesaxeb da es garigebis dadebis ucilobel pirobad
miiCnion.
504
Sinamosamsaxureebi, ojaxis mZRoli da sxva xom
eventualurad, dumiliT gamoxataven mesame pirebisagan
warmodgenili pirisaTvis gamovlenil nebas (vTqvaT
iReben mesame pirisagan gzavnils warmodgenili piri-
saTvis gadasacemad). analogiuri wesebi moqmedebs maSin-
ac, roca pirisaTvis sulerTia visTan dadebs garigebas.
aq ukve arsebiTi mniSvneloba aRar aqvs Tu ramdenad
SesamCnevi iqneba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba,
garigebis Sedegs xom mainc warmodgenili piri Rebu-
lobs. ssk 104–e muxlis naTelsayofad aseTi magali-
Tis moyvana SeiZleba: benzingasamarT sadgurSi aras-
rulwlovani yidis benzins. am SemTxvevaSi SezRuduli
qmedunarianobis mqone pirs ara aqvs ufleba benzinis
gayidvaze, magram garigeba iseT pirobebSi ideba, rom aq
albaToba didia imisa, mas amis ufleba hqonda. cxadia
kanoni icavs (ssk. m.104, n.2) mesame piris interesebs da
keTilsindisierebas garigebis namdvilobis winapirobad
miiCnevs uTuod.
ssk 105-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `warmomadgenlis mier
dadebuli garigeba namdvilia maSinac, roca warmomad-
geneli SezRudulad qmedunariani iyo~. SezRudulad
qmedunariania arasrulwlovani 7-dan 18 wlamde da aseve
SezRudulqmedunarianad iTvlebian srulwlovani pire-
bi, romlebsac sasamarTlom dauwesa mzrunveloba, imis
gamo, rom isini iyeneben alkohols an narkotikul niv-
Tierebebs da amis gamo Tavis ojaxs mZime materialur
mdgomareobaSi ayeneben (ssk m.16, n.1). aseT pirebs rogorc
avRniSneT sasamarTlo uniSnavs mzrunvels da kanonieri
warmomadgenlis (mzrunvelis) Tanxmobis gareSe qonebis,
xelfasis, pensiis an sxva saxis Semosavlis gankargva ar
SeuZliaT. analogiur Tanxmobas iTvaliswinebs kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlisa arasrulwlovanis mier dadebu-
505
li garigebebis namdvilobisaTvis ssk 63-e muxlis 1-li
nawilic, romlis Tanaxmad, kanonmdebeli baTilad Tv-
lis calmxriv garigebas, romelsac arasrulwlovani
debs kanonieri warmomadgenlis aucilebeli Tanxmobis
gareSe da sxva. garkveuli gamonaklisebi dadgenilia ka-
noniT, roca arasrulwlovani kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmobas ar moiTxovs garigebis dadebisas. magaliTad,
ssk 15-e muxlis bolo winadadeba `roca garigebiT Sez-
Ruduli qmedunarianobis mqone piri sargebels iRebs,
ssk 65-e muxlSi àrasrulwlovanis emansi pacia~-sas sau-
baria, mSoblebis TanxmobiT im saSualebebis gankargvaze,
romlebic arasrulwlovans gadasces mSoblebma da
kanonieri warmomadgenlebis TanxmobiT mesame pirebma
Tavisufali gankargvis mizniT, igive muxlis me_2 nawil-
iT, roca sawarmos marTvis uflebas mianiWebeben kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlebi Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul
arasrulwlovans da igi am sferosaTvis Cveulebriv
urTierTobebSi SeuzRudavad qmedunariani xdeba, aseve
ssk m. 1108, me-2 nawiliT, Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul
pirebi emansi pirebis (daqorwinebis) SemTxvevaSi kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlebis TanxmobiT an sasamarTlos ne-
barTviT sruli qmedunarianebi xdebian. magram ssk 105-e
muxli zemoT aRniSnuli muxlebisagan gamonaklis iT-
valiswinebs, gansxvavebulad regulirdeba. am muxlSi
saubaria imaze, rom SezRudulqmedunariani piri roca
sxvisi saxeliT da sxvisTvisve SeiZens raime sagans, am
SemTxvevaSi garigeba namdvili iqneba da kanonieri war-
momadgenlis Tanxmoba ar sWirdeba. igi xom sxvisi in-
teresebisaTvis moqmedebs da amdenad am SemTxvevaSi misi
nebis gamovlena Tavisufalia, magram zemoT ganxiluli
muxlebis SemTxvevaSi, roca sargebels TavisTvis iRebs,
aq ukve mis mier dadebuli garigeba meryevad baTil-
506
ia, radganac kanoni moiTxovs, rom man mxolod kanon-
ieri warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT dados garigeba (gar-
da calmxrivi wesiT sargeblis miRebisa, radgan aseTma
garigebebma arasrulwlovans arasasurveli Sedegi ar
moutanos). ssk 105-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi SezRudulqme-
dunariani piri (am SemTxvevaSi Cven ara marto arasrul-
wlovani unda vigulisxmoT, aseve srulwlovani pirebic,
magram romlebsac àlkoholikobisa~ da narkomanobis
gamo SezRuduli aqvT qmedunarianoba), uflebamosil-
ni arian warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebaSi, kerZod,
`warmomadgenlis mier dadebuli garigeba namdvilia ma-
Sinac, roca warmomadgeneli SezRudulad qmedunariani
iyo~. kanonisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs ga-
rigeba sargebliani iyo Tu usargeblo warmodgenili
pirisaTvis, Cven xom kerZo-samarTlebriv urTierTobebze
vsaubrobT, sadac srulwlovan pirs nebis Tavisufali
gamovlenisaTvis ar sWirdeba nebarTva, garda kanonmde-
blobiT gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi SemTxvevisa. war-
momadgenelma xom TviTon gaakeTa arCevani (gariska) da
bunebrivia am riskis mTeli simZimis matarebelic Tvi-
Tonaa.
praqtika icnobs agreTve iseT magaliTebsac, roca
warmodgenili da warmomadgenelic arasrulwlovania.
samarTlebrivad vargisi iqneba warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosileba? pasuxi calsaxaa: mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu warmodgenil arasrulwlovans kanonieri war-
momadgenlis Tanxmoba hqonda garigebis dadebaze. Cven
Temis SesavalSive avRniSneT, rom sajaro samarTali
kategoriulad uaryofs sajaro interesebidan gamomdi-
nare SezRudulqmedunariani pirebis warmomadgenlobas
rogorc arasrulwlovanebis, ise srulwlovanebis Sem-
TxvevaSic, romlebsac SezRuduli aqvT qmedunarianoba
507
àlkoholikobis~ an narkomanobis gamo. rogorc cno-
bilia sajaro moxeleebs periodulad utardebaT sa-
medicino Semowmebebi msgavsi faqtebis gamosavlenad da
aRniSnulis gamovlenisas isini sajaro samsaxuridan
Tavisufldebian.
SezRudulqmedunarianebs ekrZalebaT kanonieri
warmomadgenloba kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevebSi. magaliTad,ssk m.1283 (`piri, romelic merved,
mzrunvelad an mxardamWerad ar SeiZleba dainiSnos~),
romlis Tanaxmad, `meurved an mzrunvelad ar SeiZleba
dainiSnos: a. piri, romelsac Tvrameti wlis asakisaTvis
ar miuRwevia; b. romelic sasamarTlom mxardamWeris
mimRebad cno~; g) romelsac mSoblis ufleba CamoerTva,
an SeezRuda mSoblis uflebebisa da movaleobebis Ses-
rulebisaTvis Tavis aridebis gamo; d) romelic meurvis,
mzrunvelis an mxardamWeris movaleobisagan ganTavisu-
flebulia misi arajerovnad Sesrulebis gamo~.
`nebis gamovlenis naklis gamo garigebis saciloobi-
sas gadamwyvetia warmomadgenlis neba~. normis ganmarte-
bidan ikveTeba, rom sxvisi saxeliT dadebuli garige-
bebisas warmomadgeneli sakuTar nebas gamoxatavs da
ara warmodgenili piris nebas, igi xom xelSekrulebis
uSualod damdebi piria mesame pirTan da ara warmodge-
nili. es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom warmodgenili piris
neba saerTod did rols ar TamaSobdes, rameTu warmo-
madgenlis gamovlenili neba mesame pirebTan xom war-
modgenili piris nebis Semcvlelia. aseTi ti pis garige-
bebis dadebisas, garigebebis Sinaarsis garkvevaSi war-
momadgenlis nebaa mTavari da garigebis saciloobisas
warmomadgenlis nebaa gadamwyveti da ara im pirisa, rom-
lis saxeliTac warmomadgeneli moqmedebs.
mainc rodisaa warmomadgenlis neba naklis mqone
saciloobis safuZveli? rodesac warmomadgeneli ga-
508
rigebas SecdomiT, motyuebiT, iZulebiT da kanonis ES-
esabamisad sxva, baTilobis safuZvliT debs. Tu kontra-
hentis nebis nakls warmomadgeneli iwvevs, 396-e muxlis
(`movalis (`pasuxismgebloba misi warmomadgenlis mo-
qmedebisaTvis~) danawesi gamoiyeneba. kerZod, `movalem
Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis da im pirTa moqmedebi-
saTvis, romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa
Sesasruleblad, iseTive moculobiT unda agos pasuxi,
rogorc sakuTari braleuli moqmedebis dros~.
ssk 106-e muxlis meore nawili iseT samarTlebriv
SemTxvevebs aregulirebs, roca nebis gamovlenis nakli
iseT garigebebs Seexeba, romlebic warmodgenili piris
mier winaswar iyo gansazRvruli da aRniSnuli nakli
warmodgenili pirisagan momdinareobs. e.i. aq, iseT Sem-
TxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca nebis gamovlenis nakli
garigebis dadebamdea cnobili warmodgenili piris mier
da igi dums amis Sesaxeb, ris Sesaxebac ar icoda da
arc SeiZleboda scodnoda warmomadgenels. magaliTad,
warmodgenili piri avalebs warmomadgenels, rom iyidos
misTvis nivTi, icis ra winaswar, rom am nivTs nakli aqvs.
mas Semdeg, rac warmomadgeneli iyidis aseT nivTs war-
modgenili pirisaTvis, es ukanaskneli gadawyvets, rom
sacilo gaxados es garigeba. magram swored ssk 106-e
muxlis me-2 nawili mas amis samarTlebriv Zalas ar
aZlevs, rameTu warmomadgenlis nakli sworedac rom
warmodgenili pirisagan modis da mTeli samarTlebrivi
tvirTis matarebelic TviTonaa. an kidev, roca mesame
piri iTxovs garigebis baTilobas. Tu es nakli isev
warmodgenili pirisagan momdinareobs da amis Sesaxeb
warmomadgenelma ar icoda (arc SeeZlo scodnoda), ga-
rigebis baTilobis adresatic swored warmodgenili
piri iqneba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu warmodgenili piri
509
warmomadgenels aZlevs davalebas, rom naklis mqone
nivTi gayidos, gaaqiravos, ijariT gasces da sxva da
amis Sesaxeb warmomadgenlisaTvis cnobilia, _ garigeba
gabaTildeba da SeiZleba dadges zianis anazRaurebis
sakiTxic. warmomadgenlisaTvis ki veraferi gamarTleba
iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom man garigebis naklis Ses-
axeb araferi icoda (ar SeeZlo scodnoda). am konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi TviT uflebamosileba (mindobiloba)
defeqtiania da normis Sefardebisas sasamarTlom unda
gaiTvaliswinos uflebamosilebis mimcemis (warmodge-
nili piris) nebis gamovlenis xasiaTi. Tu warmomad-
geneli gadauxvevs Tavisi warmomadgenlobiTi ufle-
bamosilebis ganxorcielebisas TviTneburi moqmedebiT,
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT kanonis analogiiT ssk 712-e muxli
(`marwmuneblis miTiTebidan gadaxveva~). Cven am sakiTxze
dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubrebT.
warmomadgeneli warmodgenili piris mier gace-
muli nebarTvis (mindobilobis) Sesabamisad moqmedebs,
e. i. warmodgenili piri uflebamosilebas (igive rw-
munebulebas) gascems pirze, romelic am ukanasknels
aRWuravs warmomadgenlobiTi ZalauflebiT. ùfle-
bamosilebis (rwmunebulebis) micema xdeba rwmunebulis
an im mesame piris mimarT nebis gamovleniT, romelT-
anac unda Sedges warmomadgenloba~. uflebamosile-
ba calmxrivi nebis gamovlenaa da ara xelSekruleba,
romelSic gamoxatulia uflebamosilebis gamcemi piris
neba da konkretulad `moxazulia~ is saqmianoba, rom-
lis ganxorcielebac uflebamosilebis mimRebma pirma
(warmomadgenelma) miiRo. konkretulad visze SeiZleba
gaices uflebamosileba? kanoni am pirTa wres mkveTrad
ar Semoxazavs, mxolod miniSnebaa sxvadasxva muxlebSi
imis Sesaxeb, rom warmomadgeneli ar SeiZleba iyos sa-
510
samarTlo gadawyvetilebiT mxardaWeris mimRebi piri da
es bunebrivicaa, maT xom kanoniT ekrZalebaT yovelgvari
garigebis dadeba swored am mxardaWeris miRebis gamo.
kanoni ar zRudavs garigebis damdeb mxares Tavis war-
momadgenlad iyolios SezRudulqmedunariani piri. Cven
zemoTac avRniSneT, rom kerZo - samarTlebrivi garige-
bebis dadebisas pirebi TviTon gamoxataven nebas Tavisu-
flad, ver SevzRudavT maT, rom SezRudulqmedunariani
pirebi ar iyolion warmomadgenlebad, oRond kanoni ga-
rigebis Sedegebis SesaZlo riskebze pasuxs ar agebs, am
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo riskebze pasuxismgeblobas TviT
maT, - warmomdgen pirebs akisrebs, rasac ver vityodiT,
rogorc avRniSneT, sajaro - samarTlebriv garigebaze,
sadac kanoni mkacrad krZalavs SezRudulqmedunariani
pirebis sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis warmo-
madgenlebad yofnas da es gasagebicaa, am garigebebis
mimarT gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis gamo saxelmwi-
fos mxridan, romelic mis sajaro interess saeWvos ver
gaxdis. magram aqve gvinda mosazreba gamovTqvaT kan-
onis mimarT. jer erTi, SezRudulqmedunarian pirebSi
xom arasrulwlovanic igulisxmeba, arasrulwlovani
ki piria Svididan Tvramet wlamde. gamodis ra, rom Tu
srulwlovani piri warmomadgenlis pirovnebis arCevaSi
Tavisufalia da kanoni ar akonkretebs ra Tanxis ga-
rigebebzea saubari arasrulwlovanis warmomadgenlo-
bisas gamodis, rom 8-12 wlis arasrulwlovans unda
vendoT didi Tanxebis gankargva (vTqvaT 200 lari, isic
xom didi Tanxaa mozardisaTvis), arada, kanoni arafers
gveubneba amis Sesaxeb. ubralod warmodgenili piri
warmomadgenlis arCevanSi Tavisufalia. mogvaCnia, rom
es da msgavsi sakiTxebi sasamarTlo praqtikam unda daa-
reguliros, Tu msgavsi ti pis samarTlebrivi davebi ga-
511
nixileba sasamarTloSi. magram mainc unda vimoqmedoT
im princi piT, rom aq adgili aqvs e. w. `gardamaval
uflebamosilebas~, anu bunebrivia, rom praqtikam unda
gaiTvaliswinos is SemTxveva, rom 8-10 wlis bavSvi ver
iqneba srulfasovani monawile garigebebis dadebisas
da sxv511.
warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi ka-
noniT SezRuduli araa, garda kanoniT `mewarmeTa ES-
esaxeb~ prokuris, savaWro warmomadgenlobisas da aseve
saproceso uflebamosilebis farglebisa. Tu gauqmde-
ba is ZiriTadi garigeba, romelsac warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosileba emsaxureboda, _ cxadia es ukanasknelic
gauqmdeba. igi Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT aqcesoru-
lia (damatebiTia)512.
uflebamosileba Zalian hgavs Tanxmobis gamox-
atvas, romelic aseve xorcieldeba sxva piris mimarT
calmxrivi nebis gamoxatviT, magram erTi Zireuli gansx-
vavebiT: Tanxmoba sakuTari saxeliT gaicema (mag; aras-
rulwlovans garigebis dasadebad kanonieri warmomad-
genlis Tanxmoba sWirdeba), xolo warmomadgenlobisas
_ uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piri uflebamosilebis
gamcemis saxeliT moqmedebs da warmomadgenlis mier
dadebuli garigebis Sedegebic warmodgenili pirisaT-
vis dgeba. ùflebamosilebis micema abstraqtuli ga-
rigebaa, vinaidan mis SinaarsSi ar Sedis is safuZveli,
romelsac igi emyareba da cxadia, arc mis namdviloba-
zea damokidebuli uflebamosilebis namdviloba.
uflebamosilebis farglebs uflebamosilebis
mimcemi gansazRvravs. mas SeuZlia gasces specialuri,
��.ukeTesi xom ar iqneboda kanonmdebels kanoniT ganesazRvra es `gardamavali
asaki~.
��.aqcesorulia ufleba, romelic isea dakavSirebuli sxva uflebasTan, rom mis
gareSe ar SeiZleba arsebobdes (ssk, m. 153, n.1).
512
gvareobiTi da generaluri uflebamosilebani (mindobi-
lobani). specialuri uflebamosileba exeba mxolod erT
gansazRvrul garigebas, gvareobiTi uflebamosileba ki
_ gansazRvruli saxis garigebebs, generaluri ufle-
bamosileba SeuzRudavia da SeiZleba qonebrivi xasi-
aTis yvela saxis garigebis dadebis uflebamosilebas
iZleodes~513.
`generaluri savaWro mindobilobis mflobeli piri
(prokuristi) registrirdeba mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo
(arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi. prokura
iZleva uflebamosilebas, sasamarTlosa da sxva urT-
ierTobebSi ganxorcieldes yvela saqmianoba da samar-
Tlebrivi moqmedeba, romelic dakavSirebulia sawarmos
funqcionirebasTan. miwis nakveTis gasxvisebis an val-
debulebebiT datvirTvis uflebamosileba prokurists
aqvs mxolod maSin, roca mas es uflebamosileba spe-
cialurad miecema. prokuris moculobis SezRudva ba-
Tilia mesame pirebisaTvis....~514.
warmodgenili piri (marwmunebeli) movalea xeli
Suwyos da daexmaros warmomadgenels (rwmunebuls)
davalebuli moqmedebis SesrulebaSi, samagierod war-
momadgeneli Zalisxmevas ar unda iSurebdes davalebu-
li moqmedebis Sesrulebaze, moqmedebs ra es ukanaskne-
li warmodgenili piris (davalebis mimcemis) saxeliT
da mis xarjze. es mxareTa Soris urTierTobis gansa-
kuTrebul xasiaTze miuTiTebs, romelic urTierTndo-
basa da saimedoobazea dafuZnebuli. warmomadgenelma
davalebuli saqmeebi kargi mmarTvelis gulisxmierebiT
unda Seasrulos.
kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs uflebamosilebis nebis
gamovlenisas im formebis gamoyenebas, romelic aucile-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari,wigni pirveli, 1997, 287.
��.saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb, m. 10, p. 3.
513
belia im garigebis dasadebad, romlisTvisac ufle-
bamosilebaa gacemuli. uflebamosileba damoukidebeli
garigebaa, amitom igi SeiZleba daidos rogorc zepi-
rad, ise werilobiTi formiT. magaliTad, Tu garigeba
werilobiT ideba (ara imperatiuli moTxovniT, aramed
dispoziciuri normebis safuZvelze), rwmunebulebis
(mindobilobis) gacema SeiZleba zepirad moxdes, magram
ufro xSirad mainc werilobiT gacemuli nebarTvebia.
kanoni aseve iTvaliswinebs uflebamosilebis gacemas
werilobiTi formiT, roca garigebis xasiaTidan gamom-
dinare specialuradaa gansazRvruli garigebis dadebis
forma. magaliTad, ssk m.183 moiTxovs werilobiT formas
uZravi nivTis SesaZenad garigebis dadebisas, bunebriv-
ia am SemTxvevaSi warmomadgenlobis institutis gamo-
yenebisas, warmomadgenelze rwmunebuleba unda gaices
werilobiTi formiT an kidev sanotaro wesiT damow-
mebuli; samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1411-e muxlis danawesiT,
anderZis gankargulebaTa zustad Sesrulebis mizniT
moanderZes SeuZlia anderZiT daniSnos anderZis erTi
an ramdenime aRmsrulebeli rogorc anderZiT memkvi-
dreTa wridan, ise sxva piric, romelic memkvidre ar
aris. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi saWiroa anderZis aRms-
ruleblis Tanxmoba, rac man unda gamoxatos warweriT
TviT anderZze an masze darTul gancxadebaSi. ti piuri
samarTlebrivi SemTxvevebi gvxvdeba davalebis xelSek-
rulebaSic. magaliTad, rwmunebuli ver gamova marwmune-
blis saxeliT sasamarTloSi mindobilobis gareSe, ver
gaaformebs samoqalaqo xelSekrulebas da a. S. vinaidan
mindobilobis Sinaarsi da davalebis Sinaarsi ar aris
urTierTgamomricxavi dokumentebi, xSirad maTi Sinaar-
si gaerTianebulia erT dokumentSi _ mindobilobaSi.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi arc mindobilobis formis mimarT
514
iTvaliswinebs raime specialur wess, magram samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 96-e muxli exeba warmomadgenlis
uflebamosilebis gaformebas da mis pirvel nawilSi
aRniSnulia, rom `warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba unda
Camoyalibdes kanonis Sesabamisad gacemul da gaforme-
bul mindobilobaSi. moqalaqeTa mier gacemuli mind-
obilobebi unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT da im orga-
nizaciis mier, sadac muSaobs an swavlobs marwmunebeli,
stacionaluri samkurnalo dawesebulebis administra-
ciis mier, sadac moqalaqe samkurnalod imyofeba, Sesa-
bamisi samxedro nawilis mier, Tu mindobilobas samx-
edro mosamsaxure gascems, sapatimroSi myofi piris mier
gacemul mindobilobas daamowmebs Sesabamisi sapatimro
adgilis administracia~515.
advokatis uflebamosileba dasturdeba àdvokat-
Ta Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
ara marto warmomadgenelia valdebuli zustad,
uflebamosilebis miniWebis farglebSi Seasrulos
uflebamosilebis mimniWeblis davaleba, aramed dava-
lebis mimcemma pirmac ar unda gadaTqvas kontrahentTan
SeTanxmebuli pirobebi garigebisa, romelsac igi masTan
debs warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. Tu uflebamosilebaSi
cvlilebebi Seaqvs mis gamcems (warmodgenil pirs), maSin
ùflebamosilebaSi cvlilebebi da misi gauqmeba unda
ecnobos mesame pirebs. am moTxovnis Seusruleblobi-
sas es cvlilebebi da uflebamosilebis gauqmeba ar
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes mesame pirTa mimarT, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, roca mxareebma xelSekrulebis dadebi-
sas amis Sesaxeb icodnen an unda scodnodaT (ssk m.
108). aRniSnuli muxli garkveul valdebulebas akisrebs
uflebamosilebis gamcem pirebs, rom Tu garigebis pi-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi I, 2001, 397.
515
robebSi (uflebamosilebaSi) cvlilebebs Seitanen (es
exeba garigebis yvela saxis pirobebs), maT amis Sesaxeb
mesame pirebs (kontrahentebs) unda acnobon. es SeuZli-
aT gaakeTon maT an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, radgan
amazea damokidebuli xSir SemTxvevaSi mesame pirebi am
Secvlili pirobebiT gaagrZeleben Tu ara garigebas.
Tu am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb ar ecnoba mesame pirebs, ma-
Sin isini uflebamosilni arian, rom garigebis pirobebi
Seasrulon ise, rogorc es gansazRvruli iyo Tavda-
pirvelad garigebis dadebisas. magram es danawesi ar
moqmedebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Setyobinebis miuxedavad
`xelSekrulebis dadebisas mesame pirebma amis Sesaxeb
icodnen, an unda scodnodaT~.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 109-e muxli CamoTvlis warmo-
madgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebs.
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba qarwyldeba: a. im
vadis gasvliT, ra vadiTac gaica uflebamosileba. samo-
qalaqo kodeqsSi ar aris specialuri miTiTeba ufle-
bamosilebis gacemis vadis Taobaze (rogorc davalebis
xelSekrulebis vadis Taobazec (ris gamoc igi SeiZle-
ba daidos rogorc gansazRvruli, ise ganusazRvreli
vadiT (rogorc zemoT avRniSneT germanul samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi, $.168 Seicavs aseT danawess, an kidev $170, `min-
dobilobis moqmedebis vada~, romelic manam inarCunebs
Zalas, sanam Sewyvetis Sesaxeb marwmunebels rwmunebuli
ar Seatyobinebs, im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu pirma special-
uri SetyobinebiT ganucxada mesame pirs an sajarod
ganacxada, rom igi warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosile-
bas aniWebs sxva pirs, maSin am ukanasknels warmomad-
genlobiTi uflebamosileba aqvs sajaro gancxadebis
safuZvelze, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mesame piris winaSe,
xolo ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi - nebismieri piris wi-
516
naSe ($171, (1). imave paragrafis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad,
ki: `warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba SenarCunde-
ba masze uaris gancxadebamde, romelic unda gakeTdes
imave wesiT, romliTac moxda misi miniWeba~)516). qarTuli
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tu warmomadgenlobiTi ufle-
bamosileba gansazRvruli vadiTaa gaformebuli (vTqvaT
2 TviT, 6 TviT 1 wliT da a. S.), maSin igi Zalas kargavs
am vadis gasvlis Semdeg. uflebamosilebis moqmedebis
vada xSirad damokidebulia marwmuneblisaTvis micemu-
li uflebamosilebis xasiaTze. igi SeiZleba gamoxatul
iqnes rogorc drois garkveuli periodiT (mag; 6 Tvis
ganmavlobaSi marwmunebels ufleba aqvs Seasrulos
uflebamosilebis mimcemis davaleba), ise konkretuli
TariRiT (vTqvaT, 2015 wlis 1 maiss Sesruldes davale-
ba). uflebamosilebis vada marwmuneblisaTvis micemul
uflebamosilebis vadasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli,
rameTu warmomadgenlobis moqmedebis vada ar unda iyos
uflebamosilebis vadaze naklebi. am SemTxvevaSi ufle-
bamosilebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli ar iarsebebs. Tu
gacemul uflebamosilebaSi ar aris miTiTebuli konkre-
tuli vada, romlis ganmavlobaSic isini ZalaSi iqnebi-
an, maSin xelSekruleba uvadod dadebulad CaiTvleba.
nebismieri garigebis Sewyveta vadaze adre garkveul
samarTlebriv Sedegebs iwvevs: zianis anazRaurebas, erT-
maneTisaTvis dabrunebas imisa, rac erTmaneTs xelSek-
rulebis dadebisas gadasces (pirvandeli mdgomareobis
aRdgena-restitucia da sxva). rogorc warmomadgenloba,
aseve davalebis xelSekruleba mxareTa (marwmuneblisa
da rwunebulis, uflebamosilebis mimniWeblisa da war-
�� damat. kropholeri, ian. dasax. naSr; 87; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von
Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 179; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е
издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, стр. 32.
517
momadgenlis) gansakuTrebul ndobazea dafuZnebuli, ra-
meTu Tu pirs ar endobi, arc Tqvens warmomadgenlad
geyolebaT igi. aq ndobis balansi Zalian maRalia da
roca bunebrivia aRar endobiT Tqven mas, radgan ar-
Rvevs uflebamosilebas (gadauxvia uflebamosilebis
mimniWebeli piris davalebas), am SemTxvevaSi Tqven nebi-
smier dros gaqvT xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis ufleba (ra
drosac gaigeT uflebamosilebaSi xarvezis Sesaxeb).
kanonmdeblobiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi zemo-
qmedebis samarTlebrivi saSualebebi, romliTac ufle-
bamosilebis gamcemi aiZulebda warmomadgenels ufle-
bamosilebis `ZaliT~ davalebis ganxorcielebas im Sem-
TxvevaSi, roca warmomadgenels ar surs misi Sesruleba;
b. uflebamosili piris uariT. uflebamosilebis gaqar-
wylebas uflebamosili piris uaric iwvevs. aRniSnuli
garigeba mxareTa urTierTobas emyareba da bunebrivia,
Tu surs warmodgenil pirs, gaauqmebs kidec marwmune-
belTan uflebamosilebas. bunebrivia warmomadgenelsac
Tavis mxriv SeuZlia uari Tqvas uflebamosilebis ganx-
orcielebaze, magram mxolod amiT rom damTavrebuliyo
maT Soris urTierToba, maSin garigebis erT-erTi mxare
dazaralebuli gamovidoda, meore mxare ki _ dausjeli.
amitom am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uflebamosili iqne-
boda gamoeyenebina davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis
720-e muxlis danawesi kanonis analogiiT. kerZod, `Tu
xelSekruleba rwmunebulma maSin Sewyvita, rodesac mar-
wmunebeli moklebuli iyo SesaZleblobas, sxvagvarad
uzrunvelyo Tavisi interesebi, rwmunebulma unda aanaz-
Rauros xelSekrulebis SewyvetiT miyenebuli ziani,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca rwmunebuls amisaTvis mniS-
vnelovani interesi hqonda~(ssk m. 720, n.2), xolo ssk 720-e
muxlis me-3 nawili ki iTvaliswinebs: `Tu xelSekrule-
518
ba wydeba marwmuneblis mier, maSin is movalea aunazRau-
ros rwmunebuls mindobili moqmedebis Sesrulebisas
gaweuli yvela aucilebeli xarji, xolo Tu xelSek-
ruleba sasyidliani iyo, gadauxados gasamrjelo Ses-
rulebuli samuSaos kvalobaze~; g. uflebamosilebis
gamcemi piris mier uflebamosilebis gauqmebiT. gauqmeba
calmxrivi garigebaa, rogorc uflebamosileba da mis
Sesaxeb aucileblad unda ecnobos meore mxares. Tu ra
formiT unda ecnobos, amaze kanoni aqcents ar akeTebs,
amitom SeiZleba nebismieri saSualebiT, oRond amis Ses-
axeb adresatma unda gaigos (es SeiZleba ganxorciel-
des mindobilobis ukan gamoTxoviT, zepirad, werilobiT,
dumiliT da a. S.), mxolod 109-e muxlis muxlis g. qve-
punqtis SemTxvevaSi amis Sesaxeb unda ecnobos ufle-
bamosil pirs, anda mesame pirs, romlis mimarTac adgili
hqonda warmomadgenlobas. ismis kiTxva: rodidanaa gau-
qmeba namdvili? gauqmeba rogorc avRniSneT nebis gamov-
lenaa, rom Sedges garigebis esa Tu is aspeqti (mag.
gauqmeba), igi unda miuvides mis adresats. aq SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT ssk 51-e muxlis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom
`nebis gamovlena, romelic moiTxovs meore mxaris mier
mis miRebas, namdvilad CaiTvleba im momentidan, roca igi
meore mxares miuva~; d. uflebamosilebis gamcemi piris
gardacvalebiT. rogorc muxlis Sesabamisi qvepunqti-
dan Cans, uflebamosileba wydeba uflebamosili piris
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic; roca warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosileba wydeba uflebamosilebis gamcemi piris
gardacvalebiT warmomadgeneli (rwmunebuli) valdebu-
lia gaagrZelos davalebuli moqmedebis Sesruleba Tu
dayovneba marwmunebels an mis memkvidreebs Seuqmnis
zianis miyenebis safrTxes, vidre memkvidre an marwmune-
blis kanonieri warmomadgeneli ar miiRebs aucilebel
519
zomebs; amasTan, saxelSekrulebo urTierToba CaiTvle-
ba gagrZelebulad (ssk m. 721, n.2). rwmunebuli unda dae-
lodos marwmuneblis memkvidreebis miTiTebebs da mis
Sesabamisad unda imoqmedos.
ssk 109-e muxlSi araferia naTqvami warmomadgenlis
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis
Sesaxeb. aq SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ssk 722-e muxlis
danawesi (n.1, n.2) kanonis analogiiT, imis Sesaxeb, rom
`xelSekruleba wydeba rwmunebulis gardacvalebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu sxva ram ar aris SeTanxmebuli an sxva ram
ar gamomdinareobs mindobilobis Sinaarsidan~. amasTa-
nave, rwmunebulis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi misi memkvi-
dreebi valdebulni arian acnobon marwmunebels amis
Sesaxeb da miiRon aucilebeli zomebi marwmuneblis in-
teresebis dasacavad~; e. SesrulebiT. warmomadgenlo-
biTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas (gaqarwylebas) iwvevs
warmomadgenlis mier uflebamosilebiT gaTvaliswineb-
uli moqmedebis Sesruleba (valdebulebis Sewyvetis
saerTo safuZveli). aqve davamatebdiT, rom Tu warmomad-
genloba sasyidliani iyo, maSin warmomadgenelma war-
modgenili piris saxeliT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebi-
saTvis garkveuli sazRauri unda miiRos. amis Taobaze
uflebamosilebis da misi miRebis mier unda yofiliyo
SeTanxmebuli. magaliTad, warmomadgenelma garkveuli
Tanxebi gaiRo uflebamosilebis gamcemis davalebis Ses-
rulebisaTvis. cxadia, warmodgenilma pirma am Tanxebis
kompensireba unda moaxdinos warmomadgenelTan (mag.
advokatma warmodgenil pirTan). rogor unda moxdes
anazRaureba, ra tarifiT, Tu preiskurantiT, es kodeqsis
normebiT dadgenili ar aris, kanonmdebeli amas gansa-
kuTrebul mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs da mis gansazRvras
mxareebs miandobs. aqve davamatebdiT, rom Tu davalebis
520
specifikidan gamomdinare xelSekruleba mxolod war-
modgenili pirisaTvis unda Sesrulebuliyo, misi gar-
dacvaleba warmomadgenlobis Sewyvetas gamoiwvevs; d.
uflebamosilebis gamcemi piris mxardaWeris mimRebad
cnobiT, Tu mas mxardaWera warmomadgenlobiTi ufle-
bamosilebis an qonebis gankargvis uflebis gansaxor-
cieleblad dauwesda (aRniSnuli cvlileba samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi Sevida 2015 martis kanonis #3339 - is Tanax-
mad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis (2014
wlis 8 oqtomberi, #2/4/532,533 safuZvelze).
warmomadgenelma davalebis Sesrulebis mimdin-
areobisas unda Seatyobinos uflebamosilebis gamcems
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor sruldeba garigeba, ufro metic,
igi ar unda daelodos warmodgenili piris moTxovnas
davalebis Sesrulebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb informa-
ciis miwodebaze, aramed Tavisi iniciativiT unda ga-
naxorcielos es. warmodgenili piri yovelTvis unda
iyos saqmis kursSi uflebamosilebis marTlzomierad
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb; aseve warmomadgeneli movalea,
Tu mas warmodgenili piri mosTxovs ar gaaxmauros war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi misTvis
gandobili informacia, Tu warmodgenili piri marTl-
zomieradaa dainteresebuli faqtebis saidumlod Senax-
viT (gamonaklisia Tu kanonis moTxovnaa faqtebis gax-
maurebisa, an warmodgenili piri Tanaxma iqneba amaze).
warmomadgenlobasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis gaux-
maureblobis movaleoba SeiZleba arsebobdes warmo-
madgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis Semdegac.
amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami 103-114 muxlebSi, amitom
dasaSvebia analogiiT davalebis xelSekrulebis 713-714
muxlebis gamoyeneba. aseve araferia naTqvami 103-114 mux-
lebSi imis Sesaxebac, rom Tu warmomadgeneli miiRebs
521
warmodgenili pirisagan imas, rac mas sWirdeboda war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas,
_ abrunebs Tu ara mas. ra Tqma unda, unda daabrunos,
Tu ar gamoiyena mindobili moqmedebis SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebiT; TavisTvis Tu iyenebs fuls, romelic
warmodgenili pirisaTvis unda daebrunebina, man fuli
procentTan erTad unda daabrunos (analogiiT gamoiy-
eneba ssk m. 715). uflebamosilebis gaqarwylebis Semdeg
warmomadgenelma warmodgenil pirs unda daubrunos
uflebamosilebis sabuTi, romlis datovebis uflebac
mas ara aqvs, radgan, xom SeiZleba rom es sabuTi man
uflebamosilebis gamcemis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenos. Tu
uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba garkveul xarjebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli, es xarjebi CaiTvleba aucilebel
xarjebad da igi unda anazRaurdes warmomadgenlis
sasargeblod (aseve aregulirebs am sakiTs davalebis
xelSekrulebis 717-e muxli). asevea daregulirebuli es
sakiTxi germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsSic ($175, romlis
analogs warmoadgens qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabam-
isi normac, m. 715, n.2). .
111-e muxli (nawili 1) aregulirebs iseT samarT-
lebriv SemTxvevas, roca piri, romelsac ar gaaCnia war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis damadasturebeli
raime sabuTi, sxva piris saxeliT debs garigebas. am
SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis namdviloba damokidebuli
iqneba warmodgenili piris Tanxmobaze. aq ikveTeba, rom
garigeba baTilia, magram amave dros mowonebaunariani.
gamodis, rom uflebamosili piri àramkiTxes~ rolSi
gamodis, sxvisi saxeliT debs garigebas da sxvisi in-
teresebisaTvis, magram roca sxvis saxels iTvisebs piri
da garigebas TavisTvis debs, am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
saxeliT dadebuli garigebaa da bunebrivia mas namd-
522
vili saxelis matareblis saxelTan araviTari kavSiri
ar aqvs. avRniSnavT, rom 111-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Sem-
TxvevaSi garigeba mowonebaunariani SeiZleba iyos da
Tu piri (warmodgenili) moiwonebis arauflebamosili
piris mier dadebul garigebas igi samarTlebrivad nam-
dvili iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba 101-e muxli, rom-
lis Tanaxmad, `Semdgom Tanxmobas (mowonebas) ukuqcevi-
Ti Zala aqvs garigebis dadebis momentidan, Tu sxva ram
ar aris dadgenili~. gamodis, rom Secilebis uflebis
mqonem dadaaastura arauflebamosili piris mier dade-
buli garigeba da amiT igi namdvilad aqcia, amave dros
TavisTavs mouspo Secilebis ufleba (ssk m. 61, n. 3). Tu
warmodgenilma pirma ar moiwona warmomadgenlis mier
dadebuli garigeba, maSin bunebrivia warmomadgenlo-
biTi uflebamosilebis armqone piri valdebuli iqne-
ba warmodgenili piris winaSe usafuZvlo gamdidrebis
normebis Sesabamisad da mis mier dadebuli garigeba
gabaTildeba.
sainteresoa sakiTxi, rogor daregulirdeba es
problema, Tu warmodgenili piri mamkvidrebelia, xolo
arauflebamosili piri (vinac warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis gareSe dado garigeba) kanonismieri
memkvidre (kanonismieri memkvidreebis Sesaxeb ixileT
ssk m. 1336). memkvidre Cvens SemTxvevaSi arauflebamosi-
li piria, romelic warmodgenili piris (mamkvidreblis
saxeliT) debs garigebas da mamkvidreblis sikvdilis
Semdeg xdeba misi memkvidre (ise rom mamkvidrebelma ver
moaswro gardacvalebis gamo am garigebis baTilobis
moTxovna). ra xdeba am SemTxvevaSi? pasuxi calsaxaa:
Tu warmodgenili piri da warmomadgeneli erT pirSi
gaerTiandebian (memkvidre iRebs mamkvidreblis qonebas),
aRniSnuli norma aRar imoqmedebs, rameTu memkvidre erT-
523
droulad iqneba warmodgenilic da warmomadgenelic.
vis mimarT xdeba Tanxmobis gamoxatva? ra Tqma unda
arauflebamosili piris mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi garigeba
marTlzomieri iqneba misi dadebis momentidan warmod-
genili piris mimarTac.
111-e muxlis me-2 nawili uflebamosilebiT aR-
Wuravs garigebis meore mxares, rom mas ecnobos warmod-
genili piris mier arauflebamosili pirisaTvis Tanx-
mobis miniWebis Sesaxeb dadebuli garigebis Semdgom. am
Tanxmobis Sesaxeb mxolod meore mxares unda ecnobos.
kanoni miuTiTebs 2 kvirian vadaze moTxovnidan Tanxmo-
bis gacemis Sesaxeb. Tu es ar moxda, iTvleba, rom Tanx-
mobaze moTxovna uaryofilia.
`rogor moviqceT, Tuki warmodgenilma pirma moi-
wona arauflebamosili piris nebis gamovlena da amis
Semdeg uari uTxra Tanxmobaze meore mxares. marTalia
kanoni amaze pirdapir arafers ar ityobineba, magram
unda vifiqroT, rom ZalaSi darCeba meore mxaris mimarT
nebis gamovlena. amrigad, meore mxaris nebis gamov-
lena abaTilebs arauflebamosili piris mimarT nebis
gamovlenas~517.
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba ar unda iyos
`naklovani~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi kontrahents xelSek-
rulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebas aZlevs. manam, sanam war-
momadgeneli warmodgenili piris saxeliT dadebdes ga-
rigebas meore mxaresTan, mas jer unda gaaCndes warmomad-
genlobiTi uflebamosilebis damadasturebeli sabuTi.
amitomacaa, rom warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis
gareSe garigebis dadebisas kontrahentis mdgomareoba
metad arastabiluria da meore mxares garigebis ara
marto mowonebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs warmodge-
517. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 1999, 293-294.
524
nili pirisagan, aramed am garigebis gabaTilebac Seu-
Zlia. Tuki warodgenili piri moiwonebs warmomadgen-
lobiT uflebamosilebas xelSekrulebis dadebaze, ma-
Sin xelSekruleba namdvili iqneba da `masze gavlenas
ver moaxdens moTxovnis ukan gamosaTxovad dagvianebiT
micemuli winadadeba~. meore mxare xelSekrulebis ga-
baTilebas maSinac ver moiTxovs, Tu man icoda war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb da
amis winaaRmdeg araferi ganucxadebia. amis mtkicebis
tvirTi mTlianad mopirdapire mxarezea. kanoni samwux-
arod ver icavs garigebis meore mxares, radgan man xom
icoda uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb da dumda, du-
mili ki xSir SemTxvevaSi aqceptis (Tanxmobis) niSania.
meore mxares ara marto xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis
ufleba aqvs warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis na-
klisas warmodgenili piris mimarT, aseve warmomadgen-
lis mimarTac.
113-e muxli iseT samarTlebriv SemTxvevebs aregu-
lirebs, roca warmomadgeneli ver dadaasturebs Tavis
warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas da mas garkveuli
valdebuleba akisria. Zveli romauli samarTlis prin-
ci pi da, aseve Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTlis kvin-
tensencia, rom `valdebuleba unda Sesruldes~ am SemTx-
vevaSic TamaSobs garkveul rols, radganac `Tu ikisre
warmomadgenloba, unda Seasrulo kidec~. aq saubaria
iseT SemTxvevaze, rodesac piri Tavis warmomadgenlobiT
uflebamosilebas ver adasturebs da alternativis wi-
naSe dgeba: 1. an meore mxaris surviliT unda Seasrulos
nakisri valdebuleba, an 2. aanazRauros is ziani, Tuki
warmodgenili piri xelSekrulebaze Tanxmobis micemas
uaryofs. aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli nawili Taviseburi
gagrZelebaa 112-e muxlisa, sadac rogorc zemoT avRniS-
525
neT, meore mxares xelSekrulebis dadebamde, Tanxmobis
micemamde SeuZlia uari ganacxados garigebis dadebaze,
Tuki man warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis naklis
Sesaxeb gaigo (anu ar arsebobda es uflebamosileba).
warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulooba
kanonismieri danawesia amave muxlis me-2 nawilis dan-
awesTan, SezRudul pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT
da me-3 nawils warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis srul
gamoricxvas Tu gaviTvaliswinebdiT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meore mxarem Seasrula valde-
buleba ise, rom ar icoda warmomadgenlobiTi naklis
Sesaxeb, mas SeuZlia warmodgenil pirs (`viTom-kredi-
tors~) 976-e muxlis safuZvelze (1-li nawili) (`viTom
kreditorisagan moTxovnis safuZvlebi~) Sesrulebis
ukan dabruneba mosTxovos.
aRniSnuli muxlis 1-li nawili kreditors garkveu-
li arCevanis uflebas aniWebs: 1. an SesrulebiT dak-
mayofildes da moiTxovos Sesrulebis `zeviT miuRe-
blis Sevseba~, an kidev, 2. valdebulebis Sesruleba.
magaliTi: b-m a-sTvis iyida `bekos~ firmis sarecxi
manqana 800 larad. garigebis meore mxares SeuZlia an
SesrulebiT dakmayofildes da moiTxovos aRniSnuli
Tanxis gadaxda, anda moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba, rac
gamowveulia imiT, rom sxva pirs SeiZleba mihyidos igive
nivTi mxolod 850 larad. roca meore mxare Sesrule-
bas iTxovs, cxadia misi partniori warmomadgeneli ver
iqneba, radganac aq, am SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba war-
momadgenlobiTi garigebebis naklisas ara xelSekrule-
bebidan, aramed kanonidan gamomdinareobs. sainteresoa
am SemTxvevaSi is faqtic, rom 113 muxlis 1-li nawilis
kanonismieri danawesi bolomde myari ver aris. warmo-
madgeneli kanoniT garkveulad daculia. rogor? Tu
526
garigeba, romelsac mxareebi deben erTmaneTs Soris da
warmomadgenels iyeneben garigebis dasadebad (erT-erTi
an orive mxare), ormxriv xelSekrulebebSi ki mxaree-
bs urTierTSemxvedri uflebebis garda, movaleobebic
akisriaT, _ maSin, pasuxi cxadi iqneba da, am kiTxvaze
pasuxs valdebulebiTi samarTlis 369-e muxli (ùari
valdebulebis Sesrulebaze~) gagvcems. kerZod, ìm pirs,
romelsac valdebuleba akisria ormxrivi xelSekrule-
bidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia uari Tqvas valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze sapasuxo moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca igi valdebuli iyo Tavisi
valdebuleba winaswar Seesrulebina~. ase, rom, ara mar-
to warmomdgeni piria (garigebis oferenti) vadebulebiT
datvirTuli garigebis meore mxaresTan (aqceptantTan)
valdebuli ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, ar-
amed garigebis meore mxaresac garkveuli valdebule-
bebi akisria kontrahentTan, romelic warmomadgenlis
daxmarebiT debs garigebas. aSkaraa, rom warmomadgenels
SeuZlia Tavi daicvas manam, sanam meore mxare Tavis val-
debulebas ar Seasrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi warmomadgene-
li TiTqos `zurgs amofarebuli~ xdeba warmodgenili
pirisa warmomadgeneli kontrahentis mimarT. aRniSnu-
li muxlis 1-l nawilSi ikveTeba daskvna, rom moTxovnis
gansaxorcieleblad saxeze unda iyos ori winapiroba:
1. warmomadgeneli garigebas debs sxvisi saxeliT da 2.
warmodgenili piri uars ambobs mis mowonebaze. cxadia,
mtkicebis tvirTi meore mxarezea.
113-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi gamokveTilia ndobis faq-
tori, rom `Tu warmomadgenelma ar icoda warmomadgen-
lobiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb, igi valde-
bulia aanazRauros mxolod is ziani, romelic meore
mxares miadga imis gamo, rom igi endoboda am ufle-
527
bamosilebas~. rig urTierTobebSi gamokveTilia ndo-
bis faqtoris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. samoqalaqo
kodeqsi baTilad miiCnevs garigebas, romelic ndobis
borotad gamoyenebiT ideba. warmomadgenlobis insti-
tutisaTvis ndobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWe-
ba. warmodgenili xom warmomadgenlis oreulia nebad-
arTul urTierTobebSi518~. gamomdinare am debulebidan,
warmomadgeneli, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc ki icoda war-
momadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb, igi
valdebulia garigebis meore mxares e.w. `ndobis ziani~
aunazRauros _ es mis mimarT, jer erTi, rom kanonis-
mieri pasuxismgeblobaa (da es kargad Cans 113-e mux-
lis pirveli nawilidan), meorec sagarantio pasuxismge-
blobaa, rac Tu SevadarebT pirvel da meore nawilebs,
davinaxavT, rom meore nawilis SemTxvevaSi SezRudulia,
Tumca am SezRudvis Sesaxeb pirdapiri miniSneba arc
kia mocemuli normaSi. mainc ras niSnavs `ndobis zia-
nis anazRaureba~, ra TanxebSi gamoixateba igi? es unda
gamoixatos im TanxebSi rasac miiRebda garigebis meore
mxare garigebis dadebisas warmomadgenlobis xarvezs
rom ar hqonoda adgili (anu rasac am garigebiT miiReb-
da da ver miiRo, imis gamo, rom warmomadgenlobis xarve-
zianobam (romelic TviT warmomadgenelmac ar icoda)
mas ziani miayena. amave dros, garigebis meore mxare ver
miiRebs imaze met Tanxas zianis kompensaciisas, rasac
miiRebda warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis nakls
rom ar hqonoda adgili xelSekrulebis dadebisas (mag-
aliTad, warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis naklis
gamo garigebis meore mxarem ganicada `ndobis ziani~
400 lari, xolo sasamarTloSi moiTxova 600 lari. Tu
sasamarTlo daadgens, rom ara 600, aramed 400 lariT
518. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 172.
528
ganicada man ziani, radgan endoboda warmomadgenlis
uflebamosilebas da es ukanaskneli xarveziani aR-
moCnda, _ maSin sasamarTlo warmomadgenels daavalebs
ara 600, aramed 400 laris gadaxdas, sasamarTlos Seusa-
bamo Tanxis (ziani) Semcirebis uflebas kanoni aniWebs.
113-e muxlis mesame nawiliT kanonmdebeli gamor-
icxavs warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobas: 1) meore mx-
arem icoda, an 2) unda scodnoda warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb (garigebis kontra-
hentma xelSekrulebis dadebisTanave icoda, rom war-
momadgeneli moklebuli iyo warmomadgenlobiT Zalau-
flebas da dumda amis Sesaxeb, dumili am SemTxvevaSi
garigebis dadebaze aseTi warmomadgenlobis dros aq-
ceptad (Tanxmobad) miiCneva da garigebis arasasurvel
Sedegebze mTeli riskis matarebelic garigebis meore
mxarea; 3) warmomadgeneli pasuxs ar agebs maSinac, roca
qmedunarianoba SezRuduli hqonda, garda im SemTxvevebi-
sa roca igi moqmedebda Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgen-
lis TanxmobiT. am SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba 2 momenti: jer
erTi, rom roca warmomadgeneli SezRudulqmedunariani
piria, vTqvaT 16 wlisaa, amis Sesaxeb icis warmodgenilma
pirma, romelmac 16 wlis mozardi warmomadgenlad ài-
yvana~ meore mxaresTan garigebis dasadebad, xolo meo-
re mxaremac icoda rom warmodgenili piris mier mas-
Tan wargzavnili warmomadgeneli arasrulwlivani iyo
da kanonieri warmomadgenlisagan Tanxmoba ar hqonia,
_ riskis faqtoriT moqmedebs da Tu arasrulwlovani
warmomadgeneli mas garigebis dadebisas zians miayenebs,
mas Semdgom ar SeuZlia miuTiTos warmomadgenlobi-
Ti naklis Sesaxeb (asaki da kanonieri warmomadgenlis
Tanxmobis ararseboba garigebis damdebi mxaris warmo-
madgenlad yofnaze) da moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba
529
warmomadgenlisagan. 113-e muxlSi ar aris miniSnebuli,
magram albaT misi kanonieri warmomadgenlisagan (mSo-
blebisgan) moiTxovs zianis anazRaurebas. magram Tu
SezRudulqmedunarian pirs kanonieri warmomadgenlisa-
gan miRebuli hqonda Tanxmoba yofiliyo garigebis dam-
debi mxaris warmomadgeneli garigebis meore mxaresTan
da, meore mxares man miayena ziani, am SemTxvevaSi dgeba
zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba. sainteresoa vin unda
aanazRauros garigebis meore mxarisaTvis miyenebuli
ziani arasrulwlovanis warmomadgenlobisas, Tu mas
warmomadgenlad yofnaze kanonierma warmomadgenelma
misca Tanxmoba? movixmobT deliqturi valdebulebis
994-e muxlis mesame nawilis pirvel winadadebas kiTx-
vaze pasuxis gasacemad: àT welze meti asakis, magram
arsrulwlovani piri pasuxs agebs im zianisaTvis, ro-
melic man sxvas miayena... im SemTxvevaSi, roca am pirs
ara Aaqvs sakmarisi qoneba an Semosavali miyenebuli
zianis asanazRaureblad, damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba
ekisrebaT mis warmomadgenlebsac~. sainteresoa saidan
unda gaaCndes arasrulwlovans, vTqvaT 16 wlis skolis
moswavles qoneba rom man am qonebiT damoukideblad
agos pasuxi?. es SeiZleba iyos memkvidreobiT (anderZiT,
kanoniT) miRebuli qoneba, romelic mas angariSze er-
icxeba magram masze garigebis dadeba srulwlovanebis
miRwevamde ar SeuZlia, an kidev, Sromis kanonTa kod-
eqsiT daSvebulia SedarebiT msubuq samuSaoze aras-
rulwlovanis muSaoba an kidev sportuli, saxelovnebo
saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli, saidanac mniSvnelovan honor-
ars iRebs. Tu arasrulwlovanis qoneba ar aris sakma-
risi garigebis meore mxarisaTvis zianis miyenebisas mis
sakompensaciod, maSin, rogorc 994-e muxlis danawesidan
530
Cans, dgeba arasrulwlovanis kanonieri warmomadgenlis
(warmomadgenlebis) solidaruli pasuxismgebloba.
114-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `Tu TanxmobiT sxva ram ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia
warmodgenili piris saxeliT sakuTar TavTan Tavisi
saxeliT, an rogorc mesame piris warmomadgenelma, da-
dos garigeba garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca garigeba ar-
sebobs raime valdebulebis Sesasruleblad~. muxlis
danawesidan aSkarad ikveTeba rom warmomadgeneli ver
iqneba Tavis Tavis warmomadgeneli warmodgenil pirTan
garigebis dadebisas. igi SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili
piris warmomadgeneli sxva, mesame pirebTan garigebis
dadebisas, warmomadgeneli xom Suamavlisagan gansxvave-
biT `neitraluri piri~ ar aris, erTi konkretuli mx-
aris warmomadgenelia da missave interess gamoxatavs
garigebis kontrahentTan. `sakuTar TavTan garigebis
SemTxvevaSi, igi moklebulia warmomadgenlobiT Zalau-
flebas. es kanoniT gansazRvruli wesia, romelsac gaaC-
nia ori gamonaklisi: jer erTi, igi valdebulebas kis-
rulobs sakuTar TavTan garigebis dadebiT (es ufro
valdebulebis kisrebaa), sxvas gadasces raime. magali-
Tad, ssk m. 349-351, `mesame pirTa sasargeblod dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis~ SemTxvevaSi, roca piri sxva pirTan
dadebuli xelSekrulebiT kisrulobs (iRebs valde-
bulebas), rom sargebeli miiRos mesame pirma (vTqvaT
papam SviliSvilis angariSze bankSi Seitana anabari,
romelsac SviliSvili srulwlovanebis miRwevisas mi-
iRebs), an kidev, ssk m. 525, n. 3: `Cuqebis dapireba war-
moSobs Cuqebis valdebulebas mxolod maSin, Tu igi
werilobiTi formiTaa dadebuli~. aqac sakuTar TavTan
dadebuli garigebis dadebiT (calmxrivi nebis gamov-
531
lena) pirma ivaldebula raimes Sesruleba. magaliTad, a.
b-s gadascems saCuqrad avtomobils da amiT valdebule-
bas asrulebs, rac saCuqris Sepirebidan gamomdinareobs.
mocemuli muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia ori SemTx-
veva: `TviTkontrahirebisa~ da `warmomadgenlobaTa sim-
ravlisa~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli garige-
bas debs, rogorc Tavisi ise sxvisi saxeliT. magali-
Tad, warmomadgeneli yidulobs warmodgenili pirisagan
miwis nakveTs. myidvelis nebis gamovlenas igi Tavisi
saxeliT gamoxatavs, gayidvelisas ki _ gamyidvelis sax-
eliT. meore SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli warmomadgen-
lobs urTierTobis rogorc erT, ise meore monawiles.
magaliTad, warmomadgeneli yidulobs a-sTvis b-sagan mi-
wis nakveTs. myidveli nebas gamoxatavs a-s saxeliT, gamy-
idvelis b-s saxeliT. kanoni orive SemTxvevaSi zRudavs
warmomadgenlobiT Zalauflebas, vinaidanac mosalodne-
lia interesTa konfliqti.519”
114-e muxli warmomadgenlobiT Zalauflebas zRu-
davs, mxolod igi kanonismieri akrZalva araa, amitom
Tavis TavTanAdadebuli garigeba ucilod baTili ki
ara, aramed mxolod meryevad baTilia. igi warmodge-
nili piris interesebis dacviskenaa mimarTuli da misi
mowonebis SemTxvevaSi garigeba namdvili iqneba dadebi-
sTanave. aRniSnuli muxlis danawesi gamoiyeneba kerZo
_ samarTlebrivi sxva garigebebis mimarTac. aRniSnuli
norma analogiuria germanuli BGB-s 181 paragrafisa,
sadac aRniSnulia, rom, `warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia_
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mas pirdapir eZl-
eva nebarTva,_dados garigeba marwmuneblis saxeliT
Tavis TavTan arc sakuTari saxeliT an arc rogorc
519. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodesis komentari, wigni pirveli, 1999, 296.
532
mesame piris warmomadgenelma garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac garigeba mdgomareobs mxolod valdebulebis
SesrulebaSi~520. rogorc germanuli, ise qarTuli kanon-
mdeblobis mixedviT ($181 Sedar. m. 114). germanuli doq-
trinis Tanaxmad,521 `rodesac warmomadgeneli (rogorc
piris survilis Sesabamisad daniSnuli, ise kanonismieri
warmomadgneli, agreTve anderZis aRmsrulebeli) garige-
bas debs Tavis TavTan (Tavis TavTan kontrahireba) an
mis mier warmodgenil mesame pirTan (ramdenime piris
warmomadgenloba, arsebobs interesTa konfliqtis sa-
SiSroeba. Tumca $181-is gamoyenebisaTvis interesebs
Soris dapirispireba sakmarisi ar aris. piriqiT, norma
orientirebulia piris identifikaciis formalur kri-
teriumze samoqalaqo brunvis sicxadisa da usafrTxoe-
bis interesebSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo praqtikis
Tanaxmad, $181-is gamoyenebisaTvis, rogorc wesi ganmsaz-
Rvrelia garigebis gaformebis gamoxatuli forma. ra
Tqma unda es ar gamoricxavs faqtobrivi gamijvnisaTvis
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi kanonmdebliseul motivs -
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli interesTa konfliqti...~
�� damat. ix. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen,
Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag
C. H. Beck. S. 187-190; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, стр. 35. garigegebis Sesaxeb damat. ix. aseve,
TumaniSvili, g., `garigebebi (samarTlebrivi buneba da normatiuli regulireba~),
Tbilisi, 2012.
521. dawvr. ix. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; gv. 91.
533
k i T x v e b i
1. saidan gamomdinareobs warmomadgenlis ufle-

