qeTi jijeiSvili

giorgi CxikviSvili

politikuri fsiqologia

1
 Tbilisi
2019
stu-is profesorebis qeTi jijeiSvilisa da giorgi
CxikviSvilis mier Seqmnili winamdebare naSromi
saqarTveloSi naklebad cnobili mecnierebis dargis _
politikuri fsiqologiis Seqmnis pirveli cdaa. igi gankuTvnilia
socialuri da humanitaruli specialobis studentebisaTvis,
aseve fsiqologebis, politikosebisa da politikis mecnierebiT
dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
naSromSi ganxilulia politikuri fsiqologiis iseTi
aqtualuri sakiTxebi rogoricaa: Zalauflebis, masis, elitisa
da lideris fsiqologia, politikuri konfliqtis, politikuri
Zaladobis, rasizmisa da tolerantobis fsiqologiuri ganzomi-
lebani, sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze politikuri komunika-
ciebis zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, saarCevno
teqnologiebis politikur-fsiqologiuri analizi da sxv. naS-
roms Tan erTvis politikuri fsiqologiis ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni. wigni Sedgenilia saqarTveloSi da sazRvargareT
gamoqveynebuli samecniero da saswavlo meToduri
literaturis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze.

redaqtori: igor kveselava - istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori
recenzentebi: vaJa SubiTiZe - politikis mecnierebaTa
doqtori
nino cercvaZe - fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori

ISBN 978-9941-411-33-5

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 saqarTvelos ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saerTaSoriso samecniero-
kulturul-saganmanaTleblokavSiri `sazogadoeba codna~
Sinaarsi

Tavi pirveli
politikuri fsiqologiis sagani .........................................................7
1.1. politikuri fsiqologiis konceptualuri
safuZvlebi ..................................................................................
.................7
1.2. politikuri fsiqologiis kategoriebi,
meTodebi da
funqciebi ...................................................................22

Tavi meore
Zalauflebis
fsiqologia ........................................................................32
2.1. Zalaufleba rogorc politikur-fsiqologiuri
fenomeni ....................................................................................
....................32
2.2. Zalauflebis socialur-politikuri da politikur-fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebi ................54
2.3. Zalauflebisaken swrafvis fsiqologiuri
safuZvlebi ..................................................................................
...............60

Tavi mesame
biheviorizmi da adamianis Tavisuflebebi ................................63

Tavi meoTxe
politikuri liderobis fsiqologia ............................................78
4.1. liderobis fenomeni politikur

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 fsiqologiaSi ................................................................................
......78
4.2. politikuri lideris motivacia .......................................101
4.3. politikuri lideris moRvaweobis
Taviseburebebi da `me~-koncefcia ...................................125

Tavi mexuTe
politikuri elitis fsiqologia .....................................................130
5.1. politikuri elitis fenomeni da
misi
funqciebi ....................................................................................
130
5.2. elitizmis koncefciebis politikur-
fsiqologiuri analizi .............................................................136

Tavi meeqvse
masebis
fsiqologia ......................................................................................
147
6.1. masebis fsiqologiis politikuri aspeqtebi ..........147
6.2. brbos sulieri erTobis koncefcia ...............................159

Tavi meSvide
politikuri konfliqtebis fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebani .....................................................................................
...............170
7.1. konfliqtis politikur-fsiqologiuri refleqsiis
evolucia ....................................................................170
7.2. politikuri konfliqtebis tipologia da maTi
marTva .......................................................................................
...................183

Tavi merve

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politikuri komunikaciis fsiqologia ......................................189
8.1. sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze politikuri
komunikaciebis saSualebebis fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedebis
SesaZleblobani ...............................................189
8.2. masmedia _ meoTxe xelisufleba ........................................197

Tavi mecxre
politikuri SantaJi Zalauflebrivi urTierTobis
sistemaSi ..............................................................................................
...................209
9.1. politikuri SantaJis arsi da politikaSi misi gamovlenis
formebis mravalferovneba .....................209
9.2. Zalauflebis sistemaSi politikuri SantaJis funqcionirebis
meqanizmi ...........................................................228
Tavi meaTe
saarCevno kampaniis teqnologiebis
politikur-fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba ....................................235
10.1. saarCevno kampaniis teqnologiebis
politikur-fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba ....................235
10.2. eleqtoratis qcevis fsiqologiuri tendenciebi saarCevno
kampaniis dros .........................................................241

Tavi meTerTmete
politikuri Zaladobis fsiqologia ...........................................252
11.1. politikuri Zaladobis socialur-
politikuri buneba da arsi ..................................................252
11.2. politikuri terorizmi, rogorc politikuri Zaladobis
gamovlenis ukiduresi forma ..................261

Tavi meTormete
rasizmis
fsiqologia ..................................................................................272

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 12.1. rasizmis definicia da arsi ..................................................272
12.2. riTi aixsneba rasizmi _ stereotipebi.......................284

Tavi mecamete
tolerantobis fsiqologia ..................................................................299
13.1. tolerantobis definicia da arsi .................................299
13.2. politikuri tolerantobis doneebi ..........................309

Tavi meToTxmete
politikuri debatebis fsiqologia ------------------- 325
14.1. debatebis warmoSobis istoria .......................................325
14.2. politikuri debatebis qarTuli dilemebi ..........341

Tavi meTxuTmete
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fsiqologia ........................343
15.1. dimitri uznaZis omis filosofia ..................................343
15.2. avtoritetebisadmi daqvemdebareba .............................350
15.2. situacionizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
TeoriaSi ...................................................................................
............361

gamoyenebuli
literatura .............................................................368

politikuri fsiqologiis ganmartebiTi

leqsikoni .........................................................................................
..............373

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 Tavi pirveli
politikuri fsiqologiis sagani

1.1. politikuri fsiqologiis

konceptualuri safuZvlebi

politikuri fsiqologia mecnieruli codnis axali dargia. misi

Camoyalibebis procesi jer ar dasrulebula, bevri problema diskusiur
xasiaTs atarebs. amaSia misi Seswavlis sirTule, magram, amave dros
upiratesobac, ramdenadac, rogorc eqsperimentaluri fsiqologiis
fuZemdebeli v. vudti aRniSnavda, `mecnieruli kvlevebis axali
formebi garkveuli drois manZilze Tavisi arsebobisaTvis unda

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ibrZodnen: `... axlad warmoSobili disciplina mZlavr biZgs iRebs,
raTa uzrunvelyos Tavisi mdgomareoba SenaZenebiT faqtebis
sferodan da ufro zustad gaiazros Tavisi amocanebi misi mosazRvre
sferoebidan gamijvnis gziT. Tanac is awonasworebs samomavlod
dasaxul pretenziebs da ufro zustad SemosazRvravs marTlzomier
pretenziebs~ (v. vudti. xalxTa fsiqologia. 2002. gv. 12).
imisaTvis, rom mecnieruli codnis axali sferos Camoyalibebis
procesis ganxilvis dros Tavi avaridoT meTodologiur Secdomebs,
unda vixelmZRvaneloT Zireuli principebiT, romelic moiTxovs misi
genezisis, evoluciis da dRevandeli mdgomareobis Tanamimdevrul
ganxilvas.
XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi politikuri fsiqologia
mecnieruli kvlevebis damoukidebel mimarTulebad iqca
bihevioristebisa da aSS-Si `qceviTi moZraobis~ zegavleniT.
saorganizacio kuTxiT amaSi didi roli iTamaSes fsiqiatriisa da
sagareo politikis institutebma (1970 w.) da, gansakuTrebiT,
politikuri fsiqologebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam, romelic (1979
w.) aerTianebs yvela kontinentis mecnierebs da yovelwliurad
axorcielebs Tavisi wevrebis Sekrebebs, sadac ganixileba aqtualuri
Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi politikur-fsiqologiuri problemebi.
politikuri fsiqologiis ganviTarebis pirveli Sedegebi 1973 wels
Seajames, rodesac gaCnda koleqtiuri naSromi `Handbook of political
psychology~ politikur mecnierebaTa, socialuri fsiqologiisa da
fsiqopaTologiis specialistis jon knutsonis redaqciiT. politikuri
fsiqologiis ZiriTad ganmazogadebel wyaros miekuTvneba kidev erTi
koleqtiuri fundamenturi naSromi `political psychology~ (1986 w.)
erT-erTi amerikuli universitetis profesoris margarit hermanis
redaqciiT. rogorc am sferos wamyvani specialistebi miiCneven, swo-

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red am naSromiT iwyeba politikuri fsiqologiis, rogorc
damoukidebeli mecnierebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba. 13 wlis manZilze
politikur fsiqologiaSi momxdari yvela mniSvnelovani cvlilebis
gverdiT masSi formulirebulia politikuri fsiqologiis ZiriTadi
principebi, romlebic axasiaTeben da xsnian politikur-fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis specifikas.
am principebis Sesabamisad politikuri fsiqologiebis kvlevebi
unda iyvnen orientirebulebi:
 politikuri da fsiqologiuri fenomenebis urTierTqmedebis
Seswavlaze;
 Tanamedroveobis yvelaze aqtualur socialur (maT Soris
globalur) problemebTan kavSiris dadgenaze;
 fsiqologiur movlenebSi politikuri konteqstis analizze;
 politikur qcevaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSirebis gamokveTaze;
 meTodologiur pluralizmze, sistemur fsiqologiur aRweraze,
romlebic saSualebas iZlevian mxedvelobaSi iqonion
TvalsazrisTa mravalferovneba da politikis, rogorc socialur-
fsiqologiuri fenomenis mravalfaqtobrioba.
dRes sazogadod miRebulia politikuri fsiqologiis
disciplinaTSorisi statusi. politikuri fsiqologia sul ufro popularuli
xdeba maT Soris, vinac politikuri mecnierebis eniT saubrobs da maT
Soris, vinc fsiqologiis eniT metyvelebs, rac udavod mniSvnelovania
kvlevebis empiriuli sferos bunebis gagebisa da Teoriis agebisaTvis.
magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom politikuri fsiqologiis
sakiTxebSi garkvevas aZnelebs is terminologiuri sxvadasxvaoba,
romelic arsebobs Tanamedrove mecnierul literaturaSi. xSirad xdeba
`politikuri fsiqologiisa~ da `politikis fsiqologiis~ cnebebis

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erTmenTSi aRreva. maT xSirad sinonimebadac xmaroben, radganac
politikis fsiqologiis anTologiuri fesvebi dasavlur politikur fsiqolo-
giasTan aris dakavSirebuli, amitomac am faqts (dasavluri
mecnierebebisagan kvleviTi instrumentebis unebur dasesxebas)
mecnierebi mihyavda gaugebrobamde. sinamdvileSi es cnebebi ar
arian sinonimebi, sakmaod gansxvavebuli cnebebi arian, romlebic
sxvadasxva meTodologiur tradiciebze aRmocendnen. saqme aq
marto sityvebis ganlagebaSi ar aris, aramed erTidaigive realobis
Seswavlis am ori gzis gnoseologiuri sawyisebis warmoSobaSi.
Tu dasavluri politikuri fsiqologia Tavidanve acxadebda
pretenzias damoukidebel samecniero statusze, politikis fsiqologia
wlebis manZilze iniRbeboda politologiis erT-erTi mimarTulebis
qveS da pretenzias ar acxadebda damoukidebeli mecnierebis
statusze. igi warmoadgens politologiis dargs, romelic ikvlevs
politikis fsiqologiur aspeqtebs, adamianis faqtoris rols sazogadoebis
politikur cxovrebaSi. politikis fsiqologia gamoyofs qmediT
midgomas politikuri movlenis mimarT _ is avlens politikaSi mona-
wileobis motivebs, politikuri faseulobebis Sinaarss, socialur
moTxovnilebebs, politikuri manipulirebis niSnebs, adamianTa
qcevis Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva politikur situaciebSi.
dResdReobiTac politikis fsiqologia metwilad inarCunebs marginalur
statuss, rac mis disciplinaTSorisi warmoSobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
erTis mxriv, grZeldeba empiriuli kvlevebis nakadi, romelic
xorcieldeba socialur-fsiqologiuri mecnierebebis `politikuri gadaxris~
kalapotSi; meores mxriv, midis Zieba ara mxolod empiriul-
meToduri, aramed `politikis fsiqologiis~ Teoriul-meTodologiuri
TviTgamorkvevisaTvis politologiis sistemaSi.

10
 Tanamedrove etapze uaxles dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi
gamoiyeneba politikuri fsiqologia, ramdenadac arsebobs erTiani
mecniereba, romlis ganviTarebasac sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi
gaaCnda sxvadasxva Taviseburebebi da aqcentebi.
politikuri fsiqologia aris damoukidbeli mecniereba, romelic
swavlobs adamianis politikuri qcevis fsiqologias. rogorc mecniereba
igi ikvlevs movlenaTa farTo wres _ politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mi-
Rebis, politikur molaparakebebze partniorTa urTierTqmedebis,
eTnikurTaSorisi da saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebis, politikur
moZraobebSi monawileobis politikuri orientaciebis formirebis
fsiqologias da sxv. aseve adamianTa qcevis Taviseburebebs, stereoti-
pebs, maT politikur moTxovnebs, politikuri msoflmxedvelobis
individualur da jgufur meqanizmebs, faseulobaTa sistemas da
mTlianad maT politikur Sexedulebas. xdeba sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenis politikuri molodinebis, maTi politikuri ganwyobis,
politikuri faseulobis _ samarTlianobis, Tanasworobis, Se-
saZleblobebis, sazogadoebaSi wesrigis kvlevis da a.S. Seswavla.
aseve Seiswavleba politikuri moRvaweebis, mTavrobis, calkeuli
kanonmdeblobis Sefasebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi, sazogadoebis
politikuri kulturis tipi da done, masebis politikuri qcevis mraval-
ferovneba, pirovnebis politikuri socializaciis formebi da xerxebi,
politikuri fsiqologiis motivaciuri da kognituri (SemecnebiTi)
elementebi.
`politikuri fsiqologia~ da `politikuri fsiqologiis~ cnebebis arsi
arafriT ar upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, piriqiT, isini sakmaod
momgebianad avseben erTmaneTs. orive mecnierebas gaaCnia
saerTo faruli meTologiuri saZirkveli. dasavlur `politikur fsi-

11
qologiaSi~ mas ewodeba `qceviTi midgoma~ xolo postsabWoTa
`politikis fsiqologiaSi~ _ socialuri sagnobrivi saqmianobis Teoria.
politikuri mecnierbis CarCoebSi `qceviTi midgomis~ koncefciis
ZiriTad mimarTulebebs warmoadgens biheviorizmi (behaviour _
qceva), kognitivizmi, fsiqoanalizi da interaqcionalizmi. zogadad,
adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an la-
boratoriuli Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas
TiTqmis yovelTvis mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia
qcevis erTi romelime mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo
WeSmariti mizezi ubralo statistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad,
ramodenime kvlevis Tanaxmad, damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanon-
morCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvianebi arian. Tuki asea, iqneb
dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi? rogor mimarTebaSia dabali
inteleqti danaSaulis sxva iseTi korelatebTan da mizezebTan,
rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavSvobaSi gadatanili abuCad
agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alkoholze damokidebuleba?
ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom
pasuxismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis Camdeni individi?
adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT eqspertebi
gamoyofen or mimarTulebas _ tradicionalistursa da bihevioristurs.
orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikur da fsiqologiur
mecnierebaTa sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi.
biheviorizmi amerikuli pragmatuli fsiqologiis da politologiis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa, romelic ganixilavs fsiqikas
mxolod, rogorc qceviTi gamovlinebebis, reaqciebis erTobliobas gare
zemoqmedebaze _ stimulirebaze.
1913 wels gamovida d. uotsonis statia `fsiqologia bihevioristis
TvalsazrisiT~, ramac didi roli Seasrula bihevioristuli mimdinareobis

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ganviTarebaSi. misma mimdevrebma gamoiyenes ra pavlovis
moZRvreba da e. Tordnaikis mier ganxorcielebuli cxovelebis qcevis
kvleva, ivaraudes, rom daswavlis kanonebi, gamocdilebis SeZenis
kanonebi adamiansa da cxovelebSi erTnairia. gamoricxes ra
instiqtebi TavianTi interesebis sferodan, bihevioristebi dainteresdnen
mxolod qceviTi Cvevebis gamomuSavebis kanonzomierebiT.
biheviorizmSi SemuSvebuli Cvevebis formirebis kvlevis
meTodikebi farTod gamoiyeneba qcevis fsiqologiaSi. igi,
tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic aqcents politikis
normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yuradRebas mecnierul meTods
uTmobs da politikuri qcevisa da politikuri procesebis dinamikisa da
Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis konkretul amocanas isaxavs
miznad. bihevioristebi, Cveulbriv, eridebian politikis Sesaxeb
moralur Tu filosofiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCniaT,
rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia, Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnieru-
lad dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia.
bihevioristulma midgomam, specialistebis azriT, Tavis droze
namdvili revolucia moaxdina politologiaSi. sainteresoa, rom misi
erT-erTi samecniero dasabuTeba gaakeTa SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidentma vudro vilsonma 1880 wels. bihevioristuli midgomis, ro-
gorc politologiuri analizis meTodis safuZvelSi devs Semdegi
debulebebi:
 adamianebis politikur qcevaSi stimuli fsiqologiuri motivebia.
maT SeiZleba hqondeT socialuri safuZveli, magram
SeiZleba hqondeT piradulic, individualuri xasiaTi;
 Zalauflebis impulsebi devs calkeuli pirovnebis bunebaSi,
maT Zalauflebisaken (neba) miswrafebaSi da batonobis
unarSi (`politikuri energiis floba~);

13
  adamianebis jgufuri an individualuri qmedebebi ase Tu ise
dakavSirebulia calkeuli pirovnebebis qcevasTan;
 adamianebis qceva msgavsia sxvadasxva situaciaSi da
sxvadasxvaa sazogadoebriv sistemaSi; amitom politologiasa
da fsiqologiaSi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes sxvadasxva skolis
kvlevebis Sedegebi;
 sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Zalauflebac xdeba saqoneli,
romelzec sxva saqonlis msgavsad, aris moTxovnileba da
SeTavazeba; warmoiSoba Taviseburi `Zalauflebis bazari~.
riTi xelmZRvanelobs politikuri analitikosi, romelic msjelobs
calke aRebuli politikuri procesis monawileobis qcevaze? upirveles
yovlisa, igi albaT cdilobs warmoidginos, Tu rogor gamoiyureba
mimdinare movlena misi uSualo monawileebis TvaliT. bihevioristi
mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier upiratesobas
`faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben. isini iyeneben mecnierul meTods,
romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis, rogoricaa
biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs, romlebzedac
pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod proeqtis Sedgenis, empiriuli
monacemebis Segrovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis
gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasabuTebisaTvis saWiro
eqsperimentebis Catarebis gziT. zogierTi bihevioristi deduqciur
meTodebs ufro mimarTavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTemati-
kur modelebs, raTa axsna mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur
partiaTa, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa, koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa
qcevasa da fsiqologias. am suliskveTebiT ukve naxevar saukuneze
metia rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi tardeboda omis
korelatebisa (dakavSirebuli cnebebis) da mizezebis gasadgenad.