bamosileba?
2. ra SemTxvevebSia warmomadgenlis mier dadebuli
garigeba baTili. pasuxi daasabuTeT Sesabamis muxlebze
miTiTebiT.
3. nebis gamovlenis naklis gamo garigebis
saciloobisas visi nebaa gadamwyveti garigebis namdvi-
lobisaTvis?
4. rogor xdeba warmomadgenlobiTi ufle-
bamosilebis (rwmunebis) gacema?
5.kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul ra SemTxvevebSi qar-
wyldeba uflebamosileba?
6. ra SemTxvevaSia garigeba namdvili, roca igi ide-
ba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe sxvisi
saxeliT?
7. SeiZleba Tu ara warmomadgeneli iyos SezRudul-
qmedunariani piri?
8. iTvaliswinebs Tu ara kanoni sakuTar TavTan ga-
rigebis dadebas?
534
t e s t e b i
1. mamam 15 wlis Svils, daTos gadasca 600 lari da

sTxova sacxovrebel saxlTan axlos mdebare maRaziaSi ey-
ida magnitofoni. gamyidvelma uari uTxra daTos magnito-
fonis miyidvaze, im motiviT, rom is arasrulwlovani iyo
da aseTi ZviradRirebuli nivTis SeZenis ufleba hqonda
mxolod srulwlovans.
sworad moiqca Tu ara gamyidveli?
a. warmomadgenlis mier dadebuli garigeba namd-
vilia maSinac, roca warmomadgeneli SezRudulad qme-
dunariani iyo
b. ara, radgan, arasrulwlovans nebismieri ga-
rigebis dadebis ufleba aqvs
g. diax, radgan, arasrulwlovans ar aqvs ufleba
dados raime garigeba
d. diax, radgan, arasrulwlovans ara aqvs ufleba
dados garigeba romlis fasi aRemateba 200 lars.
2. mWedliSvilma daviTaZe aRWurva warmomadgenlo-

biTi uflebamosilebiT daedo sesxis xelSekruleba le-
oniZesTan da gadaeca am ukanasknelisaTvis 1000 amerikuli
dolari. Tavis mxriv leoniZem amave sesxis xelSekrule-
baSi warmomadgenlad gamoiyena igive daviTaZe.
sworia Tu ara daviTaZis moqmedeba?
a. ara, radgan, warmomadgenlis meSveobiT gaforme-
buli sexis xelSekruleba baTilia
b. ara, radgan, warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia warmod-
genili piris saxeliT da rogorc mesame piris warmo-
madgenelma dados garigeba
g. diax, warmomadgenels aqvs ufleba imavdroulad
535
iyos garigebis meore mxaris warmomadgenelic damate-
biTi Tanxmobis gareSe
3. nebis gamovlenis naklis gamo garigebis saciloobisas:
a. gadamwyvetia warmomadgenlis neba;
b. gadamwyvetia marwmuneblis neba;
g. nebismieri piris nebaa gadamwyveti;
d. mesame piris nebaa gadamwyveti.
4. warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba qarwydeba:

a. im vadis gasvliT, ra vadiTac gaica ufle-
bamosileba;
b. erTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg uflebamosilebis
vada iwureba;
g. mxareebis moTxovniT;
k a z u s i
a. imedaSvilma Tavisi miwis nakveTis gayidva daapira

sofelSi. am sofelSi mcxovreb b. TavaZes sTxova, rom
moeZebna klienti da nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadebi-
sas a. imedaSvilis warmomadgeneli yofiliyo. b. TavaZem
winadadeba miiRo, magram 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi miwis
nakveTis myidveli aravin gamoCnda. b. TavaZem gadawyvita
TviTon eyida a. imedaSvilis miwa da gaaforma kidec
nasyidobis xelSekruleba, sadac erTis mxriv gamovida,
rogorc imedaSvilis warmomadgeneli, meores mxriv ki-
rogorc nivTis uSualo myidveli. a. imedaSvilma moi-
wona b. TavaZis gadawyvetileba.
kanonieria Tu ara amgvarad dadebuli garigeba?
536
Tavi VI. uflebis ganxorcieleba
ùflebisaTvis brZola poeziaa xasiaTisa~

ùflebis darRveva grigalia zneobriv sferoSi~
rudolf fon ieringi
ùfleba aris Seuwyveteli Sroma ara marto mar-