14
 20-ian wlebSi biheviorizmi daiyo rig mimarTulebebad, xolo 30-
ian wlebSi gaCnda neobiheviorizmi (tolmeni, hali). man
Sesworebebi Seitana Tavdapirvel biheviorizmSi, SemoiRo ra cneba
`Sualeduri cvladebi~, romelTac ganekuTvna qcevis motivebi,
miznebi da sxva `Sinagani~ komponentebi. mis mixedviT individis
genesizi ganisazRvreba misi reaqciebis SemTxveviTi ganmtkicebiT
_ aseTia neobiheviorizmis ZiriTadi Tezisi.
neobiheviorizmis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli skineri
Tvlis, rom nebismieri qcevis Sinaarsi damokidebulia mis Sedegebze
(`operantuli ganpirobebulobis~ principi).
neobihevioristuli mimarTulebis kalapotSi muSavdeba agresiis
Teoria. gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi wamowyebul iqna hipoTeza
`agresia-frustracia~. am Teoriis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom
TiToeuli adamianis qcevaSi gardauvalia agresiuli mdgomareoba. es
hipoTeza gakritikebul iqna, Tumca bolo xanebSi man ganicada axali
modifikacia, rodesac 1974 w. ielis universitetis profesoris s.
melgremis mier Catarda eqsperimenti, romlis mizani iyo gaerkvia Tu
ramdenad mZime satanjveli SeuZlia mouvlinos adamianma sxva sru-
liad udanaSaulo pirs. mowveuli iqna ori adamiani, romelTaganac
erTs moswavle unda ganesaxierebina, meores ki _ maswavlebeli.
`moswavles~ mocemuli sityvebis Seswavla evaleboda,
`maswavlebels~ ki _ saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT gakontroleba.
Secdomis SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli Rilakze daaWerda TiTs da
moswavlec isjeboda eleqtruli denis dartymiT. TiToeuli Secdomis
Semdeg Zabva 15 voltiT matulobda. gamosacdelebi sxvadasxva
oTaxSi imyofebodnen da maT erTmaneTisagan hyofdaT
gamWvirvale tixari, rac `maswavlebels~ dasjisas moswavleze
dakvirvebis saSualebas aZlevda. pirveli eleqtrodartymebi asatani

15
gamodga magram maTi Zabvis matebasTan erTad mdgomareoba
gausaZlisi xdeboda da `moswavle~ tkivilisagan yviroda. 150 voltiani
Zabvis Semdeg `moswavlem~ eqsperimentis Sewyevta moiTxova.
ufro meti Zabvis gamo ki saerTod igrixeboda tkivilisagan. zogierTi
pedagogi 450 voltamde umatebda Zabvas, ris gamoc
eqsperimentatorebi iZulebulebi iyvnen SeewyvitaT Semdgomi
dakvirvebebi. eqsperimentSi umTavresi is iyo, rom moswavles
sinamdvileSi ar exeboda eleqtronuli Zabva ubralod am rols
TamaSobda msaxiobi, romelic axdenda tkivilis imitacias. maswav-
lebelma ki amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda da egona, rom realur tkivils
ayenebda moswavles. is imasac ki ver mimxvdariyo, rom kvlevis
obieqti Tavad iyo Tavisi zneobrivi fsiqologiuri faseulobiT.
eqsperimentatorTa daskvna umZimesi gamodga. gamosacdel
maswavlebelTa Soris arcerTs ar uTqvams uari am mwvaleblobaze.
ar ucdia moswavlis ganTavisufleba. es imaze metyvelebs, rom
Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis fsiqikis siRrmeSi Casaxulia sisastike da
igi garkveuli garemo zemoqmedebis Sedegad advilad iRebs konkre-
tuli Zaladobrivi qmedebis saxes.
msgavsi eqsperimentebi Catarda avstriaSi, iordaniaSi,
espanetSi, germaniaSi da gamoavlines, rom melgremis mier
Catarebul eqsperiments aqvs unikaluri xasiaTi.
neobiheviorizmTan erTad Tanamedrove msoflioSi politkur-
fsiqolgiuri koncefciebi warmodgenilia:
1) kognitivisturi;
2) fsiqoanalitikuri da
3) interaqcionisturi saxiT.
kognitivisturi mimarTuleba (ing. cognito _ Semecneba)
cdilobs socialurad ganpirobebuli qcevis interpretacia moaxdinos

16
adamianis SemecnebiTi procesebis Taviseburebis safuZvelze. am
mimarTulebis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom adamianis qceva
ganisazRvreba misi SexedulebebiT, molodinebiT, socialuri
ganwyobiT (atitudebiT, atetozi _ srulyofil mdgomareobas moklebuli)
e.i. adamianis cnebiTi sferoTi.
adamianis urTierTqmedeba garkveul obieqtTan damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ra kategorias ganakuTvnebs is am obieqts, ra
mniSvnelobas aniWebs mas. cnobiereba gansazRvravs qcevas _
aseTia kognitivizmis ZiriTadi Tezisi, romelic ar iZleva pasuxs
kiTxvaze, Tu riT ganisazRvreba Tavad adamianis cnobiereba.
fsiqoanalitikuri mimarTuleba iyenebs z. froidis zogad
koncefcias da mis socialur-fsiqologiur Sexedulebebs. z. froidis
Tanamedrove mimdevrebma wamoayenes rigi Teoria. erT-erTi
maTganis (baionis) Tanaxmad, garkveuli jgufi warmoadgens
individis makronairsaxeobas _ mas gaaCnia is Taviseburebebi, rac
calkeul adamians. pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTqmedebis mo-
Txovnilebebi biologiuri moTxovnilebebis analogiuria. TiToeul
individs gaaCnia socialur jgufSi CarTvis moTxovnileba, sxva
adamianebis mowonebis damsaxurebis moTxovnileba. jgufSi
umaRlesi saregulacio funqcia gaaCnia liders.
neofroidistuli orientaciis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben
pirovnebaTaSoris damokidebulebebs axsna upovon adamianis
emociur da qvecnobier sferoebSi.
rogorc neobihevioristebi, asve neofroidistebi individis qcevas
xsnian masSi siamovnebis miRebisken Tavdapirveli swrafvis
arsebobiT. garemomcveli garemosa da moTxovnilebebis cneba maT
mier ar ganixileba konkretuli istoriuli pirobebis farglebSi.

17
 interaqcionistuli mimarTuleba (pirovnuli urTierTqmedeba
socialur jgufebSi) wina planze ayenebs jgufSi individebis socialuri
urTierTqmedebis problemas _ interaqcias, romelic ganisazRvreba
TiToeuli maTganis roliT.
interaqcionalizmis warmomadgenlebma (j. midi, i. kuni, a. rouzi, t.
Sibutani da sxv.) wamoayenes pirvel planze fsiqologiuri problemebis
kompleqsi _ urTierToba, komunikaciuroba, socialuri normebi, socia-
luri roli, statusi, referentuli jgufi da sxv. midisa da misi mimdevrebis
mier SemuSavebulma cnebiTma aparatma farTo gavrceleba hpova
politikur-fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi. am mimarTulebis
umniSvnelovanes mdgomareobas warmoadgens individis fsiqikis
socialuri ganpirobebulobis aRiareba, urTierTobis fuZemdebluri
mniSvneloba.
interaqcionalisturi mimarTulebis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlis
mier ganxorcielebuli rigi empiriuli kvleva aris pozitiuri
mniSvnelobis mqone. es, upirveles yovlisa, exeba socialur-rolur
kvlevebs, romlebSic aRmoCenilia erTnairi qceva sxvadasxva adami-
anSi msgavs socialur pirobebSi. Tumca, socialuri urTierTqmedebis
fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi interaqcionistebis mier ganxilulia am
urTierTqmedebis konkretuli Sinaarsis miuxedavad.
1.2. politikuri fsiqologiis kategoriebi, meTodebi da
funqciebi

politikur fsiqologias, rogorc yvela damoukidebel mecnierebas

gaaCnia mkacrad SemosazRvruli obieqti, sagnobrivi sferoebi,
kategoriebi, kvlevis meTodebi, specifikuri kanonzomierebebi da
funqciebi. am kriteriumebis prizmidan ganixileba politikuri fsiqolo-
giis mecnieruli statusi.

18
 politikuri fsiqologiis obieqtis ganxilvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom politkur-fsiqologiuri problematika viTardeba ara mxolod am
mecnierebis CarCoebSi, aramed sxva momijnave mecnierebis-polito-
logiis, socialuri fsiqologiis, pirovnebis fsiqologiis, eTnofsiqologiis,
politikis fsiqologiis, istoriisa da politikuri sociologiis farglebSi.
fsiqologiam sakmaod bevri aiRo politikuri mecnierebisa da
fsiqologiis rTuli urTierTobisagan, ris Sedegadac mis saganSi
mWidrod gadaejaWva am ori disciplinis obieqtis nawilebi. amitomac
ixreba igi rogorc politologiis, asvev fsiqologiis mxares. ramdenadac
politikuri fsiqologia disciplinaTaSoris mecnierebas warmoadgens, is
gamoiyenebs zogadmecnierul kategoriebs da misi mosazRvre
mecnierebis kategoriebs. swored kategoriebis meSveobiT
ganisazRvreba misi adgili politikur da fsiqologiur mecnierebaTa
sistemaSi da gamoikveTeba maTTan urTierTkavSirSi. filosofia, po-
litologia, politikuri anTropologia, pirovnebis fsiqologia, masebis
fsiqologia da sxva mecnierebebi da mecnieruli codnis dargebi
`amagreben~ politikur fsiqologias misi funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro
aucilebeli aparatiT. radganac politikuri fsiqologiis yuradRebis areSi
xvdeba fsiqologiuri movlenebis yvela politikurad mniSvnelovani
mxare, romlebic TavisTavad warmoadgenen fsiqologiuri da
politikuri mecnierebebis sxva dargebis kvlevis sagans, SeuZlebelia
warmovidginoT politikuri fsiqologiis kategorialuri aparati am
mecnierebebis fundamentaluri cnebebis gareSe.
politikur fsiqologias da politikur sociologias gaaCniaT Semdegi
saerTo kategoriebi: politikuri faseulobebi, politikuri interesebi,
politikuri civilizacia, socialuri stratifikacia, socialuri fenebi da
jgufebi.

19
 politikur fsiqologias da politologias gaaCniaT saerTo
kategoriebi: politikuri sistema, politikuri Zalaufleba, politikuri
konfliqti, politikuri konsensusi, politikuri Segneba.
politikur fsiqologias da pirovnebis fsiqologias aqvT saerTo:
qceva, motivacia, azrovnebis stili, sazogadoebrivi azri,
TviTrealizacia, fsiqobiografia, fsiqologiuri portreti, lideroba.
analogiuri mdgomareobaa meTodebTan mimarTebaSic.
politikuri fsiqologia Tavis kvlevebSi iyenebs zogad mecnierul
mosazRvre mecnierebisa da specifikur (sakuTar) meTodebs. es
dakavSirebulia im faqtTan, rom rogorc sxva socialur mecnierbebSi,
aseve aqac esa Tu is meToduri mimarTva ganpirobebulia politikur-
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis obieqtiT (adamiani da socialuri jgufebi
politikaSi) da iTxovs ramdenime disciplinis midgomebis
gaerTianebas. ase magaliTad, filosofia politikur fsiqologias
aRWuravs substacionaluri meTodiT (anTologiuri), romelic
yuradRebis aqcentirebas axdens politikis iseTi pirvelsafuZvlebis
gamomJRavnebasa da kvlevaze, rogoricaa Zalaufleba, gabatonebuli-
sa da qveSevrdomis urTierTobebi, aseve sesxulobs politikuri
fsiqologia filosofiidan kritikul-dialeqtur meTods, romelic xels
uwyobs politikaSi Sida winaaRmdegobebis (konfliqtebis)
gamomJRavnebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, politikuri cvlilebebis
mamoZravebeli Zalisa da sociumis yvela doneze warmoSobili wi-
naaRmdegobebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis analizis saSualebas
iZleva.
socialur faqtorze politikis damokidebulebis gamorkvevisaken
mimarTuli sociologiuri meTodebi politikur-fsiqologiuri kvlevebis
dros xels uwyoben politikis, rogorc socialuri jgufebis mizanmimar-
Tuli urTierTobebis sferos ufro Rrma analizs (jgufebis, romlebic

20
Tavis miznebs axorcieleben). politikuri anTropologiis meTodebi,
romlebic xsnian politikis ganpirobebulobas ara mxolod socialuri
faqtorebiT, aramed adamianis bunebiTac, saSualebas iZlevian
gaanalizdes adamianis aqtiuroba ara mxolod rogorc gonieri socialuri
motivaciis Sedegi, aramed rogorc racionaluri, instiqturi, biologiuri da
adamianis qcevis sxva motivebis funqcionirebis Sedegi.
socialuri fsiqologiis meTodebi, rogorc gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani politikur-fsiqologiuri kvlevebisaTvis, gamokveTen
pirovnebis politikuri qcevis damokidebulebas socialur jgufebSi
(eTnosebi, klasebi, erebi) mis CarTulobaze da am ukanasknelTa
urTierTqmedebis meqanizmebsa da sxvadasxva parametrebze
(mibaZva, STanergva, ganmsWvalva). bihevioristuli meTodebi,
romlebic aqcents akeTeben politikis pirovnul ganzomilebebze,
Seucvelia individis politikuri qcevis analizisa da misi motivaciis
Secvlis gansazRvris dros. fsiqoanalizis meTodebi politikur
fsiqologias aRWuravs instrumentebiT politikur qcevaze moqmedi
individualuri Tvisebebis, xasiaTis Taviseburebebis, gaucnobierebeli
fsiqikuri procesebis Sesaswavlad.
masobrivi politikuri qcevis fenomenebis Seswavla moiTxovs
iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa statistikuri monacemebis
analizi, interviuireba, fokus-jgufis meTodi, monitoringi.
winasaarCevno kampaniis momzadeba moiTxovs saarCevno
olqis pasportis Sedgenas (ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri da socialuri tipebis
aRwera). calkeul SemTxvevaSi, roca obieqti miuwvdomelia
mkvlevarisaTvis, mag., asakobrivi politikuri orientaciebis dinamikis
kvlevis dros, saWiroa specialuri meTodika (proeqtoruli meTodikebi,
distanciuri analizis meTodebi, saeqsperto Sefasebis meTodebi).

21
 masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis masalis raodenobriv-
Tvisobrivi analizi xorcieldeba kontent-analizis (ingl. _ Sinaarsis
analizi) meSveobiT kontent-analizis meTodi pirvelad gamoiyena
amerikelma politologma h. lassuelma. igi warmoadgens teqstis avto-
ris (informaciis sxva matareblebis) fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis
gamovlenis meTods, romelSic gamoiyofa azrobrivi erTeulebi da
xorcieldeba maTi ganmeorebis sixSiris gazomva. am safuZvelze
xdeba daskvnis gakeTeba Setyobinebis avtoris pirovnuli mimarTule-
bis Sesaxeb; faruli tendenciebi ganisazRvreba faqtoruli analizis
meSveobiT.
mkvlevarebi avlenen am SetyobinebaTa avtorebis
(komunikatorebis) socialur-fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs, maT
faseulobiT poziciebs, SetyobinebaTa socialur-fsiqologiur arss,
SetyobinebaTa Sinaarsis organizebis formirebisa da xerxebis
Taviseburebebs, SetyobinebaTa adresatebis (recipientebis) socialur-
fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs, Setyobinebis sakomunikacio efeq-
turobas.
kontinent-analizis meTodi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca
mkvlevarisaTvis saintereso elementebi eqcevian formalizaciis qveS
da gvxvdebian sakmaod didi sixSiriT. ase magaliTad, erTi amerikeli
radiokomentatoris saubris kontent-analizma gviCvena araSemTxve-
viTi saxis kavSirebi mis mier gamoyenebul cnebebs `axalgazrdobas~
da `mtkivneul gamovlinebebs~ Soris. aqedan gamomdinare gakeTda
daskvna am radiokomentatoris konservatiuli tendenciurobis Sesaxeb.
politikuri-fsiqologiis specifikur meTodebs ganekuTvneba
garkveuli aparatul-teqnikuri meTodebi: homeostatikuri meTodi,
naxevrad avtomaturi anketa da sxv.

22
 `niu iork TaimsSi~ gamoqveynda jon markofis Zalian saintereso
statia, romelSic is erT axal da sakmaod saintereso movlenaze wers.
TiTqmis 60 wlis win, fantastikis Janris romanSi `safuZveli~ isak
asimovma gamoigona axali mecniereba _ fsiqoistoria, romelic ma-
Tematikasa da fsiqologias momavlis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis
aerTianebda. axla ki socialuri mecnierebi ukve realurad cdiloben
gamoiyenon internet-resursebi, kerZod _ veb Ziebis Sedegebi,
TviTeris mesijebi, feisbuqi, bog postebi da aseve cifruli adgilsamyo-
felis maCveneblebi, romlebsac internetSi CarTuli mobiluri telefonebi
aCveneben _ swored igives gasakeTeblad.
yvelaze optimisturad ganwyobil mkvlevarebs sjeraT, rom es
`did monacemTa~ baza pirvelad swored axla SeZlebs gamoavlinos
adamianis qcevis fsiqologiuri kanonzomiereba _ rac maT saSualebas
miscems iwinaswarmetyvelon, ufro sworad ki prognozi gaukeTon
momaval politikur kriziss, revolucias da socialuri Tu ekonomikuri
destabilizaciis sxva formebs, swored ise, rogorc fizikosebi da
qimikosebi axerxeben sxvadasxva bunebrivi fenomenis
prognozirebas.
masaCusetis teqnologiis institutis A Center for, Collective
intelligence-is direqtoris Tomas malounis TqmiT, es mniSvnelovani
win gadadgmuli nabijia, `axla Cvens xelT aris yovelmxriv da
usazRvrod dawvrilebiTi da mdidari monacemTa baza, aseve
prognozebisaTvis aucilebeli algoriTmebi, romelTa gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs iseTi prognozebi gavakeToT, rogoric adre
arasdros yofila SesaZlebeli~.
programis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia teritoriebis Sekrebis
adgilebi, maTi saidumlo adgilsamyofeli da fuladi gadaricxvebis
gamovlena. jer-jerobiT arsebobs mxolod calkeuli magaliTebi,

23
msgavsi proeqtebisa ufro momcro masStabiT, magaliTad HP-s
laboratoriis mkvlevarebma TviTeris monacemebi gamoiyenes, raTa
gamoevlinaT holivudis sxvadasxva filmebis mier gamomuSavebuli,
mxolod kinoTeatrebSi Sesuli Tanxis raodenoba. agvistoSi ki kvlevis
nacionalurma fondma dafinanseba gamhyo kvlevisaTvis, romelic
socialur qselebs miwisZvriT miyenebul zarals realur droSi daTv-
lisTvis gamoiyenebda.
uzarmazari monacemTa bazebis kompiuterizacia da
xelmisawvdomoba SesaZlebels xdis axali statistikuri teqnikisa da
kompiuteruli programuli uzrunvelyofis saSualebiT monacemTa
wyebis damuSavebas, romelic trilionobiT Canawers Seicavs. `didi
monacemebi~ saSualebas iZleva gavcdeT daskvnebisa da statistikur
mniSvnelobebs da vimoZraoT ufro azriani da zusti analizisaken~,
(gaz `24 saaTi~ 14 oqtomberis, 2011 w.).
politikur fsiqologiaSi, rogorc integralur mecnierebaSi,
moqmedeben zogaddsociologiuri, politikuri, socialur-fsiqologiuri da
sxva kanonebi, romlebic Tavis asaxvas pouloben mis specifikur
kanonzomierebaSi. ase magaliTad, politikuri socializaciis procesSi
mJRavndeba politikur cxovrebaSi pirovnebis CarTvisa da
monawileobis fsiqologiuri kanonzomierbebi, romlebic ganuyoflad
ukavSirdeba politikuri Segnebis, pirovnebis funqcionirebisa da
politikuri ganviTarebis kanonzomierbebs.
politikuri lideroba, rogorc socialur-fsiqologiuri fenomeni,
SeuZlebelia gavigoT politikuri Zalauflebisaken da
mbrZaneblobisaken miswrafebis (motivaciis) gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe. amomrCevlebis mimarT arCevnebis dros politikis subieqtis
saqmianobis analizi kanonzomierad moiTxovs eleqtoratis modelis

24
SemuSvebas, romelic aRwers amomrCevlebis realur politikur
qcevas.

25
wyaro: Пирогов А.И., Политическая психология, М., 2005, ст. 30.

26
 politikuri fsiqologia sazogadoebaSi asrulebs mTel
rig socialurad mniSvnelovan funqciebs: Teoriul-
SemecnebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT, aqseologiur, progno-
zebiT da mecnierul-gamoyenebiT funqciebs, romlebic
damaxasiaTebelia mecnierebebis umravlesobisaTvis.
aseve, politikuri fsiqologia asrulebs ideologiur funqcias,
romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebrivi miznebisa da
idealebis ganmtkicebasa da dafuZnebasTan da
motivaciur-regulatorul funqcias, romelsac axasiaTebs
uSualo zegavlena maT politikur qcevaze.