Teblobisa, aramed mTeli erisa... sakuTreba da ufleba
ianusis orTavian Tavs hgvanan: roca erTi adamianisken
erTs mxares miaqceven, imave dros meore mxares meori-
saken miibruneben... sityva ùfleba~ ixmareba ornairi
azriT _ obiektiuriTa da subiektiuriT. ufleba obi-
eqtiuri azriT aris erTobiT igi, saxelmwifos mier
dafuZnebuli, ZiriTadi debulebani, romelnic wesrigs
amyareben sazogadoebaSi, e. i. cxovrebis kanonieri wes-
rigi. ufleba subiektiuri azriT ki aris obiektiur, gan-
yenebul normaTa an debulebaTa saqmiT moxmareba ada-
mianisagan Tavisi interesebis dasacavad. orive SemTx-
vevaSi uflebas dabrkoleba eRobeba win da orive Sem-
TxvevaSi ufleba iZulebulia sZlios igi dabrkoleba, e.
i. Tavisi arseboba brZoliT ganamtkicos....~522.
es Tavi didi ieringis sityvebiT imitom daviwyeT,
rom kidev erTxel gveCvenebina Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
aqvs interesebis dacvisaTvis, kanoniT miniWebuli, Tu ga-
rigebebiT gansazRvruli uflebebis dacvas samarTlis
nebismier dargSi da konkretulad samoqalaqo samarTal-
Si, rameTu isev ieringis sityvebi rom movixmoT, ùfleba
Tavisi istoriuli ganviTarebiT warmogvidgens suraTs
Zebnisas, Widilisas, brZolisas, erTi sityviT ZalRonis
sruls amuSavebas, moxmarebas~523. prof. b. zoiZis xato-
vani gamoTqmiT `me Tu ar mecodineba uflebis surneli,
522. rudolf fon ieringi, brZola uflebisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2008, 33-34.
��. r. f. ieringi, dasax. naSr; 38.
537
verc sxvis uflebas vcem pativs. amitomac unda davuje-
roT ierings da vamtkicoT, rom uflebisaTvis brZolas
mavaldebulebs ara marto sazogadoeba, aramed Cemi Tavi,
romelic uflebis gareSe ar arsebobs~524.
samoqalaqo samarTali kerZo samarTlis subi-
eqtebs garkveul uflebebs aniWebs da aseve garkveul
movaleobebsac akisrebs, risi daxmarebiTac samoqalaqo
- samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawileebi garkveul
urTierTobebSi Sedian erTmaneTTan da awesrigeben ka-
noniT miniWebul an xelSekreulebiT gansazRvrul
uflebamosilebebs.
`samoqalaqo ufleba aris samoqalaqo kanonmde-
blobiT samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTaTvis mini-
Webuli samarTlebrivi Zalaufleba daicvas sakuTari
interesi, maT Soris, sasamarTlos meSveobiT~525.
samoqalaqo uflebebi garda samoqalaqo kodeqsisa,
ganmtkicebulia sxva kanonebSi, kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi,
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi da sxva, magram gansa-
kuTrebiT mainc gamokveTilia samoqalaqo samarTalSi.
samoqalaqo uflebebi iyofian absolutur da re-
latiur (fardobiT) uflebebad. absoluturi uflebebis
dros samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqts SeuZlia Tavisi
uflebis dacva nebismieri xelmyofi pirisagan moiTxo-
vos, miuxedavad imisa, am xelmyofTan mesakuTres hqonda
Tu ara raime urTierToba. absoluturi uflebis dacva
gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia sanivTo samarTalSi, xolo
relatiuri uflebebis dacvis dros ki piri SezRudu-
lia mxolod xelmyofi piriT (movaliT). kreditors mx-
olod movalisagan da ara nebismieri pirisagan SeuZlia
��. zoiZe, b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis gza, upiratesad
adamianis uflebaTa WrilSi, eseebi, Tbilisi, 2013, eseedan: ùuflebobisadmi
Seguebis negatiuri Sedegebi (ieringis gamo).
��. Wanturia, l. samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 98.
538
Tavisi Selaxuli uflebis dacva. gamomdinare aqedan, ab-
solutur uflebebze ar moqmedebs xandazmulobis vada,
maSin, roca relatiuri (fardobiTi) uflebebi eqvemde-
bareba sasarCelo xandazmulobas.
absoluturi uflebebia, magaliTad, piradi ufle-
bebi, saojaxo uflebebi da nivTebsa Tu aramaterialur
qonebriv sikeTeebze (uflebebsa da moTxovnebze) batono-
bis ufleba. aviRoT magaliTebi: m. 17. `saxelis dacvis
ufleba~; m. 18. piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi~, rogori-
caa fizikuri piris saxelTan dakavSirebuli iseTi pi-
radi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacva, rogoricaa: pativi,
Rirseba, saqmiani reputacia da sxva; aseve m. 19. `piradi
uflebebis dacva gardacvalebis Semdeg~, roca gardacv-
lilis `SebRalul~ saxels icaven is pirebi, romlebic
Tumca TviTon ar arian am saxelis an piradi Rirsebis
uflebis matarebeli, magram saamisod aqvs dacvis Rirsi
interesi, an kidev valdebulebiTi samarTlis wignidan
m. 408-is me-2 nawilis formulireba, an kidev saavtoro
samarTali da a. S.
absoluturi uflebis magaliTi: nivTis mesakuTres
ufleba aqvs nebismier pirs aukrZalos mis sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli nivTiT sargebloba. gamodis, rom mesakuTris
ufleba absoluturia da daculia nebismieri savarau-
do xelmyofisagan.
fardobiTi urTierTobis magaliTi: abulaZem ber-
iZisagan SeiZina macivari, romelic kvinikaZis sawyob-
Si imyofeboda da radgan sawyobma daugviana beriZes
macivris gadacema da Sesabamisad beriZem droulad ver
miiRo nasyidobis sagani, myidveli (abulaZe) uflebamo-
silia mxolod beriZes mosTxovos an nivTis misTvis
droulad gadacema, an kidev zianis anazRaureba. gamodis,
rom fardobiT urTierTobebSi monawileoben mxolod
539
kreditori da movale, Tumca es rodi gamoricxavs, rom
erT an meore mxareze iyos ramdenime piri (solidarul
pasuxismgeblobas, an solidarul uflebebs hqondes ad-
gili samoqalaqo samarTalSi).
`relatiur uflebebs mikuTvneba: moTxovnebi, aRm-
Wurveli uflebebi da Sesageblebi~526.
moTxovnebi warmoiSoba rogorc saxelSekrulebo,
ise kanonismieri valdebulebiTi urTierTobebidan (mag-
aliTad, saziaro uflebebidan (m. 953-968); amonaridi sazi-
aro uflebebidan: m. 957, n. 2. `TiToeul mowiles SeuZlia
samarTliani Sexedulebis mixedviT moiTxovos yvela
mowilis interesis Sesabamisi marTva da sargebloba...~;
an kidev, m. 961. n.1. `TiToeul mowiles SeuZlia nebis-
mier dros moiTxovos saziaro uflebis gauqmeba~; `dava-
lebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis ASesrulebidan~(m. 969-975);
m. 973: `Semsrulebels ufleba aqvs moiTxovos gaweuli
xarjebis anazRaureba, romlebic saqmis garemoebebidan
gamomdinare, aucileblad iqna miCneuli~; amonaridi: ùs-
afuZvlo gamdidrebidan~ (m. 976-991); m. 985: Tu xelmyofma
ganzrax ar gaiTvaliswina sxva piris uflebamosileba,
maSin am ukanasknels SeuZlia moiTxovos is mogeba, ro-
melic aRemateba qonebriv danakliss~.
aRmWurveli uflebebi pirs Tavisufali qmedebis
ganxorcielebis saSualebiT aRWuraven, anu meore mx-
arisagan damoukideblad, mis daukiTxavad, Sewyvitos, an
Secvalos garkveuli urTierToba. magaliTad, `mesame
pirTa sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekruleba~ (m, 349-
351); kerZod, m. 350. n. 2-is Tanaxmad, `mxares, romelmac
xelSekrulebaSi gaakeTa daTqma mesame piris sasarge-
blod, inarCunebs uflebas, Secvalos xelSekrulebaSi
miTiTebuli mesame piri, miuxedavad kontrahentis Tanx-
��. Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, 101.
540
mobisa~; an kidev, xelSekrulebidan gasvlis samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi normebi (m. 352-360) da sxva.
rac Seexeba Sesageblebs, isini uflebamosilebiT
aRWuraven pirebs garkveuli moqmedebebis ganxorciele-
baze uari Tqvan, meore mxaris sapasuxo moqmedebis Ses-
rulebamde. magaliTad, m. 363: damgiravebels, romelic
ar aris giravnobiT uzrunvelyofili moTxovnis pira-
di movale, SeuZlia mogiravnes wauyenos is Sesageblebi,
romlis wayenebis uflebac aqvs pirad movales, maT So-
ris iseTi Sesageblebi, romlebzedac mogiravnis piradma
movalem uari Tqva giravnobis warmoSobis Semdeg~.
praqtikaSi xSirad Cndeba sakiTxi nivTebze sa-
kuTrebis uflebaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb. `romis samar-
Tlidan moyolebuli civiluri samarTlis interesi
yovelTvis iyo, aris da iqneba sakuTrebis uflebis war-
moSobis sakanonmdeblo detalebi. iqedan gamomdinare,
qoneba moZravia Tu uZravi da rogoria masze sakuTrebis
uflebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi, arsebobs sakuTrebis
uflebis SeZenis pirveladi da warmoebuli saxe527. war-
moebuli saxe aseve cnobilia derivatiuli528 saxelwo-
debiT. pirveladia (Tavdapirvelia) sakuTrebis uflebis
warmoSobis iseTi safuZveli, roca piri nivTs iZens an
Tavdapirveli mesakuTris gareSe, an qonebaze sakuTreba
warmoiSoba pirvelad. magaliTad samoqalaqo kodeqsis
m. 191, `sakuTrebis SeZena upatrono moZrav nivTze~: `Tu
piri mflobelobaSi iRebs upatrono moZrav nivTs, igi
iZens sakuTrebas nivTze, Tuki misi miTviseba kanoniT
ar aris akrZaluli, an Tu miTvisebiT ar aris darRveu-
li im piris uflebebi, romelsac am nivTis miTvisebis
��. CitoSvili, T., uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis ZiriTadi
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2006, 5.
��. derivati - `gadayvanili~, risganme warmoebuli, risame produqti. ix ucxo
sityvaTa leqsikoni, vebgverdis misamarTi: http://www.nplg.gov.ge
541
ufleba hqonda~ (n.1); an kidev, m. 192: `Tu aRmoCenilia
ganZi, romelic ise didxans iyo dafluli, rom SeuZle-
belia misi mesakuTris dadgena (ganZi)..~. rac Seexeba sa-
kuTrebis warmoSobis nawarmoeb (derivatiul) safuZvels,
_ sakuTrebis ufleba nivTze axal mesakuTres gadaecema
wina mesakuTris mier uflebamonacvleobiT. Sesabamis-
ad, pirveladi safuZveli warmoebulisagan gansxvavdeba
nebis kriteriumiT, anu, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis
uflebis gadacema xdeba mesakuTris nebis gareSe, xolo,
meore SemTxvevaSi, wina mesakuTris nebiT; magaliTad,
yidva-gayidva, memkvidreobiT gadacema, rekvizicia, na-
cionalizacia da sxva529.
samoqalaqo uflebebi gadacemadi uflebebia, magram
es rodi exeba pirad uflebebs, romlis gadacemac dauS-
vebelia sxva pirebisaTvis. aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT
sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis formebs samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, kerZod: uZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis gadace-
misaTvis kanoni iTvaliswinebs mkacrad reglamentire-
bul formebs, kerZod, ssk 183-e muxlis mixedviT, ùZravi
nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia garigebis werilobiTi
formiT dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT gansazRvru-
li sakuTrebis uflebis registracia sajaro reestr-
Si~. rac Seexeba moZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis SeZenis
formebs, igi martivia, iTvaliswinebs zepir formas sa-
kuTrebis uflebis SeZenisa, magaliTad, m. 186. `moZrav
nivTze sakuTrebis gadasacemad aucilebelia, rom mesa-
kuTrem namdvili uflebis safuZvelze gadasces SemZens
nivTi. rogorc vxedavT aq mTavaria `namdvili uflebis
safuZvelze~ nivTis gadacema, anu sakuTrebis uflebis
gadamcemi bunebrivia am nivTis mesakuTre unda iyos; an
kidev, m. 624 (n.1). `sesxis xelSekruleba ideba zepirad~.
��. CitoSvili, T., dasax. naSr; 6-7.
542
bunebrivia kanonis es idea modis iqedan, rom sesxis sa-
gani SeiZleba iyos mxolod moZravi nivTebi, TumcaRa
kanoni aseve mxareebs rodi ukrZalavs, rom moZrav nivTe-
bze werilobiTi formiT dadon xelSekruleba da es
xelSekruleba gaataron sajaro reestrSi.
samarTlebrivi uflebebi ara marto warmoiSobi-
an da icvlebian, aramed arsebobasac wyveten. ufleba
xom konkretul pirebs ukavSirdeba da bunebrivia, rom
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul xSir SemTxvevebSi wyvets
uflebasac. magaliTad, m. 452. `valdebulebiTi urTier-
Toba Sewydeba, Tu movale da kreditori erTi da igive
piri aRmoCndeba~; an kidev, m. 453. `movalis gardacvaleba
iwvevs valdebulebis Sewyvetas, Tu Sesruleba SeuZle-
belia misi piradi monawileobis gareSe~. kreditoris
gardacvaleba iwvevs valdebulebis Sewyvetas, Tu Ses-
ruleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo piradad kreditorisaT-
vis~. piris gardacvaleba yovelTvis rodi iwvevs valde-
bulebis Sewyvetas, xSirad misi memkvidre xdeba valde-
buli misi movaleobebis Sesrulebaze. magaliTad, m. 143.
`Tu nivTi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs sanivTo moTxovna,
uflebamonacvleobis gziT mesame piris mflobelobaSi
aRmoCndeba, maSin uflebrivi winamorbedis mflobelo-
baSi gasuli xandazmulobis vada gamoiyeneba agreTve
uflebamonacvlis mimarTac~; an kidev, m. 1484 iTval-
iswinebs iseT samarTlebriv SemTxvevas, roca mamkvidre-
blis gardacvalebis Semdeg memkvidreebi arian valde-
buli mTlianad daakmayofilon mamkvidreblis kredi-
torTa interesebi, magram miRebuli aqtivis farglebSi,
TiToeulis wilis proporciulad~(n1.). kanonis safuZ-
velze uflebis Sewyveta SeiZleba magaliTad, valdeb-
ulebis SesrulebiT. magaliTi: (m. 427): `valdebulebiTi
urTierToba wydeba kreditoris sasargeblod valde-
543
bulebis SesrulebiT~; an kidev, miznis miRwevis sxva
Sedegebis mixedviT. magaliTad, roca iuridiuli piris
mizani Sesrulebuli iqneba da sxv.
`samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileni valde-
bulni arian keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon Tavi-
anTi uflebebi da movaleobebi~, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
me-8 muxlis me-3 nawilis moTxovna saerToa ara marto
samoqalaqo urTierTobebisaTvis, aramed mTeli kerZo
samarTlisaTvis da es princi pi gansakuTrebiT naTlad
ikveTeba samoqalaqo subieqtebis mier TavianTi ufle-
bebis ganxorcielebisas romelsac eZRvneba ssk-115-120
muxlebi. Tu gadavxedavT germanuli samoqalaqo kod-
eqsis 226-231530 paragrafebs SevniSnavT, rom germanuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsis meeqvse ganyofileba, ùflebis
ganxorcieleba, TviTdacva, TviTdaxmareba~ iwyeba ($.226)
ùflebis borotad gamoyenebis dauSveblobiT~, ker-
Zod, dauSvebelia uflebis gamoyeneba martooden im
mizniT, rom ziani miadges sxvas~. am paragrafis pirda-
piri gamoZaxilia qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 115-e
muxli ùflebis borotad gamoyenebis dauSvebloba~, sa-
dac kanonmdeblis neba gamoxatulia, rom: `samoqalaqo
ufleba unda ganxorcieldes marTlzomierad. dauSvebe-
lia uflebis gamoyeneba martooden im mizniT, rom ziani
miadges sxvas~531.
keTilsindisieri da marTlzomieri qceva kerZo
samarTlis subieqtebis da ara marto kerZo samarTlisa,
��. damat. ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis mdg; z.
WeWelaSvilis Targm; ian, kropholeri,dasax. naSr; 104; Гражданское уложение Германии,
2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, 2006; Bürgerliches
Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck.S. 230-234.
531. sasamarTloebi calkeul SemTxvevebSi mimarTaven uflebis borotad
gamoyenebis normebs e. w. `Sikanas~. swored amis safuZvelze daevala mezobels
aiRos Tavisi nakveTidan grovebad dayrili Zvelmanebi, sxvadasxva Zveli nivTebi,
rac esTetikuri azriT xelyofs mezobeli miwis nakveTis mflobelis uflebebs.
ix. b. zoiZe, qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, 113.
544
qcevis aucilebeli kredo unda iyos TavianTi uflebisa
da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebisas. es amave dros
maTi zneobrivi movaleobacaa. Cven keTilsindisierebis
princi ps araerTxel SevxebivarT calkeul Temebze sau-
brisas, aq kidev erTxel avRniSnavT, rom keTilsindis-
ierad qceva, samoqalaqo samarTalSi zogadad moqmed
keTilsindisierebis varauds efuZneba. samarTlis subi-
eqtis uflebrivi xedvac xom keTilsindisierebazea da-
fuZnebuli. `keTilsindisierebis definicias samoqalaqo
kodeqsi ar iZleva. keTilsindisieri qceva araa samarT-
lebrivi qcevis tolfasi. yovelgvari aramarTlzomieri
moqmedeba araa imavdroulad arakeTilsindisieri moq-
medeba da piriqiT, arakeTilsindisieri qceva yovelT-
vis ar aris aramarTlzomieri qceva. keTilsindisiereba
gulisxmobs samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa moqmede-
bas gulisxmierebiTa da pasuxismgeblobiT, erTmaneTis
uflebebisadmi pativiscemiT mopyrobas~532. keTilsindis-
ier qcevaze xSir SemTxvevaSi TviTon kanonmdebeli
amaxvilebs yuradRebas. magaliTad, ssk m.361 (`valdeb-
ulebis arsebobis prezumfcia~), m. 969 (`davalebis ga-
reSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba keTilsindisierad~),
m.731 (`keTilsindisierebis moTxovna eqspeditorisagan~)
da sxva. keTilsindisierebis faqtori zogierT dargSi
kerZo samarTlisa, mometebulia TviT am urTierTobis
xasiaTidan gamomdinare. magaliTad, kanonis `mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb~ m. 9, n.6 moiTxovs, xelmZRvanelobaze uflebamo-
sili pirebis da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebis mier
sazogadoebis saqmeebis gaZRolas keTilsindisierad,ker-
Zod zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanam-
debobaze da analogiur pirobebSi myofi Cveulebrivi,
saRad moazrovne piri, da moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom
532. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 270.
545
maTi es moqmedeba yvelaze xelsayrelia sazogadoebi-
saTvis~, aseve Cvens mier zemoT aRniSnuli 731-e muxlis
SemTxvevaSi satransporto eqspediciis SemTxvevaSi eqs-
peditors evaleba `keTilsindisieri eqspeditoris gu-
lisxmieri moqmedeba~.
rac Seexeba marTlzomier qcevas samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis (da ara marto samoqalaqo uflebebis) ganxor-
cielebisas,igi unda ganxorcieldes samarTlis normebis
Sesabamisad ise rom sxvas ziani ar miadges. marTlzom-
ieri qceva samarTlebrivi qcevis erT-erTi saxeobaa da
igi Tavisi masStabiT sazogadoebis wevrebis sazogadoe-
brivad sasargeblo Segnebuli qcevaa, romelic samarT-
lebriv normebs Seesabameba da maTi dacvis garantiebs
saxelmwifo iZleva. sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi
pirebis umravlesoba maTlzomierad iqceva, e. i. ar ar-
Rvevs kanons, sargeblobs maTTvis miniWebuli uflebe-
biTa da TavisuflebiT, asrulebs nakisr movaleobebs da
es misi zneobrivi movaleobacaa.
uflebis borotad gamoyeneba ki marTlsawinaaRm-
dego, aramarTlzomieri qcevaa. marTlsawinaaRmdegod
iqceva is, romelic samarTlebriv danawesebs arRvevs,
ar icavs samarTlis normaTa moTxovnebs, dadgenils
saxelmwifos mier. marTlsawinaaRmdegod aramarto is
iqceva, vinc aqtiurad moqmedebs (zians ayenebs sxvas,
xels uSlis pirs Tavisi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi,
ar asrulebs valdebulebebs), - aramed isic, vinc Tavisi
umoqmedobiT, `dumiliT~ xels uwyobs sxva piris mier
aramarTlzomieri, kanonsaawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxor-
cielebas. gamodis, rom igi marTlsawinaaRmdegod moq-
medebs, xatovani gamoTqma rom vixmaroT `kanonis dinebis
sawinaaRmdegod moZraobs~ da amiT arRvevs sxva pirTa
uflebebs. aseTi aramarTlzomieri, marTlsawinaaRmdego
546
qceva samoqalaqo urTierTobis subieqtisa iwvevs zianis
anazRaurebis valdebulebas, romelic ara marto qone-
brivi, aramed araqonebrivi, moraluri zianis, dadgomis
dros gamoiyeneba.
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba (da ara marto samo-
qalaqo) icnobs pirTa aqtiurobis gamovlenis SemTx-
vevebs sazogadoebrivad saSiSi xelyofisas, roca sxva
piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qceva emuqreba im piris in-
teress, romlisTvisac mesame piris mxridan mosalod-
nelia safrTxe da sxva, mesame pirebis interessac, da,
romlis gadarCenisaTvis iswrafvis konkretuli piri,
romelic moqmedebs aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebSi
da asrulebs marTlzomier moqmedebas, romlis drosac
damdgari ziani ar anazRaurdeba (ssk. m. 116, n. 1), garda
im SemTxvevebisa, Tuki adgili ar eqneba aucilebeli
mogeriebis zRvaris gadacilebas. aseve, aucilebel mo-
geriebad CaiTvleba iseTi Tavdacva, romelic aucilebe-
lia sakuTar Tavze an sxvebze realuri marTlsawinaaR-
dego Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad (ssk. m. 116, n. 2). aRniS-
nuli muxlis meore nawili afiqsirebs ara marto iseT
SemTxvevas, roca piri sakuTari interesis gadarCenisaT-
vis ayenebs `moZalades~ zians, aramed iseT situacieb-
sac, roca igi sxva pirTa sazogadoebriv da amave dros
saxelmwifoebriv interessac icavs. am drosac damdgari
ziani ar anazRaurdeba braleuli piris mimarT da im
piris mimarTac, visi interesic gadarCa piris mier, vinc
marTlzomierad moqmedebda. magram marTlzomieri moq-
medeba ar unda scdebodes samarTlis normebis CarCoebs,
safrTxe realurad unda arsebobdes, rom Tu am piris
aqtiuri samarTlebrivi moqmedeba rom ara, xelmyofi se-
riozul zians miayenebda kerZo pirTa interessac da
saxelmwifosac. arsi am muxlisa is aris, rom safrTxis
547
realoba aSkarad unda arsebobdes da `sikeTis gadam-
rCenis~ moqmedebac srul SesabamisobaSi unda iyos am
sikeTis gadarCenasTan, amasTan adgili ar unda hqondes
miRebuli zomebiT farglebis gadacilebas, Torem `sik-
eTis gadamrCenic~ valdebuli iqneba sxvisTvis miyenebu-
li zianis anazRaurebaze. am SemTxvevaSi, piri sxva pirze
`Tavdasxmis~ dros fiqrobs, rom gadaarCinos sxvisi sik-
eTe, rameTu Tu ar gadaarCens sxvis sikeTes, vTqvaT qone-
bas, safrTxe kvlav aSkaraa da rom dadgeba marTlsawi-
naaRmdego qmedeba. magaliTad, moZalade cdilobs quCaSi
gamvlels waarTvas xelCanTa da gaiqces, am dros quCaSi
gamvleli moqalaqe, romelic xedavs Zaladobis am faqts,
rom piri ver icavs damoukideblad Tavs moZaladisagan,
Zalismier meTods mimarTavs moZaladis mimarT, vTqvaT
jikavSi msubuqad daazianebs. sainteresoa, SeuZlia Tu
ara moZalades ssk 408 muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebiT
moiTxovos yovelTviuri sarCo an mkurnalobis xarje-
bi?. cxadia ara, radgan 116-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanax-
mad, àucilebeli mogeriebis farglebSi ganxorcieleb-
uli moqmedeba ar aris marTlsawinaaRmdego da am dros
damdgari ziani ar anazRaurdeba~. gamodis, rom ssk-is
408-e muxlis ar warmoadgens damcavs 116-e muxlisa.
qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis m. 116 analogiuria
BGB-is $ 227, sadac gawerilia, rom: àucilebeli mo-
geriebis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba ar
aris marTlsawinaaRmdego (1); (2). aucilebel mogeriebad
CaiTvleba iseTi Tavdacva, romelic aucilebelia sa-
kuTar Tavze an sxva pirebze realuri marTlsawinaaRm-
dego Tavdasxmis mosagerieleblad~.
ukiduresi aucileblobisas saxeze gvaqvs marTl-
zomieri interesis kolizia, rameTu pirs SeuZlia gan-
sakuTrebuli garemoebebis gamo SeiWras mesame pirTa
548
sikeTeSi~. ukiduresi aucilebloba maSin Cndeba, roca
im safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad miyenebuli ziani,
romelic mocemul garemoebaSi ar SeiZleboda Tavidan
acdeniliyo sxva saSualebiT da, miyenebuli ziani acde-
nil zianze nakleb mniSvnelovania da zianis mimyene-
belma miyenebuli ziani unda aanazRauros (ssk m. 117
n.1). ukiduresi aucileblobisas rogorc TviT termini
migvaniSnebs, sxvisi sazogadoebrivi Tu piradi intere-
sis gadamrCen pirs uxdeba ziani miayenos im pirs, ro-
melic aramarTlzomierad iWreba sxvis sikeTeSi, amis
uflebas mas gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi aZleven (in-
teresTa kolizia), rom gadaarCinos sxvisi sikeTe. oRond
gadarCenil sikeTes ufro didi mniSvneloba (Rirebule-
ba) unda hqondes, vidre miyenebul zians. qceva cxadia
marTlzomieri unda iyos da piris moqmedeba (sikeTis
gadamrCenisa) unda iyos imdenad aucilebeli (man xom
SeiZleba garkveuli saxis zianic miayenos piris qonebas,
romelsac sxvisi xelyofisagan (dawvisagan, dangrevisa-
gan da a. S.) icavs), ramdenadac aseTi qceva marTlzomie-
ria da aucilebeli sikeTis gadasarCenad.
ìm faqtobriv garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, rom-
lebSic miyenebuli iyo ziani, misi anazRaureba SeiZleba
daekisros mesame pirs, romlis interesebisTvisac zianis
mimyenebeli moqmedebda, anda mTlianad an nawilobriv
gaTavisufldes anazRaurebisagan rogorc mesame piri,
ise zianis mimyenebelic~(ssk m.117, n.2). aRniSnul insti-
tuts BGBBGB-is $228 exeba. igi ufro dakonkretebulia
da akvalificirebs SemTxvevebs, roca saxeze gveqneba uki-
duresi aucilebloba. aseTi SemTxvevebia: piri azianebs
an anadgurebs sxvis kuTvnil nivTs am ukanasknelisagan
sakuTari Tavis an sxva pirebisaken mimarTuli safrTxis
Tavidan asacileblad, ar moqmedebs marTlsawinaaRmde-
549
god, Tu dazianeba an ganadgureba aucilebelia safrTx-
isagan dasacavad da ziani safrTxis araproporciuli ar
aris. Tu safrTxis gamomwvevi piri moqmedebda braleu-
lad, maSin igi valdebulia aanazRauros ziani~.
rogorc qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis normidan
(aseve BGB-dan) aSkarad ikveTeba ukiduresi aucile-
blobis dros miyenebuli ziani anazRaurebadia. misi
anazRaureba SeiZleba daekisros im pirsac, romelmac
ziani miayena xelmyofs, Tumca ukiduresi aucileblobis
dros miyenebuli ziani marTlzomieria. sxvisi sikeTis
gadamrCens zianis kompensacia SeiZleba daekisros,Tu igi
gadascda ukiduresi aucileblobis (marTlzomierebis)
farglebs, miyenebuli ziani metia acdenil sikeTeze.
amave dros zianis gadaxda SeiZleba mesame pirsac dae-
valos, romlis qonebrivi sikeTec gadarCa xelyofisagan
im piris sasargeblod, romlis interesebisaTvis zianis
mimyenebeli moqmedebda (magaliTad, saxlis dawvisagan
gadarCenisas, romelsac xelmyofi cdilobda, pirs dae-
wva Zvirfasi qurTuki, Tu janmrTelobas ziani miadga,
vTqvaT damwvroba miiRo, mas mkurnalobis xarjic unda
gamouyos (aRudges pirvandeli mdgomareoba), aseve zia-
nis mTliani gadaxda daekisros xelmyofs. sasamarT-
lo aseve uflebamosilia saqmis garemoebebis gaTval-
iswinebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedobis marTlzomierebis
gamo mTlianad an nawilobriv gaaTavisuflos zianis
anazRaurebisagan rogorc mesame piri, romlis sikeTec
gadarCa, aseve zianis mimyenebelic (vinc sxvisi sikeTis
gadarCenas cdilobda xelmyofisaTvis zianis miyenebiT).
samoqalaqo samarTali iZulebas, sxvis uflebebSi
uxeSad Carevas ver iTmens, Tumca masSi gvxvdeba norma,
romelic garkveul SemTxvevebSi uSvebs e. w. `Zalis gam-
oyenebas~, maiZulebeli piris winaaRmdeg. samoqalaqo
550
kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs TviTdaxmarebis farg-
lebs (ssk m. 118), roca pirs sakuTari ZalebiT uxdeba
sakuTari an sxvisi sikeTis gadarCena, roca sxva sa-
Sualeba ar aris kompetenturi sa xelmwifo organoe-
bis daxmarebisa, SeiZleba rom mas mniSvnelovani ziani
miadges xelmyofisagan, an kidev safrTxe Seeqmnas mis
sicocxlesac xelmyofis mxridan. magaliTad, SeSis
mWrels, romelic tyeSi SeSas amzadebs da Tan axlavs
arasrulwlovani Svili, masTan misuli moZalade, nas-
vam mdgomareobaSi myofi da misi `megobrebi~ aiZule-
ben misi da misi Svilis sicoxlis xelyofis muqariT
maTTvis SeSis daTmobas, iyeneben ra maT mimarT fizi-
kur Zaladobas. ra unda moimoqmedos pirma tyeSi, sadac
Tavdacvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis albaToba naklebia
da samarTaldamcavebis daxmarebac drouli ver iqneba?,
bunebrivia TviTdacvas unda mimarTos da amis uflebas
aZlevs kidec mas samoqalaqo kodeqsis 118-e muxli.
ssk 118-e muxlis pirveli winadadeba kumulaci-
uria, kerZod TviTdaxmarebis gamoyenebas kanoni iT-
valiswinebs roca erTdroulad ori piroba arsebobs:
1) Tuki kompetenturi organoebis daxmareba droulad
ver ganxorcieldeba da 2) swrafi Carevis gareSe arse-
bobs safrTxe, rom ufleba ver ganxorcieldeba, an misi
ganxorcieleba arsebiTad garTuldeba. gamodis, rom
xelmyofi saSiSia ara marto im pirisaTvis, romelic
iZulebulia ukidures zomas _ TviTdaxmarebas mimar-
Tos aucilebeli iZulebis zomebis gamoyenebiT, aramed
zogadad sazogadoebisaTvis, saxelmwifosaTvis. rogo-
ria es TviTdaxmareba, ra SeuZlia pirs, romlis qonebas,
sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba? pasuxisaTvis mivmarTavT
ssk 118-e muxls, rom mas SeuZlia TviTdaxmarebis mizniT
`moZalades~ waarTvas nivTi, romliTac igi emuqreba pirs
551
(es SeiZleba iyos yovelgvari nivTi, romliTac pirisaT-
vis zianis miyeneba SeiZleba: dana, culi, asanTi, iaraRi
da a.S.) gaanadguros, daazianos es nivTi, an kidev Sei py-
ros es piric, Tu arsebobs aSkara safrTxe imisa, rom
igi SeiZleba miimalos da daemalos marTlmsajulebas.
erTi sityviT, pirs, romelic marTlzomierad moqmedebs
valdebuli piris winaaRmdeg, SeuZlia misi kanonsawi-
naaRmdego qmedebis aRsakveTad gamoiyenos yvelanairi
marTlzomieri saSualebebi, rom aRikveTos im piris
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba, romelic mas unda Sees-
rulebina.
mainc rogoria TviTdaxmarebis farglebi? amis dad-
gena arc Tu ise advilia. kanonmdebeli sakmaod pedan-
turad udgeba am sakiTxs, raTa TviTdaxmarebis uflebis
ganmaxorcielebeli TviTdaxmarebis farglebis gadac-
ilebisas ar iqces braleulad. amitom, ssk 119-e muxlis
pirveli nawili awesebs debulebas, rom `TviTdaxmareba
ar SeiZleba gascdes im farglebs, romlebic aucile-
belia safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad”. es kanonis im-
peratiuli moTxovnaa. igi erTgvari garantiaa imisa, rom
kerZo pirma aucilebeli TviTdaxmarebis farglebis ga-
dacilebiT TviTneburi moqmedebebi ar ganaxorcielos
saxelmwifo kompetenturi organoebis nacvlad. Tu
xelmyofs Tan aqvs nivTi, romliTac emuqreba pirs (mag;
iaraRi), es ukanaskneli uflebamosilia waarTvas es
iaraRi, an kidev Sei pyros piri, Tu arsebobs gaqcevis
safrTxe da Caabaros kompetentur organoebs (poli-
cias), xolo warTmeul nivTze unda gakeTdes gancxadeba
dayadaRebis Sesaxeb. Tu es droulad ar moxdeba, an
kidev yadaRis dadebaze uari eTqmeba, maSin yadaRa unda
moixsnas. Tu valdebuli piris dapatimrebaze Txovna
uaryofil iqneba, valdebuli piri unda gaTavisufldes.
552
es imas rodi niSnavs rom mis mimarT garkveuli saxis
pasuxismgeblobaze sakiTxi ar dadgeba. es konkretuli
faqtis Sefasebis Semdeg unda dadgindes. TviTdaxmarebis
farglebi cxadia ar unda scdebodes kanoniT moxazul
wres, Torem is Zaladobad gadaiqceva, rasac im mxaris
pasuxismgeblobac SeiZleba dadges, vinc sakuTari si-
cocxlis, Tundac qonebrivi sikeTis gadarCenisaTvis
uwevs winaaRmdegobas moZalades, magram aucilebeli
mogeriebis farglebs scdeba.
aq, am SemTxvevaSi, vaviTarebT azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom
iZuleba Zaladobam ar unda Secvalos da aRiarebul fa-
seulobebs safrTxe ar unda Seeqmnas. `samarTlebrivad
dasabuTebuli iZulebis winaSe yvelam unda `daiCoqis~.
analogiurad regulirdeba TviTdaxmarebis far-
glebi germanul samoqalaqo samarTalSic ($230, $231533
(`TviTdaxmareba SecdomiT~), romelic Seicavs danawess
qarTuli ssk-is 120 muxlis analogiurad (`zianis anaz-
Raurebis valdebuleba)~ da sadac saubaria im SemTx-
vevaze, roca piri 118-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebul moq-
medebas ganaxorcielebs im mcdari varaudiT, TiTqos es
aucilebeli iyo marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis Ta-
vidan asacileblad, valdebulia meore mxares aunaz-
Rauros am dros warmoSobili ziani~), sadac saubaria
pirze, romelic TviTdaxmarebis $229 muxlSi miTiTebul
moqmedebebs axorcielebs mcdari varaudiT, rom saxeze
iqneboda marTlzomierebis gamomricxavi safuZvlebi,
valdebulia meore mxares aunazRauros am dros war-
moSobili ziani, maSinac ki, rodesac Secdoma ar iyo
gaufrTxileblobis Sedegi~.
533. damat. ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB), 2010 wlis 1 martis mdg; z.
WeWelaSvilis Targm; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge,
65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. S. 233-234.
553
damatebiT, ix. susg, saqme # as-572-955-06, ganmartebis
sagani: uflebis borotad gamoyeneba (samoqalaqo kodeq-
sis 115-e muxli); susg, saqme #as-1018-1293-05, ganmartebis
sagani: uflebis borotad gamoyeneba (samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 115-e da 116-e muxlebi); saqme# as-159-867-03,
ganmartebis sagani: TviTdaxmareba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis
118-emuxli)534.
k i T x v e b i
1. ras niSnavs gamoTqma `samoqalaqo ufleba unda