27
 Tavi meore
Zalauflebis fsiqologia

2.1. Zalaufleba rogorc politikur-fsiqologiuri

fenomeni

Zalauflebis fsiqologia politikuri fsiqologiis mTavari

sakiTxia. dasavleTSi politologias Zalauflebis
Semswavlel mecnierebasac uwodeben (C. meriami, g.
lassveli, k. fridrixi, r. dali, h. morgenTau da sxv.)
Zalauflebrivi urTierTobani warmoadgenen sazoga-
doebrivi urTierTobebis bunebriv da aucilebel sferos.
xalxTa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis istoriaSi naklebad
moiZebneba iseTi fenomeni, romelic Zalauflebas
Seedreba Tavisi TvisebiT gamudmebiT baZavdes da
Tavis TavSi asaxierebdes socialur winaaRmdegobebs.
erTis mxriv, Zalaufleba aris mudmivi ganxeTqilebis
vaSli xalxTa Soris, socialur jgufebs Soris klasebsa da
saxelmwifoebs Soris; magram, meore mxriv, is aseve
aris organizebulobisa da wesrigis ucilobeli piroba
sazogadoebaSi.
Zalauflebis problema mravalsaxovania. misi anali-
zis dros orgvari sirTulis gadalaxvaa saWiro. pirveli _ es
aris Zalauflebaze arsebuli Sexedulebebis sinTezis
aucilebloba, romlebic gansxvavdebian TavianTi
msoflmxedveluri safuZvlebiT, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia
Zalauflebis Teoriisa da misi praqtikuli teqnologiebis

28
dRevandeli mdgomareobis gageba. meore _ Zalaufleba
ara mxolod msWvalavs politikis yvela mxares, aramed
aseve warmoadgens xalxTa Soris urTierTobis
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul saSualebas. istoriis
msvlelobaSi Zalauflebam, rogorc socialurma institutma
ganicada garkveuli cvlilebebi: SidaTemuri, ufrosebis
pativiscemis wes-Cveulebidan, uamravi saxecvlilebisa
da gantotebebis gziT wesrigis damyarebisa da
SenarCunebis meTodamde. adamianebis
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis msvlelobisas Zalaufleba
gaxda xalxTa urTierTobis ganuyofeli nawili.
adamianebi isaxaven da axlac isaxaven mizans-
moipovon ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba. yvela omSi devs
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis motivi, _ aris es teritoria,
bunebrivi resursebi Tu sxva raime, magram nebismier
SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas
xalxze.
mniSvnelovani masala moipoveba Zalauflebis arsis
gasagebad n. makiavelis, j. lokis, j-j. rusos, l. milzis, d.
rismenis, s. xradilis, n. lumanis, f. engelsis da sxvaTa
naSromebSi, romlebic Seiswavlidnen Zalauflebrivi
urTierTobebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs. arsebobs Zalauf-
lebis mravali da gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli
saarCevno mandati, oratoruli niWi, simdidre an repre-
siuli saidumlo policia _ yvela es Zalauflebis gan-
sxvavebuli wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zala-
uflebis wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs, miT metia mTavro-
bis SesaZleblobebi. sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis

29
motana ar xelewifeba, magram kargis gakeTebis
SesaZleblobac iSviaTad aqvs.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZle-
belia Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba, magram
ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis
saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da
eWvebs badebs. `vis xelSia Zalaufleba da
gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad?~ _ es
saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia.
amitom kiTxva `vin marTavs?~ SeiZleba Zalze
sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi
Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis
konstituciaSi da gaecno misi xelisuflebis qmedebebs.
magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burusSia gaxveuli
an, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri
modeli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qveynis mTavar
kanonSi gawerili formaluri struqturebisagan, SesaZloa
rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, realurad vin marTavs.
nebismier saxelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobisa da
Zalauflebis mqone pirTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT. `vin
marTavs~ da `ramdenad efeqtianad~ _ am
kiTxvebTan erTad aranakleb mniSvnelovania kiTxva:
`upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba
kanonierad~.
am da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxi rom gavceT,
ganvixiloT Zalauflebis qceviTi koncefcia (arsobrivad
bihevioristuli), romelic Zalauflebis arss ukavSirebs in-

30
dividebis urTierTqmedebas politikur procesSi. qceviTi
koncefcia Tavisi arsiT germaneli folosofosis f. nicSes
Teziss imeorebs: `cxovreba CemTvis igivdeba zrdis
instiqtTan, ZalauflebasTan, Zalebis dagrovebasTan. Tu
ar arsebobs Zalauflebisaken swrafvis neba, pirovneba
regradacias ganicdis~. Zalauflebisaken swrafvis neba
am SemTxvevaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara Zalauflebis
Zaladobrivi modeli, romelic makiavelidan da hobsidan
modis. am koncefciis formatSi Zalaufleba, Za-
lauflebisaken swrafva adamianuri fsiqikisa da Segnebis
dominirebuli Tvisebaa.
pirvelad termini `Zalauflebis survili~ (,,animas
dominandi“) Semoitana politikuri realizmis Teoriis erT-
erTma TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma, germanelma
mecnierma h. j. morgenTaum (nacistebis xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis Semdeg igi sacxovreblad gadavida aSS-Si).
misi azriT, Zalauflebisaken ltolva adamianebs
dabadebidan axasiaTebs. `politikuri warmateba, _ wers igi, _
izomeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia erT adamians
sxvebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Zalauflebis SenarCuneba, gazrda
an demonstrireba~ (Morgentau, Scientific Man. p. 186). am Tezas
adasturebs 30 wlis win stenfordis universitetSi Catarebuli
eqsperimenti, romelSic fsiqologebis meTvalyureobis qveS
ramdenime axalgazrdam cixis ganaCenis imitireba moaxdina.
uwyinarma TamaSma lamis katastrofa gamoiwvia, ris gamoc am
TamaSis procedurac da Sedegic dRemde bevrs afiqrebs.
1971 wlis 14 agvistos stenfordis universitetSi (aSS) daiwyo
eqsperimenti, romelmac msoflio aRiareba moutana mis organizators

31
filip zimbardos. ramdenime axalgazrdas, romlebic sauniversiteto
qalaq paloaltoSi cxovrobda, moulodnelad Tavs daadgeba policia da
didi oromtrialiTa da sayvirebis xmiT mihyavT axalgazrdebi
ganyofilebaSi. cxadia, am incidentiT aRSfoTebuli mezoblebi
gakvirvebiT icqirebian, radgan aqamde eWvic ar SeparviaT am
bavSvebis patiosnebaSi. rac Seexeba Tavad studentebs maT
winaswar icodnen, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi iyvnen. am
eqsperimentis Sesaxeb sul cota xnis win adgilobriv gazeTSi
gamoqveynda cnoba, sadac eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis
iwvevdnen studentebs, dReSi 15 dolaris anazRaurebiT. sul ga-
moexmaura 70 adamiani, romlisganac SeirCa nawili. monawileebi
pirobiTad daiyvnen or jgufad, erTi nawili iyo pirobiTi patimrebi,
meore ki zedamxedvelebi, maT win Zalian rTuli da dapirispirebebiT
savse gza elodaT. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am studentebidan arc
erTi ar gamoirCeoda cudi TvisebebiT. maT CamoarTves xelwerili,
rom Tanaxma iyvnen am eqsperimentze.
namdvilma policielebma maT daades borkilebi, waiyvanes
ganyofilebaSi, aiRes TiTis anabeWdebi, gaxades samosi da cixis
uniformac moarges. uniforma kabis msgavsi uxeSi qsovilis
Casacmeli iyo, patimrebs ekrZalebodaT sacvlebis tareba. cxadia, am
formis tareba uxerxulobas qmnida Tundac dajdomis dros, radgan
mamakacebi Cveulebisamebr ver Slidnen farTod fexebs da siarulisas
wamdauwum isworebdnen kabis kalTebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom
namdvil cixeSi aseTi mouxerxebeli uniformebi ara aqvT, ubralod,
am SemTxvevaSi is saWiro iyo patimarTa pirobebis
dasamZimeblad. TiToeul maTgans mkerdze mimagrebuli hqonda
nomeri. amieridan es nomeri iyo misi saxeli da am nomriT
mimarTavdnen patimrebs.

32
 Cveulebriv cixeebSi, rogorc wesi, patimrebs Tmebs parsaven,
raTa moaxdinon maTi gaupirovneba, magram eqsperimentis
monawileebSi amgvari midgoma damcirebas gamoiwvevda da maT
Tmebis SeWris sanacvlod qalis windisagan gakeTebuli qudebi
Camoacves Tavze da amiT miaRwies gaupirovnebis meTods, garda
amisa, fexze daades borkilebi, rac, rogorc wesi, mxolod sastiki
damnaSaveebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. es keTdeboda imisaTvis, rom
patimrebs ZilSiac ar daaviwydebodaT sakuTari mdgomareoba.
patimrebi moaTavses sam-sami kaci TiTo oTaxSi, oTaxebi ki
iyo cudi da kargi, maTSi patimrebi xvdebodnen damsaxurebis
mixedviT. urCi patimrebisaTvis arsebobda karceri, romelic namdvili
fizikuri satanjveli iyo. mniSvnelovania is, rom bunebrivi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeeZloT pirdapir kameraSi, ris
gamoc irgvliv saSineli suni idga, privilegirebulebs ki sapirfareSoTi
sargebloba SeeZloT. rac Seexeba zedamxedvelebs, maT yvelaze
martivi davaleba hqondaT, etarebinaT saTvaleebi, emorigevaT
dRisiT da RamiT. oTaxebSi damontaJebuli iyo videokamerebi,
saidanac fsiqologebi axdendnen dakvirvebas. magram gamomdinare
iqidan, rom darajebs egonaT fsiqologebi Tvalyurs ar adevnebdnen,
RamiT isini ufro met agresias amJRavnebdnen. amasTan isini
sargeblobdnen im Savi saTvaleebiT, romelic maT ufanjro bnel
sardafSi principSi ar sWirdebodaT, magram mainc iniRbebodnen,
iseve rogorc amas odiTganve akeTebdnen jalaTebi, radgan
sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuli sadisti unda iyo Riad rom iZalado.
patimrebis dasjis forma iyo azidvebi. zogjer zedamxedvelebi
sxva patimrebs svamdnen maT zurgze da ase aiZulebdnen awevas.
zedamxedvelebs aseve hqondaT rezinis xeljoxebi (romelic, rac
marTalia, ar gamouyenebiaT) da sastvenebi. patimrebi or dRe-

33
RameSi abuntdnen, sawolebi miayares gisosebs, tansacmelebic
gaixades. buntis CaxSoba zedamxedvelebma xanZarsawinaaRmdego
WavliT moaxerxes, xolo organizatori karcerSi Casves mTeli erTi
dRiT. cxadia, aman didi daZabuloba gamoiwvia, patimrebi
erTmaneTs aRar endobodnen. arc aravis ucdia dasjili megobris
karceridan daxsna.
zimbardos ainteresebda _ ramdenad Rrmad SeiWrebodnen es
adamianebi rolebSi. eqsperimentis msvlelobis meeqvse dRidan
saWiro iqna misi gauqmeba, radgan situacia metad saSiSi Seiqmna.
axalgazrdebis nawili marTlac daemsgavsa `patimrebs~ da
`zedamxedvelebs~. maT dakarges cxovrebis gzaze SeZenili
adamianuri faseulobebi da cxoveluri sisastike SeiZines.
eqsperimentis vadamde adre Sewyvetam patimrebi gaaxara,
zedamxedvelebs ki arasasiamovno grZnoba daeuflaT.
cdis msvlelobisas zimbardosTan mivida studentebis megobari,
romelsac ainteresebda eqsperimentis msvleloba, magram zimbardom
aRSfoTebiT miugo: `me aq bunti maqvs, da Sen ra kiTxvebs
misvamo~.
patimrebTan daiSvebodnen mnaxvelebi, axlo naTesavebi da
mSoblebi, romlebic aseve swuxdnen patimrebis gamo, Tumca
zimbardos veraferi Sehkadres da mxolod erT-erTma fsiqologma
qristina maslaCma, romelic patimrebis gamokiTxvas apirebda,
aRSfoTebiT SesZaxa filip zimbardos, `is rasac Tqven am
axalgazrdebs ukeTebT saSinelebaa~. swored am momentSi
gaacnobiera filipma, rom eqsperimenti unda Sewydes (s. TezeliSvili,
fsiqologiuri enciklopedia, Tb., 2007, gv. 154-155)~.
am eqsperimentidan, bunebrivad gamodis daskvna, rom yvela
adamiani Tavis TavSi atarebs cixes da nebismier dros SeuZlia

34
iTamaSos sastiki zedamxedvelis roli. Tu am Tezas ganvazogadebT,
miviRebT daskvnas Zalauflebis qceviTi kocefciis CarCoebSi _ rom
adamianis qmedebaSi devs moZmeebze Zalauflebis mopovebis
motivi da rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc adamianis
bunebis imanenturi maxasiaTebeli.
politikis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT politikur tradiciebSi
Zalauflebis sagnad moiazreba `gavlena da misi matareblebi~ (g.
lasueli), batonoba an avtoritetul-gabatonebuli uflebamosileba (r.
dali). Zalauflebis arsis analizisas aucileblad migvaCnia ganvixiloT
Zalauflebis `cnebaSi Semavali ZiriTadi terminebi:
gavlena _ moqmedi politikuri subieqtis unari misTvis sasurveli
saxis zegavlena iqonios sxvebis qcevaze. gavlenis warmatebul
gamoyenebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi (an aRudges
arasasurvel cvlilebebs) adamianTa midrekilebebSi, SexedulebebSi da
TviT uSualod qcevaSic. Tumca `Zalaufleba~ da `gavlena~ xSirad
sinonimebad gamodian, bevri mecnieri gavlenas ganixilavs (rac
ukiduresad mniSvnelovania politikuri SantaJis problemebis
analizisaTvis) ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, vidre mxolod gavlenis
formas, romelic daumorCileblobisaTvis sastiki sasjelis muqarisgan
warmoiSveba.
moqmedi pirebis unari iqonion erTmaneTze gavlena
damokidebulia bevr faqtorze:
 maT gankargulebaSi arsebul politikur SesaZleblobebze;
 maTi sasurveli gavlenis xasiaTsa da xarisxze;
 imaze, Tu romel sferoSi funqcionireben isini.
zogierTi analitikosi Zalauflebasa da gavlenas Soris sxvaobis
aRniSvnisas gavlenis mniSvnelobas utolebs pirdapiri da
aramaterialuri saSualebebis gamoyenebas qcevaSi cvlilebebis

35
gamowvevis mizniT. sxvebi Zalauflebas ganixilaven rogorc gavlenis
iseT formas, romelic Seicavs daumorCileblobisaTvis mkacri
akrZalvis safrTxes. mTlianobaSi, Tumca cnebam `gavlena~ ver
miiRo zogadi ganmarteba, mas farTod iyeneben yvela saxis politikur
analizSi: bihevioristul, istoriul, samarTlebriv, filosofiur, deskriptul
da normatiulSi.
iZuleba da Zaldataneba _ gavlenis formebi, romlebsac
axasiaTebT zewolis maRali done. politikuri SantaJis
mravalricxovani magaliTebi demonstrireben, Tu rogor SeiZleba
iZuleba gamoixatos mTel rig saSualebebsa da ekonomikuri, socialuri
an politikuri daSinebis xerxebSi Zalis gamoyenebis muqaramde
misvliT (an misi realizebiT).
zogi avtori gavlenas, Zaladobasa da iZulebas Soris sxvaobis
gansazRvris dros, gavlenas ganixilavs rogorc ufro metad moculobiT
cnebas im cnebebs Soris, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs iZulebis Tu
zewolis yvela saSualebas.
iZulebisa da Zaldatanebis cnebebi, miuxedavad saerTo
funqciebisa da miznebisa, sxvadasxva Sinaarss gulisxmoben.
iZulebis saSualebebia mizandasaxuli moqmedebani, samarTali,
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvela saxe (kanonmdeblobiTi,
administraciuli, sasamarTlo). iZulebis saSualebaTa xasiaTi
(ekonomikuri, politikuri, ideologiuri) ganpirobebulia saboloo
miznebiTa da socialuri urTierTobebiT. iZulebis arsebiTi niSania
daqvemdebarebuli subieqtisaTvis materialur da sulier faseulobaTa
CamorTmeva an CamorTmevis muqara. aseT situaciaSi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes ara marto calkeuli subieqti, aramed socialuri fena, klasi,
mTlianad eri da a.S. Zaldatanebas adgili aqvs maSin, roca da-
qvemdebarebuli xelqveiTi saerTod kargavs moqmedebis

36
Tavisuflebas, xolo miznis miRwevisaTvis xelisufleba iyenebs fizikur
Zalasac.
Zaldataneba da iZuleba politikuri batonobis umTavresi pirobaa,
amitomac Zalauflebisa da batonobis sakiTxi umniSvnelovanes
politologiur problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.
batonoba _ aristoteles gagebiT Tavisufal da araTavisufal
moqalaqeTa urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli tipi, romlis saSualebiTac
erTi meores xarjze pirad moTxovnilebas ikmayofilebs. batonobis
klasikur magaliTad mas miaCnda col-qmrul urTierTobaSi qmris
mdgomareoba. magram maSindel sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi
batonobis arsis axsna ar ucdiaT. avgustine aRiarebda Cagvra-
batonobis arsebobas da cdilobda garkveulwilad mis gamarTlebas.
hobsi batonobas uSualod Zalauflebas ukavSirebda, romelic
Zaldatanebasa da Cagvraze iyo dafuZnebuli. hegelma batonoba sayo-
velTao universalur kategoriad gamoacxada. batonoba mas esmis,
rogorc Sromis, Tavisuflebisa da ganaTlebis dialeqturi ganviTarebis
Sedegi. marqsizm-leninizmSi batonoba gaigeba, uwinares yovlisa,
rogorc klasobrivi batonoba, romelic vlindeba Zalauflebis gansa-
kuTrebuli formebiT.
Zala _ politikuri subieqtis unari sasurveli xerxebiT zegavlena
moaxdinos sxvebis qcevaze. CineTis komunisturi partiis liders mao
Zeduns ekuTvnis aseTi fraza: `Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan
momdinareobso~. magram msoflio politikuri gamocdileba
amtkicebs, rom Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis martooden Zala
arasakmarisi pirobaa. napoleoni Tavs daesxa espaneTs da daimorCila
igi, magram erT dResac ar yofila misi mmarTveli. es moxda mxolod
imitom, rom mis zurgs ukan idga mxolod Zala da sxva araferi.
amitomac iyo, rom Tavis droze taleiranma gabeda da napoleons

37
uTxra: `xiStebis meSveobiT, mowyaleo xelmwifev, SeiZleba
yvelafers miaRwio, garda erTisa, maTze ver Camojdebi~ (xose
ortega igaseti. masebis amboxi, Tb., 1993, gv. 135).
avtoriteti da legitimuroba _ inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi
terminebi `power~ da `authority~ xandaxan sinonimebadac
ixmareba. zog konteqstSi SeiZleba vTargmnoT rogorc `xelisufleba~,
zogan _ rogorc `avtoriteti~. xelisuflebac da avtoritetic politikuri
Zalauflebis or sxvadasxva ganzomilebas aRniSnavs.
ramdenadac xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisaTvis Tofis lula
ar kmara, mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro metad, mas sWirdeba
normebi, romlebic sazogadoebis did umravlesobas aRiarebuli da
gaTavisebuli aqvs. es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia
qcevis zneobriv, religiur da samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba
rogorc avtoritetiT aRWurvili Zalaufleba gulisxmobs legitimurobas _
mdgomareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul
institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe
emorCilebian da samarTlianad miiCneven.
cneba `legitimuri xelisufleba~ mecnierul terminologiaSi
Semoitana gamoCenilma germanelma mkvlevarma-politologma
maqs veberma. manve ganmarta, rom legitimizacia niSnavs
movlenisaTvis kanonierebis miniWebas, misi kanonierebis
aRiarebas. veberma daasabuTa, rom xelisuflebis legitimizacia,
yovelTvis ar aris erTtipiuri procesi, romelsac erTi da igive wyaro da
safuZveli aqvs. garda demokratiisa, monarqia an diqtaturis
nairsaxeobebic SeiZleba legitimuri iyos. Tu gvinda gavigoT, gvaqvs
Tu ara saqme legitimur xelisuflebasTan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT,
aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevanSi monawileobis, gaficvis an
ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis ufleba, aramed is, Tu ramdenad