ganxorcieldes marTlzomierad”?
2. ganmarteT: àucilebeli mogerieba”, ùkiduresi
aucilebloba”. SevadaroT igi administraciul samar-
Talsa da sisxlis samarTalSi mocemul definiciebs.
gaakeTeT SedarebiTi analizi.
3. rogoria TviTdaxmarebis farglebi?
t e s t e b i
1. aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebSi ganxorciele-

buli moqmedeba:
a. marTlsawinaaRmdegoa, radgan pirs adgeba ziani,
romelic unda anazRaurdes
b. marTlzomieria, magram zianis anazRaurebas ar
iTvaliswinebs
g. ar aris marTlsawinaaRmdego da am dros damd-
gari ziani ar anazRaurdeba
534. dawvr. ix. naWyebia, a., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebebi
uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi (2000-2013). http://library.court.ge/login.php?geo
554
d. arc erTi pauxi ar aris swori.
2. TviTdaxmareba:
a. SeiZleba gascdes im farglebs, romlebic aucile-
belia safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad
b. ar SeiZleba gascdes aranair farglebs
g. SeiZleba gascdes im farglebs, romlebic
aucilebelia safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad, Tu igi
saxelmwifo interess exeba
d. arc erTi pauxi ar aris swori.
k a z u s i
1. a. beriZe tyeSi sazamTrod SeSas amzadebda da

uremze awyobda, romelSic xarebi iyo Sebmuli. am dros
tyeSi gamoCnda misi mezobeli o. leoniZe, romelmac
ganizraxa misTvis SeSis warTmia da iaraRiT emuqre-
boda, Tu a. beriZe mas nebayoflobiT ar dauTmobda
damzadebul SeSas. a. beriZem uari ganucxada. o. le-
oniZe, romelic mTvrali iyo, emuqreboda a. beriZes si-
cocxlis xelyofiT da amave dros xarebis daxocviT. a.
beriZem, romelsac ar SeeZlo kompetenturi organoebi-
saTvis dauyovnebliv miemarTa, TviTon gadawyvita TviT-
daxmarebisaTvis miemarTa. igi `SeebrZola~ o. leoniZes,
rom misTvis iaraRi waerTmia. am dros, iaraRi gavarda
da o. leoniZem sxeulis dazianeba miiRo. man sasamarT-
los mimarTa.
ra gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda sasamarTlo: 1. Tu
o. leoniZe sxeulis msubuq dazianebas miiRebda?
555
2. o. leoniZisaTvis sxeulis mZime dazianebis Sem-
TxvevaSi?
pasuxi daasabuTeT Sesabamis muxlebze miTiTebiT.
2. a. cdilobda, gabrazebuli b-ze, cecxli waekida

am ukanasknelis sacxovrebeli saxlisa da avtomanaqa-
nis farexisaTvis. SeniSna ra es, mezobelma g-m, Seecada
Tavidan aecdina a-saTvis zianis miyeneba b-s mier da wi-
naaRmdegoba gauwia mas, ros Sedegadac janmrTelobis
dazianeba miiRo.
g-m moiTxova mkurnalobis xarjebis dafarva a-sa
da b-sganac.
vin unda uzrunvelyos g-saTvis mkurnalobis xar-
jebis gadaxda, a-m?, b-m?, Tu orivem erTad. pasuxi daas-
abuTeT.
556
Tavi VII. vadebis gamoTvla
1. vadebis gamoTvla
`dro ara marto warmoSobs uflebas, aramed

spobs kidec mas~ rudolf fon ieringi
`dro cocxalia da cxovreba droebiTi~
gaston baSlari
valdebulebis jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daT

qmul drosa da adgilas Sesruleba samoqalaqo samarT-
lis umniSvnelovanesi princi pia. samoqalaqo samarTlis
fundamenturi Taviseburebac isaa, rom igi Sesruleba-
ze orientirebuli samarTalia. mTavari valdebulebis
Sesrulebaa da ara pasuxismgebloba misi Seusrule-
blobisaTvis.
samoqalaqo samarTalSi farTo adgili eTmoba va-
debis problemas, romelic sazogadoebrivi urTierTo-
bebis droSi reglamentirebis universaluri saSualebaa
da, es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc normatiuli, ise
individualuri nebis gamovlenis safuZvelze, imperati-
uli an dispoziciuri normiT.
`vadis samarTlebrivi bunebis sakiTxi bevradaa
damokidebuli imaze, am vadebiT samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis mowesrigeba normatiul Tu individualur si-
brtyeSi xdeba. aseve sainteresoa Tavad mxareTa nebis
gamoxatvis xarisxi, anu vada calsaxadaa dadgenili Tu
bundovani da nagulisxmevia~535.
`vada drois monakveTia. am monakveTSi xdeba yvela
movlena, rasac ki adamianis goneba acnobierebs~536.
535. zarandia, T., saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi,
Tbilisi, 2005, 29.
��. zoiZe, b. vadebis cneba da zogadi daxasiaTeba, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis samarTlis ganyofilebis 2001 wlis samecniero kvleviTi gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli naSromi, xelnaweri, 2.
557
`samarTlis mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli gansaz-
RvrebiT, vada aris samomavlo movlena, romlis dadgomac
ueWvelia. mis Sesaxeb amboben, rom is `mimdinareobs~, rom
is àmoiwura~, is aris `ganmavlobaSi~, is `sruldeba~, is
ìspoba~ da a.S~537.
vadebi, drois faqtori gansakuTrebul rols as-
rulebda yovelTvis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
monawileebisaTvis maT Soris urTierTobis samarT-
lebriv mowesrigebaSi. samarTliT mowesrigebuli urT-
ierTobebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi
yovelTvis arseboben droSi. kidev metic, kanoni drois
gasvlas ukavSirebs uflebis warmoSobas, Secvlas da
Sewyvetas. vada samarTlebrivi bunebiT iuridiuli faq-
tia, romelTanac mravali samarTlebrivi urTierTo-
bebis droSi cvlilebebia dakavSirebuli. ssk 121-e mux-
lis Tanaxmad, `kanonSi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebsa
da garigebebSi miTiTebuli vadebis mimarT gamoiyeneba
am TavSi gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi~.
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi vadebis gamoTvlas 121-127 mux-
lebi aregulireben. analogiurad regulirdeba vadebis
instituti germanul samarTalSi, romelsac daTmobili
aqvs 8 paragrafi (186-193) da isini exebian gamoyenebis
sferos, vadebis aTvlis dawyebas, vadis dasrulebas,
calkeuli vadebis gamoTvlas, vadis gagrZelebas, vadis
aTvlas drois monakveTebis mixedviT, Tvis dasawyiss,
Sua Tves, dasasruls, sakvirao da uqme dReebs, da sxva.
samoqalaqo samarTalSi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan
gamovyoT: 1) vadebi, romlebic uflebas warmoSoben
(samoqalaqo uflebis warmomSobi vadebi). aseTi saxis
vadebi aucileblad warmoSoben samoqalaqo uflebebs.
magaliTad, ssk 1409 muxlis Tanaxmad, dainteresebul
��. zarandia, T. dasax. naSr; 31.
558
pirs anderZis baTilobis Sesaxeb sarCelis wardge-
nis ufleba warmoeSoba ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, rac
gamoiTvleba samkvidros gaxsnis dRidan; an kidev, ssk m.
1488, mamkvidreblis kreditorebs ufleba memkvidreebis
mimarT mamkvidreblis valis gadaxdaze warmoeSobaT
eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi im dRidan, rac maTTvis cno-
bili gaxda samkvidros gaxsnis Sesaxeb; 2) samoqalaqo
uflebis ganxorcielebis vadebi. es iseTi vadebia, roca
pirs SeuZlia TviTon ganaxorcielos Tavisi ufleba
an kidev, Tavisi uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis valde-
buli pirisagan gansazRvruli moqmedebis Sesrulebis
moTxovna ganaxorcielon. magaliTad, ssk m. 529 iTval-
iswinebs uflebamosili piris (gamCuqeblis) mier Cuqebis
gauqmebas, Tu dasaCuqrebuli mZime Seuracxyofas miay-
enebs mas, an did umadurobas gamoiCens mCuqeblis an misi
axlo naTesavis mimarT. naCuqaris gamoTxova mas Seu-
Zlia erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac mCuqebeli
Seityobs im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas Cuqebis
gauqmebis uflebas aZlevs. samoqalaqo uflebis ganxor-
cielebis vadebSi Sedis: a) samoqalaqo uflebis arse-
bobis vadebi (e. w. aRmkveTi vadebi), romlebic uflebis
moqmedebis farglebs gansazRvraven droSi da misi
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobasac. magaliTi: ssk 1100-e
muxlis me-4 nawili adgens, rom patentmflobels paten-
tis moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi ekuTvnis gansakuTrebuli
ufleba; an kidev, saqarTvelos kanonis `saavtoro da mo-
mijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ Tanaxmad, `saavtoro ufleba
moqmedebs avtoris sicocxleSi da misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi~; b) sagarantio
vadebi, _ es iseTi vadebia uflebis ganxorcielebisa,
romlis ganmavlobaSic valdebuli piri kisrulobs na-
keTobis uxarvezo gamoyenebas, xolo sagarantio vadis
559
ganmavlobaSi nakeTobis SekeTebas da axliT mis Secv-
las. aseTi vadebi ZiriTadad SemTavazeblis (gamyidve-
lis, menardis mier dgindeba da Tu dadgenili vadis
ganmavlobaSi nivTi ver asrulebs Tavis samomxmareblo
daniSnulebas, valdebul pirs uflebamosili piris wi-
naSe garkveuli valdebulebis Sesruleba daekisreba.
magaliTad, ssk m 496: `Tu gamyidveli nivTis vargisian-
obis vadas gansazRvravs, maSin ivaraudeba, rom am va-
dis ganmavlobaSi gamovlenili nakli myidvels aZlevs
moTxovnis uflebas~; an kidev, ssk m. 653: Tu menardem
nakeTobisaTvis ikisra sagarantio vada, maSin am vadis
ganmavlobaSi gamovlenili nakli warmoSobs Sesabam-
is uflebebs~; g) sapretenzio vadebSi uflebamosili
piri uflebamosilia (aris SemTxvevebic roca valde-
bulicaa) valdebul pirs mimarTos sasamarTlosaTvis
mimarTvamde. magaliTad, ssk m.698 (`reklamacia, preten-
zia da sarCeli~): `Tu mimRebi miiRebs tvirTs ise, rom
mis mdgomareobas ar amowmebs gadamzidvelTan erTad da
ar uyenebs gadamzidvels zogadi xasiaTis pretenzias
danakargebisa da dazianebis Sesaxeb, maSin sapirispiros
damtkicebamde ivaraudeba, rom mimRebma tvirTi Caibara
zednadebSi miTiTebul mdgomareobaSi; aRniSnuli pre-
tenzia unda waredginos tvirTis Cabarebis dResve Tu
saqme exeba garegnulad SesamCnev danakargebsa da da-
zianebebs, xolo garegnulad SeumCneveli danakargebi-
sa da dazianebis SemTxvevaSi Cabarebidan araugvianes
Svidi dRisa. Tu saqme exeba garegnulad SeumCnevel da-
nakargebsa da dazianebebs, pretenzia (moTxovna) unda
waredginos werilobiT. Tu mimRebma da gadamzidvelma
erTad Seamowmes tvirTis mdgomareoba, Semowmebis Sede-
gebis sapirispiro mtkicebuleba daiSveba maSin, Tu saqme
exeba garegnulad SeumCnevel danakargebsa da daziane-
560
bebs da mimRebi Cabarebidan Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi
ar waradgens werilobiT moTxovnebs~. 3) valdebulebis
Sesrulebis vadebis ganmavlobaSi pirma unda Seasru-
los dakisrebuli moqmedeba. valdebulebis Sesruleba
uciloblad gulisxmobs meore mxaris uflebis arse-
bobas, mosTxovos movales nakisri Sesruleba. valdeb-
ulebis Sesrulebis vada aris drois momenti, an periodi,
rodesac movale valdebulia Seasrulos valdebuleba,
kreditori ki uflebamosilia moiTxovos misi Sesrule-
ba. vadis cneba pasuxobs kiTxvaze: rodis, rodidan an
rodemde SeuZlia movales ganaxorcielos Sesruleba538.
`valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada moicavs or Ziri-
Tad aspeqts. es aris 1. Sesrulebis moTxovnis momenti da
2. Sesrulebis momenti. Sesrulebis moTxovnis moments
warmoadgens is dro, romlis dadgomis Semdegac kredi-
tors ufleba aqvs moiTxovos Sesruleba. Sesrulebis
moTxovnis momenti pasuxobs kiTxvaze rodis (rodidan)
an rodemde aqvs kreditors moTxovnis ufleba... valde-
bulebis Sesrulebis vadis dadgomis Semdeg movales
sruli Tavisufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos Sesruleba da
SearCios Sesrulebis momenti. es Tavisufleba grZel-
deba mxolod im xangrZlivobiT, vidre kreditori ar
moiTxovs valdebulebis Sesrulebas539.~
valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, nardo-
bis xelSekrulebis dadebisas mxareebi SeTanxmdnen sa-
muSaos Sesrulebis 2 wlian vadaze; aseve, davalebis
xelSekrulebis SesrulebisaTvis ganisazRvra 3 Tvi-
ani vada da a.S. `qira gadaxdil unda iqnes qiravnobis
��. aqve SevniSnavdiT, rom sajaro samarTalSi ganasxvaveben moqmedebis dros
Sedegis droisagan. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTalSi danaSaulis Cadenis droa
qmedebis Cadenis dro. Sedegis dadgomis dros mniSvneloba ar aqvs. ix. m. turava,
sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 2001, 11.
��. zarandia, T., dasax. naSr; 40-41.
561
xelSekrulebis vadis damTavrebisas (m. 553), magram amave
dros valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadebi SeiZleba peri-
odulad nawil-nawil gadaxdiT ganisazRvros. magali-
Tad, igive muxlis (m. 553) 1-li nawilis meore winadadebiT,
`Tu qiris gadaxda drois monakveTebiT ganisazRvreba,
maSin igi gadaxdil unda iqnes drois am monakveTebis
gasvlis Semdeg~. an kidev, m. 505 (`nasyidoba gadaxdis gan-
vadebiT~). ganvadebiT nasyidobisas nivTis fasis gadaxda
myidvelis mier xdeba nawil-nawil drois gansazRvrul
SualedebSi~. 4) uflebis dacvis vadebi (xandazulobis
vadebi). `xandazmulobis vada~ iseTi vadaa, romlis gan-
mavlobaSic pirs SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi darRveuli
uflebis an sadavod qceuli uflebis aRdgena an dacva.
uflebis dacvis vadebi: a) SeiZleba ganisazRvros zusti
kalendaruli TariRiT. aq igulisxmeba SemTxveva, roca
mxareebi, an erT-erTi mxare meores ganusazRvravs valde-
bulebis Sesrulebis zust vadas. magaliTad, sesxi unda
dabrundes 30 ricxvSi, samuSao unda Sesruldes 1 ricxv-
Si da sxva. b. gansazRvruli periodebiT dadgenili vada
ganisazRvreba dReebiT, TveebiT kvartlebiT, wleebiT da
sxva). roca periodulad Sesasrulebeli valdebulebe-
bia, aq unda ganisazRvros valdebulebis Sesrulebis
aTvlis (dasawyisi) vada, aseve is periodebi, romlis gan-
mavlobaSic nawil-nawil unda Sesruldes valdebuleba
(magaliTad 500 laris sesxis xelSekrulebis Sesruleba
ganisazRvreba periodebiT, 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi, yove-
li Tvis 1 ricxvisaTvis), da valdebulebis Sesrulebis
bolo vada valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada iqneba; g.
movlenaze miTiTebiT vada ganisazRvreba, Tu movlena
unda dadges, magram cnobili ara aris misi dadgomis
zusti TariRi (mag; mSobeli hpirdeba Svils, rom Tu
Caabarebs Tsu-Si uyidis manqanas). aq zust droze miniS-
562
neba araa, igulisxmeba, rom garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
uflebebisa da movaleobebis warmoSoba samomavlo da
ucnob movlenas ukavSirdeba, zustad ar aris miniSnebu-
li rodis dadgeba movlena, roca dadgeba, valdebulebis
Sesrulebis vadac damdgaria.
samoqalaqo samarTalSi ganasxvaveben vadebs, rom-
lebsac: 1) adgens kanoni. magaliTad, ssk m. 21, `dain-
teresebuli piris gancxadebis safuZvelze fizikuri
piri SeiZleba ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad gamocxaddes
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, Tu misi adgilsamyofe-
li ucnobia da ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ar gamoCenila
Tavis sacxovrebel adgilas~; an kidev, m. 22: `piri gar-
dacvlilad gamocxaddeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
biT Tu mis sacxovrebel adgilas xuTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi ar moi poveba cnobebi am piris adgilsamyoflis
Sesaxeb~; sagangebo an uCveulo situaciaSi dakargvis
dros piris gardacvlilad gamocxadebisaTvis 6 Tvea
dadgenili, xolo saomar moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT
piris dakargvisas _ 2 weli saomari moqmedebis gas-
vlidan. kanoni aseve adgens uflebis ganxorcielebis
zust vadebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba Seicvalos mxaris
surviliT. magaliTad, ssk m. 165: `Tu piri moZrav nivTs
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad flobs, rogorc sa-
kuTars, moi povebs masze sakuTrebis uflebas,~ xolo
ssk 167-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, `Tu piri sajaro reestrSi
Setanilia miwis nakveTis an sxva uZravi qonebis mesa-
kuTred ise, rom ar SeuZenia sakuTrebis ufleba masze,
igi moi povebs am sakuTrebis uflebas, Tuki registracia
arsebobda TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi da am xnis man-
Zilze piri flobda mas, rogorc sakuTars~. kanoni zog
SemTxvevebSi vadebis maqsimumsac awesebs, romlis ganma-
vlobaSicaa piri uflebis ganxorcielebaze valdebuli
563
da misi gazrda mas ar SeuZlia. magaliTad, ssk m. 514:
`gamosyidvis vada ar SeiZleba aRematebodes aT wels. am
vadis gagrZeleba dauSvebelia~.
xSirad kanoni iuridiul Zalas valdebulebis
Sesrulebis im vadebs aniWebs, romlebic Cveulebebidan
gamomdinareobs. aq mxedvelobaSia ssk-is is normebi, rom-
lebic iTvaliswineben e.w. nagulisxmev vadebs. Cveule-
ba xels uwyobs valdebulebis Sesrulebis reglamen-
tirebas droSi, Tumca samarTlebriv mowesrigebaSi da-
moukidebel rols igi ar asrulebs. Cveulebas norma-
tiuli safuZveli sWirdeba, anu samoqalaqo kodeqsis
konkretuli miTiTebiTi norma, romelic konkretul
Cveulebas garkveul, mkacrad gansazRvrul iuridiul
Zalas aniWebs. am Zalis iuridiuli sazRvrebi Cveulebis
xarisxzea damokidebuli, anu Cveuleba am SemTxvevaSi
SefasebiTi kategoriaa da samarTalSemfardebeli or-
ganos an subieqtis individualuri gadawyvetilebis
yvelaze savaraudo variants gulisxmobs. kanonmdebelma
yovelTvis unda gamoarkvios Cveulebis Sinaarsi, misi
Sesabamisoba samoqalaqo samarTlis princi pebisadmi da
maTi `vargisianoba~ samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mow-
esrigebisaTvis. 2) vadebis dadgena SeuZlia agreTve sa-
samarTlosac (magaliTad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxares
ganusazRvros mtkicebulebis warmodgenis konkretuli
vada sasamarTloSi, an kidev, samoqalaqo saproceso kod-
eqsis m. 279 sasamarTlos aRWuravs uflebamosilebiT,
rom SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba am muxliT gaTvaliswineb-
uli SemTxvevebis dadgomisas).
vadebis gansazRvra SeiZleba agreTve mxareTa ga-
rigebiT an xelSekrulebiT orive mxaris mier SeTanxme-
buli vadiT (magaliTad, sesxis xelSekrulebisaTvis mx-
areebma gansazRvres konkretuli vada, an kidev calmxri-
564
vi nebiT. mag; ssk m. 331: `Tu oferentma aqceptisaTvis
gansazRvra vada maSin aqcepti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
mxolod am vadaSi; ssk m. 405: ` Tu xelSekrulebis erTi
mxare arRvevs ormxrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare
valdebulebebs, maSin xelSekrulebis meore mxares Seu-
Zlia uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze valdebulebis Ses-
rulebisaTvis mis mier damatebiT gansazRvruli vadis
uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg~).
ssk 122-e muxli iTvaliswinebs iseT samarTlebriv
SemTxvevebs, roca vadis dasawyisidan esa Tu is mov-
lena an dRis romelime monakveTia aRebuli da ara
konkretuli dro. am SemTxvevaSi vadis gamoTvlisas
is dRe ar mieTvleba, romelSic dgeba es movlena an
dRis zemoaRniSnuli dro. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
faqtia, rom movlena dadgeba, magram rodis, es samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis monawileebma jer ar ician, maT
qmedebaze ar aris damokidebuli. magaliTad, sarkinigzo
gadazidvebisas vadis dasawyisad Tu romelime movlenaa
aRebuli, magaliTad, rodesac sarkinigzo magistralis
romelime monakveTis SekeTeba, maSin igulisxmeba, rom
roca SekeTdeba konkretuli monakveTi, - moZraobac aR-
dgeba. magram aq erTi kanonismieri danawesic gasaTval-
iswinebelia, rom movlenis an `zemoaRniSnuli~ drois
dadgoma vadebis gamoTvlisas daiwyeba ara am movle-
nis dadgomidan, aramed momdevno dRidan. magaliTad, Tu
vadis dasawyisad aRebulia dRis romelime monakveTi,
vTqvaT 1 aprilis 13 saaTi, maSin 1 aprili mxedvelobaSi
ar miiReba da vadis gamoTvla 2 aprilidan daiwyeba.
analogiur danawess Seicavs BGB-is $ 187, kerZod: `(1) Tu
vadis aTvlis dasawyisad aRebulia esa Tu is movlena
an drois is momenti, romelic dgeba dRis ganmavlobaSi,
maSin vadis aTvlisas ar miiTvleba is dRe, romelSic
565
dgeba es movlena an drois momenti~. aRniSnuli muxlis
(2)-is Tanaxmad ki, `Tu vadis aTvlis dasawyis momentad
aRebulia dRis dasawyisi, maSin aRniSnuli dRe vadis aT-
vlisas ar miiTvleba. analogiuri wesi moqmedebs asakis
aTvlisas dabadebis dRis mimarT (aseTi formulireba
vadebis muxlebSi samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawil-
Si, qarTul samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqss ar gaaCnia).
dReebis mixedviT gansazRvruli vada damTavrdeba
vadis bolo dRis gasvlasTan erTad, anu bolo dRis
24 saaTamde unda Sesruldes gansazRvruli moqmedeba.
analogiur danawess iTvaliswinebs BGB-is $.188)540. mag-
aliTad, Tu vada 10 dRiTaa gansazRvruli da es vada 5
ivniss daiwyo, maSin igi damTavrdeba 15 ivniss, 24 saa-
Tze. organizaciaSi Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba unda Ses-
ruldes vadis gasvlis im saaTamde, romel saaTzec or-
ganizacia amTavrebs samuSao dRes. magaliTad, sabanko
operaciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis Tuki dadgenilia Ses-
rulebisaTvis bolo vada 10 ivlisi, maSin valdebulma
pirma sabanko valdebuleba unda Seasrulos 10 ivlisis
18, an 19 saaTamde, Tu vTqvaT banki am saaTze wyvets im
dRis sabanko operaciebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, valde-
bul pirs damatebiTi valdebulebebi warmoeSoba, keZod
sauravis gadaxda gadacilebuli vadisaTvis.
vada, romelic kvireebis, Tveebis, an ramdenime Tvis
Semcvleli droiT–wliT, naxevari wliT, kvartliT
gansazRvrulia, mTavrdeba bolo kviris an bolo Tvis im
dRis damTavrebisTanave, romelic Seesabameba movlenis
dadgomis dRes an dRis zemoaRniSnul dros. magaliTad,
Tu vada gansazRvrulia movlenis dadgomidan 4 TviT,
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, gv. 36; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 195.
566
xolo movlena dadga 1 maiss, maSin vadis gamoTvla dai-
wyeba 2 maiss da damTavrdeba 2 seqtembers, an kidev, Tu
vada 7 dRiTaa gansazRvruli da es dRe 3 ianvars dai-
wyo, maSin damTavrdeba 11 ianvars, 24 saaTze.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TveebiT gansazRvruli vadis gas-
vla iseT Tveze modis, romelsac Sesabamisi ricxvi ar
aqvs, maSin vada cxadia gava am Tvis bolo dRes. mag-
aliTi: Tu 3 Tviani vada mxareTa SeTanxmebiT daiwyo 1
dekembers, maSin aRniSnuli vada gava an 28 Tebervals,
an kidev 29 Tebervals. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia ssk 123-
e muxlis m-3 nawilis danawesi, rom `Tu Tveebis mixed-
viT gansazRvrul vadas aklia vadis gasvlis aRsaniS-
navi dRe, maSin vada mTavrdeba am Tvis bolo dRis dam-
Tavrebisas~. rogorc muxlis danawesidan irkveva raime
moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis ki daiTqva konkretuli Tve,
magram am Tvis konkretul ricxvze miniSneba ar yofila,
maSin kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, igulisxmeba, rom val-
debulebis Sesasrulebeli Tvis ukanasknel dRes unda
Sesruldes igi. magaliTi: Tu valdebulebis Sesasrule-
blad 2015 wlis seqtemberi daiTqva, maSin igulisxmeba,
rom valdebuleba am Tvis bolo dRes (24 saaTamde)
unda Sesruldes.
vadebis dasrulebis germanuli danawesis, $188 (2),
(3)-is analogiuria saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
m.123.
naxevari weli niSnavs eqvsTvian vadas, romelic
SeiZleba aiTvalos wlis yoveli droidan. magaliTad,
Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada naxevari wliTaa
gansazRvruli da igi 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan iwyeba, ma-
Sin igi gava imave wlis ivnisis bolo dRes. kvarta-
li)samTvian vadas udris, romelic wlis dasawyisidan
aiTvleba da ara wlis nebismieri droidan. magaliTad,
567
pirveli kvartali 1 ianvridan iwyeba da martis bolos
mTavrdeba, meoTxe kvartali 1 oqtombridan iwyeba da
dekembris bolos mTavrdeba. naxevari Tve TxuTmetdRi-
ani vadaa da ganixileba, rogorc dReebiT gamosaTvleli
vada da iTvleba 15 dRed, miuxedavad imisa, ra ricxviT
gadis esa Tu is Tve (30-iT, 31-iT, Tu 28-iT). es danawesi
moqmedebs im SemTxvevaSic, roca naxevari Tve erT an
ramdenime TvesTan erTadaa aRebuli valdebulebis Ses-
asruleblad an uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad.
mag; vadis gansazRvra samnaxevari TviT, am SemTxvevaSi
igulisxmeba, rom moqmedeba Sesasrulebelia 3 Tvesa da
TxuTmet dReSi.
`vadis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi axali vada gamoiT-
vleba gasuli vadis damTavrebidan~(m.125). (aRniSnuli
danawesi normisa zusti gamoZaxilia BGB-is $190-isa541).
kreditori uflebamosilia valdebul pirs, ro-
melic daTqmul vadaSi valdebulebas ver asrulebs,
gadauvados mas valdebulebis Sesruleba, e. i. misces
damatebiTi vada (ssk m.405). damatebiTi vada mxareTa in-
teresSi Sedis. unda SevniSnoT, rom damatebiTi vadis
institutis arsebobiT xazgasmulia, rom samoqalaqo
samarTali Sesrulebaze orientirebuli samarTalia da
misi umTavresi Tviseba valdebulebis Sesrulebaa da
ara movalis pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis Seusrule-
blobisaTvis. amis dasturad SeiZleba moviyvanoT samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis 394-e muxli, romelic valdebulebis
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi imperatiulad ar ayenebs zianis
anazRaurebis movaleobas. muxlis saxelwodebaa `zia-
nis anazRaurebis moTxovna valdebulebis darRvevisas~,
��. damat. ix. Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer, gv. 36; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge,
65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 195-196.
568
magram zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas muxlis mx-
olod pirveli nawili iTvaliswinebs. muxlis meore
nawili swored damatebiTi vadis gansazRvraze sau-
brobs: `movalis mier vadis gadacilebisas kreditors
SeuZlia dauniSnos movales valdebulebis Sesrulebi-
saTvis aucilebeli dro. Tuki movale am droSic ar Sea-
srulebs valdebulebas, maSin kreditors ufleba aqvs
valdebulebis Sesrulebis nacvlad moiTxovos zianis
anazRaureba~. rogorc normidan Cans damatebiTi vadis
daniSvna movalisaTvis mxolod alternativaa, romelic
kreditors SeuZlia arc ki gamoiyenos. igive muxlis me-3
nawilis Tanaxmad, `damatebiTi vadis gansazRvra ar aris
saWiro, Tu aSkaraa, rom mas raime Sedegi ar mohyveba, an
roca arsebobs gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, romlebic
orive mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT amarTleben
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dauyovnebliv gamoyene-
bas~. damatebiTi vadebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar Seesabameba
mxareTa saerTo interesebs, magram samarTlianad aris
miCneuli. gadaxdisuunaro movales, romelsac dauyovne-
blivi Sesrulebis unari ar gaaCnia, unda mieces ga-
davadeba valdebulebis Sesrulebisa, mTliani valde-
bulebis dauyovnebliv dafarvis moTxovnis nacvlad.
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $242 saSualebas aZlevs
sasamarTlos aseTi damatebiTi vada daadginos kredi-
toris nebis sawinaaRmdegodac.
damatebiTi vada ZiriTad vadasTan erTad ar
gamoiTvleba, aramed misi aTvla calke, ZiriTadi vadisa-
gan damoukideblad aiTvleba da im vadidan, rodesac
valdebulebis ZiriTadi vada gava. magaliTi: nardobis
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili iyo mxareebis mier nivTis
damzadebisaTvis (valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis) 2 Tve
da es vada daiwyo 1 seqtembers. bunebrivia igi gava
569
oqtombris Tvis bolos. Tu menarde ver Seasrulebs
valdebulebas da SemkveTi mas damatebiT valdebulebis
SesrulebisaTvis gaugrZelebs vadas 1 TviT, maSin vadis
gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesrulebis vada ara ZiriTadi
vadis dawyebidan _ 1 seqtembridan gamoiTvleba, aramed
1 noembridan. mTavari moTxovnis gasvla avtomaturad
iwvevs damatebiTi moTxovnebis xandazmulobis vadis
gasvlasac. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 145-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
`mTavari moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadis gasvlasTan
erTad xandazmulobis vada gasulad iTvleba damate-
biTi moTxovnebisTvisac maSinac ki, roca am moTxovnaTa
xandazmulobis vada jer ar gasula~.
`Tu dro gansazRvrulia Tveebis an wlebis mixed-
viT imgvarad, rom ar aris saWiro maTi erTad gasvla,
maSin Tve gamoiTvleba ocdaaTi dRiT, xolo weli sa-
mas samocdaxuTiT~(ssk m. 126, n.1). muxlis danawesi imaze
migvaniSnebs, rom kreditori sulac araa valdebuli
valdebul pirs ganusazRvros TanamiyolebiT (TveebiT,
an wlebiT) valdebulebis Sesruleba. magaliTad, Tu
valdebul pirs ganesazRvra 6 TviT valdebulebis Ses-
ruleba, magram ara Tanamimdevari TveebiT, maSin mas
SeuZlia wlis nebismieri Tveebis ganmavlobaSi Seas-
rulos valdebuleba (mag; TebervalSi-nawili, Semdeg
martSi, Semdeg ivnisSi da a. S.). wlebiT gamosaTvleli
vada, rogorc muxlidan Cans samas samocdaxuTi dRiT
gamoiTvleba. Tvis dasawyisad iTvleba Tvis pirveli
dRe (1 ianvari), Sua Tved-Tvis meTxuTmete dRe-15 Teber-
vali), xolo Tvis dasasrulad—Tvis bolo dRe (31 ian-
vari) (ssk m.126, n. 2), analogiurad, (BGB-is $. 192).
Sromis kanonTa kodeqsiT gamosasvlel dRed saer-
Tod miCneulia SabaTi da kvira. magram calkeulma or-
ganizaciebma (gansakuTrebiT kerZo struqturebma) Sei-
570
Zleba daaweson gamosasvlel dRed ara SabaT -kvira, ar-
amed sxva dRe, vTqvaT, orSabaTi, xuTSabaTi da sxva. imave
Sromis kodeqsiT dawesebulia sadResaswaulo dReebi
- 1 ianvari 23 noemberi, 3 maisi da a. S.
arasamuSao dReebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-
ba eniWeba vadebis damTavrebisaTvis. ssk 127-e muxlis
Tanaxmad: `Tu moqmedeba unda Sesruldes gansazRvrul
dRes an moqmedebis Sesrulebis adgilas gamocxadebul
sadResaswaulo anda sxva gamosasvlel dReebs, maSin am
dRis nacvlad gamoyenebul unda iqnes momdevno samuSao
dRe~. analogiurad wesrigdeba es danawesi germanuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 193-e paragrafiT (`Tu nebis gamov-
lena unda ganxorcieldes an valdebuleba Sesruldes
gansazRvrul dRes an gansazRvruli vadis ganmavloba-
Si da aRniSnuli dRe an vadis bolo dRe emTxveva kvi-
ras, gancxadebis gakeTebis an valdebulebis Sesrulebis
adgilze oficialurad aRiarebul uqme dRes anda Sa-
baTs, maSin am dRis adgils ikavebs momdevno samuSao
dRe~).
Tu mxareebis mier Sesasrulebeli moqmedebis Ses-
rulebis dRe daemTxva arasamuSao dRes, maSin valde-
bulebis Sesruleba gadainacvlebs momdevno samuSao
dRisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu pirs bankisaTvis sesxi da
procenti unda daebrunebina kvira dRisaTvis, roca ban-
ki ar muSaobs (moqmedebis Sesasrulebeli dRe daemTx-
va kvira dRes), orSabaTisaTvis gadaiwevs valdebulebis
Sesruleba. aseve iTqmis sadResaswaulo dReebzec, roca
Sesasrulebeli moqmedebis (valdebulebis) bolo dRe
sadResaswaulo dReebs daemTxveva, romelic organiza-
ciisaTvis arasamuSao dRea. SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul
iqnes sxva arasamuSao dReebic (aragamosasvleli da
arasadResaswaulo). magaliTad, ganvadebiT nasyidobisas
571
pirs valdebuleba unda Seesrulebina oTxSabaTi dRi-
saTvis, 3 oqtombrisaTvis, oTxSabaTi ki maRaziisaTvis
sanitarul dRed aris gamocxadebuli da daketilia.
gamodis, rom moqmedeba unda Sesruldes 4 oqtombrisaT-
vis, xuTSabaT dRes.
bunebrivia, sadResaswaulo, gamosasvleli dReebis
damTxvevisas, arasamuSao dReebis raodenoba izrdeba.
magaliTad, Tu 3 maisi dedis dRe daemTxva xuTSabaTs,
romelic Cveulebriv samuSao dRea, magram sadResaswau-
lo dRes daemTxva, maSin samuSao dRe iqneba momdevno
dRe-paraskevi da a.S.
572
k i T x v e b i
1. ra igulisxmeba vadaSi?
2. daniSnulebis mixedviT romel vadebs gamo-
hyofdiT samoqalaqo samarTalSi?
3. rogori vadebia kanoniT dadgenili vadebi. pa-
suxi daasabuTeT magaliTebiT.
4. rogor xdeba vadis gamoTvla vadis gagrZelebi-
sas?
5. gamosasvlel da sadResaswaulo dReebSi gaT-
valiswinebulia Tu ara moqmedebis Sesruleba?
t e s t e b i
1. Tu vadis dasawyisad aRebulia esa Tu is movlena,

an dRis romelime monakveTi, maSin:
a. vadis gamoTvlisas mieTvleba is dRe, romelSic
dgeba es movlena, an dRis zemoaRniSnuli dro
b. vadis gamoTvlisas ar mieTvleba is dRe, romelSic
dgeba es movlena an dRis zemoaRniSnuli dro
g. vadis gamoTvlisas mieTvleba kanoniT dadgenili
drois monakveTi
d. arc erTi pasuxi ara aris swori.
2. Tu moqmedebis Sesrulebis vada eqvsi dRiTaa

gansazRvruli da es vada daiwyo 7 aprils, maSin igi dam-
Tavrdeba:
a. 18 aprils
b. 14 aprils
g. 22 aprils
d. 13 aprils.
573
3. vadis dasawyisad aRebulia 5 oqtombris 18 saaTi.
vadis gamoTvlisas mieTvleba Tu ara dRis zemoaRniSnuli
dro?
a. ar mieTvleba da vada gamoiTvleba 6 oqtombridan
b. mieTvleba da vada 5 oqtombris 18 saaTidan dai-
wyeba
g. 5 oqtombris dRis bolos daiwyeba
d. mieTvleba, Tu es kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
k a z u s e b i
1. moqmedebis Sesrulebis vada ganisazRvra movle-

nis dadgomidan 6 TviT, xolo movlena dadga 15 aprils.
saidan daiwyeba vadis gamoTvla?
2. a-m b-s asesxa fuli 2010 wlis 1 ivniss da ga-

nusazRvra sesxis dabrunebis vadad 3 Tve. agvistos Tvis
bolos b-s sesxi ukan, a-sTvis unda daebrunebina. b-m ver
SeZlo valis gadaxda. a-m mas gaugrZela vada 1 TviT.
verc am droisaTvis SeZlo b-m valdebulebis Sesrule-
ba.
saidan aiTvleba valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada
damatebiTi vadis micemisas valdebuli pirisaTvis da
daekisreba Tu ara mas sauravi vadagadacilebuli val-
debulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis?
574
2. xandazmuloba
`droni icvlebian da masTan erTad kanonebic~

(`Tempora mutantur et leges mutantur in ilis~)
saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxli aRiarebs pi-

ris fundamentur uflebebs, rom `yovel adamians aqvs
ufleba Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad
mimarTos sasamarTlos~. konstituciis aRiarebuli es
sayovelTao ufleba ise ar unda gavigoT, rom drois
faqtori araviTar rols ar TamaSobs pirTa Soris ur-
TierTobis samarTlebriv mowesrigebaSi da darRveuli
uflebis mqone piri nebismier drosaa uflebamosili
daicvas Tavisi, materialuri samarTliT miniWebuli uf-
leba, ara marto maSin, roca igi xandazmulobis vade-
biTaa SemosazRvruli, aramed nebismier dros, roca ki
igi amas moisurvebs, radganac ùsamano Tavisufleba~
zogadad ar arsebobs da samarTliT mowesrigebuli ur-
TierTobebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi
yovelTvis arseboben droSi, ufro metic, xSir SemTxve-
vebSi kanoni drois gasvlas ukavSirebs aramarto uf-
lebis warmoSobas, aramed am uflebis Sewyvetasac. `dro
uflebas ara marto warmoSobs, aramed spobs kidec mas~,
an kidev, `samarTals eSinia drosi~.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 128-e muxlis
1-li nawilis Tanaxmad ki, `sxva pirisagan raime moq-
medebis Sesrulebis an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebis
moTxovnis uflebaze vrceldeba xandazmuloba~.
`xandazmuloba~ _ TviT termini samoqalaqo samar-
TalSi gulisxmobs imas, rom romelime urTierTobas,
movlenas warsulSi hqonda adgili da bunebrivia, rom
xangrZlivi drois gasvlac aZnelebs am uflebis ganx-
575
orcielebas da pirTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze
garkveul gavlenas axdens.
saerTod, drois faqtori didi rols asrulebs
darRveuli Tu sadavo uflebebis dacvis SesaZleblobis
daSvebis TvalsazrisiT da amis sailustraciod cnobi-
lia samoqalaqo samarTlis erT-erTi instituti: `xan-
dazmulobis instituti~, romelic sasarCelo xandazmu-
lobis an moTxovnis xandazmulobis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili. am xandazmulobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
moTxovnis warmoSobis momentidan drois gasvlis Sem-
deg piri kargavs am moTxovnis iZulebiT sasamarTlo
wesiT realizaciis uflebas.
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi xandazmulobis vadebs aregu-
lirebs 128-146 muxlebi.
xandazmulobis vadebis dadgenas da mis samarT-
lebriv reglamentacias didi mniSvneloba aqvs samo-
qalaqo brunvis wesrigisaTvis, am wesrigSi CarTuli
pirebis uflebebis realizaciisa da valdebulebebis
SesrulebisaTvis, rom uflebis damcvelma icodes sad-
amde (ra dromde) SeiZleba idavos Tavisi darRveuli
Tu sadavod qceuli uflebis dasacavad an aRsadgenad
da valdebulma pirma garigebiT daTqmul droSi Seas-
rulos valdebuleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki ufle-
bamosilma pirma kanoniT dadgenili xandazmulobis va-
debis intervalSi mosTxovos valdebul pirs garkveuli
moqmedebis Sesruleba.
konkretulad ra daxmarebas uwevs xandazmulobis
vadebis SemoReba uflebamosil pirebs? ram ganapiroba
misi samarTlebrivi reglamentacia kanoniT? xandazmu-
lobis vadis samarTlebrivi gansazRvra imiTaa gamowveu-
li, rom garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg xSirad Zneli
da SeuZlebelic xdeba sadavo garemoebebis, faqtebis
576
utyuarad aRdgena da pirebs, romlebic uflebebs icaven,
an kidev maT usafuZvlod waeyenaT braldeba, _ xSirad
uZneldebaT Tavi daicvan aseTi braldebebisagan, radgan
xSir SemTxvevebSi mtkicebulebebis mopoveba, aRdgena
Zneldeba. xandazmulobis vadebi uflebis ganmaxorcie-
lebeli pirebisaTvis erTgvari daxmarebaa droulad
izrunon am uflebis realizebisa da dacvisaTvis.
`xandazmulobis mizani upirveles yovlisa, movalis
dacvaa. movale daculia ara marto mtkicebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli sirTuleebis dadgomamde ararsebuli moTxov-
nis uflebebisagan, aramed daculia aseve misi ndoba, rom
moTxovnis uflebebi ar iqneba gamoyenebuli mis winaaR-
mdeg. xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg movales ar
unda adardebdes regresis ufleba, an sxva riskebis daz-
Rveva. is, rom xandazmuloba ar aris sajaro intereseb-
Si dadgenili, Cans imiT, rom igi kanonier ZalaSi Sevlis
(procesulauri) Sedegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar saWiroe-
bs sasamarTlos iniciativiT gaTvaliswinebas~542.
xandazmulobis vadebis ganmavlobaSi pirs (romlis
uflebac dairRva), SeuZlia moiTxovos Tavisi uflebis
iZulebiTi wesiT ganxorcieleba, an kidev mimarTos sa-
samarTlos Tavisi uflebis dasacavad. sasarCelo wesis
garda, kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs agreTve arasasar-
Celo wesiT, sxva organoebis mier pirTa uflebebis dac-
vis SemTxvevebsac. gamodis, rom `xandazmuloba~ marto
sasarCelo wesiT ki ara, arasasarCelo wesiT dacvasac
iTvaliswinebs.
q. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom (saqme £2b/4587-
14, 2014 weli, 17 noemberi) xandazmulobis vadebTan da-
kavSirebiT ganmarta, rom: ,,piris ufleba sruli moc-
ulobiT moaxdinos sakuTari kanonieri interesebis
��.kropholeri, ian. dasax. naSr; 94-05.
577
realizeba an sasamarTlo wesiT dacva, SezRudulia
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebisaTvis gansxvavebulad dadgenili vadeb-
iT. kanonmdebeli gansazRvravs xandazmulobis vadis
gamoangariSebis wess da mis aTvlas ukavSirebs dros,
rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda sakuTari uflebis
darRvevis faqti, an dros, rodesac mas aseTis Taobaze
obieqturad unda Seetyo~.
xandazmulobis vadebis mniSvneloba uSualod uka-
vSirdeba samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTlo warmoebis
(samarTalwarmoebis) miznebsa da amocanebs. samoqalaqo
samarTalwarmoebis mizania aramarto im pirTa ufle-
bebis dacva, romlebic mimarTaven sasamarTlos sar-
CeliT (gancxadebiT), aramed am uflebebis droulad da
gonivrul vadaSi dacva. samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT
gansazRvrulia am `gonivruli~ vadis farglebi. samoqa-
laqo saproceso kodeqsis 59-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `samoqa-
laqo saqmeebs sasamarTloebi ganixilaven gancxadebis
miRebidan ara ugvianes 2 Tvisa, xolo gansakuTrebiT
rTuli kategoriis saqmeebze ganmxilveli sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebiT es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes ara
umetes 5 Tvisa~. es muxli iTvaliswinebs zogierTi kat-
egoriis saqmeebis mimarT kidev ufro mokle vadebs543~.
yoveli piri uflebamosilia mimarTos sasamarT-
los Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad, avRniSneT zemoT da
davamatebT, rom es maTi konstituciuri uflebaa, magram
isic avRniSneT, rom ùsamano vadebi~ ar arsebobs (garda
128-e muxlis meore nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx-
vevebisa) da igi uflebis dacvis kanoniT dadgenili
droiT aris SemosazRvruli. xandazmulobis vadis gas-
vliT ki ispoba sasamarTlos an sxva organos meSveobiT
��. liluaSvili, T., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, 2005, 183-184.
578
piris moTxovnis dakmayofileba iZulebis wesiT val-
debuli pirisaTvis garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebis
dakisrebiT. es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos kanoni arT-
mevs pirs uflebas mimarTos sasamarTlos an sxva Se-
sabamis kompetentur organoebs moTxovnis iZulebiT
ganxorcielebis gziT valdebuli piris mimarT garkveu-
li moqmedebis ganxorcielebisa. sasamarTlosaTvis an
sxva organosaTvis mimarTva _ es piris konstituciuri
uflebaa, mas SeuZlia moTxovna aRniSnul organoebSi
waradginos maSinac, roca xandazmulobis vada gasulia.
`xandazmulobis vadis gasvla spobs uflebis iZulebiT
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas materialuri da ara
procesualuri TvalsazrisiT. xandazmulobis vadis
gasvlis miuxedavad moTxovna ganxilul unda iqnes da
Tu gamoirkveva, rom ar arsebobs xandazmulobis vadis
SeCerebis an Sewyvetis safuZvlebi, moTxovna ar dak-
mayofildeba~. es isev samoqalaqo brunvis wesrigs da
stabilurobas emsaxureba. pirebs kanoniT sakmaod vr-
celi vadebi aqvT micemuli TavinTi uflebebis iZule-
biTi wesiT ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobisa. magali-
Tad, sacilo garigebebisaTvis (SecdomiT, motyuebiT da
iZulebiT dadebuli) uflebis dacvisaTvis moqmedebs
saerTo xandazmulobis aTwliani vada. es zogadi vadaa,
Tumca kanoni iTvaliswinebs aseve specialur vadebsac,
romlebzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. xandazmuloba dge-
ba xandazmulobis vadis gasvlisTanave; xandazmulobis
vadis denis dawyebisaTvis, rogorc wesi xandazmulobis
vada SeiZleba mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebiT rogorc Sem-
cirdes, ise gaxangrZlivdes~544.
128-e muxlis meore nawiliT, kanoni xandazmulobis
��. kropholeri, ian., dasax. naSr; gv. 95. bunebrivia mxareTa SeTanxmeba
xandazmulobis vadebis gazrdaze an Semcirebaze ar exeba specialuri
xandazmulobis vadebs.
579
vadebs ar avrcelebs: a. pirad araqonebriv uflebebze
(magaliTad, moTxovnebi me-18 muxlidan gamomdinare pa-
tivis, Rirsebis, saqmiani reputaciis da a. S. darRvevidan
gamomdinare, aseve avtoris araqonebriv uflebebze (Tum-
ca iqve aRniSnuli punqtebi miuTiTebs: `Tu kanoniT sxva
ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~, e.i. am zogadi wesebidan
gamonaklisebs Seicavs specialuri kanoni). b. `meanabre-
Ta moTxovnaze banksa da sxva sakredito dawesebulebeb-
Si Setanili anabrebis gamo~. es kanoniT SemousazRvravi
uflebaa pirisa, rom man sakredito dawesebulebebisagan
moiTxovos Setanili anabrebi, _ am urTierTobis xan-
grZlivi xasiaTis gamo norma aseTi saxiT definirebu-
lia kanonSi. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebTUam kuTxiT Ksaqa-
rTvelos mosaxleobis mdgomareobas, romelTa didma
umravlesobam TavianTi wloobiT nagrovebi Tanxa 90-ian
wlebSi bankebs miando (anabarze Setanili Tanxis `gaor-
magebis dapirebiT~) Sesanaxad da samwuxarod dResdReo-
biT misiT sargebloba meanabreebs ar SeuZliaT545, am mux-
lis aseTi wesiT formulireba ara marto maT aZlevT
SesaZleblobas am anabrebis dabrunebis moTxovnisa,
aramed maT uflebamonacvleebsac (memkvidreebs). moqa-
laqeebma araerTxel mimarTes sasamarTloebs saxelm-
wifo komerciul bankebSi anabrebze ricxuli fuladi
saxsrebis dabrunebaze, magram sasamarTloebi uars eu-
bnebodnen maT am Tanxebis dabrunebaze im motiviT, rom
saqarTvelos prezidentis 2001 wlis 2 ivlisis # 258
brZanebulebiT es sakiTxi specialurad unda mowesrig-
des... sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetile-
baSi Cawera, rom `sakanonmdeblo procesisadmi aseTi
midgomiT ilaxeba adamianTa konstituciuri uflebebi~.
anabrebTan dakavSirebul sarCelze sakonstitucio sa-
��.`saxelmwifom ki aRiara es Tanxebi Sida valad, magram misi dabrunebis vadebi
ar dauzustebiaT.
580
samarTlos pirvelma kolegiam aRniSna, rom am prob-
lemisadmi msgavsi midgoma mis TviTdinebaze miSvebas
hgavs, riTac ilaxeba moqalaqeTa sakuTrebis konsti-
tuciuri uflebebi546.
128-e muxliT xandazmulobis saerTo vada Seadgens
aT wels.
saerTo xandazmulobis aTwliani vadis garda ar-
sebobs agreTve specialuri xandazmulobis vadebic,
romelsac kanoni awesebs da bunebrivia misi gansa-
kuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa da specialurobis gamo (rom
specialuri normebi da misgan gamomdinare specialuri
vadebic ar SeiZleba kanonis analogiiT daregulirdes,
an mxareebma garigebiT Secvalon igi) SeiZleba saer-
To xandazmulobis vadaze meti an naklebi iyos. 129-
e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, `saxelSekrulebo
moTxovnebis xandazmulobis vada Seadgens sam wels,
xolo uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebuli saxelSekrulebo
moTxovnebisa _ 6 wels~. magaliTi: Tu nardobis xelSek-
rulebis vadad gansazRvruli iyo 2 weli, aRniSnuli
2 wlis gasvlis Semdeg daiwyeba xandazmulobis vadis
dena da igi gagrZeldeba 3 weli.
uZrav nivTebTan dakavSirebiT moTxovnis xan-
dazmulobis vada ufro xangrZlivia da igi eqvsi we-
lia. magaliTad, miwis nakveTis nasyidobidan gamomdin-
are xelSekrulebis vada iqneba eqvsi weli. sainteresoa
iuristis m. Toduas mosazrebebi uZrav nivTebTan da-
kavSirebiT moTxovnebis eqvswlian xandazmulobis va-
debTan dakavSirebiT: `mecnierTa garkveuli nawili izi-
arebs im azrs, rom `moTxovis xandazmuloba ar iwvevs
sanivTo uzrunvelyofis xandazmulobas. marTalia
��. ix. sakonstotucis sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 15 martis #1/4/170/178, 230, 246
ganCineba (wyaro: zoiZe,b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi,
2005, 237-238).
581
moTxovnis xandazmulobiT kreditori movalisagan Ses-
rulebis moTxovnis uflebas kargavs, magram mas SeuZlia,
valdebulebis uzrunvelsayofad dagiravebuli nivTis
realizacia moiTxovos da am gziT daikmayofilos
moTxovna~547. arsebobs am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdego mo-
sazrebac, romelic Cvenis azriT ufro mkafiod esad-
ageba kanonmdeblis nebas, ar gaavrcelos sanivTo ufle-
baze ssk 129-e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadade-
ba, romlis mixedviTac uZrav nivTebze saxelSekrulebo
moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis vada Seadgens eqvs wels.
i poTekis dadgenil winapirobas ara mxolod sajaro
reestrSi registracia, aramed ssk 289-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis meore da mesame winadadebebis Tanxmad, Sesa-
bamisi garigebis arseboba warmoadgens. amdenad, am deb-
ulebam SesaZloa migviyvanos xandazmulobis eqvswlian
vadamde. aq saubari ar aris uZrav nivTze valdebulebiT
_ samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmoSo-
bil moTxovnaze. magaliTad, saxlis nasyidobis xelSek-
rulebaze, an sanivTo datvirTvis dadgenil valdebule-
bebze, aramed uflebebze, romlebic warmoiSobian ukve
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili sanivTo uflebidan. ssk 129-
e muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winadadeba sityva_si-
tyviT da viwrod unda ganimartos da uZrav nivTze val-
debulebiT_samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebiT Semoifarglos...
uflebebze, romlebic warmoiSobian sanivTo datvirTvis
safuZvelze, ssk 128-e muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad,
vrceldeba xandazmulobis saerTo, aTwliani vada. es
vada jer ar gasula~548.
aqve, mokled, SeZeniTi xandazmulobis Sesaxeb uZ-
rav nivTebTan mimarTebaSi. Tu SedarebiT analizs gava-
keTebT qarTul da germanul samoqalaqo kodeqsebs So-
��.ix. Todua, m., vilemsi, huub., valdebulebiTi samarTali, 2006, 20.
��.iqve.
582
ris, davinaxavT aSkara sxvaobas SeZeniTi xandazmulobis
vadebTan mimarTebiT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
167-e muxlsa (romlis mixedviT `Tu piri sajaro re-
estrSi Setanilia miwis nakveTis an sxva uZravi qonebis
mesakuTred ise, rom ar SeuZenia sakuTrebis ufleba ma-
Tze, igi moi povebs am sakuTrebis uflebas, Tuki regis-
tracia arsebobda TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi da am
xnis manZilze piri flobda maT, rogorc sakuTars~) da
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis $900-s549 Soris (romlis
Tanaxmad, `(1) piri, vinc saadgilamulo reestrSi regis-
trirebulia rogorc mesakuTre, ise rom mas ar SeuZenia
sakuTrebis ufleba, iZens sakuTrebis uflebas, Tu regis-
tracia arsebobda 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi da igi am vadis
ganmavlobaSi miwis nakveTs flobda rogorc sakuTars.
ocdaaTwliani vada gamoiTvleba igive wesiT, rogorc
moZrav nivTze SeZeniTi xandazmulobis vada. vadis dena
Cerdeba manamde, sanam saadgilmamulo reestrSi550 siswo-
ris winaaRmdeg registrirebulia protesti....~. umjobesi
iqneboda uZravi qonebis maRali socialuri Rirebule-
bidan da mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare qarTul samoqa-
laqo kodeqsSic gazrdiliyo 15 wliani xandazmulobis
vada, Tundac 30 wlamde.
mxareTa Soris xelSekrulebiT xSirad gaTval-
iswinebulia ara valdebulebis erTdroulad Sesrule-
ba (magaliTad, 3 TveSi, 1 weliwadSi da sxva), aseve peri-
odulad, nawil_nawil, romelic Sesrulebulad iTvleba
bolo nawilis SesrulebasTan erTad. kanoni periodu-
lad Sesasrulebeli valdebulebidan xandazmulobis
moTxovnebisaTvis adgens sam wels. magaliTad, gadazid-
��
. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 687-688; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge,
65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 1381.
��.qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, sajaro reestrSi.
583
vis xelSekrulebis zednadebiT mxareTa Soris SeiZle-
ba ganisazRvros tvirTis gadatana erTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi nawil_nawil. cxadia garigebiT mxareTa Soris
gaTvlili iqneba tvirTis TiToeuli nawilis gadata-
nis konkretuli vadebi. magaliTad, yovelkvireulad da,
tvirTis gadatanis damTavrebis droc. am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli valdebulebis darRveva (vTq-
vaT pirveli gadatanis da Semdgomi drois darRveva)
cal_calke warmoSobs moTxovnis uflebas da aseTi
moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada kanoniT dadgenili 3
weli iqneba.
kanoniT, calkeul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba dadgenil
iqnes xandazmulobis sxva vadebic. mag; ssk m. 165: `Tu
piri moZrav nivTs xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad
flobs rogorc sakuTars, moi povebs masze sakuTrebis
uflebas (`sakuTrebis SeZena xandazmulobiT~), an kidev,
m. 514: `gamosyidvis vada ar SeiZleba aRematebodes aT
wels. am vadis gagrZeleba ar SeiZleba~; m. 920 ki - fa-
siani qaRaldebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebis xandazmu-
lobis vadas ocdaaTi wliT gansazRvravs dokumentebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis
dadgomidan da sxva.
mainc rodidan iwyeba xandazmuloba? amaze pasuxs
gagvcems 130-e muxli, rom: `xandazmuloba iwyeba moTxov-
nis warmoSobis momentidan. moTxovnis warmoSobis mo-
mentad ki CaiTvleba dro, roca pirma Seityo an unda
Seetyo uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb~. rogorc muxlis
danawesidan Cans, xandazmulobis vadis zustad gamoTv-
lisaTvis mniSvnelovania misi denis dawyebis momentis
gansazRvra. saerTo xandazmulobis vadi 10 welia, ma-
gram rodidan iwyeba am 10-wliani vadis dena? pasuxi:
rodesac warmoiSoba (ra dRidanac) moTxovnis ufleba.
584
moTxovnis warmoSobamde ki cxadia xandazmulobis va-
dis denis dawyebas adgili ar eqneba. kanoni zog SemTx-
vevaSi TviTon gansazRvravs xandazmulobis vadis denis
dawyebis dros. magaliTad, ssk 699-e muxli gadazidve-
bidan gamomdinare uflebebis xandazmulobis vadas 1
wliT gansazRvravs, xolo uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisas
3 wels da xandazmulobis vada am SemTxvevaSi iwyeba:
a) tvirTis nawilobriv dakargvis, dazianebis an Caba-
rebis vadis gadacilebisas misi gamogzavnis dRidan; b)
tvirTis mTlianad dakargvisas _ gadazidvis SeTanxme-
buli vadis gasvlis ocdameaTe dRidan, an, Tu aseTi vada
ar yofila daTqmuli, _ gadamzidvelis mier tvirTis
miRebidan mesamoce dRes; g) yvela sxva danarCen Sem-
TxvevaSi _ gadazidvis xelSekrulebis dadebis dRidan
sami Tvis gasvlis Semdeg.
kanonSi pirdapir Tu ar aris miTiTebuli xandazmu-
lobis vadis denis dawyeba, bunebrivia, xandazmulobis
vada warmoiSoba im dRidan, roca pirma gaigo an unda
gaego darRveuli uflebis Sesaxeb. aq ori mniSvnelovani
faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli: 1. obieqturi (uflebis
darRvevis faqti) da 2. subieqturi momenti (pirma gaigo
an unda gaego Tavisi uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb). Cven
amis Sesaxeb konkretuli saubari gvqonda sacilo ga-
rigebebisas, kerZod, SecdomiT dadebuli garigebebisas
79-e muxlSi (`Secileba unda moxdes Secilebis safuZ-
vlis Setyobis momentidan erTi Tvis vadaSi~), ssk 84-e
muxlSi (`motyuebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba sa-
davo gaxdes erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. vada aiTvleba im
momentidan, roca Secilebis uflebis mqonem Seityo Se-
cilebis safuZvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb~), ssk 89-e muxlSi
(ìZulebiT dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iZulebis damTavrebis momenti-
585
dan~). yvela an samive SemTxvevaSi saerTo xandazmulo-
bis 10-wliani vada moqmedebs. moyvanili magaliTebidan
aSkarad Cans, rom roca pirma gaigo Secilebis uflebis
Sesaxeb (obieqturi da subieqturi momenti erTmaneTs
emTxveva), am momentidan warmoiSoba Secilebis ufleba
da cdomilebaSi myofma pirma Secileba unda moaxdi-
nos bunebrivia meore mxaris winaSe nebis gamovleniT
_ gancxadebis gakeTebiT. Secilebis ufleba ispoba
Tu saerTo xandazmulobis aTwliani vada gava. aseve
gancxadebaSi Secilebis safuZvlis Sesaxeb unda mieTi-
Tos. magram yovelTvis rodi emTxveva erTmaneTs obieq-
tur-subieqturi faqtorebi. amaze metyvelebs gamoTqma:
àn unda Seetyo Secilebis safuZvlis arsebobis Ses-
axeb~. mainc rodis SeeZlo Seetyo? Tuki Secilebis
uflebis mqones Secilebamde warmoeSoba Secilebis
ufleba da amis Sesaxeb gvian Seityobs, - bunebrivia
Setyobamde Tavisi uflebis dacvas verc moiTxovs, _
moiTxovs mxolod Setyobinebis momentidan. magaliTi:
a-m b-s motyuebiT daadebina garigeba, romelic mas ar
SeeZlo gaego im momentisaTvis da gaigo vTqvaT, 2 Tvis
Semdeg. Secilebis ufleba motyuebul mxares warmoeSo-
ba ara motyuebis momentidan, aramde vada aiTvleba im
momentidan, roca Secilebis uflebis mqonem Seityo Se-
cilebis safuZvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb (e. i. 2 Tvis Semdeg
motyuebidan), an kidev: avtoavariis Semdeg piri imdenad
msubuqad daSavda, rom janmrTelobis dazianebis raime
kvali ar dautovebia, magram ramdenime Tvis Semdeg mas
sxeulis im adgilas, sadac manqana Seejaxa ganuviTarda
simsivnuri warmonaqmni da mkurnaloba dasWirda. cxa-
dia, mas Secilebis ufleba warmoeSoba am faqtis cno-
bis dRidan.
daudevrobisas (gulgrilobisas) piris mier Tavi-
586
si uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb Seucnoblobisas, saqmis
garemoebebis mixedviT warmoeSoba moTxovnisaTvis xan-
dazmulobis vada (roca mas unda Seetyo Tavisi uflebis
darRvevis Sesaxeb).
cxadia, rom Tu kanoniT, an xelSekrulebiTaa
gansazRvruli garigebis monawileebisaTvis moTxovnis
uflebis warmoSobis vada (mag; xelSekruleba garkveu-
li vadiTaa dadebuli), cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi, swored am
droidan iwyeba xandazmulobis vadis dena. magaliTad,
ssk 1171-e muxliT kanoni adgens samwlian xandazmulobis
vadas im moTxovnebisaTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulia
meuRleTa Tanaziari qonebis gayofasTan. am vadis dena
iwyeba qorwinebis Sewyvetis momentidan, e. i. samoqalaqo
aqtebis registraciis organoSi ganqorwinebis regis-
traciis dRidan. magaliTi: Tuki, vTqvaT, qiravnobis
xelSekruleba 2 wliTaa dadebuli, gamqiraveblisTvis
moTxovnis ufleba (qiravnobis sagnis ukan gamoTxovisa)
warmoiSoba ori wlis gasvlis Semdeg da am droidanve
daiwyeba xandazmulobis vadis dena.
pirTa Secvla valdebulebaSi ar iwvevs xandazmu-
lobis vadis raime cvlilebebs. Tuki pirs valdeb-
ulebis Sesasruleblad gansazRvruli aqvs garkveuli
vada (vTqvaT menardes samuSaos Sesasruleblad micemu-
li aqvs 1 wliani vada) da uflebamosili piri Seityobs,
rom am vadis dadgomisas piri ver asrulebs moqmedebas
da mas damatebiT miscems vadas (ssk 405 muxli, 1-li
nawilis pirveli winadadeba); maSin xandazmulobis vada
am vadis (damatebiTi vadis) gasvlidan gamoiTvleba. Tu
piri kisrulobs Tavis Sekavebas raime moqmedebisagan,
magaliTad, mwerali kisrulobs, rom Tavis nawarmoebs
eqskluziuri gamoqveynebis uflebiT ar gadascems sxva
Jurnals, vTqvaT `gzas~ da gadascems vTqvaT Jurnal
587
`sarkes~, xandazmulobis vada cxadia ar daiwyeba manam,
sanam valdebuli piri Tavs ikavebs iseTi, moqmedebisa-
gan, romlisgan Tavi unda Seekavebina, xolo Tu nawar-
moebs gadascems `gzas~ da daarRvevs Jurnal `sarke-
sTan~ dadebul garigebas, maSin xandazmulobis vadis
dena (`sarkis~ ufleba) warmoiSoba nawarmoebis sxva Ju-
rnalisaTvis gadacemis momentidan, rameTu man daarRvia
garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli piroba.
kanonma xandazmulobis vadis denis dawyeba swored
moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebis valdebulebas daukav-
Sira da ara imas, pirma Tavisi uflebis darRvevis Ses-
axeb icoda Tu ara. magram es yvela SemTxvevas rodi
exeba. Tu dapireba arRvevs TviT am piris sayovelTaod
aRiarebul uflebebs, maSin cxadia xandazmulobis va-
dis dawyebis normebs ver gamoviyenebdiT ùflebamo-
sili piris~ interesebis dasacavad. magaliTad, a-m b-s
fuli asesxa im pirobiT, rom sanam is vals ar gadaux-
dida, sxva samuSaoze ver gadavidoda, Tundac es sa-
muSao maRalanazRaurebadic rom yofiliyo. es pirda-
pir arRvevs piris kanonierad aRiarebul uflebebs da
aseTi garigeba arc samarTlebrivi Zalis mqonea da, arc
xandazmulobis vadis denis dasawyisi,_Tu piri sxva sa-
muSaoze gadavidoda. igi xom sxva samuSaoze gadasvlis
SemTxvevaSic valdebuli iqneboda sesxis ukan dabrune-
baze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi kreditori gamoiyenebda
kanoniT masze miniWebul uflebas gasesxebulis ukan
dabrunebisa.
xSir SemTxvevaSi kanoni moTxovnis warmoSobas da
masTan dakavSirebul xandazmulobis vadis warmoSobas
ukavSirebs kreditoris ama Tu im moqmedebis ganxor-
cielebas da sanam kreditori am moqmedebas ar Seasru-
lebs, mas arc movalisagan valdebulebis Sesrulebis
588
moTxovna ar warmoeSoba. magaliTad, Tu nardobis
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulia, rom SemkveTs men-
arde xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaos Sem-
deg gadascems nardobis sagans, maSin SemkveTs sazRauris
gadaxdis Semdeg eqneba ufleba menardisagan Sesrule-
buli samuSaos miRebisa. kreditors (SemkveTs) ufleba
ara aqvs Semxvedri valdebulebis Sesrulebamde valde-
bul pirs (menardes) mosTxovos Sesrulebuli samuSaos
(damzadebuli nivTis) misTvis gadacema da cxadia am
dromde xandazmulobis vadac ar warmoiSoba, xolo,
roca kreditors SeeZlo Seesrulebina garkveuli moq-
medeba, romelTanac dakavSirebuli iqneboda moTxovnis
uflebis warmoSoba da ar Seasrulebs am moqmedebas,
_ am SemTxvevaSi xandazmulobis vada im driodan war-
moiSoba, roca kreditors am moqmedebis ganxorcieleba
SeeZlo.
kanoni iTvaliswinebs iseT SemTxvevebsac, roca
zogjer kreditoris moTxovnis uflebisaTvis xan-
dazmulobis vadis dena dawyebulia, magram valdebuli
piris mier garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, ro-
melic Sesrulebiskenaa mimarTuli, abrkolebs misgan
damoukidebeli mizezebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi xandazmu-
lobis vadebi SeCerebulia im dromde, sanam arsebobs
misi SemaCerebeli (damabrkolebeli) garemoebebi, ro-
melic valdebuli piris nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.
aseTi mizezebi Semdegia: ssk 132 muxlis Sesabamisad:
`xandazmulobis vadis dena SeCerdeba, Tu: a. valdeb-
ulebis Sesruleba gadavadebulia aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis mier (moratoriumi)551; b. sarCelis wardge-
��. laT. moratorium – damayovnebeli. 1. saSinao da sagareo valdebulebaTa
Sesrulebis gadadeba mTavrobis mier raime sagangebo mdgomareobis (mag; omis,
stiqiuri ubedurebis) gamo. 2. garkveuli saxis iaraRis (mag; raketebis, kosmosur
saSualebaTa) gamocda da ganlagebis SeCereba. ix. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, 1989,
325.
589
nas abrkolebs gansakuTrebuli da mocemul pirobebSi
aucdeneli, dauZleveli Zala; g. kreditori an movale
imyofeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis im nawilSi, romelic
gadayvanilia saomar mdgomareobaSi; d. kanoniT gaTval-
iswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi~.
a. moratoriumi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gank-
argulebiT gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis gamo valdeb-
ulebis Sesrulebis gadavadebaa (gansakuTrebuli gare-
moeba SeiZleba iyos saomari mdgomareoba da sxva). mor-
atoriumi SeiZleba gavrceldes gansazRvrul terito-
riaze, valdebulebaTa calkeul saxeebze, pirTa gansaz-
Rvrul jgufebze da sxva. magaliTi: ss `TbilRvinos~
unda miewodebina ucxouri firmisaTvis Rvinis didi
partia, xelSekruleba daido, magram sanam daiwyeboda
saqonlis miwodeba, aRmoCnda, rom xelisuflebam gamos-
ca aqti, romlis ZaliTac aikrZala Rvinis konkretuli
saxeobis eqsporti, an kidev, mimReb qveyanaSi aikrZala
saqarTvelodan Rvinis importi. es garemoeba Rvinis mim-
wodeblebs aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan, radgan
ssk 132-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi valdebulebis Sesrulebas
xels uSlis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier gamo-
cemuli aqti.
`saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis mier detalu-
rad SemuSavebuli forsmaJoruli situaciebi moicavs
agreTve qariSxals,ciklons,afeTqebebs,xanZars,manqanebi-
sa da mowyobilobebis mwyobridan gamosvlas (dangrevas),
boikots, gaficvas, fabrikebisa da saTavsoebis okupire-
bas, samuSaos SeCerebas im mxaris sawarmoSi, romelsac
aqvs pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis pretenzia
da sxva. saintereso iqneba misi qarTuli sasamarTlo
praqtikisaTvis gaTvaliswineba. aq CamoTvlil garemoe-
baTagan zogierTi warmoadgens ara forsmaJorul gare-
590
moebas, aramde damabrkolebel garemoebas, rac calkeul
SemTxvevebSi Secvlili garemoebebis tolfasi iqneba~552.
b. forsmaJori553 dauZleveli Zalaa. misTvis upi-
ratesad damaxasiaTebelia is, rom igi imdenad sagangebo
da uCveulo movlenaa, rom iwvevs valdebulebis obieq-
tur SeuZleblobas. qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi dauZ-
leveli Zalis konkretul definicias ar iZleva, ro-
gorc es evropis zogierTi qveynis kodeqsebSia. magali-
Tad BGB-s 206-e paragrafis mixedviT (`xandazmulobis
vadis denis SeCereba dauZleveli Zalis SemTxvevaSi~)
aRniSnulia, rom: `xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba
im vadiT, ra vadiTac kreditori xandazmulobis vadis
bolo eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi moklebulia sakuTari
uflebebis realizaciis SesaZleblobas dauZleveli
Zalis Sedegad~. msgavs danawess qarTuli samoqalaqo
kodeqsi ar icnobs.
saerTaSoriso komerciul brunvaSi ki dagrovda
sakmao praqtika aRniSnuli garemoebebis Sesaxeb, rac
misi unifikacia-harmonizaciis mniSvnelovan wyarod
unda miviCnioT. forsmaJorul situaciebs miekuTvneba,
miwisZvrebi, wyaldidobebi, zvavebi da sxva; socialuri
movlenebi: omi, ajanyeba, aseve, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
aqtebi) magaliTad, eqsport_importis akrZalva) da sxva.
aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtorebic, rom ramdenad
SesaZlebelia maqsimaluri Zalisxmevis SemTxvevaSi am
faqtorebis Tavidan acileba, aseve isic, rom dauZleveli
Zalis SemTxvevaSi obieqturad SeuZlebelia teqnikuri
an sxva saSualebebiT misi Tavidan acileba. gasaTval-
iswinebelia isic, rom zemoT aRniSnuli zogierTi faq-
tori yovelTvis rodia dauZleveli Zala. magaliTad,
��.ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gv. 375.
��. forsmaJori (frang. forse majeure) – viTareba, romlis Tavidan acileba
SeuZlebelia, gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba. ix. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, 1989, gv. 532.
591
wyaldidoba mxolod maSinaa dauZleveli Zala, roca
igi mocemuli adgilisaTvis uCveuloa, Torem gazafxul-
ze mdinaris kalapotidan wylis gadmosvla uCveulo ar
aris da xSir SemTxvevebSic SeiZleba garkveuli winas-
wari zomebis miRebiT misi Tavidan acileba, Tu bunebri-
vi stiqia daumorCilebeli aRmoCndeba adamianis Zalisa-
gan. `doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi miRebulia
mTeli rigi kriteriumebi, rac dauZleveli ZalisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. dauZleveli garemoeba, romelic Ses-
rulebas SeuZlebels xdis da ara damamZimebels. es is-
eTi movlenaa, romlis winaswar gaTvaliswineba SeuZle-
belia. am TvisebiT xasiaTdeba igi yvelaze Tanmxleb
garemoebasTan erTad, rogoricaa misi dadgomis vada,
xangrZlivoba, warmoSobis adgili. aRniSnuli movle-
nis gaTvaliswineba SeuZlebeli unda iyos ara mxolod
sazogadod Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis, aramed moval-
isaTvis, romelic iTxovs pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavi-
suflebas mocemuli safuZvliT, Tuki movalem xelSek-
rulebis dadebisas icoda, rom dadgeboda garemoebani,
romlebic valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas
gamoiwvevda, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi ar unda gaTavisufl-
des pasuxismgeblobisagan~554. movalisaTvis dauZlevel
Zalas warmoadgens gauTvaliswinebeli da gardauvali
garemoebebi.
`kanoni ar iZleva dauZlevel ZalTa zust defini-
cias da Sesabamisad, movlenaTa numerous clausus-is prin-
ci piT dauZlevel Zalad kvalificirebis SesaZleblobas.
dauZlevel Zalasa da valdebulebis Sesrulebis Seu-
Zleblobas Soris urTierTkavSiri, Sesafasebeli kat-
egoriaa da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi subieqturi
da obieqturi garemoebebis urTierTSejerebis Sede-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gv. 372-273.
592
gad unda dadgindes. dauZlevel Zalas unda axasiaTeb-
des ori mniSvnelovani faqtori: gansakuTrebuloba da
gadaulaxavoba. Tu ramdenad gansakuTrebuli da gadau-
laxavia esa Tu is faqtori yovel konkretul SemTxveva-
Si pirisaTvis, Sefasebis sakiTxia. zogadad, is, rac obieq-
turad winaswar gaTvladi, prognozirebadi da sifrTxi-
lis standartis dacvis pirobebSi Tavidan acilebadia,
dauZleveli Zalis motiviT, rogorc xSir SemTxvevaSi
sayovelTaod cnobili movlena, mtkicebas ar saWiroebs.
dauZleveli Zalis arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs val-
debulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas. dauZlevel Za-
lasa da valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobas So-
ris mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba mtkicebas saWiroebs.
amasTan mniSvnelovania, rom dauZleveli Zala ar war-
moadgens valebulebis Sesrulebisagan piris gaTavisu-
flebis safuZvels. Tu valdebulebis kreditorma Ses-
rulebis mimarT interesi dakarga, movale valdebulia,
aRadginos pirveladi mdgomareba. amdenad, dauZleveli
Zala valdebulebis kreditors pirveladi moTxovnidan
ar aTavisuflebs, is meoradi mTxovnebis Sesrulebisa-
gan gaTavisuflebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes~555.
g. xandazmulobis vadis SeCerebas iwvevs agreTve
roca kreditori an movale imyofeba SeiaraRebuli Za-
lebis im nawilSi, romelic gadayvanilia saomar md-
gomareobaSi. magaliTad, Tu valdebul, samxedro pirs
sesxi aqvs aRebuli samoqalaqo pirisagan da ukan ar
abrunebs mas, bunebrivia gamsesxebels SeuZlia sasamarT-
��.saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, sasamarTlosTan TanamSromlobis jgufis