38
uRirT maT es uflebebi. Tu xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri
wesrigiT (imis miuxedavad, aqvs Tu ara arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba), maSin mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila.
m. veberma gamohyo politikuri xelisuflebis legitimurobis, misi
marTlzomierebis sami ZiriTadi wyaro. pirveli, xelisuflebam
SeiZleba legitimuroba SeiZinos tradiciis Sesabamisad. magaliTad,
mmarTvelobis monarqiuli formis dros xelisufleba tradiciis mixedviT
memkvidres gadaecema. meore, xelisuflebam legitimuroba SeiZleba
SeiZinos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis meTauris an politikuri moRvawis
didi avtoritetisa da popularobis gamo. swored aseT tips uwoda
veberma xarizmatuli lideri. mesame, legitimuria xelisufleba,
romelsac racionalur-samarTlebrivi safuZveli gaaCnia. es xelisufleba
aRiarebulia xalxis mier, radgan igi kanonieri gziT, xalxis mier
mowonebuli wesebis dacviTaa Seqmnili.
legitimuri politikuri xelisuflebis dasaxelebuli tipebidan, pirveli
ori _ tradiciuli da xarizmatuli _ umTavresad im
saxelmwifoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelSic naklebganvi-
Tarebuli politikuri sistemebia. Tuki aseT qveynebSi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis maRali done arsebobs, igi ufro metad bunebrivi resur-
sebis da sxva gansakuTrebuli viTarebis Sedegia da ara ekonomikuri
procesebisa (magaliTad, energomatarebeli resursebis siuxve da sxv.).
mmarTvelobis formiT es saxelmwifoebi an monarqiebia da an
politikuri reJimi xarizmatuli liderebis meTaurobiT. termini `xa-
rizma~ momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan `xarizma~, romelic im
araCveulebriv Tvisebebs niSnavs, romelic pirovnebas unikalur da
magiur Zalas aniWebs. xarizmas warmoSoba dakavSirebulia, rogorc
wesi, Rrma sazogadoebriv gardaqmnebTan _ revoluciebTan,
omebTan, msxvilmasStabian socialur reformebTan, gardamaval

39
periodebTan. am dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dasaxuli
`miznis~ misaRwevad xalxis mobilizebas, maT amxedrebas. xalxis
masac, romelsac ar gaaCnia maRali politikuri kultura, mzadaa
Seasrulos lideris yvela davaleba da saxelmZRvanelod gaixados misi
yvela mowodeba. aseTi masisaTvis wminda fsiqologiuri
momentidan gamomdinare centralizacia ufro misaRebia, vidre
Zireuli rgolebis efeqturi funqcionireba. erTi centri maqsimalurad
erTferovania da personificirdeba mis mmarTvel pirovnebaSi.
aseT logikas, Sedegad mohyveba adamianTa umravlesobis
Segnebis konservatiuloba. erTferovnebas miCveuli adamiani, rogorc
wesi, konservatori xdeba cxovelmyofelobis yvela sferoSi da maT
Soris, politikaSic. Tu am problemas politikuri qcevis doneze ganvi-
xilavT, swored mas mivyavarT politikur, nacionalur, religiur da a.S.
eqstremizmamde.
xarizmatuli xelisuflebis fsiqologiuri analizisas sainteresod
migvaCnia ruseTis fenomeni, sadac avtoritaruli politikuri
ganwyobilebis formirebas xeli Seuwyo am qveynis istoriis
Taviseburebam. am qveynis istoriaSi, faqtiurad, ar moipoveba arc
erTi magaliTi imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisuflebis gareSe raime
mniSvnelovani, konstruqciuli gardaqmna ganxorcielebuliyo. ver
gavixsnebT ruseTis istoriaSi TvalsaCino miRwevebis romelime
moments, rom igi dakavSirebuli ar iyos konkretul avtoritarul
politikur liderTan: aleqsandre nevelTan, ivane mrisxanesTan, petre
pirvelTan, leninTan, stalinTan. am qveyanaSi rogorc ki `susti~
xelmwife gamoCndeboda, warumatebloba da usiamovnebanic
masTan erTad modioda.
xalxi istoriul legendebs Txzavda ivane mrisxaneze, petre
pirvelze da sxva avtoritarebze, oRond ki maTi pirovneba

40
ganedidebinaTa da Zlieri xelisuflebis sikeTe daedasturebinaT.
istoriulad, am qveynis xalxi yovelTvis beladis mxares iWerda,
iqneboda es aleqsandre neveli Tu ioseb stalini. xalxTan erTad
beladebi mudam gamodiodnen sazogadoebis raRac saSualo fenis _
boiarebis, Tavad-aznaurobis, oficrebis, inteligenciis da a.S.
winaaRmdeg. beladi ruseTSi yovelTvis uSualod `gadioda~ masaze
da, amrigad, adamianTa SegnebaSi mtkicdeboda sazogadoebis
Sualeduri struqturebis arasaWiroebis (an misi nakleb saWiroebis)
idea. amgvarad, yalibdeboda sworxazobrivi kavSiri: beladi _ masa
Sualeduri fenis gareSe. es ki avtoritaruli reJimis mtkice safuZvelia,
magram miuxedavad aseTi reJimebis legitimurobisa, adre Tu gvian
igi Seicnoboda sazogadoebis mxridan, rogorc politikuri xelisuflebis
saxe, romelic miuRebelia civilizaciisaTvis sxva cnobil formebTan
SedarebiT da xarizmas mmarTveloba ZiriTadad tragikulad
mTavrdeboda. abraam linkolnis sityvebs _ `SeiZleba xalxis nawili
gaabriyvo samudamod; SeiZleba gaabriyvo mTeli xalxi garkveuli
xniT, magram SeuZlebelia mTeli xalxis gabriyveba samudamod
(politika, Tb., 1999, gv. 75)~ adasturebs ruseTis istoriis ori saukunis
statistika, romlis ganmavlobaSi mokles ruseTis 12 imperatori,
mxolod 2 _ elisabedi da aleqsandr III kvdebian bunebrivi sikvdiliT.
1. petres I _ mowamles; 2. ekaterine I _ mowamles; 3. petre II _
gayines; 4. ana ioanes asuli _ mowamles; 5. ioanes VI _ 1 wlis
daapatimres (petre I-is qaliSvilis elisabedis sataxto gadatrialebis
Sedegad) da 25 wlis patimrobis Semdeg daxvrites ekaterine II-is
brZanebiT; 6. petre III _ daaxrCves misi meuRlis ekaterine II-is
brZanebiT; 7. ekaterine II _ SubiT mokles sasaxleSi; 8. pavle I _
daaxrCves SeTqmulebma, romelTa Sorisac iyo misi memkvidre
aleqsandre I; 9. aleqsandre I _ daikarga mogzaurobisas; 10. nikoloz I

41
_ daikarga ugzo-ukvlod (misi saflavic ar aris); 11. aleqsandre II _
aafeTqes bombiT `narodovolcebma~; 12. aleqsandre III _ daiRupa
ganuwyveteli loTobiT (anu Tavisi sikvdiliT, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT); 13. nikoloz II _ mTeli ojaxiT daxvrites uralSi leninisa
da sverdlovis brZanebiT.
samarTlianoba _ Zalauflebrivi teqnologia, romlis
meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia iZulebisa da Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris
gareSe sazogadoebaSi wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba.
mmarTvelobisaTvis yovelTvis jobia, rom hqondes sazogadoebis
mxardaWera. Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvelebs, maSin
Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe emorCileba dadgenil wesebs. metic,
daTrgunuli, ukmayofilo da daCagruli adamianebi sakmarisad
motivirebuli da nayofieri muSakebic ver iqnebian _ wina saukuneSi
swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtatoris aqilevis qusli. aRmosavleT
evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi wyobis damxoba
didwilad am faqtormac ganapiroba. berZeni filosofosi aristotele
SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac mxolod
siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis gamocema SeuZliaT,
adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos, ra aris
sasargeblo da ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansx-
vavebiT cxovelebisagan, mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
sikeTisa da borotebis, samarTlianobis da usamarTlobis gancda.
aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis unari ganapirobebs zneobrivi
gansjis SesaZleblobis da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac, magram
xelisuflebis politikasa da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb
mosazrebebi sakmaod xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa.
xSirad amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen
nawilze batonoba (mmarTveloba) misaRebia mxolod im

42
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazoagdoebrivi interesebisaTvis xelsayrelia.
aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba samarTlianobis
sakiTxis meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli: Zalaufleba
samarTlianad, marTulTa interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu mxolod
mmarTvelTa sasargeblod gamoiyeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxvaveben politikuri
Zalauflebis gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo meore mxriv,
piradi interesebisaTvis. es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs samarTlianobas politikur cxovrebaSi.
romelia dominanti _ Zala Tu samarTlianoba? _ am kiTxvebze
genialurad pasuxobs didi moazrovne blez paskali `marTebulia
daemorCilo samarTlianobas, SeuZlebelia daemorCilo Zalas.
samarTlianoba, romelsac zurgs ar umagrebs Zala, uZluria; Zala
romlis zurgs ukan ar dgas samarTlianoba, tiraniulia. uZlur
samarTlianobas yovelTvis fexqveS gaigeben, imitom, rom am
qveynad ar dailevian ukeTurni; usamarTlo Zala ki yovelTvis
aRaSfoTebs keTilT. maSasadame, saWiroa Zalisa da samarTlianobis
Serwyma; amitom an samarTlianoba unda gaxdes Zlieri, anda Zala _
samarTliani....
samarTlianoba xSirad sadavoa da sakamaTo, Zala ki udavo da
ucilobeli. amitomac samarTlianoba ver iqna da ver gaxda Zlieri: Zala
ar scnobda mas da ambobda, rom samarTlianoba _ usamarTloa, da
rom mxolod TviTonaa samarTliani. da raki samarTlianoba ve-
rasdidebiT ver iqca Zalad, xalxma sabolood gadawyvita, rom mxolod
Zalaa samarTliani (blez paskali, azrebi, saunje, 1976, #2. gv. 176)~.
zemoT aRniSnuli fsiqologiur-politikuri terminebi da cnebebi
politologiuri diskursis ganuyofel nawilad iqcnen. isini farTod
gamoiyenebian rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso donis kvlevebSi.

43
 amrigad, terminologiebis mravalferovneba mxolod adasturebs
`Zalauflebis fsiqologiur da sociologiur amorfulobas~. saboloo jamSi
irkveva, rom politikuri urTierTobebi moicavs ufro mets, vidre
mxolod TavisTavad zegavlenis moxdenaa an Zalauflebis
ganxorcieleba, xolo Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi Tavs iCenen
adamianuri saqmianobis yvela sferoSi.
yovelive aqedan erTi mniSvnelovani daskvna keTdeba: adre
arsebuli Zalauflebis Teoriebi ganixilaven mis zogierT aspeqtebsa da
gamovlinebebs, magram Zalauflebis Teoriis mTliani aRwera
miiRweva mxolod sistemuri midgomis meTodologiis gamoyenebis
xarjze. Zalauflebis arsebuli koncefciis ganxilvisas, pirvel rigSi,
TvalSi sacemia misi mravalricxobrioba da mravalferovneba.
politologebi, scnoben ra Zalauflebis zogadobas, mas
sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. gasagebia, rom saqmis arsi ara
definiciebSia, aramed Seswavlili movlenis arsebiTi niSan-Tvisebebis
gacnobierebaSi, misi Secnobis midgomebSi. Zireuli sakiTxi
mocemul SemTxvevaSi aris sakiTxi politikuri Zalauflebis bunebisa
da politikis arsobrivi mxaris Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare
politikuri Zalauflebis sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmartebiT Zalaufleba
ganixileba rogorc cneba, romelic aRniSnavs garkveuli klasis,
socialuri jgufis, sazogadoebis wevrebis umravlesobis, maTi war-
momadgenlobiTi organizaciebisa da individebis realur unars gaataros
Tavisi neba sxva jgufebisa da calkeuli individebis mimarT,
ganaxorcielos saerTo interesebi da miznebi Zaladobrivi da
araZaladobrivi saSualebebiT.
ingliseli filosofosi z. raseli Tvlida, rom Zalaufleba aris
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis fundamenturi cneba, iseve rogorc
energia warmoadgens fundamentur cnebas fizikaSi. c. parsoni

44
gamoTqvamda igive azrs, mxolod gansxvavebuli sityvaTa
SexamebiT: Zalauflebas politikur sistemaTa analizSi uWiravs
iseTive adgili, rogorc fuls ekonomikur sistemebSi. T. hobsisaTvis
Zalaufleba warmoadgens mravali sikeTis mopovebis saSualebas,
TviTon cxovreba ki _ mudmiv swrafvas Zalauflebisaken, romelsac
mxolod sikvdili Seaferxebs. maqs veberi Zalauflebas ganmartavda,
rogorc individis SesaZleblobas ganaxorcielos Tavisi neba sxvaTa
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad. p. arendi Tvlida, rom Zalaufleba ar
ekuTvnis calkeul adamians, aramed adamianTa jgufs, romlebic
erTad moqmedeben. am kuTxiT Zalaufleba niSnavs adamianis unars
imoqmedos, magram ara marto, aramed urTierTqmedebdes sxva
adamianebTan erTad. Zalauflebis cnebis ganmartebis sxvaobis
maRalma xarisxma politologebi miiyvana Semdeg daskvnamde:
Zalauflebis arsis gansazRvris Taobaze ar arsebobs erTiani
Tvalsazrisi, maSasadame, is sadavo cnebaa.
politologiuri mecniereba aRniSnavs Zalauflebis oTx struqturul
dones da mis teqnologiebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian masStabebiT,
uflebamosilebaTa moculobiT, saSualebebiT, Zalauflebis subieqtebis
bunebiTa da TaviseburebebiT:
 mikrodone (umaRlesi done), romelsac warmoadgenen
Zalauflebis centraluri institutebi;
 mezodone (saSualo done) _ Zalauflebis organoebi da
aparatebi, daqvemdebarebuli politikur instituciebze;
 megadone _ saerTaSoriso Tanasazogadoebis Zalaufleba.
yoveli dasaxelebuli done SeiZleba daiyos or qvedoned: legalur-
oficialuri, romelic formalizebuli struqturebiTaa warmodgenili da
aralegaluri (araformaluri, araoficialuri) _ es aris gavleniani ada-

45
mianebis, dajgufebis, xelisufalTan daaxloebuli pirebis, liderebis,
klanebis da a.S. Zalaufleba.
T. bolo gvTavazobs Zalauflebis sakiTxis gadaWris erT-erT
saSualebas _ ganisazRvros sxvaoba or situacias Soris, rodesac viRac
flobs Zalauflebas imisaTvis, rom raime Caidinos an vinmeze
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, an roca vinmes gaaCnia meoreze
Zalaufleba. amis argumentebs is Semdegnairad warmoadgens:
politikis qveS gaigeba ara mxolod iZuleba an batonoba, aramed Za-
laufleba, romelic gamoiyeneba darwmunebis an gadarwmunebis
mizniT, an vinmes upiratesobis uzrunvelsayofad.
vinmeze Zalaufleba ar amowuravs yvela SesaZlo politikur
gamovlinebas. Zalaufleba aRmocendeba ara mxolod maSin, roca
adamianTa jgufi vinmes mier imarTeba, aramed maSinac, rodesac es
jgufi organizdeba, da amiT unars iZens raime moipovos TavisTvis.
aq vlindeba ara vinmes batonoba da ara brZaneba, aramed SesaZleb-
loba imisa, rom moxdes adre araorganizebuli, magram Segnebuli
jgufis identificireba da man SeZlos dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
brZola.

2.2. Zalauflebis socialur-politikuri

da politikur-fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi

politologia da politikuri fsiqologia gamodian iqidan, rom

politikuri qmedeba, iseve rogorc qcevis sxva formebi, producirdeba
individis garemosTan urTierTqmedebiT.
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis unikaluroba
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganvixiloT is rogorc zneobrivi kategoria,

46
anu ganvixiloT Zalaufleba, rogorc moraluri politikuri arsis
matarebeli kategoria. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalaufleba Tavisi
bunebiT ar warmoadgens mxolod Cagvras, _ is aris moqmedebis ro-
melime saxis arCevis an araZalismieri saSualebebiT miznis
miRwevis SesaZlebloba. Zalaufleba SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT
rogorc legitimuri SesaZlebloba, ufleba da pasuxismgebloba,
romlebic urTierTSeTanxmebulia Sesrulebis gaazrebuli TavisuflebiT.
adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis marTva Zalauflebis
ZiriTadi aspeqtia; igi aris saSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs
organizebulobas da adamianTa Tanasazogadoebebis marTvadobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis struqtura ar
igivdeba urTierTobasTan _ `batonoba-damorCileba~, aramed kidev
moicavs qvesistemas `mmarTveli da marTvadi~. es Zalauflebrivi
urTierTkavSirebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc saxelmwifos an
sxva politikuri subieqtebis mier gadasaWreli problemebis, maT mier
mizanmimarTuli qmedebebis, konkretuli saSualebebisa da resursebis
erToblioba.
Tanamedrove politikuri fsiqologiis inteleqtualuri wyaroebi unda
veZeboT g. lasuelis SromebSi. politikurma fsiqologiam
`bihevioristuli revoluciis~ impulsi SeiZina 1950-60-ian wlebSi
politologiaSi da, Tavisi mxriv, masSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana lasuelmac Tavisi naSromebiT: `Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba~
(1930, a. kaplanTan TanaavrotobiT), `fsiqologia da politika~ (1930)
da sxv.
cneba `Zalauflebis fsiqologiuri koncefciebi~ _ sakmaod
moculobiTi da mravalferovania. gTavazobT Zalauflebis fsiqologiis
gagebis sxvadasxva kvlevis konceptualuri midgomebis SedarebiT
analizs:

47
  f. nicSe _ Zalauflebisadmi nebas ganixilavs rogorc cxovrebis
princips. yoveli Zalaufleba viTardeba Tavis ukanasknel zRvramde da
yvelaferi, rac garkveuli mizniT keTdeba, Zalauflebis gamravlebamde
midis.
 e. fromi _ Tvlis, rom fsiqologiuri kuTxiT Zalauflebis
wyurvili budobs ara ZalaSi, aramed sisusteSi. masSi vlindeba
pirovnebis uunaroba martokam gaitanos Tavi da sakuTari ZalebiT
icxovros. Zalaufleba warmoadgens Zalis Semcvlels maSin, roca
namdvili Zala arasakmarisia;
 h. hekhauzeni _ miiCnevs, rom Zalauflebis motivis axsna
devs am fenomenis saerTo analizis sqemaSi, romelic arsebobs
Zalauflebis winapirobebisa, wyaroebis, obieqtisa da subieqtis,
Zalauflebis resursebis, strategiebis, obieqtis reaqciebis da sxvaTa
axsnaSi;
 k. horni _ Zalauflebisaken swrafvas ganixilavs am swrafvis
zogierTi gamovlinebis gamo gamowveuli mRelvarebisagan Tavis
daRwevis nevrotikuli survilis analizis konteqstSi;
 e. viatri _ aRniSnavs, rom politikis ZiriTad arss
warmoadgens brZola Zalauflebis mopovebisa da
ganxorcielebisaTvis;
 a.g. konfisaqori _ gvTavazobs Zalauflebis sistemur-
fsiqologiur aRweras, Zalauflebisaken swrafvis fsiqologiur
safuZvlebs.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Zalauflebis ganxiluli
fsiqologiuri koncefciebi miuTiTebs am movlenis mravalferovnebasa
da mravalsaxeobaze. yovelive es moiTxovs sistemuri aRweris
meTodologiebis gamoyenebas Zalauflebis sistemuri politikur-
fsiqologiuri analizisaTvis.