Sexvedra (Semajamebeli oqmi), 2013 wlis 18 ivlisi, 13-14. aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT ix. susg, samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis
2011 wlis 18 aprilis as-218-2004-2011 ganCineba. aseve susg, samoqalaqo, samewarmeo
da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 6 ivlisis as-7-6-2010 ganCineba; susg,
samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2009 wlis 23 ivlisis as-
30-367-09 ganCineba.
593
los mimarTos sarCeliT msesxeblis winaaRmdeg, magram
Tu samxedro nawili, sadac es piri msaxurobs, gadayva-
nilia saomar mdgomareobaSi, maSin mis mimarT moTxovnis
xandazmuloba SeCerdeba, manam, sanam saomar mdgomareo-
baSi iqneba misi samxedro nawili, sadac is gadis sam-
saxurs.
d. aseve 132-e muxli iTvaliswinebs xandazmulobis
vadis SeCerebas kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTx-
vevebSi. Tu ra SeiZleba iyos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
sxva SemTxvevebi, Cven SegviZlia konkretuli normis mox-
mobiT davadasturoT kanonis es danawesi. magaliTad, ssk
666-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, `Tu mogzauroba
arsebiTad gaZneldeba, an warmoiSoba sxva safrTxe, an
turists miadgeba ziani xelSekrulebis dadebisas gaT-
valiswinebuli Zalis dadgomisas, maSin, rogorc turists,
ise mogzaurobis momwyobs SeuZliaT Sewyviton xelSek-
ruleba. am SemTxvevaSi turists, romelsac ziani miadga
mogzaurobis xarvezisas imis gamo, rom dauZlevel Za-
las hqonda adgili, `magaliTad gemiT mgzavrobisas
Stormi, romlis gaTvaliswinebac mogzaurobis momwyobs
ar SeeZlo, igi Tavisufalia pasuxismgeblobisagan. an
kidev, ssk 700-e muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom xandazmulobis
vada SeCerdeba werilobiTi reklamaciis safuZvelze im
dRisaTvis, roca gadamzidveli reklamacias uaryofs da
ukan abrunebs TandarTul dokumentebs.
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba aseve icnobs SemTxvevebs,
roca forsmaJoruli Zalis viTarebaSic SeiZleba rom
movales pasuxismgebloba daekisros rogorc kanoniT,
ise xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebSic. mag-
aliTad, sahaero kodeqsi sahaero xomaldebis mflobels
akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas mgzavrze miyenebuli zian-
isaTvis dauZleveli Zalis SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, ssk
999-e muxliT (mesame nawili), mgzavrebis gadayvanisa da
594
tvirTebis gadazidvisaTvis satransporto saSualebis
mflobeli, Tu misi satransporto saSualebis eqsp-
loatacias mohyva adamianis sikvdili, dasaxiCreba an
janmrTelobis moSla, an/da nivTs dazianeba, valdebu-
lia aunazRauros dazaralebuls aqedan warmoSobili
ziani, roca ziani gamowveulia dauZleveli ZaliT saa-
viacio transportis eqsploataciis dros. 831-e muxli
iTvaliswinebs mzRvevelis mier omiT an sxva dauZleve-
li ZaliT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas mx-
olod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es specialuri SeTanxmebiTaa
gaTvaliswinebuli.
ssk 133-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi xandazmulobis va-
debis SeCerebas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs.
kerZod, xandazmulobis vada imitom ki ar Cerdeba, rom
pirs moTxovnis wardgenis SesaZlebloba ar aqvs, ar-
amed im gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis gamo, romelic
meuRleebs, mSoblebsa da Svilebs, meurveebsa (mzrunve-
lebsa) da sameurveo (samzrunvelo) pirebs Soris war-
moiSoba.
pirTa qorwinebaSi yofna, aseve Svilebis arasrulw-
lovaneba vadis denis SemaCerebel garemoebebs warmoad-
genen. magaliTi: erTma meuRlem meores asesxa Tanxa. Tu
kreditori meuRle xandazmulobis vadis ganmavlobaSi
(am SemTxvevaSi 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (m.129, n. 1. pirve-
li winadadebis ZaliT) ar moiTxovs meore meuRlisagan
valdebulebis Sesrulebas, valis ukan dabrunebas,_es
imas rodi niSnavs, rom xandazmulobis vada gavida.
moTxovnis uflebis warmoSobidan xandazmulobis va-
dis dena SeCerebulad iTvleba da SeCereba grZelde-
ba qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi. ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi
xandazmulobis vadis dena daiwyeba.
ssk 134-e muxli (`xandazmulobis vadis SeCereba
SezRudulqmedunarianis da mxardaWeris mimRebis monaw-
595
ileobisas~) iTvaliswinebs xandazmulobis vadis denis
SeCerebis Semdeg or SemTxvevas: 1. Tu moTxovna momdi-
nareobs SezRudulqmedunarianisagan, romelsac kanon-
ieri warmomadgeneli ar hyavs, an mxardaWeris mimRebi-
sagan, romelsac mxardaWera saTanado wesiT ar gaewia,
anda moTxovna mimarTulia aRniSnuli pirisadmi, xan-
dazmulobis vadis dena SeCerebulad iTvleba, sanam es
piri sruli qmedunariani ar gaxdeba an mas kanonieri
warmomadgeneli ar daeniSneba.
rogorc pirvel, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi xandazmu-
lobis vadis dena SeCerebulia kanonis ZaliT, vidre
piri qmedunariani ar gaxdeba, an ar daeniSneba kanonieri
warmomadgeneli (meurve an mzrunveli). ssk 1280-e da 1281-
e muxlebi iTvaliswineben sasamarTlos mier meurvisa
da mzrunvelis daniSvnis wess. `sasamarTlo, romelmac
gamoitana gadawyvetileba piris mxardaWeris mimRebad
cnobis Sesaxeb, valdebulia imave gadawyvetilebiT
daniSnos mxardamWeri (mxardamWerebi), gansazRvros mx-
ardaWeris farglebi da mxardamWeris (mxardamWerebis)
ufleba-movaleobebi. es gadawyvetileba misi kanonier
ZalaSi Sesvlidan ara ugvianes sami dRisa egzavneba
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos, mxardaWeris
mimRebis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT (m. 1280, n1).
aRniSnuli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, `mxardamWerad
SeiZleba dainiSnos piris ojaxis wevri, naTesavi, axlo-
beli an specialisti, romelic akmayofilebs samoqalaqo
kodeqsiT dadgenil mTxovnebs~.... muxlis nawili me-5-
is Tanaxmad, `Tu mxardamWeris am muxlis me-2 nawilSi
aRniSnuli pirebisagan arCeva ver moxerxda, sasamarTlo
mxardamWerad niSnavs meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis or-
ganos uflebamosil pirs, xolo Tu mxardaWeris mim-
Rebi specializebul dawesebulebaSia moTavsebuli - am
dawesebulebis warmomadgenels~. meurvis an mzrunve-
596
lis movaleobaTa gansaxorcieleblad meurveobisa da
mzrunvelobis organoebi niSnaven meurves an mzrunv-
els. meurve an mzrunveli maTi TanxmobiT iniSneba da
sxv556. rogorc aRniSnuli normebidan gamodis, pirs mx-
ardaWeris mimRebad aRiareben meurvis daniSvnamde da
xandazmulobis vadis denac am drois ganmavlobaSi
SeCerebulia.
xandazmulobis vadis denis SeCerebis Tavisebureba
imaSi vlindeba, rom dro, romelic im garemoebaTa dad-
gomamde gavida, romlebmac xandazmulobis vadis denis
SeCereba gamoiwvies, xandazmulobis vadaSi CaiTvleba,
xolo dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic grZeldeba xandazmu-
lobis denis SemaCerebeli garemoeba, mxedvelobaSi ar
miiReba. `xandazmulobis vadis SeCereba gagrZeldeba
im garemoebebis Sewyvetamde, romlebic misi SeCerebis
safuZvels warmoadgenda (magaliTad moratoriumis gau-
qmebamde). mas Semdeg, rac vadis denis SemaCerebeli gare-
moeba Sewydeba, xandazmulobis vada ganagrZobs denas
xandazmulobis darCenili drois ganmavlobaSi~557. mag-
aliTi: xandazmulobis vadis dena 2009 wlis 10 ivliss
daiwyo. samwliani xandazmulobis vadis dros xandazmu-
loba gava 2012 wlis 10 ivniss; 2011 wlis 10 ianvars
xandazmulobis vadis dena SeCerda da es mdgomareoba
gagrZeldeba 2011 wlis 20 oqtombramde. xandazmulobis
vadis SeCerebamde gavida ori weli da eqvsi Tve. Se-
Cerebis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi (2011 wlis 10 ianvri-
dan 20 oqtombramde) xandazmulobis vadis dena SeCere-
bulia da gagrZeldeba 2011 wlis 20 oqtombridan, mTeli
darCenili droiT, eqvsi TviT. xandazmulobis vada gava
2012 wlis 20 aprils.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 132-e muxlSi CamoTvlili
��.ix. ssk, m. 1281-1283.
597
garemoebani (aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier val-
debulebis Sesrulebis gadavadeba (moratoriumi), sar-
Celis wardgenisaTvis damabrkolebeli garemoebani, ro-
goricaa: aucdeneli, dauZleveli Zala, kreditoris an
movalis yofna SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rigebSi, romelic
saomar mdgomareobaSia da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
konkretuli SemTxvevebi, yovelTvis ar iwveven xan-
dazmulobis vadis SeCerebas. 136-e muxlis 1-li nawilis
Tanaxmad isini xandazmulobis vadis denas SeaCereben
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 132-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ze-
moT CamoTvlili garemoebebi warmoiSva an ganagrZobda
arsebobas xandazmulobis vadis ukanaskneli eqvsi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi, xolo Tu es vada eqvs Tveze naklebia
_ xandazmulobis vadis ganmavlobaSi~. magaliTad, xan-
dazmulobis vada urTierTobebisaTvis 5 welia, maSin
xandazmulobis vadis dena SeiZleba SeCerdes, Tu erT-
erT SemaCerebel garemoebas adgili hqonda xandazmu-
lobis vadis dawyebidan oTxi wlisa da eqvsi Tvis gas-
vlis Semdeg. magram, Tu moxda ise, rom SemaCerebeli
garemoeba warmoiSva adre (xandazmulobis vadis bolo
eqvs Tvemde), magram xandazmulobis vadis bolo eqvsi
Tvis farglebSic ganagrZobda arsebobas, xandazmulo-
bis vadis dena SeCerdeba misi bolo eqvsi Tvis dawyebi-
sTanave (magaliTad, Tu xandazmulobis vada 6 welia da
ori wlis da sami Tvis gasvlis Semdeg warmoiSoba misi
SemaCerebeli garemoeba, romelic xuTi Tve gagrZelda,
xandazmulobis vada SeCerdeba 5 wlisa da eqvsi Tvis
gasvlis Semdeg). Tu xandazmulobis vada eqvs Tveze na-
klebia, maSin xandazmulobis vadis dena SeCerdeba xan-
dazmulobis mTeli vadis yovel momentSi. mag; Tu xan-
dazmulobis vada 4 Tvea, is SeiZleba SeCerdes, Tundac
misi dawyebidan 5 dRis gasvlis Semdeg.
ssk 136-e muxliT, rom ìm garemoebebis Sewyvetis
598
dridan, romlebic safuZvlad daedo xandazmulobis va-
dis SeCerebas, xandazmuloba gagrZeldeba eqvs Tvemde,
xolo Tu xandazmulobis vada eqvs Tveze naklebia _
xandazmulobis vadamde~, _ aq igulisxmeba, rom `Tu xan-
dazmulobis vadis mimdinareobis SemaCerebeli garemoe-
bebi warmoiSvnen da Sewydnen adre xandazmulobis va-
dis bolo eqvs Tvemde, pirs mainc sakmarisi dro rCeba
moTxovnis SemaCerebeli garemoebebis Sewyvetis Semdeg.
pirs (kreditors) unda darCes sakmarisi dro moTxov-
nis warsadgenad~558. anu, igulisxmeba, rom xandazmulobis
vadis SemaCerebeli garemoebebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, vada
eqvs Tvemde gagrZeldeba, xolo Tu xandazmulobis vada
eqvs Tveze naklebia, _ xandazmulobis vadamde~. gamodis,
rom dro, romelic rCeba vadis denis SemaCerebeli gare-
moebebis Sewyvetis Semdeg yovelTvis eqvsi Tvis, xolo
eqvs Tveze naklebi xandazmulobis vadis arsebobisas
TviT am vadis tolia559~. magaliTi: Tu 4 wliani xan-
dazmulobis vadis dros vadis mimdinareoba SeCerda
misi dawyebidan 3 wlisa da 8 Tvis gasvlis Semdeg da
SeCereba gagrZelda 1 Tve, am erTi Tvis gasvlis Semdeg
xandazmulobis vadis dena gagrZeldeba ara darCenili
4 TviT, aramed 6 TviT, xolo Tu xandazmulobis vada
5 Tvea da igi SeCerda erTi Tvis gasvlis Semdeg, Sema-
Cerebeli garemoebebis Sewyvetis Semdeg igi kvlav 4 Tve
iqneba, e. i. imdeni, ramdenic xandazmulobis vada.
germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsi gansxvavebiT qar-
Tuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan icnobs `xandazmulo-
bis vadis denis SeCereba-s molaparakebebis warmoebi-
sas~ ($203)560; `xandazmulobis vadis denis SeCerebas sa-
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 329-330.
��.ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT), z.
WeWelaSvilis Targm; kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 99; Гражданское уложение Германии,
2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer; Bürgerliches
599
samarTloSi saqmis warmoebiT~ ($204)561; `xandazmulobis
vadis denis SeCereba-s seqsualuri TviTgamorkvevis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli moTxovnis uflebebis SemTxvevaSi~
($208)562. am muxlebis Sesaxeb Cven qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi garda xandazmulobis vadis Se-
Cerebisa, icnobs agreTve xandazmulobis vadis Sewyveta-
sac, romlis arsic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Sewyvetamde
gasuli dro mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba da xandazmulo-
bis vada Tavidan daiwyeba. ssk 137-e muxli CamoTvlis
im garemoebebs, romlebic xandazmulobis vadis denis
Sewyvetas iwveven. es garemoebebia: Tu valdebuli piri
uflebamosili piris winaSe vals aRiarebs, romelic
unda gamoixatos im formaSi, romelic am valis arsebo-
bas daadasturebs. 137-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi `xandazmu-
lobis vadis dena wydeba, Tu valdebuli piri uflebamo-
sili piris winaSe avansis, procentis gadaxdiT, garanti-
is micemiT an sxvagvarad aRiarebs moxovnis arsebobas~.
avansi iseTi fuladi Tanxaa,an sxva qoneba,romelsac
erTi mxare winaswar gadasacems meore mxares valdeb-
ulebis sruli an nawilobrivi Sesrulebis mizniT.
procenti safasuria, romelsac kreditori iRebs
valdebuli pirisagan ara marto maSin, rodesac maTi
urTierToba normalurad viTardeba (magaliTad, movale
banks yovelTviurad uxdis sai poTeko sesxis procents),
��. ix. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT),
z. WeWelaSvilis Targm; kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; iqve; Гражданское уложение
Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands, 2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer;
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen, Edenhofer,
214-221.
��. damat. ix. Bgermaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) (2010 wlis 1 martis
mdgomareobiT), z. WeWelaSvilis Targmani qarTul enaze; kropholeri, ian. dasax.
naSr; 101; Гражданское уложение Германии, 2-е издание, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Deutschlands,
2. Auflage. Wolters Kluwer; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller,
2006. Verlag C. H. Beck. 224.
600
aramed misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSic (kerZod vadis ga-
dacilebis faqtTan dakavSirebiT). pirvel SermTxvevaSi
procenti kapitaliT sargeblobisaTvis dgindeba, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi, ar aqvs mniSvneloba piri isargeb-
lebs Tu ara am kapitaliT, _ saamisod mxolod vadis
gadacilebis faqtia mTavari.
kreditorisaTvis garantiis micema aseve xandazmu-
lobis vadis denis Sewyvetis safuZvelia. garantia erT-
gvari uzrunvelyofaa valdebulebis Sesrulebisa. Tu
valdebuli piri ver Seasrulebs valdebulebas, saga-
rantio Tanxa moxmardeba valdebulebis Sesrulebas.
magaliTad, ssk 879-890 muxlebi sabanko garantias aregu-
lirebs. kerZod, ssk 879-e muxliT: `sabanko garantiis
ZaliT banki, sxva sakredito dawesebuleba an sadaz-
Rvevo organizacia (garanti) sxva piris (princi palis563)
TxovniT kisrulobs werilobiT valdebulebas, rom
nakisri valdebulebis Sesabamisad gadauxdis princi-
palis kreditors (beneficiars) fulad Tanxas gadax-
dis Sesaxeb beneficiaris werilobiTi moTxovnis safuZ-
velze~. aq iseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca mesame
piri kisrulobs valdebulebas (gadaxdis valdebuleba
kreditorisaTvis) im SemTxvevisaTvis, roca valdebuli
piri ver Seasrulebs valdebulebas564.
garantiad CaiTvleba Tavdebobac, romlis ZaliT
Tavdebi kisrulobs Tavdebad daudges kreditoris wi-
naSe mesame pirs am ukanasknelis valdebulebis Sesas-
ruleblad (ssk m. 891-905). aseve, kanoni icnobs moTxovnis
��. princi pali - piri, romelic beneficiaris (beneficiari - ZiriTadi mevalis
kreditori, romelsac gaaCnia Tanxis moTxovnis ufleba garantisagan im
SemTxvevaSi, roca sagarantio pirobebis dacvisas, ZiriTadi mevale ar asrulebs
Tavis valdebulebas) movalea (ZiriTadi valdebulebis mixedviT) da sTxovs
banks, an sxva sakredito dawesebulebas daudges valdebulebis Sesrulebis
garantad.
��. sabanko garantiis Sesaxeb ix. ZlieriSvili, z., cercvaZe, g., robaqiZe, i., svanaZe,
g., cercvaZe, l., janaSia., l. saxelSekruleboi samarTali, 2014, 568-588.
601
aRiarebis iseT formas, roca kreditors mimarTavs val-
debuli piri Sesrulebis gadavadebis TxovniT, ugzav-
nis werils da valdebulebis Sesrulebas hpirdeba. zog
SemTxvevaSi valis aRiareba moiTxovs kanoniT dacul
formas. mag; ssk 341-e muxliT gansazRvrulia, rom ìm
xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis, romliTac aRiare-
bul iqna valdebulebiTi urTierTobis arseboba (valis
arsebobis aRiareba), aucilebelia werilobiTi forma.
Tu sxva formaa gaTvaliswinebuli im valdebulebi-
Ti urTierTobis warmoSobisaTvis, romlis arsebobac
aRiarebul iqna, maSin aRiarebac moiTxovs am formas~.
xolo, `Tu valis arseboba aRiarebulia angariSsworebis
(gadaxdis) safuZvelze an morigebis gziT, maSin formis
dacva ar aris aucilebeli~ (ssk m. 341, n. 1. 2.). `valis
arsebobis aRiareba aris calmxrivi xelSekruleba, vi-
naidan am xelSekrulebiT im pirs, vinc aRiara valis
arseboba, warmoeSoba Sesrulebis valdebuleba, xolo
im pirs, romlis sasargeblodac ganxorcielda valis
arsebobis aRiareba, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos Sesruleba.
valis aRiareba aris abstraqtuli xelSekruleba. igi
damoukidebelia ZiriTadi valdebulebiTi urTierTobi-
sagan, romlis arseboba mxareebisaTvis SeiZleba sadav-
oc ki gaxdes. valis aRiareba qmnis axal damoukidebel
moTxovnas, romlis mizani ar aris ZiriTadi valdebule-
bidan gamomdinare Sesrulebis moTxovna~565.
valis aRiareba unda moxdes mxolod kredito-
ris winaSe. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom (saqme
#2n/4587-14 – 2014 wlis 17 noembers) 137-e muxlTan daka-
vSirebiT ganmarta, rom ,,aRniSnuli normis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare xandazmulobis vadis denas wyvets mxolod
is aRiareba, romelic xandazmulobis vadis gasvlamdea
ganxorcielebuli, – ukve gasuli xandazmulobis vadis
��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 176.
602
denis Sewyveta SeuZlebelia.
ssk 138-e muxli iTvaliswinebs iseT SemTxvevas, roca
xandazmulobis vadis dena wydeba uflebamosili piris
mier moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad sasamarTloSi sar-
Celis SetaniT. cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlo procesi
gadawyvetilebiT mTavrdeba, saerTod ar dgeba sakiTxi
xandazmulobis vadis Sesaxeb, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi
xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyveta sarCelis SetaniT
mniSvnelovania, romelsac zemoT aRniSnuli muxli iT-
valiswinebs. xSiria sasamarTlo praqtikaSi SemTxvevebi,
roca sarCelis SetaniT bevri sakiTxi, romelic sarCel-
Si iqna wamoWrili, gadauwyveteli rCeba da saWiro xdeba
axali sarCelis Setana; an kidev, sasarCelo gancxadeba
gagzavnil iqna fostiT, magram igi daikarga da a. S.
cxadia sarCelis SetaniT yovelTvis ar wydeba xan-
dazmulobis vadis dena. muxli zustad gansazRvravs
xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetas sasamarTloSi
uflebamosili piris mier sarCelis SetaniT moTxovnis
dasakmayofileblad, an mis dasadgenad, an kidev, sarCe-
lis Setanis garda xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyve-
tas gamoiwvevs uflebamosili piris mier gancxadebis
Setana saxelmwifo organoSi an sasamarTloSi.
xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetis safuZvlad
kanoniT aseve gaTvaliswinebulia uflebamosili piris
mier TviTaRsruleba Tavisi moTxovnisa. magaliTi: Tu
naTxovrobis xelSekrulebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg piri
ar abrunebs nivTs ukan, gamnaTxovrebeli uflebamosil-
ia am nivTis dabrunebaze (nivTs ukan wamoiRebs, cxadia
kanonismieri safuZvliT); an kidev, kreditori, romelsac
valdebulma pirma gadauxada vali, ukan ar abrunebs
giraos sagans. piri uflebamosilia TviTon wamoiRos
es nivTi. aRniSnuli norma xandazmulobis vadis denis
Sewyvetis xangrZlivobaze miuTiTebs 139-e muxlis gam-
603
oyenebiT, xolo 140-e muxlis kanonis analogiiT gamoy-
enebiT miuTiTebs, rom sarCelis Setana xandazmulobis
vadis denis Sewyvetas yovelTvis ar gamoiwvevs (mag;
erT-erTi aseTi SemTxvevaa, Tu mosarCele uars ityvis
sarCelze da a.S).
ssk 139-e muxlis 1-li nawili aseve adgens dros
xandazmulobis vadis Sewyvetisa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
roca xandazmulobis vadis Sewyveta grZeldeba sarCe-
lis Setanis safuZvelze manam, sanam sasamarTlos mier
gamotanili gadawyvetileba ar Seva kanonier ZalaSi,
an procesi sxvagvarad ar dasruldeba. magaliTi: TuU
sarCeli mosarCelis mier Setanili iyo 2014 wlis 5
seqtembers, xolo sasamarTlos gadawyvtileba ZalaSi
20 oqtombers Sevida, gamodis, rom 5 seqtembridan 20 oq-
tombramde xandazmulobis vada Sewyvetilia.
aRniSnuli muxli adgens xandazmulobis Sewyvetis
iseT samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, roca sasamarTlos Set-
anili sarCelis gamo gadawyvetileba ar miuRia mxareTa
SeTanxmebis gamo procesis Sewyvetisas (magaliTad, mxa-
reebi morigdnen), an kidev, SeuZlebelia procesis Sem-
dgomi gagrZeleba da xandazmulobis vada Sewydeba am
konkretuli garemoebebis gamo. magaliTad, mamam Svils
asesxa 5000 lari 3 wliT. Svilma ver gadaixada vali
daTqmul dros da mamam sarCeli Seitana Svilis wi-
naaRmdeg sasamarTloSi. sasamarTlo procesis mimdin-
areobisas mosarCele (mama) gardaicvala da misi mTeli
samkvidro qoneba Svilma miiRo. gamodis, rom man miiRo
memkvidreobiT is Tanxac (vali), romelsac mama edav-
eboda; an kidev, xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetas
gamoiwvevs SemTxveva, roca mosarCeles valdebuli piris
winaaRmdeg Setanili hqonda sarCeli, magram sasamarT-
lo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde movale gardaicvleba
da Sesruleba SeuZlebelia misi piradi monawileobis
604
gareSe (mag; cnobil mwerals Tavisi romani, romelsac
male daaamTavrebda, eqskluziuri gamoqveynebis ufle-
biT unda gadaeca konkretuli JurnalisaTvis, man ki
aRniSnuli romani sxva Jurnals gadasca gamosaqvey-
neblad, ramac gamoiwvia mosarCelis (pirveli Jurna-
lis redaqciis (redaqtoris) sarCeli sasamarTloSi.
procesi ki Sewyda mopasuxis (mwerlis) gardacvalebis
gamo, romelsac misi profesiis specifikidan gamomdi-
nare valdebuleba mxolod mas unda Seesrulebina da
memkvidre mis valdebulebas ver gaagrZelebda (romans
ver daamTavrebda). samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 272-e
muxlis (`saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta~) è~ qvepunqtiT `saq-
mis warmoeba wydeba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe,
Tu saqmis erT-erT mxared myofi moqalaqis gardacva-
lebis Semdeg an iuridiuli piris likvidaciisas, sa-
davo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare, dauS-
vebelia uflebamonacvleoba~ da sxva.
kanonis mixedviT xandazmulobis vada Sewydeba
orive magaliTis SemTxvevaSi bolo saproceso moq-
medebis damTavrebasTan erTad. xolo Tu erT-erTi mx-
are kvlav ganagrZobs process, Sewyvetis Semdeg dawye-
buli xandazmulobis axali vada iseve Sewydeba, rogorc
wydeba xandazmulobis vadis dena sarCelis SetaniT,
rac imas niSnavs, rom Tu erT-erTi mxare process kvlav
ganagrZobs, xandazmulobis vadis dena Sewyvetilad iT-
vleba am mxaris mier procesis gagrZelebidan sasamarT-
los mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi
Sesvlamde.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 272-e muxlis (ro-
melic saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetas exeba), è~ qvepunqtis
Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo mxareTa gancxadebiT an Tavisi
iniciativiT Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas, Tu: saqmis erT-
erT mxared myofi moqalaqis gardacvalebis Semdeg an
605
iuridiuli piris likvidaciisas, sadavo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobidan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia uflebamona-
cvleoba~.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 140-e muxlis pirveli nawili
miuTiTebs im SemTxvevebze, roca: a. sarCelis Setana xan-
dazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevs da
vadis denas ganagrZobs saerTo wesiT. es SemTxvevebia:
YTu mosarCele uars ityvis sarCelze. sarCelze uaris
Tqma dasaSvebia Tu mosarCele ukan gaitans sarCels an
uars ityvis sarCelze mosamzadebel sxdomazeve. uaris
Tqmad SegviZlia miviCnioT mxareTa morigebac (samoqa-
laqo saproceso kodeqsis m. 3 n. 2 iTvaliswinebs: `mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron.
mosarCeles SeuZlia uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mo-
pasuxes – cnos sarCeli); b. sasamarTlos kanonier Za-
laSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli ganuxilvelad
iqneba datovebuli. samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
275-e muxliT ki (n. 1): `sasamarTlo, mxaris gancxadeb-
iT an Tavisi iniciativiT, ganuxilvelad datovebs sar-
Cels, Tu: sarCeli (gancxadeba) dainteresebuli piris
saxeliT Seitana im pirma, romelsac ara aqvs saqmis
warmoebis uflebamosileba; sasamarTlo sxdomaze mo-
sarCele (ganmcxadebeli) ar gamocxadebula, xolo mopa-
suxe Tanaxmaa, sarCeli (gancxadeba) ganuxilvelad iqnes
datovebuli; arc erTi mxare ar gamocxadebula; e) imave
an sxva sasamarTlo warmoebaSi aris saqme imave mxareebs
Soris, imave saganze da imave safuZvliT; dakmayofilda
mosarCelis Suamdgomloba sarCelisa da TandarTuli
dokumentebis gamoxmobis Sesaxeb.... amave muxlis meore
nawiliT, `sasamarTlo uflebamosilia sarCeli ganux-
ilvelad datovos, Tu mosarCelem sarCelSi arasworad
miuTiTa Tavisi an mopasuxis misamarTi~.
`sarCelis (gancxadebis) ganuxilvelad datovebis
606
SemTxvevaSi sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada ar Sewyde-
ba~, xolo, ìm garemoebaTa aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, rom-
lebic safuZvlad daedo sarCelis ganuxilvelad da-
tovebas, dainteresul pirs ufleba aqvs kvlav mimarTos
sasamarTlos saerTo wesis dacviT~(saqarTvelos samo-
qalaqo saproceso kodeqsis m. 277-278).
mosarCelis mier sarCelze uaris Tqmis an sasamarT-
los mier sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis SemTxveva-
Si uflebamosil pirs SeuZlia 6 Tvis vadaSi Seitanos
axali sarCeli, Tu aRmofxvris im garemoebebs, romlebic
safuZvlad daedo sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas.
cxadia igulisxmeba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
275-e muxlis è~ qvepunqtis danawesiT sarCeli, romelic
imave mxareebs Soris, imave saganze da imave safuZvliT
exeba. da Tu zemoT aRniSnul vadaSi (eqvsi Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi) iqneba Setanili axali sarCeli, sarCelze
uaris Tqmis an sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, xandazmulobis vadis dena pirveli sarCelis
Setanidan CaiTvleba Sewyvetilad.
Tu Sewydeba xandazmulobis vadis dena, maSin
Sewyvetamde ganvlili dro mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba da
vada daiwyeba Tavidan~. es ganasxvavebs mas xandazmu-
lobis vadis SeCerebisagan. magaliTi: xandazmulobis
vadis dena daiwyo 2013 wlis 1 maiss, xolo 2014 wlis 1
Tebervals Sewyda. dro 2013 wlis 1 maisidan 2014 wlis 1
Tebervlamde mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba da xandazmulo-
bis vadis dena Tavidan aiTvleba 2014 wlis 1 Tebervli-
dan.
germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $211 aregulirebs
`xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyveta-s samemkvidreo saq-
meebSi~, romelic aseTi formulirebiT ar gvxvdeba samo-
qalaqo kodeqsis zogad nawilSi. BGB-is $213 awesrigebs
damatebiT moTxovnebTan dakavSirebul xandazmulobis
607
vadas, kerZod: `xandazmulobis vadis denis SeCereba, xan-
dazmulobis vadis denis Sewyveta da xelaxali dena
moqmedebs aseve im moTxovnis uflebis mimarT, romle-
bic imace safuZvliT waredgineba damatebiT moTxovnis
uflebasTan erTad an mis nacvlad~566.
Cven ukve ganvixileT xandazmulobis saerTo (10
weli) da specialuri (Sesabamisad 3, 6, 3 weli) vadebi,
xolo ssk 142-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, `sasamarTlos kanon-
ier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT dadasturebuli
moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadaa aTi weli, maSinac ki,
roca es moTxovna ufro nakleb xandazmulobas eqvemde-
bareba. es vada specialuri vadaa da es ganasxvavebs mas
saerTo xandazmulobis 10-wliani vadisagan.
uflebamonacvleobiT piris mflobelobaSi zog
SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba iseTi nivTi, romelic Tavda-
pirvel mflobels ar ekuTvnoda da masze mesame piris
sanivTo ufleba warmoiSoba. anu mesame pirs SeuZlia
gamoiTxovos es nivTi yoveli im pirisagan, romelTac
gadaecaT es nivTi. magaliTad, ssk 1335 muxlis pirveli
nawilis Tanaxmad, `Tu moanderZem arasworad dauto-
va memkvidres nivTi, am nivTis mesakuTres ufleba aqvs
gamoiTxovos igi saerTo wesis mixedviT. aseve, sanivTo
ufleba warmoiSoba, roca piris mflobelobaSi gada-
vida uflebamonacvleobiT iseTi nivTi, romelzedac
sagiravno moTxovna arsebobs da sxva. aRniSnul Sem-
TxvevebSi, Tu xandazmulobis vada sanivTo moTxovnis
mimarT jer kidev wina mflobelis dros warmoiSva, igi
gamoiyeneba agreTve misi uflebamonacvlis mimarTac.
magaliTad, Tu nivTze mflobelis ufleba warmoiSva
��. ix. Bgermaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT),
z. WeWelaSvilis Targmani qarTul enaze; kropholeri, ian. dasax. naSr; 101;
Wolters Kluwer. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen,
Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C.
H. Beck. 227
608
2014 wlis 1 ivniss, xolo 2011 wlis 1 ianvars es nivTi
uflebamonacvleobis gziT (vTqvaT memkvidreobiT) sxva
piris mflobelobaSi gadavida maSin am ukanasknelisa-
gan nivTis ukan gamoTxovis 10 wliani vada daiwyeba 2014
wlis 1 ivnisidan da ara 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan, roca
nivTi uflebamonacvleobiT sxva piris mflobelobaSi
gadavida.
kanoniT dadgenili xandazmulobis vadebi (saerTo
da specialuri) mxareebs uflebamosilebiT aRWuraven
moiTxovon am vadis ganmavlobaSi TavianTi uflebis
ganxorcieleba (gamoiTxovon sxva pirisagan kuTvnili
nivTi, moiTxovon raime moqmedebis Sesruleba valde-
buli pirisagan da a. S.). kreditori kanonis farglebSi
yovelTvisaa uflebamosili valdebuli pirisagan moq-
medebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnaze, magaliTad, sesxis
dabrunebaze. magram Tuki kreditorma gauSva xandazmu-
lobis vada, kanoni movales uflebas aZlevs xandazmu-
lobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg uari Tqvas Tavisi moq-
medebis Sesrulebaze. magaliTi: a-s b-sTvis unda gadae-
xada 8 Tvis binis qira, romlis gadauxdelobis gamo
b-m Sewyvita binis qiravnobis xelSekruleba. b-m gauSva
sasamarTloSi mimarTvis xandazmulobis vada, ramac
mas mouspo SesaZlebloba a-sagan moeTxova binis qiris
gadaxda. kanoni iTvaliswinebs, rom (ssk 144. n. 2), Tu
valdebulma pirma movaleoba Seasrula xandazmulobis
vadis gasvlis Semdeg, mas ara aqvs ufleba moiTxovos
Sesrulebis dabruneba, Tundac movaleobis Sesrulebis
momentSi mas ar scodnoda, rom xandazmulobis vada ga-
suli iyo. zemoT moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, a-m,
miuxedavad xandazmulobis vadis gaSvebisa, miswera b-s
werili, romliTac man ivaldebula binis qiris gadaxda
da gadauxada kidec darCenili qira b-s. gamodis, rom
a., romelmac valdebuleba Seasrula, Tumca gasuli iyo
609
xandazmulobis vada, igi ukan veRar gamoiTxovs gadace-
mulis (qiris Tanxis) ukan dabrunebas, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mas movaleobis Sesrulebis momentSi xandazmulo-
bis vadis gasvlis Sesaxeb ar scodnoda. analogiuri
wesi gamoiyeneba valdebuli piris aRiarebisa da uzrun-
velyofis saSualebis mimarT. zemoT moyvanili magaliT-
idan aSkarad Cans, rom a-m b-sadmi miweril werilSi (rom
gadaixdida darCenili binis qiras), faqtobrivad aRiara
valdebulebis Sesruleba da am aRiarebiT567 warmoiSva
axali moTxovna, romlis xandazmulobis vadis dena dai-
wyeba Tavidan _ axali moTxovnis warmoSobis dRidan.
q. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom (saqme £2b/4587-14,
17 noemberi, 2014 weli) ganmarta, rom : ,,arasworia sa-
samarTlos ganmarteba, rom xandazmulobis vadis dena
wydeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRiareba gakeTebulia
xandazmulobis vadis gasvlamde da ara xandazmulobis
vadis denis Sewyvetis Semdgom. es ukanaskneli garemoe-
ba ver daabrkolebs apelants misi moTxovnis ganxor-
cielebaSi, radgan sk 144-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu valdeb-
ulma pirma movaleoba Seasrula xandazmulobis vadis
gasvlis Semdeg, mas ar aqvs ufleba moiTxovos Sesrule-
bulis dabruneba, Tundac movaleobis Sesrulebis momen-
tSi mas ar scodnoda, rom xandazmulobis vada gasuli
iyo. igive wesi gamoiyeneba valdebuli piris aRiarebisa
da uzrunvelyofis saSualebaTa mimarTac~.
ssk 145-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mTavari moTxovnis xan-
dazmulobis vadis gasvliT xandazmulobis vada gasu-
lad iTvleba damatebiTi moTxovnebisTvisac, maSinac, ki
roca moTxovnaTa xandazmulobis vada jer ar gasula.
damatebiTia iseTi moTxovnebi, romlebic kodeqsis enaze
rom vTqvaT, isea dakavSirebuli ZiriTad moTxovnebT-
an (uflebebTan), rom mis gareSe ar arseboben. amitom
��. valis arsebobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 176-179.
610
ZiriTadi uflebisaTvis moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada
iwvevs avtomaturad xandazmulobis vadis gasvlas dam-
atebiTi uflebebisaTvis. damatebiT, aqcesorul568 ufle-
bebs miekuTvneba iseTi moTxovnebi, romlebic kanoniT an
SeTanxmebis ZaliT uzrunvelyofen moTxovnis Sesrule-
bas da ZiriTadi moTxovnis gareSe isini damoukideblad
ar arseboben. ganasxvaveben valdebulebis Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofis qonebriv da pirovnul saSualebebs.
qonebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebebia: giravnoba
(i poTeka, ssk m. 254-285(1), 286-310), pirgasamtexlo, be (ssk
417-423 muxlebi). pirovnuli uzrunvelyofis saSuale-
bebs warmoadgenen: movalis garantia (ssk 424-426 muxle-
bi), Tavdeboba (sk 891-905 muxlebi) da sabanko garantia
(ssk 879-890 muxlebi).
zogjer valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis
saSualebebs kanoni gansazRvravs, maT Soris: 1) valde-
bulebis uzrunvelyofis sanivTo-samarTlebrivi saSu-
alebiT; magaliTad, menardes Tavisi moTxovnebis uzrun-
velsayofad SeuZlia gamoiyenos giravnobis ufleba mis
mier damzadebul an SekeTebul moZrav nivTze, Tu es
nivTi, damzadebis an SekeTebis mizniT menardis mflob-
elobaSia (ssk m. 634); 2) valdebulebis Sesrulebis uz-
runvelyofis valdebulebiT-samarTlebrivi saSualebe-
biT, magaliTad, Tu lizingis mimRebs qoneba ar miewoda,
an miewoda vadagadacilebiT, an is ar Seesabameba xelSek-
rulebis pirobebs, lizingis mimRebs ufleba aqvs ar mi-
iRos qoneba da mimwodeblisagan moiTxovos imgvari qone-
ba, romelic xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesabamisi iqneba,
an/da moiTxovos misgan zianis anazRaureba~da sxva.
garda aRniSnulisa SeiZleba damatebiT sxva
moTxovnebic, magaliTad, procentis moTxovnis ufleba.
valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSu-
��.aqcesoruli uflebebis Sesaxeb ix. zoiZe, b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, 51-53.
611
alebebi, rogorc wesi, ar arseboben ZiriTadi valdeb-
ulebis gareSe. am saxis urTierTobebis Tavisebureba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom im valdebulebis aranamdviloba,
romlis uzrunvelsayofadac isini arsebobs, avtomatu-
rad iwveven maT aranamdvilobas. Tumca am zogadi we-
sidan gamonaklisebi mainc arsebobs. sabanko garantiis
dros garantis valdebuleba beneficiaris winaSe maT
Soris urTierTobebisas ar aris damokidebuli im Ziri-
Tad valdebulebebze, romlis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsay-
ofadac aris igi gacemuli, maSinac ki roca garantia Sei-
cavs miTiTebas am valdebulebaze (ssk m. 881). magaliTi
sasamarTlo praqtikidan: korporacia `deum~ ss èqspor-
timportbankis~ winaaRmdeg aRZra sarCeli sabanko ga-
rantiiT nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovniT.
sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebuli iqna is faqtobrivi
garemoeba, rom 1998 wlis 29 aprils mopasuxem (garanti)
Sps `veilmotors~-is (princi palis) TxovniT korpora-
cia `deus~ (beneficiari) saxelze gasca sabanko garan-
tia 178000 aSS dolarze gacemuli garantiis mixedviT.
princi palis mier Tanxis droulad gadauxdelobis Sem-
TxvevaSi garanti kisrulobda valdebulebas, gadaexada
jarima wliuri 25 %-is odenobiT. Sps `veilmotorsis~
mier Tanxis gadauxdelobis gamo, korporacia `deum~
mimarTa garants, romelmac 1999 wlis 27 dekembers
uari ganacxada nakisri valdebulebis Sesrulebaze.
mosarCelem sarCeliT moiTxova garantisagan rogorc
ZiriTadi davalianebis Tanxis, ise jarimis anazRaureba.
mopasuxem ki ar scno sarCeli im safuZvliT, rom sa-
banko garantia gacemuli iyo eqvsi Tvis vadiT, xolo
beneficiari valdebulebis Sesrulebas iTxovda am va-
dis gasvlis Semdeg. mesame pirma Sps `veilmotorsma~
ganmarta, rom sadavo Tanxis nawili_155 600 aSS dolari
mis mier gadaxdili iqna mosarCelisaTvis.
sakasacio sasamarTlom, romelmac saqmeze gaauqma
612
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, gamoitana ax-
ali gadawyvetileba sarCelis srulad dakmayofilebis
Sesaxeb Semdeg garemoebebze miTiTebiT, rom saapelacio
sasamarTlom araswori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba misca
saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebs, kerZod, garantiiT nakis-
ri valdebuleba arasworad daukavSira ZiriTad (nasy-
idobis) valdebulebas da, Sesabamisad, masze arasworad
gaavrcela beneficiarsa da princi pals Soris dade-
buli xelSekrulebis vadebi; sakasacio sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom sk-is 881-e muxlis imperatiuli moTxovniT
sabanko garantiiT gaTvaliswinebuli garantiis valde-
buleba beneficiaris winaSe ar aris damokidebuli im
ZiriTad valdebulebaze, romlis Sesrulebis uzrun-
velsayofadac is aris gacemuli, maSinac ki, roca ga-
rantia Seicavs miTiTebas am valdebulebaze; aseve man
ganmarta, rom samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,
pretenziis wardgenis vadis gasvla ar iwvevs sagaran-
tio vadis Sewyvetas, an moTxovnis uflebis gauqmebas.
sakasacio sasamarTlom aseve miiCnia, rom saqmis ma-
salebiT ar iyo dadgenili is garemoeba, riTac garants
sk-is 887-e muxlis ZaliT beneficiaris moTxovnis dakmay-
ofilebaze uaris Tqma SeeZlo. aRniSnuli Tavisebure-
bebis gamo sabanko garantia valdebulebis Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofis damoukidebel saxed unda iqnes miCneu-
li. valdebulebis ZiriTadi subieqti beneficiari ar
aris da amitomac kanoni ar moiTxovs misgan garantiis
miRebas an sxva saxis Tanxmobas. es xelSekruleba anaz-
RaurebiTi saxisaa _ garants princi pali SeTanxmebul
sazRaurs uxdis, radgan garanti princi palis mier val-
debulebis Seusruleblobis risks iRebs Tavis Tavze
da aseTi samsaxuris gawevisaTvis man garkveuli saz-
Rauri unda miiRos (sk m. 880)569.
sxva vadebic SeiZleba dadgindes damatebiT
��. dawvr. ix. susg samoq. saqme #3 k-62-01, 17 ianvari, 2001 weli, saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos biuleteni.
613
moTxovnaze. Tu damatebiTi vadebi ZiriTad vadebze
metia, igi mainc gasulad CaiTvleba, xolo damatebiT
moTxovnaze dadgenili Semcirebuli vada ZiriTadi
moTxovnis vadebze gavlenas ver moaxdens.
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 146-e muxlis danawesi,rom `xan-
dazmulobis vadebisa da maTi gamoTvlis wesis Secvla
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dauSvebelia~, mianiSnebs imaze, rom
xandazmulobis vadebis maregulirebeli normebi impera-
tiulia da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs ar
SeuZliaT urTierTSeTanxmebiT am vadebis Secvla (mag-
aliTad, pirebi SeTanxmdnen kanoniT dadgenili vadisa-
gan gansxvavebiT met an nakleb vadaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mxareebi garigebis dadebisas kanonisagan gansxvavebul
vadebze SeTanxmdebian, am SemTxvevaSic kanoniT dadge-
nili vadebi gamoiyeneba.
analogiur danawess iTvaliswinebs BGB-is $202,
romlis Tanaxmad: (1) ganzraxvisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis
SemTxvevaSi xandazmulobis vadis denis wesebi ar Sei-
Zleba winaswar garigebiT Semsubuqdes. xolo, (2)-is
Tanaxmad, gansxvavebiT qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisa-
gan adgens, rom: garigebiT xandazmulobis vada ar Sei-
Zleba aRematebodes 30 - wlian vadas kanonismieri xan-
dazmulobis vadis dasawyisidan~. `norma, rogorc wesi
pirvel nawilSi UuSvebs iseT SeTanxmebebs, romlebic
aCqarebs xandazmulobas, me-2 nawilSi ki iseT SeTanxme-
bebs, romlebic xandazmulobis vadis gadadebas iwvevs.
Sesabamisi SeTanxmebebi SeiZleba daidos Tavidanve,
aseve - xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi da agreTve, -
SemdgomSi xandazmulobas daqvemdebarebuli moTxovnis
uflebebis danawilebis gamo.... xandazmulobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebebi xSirad ideba naklidan gamomdinare ufle-
bebTan dakavSirebiT....~.570
sainteresoa germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis mid-
��.dawvr. ix. kropholeri, ian., dasax. naSr; 98.
614
goma (tituli II), $ 203-213) `xandazmulobis vadis de-
nis SeCerebis, xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetisa
da xelaxali denis~ Sesaxeb. gansxvavebiT qarTuli
samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan $ 204-iT germanuli samoqa-
laqo kodeqsi saubrobs `xandazmulobis vadis denis
SeCerebaze sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebiT~, kerZod, (1):
xandazmulobis vadis dena SeCerdeba: 1. valdebulebis
Sesrulebis an moTxovnis uflebis dadasturebis, saa-
Rsrulebo warweris gakeTebisa da Tu saaRsrulebo
gankargulebis gacemis moTxovniT sarCelis SetaniT, 2.
arasrulwlovani piris rCenis Sesaxeb gamartivebul
saqmis warmoebaSi gancxadebis wardgeniT, 3. daval-
ianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gamartivebuli wesiT
saqmis warmoebis procesSi (ahnverfahren) vadagadacile-
buli davalianebis gadaxdis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos br-
Zanebis CabarebiT, 4. samomrigeblo warmoebaSi qonebri-
vi sarCelis Sesaxeb SetyobinebiT, romelic wardgenil
iqna landis iusticiis mmarTvelobis organos mier da-
fuZnebuli an aRiarebuli samomrigeblo organos mier
an, Tu mxareebi morigebas cdiloben SeTanxmebis dadebiT,
_ nebismieri sxva samomrigeblo organos mier, romelic
agvarebs davas; Tu Setyobineba gakeTda gancxadebis
wardgenidan umokles vadaSi, xandazmulobis vadis dena
SeCerdeba dauyovnebliv gancxadebis wardgenisTanave.
5. sasamarTlo davis ganxilvisas gaqviTvis moTxovnis
uflebis wardgeniT. 6. sasamarTlo davaSi mesame piris
CarTvis Sesaxeb (Steitverkundung) gancxadebis wardge-
niT, 7. damoukidebeli mtkicebis procesis (Beveisverfahren)
Catarebis moTxovnaze gancxadebis wardgeniT da sxva571.
sainteresoa germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis $214-
��.ix. Bgermaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (BGB) (2010 wlis 1 martis mdgomareobiT),
z. WeWelaSvilis Targmani qarTul enaze; kropholeri, ian., dasax. naSr; gv. 99-102;
Wolters Kluwer; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch bearbritet von Bassenge, Brudermüller, Diederichsen,
Edenhofer, Grüneberg, Heinrichs, Heldrich, Putzo, Sprau, Weidenkaff 65. Auflage, 2006. Verlag C. H.
Beck. 227-229.
615
216, sadac saubaria xandazmulobis samarTlebriv Sede-
gebze ($214); gaqviTvaze da dakavebis uflebaze xan-
dazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg ($215); xandazmulobis
samarTlebriv Sedegebze uzrunvelyofili moTxovnis
uflebis uflebebis SemTxvevaSi ($216); damatebiTi val-
debulebis xandazmulobaze ($217); samarTlebrivi Zalis
armqone xelSekrulebidan gasvlaze ($218).
kiTxvebi, testebi, kazusebi