48
 Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan elementebs warmoadgens misi
safuZveli da resursebi. Zalauflebis safuZvelSi igulisxmeba misi
baza, romelsac subieqtis Zalauflebrivi neba emyareba. obieqtis
qcevis Secvla Zalauflebis subieqtisaTvis aucilebeli mimarTulebiT
moiTxovs garkveul resursebs, romelTa saSualebiTac mas ZaluZs
obieqtze zegavlenis moxdena. subieqti am zegavlenis gan-
saxorcieleblad wvdeba obieqtis mdgomareobis cvlilebis fsiqologias,
raTa Secvalos Tavisi da Tavisi ideebis mimarT misi
damokidebuleba.
Zalauflebis resursebi _ es aris realuri da potenciuri saSualebebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba (an SesaZloa gamoiyenon) TviT Zalauflebis
gasamyareblad, cnobilma amerikelma politologma r. dalma Zalaufle-
bis resursebi uwoda `yovelive imas, risi gamoyenebac SeuZlia
individs an jgufs sxvebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad~. h. hekhauzeni
aseT resursebs Zalauflebis wyaroebs uwodebs. sxva sityvebiT rom
gamovxatoT, Zalauflebis safuZveli misi fundamentia, Zalauflebis
resursebi-misi potenciali da teqnologiebi.
Zalauflebis wyaroebis ganxilva saSualebas iZleva
Camoyalibdes maTi kvalifikacia ori safuZvlis mixedviT. esenia:
zegavlenis meqanizmebi _ fsiqologiuri da socialuri; da zegavlenis
formebi-uSualo da resursebis gamoyeneba.
saxelmwifo, administraciuli da nebismieri sxva Zalaufleba
TandaTan zrdadi xarisxiT icvleba sainformacio da fsiqologiuri
zewolis Sedegad. mniSvnelovani informaciis floba niSnavs
Zalauflebis flobas; mniSvnelovani informaciis
meorexarisxovanisagan garCevis unari niSnavs kidev ufro didi
Zalauflebis flobas _ ase axasiaTeben Zalauflebis kognitur resurss
cnobili da gavleniani politologebi.

49
 globaluri politikuri Zalauflebis miRebis da, aqedan
gamomdinare, strategiuli upiratesobis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT brZola
gadadis xarisxobrivad axal sferoSi-sainformacio dapirispirebis
sferoSi. amasTan, rogorc komunikaciis sferos eqsperti s. leru amtki-
cebs, swored masmediam Secvala inteligencia axalgazrda
TaobebisaTvis faseulobebis gansazRvris dargSi.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi praqtikulad Camoyalibda globaluri
dominirebis monocentristuli Zalauflebrivi sistema, romelic mdidar
gamocdilebas da daxvewil meqanizms flobs sxva qveynis politikur
elitaze, sazogadoebriv azrze da sainformacio resursebze miznobrivi
zemoqmedebisaTvis. misi meqanizmis ZiriTad rgolebs
warmoadgens:
 saZalauflebo elitis kontroli postindustriuli ganviTarebis
wamyvan teqnologiebze;
 saerTo ekonomikuri politikis (e.w. `vaSingtonis
konsensusi~, `oqros korsetis~ wesebi da sxv.) damyareba; dasavluri
valutisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, aSS dolarisaTvis msoflio valutis statusis
miwera;
 e.w. `mSvidobisaTvis iZulebis operaciebis~, `humanitaruli
aqciebis~ saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meSveobiT inicireba da
gatareba;
 sociokulturuli propagandisa da sulieri dominirebis
meqanizmebis gamoyeneba.
informaciis damarwmunebeli Zalis Sesaxeb jer kidev 2000 wlis
win werda aristotele. is Tavis nawarmoebebSi `ritorika~ Seecada
Camoeyalibebina darwmunebis principi. man gansazRvra, saxeldobr
ra komponentebisagan dgeba damarwmunebeli Setyobinebebi. am
komponentebis mniSvneloba mecnieruli fsiqologiis mier Cvens

50
saukuneSi iqna dadasturebuli. aristotelem xatovnad aRwera
`mosaubris xasiaTi~, publikis `azrovneba~ da `TviT warmoTqmuli
sityva~. man es yvelaferi warmoadgina im faqtorebad, romlebzedac
damokidebulia auditoriaze damarwmunebeli informaciis zemoqme-
debis warmateba. faqtorebis triada _ `vin~ laparakobs, `vis~ da `ras~
eubneba – gaxda darwmunebis meqanizmebis Tanamedrove
kvlevebis umravlesobis sagani.
2.3. Zalauflebisaken swrafvis fsiqologiuri
safuZvlebi

Zalauflebis fsiqologiuri safuZvlebis mkvlevarma a.g.

konfisaqorma ganaviTara v. hanzenis mier wamoyenebuli hipoTeza
imis Sesaxeb, rom Zalaufleba adamians aZlevs unikaluri
TviTrealizebis SesaZleblobebs, rac maTTvis SeuZlebelia nebismieri
sxva gziT. arcerT sxva saqmianobis sferoSi adamians ar SeuZlia
Tavisi potenciis ise sruliad realizeba, rogorc politikaSi. Zalauflebrivi
saqmianoba moicavs adamianis fsiqologiur organizacias dawyebuli
subieqtidan individualurobiT damTavrebuli.
subieqti. Zalaufleba aris miswrafeba, ltolva, rasTan brZolac
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. cnobili mecnieri b. raseli aRniSnavda, rom
yovel adamianSi cxovrobs ori gaumaZRari ltolva-Zalauflebisaken
swrafva da didebisaken swrafva. politikaSi es gulisxmobs
garSemomyofTa usityvo morCilebas. Zalauflebis mqone adamiani
garSemomyofTa mier unda aRiqmebodes rogorc yvela danarCenze
maRla mdgomi adamiani.
Zalauflebrivi saqmianoba moiTxovs gonebis ukiduresad
daZabvas azrovnebas abstraqciis umaRles doneze, yuradRebisa da
mexsierebis ukidures koncentracias. aucilebelia sazogadoebis

51
mowyobis sakuTari koncefciis Seqmna, informaciis uzarmazari
moculobis, politikuri kavSirebis da kontaqtebis operireba.
pirovneba. politikaSi arsebobis tempi adamianisagan moiTxovs
saWiro ritmSi muSaobas. politikosis buneba gansazRvravs mis mier
rogorc adekvaturi, aseve araadekvaturi politikis gatarebas. es aris
misi damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavisadmi, adamianebisadmi, Sromi-
sa da samSoblosadmi. Zalaufleba iZleva adamianis unarebis
maqsimalurad da sruliad gaxsnis saSualebas.
individualoba. Zalaufleba iZleva istoriaSi kvalis datovebis,
STamomavlobis mexsierebaSi samudamod CabeWdvis saSualebas.
sakuTari saqmianobis meSveobiT politikoss SesaZlebloba eZleva
Secvalos istoriis msvleloba, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare yvela procesze. Zalaufleba warmoadgens
axali codnis wyaros, romlis gamoyenebac da realizebac SesaZlebeli
xdeba. Zalauflebis floba adamians SesaZleblobas aZlevs sxvebisagan
gamoirCes, aCvenos sakuTari, individualuri Tvisebebi.
amgvarad, politikuri Zalauflebis fsiqologias safuZvlad udevs is,
rom adamians aniWebs TviTrealizebis SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebs.
politikuri Zalauflebis funqcionireba da aRqma xdeba Semdegi
kategoriebis saSualebiT:
Zalaufleba rogorc resursi gansazRvravs `Zalauflebis
zemoqmedebas~ misi wyaroebis sistemis xarjze: `waxalisebisa da
dasjis Zalaufleba~, `normatiuli Zalaufleba~, `iZulebis Zalaufleba~ da
`sainformacio Zalaufleba~.
Zalaufleba rogorc personaTaSorisi kategoria gansazRvravs
`Zalauflebis formirebas~ da xorcieldeba fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis
gamoyenebis meSveobiT: `STanergvis Zalaufleba~, `Seucvleli
cnobierebis Zalaufleba~ da `mtkicebulebebis Zalaufleba~.

52
 Zalaufleba rogorc filosofiuri konstruqcia axorcielebs
`Zalauflebis proeqtirebas~, romelic ganisazRvreba `kulturis
Zalauflebis~, `kanonis Zalauflebis~, `gamocdilebis Zalauflebisa~ da
`mecnierebis Zalauflebis~ meSveobiT.
aseTi analizis dros SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom Zalaufleba rogorc
fsiqologiur-Zalauflebrivi teqnologiebis erToblioba SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes ara mxolod saerTo rigis kategoriebiT (dapyrobis,
Zalauflebis gamoyenebis da SenarCunebis teqnologiebi, Zalauflebis
meTodebi da saSualebebi), aramed ufro konkretulebiTac:
 socialuri kontrolis Zalaufleba;
 demagogiis Zalaufleba;
 politikuri manipulirebis Zalaufleba da sxv.

Tavi mesame
biheivorizmi da adamianis Tavisuflebebi

XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi amerikuli fsiqologiis

wamyvani mimdinareoba uTuod biheviorizmi iyo.
garkveuli gavleniT sargeblobda fsiqoanalizic. termini
biheviorizmi warmodgeba inglisuri
sityvidan ,,Behaviorism“ da sityvasityviT niSnavs
qcevaTmecnierebas. is warmoadgens amerikuli

53
pragmatuli fsiqologiis erT-erT mimarTulebas, romelic
fsiqikas ganixilavs mxolod rogorc qceviTi
gamovlinebebis, reaqciebis erTobliobas gare
zemoqmedebaze - stimulirebaze. dRes igi miiCneva
erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad sociologiaSi da
gilisxmobs obieqturi meTodebiT garemos
zemoqmedebasa da adamianis reaqciebs Soris
mimarTebis kvlevas. magaliTad, am midgomas
eyrdnoba bihevioristuli interaqcionizmi, romelic
urTierTqmedebis procesesbs stimul-reaqciis sqemis
safuZvelze ganixilavs. biheviorizmma udidesi gavlena
moaxdina kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebebze da
kognitivistur mimarTulebaze mecnierebaSi. socialur
mecnierebebSi damkvidrda termini „bihevioruli“ im
midgomis aRsaniSnavad, romelic eyrdnoba aSkara
qcvas da fsiqikis sxvagvarad kvlevas uaryofs. termin
„bihevioristisgan“ gansxvavebiT, romelic biheviorizmis
mimdevars gulisxmobs, termini bihevioruli“,
Cveulebriv, imaT mimarT gamoiyeneba, vinc qcevis
kvlevis poziciaze dgas, magram biheviorizmis
meTodologiur safuZvlebs ar iziarebs.
biheviorizmis ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs:
1. biheviorizmi niSnavs daswavlis principebis eqs-
perimentuli kvleva cxovelebze da maTi
gadatana adamianebze;
2. biheviorizmi aris koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad,
cnebaTa analizi SesaZlebelia gamWvirvale moq-
medebebiTa da aSkara gamonaTqvamebiT;

54
 3. biheviorizmi aris mimarTuleba XX saukunis ame-
rikul fsiqologiaSi, romelic cnobierebas ar
miiCnevs mecnieruli kvlevis obieqtad da fsiqika
dahyavs qcevis mravalgvar formaze. qceva
gagebulia gare gamRizianebelze - stimulze
organizmis reaqciaTa erTianobad.
am mimarTulebis CamoyalibebaSi Zalian didi sa-
muSao Seasrules Seasrules i. pavlovma, j. uotsonma
da e. Torndaikma. pavlovma aRmoaCina pirobiTi
refleqsebi - daswavlis tipi (klasikuri ganpirobebuloba),
romelic amerikeli fsiqologebisTvis iqca obieqturi fsi-
qologiis sayrdenad; am fsiqologiis ZiriTadi principis
Tanaxmad, mecnierebis sagani mxolod dakvirvebadi
movlenebia. b-is TvalsazrisiT, qcevis Seswavla unda
moxdes sabunebismetyvelo mecnierbisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli obieqturi sakvlevi teqnikis
gamoyenebiT. daswavlis principebis sakvlevad qceva
unda iyos martivi, xolo procedura - eTikurad misaRebi.
eqsperimentebi ZiriTadad tardeboda cxovelebze
(virTxebi, mtredebi). labirinTSi cxovlTa reaqciebis
kvleviT Torndaikma gamoavlina dasja-waxalisebis
(ganmtkicebis) mniSvneloba daswavlis procesSi da
aRmoaCina cdisa da Secdomis meTodis saxeliT cnobili
daswavlis meqanizmi, romelic Semdgom gaavrceles
adamianis swavlebis procesebze. biheviorizmis
TvalsazrisiT, qcevis saxeebi SeiTviseba (daiswavleba)
ori ZiriTadi saSualebiT: klasikurad formirebuli da
instrumentuli (operantuli) pirobiTi refleqsebis

55
gamomuSavebiT. realurad arsebobs ara erTiani,
aramed ramdenime monaTesave, Tumca ur-
TierTgansxvavebuli stimul-reaqciis Teoria.
maTma ideebma 50-ian wlebSi didi gavlena iqonia
jon brodes uoTsonis (1878-1958) Sexedulebebze,
romelic iTvleba biheiviorizmis fuZemdebelad. 1913
wels fsiqologiur reviuSi man dabeWda statia:
„fsiqologia bihevioristis TvalsazrisiT“, riTac safuZveli
Cauyara am mimarTulebas. jon uoTsonis biografiidan
naTeli xdeba, Tu visi gavlena daedo safuZvlad misi
mecnieruli mrwamsis Camoyalibebas. igi swavlobda
Cikagos universitetSi, funqcionalizmis erT-erT centrSi,
j. enjelTan. aq 1903 wels daicva disertacia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra SegrZnebebis gamoyenebaa saWiro
virTagvas mier labirinTis gavlisas. es Sroma man
zoofsiqologiis metris, r. ierqsis xelmZRvanelobiT
Seasrula da zoofsiqologiis profesori gaxda. 1908-1920
wlebSi hopkinsis universitetSi muSaobisas
gamoqveynda misi ZiriTadi Sromebi: `qceva: Sesavali
SedarebiT fsiqologiaSi~ (1914) da `fsiqologia rogorc
mecniereba qcevis Sesaxeb~ (1919). uoTsonis
ideebma uzarmazari rezonansi gamoiwvia da
swrafadac gavrcelda, razec metyvelebs Tundac is, rom
1915 wels, ocdaCvidmeti wlisa, igi amerikis fsiqologiuri
asociaciis prezidentad airCies. 1920 wels uoTsonis
brwyinvale samecniero kariera moulodnelad wydeba
da, ojaxuri pirobebis gamo, igi sareklamo biznesSi
gadadis. ocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi uoTsoni didi

56
firmis viceprezidenti iyo. periodulad gamodioda
popularuli leqciebiT, romlebic gamoqveynda wignSi
`biheviorizmi~ (1925). am wignma grandiozuli interesi
gamoiwvia mTel msoflioSi. miuxedavad amisa,
biheviorizmi, arsebiTad, mainc amerikul movlenad da
mimarTulebad darCa.
rac Seexeba mecnierul Sexedulebebs, romlebmac
gavlena iqonia uoTsonis Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebaze,
aq, pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniSnoT cxovelTa fsiqologia,
gansakuTrebiT obieqtivisturi skola SedarebiT fsi-
qologiaSi. uoTsonma sruliad ugulvebelyo pavlovis
moZRvrebis neirofiziologiuri aspeqti – mosazrebebi
droebiT kavSirebze, agznebisa da Sekavebis pro-
cesebze da a.S. pavlovis moZRvrebidan man aiRo
mxolod meTodikuri nawili, is nawili, romelic pirobiTi
refleqsis SemuSavebis (anu daswavlis) process exeba.
rac Seexeba e.w. dakvirvebad fiziologias, man piriqiT,
uoTsonis kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti Seadgina; motoruli an
visceraluri reaqciebi swored dakvirvebadi fiziologiis
sferos ganekuTvneba. aqedan gamomdinare, naTeli
xdeba erTi moCvenebiTi Seusabamobis mizezi: esaa
Seusabamoba uoTsonis kategoriul antifiziologizmsa da
misi Sexedulebebis aSkarad fiziologisturad Sefasebas
Soris. bunebrivad ismis kiTxva, xom ar aris yovelive es
fiziologiis kompetencia? uoTsons miaCnia, rom bihe-
viorizmisa da fiziologiis samoqmedo areali gansxvave-
bulia. igi ase msjelobs: davuSvaT, SevexeT Tvalis rqo-
van garss (esaa stimuli) da gamoviwvieT Tvalis da-

57
xuWva (esaa reaqcia). Tu zustad aris aRwerili stimuli
da reaqcia da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebis faqti
empiriulad sandoa, bihevioristis saqme Sesrulebulad
unda CaiTvalos. fiziologiis amocanaa daadginos Sesa-
bamisi nervuli kavSirebi, maTi mimarTuleba, raodeno-
ba, xangrZlioba, gavrcelebuloba da a.S., anu is, rasac
neirofiziologia Seiswavlis. biheviorizmi arc fiziko-qimiur
problemebs exeba, kerZod imas, Tu ra fizikuri an
qimiuri bunebisaa nervuli impulsi, ra energetikul
danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli raeqcia da sxva.
maSasadame, yovel reaqcias aqvs bihevioristuli, neiro-
fiziologiuri da fiziko-qimiuri aspeqti. uoTsonis an-
tifiziologizmi, arsebiTad, neirofiziologiazea mimarTuli.
uotsonis gamoisobiT biheviorizmi sruliad axali
zogadfsiqologiuri moZRvreba gaxda, romelic princi-
pulad daupirispirda manamde arsebul fsiqologiebs
(Sinaarsebis fsiqologia, aqtfsiqologia, struqturalizmi,
funqcionalizmi da a.S.). man uari Tqva cnobierebis
kvlevaze, radganac misi Seswavla TviTdakvirvebas
gulisxmobs. fsiqologiis sagnad gamocxadda qceva, ro-
melic obieqtur dakvirvebas da Seswavlas eqvemdeba-
reba.
Tanamedrove etapze gamoyofen ramdenime
mimarTulebas: radikalurs (uotsoni, Torndaiki) da
neobiheviorizmis nairgvar variants (skineris, tolmenis,
klark hallis da sxv.). akademiur fsiqologiaSi es ideebi
30-40-ian wlebSi batonobda, Semdgom ki SeiWra
sazogadod kulturasa da mecnierebis sxvadasxva

58
sferoSi (lingvistikaSi, aRzrdisa da saskolo swavlebis
praqtikaSi, fsiqoTerapiaSi). 50-iani wlebSi
biheiviorizmis popularobis mwvervalze imyofeboda.
am dros fsiqologiaSi dominirebda is azri, rom Cven
SegviZlia principSi ugulebelvyoT is Tu ra xdeba
adamianebis TavebSi, es mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT
savsebiT ususuri Tezisia. zogi biheiviorizmis mimdevari
Tvlida rom froidi mTlianobaSi Caketil wreze
moZraobda, ramdenadac is cdilobda aexsna mentaluri
meqanizmebi, romelnic gareSe damkvirveblisagan
sruliad dafarulia. Sesabamisad bevri biheivioristi
miiCnevda amas araswor mecnierul midgomad,
ramdenadac adamianis „qvecnobieri“ beneba ar SeiZ-
leba iyos pirdapir gamovlenili da maSasadame masze
ver vawarmoebT dakvirvebas. Sesabamisad
warmodgenili iqna pozicia rom mecnierebs yuradRebis
gamaxvileba marTebT imaze risi dakvirvebac
SesaZlebelia! anu reaqciaze an Sedegze da
maSasadame „qceva“-ze rogorc aseTi, ramdenadac
qcevis dakvirveba, testireba da cifrobrivad gamosaxva
SesaZlebelia.
aseTi Teoriis perspeqtivam, iseve rogorc bevrma
sxva „modam“ fliqologiaSi sakmaod didi zegavlena
iqonia politikur mecnierebebze; erTis mxriv is kargad
exameboda fsiqologiis mimarTulebas (imJamad Zalze
popularuls) gamxdariyo „WeSmaritebis mecniereba“,
kargad Semowmebuli Teoriebisa, romelTa
meSveobiTac moxdeboda saWiro codnis akumulireba.

59
ufro specifiuri kuTxiT – aseTma SesaZleblobam
gansakuTrebiT daainteresa politikuri fsiqologebi.
akguaieris mixedviT 50-ian wlebSi politikuri fsiqologiis
„garemoze orientirebuli – Teoriuli kvlevebis“ erT-erTi
mTavari wyaro iyo „stimuli – reaqcia“ biheiviorizmi ro-
melic aRwerda imas Tu rogoraa individualuri politikuri
„reaqcia“ganpirobebuli stimuliT, reaqciiT, wa-
namZRvrebiTa, da zegavleniT, romelic momdinareobs
sazogadoebrivi institutebisagan.
biheivioristebi adamianis gonebas ganixilavdnen
rogorc cariel furcels anu „tabula raza“ romelzec
Seizleba is daiweros, rac ginda garemo pirobebis meS-
veobiT. biheiviorizmis mixedviT „axalSobili bavSvis ta-
lantebsa da SesaZleblobebs aranairi mniSvneloba ar
eniWeba, ramdenadac biheiviorizmi ar scnobs iseT
cnebebs rogoricaa talanti an niWi“ SeniSnavs stiven
pinkeri. „votsonma akrZala es cnebebi fsiqologiaSi,
iseve rogorc sxva gonebis Semadgeneli elementebi:
ideebi, rwmenebi, vnebebi da grZnobebi. isini
subieqturi iyo da Sesabamisad SeuZlebeli xdeboda
maTi gazomva, amitomac zedmeti mecnierebisaTvis,
romelic swavlobs mxolod obieqtur da gazomvad
saganebs.“ es iyo agreTve situacionizmis eqstremaluri
forma; qcevis mizezebi unda gveZebna mxolod gareSe
garemoSi da ara adamianis gonebis SigniT. ase
magaliTad b.f. skineri Tavis 1990–wlis mimarTvaSi
psiqologTa asociaciis mimarT dagmo Semecnebisa da
adamianis gonebis Semswavleli kvleva rogorc

60
„kreacionizmi fsiqologiaSi“.esaa klasikuri winadadeba
im Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb Cven unda SeviswavloT is
garemo romelic ayalibebs individebs, da ara is Tu
rogor ayalibeben es individebi Tavisdauneburad am
garemos.
biheiviorizmis yvela mimarTulebisaTvis absolutu-
rad centraluria pirobiTobis cneba. yvelas axsovs pav-
lovis ZaRlis cnobili istoria, romelisac avarjiSebdnen
rom kveba mieRo zaris darekvasTan erTad, sakve-
buridan sakvebis mcire dozis ZaRlis pirSi moxve-
drasTan erTad gamoiyofoda nerwyvi, amas aseve Tan
sdevda zaris rekva, Sesabamisad nerwyvis gamoyofa
iyo reaqcia, xolo zaris xma stimuli, ramdenadac erTi
ukve Cvevis gamo asocirdeboda meoresTan. pavlovis
kvleva Catarebuli 1927 wels cnobilia rogorc klasikuri
„pirobiTi refleqsebis/reaqciebis“ nimuSi, romelic gulisx-
mobs swavlebas refleqsebis meSveobiT.
b.f. skineri, pavlovis kvlevis zegavleniT dainteresda
kvleviT romelic SemdgomSi cnobili iyo rogorc
operantuli pirobiToba, romelis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia
nebelobiTi qcevis modificireba. Cven vswavlobT
raRacas imitom rom swavlas aucileblad da maSinve
mohyveba dadebiTi reaqcia, cnobili rogorc stimulireba.
es iyo skineris piradi wvlili biheiviorizmis
ganviTarebaSi, da am kvlevam miiyvana is argument-
Tan rom adamiani SesaZlebelia iyos gawvrTnili iseTi
pirobebis daxmarebiT romelnic mis momaval socia-
lurad pasuxismgeblian qcevas ganapirobeben nacvlad

61
socialurad upasuxismgeblo qcevisa, es poziciaa
Camoyalibebuli mis novelaSi valden ori.
fraizeri, valden oris mTavari gmiri, romelic Tavad
skineris odnav maskirebuli versiaa, dascinis mTav-
robasa da politikosebs rogorc faqtors adamianebis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. ramdenadac SeuZlebelia
mTavrobis mTlianad „gauqmeba“ is Camoayalibebs
warmosaxviT mcire sazogadoebriv jgufs romelic imar-
Teba „damgegmavi menejerebis platonis „filosofiis
mefeebi“-s mier. mTlianobaSi anti politikuri, skineri
warmoidgens sazogadoebriv jgufs, romelSic politi-
kosebis gauTavebeli buzRuni da daukmayofilebloba
sabolood mocilebulia da Canacvlebulia mecnieruli
midgomiTa da dasabuTebiT. fsiqologiis profesori burisi
da misi filosofosi megobari kaste ki gareSe
adamianebi, romelnic ewvivnen am warmosaxviT
sazogadoebriv jgufs – valden ori.
imasTan erTad rom stumrebi aRmoaCenen rom am
sazogadoebis wevrebi cota ucnaurni da Zlier vnebebs
moklebulni arian, amavdroulad maT dasZlies iseTi
sazogadoebrivi problemebi rogoricaa kriminali, loToba
da a.S. am novelis pirveli asi gvredidan aseTi cvlilebis
mizezi mxolod nawilobrivaa naTeli, fokusi gadatanilia
mcire da cxovrebiseul aspeqtebze, romelnic
axasiaTebs am sazogadoebas (magaliTad temperaturis
regulireba da cvileba bavSvebis inkubatorebSi da ase
Semdeg.) ufro mogvianebiT naTeli xdeba rom
fraizerma aqtiurad (da warmatebiTac) moaxdina

62
adamianuri naklovanebebis warmomSobi pirobebis
gamovlena da mospoba, iseTis rogoricaa eWvianoba
valden oris mcxovrebTa cxovrebidan. „rac Seexeba
emociebs – Cven maTgan Tavisufalni ar varT da arc
unda gvindodes maTgan ganTavisufleba,“ ambobs
fraizeri. „magram ufro mcire mniSvnelobisa da
momabezrebeli – emociebi romelnic Cven ubedurebs
gvxdian – faqtiuraducxoa aq am sazogadoebaSi iseve
rogorc TviT ubedureba. Cven isini aRar gvWirdeba,
Cvens brZolaSi arsebobisaTvis da Cvens cirkulirebad
sistemaSi ufro iolia da raRa Tqma unda ufro
sasiamovnoc maTi gadanawileba.
cxadia novela gagebul unda iqnes imaT raTac is
gvevlineba – fiqciaT. masTan erTad is Tavis mkiTxvels
sTavazobs aseTi sazogadoebis Seqmnis ideas. behei-
viorizmis perspeqtivis mimdevrebisaTvis aseTi
midgoma Seicavda TvalsaCino konstruqciul
mniSvnelobebs. „Tu Cven SevabrunebT sazogadoebas
did „skineris yuTSi“ da gavakontrolebT qcevas
winaswar ganzraxulad da ara SemTxveviTad, Cven
SevZlebT Tavidan aviciloT agresiebi, mosaxleobis
ukontrolo zrda, sazogadoebrivi uTanasworoba da
Sesabamisad mivaRwioT utopias (SeuZlebels)“
acxadebs skineri. misi azrovnebis radikalurma
politikurma aspeqtebma moutana mas is uaryofiTi
reputacia, romelic misi sikvdilis Semdegac didxans ar
gaqarwylebula. bers is ubralod „borotebad“ miaCndaT,
Tumca mas da mis Sromebs didi yuradReba eqceodaT.

63
 filmSi meqanikuri forToxali, da antoni burgesis
wignSi imave saxelwodebiT, ultraagresiuli axalgazrda
saxelad aselqsi gvevlineba aseTi tipis socialuri
eqsperimentis obieqtad. dapatimrebis mere igi
moxvdeba psiqolog eqim brodskis avtomobilSi,
(romelic votsonisa da skineris mimdevaria) aelqss
Tvalis daxuWvis saSualebas ar aZlevs meqanikuri
samagrebi, amavdroulad igi uyurebs saSinelebebis
scenebs romelnic erTmaneTs cvlian ekranze da
amavdroulad is Tavs avad grZnobs, risTvisac mis
organizmSi SehyavT Zliermoqmedi narkotikebi romelic
warmoSobs avadmyofobis grZnobas. aleqsi iZulebiT
gadis kurss romelsac burglesi eZaxis „liudovikos
teqnikas“ novelaSi.
burgesma miiRo daumsaxurebeli lanZRva,
rodesac misi novela safuZvlad daedo stenli kubrikis
Zaladobis scenebiT savse films 70-ian wlebSi. wignis
leitmotivi Zaladobis propaganda ar iyo, aramed filoso-
fiuri warmodgena kacobriobaze da arCevanze romelic
zustad eTanadeba biheiviorizmis mizanswrafvas
Secvalos sazogadoeba. Tavad avtori aRniSnavda rom
novela Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc Tavisufali nebis arsebobis
sabuTi. wignis mixedviT erT-erT secnaSi eqimi brodski
warmoudgens aleqss auditorias (ise rogorc amas
vinme saklaso oTaxSi gaakeTebda). „Cveni dkavirvebis
obieqti mowadinebulia sikeTisaken, paradoqsaluria
magram es moxda borotebisaken mowadinebis
CanacvlebiT“ eubneba prodski auditorias. „nebismier

64
Zaladobrivi moqmedebis Sesrulebis survils obieqtSi
Tan sdevs Zlieri Sinagani tkivilis gancda, am stresis
mosaSoreblad obieqti mTlianad sapirispiro, dadebiT
emociebze unda gadaerTos“. erT erTi replika
auditoriidan warmoadgens sawinaaRmdego
arguments: „maSasadame aleqss ar aqvs arCevani
ara? mas ar SeuZlia iyos cudis mkeTebeli, mas ar
SeuZlia iyos Semoqmedi romelsac aqvs moraluri
arCevani.“ brodski uaryofs am mosazrebebs rogorc
„mosaxerxebel yelsaxvevs“, ambobs ra rom Cven sa-
kiTxis eTikuri da moraluri aspeqtebs ki ar vixilavT,
aramed kriminals vebrZviT! TumcaRa kiTxvis avtoris
mosazreba imaSia rom mxolod Cveni unari gavakeToT
arCevani keTilsa da borots Soris gvaqcevs Cven ada-
mianebad, wagvarTmevT Tu ara Cven am
SesaZleblobas Cven Sesabamisad vkargavT Cvens
adamianobasac. ufro farTo gagebiT mTavrobam Tavisi
zemoqmedebiTa da eqsperimentebiT aleqsze mas ufro
uaresi ram damarTa vidre aleqsi Caidenda mTeli Tavisi
Zaladobrivi moqmedebebiT.
meores mxriv aseTi moqmedebis teqnikis socialu-
rad sasargeblo Sedegebis danaxva Zneli ar aris, cxadia
maTi realobaSi gamoyeneba rom iyos SesaZlebeli. b.f.
skineri ramodenime wlis win gardaicvala, magram
cocxali rom iyos albaT gamoexmaureboda entoni bur-
gesis kritikas raRac amis msgavsiT. Cven yvelani ukve
varT garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebis qveS, im
pirobebis romelSic vcxovrobT, amJamad es pirobebi

65
SemTxveviTia, magram ra iqneboda rom fsiqologebsa
da fsiqiatrebs, cxadia mTavrobisagan miRebuli
uflebebiT, saSualeba hqondeT ganaxorcielon
mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba calkeul garemo
pirobebze romelnic aiZulebs sazogadoebas
imoqmedos ufro meti sazogadoebrivi pa-
suxismgeblobiT, an ubralod ar imeqmedos antisocialu-
rad da upasuxismgeblod? Cven ubralod wesrigs Sevi-
tandiT im garemo pirobebSi romelnic isedac arseboben
bunebrivad. aviRoT magaliTad iseTi danaSauli ro-
goricaa gaupatiureba. cxadia amis zusti gazomva
Znelia magram mamakacTa umravlesoba industriul da
ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi ar moimoqmedebdnen
aseT rames maSinac ki sazogadoeba kanonis ZaliTac
rom ar krZalavdes am danaSauls. magram Cven
vxedvaT bevriseT sazogadoebas, romelSic qalTa
uflebebis mZime darRveva Cveuli movlenaa
(magaliTad avRaneTi Talibanis mmarTvelobis
pirobebSi) rom mamakacebi mzad arian daCagron qali
sxvadasxva formiT rodesac sazogadoeba maT amis
saSualebas aZlevs an xandaxan waaqezebs kidevac.
ra iqneba rom aseTi sazogadoebis yvela mamrobiTi
sqesis warmomadgeneli Zalzed axalgazrda asakSi iyos
pirobiTi garemoemebiT ise „damuSavebuli“ rom maT
gaupatiureba da sxva msgavsi danaSauli ubralod
saSinel barbarosobad moeCvenoT? imdenad autanlad
eCvenoT aseTi tipis danaSauli rom masze fiqric ki ar
SeeZloT? gana es ar iqneba realuri Sedegi gadaxdili

66
safasuris asanazRaureblad? yvelaferTan erTad Tavisuf-
lebas tavisi sazRvrebi unda hqondes, da Cven ukve va-
RiarebT am sazRvrebs imiT rom davaweseT
gansazRvruli wesebi, kanonebi da maTi aRmasrulebeli
institutebi. cxadia Tavisufali neba is aucilebeli ramaa
rac unda davicvaT, magram gana kriminalis ufleba
gaaupatiuros da moklas aseve saWiroebs dacvas?
gana sazogadoeba ar gaxdeba ukeTesi da ufro
mogebuli Tu aleqsi da misi banda dakargaven Tavis
uflebas moralur arCevanze?
magram vin unda gadawyvitos ra saxis saqcieli da
moqmedeba unda iyos waxalisebuli da romeli saqcieli
ar imsaxurebs waxalisebas? sad aris zRvari?xazi socia-
lurad determinirebulia. moviyvanoT ramdenime maga-
liTi: prostitucia nevadaSi kanonieria, magram ara ohai-
oSi. amerikis bevr adgilas SegiZlia ataro iaraRi 18
wlisam, magram iuridiulad ar SegiZliaT iyidoT ludi
barSi. problema omaSia rom sxvadasxva kulturis war-
momadgenlebi gansxvavebulad uyureben imas Tu ra
aris swori da ra araswori. Skinerma icoda am prob-
lemis Sesaxeb. Cveni megobari kasteli nerviulobs
diqtatorizmsa da Tavisublebas Soris konfliqtze. nuTu ar
icis man rom is ayenebs Zvel sakiTxs? adamiani
akeTebs arCevans da gansazRvravs rezultats. skineris
politikuri radikalizmi eWvmiutanelia. mtkiceba rom
Cven arCevan ar vakeTebT Cveni Tavisufali nebiT is
xazs usvams - sxva sakiTxebTan erTad - mTliani azri,
razec aris dafuZnebuli dasavluri marTvis sistema. es

67
sistema gulisxmobs rom Tu Cven CavdivarT cud
saqciels,unda davisajoT.
amgvarad, erTi mxriv, mecnierebas aqvs pasuxebi,
romlebic politikas ar aqvs. adamianebs aqvT codna da
arCevani, rom ar Caidinon Zaladoba. arCevanis ufleba
gvayalibebs adamianebad, Tumca arCevani ase Tu ise
iluziuria, am gagebiT, biheviorizmi raRac gagebiT
demokratiulia, magram amave dros, garkveul
pirobebSi biheviorizmma SeiZleba faSizmamd
emigviyvanos.

Tavi meoTxe
politikuri liderobis fsiqologia

4.1. liderobis fenomeni politikur

fsiqologiaSi

politikur liderobas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs liderobis

fenomenSi, radgan is specifikuria Tavisi SinaarsiT da masStaburia
Tavisi warmoSobiTa da SedegebiT.
cneba politikuri lideroba gulisxmobs liderTa da qveSevrdomTa
urTierTqmedebis rTul meqanizms. am cnebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli
nawilebia: pirveli, lideris unari zustad Seafasos situacia, ipovos

68
dasaxuli amocanis sworad gadawyvetis gza, zemoqmedeba moaxdi-
nos qveSevrdomTa gonebasa da grZnobaze, SeZlos maTi energiis
mobilizeba ama Tu im gadawyvetilebebis Sesasruleblad. meore,
lideroba, rogorc lidersa da ama Tu im erTobis urTierTqmedebis rTuli
meqanizmi gulisxmobs, rom es ukanaskneli (erToba) aqtiurad uWers
mxars lideris gadawyvetilebas da moqmedebas, Segnebulad da
nebayoflobiT emorCileba mas. aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri lideri
aris adamiani, romelsac gaaCnia, unari irgvliv Semoikribos uamravi
adamiani da miiRos misi avtoritetis aRiareba politikuri procesebis
monawileebisagan.
Tavad cneba lideri inglisuri warmoSobisaa da wamyvans,
warmmarTvels niSnavs. rogorc nebismier movlenas cxovrebaSi,
politikur liderobasac gaaCnia Tavisi `anatomia~, maT Soris
pirovnul-fsiqologiuric.
politikuri liderobis Tema mravali saukunis manZilze ipyrobda
sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobisa da samecniero interesebis mqone
mecnierebis yuradRebas.
politikuri liderobis SeswavlaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi
mimarTulebebi: institucionaluri, sociologiuri, kulturologiuri, istoriuli
da fsiqologiuri.
institucionaluri midgoma. igi saTaves sociologiaSi iRebs,
metwilad dakavSirebulia fenomenis funqcionalur-procedurul
maxasiaTeblebTan, politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisa da
SenarCunebis meqanikasa da teqnologiebTan. politikuri lideroba
ZiriTadad ganixileba rogorc formaluri da araformaluri wesebis,
principebis, normebis miTiTebebis myari kompleqsi, romlebic
aregulireben mocemul saqmianobas. institucionaluri midgomis
TvalTaxedviT mniSvnelovania ara socialuri warmoSobis faqti (mag.,
lider-individebis), aramed socialuri statusi. prioriteti eniWeba im pi-

69
rovnebis (an jgufis) urTierTobebs, interesebs, poziciebs, romlebic
asruleben lideris rols sxvebTan mimarTebaSi. am konteqstSi
politikuri lideroba-mmarTvelobiTi statusi socialuri poziciaa, romelic
dakavSirebulia Zalauflebrivi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. aseTi
ganmartebis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos liderobis gansazRvra,
rogorc adamianTa urTierTobebis, socialuri jgufebis, mTlianad
sazogadoebis meqanizmisas, romlis arsic Seadgens dominirebisa da
daqvemdebarebis, gavlena-morCilebis urTierTobebs.
amgvarad, institucionaluri midgoma gulisxmobs liderobis,
rogorc myari funqcionaluri struqturis ganxilvas, romelic CarTulia
sazogadoebriv procesSi da axdens TviT realizebas sociumis
urTierTobebis mxardamWeri rgolebis erTobliobiT. aseTi midgoma
TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili cnebiT `formaluri lideroba~, romelic
warmoadgens gansazRvruli subieqtis prioritetul gavlenas
organizaciis, (sazogadoebis) wevrebze es gavlena `Camagrebulia~
mis normebsa da wesebSi da efuZneba mdgomareobas
sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi. am midgomaSi igrZnoba iuridiuli
tradiciebis SesamCnevi gavlena. politikuri liderobis ganxilva so-
ciumis doneze marTebulia im faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
Seqmnili instituti gansazRvravs TviT sazogadoebis iersaxes.
kulturologiuri midgoma. maTSi politikuri liderobis problema
ganixileba sazogadoebis politikur kulturaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
konteqstSi. aseTi midgomis erT-erTi avtoris, r. takeris azriT, kultura
mTlianobaSi, rogorc gansazRvruli Cvevebis erToblioba, mudmivia,
magram SeiZleba icvlebodes ama Tu im mizezis gavleniT. mizezis
saxiT SeiZleba warmoCndes, magaliTad, liderobis moZraoba,
rodesac masze moTxovnileba Cndeba.
politikuri cxovrebis orientirebisa da mimarTulebis
ganmsazRvreli politikuri kultura rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia, es