kiTxvebi:
1. raze vrceldeba xandazmuloba?
2. raze ar vrceldeba xandazmulobis vadebi?
3. rogoria xandazmulobis saerTo vada, special-
uri vadebi?
4. rodidan iwyeba xandazmuloba?
5. ra SemTxvevaSi Cerdeba xandazmuloba?
6. ra SemTxvevaSi wydeba xandazmuloba?
7. daSvebulia Tu ara kanoniT xandazmulobis va-
dis Secvla mxareTa SeTanxmebiT?
t e s t e b i:
1. xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba:

a. meanabreTa moTxovnebze bankSi Setanili anabrebis
gamo
b. qorwinebis arsebobisas, meuRleebs Soris
moTxovnebze
g. valdebuli piris, uflebamosili piris winaSe
procentis gadaxdiT
d. uflebamosili piris mier sarCelis SetaniT
moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad.
2. valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadad daTqmuli iyo

2009 wlis 15 ivlisi. imave wlis 15 ivniss mxareebi SeTanx-
616
mdnen am vadis 3 TviT gagrZelebis Sesaxeb
rodis dgeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada?
a. 2009 wlis 15 ivliss, radgan kanoni vadis gagrZele-
bas ar iTvaliswinebs
b. 2009 wlis 15 oqtombers, radgan vadis gagrZelebis
SemTxvevaSi axali vada gamoiTvleba valdebulebis Ses-
rulebis drois dadgomis erTi Tvis Semdeg
g. 2009 wlis 15 oqtombers, radgan vadis gagrZelebis
SemTxvevaSi axali vada gamoiTvleba gasuli vadis dam-
Tavrebidan
d. 2009 wlis 15 seqtembers, radgan vadis gagrZelebis
SemTxvevaSi axali vada gamoiTvleba SeTanxmebis momen-
tidan.
3. romeli msjeloba migaCniaT sworad?

a. xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba meurveebsa da
sameurveo pirebs Soris moTxovnebze meurveobis mTeli
periodis manZilze
b. saziaro uflebis mqone pirebs Soris moTxovnebze
xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba, sanamde saziaro
uflebebi ar gauqmdeba
g. mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris moTxovnebze vadis
dena Cerdeba bavSvebis srulwlovanebis dadgomamde
d. sanam qorwineba arsebobs, meuRleTa Soris
moTxovnebze xandazmulobis vadis dena Cerdeba.
4. dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi xandazmulobis vada Se-