70
winaaRmdegobebi zogjer gadauWrelia. ase Cndeba moTxovnileba
liderobaze: movlenebi mniSvnelobas iZenen adamianTa mTeli
jgufisaTvis. Tu mcire jgufebSi lideroba, rogorc wesi, araformaluria,
did jgufebSi Cveulebriv arsebobs liderobis formaluri struqturebi. Tu
lideri, romelic sTavazobs arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis gzebs,
moipovebs mosaxleobis mxardaWeras, maSin Cndeba
sazogadoebrivi moZraoba, romlis moqmedebis Sedegad SeiZleba
moxdes politikuri cvlilebebi. aqedan gamomdinare, takeris azriT
lideris roli sazogadoebrivi iniciaciis saqmeSi uzarmazaria.
socialuri midgoma. am midgomis CarCoebSi liderobis Temis
nawili mocemulia elitebis Sesaxeb kvlevebSi, romelic garkveuli
doziT daexmara mecnierebebs politikuri xelmZRvanelebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis garkvevaSi, im adamianebis wris
SexazvaSi, romelTaganac gamoikveTebian liderebi sxvadasxva
qveynebSi. meorec, gansaxilveli problemis gagebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda politikur partiebSi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis meqanizmebis gamosakvlevi sociologiuri Sromebi.
gansakuTrebuli sociologiuri wvlili liderobis analizSi Seitanes r. mak
kenzis, r. mixelsis, g. moskis, v. paretos da, ra Tqma unda, m.
veberis kvlevebma, romlis Zalauflebis tipologias da qarizmis
koncefcias dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. sociologia
ZiriTadad ganixilavs `liderebi-mimdevrebis~ bunebis zogad
sakiTxebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa: `romeli socialuri jgufebidan
wamoayeneben upiratesad liderebs mocemul sazogadoebaSi?~
`rogor gavlenas axdens socialuri garemo politikuri lideris qcevaze?~
politikur sociologiaSi lideroba aris _ `adamianTa urTierTqmedebis
saxeoba, saSualeba, romelic iTvaliswinebs erTi adamianis,
adamianTa jgufis zegavlenas sxva adamianebze maTi erToblivi
politikuri moRvaweobis organizebis mizniT. amave dros meore mxa-

71
resac Seswevs unari gavlena moaxdinos liderze~. liderobis
fenomenis arsi, misi integraciuli potenciali gamomdinareobs
obieqturi moTxovnilebidan, mxareebis urTierTdamokidebulebidan
(liderebi-mimdevrebi). amave dros gaerTianebis moTxovnilebaSi,
interesebis erTianobaSi Tavidanve devs maTi gansxvavebuloba,
mxareebis miswrafeba TviTrealizeba moaxdinon erTmaneTis
meSveobiT an erTimeoreSi.
lideruli kavSiris ganviTarebis, ufro zustad, TviTganviTarebisa
da arsebobis principi Cadebulia subieqtisa (lideris) da obieqtis
(mimdevrebis) urTierTmoTxovnilebis aucileblobaSi, sakuTari inte-
resebis realizebis subordinaciul damokidebulebaSi. interesebis
damTxveva da mxareebis damokidebuleba erTmaneTze aris lideruli
integraciis, lideris irgvliv misi mimdevrebis, ama Tu im socialuri
jgufebis, mosaxleobis fenebis da mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis gaerTia-
nebis wyaro. Tu arsebobs interesebis sxvadasxvaoba, obieqtisa da
subieqtis met-naklebi urTierTmoTxovnileba aris lidersa da mis
mimdevrebs, elitasa da xalxs Soris daZabulobis, ganxeTqilebis, TviT
sazogadoebrivi sistemis dezintegraciis wyaro.
istoriuli midgoma. is sTavazobs movlenis Seswavlas misi
aRmocenebis, Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi,
orientirebas axdens istoriuli situaciis Taviseburebis, konkretuli
garemoebebis Secnobaze, _ ra kalapotSic cxovrobda da
moqmedebda esa Tu is politikuri lideri. istoriuli mimarTulebis
obieqti warmodgenilia cnobili pirovnebebis politikuri karieris
istoriiT. amerikel avtorebTan saprezidento Zalaufleba da prezidenti
tradiciulad kvlevebis popularuli sagania. mravali aseTi istoriul-
biografiuli Sroma Tavis warmoSobas TviT prezidentebis dakveTas
unda umadlodes. es naSromebi ZiriTadad apologeturi xasiaTisaa da
mowodebulia ama Tu im prezidentobis kandidatis, (an yofilis)

72
prestiJis asamRleblad an Sesaryevad. amave dros aSS-Si arsebobs
cnobili istorikosebis da sociologebis mravali monografia, romlebic
amerikeli prezidentebis, maTi individualuri Taviseburebebis, maTi
administraciis mier problemebis gadaWris gzebis analogias
Seicaven. magaliTad, Tavis naSromebs uZRvnidnen XX s. politikur
liderebs mama-Svili Slezingerebi, k. rositeri, u. binkpi, g. houlendi,
C. meriemi, j. barberi, d. diumondi, l. henri, t. so renseni, s.
uoreni, t. uaiti da sxvebi. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi saxis
literaturam mosalodnelze naklebi gavlena iqonia politikuri liderebis
Seswavlaze.
fsiqologiuri midgoma. politikuri fsiqologia agrZelebs am
mecnierebis tradiciebs. is aseve Seiswavlis politikas, magram misi
Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi ganixileba is
fsiqologiuri fenomenebi, romlebic axasiaTebs politikosis politikur
qcevas: politikas ikvlevs adamianis fsiqologiaze dayrdnobiT da,
piriqiT, ganixilavs socialur-politikur faqtorebis gavlenas adamianis
fsiqikaze. politikuri fsiqologia yuradRebas amaxvilebs politikur
qcevebze liderebis sakuTriv-fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis gavlenis
Seswavlaze. is miiswrafvis pasuxi gasces kiTxvebs: rogoria
`politikuri lideris temperamenti da misi gavlena politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze~?, `rogori fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi
unda gaaCndes liders, rom warmatebas miaRwios arCevnebSi~,
`rogor unda gaiTvaliswinon eleqtroratis moralur-fsiqologiuri
mdgomareoba?~ da sxv.
politologTa da fsiqologTa mecadineobis Sedegad, mravalgzisi
urTierTSedarebisa da aRiarebuli liderebis pirad TvisebaTa analizis
safuZvelze, TandaTan Camoyalibda `lideris niSnebis Teoria~. am
Teoriis mimdevrebi ZiriTad yuradRebas aqceven pirad Tvisebebs
(aseTi 250 Tvisebaa dRes moZiebuli). maT mier 30-50-ian wlebSi

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SemuSavebuli Tematika dasavleTis politologiasa da sociologiaSi
dResac gamoiyeneba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, aucilebelia sxvadasxva
jgufis liderebis Seswavla, maTi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis
Sedgena da Sesabamisad, saTanado cxrilebis Sevseba.
am Teoriis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia e. bo-
gardusi, romelsac miaCnia, rom liderisaTvis aucilebelia:
 iumoris grZnoba;
 taqti;
 intuicia;
 kompetenturoba;
 yuradRebis centrSi moxvedris unari.
sagulisxmoa, rom bogardusis azriT, lideroba pirovnebaTa
garkveul jgufs dabadebidanve Tan dahyveba da igi am pirovnebis
biofsiqologiur Tvisebebs warmoadgens. amiT bogardusi garkveulad
ugulebelyofs socialuri garemos rols lideris pirovnebis Camoya-
liebebaSi.
mimdinare saukunis SuaxanebSi `niSnebis Teoriis~ mkvlevarTa
ricxvs bevri mecnieri Seemata. maT Soris erT-erTi gamoCenilia k.
birdi, romelmac 20-ze meti mkvlevaris mosazrebebis ganzogadebis
safuZvelze Seadgina 79 niSnisagan Semdgari nusxa, romelic lideris
pirovnebas unda axasiaTebdes. SemdegSi birdis msgavsad r.
stoglidma ukve 120 mkvlevaris mosazreba ganazogada da roca naxa,
rom sxvadasxva liders sruliad sxvadasxva niSnebi axasiaTebs da
iSviaTad meordeba erTi da igive niSani, saerTod eWvis qveS
daayena `niSnebis Teoriis~ siswore. erTi mkvlevaris monacemebi
meores gamoricxavda da aseTi Sedarebebis Semdeg TiTqmis aRar
darCa niSani, romelic yvela liderSi meordeboda. iseTi niSan-
Tvisebebic ki, rogoricaa gonieroba da nebisyofa, yvela mkvlevars
arc ki miaCnda liderisaTvis aucilebel Tvisebad.

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 Tavis mxriv, stogdilma lideris mTavar Tvisebad maRali
inteleqti daasaxela da miuTiTa, rom mimdevrebze zegavlenis
yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba maRali inteleqtia.
adamiani, romelic xangrZlivi drois manZilze lideria, fsiqologTa
mtkicebiT, axdens sakuTari rolis `interiorizebas~, eCveva am rolis
Sesrulebas, masSi xdeba im niSnis ganviTareba-ganmtkiceba,
romelic aucilebelia am rolis Sesasruleblad: pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba ara mxolod sakuTari Tavis, aramed xalxis winaSe; sakuTari
Zalebis, sakmarisobis rwmena; da a.S. istoriaSi amis uamravi
magaliTi arsebobs: plutarqe Tavis `paralelur biografiebSi~ aRwers
Zveli welTaRricxvis 390 wels mdinare aliasTan galebTan brZolaSi
romaelTa 40-aTasiani laSqris damarcxebis ambavs. brZolis velidan
gamoqceulebma dabneulobiT kari ar Caketes, romi daucveli datoves
da Tavi kapitoliums Seafares. galebi Riad datovebuli `kolonis
WiSkriT~ Sevidnen qalaqSi da rogorc istorikosi wers: `daikaves Tu
ara romi, kapitoliumis garSemo brenosma dacva Caayena, TviTon ki
forumze Cavida da gaocebiT Sescqeroda savarZelSi mdumared
Camsxdar, sagangebod morTul pirT, romlebic fexze ar
wamodgomian mosul mtrebs da arc ferifuri SecvliaT saxeze.
auRelveblad da udrtvinvelad dayrdnobodnen isini TavianT kver-
Txebs da mSvidi mzeriT Sescqerodnen erTmaneTs. am saocarma
sanaxaobam galebi daabnia da karga xans ver gabedes miaxloveba
da xelis xleba: vaiTu yovelisSemZleni ariano. bolos erTma
galTaganma mxneoba moikriba, axlos daudga markus papiriuss,
nazad miutana xeli nikapTan da grZel wvers eqaCeboda. papiriusma
mas kverTxi dahkra da Tavi gauxeTqa. barbarosma maxvili iSiSvla
da papiriusi sicocxles gamoasalma. amis Semdeg galebi Tavs
daesxnen danarCen moxucebs da amoxoces~. es moxucebi romis
senatebi iyvnen _ respublikis umaRlesi xelisufleba, romelmac ar

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isurva arc kapitoliumis cixe-simagrisaTvis Tavis Sefareba da miT
umetes arc, qalaqidan gaqceva. senatorebs Tavi ar undodaT cocxali,
Tu romi mtris xelSi aRmoCndeboda, imitom, rom isini grZnobdnen
pasuxismgeblobas respublikis winaSe da rogorc ki mSobliuri qalaqis
dacemis mowmeni gaxdnen, raSic, Cans, sakuTar Tavs debdnen
brals, Tavisive iniciativiT ages kidec pasuxi... (plutarqe. `paraleluri
biografiebi~, Tb., 1980, gv. 48)~.
politologebi da fsiqologebi TiTqmis erTsulovnad SeTanxmdnen
imaze, rom Wkua-gonebis faqtori miT umetes ar aris gadamwyveti
biurokratiul sistemaSi, sadac karieras xSirad ikeTeben ara WkuiT da
gamWriaxobiT gamorCeuli pirovnebebi, aramed mliqvnelobiT da
pirferobiT, situaciisadmi Seguebis niWiT dajildovebuli adamianebi.
arcTu iSviaTad, aralideri ufro Wkviani da gonieria, vidre lideri. amis
gamo, fsiqologebi da politologebi Wkua-gonebis faqtoris
ugulebelyofas, ra Tqma unda, ar axdnen, magram isini imas
miuTiTeben, rom es faqtori TavisTavad ver uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis
liderobas. es kidev ufro Seexeba liderobis sxva niSnebso, amtkicebs
jeninki.
principSi, niSnebis Teoria Tavisi safuZveliT metafizikuria,
ramdenadac igi liderobas ganixilavs, rogorc garemosagan izolirebul
fenomens, romelic TviTon Tavis TavSi moicavs liderobis
SesaZleblobas.
liderobis problemaze arsebul TeoriaTa Soris erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia `situacionizmis~ Teorias. am Teoriis
mimdevrebi liderobas ganixilaven, rogorc situaciis funqcias. es imas
niSnavs, rom lideris qceva, romelic erT situacias Seefereba, SeiZleba
sruliad gamousadegari iyos sxva situaciaSi. pirovneba, romelic
liderobas SeZlebs saprotesto aqciebis mowyobaSi, arsebuli wyobis
ngrevaSi, xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, SeiZleba uZluri da

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unayofo aRmoCndes axlis SenebaSi. kargi opozicioneri TavisTavad
ar niSnavs, rom igi kargi funqcioneri iqneba yovelTvis.
`situacionizmi~ mTlianad gamoricxavs `niSnebis Teorias~.
zogierTi misi momxre Tvlis, rom lideris ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebis
variacia xdeba situaciis mixedviT. erT situaciaSi igi gamodgeba
liderad, sxva situaciaSi ki sxva gamodgeba, da ara isev is. Tumca
arsebobs sawinaaRmdego argumentaciebic. magaliTad, wlobiT cixe-
Si yofnis Semdeg 1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli
kongresis yofili Tavjdomare nelson mandela arCeuli iqna rasobrivad
mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad.
TviTnaswavlma, sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma da bevrisaTvis
sayvarelma samocdaTxuTmeti wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT
SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad Secvla, riTac daasrula
TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. miuxedavad am
magaliTisa, msgavsi SemTxvevebi, mainc gamonaklisis saxiT
ganixileba, ZiriTadad revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis
marTva ori sxvadasxva amocanaa.
`situacionismis~ Teoria rigma dasavlelma sociologma da
fsiqologma ar gaiziara, radgan igi amcirebs lideris aqtivobas,
ganixilavs ra mas situaciis pasiur instrumentad da ugulebelyofs im
ubralo WeSmaritebas, rom liders Tavad SeuZlia zegavlena
moaxdinos situaciis Secvlaze. didi liderebi grZnoben situaciebs da
SeswevT unari, TavianT sasargeblod Semoabrunon igi.
saboloo jamSi, situacionizmi calmxrivad udgeba lideris
problemas da bolomde ver xsnis liderobis arss.
politologiaSi cnobilia, agreTve, jenengisis mier
SemoTavazebuli tipologia. igi lideris sam tips gamohyofs:
`supermeni~, `gmiri~ da `princi~.

77
 didi adamianebi, romlebic Zvel wesebs, Zvel Rirebulebebs
amsxvreven da axal Rirebulebebs, axal wes-wyobilebas qmnian,
zeadamianebi, anu `supermenebi~ arian. adamianebi, romlebic did da
keTilSobilur saqmeebs sCadian da sazogadoebis progress uwyoben
xels, `gmirebad~ moixseniebian, xolo isini, romelTa moqmedeba
ZiriTadad imiTia motivirebuli, rom sxvebs uxelmZRvanelon
(sxvebze ibatonon), jenengisis klasifikaciiT, `princebad~ unda
CaiTvalon.
jenengiss miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi `princi~ liderebi
sWarboben, Tanac isini gansakuTrebuli TavxedobiT da utaqtobiT
gamoirCevian. xSirad maTi swrafva xelisuflebisaken, liderobisaken,
SeniRbulia maRalfardovani frazebiT, Tvalisamxvevi lozungebiT.
isini flidebi da fsevdogmirebi arian, romlebic TvalTmaqcobiTa da
manipulirebiT malaven TavianT realur zraxvebs da eSmakobiT
ikafaven gzas xelisuflebisaken. `princi~ lideri iSviaTadaa
maRalzneobrivi pirovneba. is, rac `princisaTvis~ sakmarisia, ar aris
sakmarisi `gmirisTvis~. lideroba warmoadgens maRali da
keTilSobiluri miznis miRwevis saSualebas, xolo `princisTvis~ ki _
sxvebze gabatonebis saSualebas, idealur liders am klasifikaciaSi
warmoadgens `supermeni~, romelsac Seswevs unari, daZlios brbos
konformizmi, aRkveTos aTaswleulobiT damkvidrebuli mavne
Cvevebi da isini axali, progresuli wesebiTa da RirebulebebiT
Secvalos.
amerikelma mkvlevarma qalma m. hermanma gamoyo liderTa
tipi:
I lideri - `medroSe~ _ axasiaTebs sinamdvilis sakuTari xedva,
aris didi strategi, ayalibebs da gansazRvravs politikur programebs,
miznebs da moRvaweobis mimarTulebebs;

78
 II lideri - `msaxuri~ _ orientirebulia Tavis momxreebze da
gamoxatavs maT azrebs da interesebs;
III lideri - `vaWari~ _ romelic yidis amomrCevlebisaTvis
Tavis ideebsa da programebs mxardaWeris sanaclod;
IV lideri - `mexanZre~ _ dakavebulia xanZris CaqrobiT,
reagirebis warmoSobil mwvave problemebze da agvarebs maT.
r. muxaevma politikur-fsiqologiur aspeqtSi gamoyo politikuri
lideris 5 idealuri tipi:
1. lideri-patroni;
2. lideri-`msaxiobi~;
3. warCinebuli tipi;
4. lideri-`TanamebrZoli~;
5. lideri-`martoxela~.
am xuTi tipidan qarTul sinamdviles kargad miesadageba pirveli
ori tipi.
lideri-patronis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebia: eWvianoba,
xelisuflebisaken ltolva, adamianebze kontrolis survili, gansxvavebuli
azrisadmi Seurigebloba, mudmivi manipulireba,
araprognozirebadoba. es lideri amyarebs avtokratul mmarTvelobas.
lideri - `msaxiobi~ yovelTvis mayurebelze `TamaSobs~.
misTvis mTavaria garegani efeqti. misi moqmedeba
prognozirebadia. masebisaTvis Tavis mowonebis fasad `artisti~
lideri wiravs ara marto sazogadoebriv, aramed sakuTar politikur
rwmenas.
amerikelma mecnierma kurt levinma aRwera liderebis sami
stili: avtoritaruli, demokratiuli da liberaluri. SemdgomSi gamoiyo
mbrZanebluri, koleqtiuri da nebaze muSvebuli stili.
avtoritaluri, direqtiuli an mbrZanebluri liderobis stili aRniSnavs
lideris mkacr urTierTdamokidebulebas masze damokidebul socialuri