Cerebulia:
a. xandazmulobis vadaSi ar CaiTvleba
b. xandazmulobis vadaSi nawilobriv CaiTvleba
g. xandazmulobis vadaSi CaiTvleba
d. xandazmulobis vadaSi nawilobriv CaiTvleba
5. xandazmulobis vadis dena wydeba:

a. Tu valdebuli piri uflebamosili piris winaSe
617
avansis gadaxdiT aRiarebs moTxovnis arsebobas
b. Tu valdebuli piri uflebamosili piris winaSe
avansis, procentis gadaxdiT, garantiis micemiT an sx-
vagvarad aRiarebs moTxovnis arsebobas
g. Tu valdebuli piri uflebamosili piris winaSe
procentis gadaxdiT aRiarebs moTxovnis arsebobas
d. Tu valdebuli piri uflebamosili piris winaSe
garantiis micemiT an sxvagvarad aRiarebs moTxovnis
arsebobas
6. Tu valdebulma pirma valdebuleba Seasrula xan-

dazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg;
a. mas ar aqvs ufleba moiTxovos Sesrulebis dab-
runeba, Tundac movaleobis Sesrulebis momentSi mas ar
scodnoda, rom xandazmulobis vada gasuli iyo
b. mas ar aqvs ufleba moiTxovos Sesrulebis dab-
runeba
g. mas ufleba aqvs moiTxovos Sesrulebis dabrune-
ba
d. mas ufleba aqvs moiTxovos Sesrulebis dab-
runeba, Tundac movaleobis Sesrulebis momentSi mas ar
scodnoda, rom xandazmulobis vada gasuli iyo.
k a z u s e b i:
1. abulaZem beriZes 1977 wlis wlis dekemberSi ses-

xad misca 500 lari. 1980 wlis dekemberSi dadgenili
wesiT daqorwindnen. samwuxarod ojaxis SenarCuneba ver
moxerxda da 2000 wlis noemberSi mxareebi ganqorwind-
nen. 2001 wlis dekemberSi abulaZem sasamarTlos meS-
veobiT moiTxova beriZisagan 500 laris dabruneba. sa-
samarTlom ar daakmayofila abulaZis moTxovna, radgan
gasulia xandazmulobis samwliani vada.
ramdenad sworad moiqca sasamarTlo?
618
2. xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, 2010 wlis
TebervalSi leoniZem werilobiT aRiara rom mWedliS-
vilis vali aqvs 2 000 laris odenobiT. mWedliSvilma
sTxova leoniZes daebrunebina vali, razec uari miiRo,
radgan xandazmulobis vada gasuli iyo da is ukve
uflebamosilia uari Tqvas moqmedebis Sesrulebaze.
mWedliSvilma 2011 wlis oqtomberSi sarCeliT mimarTa
sasamarTlos.
unda daakmayofilos Tu ara mWedliSvilis moTxov-
na sasamarTlom?
sasamarTlo praqtika:
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba
saqme #2b/4587-14
davis sagani: Tanxis dakisreba
apelantis moTxovna mdgomareobda gasaCivrebuli
gadawyvetilebis gauqmebaSi da saqmeze saapelacio sa-
samarTlos mier axali gadawyvetilebis miRebiT sarCe-
lis dakmayofilebaSi
sarCelis safuZveli: warmoadgenda saqarTvelos
finansTa samonistros, ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTa-
rebis saministrosa ss è. XXI~-s Soris gaformda xelSek-
ruleba, romlis safuZvelze `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis
warmoebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis Sesabamisad, ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros gadaeca ss è. XXI~-s
X laris odenobis debitoruli moTxovnebi komerci-
uli subieqtebis mimarT, maT Soris, - ss `r.-s~ mimarT
arsebuli X laris Rirebulebis moTxovna. aRniSnuli
davalianeba warmoiSva ss `g.s.e.-s~ mier ss `r.-s~ xobis
sadgurisaTvis miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris
gadauxdelobis Sedegad. ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganvi-
Tarebis saministros ss `.r.-s~-admi gagzavnili werilis
safuZvelze, rom ss è. XXI~-s mimarT arsebuli daval-
ianeba daefara, werilis pasuxad ss `s.r.-m~ gancxadebiT
619
mimarTa mosarCeles, sadac miuTiTa, rom ss è. XXI~-
s gaaCnda davalianeba ss `s.r.-s~ mimarT da mopasuxem
moiTxova moTxovnebis gaqviTva. ss `sr.-s~ SeTavazebaze
saministrom uari ganacxada, vinaidan mosarCele ar war-
moadgenda Sps è. XXI~-s uflebamonacvles, ris gamoc
moTxovnaTa gaqviTva SeuZlebelia. aRniSnulidan gamom-
dinare, mosarCelis warmomadgenelma moiTxova ss `s.
r.-saTvis~ X Tanxis gadaxdis dakisreba.
m o p a s u x e m Sesagebeli daamyara im garemoe-
bebs, rom ekonomikisa da mdgaradi ganviTarebis saminis-
tros werilis pasuxad mopasuxem mosarCeles gaugzavna
werili da acnoba, rom Sps è. XXI~-s ss `s. r.-s~mimarT
gaaCnda davalianeba X laris odenobiT. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, mopasuxem mosarCeles SesTavaza urTierT-
moTxovnaTa gaqviTva, ris Sesaxebac mosarCeles Tavisi
pozicia ar ucnobebia mopasuxisaTvis. aRniSnuli samar-
Tlebrivad niSnavs valdebulebis Sewyveta urTierT-
moTxovnaTa gaqviTviT. garda amisa, sarCeliT moTxovni-
li Tanxis davalianeba warmoSobilia 2007 wlamde, sar-
Celi ki aRZrulia 2014 wis 07 maiss.
dadgenili sadavo faqtobrivi garemoebebi: mosar-
Celis moTxovna X laris gadaxdis dakisrebis Taobaze,
xandazmulia. ssk-is 129-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanax-
mad, saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebis xandazmulobis vada
Seadgens sam wels, xolo uZrav nivTebTan dakavSire-
buli saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebisa - eqvs wels. amave
muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, xandazmulobis vada im
moTxovnebisa, romlebic warmoiSoba periodulad Ses-
asrulebeli valdebulebebidan, sami welia. warmodge-
nili sarCeliT mosarCele iTxovs mopasuxisaTvis mox-
marebuli eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebis davalianebis
gadaxdis dakisrebas. Sesabamisad, mocemul davaze vr-
celdeba saxelSekrulebo xandazmulobis vada - sami
weli. ssk-is 130-e muxlis Tanaxmad, xandazmuloba iwyeba
moTxovnis warmoSobis momentidan. moTxovnis warmoSo-
620
bis momentad CaiTvleba dro, roca pirma Seityo an unda
Seetyo uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb.
dasaxelebuli normidan gamomdinareobs, rom piris
ufleba, sruli moculobiT moaxdinos sakuTari kanon-
ieri interesebis realizeba, an sasamarTlo wesiT
dacva,SezRudulia samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT sx-
vadasxva samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisaTvis gansxvave-
buli dadgenili vadebiT. kanonmdebeli gansazRvravs
xandazmulobis vadis gamoangariSebis wess da mis aT-
vlas ukavSirebs dros, rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili
gaxda sakuTari uflebis darRvevis faqti, an dros,
rodesac mas aseTis Taobaze obieqturad unda Seetyo.
... sasamarTlom ar gaiziara mosarCelis warmomadgenli
ganmarteba, ss `s.r.-s~ 2013 wlis 25 aprils weriliT
Sewyvetili iqna xandazmulobis vadis dineba. sasamarT-
lom yuradReba gaamaxvila im garemoebaze, rom 2006 wlis
01 martidan 2007 wlis 04 ivnisis CaTvliT miwodebuli
eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebis anazraurebis moTxovnis
xandazmulobis vada amoiwura 2010 wlis ivlisis Tve-
Si, xolo wina periodisa ki, Sesabamisad, - TiTo-TiTo
TviT adre. ss `s.r-m~ mosarCeles werili miswera 2013
wlis 25 aprils, xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg.
ssk-is 137-e muxlis Tanaxmad, xandazmulobis vadis dena
wydeba, Tu valdebuli piri uflebamosili piris wi-
naSe avansis, procentis gadaxdiT, garantiis micemiT an
sxvagvarad aRiarebs moTxovnis arsebobas. aRniSnuli
normis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, xandazmulobis vadis
denas wyvets mxolod is aRiareba, romelic xandazmu-
lobis vadis gasvlamdea ganxorcielebuli - ukve ga-
suli xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyveta SeuZlebe-
lia. amdenad, 2013 wlis 25 aprils gagazavnili werili
gavlenas ver moaxdens moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadis
denis Sewyvetaze.
sasamrTlom daaskva, rom, rom warmodgenili sarCe-
li xandazmulia, rac sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uaris
621
Tqmis safuZvelia. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom mizanSe-
wonilad aRar miiCnia moTxovnis faqtobrivi da samarT-
lebrivi dasabuTebulobis Semowmeba.
saapelacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi dasabuTe-
ba: palatam aRniSna, rom gadawyvetileba gasaCivrebulia
mxolod samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad,
palata aRar Seamowmebs pirveli instanciis sasamarT-
los mier dadgenil faqtebs, Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo sap-
roceso kodeqsis 377-e muxlisa. Tumca, samarTlebrivi
Sefasebis miznebisaTvis, cxadia, saapelacio sasamarT-
lo yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs saqmeSi arsebul ramdenime
faqtobriv garemoebebze. ... samoqalaqo kodeqsis 137-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, xandazmulobis vadis dena wyde-
ba, Tu uflebamosili piri Seitans sarCels moTxovnis
dasakmayofileblad an mis dasadgenad, anda Seecdeba
daikmayofilos moTxovna sxva saSualebiT, rogoricaa
saxelmwifo organosaTvis an sasamarToSi gancxadebiT
mimarTva moTxovnis arsebobis Sesaxeb, anda aRmasrule-
beli moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba
139-e da 140-e muxlebi. msgavs regulacias Seicavs ger-
maniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $212. kerZod, am paragrafis
pirveli abzacis Tanaxmad, xandazmulobis vadis dena
xelaxla iwyeba, Tu movale kreditoris mimarT nawi-
lobriv gadaxdiT, procentis gadaxdiT, uzrunvelyofis
wardgeniT an sxvagvarad aRiarebs moTxovnis uflebas.
mocemul normaTa (qarTuli da germanuli) Sinaarsi-
dan gamomdinare, xandazmulobis vadis xelaxali de-
nis Sewyveta niSnavs xandazmulobis vadis denis sruli
xangrZlivobiT xelaxla dawyebas. am sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT germaniis federalurma uzenaesma sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom `mxolod im xandazmulobis vadis denis
xelaxla dawyebaa SesaZlebeli, romelic jer kidev
midis~572. xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg gakeTeb-
ulma aRiarebam ar SeiZleba xandazmuloba Sewyvitos.573...
��. BGH NJW-RR 1997,516, 517 (gerrmaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebi, gamoqveynebuli axal yovelkvireul iuridiul JurnalSi).
��.RGZ78,130,131, MuenheRomm/v.Feldman.
622
rac Seexeba valis arsebobis aRiarebas, deklaraciuli
valis arsebis aRiareba, romelic xandaxan damadas-
turebel valis aRiarebad iwodeba, aris saxelSekrule-
bo, kauzaluri aRiareba. aseTi valis aRiarebis winapi-
robaa is, rom xelSekrulebis mxareebi valdebulebiT-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis srulad an nawilobriv
mogvarebis mizniT, raTa Tavi aaridon mxareTa Soris
arsebul gaurkvevlobas, cdiloben miaRwion SeTanxme-
bas. SeTanxmeba mxolod maSinaa saxeze, roca Sesabamisi
SeTavazeba aqceptirebuli iqneba~574. mocemul SemTxveva-
Si mosarCele Tavad uTiTebs sarCelSi, rom saministro
ar warmoadgens ss è. XXI~-s uflebamonacvles, ris ga-
moc saministro moklebulia SesaZleblobas, reagireba
moaxdinos mopasuxis werilSi dasmul Tanxis gaqviTvis
Sesaxeb moTxovnaze, e. i. ss `s. r.-s~SeTavazeba Tanxis
gaqviTvis Taobaze, ar iqna miRebuli, aqceptirebuli.
maSasadame, ss `s. r.-s~ winadadebis miuxedavad, mxareebma
ver miaRwies SeTanxmebas, ris gamoc 2013 wlis 25 apri-
lis werili ver miiCneva valis arsebobis aRiarebad.
garda aRniSnulisa, `xandazmulobis Semwyveti maSinaa
aRiareba, rodesac kreditoris winaSe movale samarT-
lebrivi Tu faqtobrivi qceviT erTmniSvnelovnad gac-
nobierebulad aRiareben moTxovnas~575.
Semajamebeli daskvna: palatam daadgina, rom saa-
pelacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi ar qmnis
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 393-e da 394-e muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebul Semadgenlobas da, Sesabamisad, ga-
saCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis procesualur-
samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, Sesabamisad, palata eTanx-
meba gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas da askvnis, rom igi
ucvlelad unda darCes576.
d a n a r T i :
��.BGH VII ZR -165/05. 11Jan.2007

��.BGH VII ZR 171/70
��.dawvr. ix. saqarTvelos saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis
ganCineba, saqme #2b/4587-14.
623
samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika
(subsumciis meTodi)
18 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac sabazro ekonomikaze

morgebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Sevida Za-
laSi, romelmac bunebrivia am xnis manZilze mravali
cvlileba ganicada, amasobaSi Camoyalibda kidec sa-
samarTlo praqtikac samoqalaqo kodeqsis eqvsive wig-
nis normebidan gamomdinare da bunebrivia aqedan gamom-
dinare, samarTlis praqtikosebs moeTxovebaT kanonis
gamoyenebis meTodikis, kerZod ki _ subsumciis meTodis
codna, romelic samoqalaqo samarTlis specialistis
saqmianobis ZiriTadi safuZvelia. `subsumciis meTodis
gamoyenebisas adgili aqvs konkretuli viTarebis far-
glebSi erTi piris sasargeblod meore piris mimarT
SesaZlo samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis arsebobis Semow-
mebas. swored subsumciis meTodis zedmiwevniT floba
da gamoyeneba ganasxvavebs kompetentur iurists arai-
uristisagan, romelic, SesaZloa xSirad sworad afasebs
cxovrebiseul movlenebs, magram es Sefaseba emyareba
intuicias da ara codnas~577.
subsumciis meTodis daufleba samarTlis skolis
studentebs daexmareba ara marto gaerkvnen samarTlis
terminebSi, aramed daeflon agreTve kazusis amoxsnis
meTodikas, romelic maTTvis saukeTeso gzamkvleli
iqneba, raTa gauadvildeT ara marto maRalkvalificiur
specialistad Camoyalibeba, aramed praqtikuli meca-
dineobebisas Sesabamisi normebis damuSavebisas leq-
toris daxmarebiT, Semdeg damoukidebladac kazusebis
amoxsnisas, isini praqtikuli muSaobisas (gansakuTrebiT
mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze muSaobisas) gaiadvile-
ben maTTvis dakisrebuli davalebis sworad Sesrule-
bas, aRiWurvebian im meTodebiT, romlebic aucilebelia
samoqalaqo samarTlis sworad Seswavlisa da samoqa-
��. henSeli, sandra, samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika, Tbilisi, 2009, 11.
624
laqo kodeqsis koreqtulad gamoyenebisaTvis.
`subsumcia~ laTinuri warmoSobisa sityvaa da qa-
rTulad iTargmneba, rogorc `misadageba~, `Sefardeba~.
`samarTlis es cneba gulisxmobs samarTlis gamoyenebis
meTods, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba samarTlis normebis
misadageba (Sefardeba) konkretuli cxovrebiseuli
SemTxvevebisadmi~578. iuristis saqmianobis umTavresi amo-
canac is aris, rom konkretuli cxovrebiseuli faqtebisa
da konfliqtebisaTvis samarTlebrivi pasuxebis moZebna,
e. i. konkretul faqts, romelic samarTlebriv gadawyve-
tas moiTxovs, mivusadagoT swori norma, raTa miviRoT
WeSmariti, swori gadawyvetileba konkretul saqmeze.
`samarTlebriv kazusebze muSaobisas arsebobs az-
rovnebis ori etapi. .pirveli etapi moicavs konkretuli
samarTlebrivi Sefasebebis gziT gadawyvetamde (Sede-
gamde) misvlas. swored amiT mzaddeba niadagi Semdgomi
gadawyvetilebisaTvis, rogoricaa magaliTad, sasamarT-
lo gadawyvetileba an konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSire-
buli gadawyvetileba sarCelis aRZvris an gancxadebis
Setanis Taobaze da amasTanave SesaZlebels xdis da
amartivebs am gadawyvetilebis logikur dasabuTebas.
yovelive aRniSnuli cxadyofs iuridiuli daskvnis
mniSvnelobas iuristis praqtikaSi. amis gaazreba Tqven,
iuridiuli fakultetis studentebs gagiadvilebT kazu-
sis iuridiul damuSavebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebT-
an muSaobas~579.
iuristi, romelic eZebs konkretuli kazusis swo-
ri gadawyvetis gzebs, up. yovlisa am konkretul SemTx-
vevaSi ayenebs problemas: vin iTxovs? ras iTxovs piri
da visgan iTxovs da rogoria am moTxovnis samarT-
lebrivi safuZveli. cxadia, es samarTlebrivi safuZve-
li an kanonidan gamomdinareobs (moTxovnis kanonism-
��. Wanturia, l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi,
2011, 130.
��. henSeli, s., dasax. naSr; 36.
625
ieri safuZveli) an/da xelSekrulebidan (moTxovnis sax-
elSekrulebo safuZveli.
ìuridiul profesiaSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs samarTlebriv daskvnas. samarTlebrivi daskvnis
SemuSavebis unars erTnairad unda flobdes iuridiul
profesiaSi Sesvlis msurveli yvela iuristi. swored
am unaris ganviTarebas emsaxureba kazusis ganxilvis
meTodi. igi wamyvani meTodia...~.580
aviRoT konkretuli kazusi da amovxsnaT igi, mi-
vmarToT subsumciis meTods. k a z u s i: a. beriZes b.
abulaZisaTvis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
gadasaxdeli aqvs 1000 lari. rodesac movida xelSek-
rulebis Sesrulebis vada, a. beriZem uari ganacxada
nasyidobis Tanxis (1000 laris) gadaxdaze, radgan misi
mtkicebiT, b. abulaZes misTvis gadasaxdeli hqonda 1000
lari sesxis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, romelsac
ar ubrunebda da moiTxova moTxovnis gaqviTva. meore
mxare ki sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebda da ambobda, rom mas
araviTari vali ar hqonda meore mxarisa.
rogorc vxedavT verc a. beriZem da verc b. abula-
Zem ver miaRwies konsensuss. sasamarTlom bunebrivia
aRniSnuli dava unda gadawyvitos samarTlianad da mi-
iRos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba. samarTalwarmoebam
mizans unda miaRwios, `samarTlebrivi mSvidoba~ unda
aRdges.
iuristi (mosamarTle), romelic gadawyvetilebas
iRebs konkretul saqmeze, man saqarTvelos konstituciis
84-e muxlis 1-li nawilidan gamomdinare, gadawyvetile-
ba unda miiRos samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos moTxovne-
bidan gamomdinare, rom ar SeiZleba TviTneburi
gadawyvetilebis miReba, aramed nebismier gadawyvetile-
bas win unda uswrebdes `struqtuirebuli, kanonsa da
samarTalze orientirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis
��. berekaSvili, d., Todua, T., CaCava, s., ZlieriSvili, z., kazusis amoxsnis
meTodika samoqalaqo samarTalSi. TandarTuli kazusis nimuSebiT, 2015, 15.
626
procesi~.
`gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis arsebiTi nawil-
ia kazusis iuridiuli damuSaveba, romlis farglebSic
sistematurad xdeba samarTlebrivi kazusis amoxsnis
(gadawyvetis) momzadeba.... kazusis iuridiuli damuSave-
ba praqtikosisaTvis aris konkretuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebisa da da misi dasabuTebis wina samuSao etapi, ris
gamoc mas eniWeba `gadamwyveti~ mniSvneloba iuristis
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi~581.
kazusis iuridiuli damuSavebis amosavali, mTavari
konkretuli SekiTxva es kazusis sakvanZo kiTxvaa da
kazusis iuridiuli damuSavebis sagani swored am kiTx-
vaze swori pasuxis gacemaa. Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi
ki pasuxi unda gavceT sakvanZo kiTxvas: aqvs Tu ara b.
abulaZes a. beriZisaTvis 1000 laris moTxovnis ufleba?
kazusis mTavar, sakvanZo kiTxvas pasuxi unda gavceT
sistemuri analizis, samecniero meTodebis gamoyenebiT,
kanonis, sasamarTlo praqtikisa da iuridiuli normebis
safuZvelze.
cxadia pirvel SemTxvevaSi am sakvanZo kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia winapirobebis formu-
lireba, saWiroa iseTi normebis moZieba, romelic Sede-
gis ganmsazRvreli iqneba da aseve unda gamovricxoT
is normebi, `romelTa safuZvelzec gamoiricxeboda
gansaxilveli moTxovnisa da Tu uflebis arseboba, e. w.
moTxovnis gamomricxavi normebi~.
aRniSnuli kazusis amoxsnisas bunebrivia unda mi-
vmarToT ssk 477-e muxlis me-2 nawils, romelic aris
Sedegis ganmsazRvreli norma. aqvs Tu ara xelSek-
rulebis erT-erT mxares meorisadmi moTxovnis ufleba
urTierTmoTxovnaTa gaqviTvisa, unda amovideT kiTxvi-
dan, daido Tu ara maT Soris nasyidobis xelSekruleba,
swored am kiTxvas unda gavceT pasuxi. agreTve unda
moxdes ganzogadeba imisa, aris Tu ara am SemTxveva-
��. henSeli, s., dasax. naSr; 25.
627
Si gamosayenebeli ssk-is normebi urTierTmoTxovnaTa
gaqviTvisa (ssk 442-447).
mivyveT kazuss. pirveli kiTxva romelic unda
daisvas aris?: vin iTxovs valdebulebis Sesrulebas
da ras iTxovs? am SemTxvevaSi b. abulaZe iTxovs 100
lars. e. i. Sedegis ganmsazRvreli norma 477-e muxlis
me-2 nawilia.
winapiroba moTxovnisa aris: nasyidobis xelSek-
ruleba, romelic daido a. beriZesa da b. abulaZes Soris,
safasuris moTxovna ki 1000 laria. moTxovna SeiZleba
Sewydes savaraudod valdebulebis gaqviTviT (ssk 442-e
muxlis me-2 nawiliT). gaqviTvis SesaZleblobas qmnis
mxareTa Soris urTierTmoTxovnaTa gaqviTvis arseboba
(aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi a. beriZis mxridan). aRniSnuli
kazusis SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi moTxovnaa nasyidobidan
gamomdinare Tanxis gadaxda. sapirispiro moTxovnas ki
warmoadgens urTierTmoTxovnaTa gaqviTvis moTxovna,
rameTu a. beriZe amtkicebs, rom misi vali marTebs b.
abulaZes (1000 lari) da iTxovs gaqviTvas.
sapirispiro moTxovna a. beriZis mtkiceba, rom man b.
abulaZes asesxa (ssk m. 623) fuli(1000 lari). 626-e mux-
lis 1-li nawili, 623-e muxlis?
a) valis dabrunebis moTxovnis warmoSoba (+)
b) valis dabrunebis moTxovnis Sewyveta?
erTi mxare amtkicebs, rom man gadaixada valis
nawili 200 laris farglebSi. mas evaleba darCenili
800 laris gadaxda. am SemTxvevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi b.
abulaZis mxarezea, rameTu valis dabrunebis valdeb-
ulebis Sesruleba misTvis aris xelsayreli faqti. a.
beriZe ver amtkicebs, rom danarCeni 800 lari gadaixada,
ris Sedegad valis dabrunebis moTxovna gaqarwylebu-
lia mxolod 20 laris farglebSi.
g) valis dabrunebis moTxovnis ganuxorcieleblo-
ba_ar arsebobs Sesabamisi safuZveli
628
d) Sualeduri Sedegi: valis dabrunebis moTxovna
ZalaSia 800 laris odenobiT.
rac Seexeba gaqviTvis SesaZleblobas, igi ar arse-
bobs.
Sualeduri Sedegi iqneba: valis dabruneba ZalaSia
800 laris odenobiT.
moTxovna ganxorcielebadia (+)
Sedegi: b. abulaZes aqvs a. beriZisadmi moTxovnis
ufleba 800 laris farglebSi, magram rameTu mas daumt-
kicda, rom meore mxarisaTvis gadasaxdeli aqvs vali
sesxis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, amitom mas nasy-
idobidan gamomdinare 1000 lari asaRebi meore mxarisa-
gan gaeqviTeba urTierTSemxvedri valdebulebis Sesas-
ruleblad.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi unda moicavdes:
1. sawyis kiTxvas; 2. sakvanZo kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasux-
is gasacemad saWiro winapirobebis formulirebas; 3.
konkretuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis misadagebas; 4.
daskvnas; 5. amoxsna/Sedegs.
kazusis iuridiuli damuSavebis ZiriTadi
moTxovnebia: 1. samarTlebrivi viTarebis detaluri gad-
mocema; 2. azris martivi da gasagebi Camoyalibeba; 3. sa-
davo sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT damajerebeli argumen-
tireba; 4. ar arsebobs erTaderTi `swori~gadawyveta; 5.
kazusis iuridiuli damuSavebis efeqtianoba; 6. martivi
da gasagebi ena582.
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ный редактор заслуженный деятель науки РФ, доктор юридических наук,
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туции Юстиниана, – перевод Д Расснера Под ред Л. Л. Кофанова��, `��
Зерца-
ло~, Москва, 1998.
Brox Walker - Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 31 Auflage, Garl Heуmanns
2007, S 4. ix. citireba: mariamiZe, g. samoqalaqo samarTali, zo-
gadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema, Tbilisi, 2011
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Австрийский гражданский кодекс
Brox/Walker-Allgemeines Schuldrecht, 32. Auflage, Verlag G. H.
Beck, Muenchen, 2007, wyaro: g��
. mariamiZe��
��
, valdebulebiTi��
�� samar-
��
Tali (saxelSekrulebo samarTali), zogadi nawili II nawili, I
gamocema, 2013
Л.Жюллио де ла Морандьер, ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ПРАВО ФРАНЦИИ, Пере-
вод с французского доктора юридических наук Е. А. ФЛЕЙШИЦ Вступи-
тельная статья доктора юридических наук Р. Л, Фреишиц, .http://legalpor-
tal.am/download/library/p17525scbn1u4f12o9181dau5n321.pdf
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Hans D. Jarass und Bobo pieroth. wyaroÖb.YzoiZe, sakonstitucio
kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, 2007
637
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi:
saqarTvelos sakontitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

#1/1/103,117,147-148,152-153 (2001 wlis 7 ivnisi)
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 15 mar-
tis #1/4/170/178, 230, 246 ganCineba
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiis
gadawyvetileba #2/4/532, 533.
(saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26oq-
tombris #2/2-389 gadawyvetileba
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembris
#1/1/477.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos #2/2/389.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi:

susg as198-189-2010 13 ivlisi. ix. saiti: http://www.suprem-
ecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/kr201110.pdf
susg, samoq. 1/2008.
susg, samoq. 9/2005.
susg samoq. as-339-372-2010, 4 noemberi, 2010 weli.
susg samoq. as-922-1205-09 5 marti, 2010 weli.
susgsamoq. (#as-1350-1275-2012).
susg samoq. ganCineba, #as-743-1069-07,, 20.02.2008.
susg samoq. saqme #3 k-62-01, 17 ianvari, 2001 weli, saqarT-
velos uzenaesi sasamarTlos biuleteni.
susg samoq. ganCineba #as-743-1069-07, 20.02.2008.
susg, samoq. as-799-1121-07, 27 Tebervali, 2008 weli.
susg samoq. #as-385-358. 2010.
susg. samoq. saqme #as-1-453-06-07, 2007, 24 maisi.
1susg samoq. 2007w. 26 dekemberi, saqme #as-615-952-07, 2007w. 26
dekemberi.
susg, samoq. saqme # 3k-337-02, 25 ivnisi,2002 weli.
susg, samoq. saqme (#3k/376-01 18 ivlisi, 2001 weli.
susg, samoq. (saqme #3k-390-02), 4 ivlisis (2002weli).
638
susg samoq. 2001 wlis 22 Tebervlis 3k/599-e gadawyvetileba.
susg, samoq. samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2011
wlis 18 aprilis as-218-2004-2011 ganCineba.
wlis 6 ivlisis as-7-6-2010 ganCineba.
wlis 23 ivlisis as-30-367-09 ganCineba.
susg, samoq. (saqme #as-1350-1275-2012).
susg, samoq. saqme # as-572-955-06, ganmartebis sagani: uflebis
borotad gamoyeneba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 115-emuxli);
susg, samoq. saqme #as-1018-1293-05, ganmartebis sagani: uflebis
borotad gamoyeneba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 115-e da 116-e muxlebi);
susg, samoq. saqme # as-159-867-03, ganmartebis sagani: TviTdax-
mareba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 118-e muxli).
susg, samoq. saqme #as-1144-13193, 23 iblisi, 2009;
Tbilisi saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa pala-
tis ganCineba, saqme #2b/4587-14.
gamoyenebuli vebgverdebi:
www.parliament.ge
http://lawtsu.blogspot.com/212/11/blog-post.html; http://mimomxilve-
li.wordpress.com/2012/09/10/konspeqti-perZo-da-sajar
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://lawtsu.blogspot.com.2012/11blog-post.html
http://rezorija-rezorija.blogspot.com
http://forum.ge
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php
http://ka.wikipedia.org/
http://library.court.ge/gil/index.php?term_id=491
http://mimomxilveli.wordpress.com/2012/09/09
http://myadvokat.ge
www.giz.de/law-caucasus
http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/qanda/sampli_chapters/spencer_
ch02.pdf
htt://www.ajol.info/index.php/mir/article/veiwfile/63089/50957
639
gamomcemloba `georgika~
xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 1/09/ 2015

fizikur formaTa raodenoba 23
SekveTa #
tiraJi 300
fasi saxelSekrulebo
640

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ia xarazi

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis

redaqtori: prof. lili gelukaSvili

© ia xarazi. samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili

saqarTvelom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi germa-

Tavi I. samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriuli fesvebi, cneba

Tavi II. samoqalaqo samarTalurTierToba ......................... 125

Tavi III. fizikuri pirebi ..................................................................... 132

Tavi IV. iuridiuli pirebi .............................................................. 241

Tavi V. garigebebi .................................................................................... 301

Tavi VI. uflebis ganxorcieleba ................................................. 537

Tavi VII. vadebi da xandazmuloba ............................................ 557

sasamarTlo praqtika .......................................................................... 619

1. samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriuli fesvebi

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis dasaw-

���. wignidan Sengelia, r., samarTlis problemebi, saiubileo krebuli, CaCaniZe, e.

romanul-germanuli samarTlis sistemis msgavsad,

���. gogiaSvili, g., samosamarTlo samarTali, 2014, 127

kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis

3. samoqalaqo samarTlis, rogorc kerZo

`sistema~ berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa (Zv. berZn.

nawilic amis dasturia: `valdebulebis ZaliT kredito-

���.saqorwino kontraqtis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. TumaniSvili, g. `saqorwino

`sityva `meTodi~ samarTlis mecnierebaSi aRniSnavs

`iuridiul literaturaSi funqciis kvlevis Ziri-

6. samoqalaqo samarTlis princi pebi

zogadi gagebiT `princi pi~ (laT. principium –safuZve-

71. TumaniSvili, g. Sesavali saqarTvelos kerZo samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2012.

definicia `samarTlis wyaro~ Zveli romidan iRebs

���. kereseliZe, d., dasax. naSr; 54.

���. dRes ukve sagadasaxado samarTali (2011 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedebuli

���. amJamad lordTa palata uflebamosilia, Secvalos sasamarTlo praqtika. im

rogorc yvela normatiul aqts, aseve ra Tqma unda

���. prezumfcia filosofiuri enciklopediis mixedviT, gulisxmobs sinamdvilis,

����.ix. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 7 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #1/103,

$ 8.1. samosamarTlo samarTali da

Tanamedrove etapze sasamarTlo praqtikaSi e.w.

8. 2. samoqalaqo normis interpretacia´

`kanonis interpretacia niSnavs kanonis sityvaTa

���. zoiZe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-7 muxli kerZo samarT-

1. ras Seiswavlis samoqalaqo samarTali?

2. kerZo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti SeiZ-

3. SeuZliaT Tu ara samoqalaqo urTierTobebis mona-

`ZiriTadad iuridiul literaturaSi samarTlebri-

����. lobJaniZe, g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, 2003, 460.

$ 1. fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba

����. migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi 21 wlis asakobrivi zRvari

$ 2. fizikuri piris qmedunarianobis Sesaxeb

qmedunarianobis legaluri definicia samoqalaqo

189. damat. ix. vebgverdi: http://constcourt.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=6&info_

samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtebis, fizikuri pire-

blebis saqorwino gvars. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu mSoblebs

$. 4. saxelTan dakavSirebuli piradi

`adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos miznis

`demokratiul weswyobilebaSi adamiani miCneulia

����. ufro zust terminad am SemTxvevaSi migvaCnia ara `zaralis mimyeneblis~,

���. CikvaSvili, S., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe,

����. normatiuli aqtebi (anu dawerili samarTali). statuti - 1. saerTaSoriso

pirveli palatis 1999 wlis 15 dekembris

5. fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli

fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli adgili gansa-

��. wignidan Sengelia, r., samarTlis problemebi, saiubileo krebuli, CaCaniZe, e.

��. gogiaSvili, g., samosamarTlo samarTali, 2014, 127

��.saqorwino kontraqtis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. TumaniSvili, g. `saqorwino

��. kereseliZe, d., dasax. naSr; 54.

��. dRes ukve sagadasaxado samarTali (2011 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedebuli

��. amJamad lordTa palata uflebamosilia, Secvalos sasamarTlo praqtika. im

��. prezumfcia filosofiuri enciklopediis mixedviT, gulisxmobs sinamdvilis,

��.ix. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 7 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #1/103,

��. zoiZe, b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi,

��. lobJaniZe, g., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, 2003, 460.

��. migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi 21 wlis asakobrivi zRvari

��. ufro zust terminad am SemTxvevaSi migvaCnia ara `zaralis mimyeneblis~,

��. CikvaSvili, S., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe,

��. normatiuli aqtebi (anu dawerili samarTali). statuti - 1. saerTaSoriso

��. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis sruli versia ixileT, iurgen Svabe, hamburgis

��.damat. ix. gabisonia, z., saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, meore gadamuSavebuli

��. Wanturia, l., `ramdenime mosazreba sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze~,

��. savini cnobilia, rogorc samarTlis istoriuli skolis erT-erTi

��. mariamiZe, g. samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema,

��. kropholeri, ian, dasax. naSr; 60.

��. rac Seexeba xelSekrulebas, rogorc ormxriv garigebas, - germanuli

��.prof. l. Wanturias mosazrebiT 59-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebis mTlianad

��.`arasrulwlovani bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobis SezRudva~.

��.migvaCnia rom uTuod dasaxvewia kanonis is adgili, sadac wesia, `sacxovrebeli

��.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, 236.