79
jgufis wevrebTan, maTi saqmianobis yvela aspeqtis saTanado kon-
trols, rac gamoricxavs lideris mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
ganxilvas. avtoritaruli lideri iRebs jgufis marTvis yvela funqcias
jgufSi konfrontaciurobisa da calmxrivi damokidebulebis urTierTobis
kultivirebisaTvis, rac xdeba SemoqmdebiTi iniciativis da saqmiani
aqtiurobis blokirebiT adamianTa jgufSi. urTierTobaTa jgufi
xasiaTdeba daZabulobiT, undoblobiT, pirferobiT.
demokratiuli stilis dros lideri integrirebulia socialur jgufSi, misi
yvela wevri Tavisufalia, maTi damokidebuleba lideris mimarT
efuZneba gulwrfel pativiscemasa da misi lideruli Tvisebebis aRia-
rebas. jgufuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba araa SeboWili lideris
avtoritetiT.
lideris liberaluri (anarqiuli, nebaze miSvebuli) stili xasiaTdeba
mbrZaneblur xelmZRvanelobaze uaris TqmiT. lideroba xdeba
formaluri, jgufis wevrebi iReben moqmedebis srul Tavisuflebas,
jgufSi Cndeba anarqizmis gamovlinebebi.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, liderTa damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da
Tvisebebi metad mravalferovania, magram SeiZleba maTi sam did
jgufSi gaerTianeba: bunebrivi, zneobrivi da profesionaluri.
bunebrivi Tvisebebidan liders unda gaaCndes: mtkice xasiaTi,
nebisyofa, gabeduloba, mimzidveloba, hipnozirebis unari,
gamWriaxoba, faqizi intuicia. CamoTvlili Tvisebebidan, rogorc
eqspertebi amtkiceben, ukanaskneliT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda
safrangeTis yofili prezidenti de goli. man dasavleTis politikur
moRvaweTa Soris pirvelma wamoayena aRmosavleTTan
daZabulobis moxsnis da ganiaraRebis koncefcia, ris
ganxorcielebasac piradad didi energia moaxmara. de golma didi xnis
win iwinaswarmetyvela aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi
demokratiuli gardaqmnebis garduvaloba. frangi politikuri lideris

80
alRo da intuicia utyuari aRmoCnda. aseve politikurma alRom da in-
tuiciam gaamarTla siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZolis programis avtoris,
amerikis prezidentis lindon jonsonis SemTxvevaSic, romelic did
yuradRebas uTmobda sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas. masze
xalxSi xumrobdnen, rom ukanaskneli gamokiTxvis Sedegebs jibiT
daatarebso. misi prezidentobis periodSi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi
adasturebdnen, rom amerikelebis umravlesoba mxars uWerda
amerikis oms vietnamSi. miuxedavad amisa, london jonsonma
gadawyvita gameorebiT ar wamoeyenebina Tavisi kandidatura
prezidentis postze 1968 wlis arCevnebSi; roca amis mizezs
arkvevdnen bevri varaudi gamoiTqva. daisva kiTxva iqneb
gamokiTxvis Sedegebia arazusti? magram yvelaferi zusti iyo. iqneb
Tavad jonsoni maT arasworad igebda? am mxrivac yvelaferi rigze
iyo. saqme isaa, rom jonsons ukeT hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli
omisadmi damokidebulebis mTeli sirTule. jonsoni alRoTi grZnobda,
rom omis mxardamWer da mowinaaRmdegeTa Tanafardoba kritikul
momentSi SeiZleba Secvliliyo. Tumca jerjerobiT, omis winaaRmdeg
mosaxleobis umciresoba gamodioda, mainc igrZnoboda, rom am
umciresobis vnebasa da rwmenas nulamde SeiZleba daeyvana
umravlesobis ganwyoba. miT ufro, rom jonsoni sxvebze ukeT
grZnobda omis mxardamWeri umravlesobis araqtiur, zerele
TanagrZnobas. movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam daadastura,
rom jonsons politikuri alRo ar Ralatobda. omis mowinaaRmdege
manifestantebma miaRwies imas, rom arCevnebis momentSi
sazogadoebrivi azri gaiyo da 1968 wlis arCevnebSi demokratebma
marcxi ganicades.
politikosis bunebriv TvisebebSi bevri politologi moiazrebs
janmrTelobis faqtorsac, romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, Tu
gadamwyvets ara, politikosis poziciaze, mis moRvaweobaze.

81
 cxovrebiseuli praqtika adasturebs, rom adamianebi fxizlad unda
iyvnen am mimarTulebiT, radgan sneul mmarTvelebs SeuZliaT
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonion istoriis msvlelobaze. istoriaSi
cnobilia, rom saxelmwifos meTaurebs, icodnen ra imis Sesaxeb, rom
ukurnebeli seni sWirT, xSirad miuRiaT naCqarevi da mcdari
gadawyvetileba. magaliTad, 1932 wels inglisis premier-ministrs
Cemberlens eqimebma auwyes, rom mas swori nawlavis simsivne
hqonda. es saxelovani ingliseli, romelic cnobili iyo msoflioSi
mSvidobis damkvidrebisaTvis miswrafebiT, Tavis kabinetTan
moTaTbirebis gareSe wavida hitlerTan da xeli moawera miunxenis
cnobil SeTanxmebas. rac Seexeba hitleris TviTmkvlelobas, rogorc
specialistebi miiCneven, es mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba
parkisonis daavadebam, romliTac hitleri 1942 wels dasneulda. uins-
ton CerCili, romelic Tavad Zalian janmrTeli kaci iyo, xSirad
aRniSnavda, rom misi partnioris, ruzveltis mdgomareobam didi
gavlena iqonia ialtis konferenciaze amerikis prezidentis poziciasa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. saSinlad ganerviulebuli ruzvelti, ro-
melsac zurgis tvinis sklerozis gamo zogjer autaneli tkivilebi hqonda,
ialtaSi gamgzavrebis win Turme umetesad Tavis janmrTelobaze
fiqrobda da seriozulad verc ki gaanaliza konferenciaze misaRebi
gadawyvetilebebis proeqtebi. am periodSi igi mxolod deteqtivebis
kiTxviT iyo dakavebuli. amitom werda CerCili: `ruzvelti
konfernciaze Camovida yovelgavri dosies gareSe da saboloo jamSi,
Caabara yvela pozicia, romelic mas brZolis velze hqonda
mopovebuli~. italiaSi didi aJiotaJi mohyva gazeTSi gamoqveynebul
cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom socialistebis lideri arcTu ise Soreul
warsulSi qveynis mTavrobis Tavjdomare, batoni kraski diabetiT iyo
daavadebuli da amitom igi 1991 wels yovlad gaumarTlebel
gadawyvetilebebs iRebda. saqme imaSi iyo, rom diabeturi komis

82
dros igi sikvdils TvalebSi uyurebda, rac gavlenas axdenda mis politi-
kaze.
diabeti awuxebda gorbaCovs da SevardnaZes, miterans _ kibo,
hitlers, musolinsa da lenins _ sifilisi. stalins marjvena mxridan
iRebdnen, radgan marcxena xeli Semxmari hqonda. stalinis
portretebze ar Canda misi Zlieri nayvavilari saxe, iseve, rogorc
gorbaCovis `tylipi~ Tavze. prezident ruzvelts invalidis etliT suraTs
ar uRebdnen, radgan TeTri saxlis pres-mdivani amas krZalavda.
aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom lideri Tavis Tavs
idealizebulad warmoadgens. is yovelTvis axalgazrdulad unda
gamoiyurebodes. 1944 wlis aSS-s arCevnebSi prezident ruzveltis
eqimma ganacxada, rom prezidenti janmrTelia. ruzveltma
arCevnebSi meoTxed ki gaimarjva, magram 5 TveSi avadmyofobiT
gardaicvala
istoriuli gamocdileba adasturebs, rom mmarTvels, yvela dros,
yvela epoqaSi, hqonda erTi da igive principi: araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar daeTmo Zalaufleba Tundac sikvdilis sarecelze.
cnobilia aseTi faqti: erT dros italiis premier ministri antonio
seni, paralizebuli iyo da garda imisa, rom ver moZraobda,
metyvelebac warTmeuli hqonda. igi oTx Tveze met xans
inarCunebda mTavrobis meTauris posts. biuletenebSi misi
janrmrTelobis Sesaxeb yalb cnobebs aqveynebdnen. safrangeTis
cnobili moRvawe JorJ pompidu ki kiboTi iyo daavadebuli, magram
aravis ar aZlevda uflebas krinti daeZra amis Sesaxeb.
avadmyofebi gvmarTavdnen da momavalSic ase iqneba _ aseTi
daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba cnobili mkvlevarebis frangi pier arkosis
da Sveicarieli mier renCnikis amave saTauris wignidan. am klasikuri
bestseleris avtorTa mosazrebebi friad sayuradReboa, ramdenadac igi
faqtobriv masalebzea dafuZnebuli. am wignis bolo gamocemaSi

83
moTxrobilia cnobili Tanamedroveebis _ miteranis, reiganis, kastros,
Ce gevaras, sadam huseinis, golda meieris, papi ioane pavle meoris,
kadafis da sxvaTa daavadebebze. ruseTi am nawarmoebebSi
warmodgenilia andropovis, Cernenkosa da elcinis saxiT. pirveli
gamocemis gmirebi ki iyvnen lenini, stalini, ruzvelti, musolini,
xruSCovi, mao Ze duni, jon kenedi da sxvani. TvalSi sacemia,
ganacxada wignis erT-erTma avtorma arkosma, rom Cveni
mmarTvelebis didi nawili avadmyofebi iyvnen. es imitom, rom
xelisuflebis saTaveSi ukve xnier asakSi modian, roca cxovrebis didi
nawili gavlili aqvT. am asakSi ukve iwyeba daZabuneba da
mTavrobis meTaurebi yovel Rones xmaroben ar SeimCnion igi.
avadmyofma adamianebma gadawyvites sabWoTa jarebis
avRaneTSi Sesvlis sakiTxi. pier arkosis azriT, igive faqtori
moqmedebda CeCneTSi omis dawyebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.
sabWoTa liders, albaT, aRar gaaCnda situaciis Sefasebis unari.
amitomaa, rom mTel rig qveynebSi saxelmwifos pirveli piris da
saerTod liderebis janmrTelobas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven.
magaliTad, amerikelebi zedmiwevniT swavloben yvela politikuri
moRvawis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas.
avadmyof liderebs albaT momavalSic ver avcdebiT, magram
maqsimalurad unda vecadoT janmrTelebi SevarCioT mmarTvelebad.
amerikaSi maqsimalurad cdiloben amas. amerikaSi deklaraciiT
qveynis prezidentobis pretenzia ar SeiZleba hqondes: axlomxedvels;
smis an narkotikebis moyvaruls; cudi kbilebisa da usiamo Rimilis
mqone pirovnebas; SesamCnevel tandabals; SesamCnevi fizikuri
naklis mqones; wvermoSvebuls; kosmetikuri operaciagamovlils;
pasuxisgebaSi namyof, kriminaluri warsulis pirs; ucolSvilo,
uqmarSvilos;

84
 _ protestantuli sarwmunoebis feradkanians da bolos ubralod,
janmrTelobaSeryeul adamians. (v. WanuyvaZe. politologiuri dialogi,
Tb., 1998., gv. 39-41).
Zalian mniSvnelovania politikuri lideris zneobrivi Tvisebebi.
liderisaTvis aseTi Tvisebebis aucileblobaze jer kidev platoni (igi
liders mmarTvelTan aigivebda), aristotele da konfuci miuTiTebdnen.
isini aseT TvisebebSi gamohyofdnen sibrZnes, keTilSobilebas,
patiosnebas, sazogadoebrivi movaleobisadmi pasuxismgeblobas,
adamianebze, sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze zrunvas da
samarTlianobas.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi moraluri faqtoris mniSvneloba
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. es ramdenime masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis
arsebobamac ganapiroba, radgan igi lokaluri omis gaCaRebasac ki
uzarmazar safrTxed aqcevs da es ar SeiZleba ar gaiTvaliswinos
politikurma liderma.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare demokratizaciis
procesSi, kacobriobis saerTo politikuri kulturis amaRleba, ukve
TavisTavad gamoricxavs politikuri marTvis uxeSi da Zaladobrivi
meTodebis erTguli lideris SenarCunebas. Tanamedrove politikuri
lideris saxelmZRvanelo principebi unda iyos humanizmi, keTil-
Sobileba, samarTlianoba da pasuxismgebloba sakuTari xalxisa da
kacobriobis winaSe.
politikur liders unda axasiaTebdes profesionaluri Tvisebebi:
analitikuri azrovneba, viTarebaSi swrafad da sworad garkvevis unari,
sxvisi Sexedulebebis argumentirebuli gansja, politikuri sibrZne,
kompetenturoba, politikur gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTeba. mag.,
prezident jorj buSis gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli
teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamo aucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna

85
aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis mier. mamamisis [jorj buSi
ufrosis] mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetilebam, jarebi
gaegzavna quveitSi iq SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis winaaRmdegobis
gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs daecva navTobis sabazro fasi
msoflio bazarze da amgvarad, Tavidan aeridebina navTobis mkacri
deficiti (magram amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi
datovebam or saxelmwifos Soris xangrZlivi daZabuloba da
urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia). prezident riCard niqsonis
uotergeitis qmedebebma amerikeli eri konstituciuri krizisis zRvarze
miiyvana; prezident lindon b. jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT vietnamSi
500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam da omis gamwvavebam
mZime Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisaTvis, asve mTeli
msofliosaTvis.
II msoflio omis Semdeg prezidentma hari trumenma [1945-
1953] istoriuli gadawyvetilebebis mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis
gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba, axali samxedro aliansebis,
maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis (nato)
Seqmna, agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSualebiT sabWoTa
kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva.
savaraudoa, rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi [aSS prezidenti 1921-
1923] aseT strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, politika Tavisi arsiT lideroba an
nebismieri formis politikuri erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa. politikur-
fsiqologiuri midgomis erT-erT fuZemdebeli aris amerikeli mkvlevari
g. lasueli, romelic C. miriamTan, b. skirenTan da u. uaitTan erTad
warmoadgens Cikagos politikis fsiqologiur skolas.
h. lasueli Tavis naSromSi `fsiqologia da politika~ amtkicebda,
rom liderebs amoZravebT Sinagani, TiTqmis paTologiuri

86
konfliqtebi, romelTa racionalizacia xdeba sajaro moqmedebebis
doneze.
mravali empiriuli kvleva, romlebmac naTeli gaxades liderobis
mTeli rigi politikur-fsiqologiuri problema, ekuTvnis fsiqologebs: b.
bess, k. jibs, m. hermans. r. stogdils, e. fidlers, k. holanders. farTodaa
aseve cnobili frankfurtis skolis liderobis fsiqologiuri koncefcia (t.
adorni, g. markuze, e. fromi, h. arenditi da sxva). kerZod, adornosa
da misi mecnierebis jgufis mier gamokvleulia avtoritarizmisaken
gauazrebeli miswrafebis sakuTxebi.
politikur-fsiqologiuri midgomis safuZvels warmoadgens
uZvelesi, magram amJamad aqtualuri xasiaTis Tvisebebis Teoria. is
iqneboda idealuri liderebis-gmirebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
gamovlinebis bazaze. `aRmatebuli inteleqtualuri unarebi pirovnebas
aniWeben warmoCinebul mdgomareobas, romlebsac is adre Tu
gvian liderobamde mihyavT~. _ werda am Teoriis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli e. bogardusi. (Bograndus E. Leaders and Leadership.
N.Y. 1982. P. 138).

4.2. politikuri liderobis motivacia

liderobis umniSvnelovanesi motivaciuri wyaro aucileblad aris

Zalauflebis motivi. marTlac, ZalauflebisaTvis brZola faruli Tu
aSkara _ nebismieri sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebas moicavs.
potenciuri da realuri politikuri lideris damaxasiaTebeli Zalauflebis
uZlieresi motivi yvelaze iolad ganisazRvreba Tandayolili
individualuri TvisebebiT, razedac wina qveTavSi gvqonda saubari.
Znelia imis uaryofa, rom liderobis miRwevis da ganxorcielebis
pirobas warmoadgens am Tvisebebis minimumi: organizaciuli una-

87
rebi, nebisyofa, darwmunebis unari, reaqciis siswrafe, urTierTobis
stili da sxv. adamiani, romelsac gaaCnia Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis
unari, mis aucileblobas ganicdis. magram Tavisi ganviTarebis
msvlelobaSi politikur-fsiqologiuri mecniereba gascilda `genetikuri~
midgomis CarCoebs.
1930-iani wlebidan liderobis fsiqologiuri winapirobebis
kvlevaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens froidistuli fsiqoanalizis
ideebi. avstrieli nevropaTologisa da fsiqiatris zigmund froidis
axalma ideebma da sakiTxisadmi axleburad midgomam didi roli
Seasrula XX saukunis dasavleTis inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi.
z. froidisaTvis adamianis fsiqikuri moqmedebis ZiriTad impulss
warmoadgens ama Tu im formiT gamovlenili miswrafeba
`libidosaken~ (tkbobisaken aracnobieri miswrafeba), rac arsebiTad
adamianis qcevis motivaciis safuZvelsac warmoadgens. qcevisaTvis
energiis mimcemi, misi energetikuli safuZvelia `libidoiluri energia~,
ise rom TviT maRali Rirebulebis nebismieri qcevis fsiqologiur
meqanizms `libidoiduri ltolvebi~ _ warmoadgens, oRond
sublimaciis-energiis gadaxris saxiT gamovlenili. aseT sublimaciaze
daiyvaneba sazogado kacobriobis kulturuli ganviTareba. civilizacias
z. froidi ganixilavs, rogorc aracnobieri, pirvel rigSi, seqsualuri
midrekilebebis sublimacias.
fsiqoanalizi panaseqsualistur niadagze ar dgas. is
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs erotikul, rac imave SenarCunebisa da
gaerTianebisaken warmmarTveli miswrafebaa da destruqciis
(dangrevisa da ganadgurebis) ltolvebs. yoveli axali safexuri
civilizaciis progresis gzaze moiTxovs arqauli memkvidreobis
Sinaarsisa da ltolvebis dakmayofilebis mzard SezRudvas da libidos
sublimacias. amgvari viTarebis kvalobaze sul ufro Zneldeba ltolvebis
energiis gadatana socialurad misaReb qmedebebze. vinaidan `socio-

88
kulturuli~ garemo instiqtebis daTrgunvas axdens, Tumca insiqtebiT
warmoqmnil impulss gza exSoba ar ixsneba. igi eZiebs SemovliT
gzebs realizaciisaTvis, iwvevs nevrozebs. aseT nevrotikul
pirovnebebs, naxevrad SeSlilebs warmoadgenen adamianebi,
liderebi. maT instiqtebSi mZlavrobs sxvebze batonobis swrafva.
daTrgunuli libidos sublimacia xdeba, uwinares yovlisa, lide-
robisadmi, Zalauflebisadmi swrafvaSi.
instiqtebis sublimirebuli da arasublimirebuli formebis,
aracnobierisa da cnobieris urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs
sazogadoebis bunebas, funqcionirebas, konfliqtebs. froidis azriT,
individis fsiqikisaTvis siRrmiseuli maradiuli konfliqtebi iqceva
moralis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis, religiis, saxelmwifos, samarTlis,
omebisa da a.S. mizezad da Sinaarsad, rac uSualo wvdomisaTvis
dafarulia.
froidis mixedviT adamianis saqciels sami urTierTmoqmedi
instancia ganagebs: `igi~, `me~, `ze-me~. `igi~ moTxovnilebaTa da
ltolvaTa sferos aRniSnavs, `me~-cnobierebis sferos, xolo `ze-me~-
garemomcveli sazogadoebisagan momdinare da individis
cnobierebaSi daleqili, ZiriTadad zneobrivi saxiaTis Sexedulebis, mo-
Txovnilebisa da normebis sferos. individis saqciels uSualod `me~
ganagebs, oRond ise, rom masTan, erTi mxriv, biologiur ltolvaTagan
momdinare impulsebiT xelmZRvanelobs; xolo, meore mxriv, -`ze-
mes~ moTxovnilebiTa da normebiT. ramdenadac ltolvebi
impulsebiT zogjer `ze-mes~ moTxovnebsa da normebs
ewinaaRmdegeba, amdenad `cenzori~ gandevnis maT `mes~, SigniT
ar uSvebs da, maSasadame, Sesatyvis saqcielSi realizaciis uflebasa
da saSualebas ar aZlevs. magram gandevnili ltolvebi ar qreba da xels
ar iRebs realizaciaze. aramed saamiso gzas eZebs. xolo ramdenadac
es gza cnobierebaze gadis, amdenad, isini cnobierebaSi SeRwevis

89
saSualebebs eZeben da bolos da bolos poveben kidevac: garegnul
saxesa da manerebs icvlian, iniRbebian, Tavs sxvad aCveneben, anu
`sublimacias~ ewevian; amiT `cenzura~ SecdomaSi SehyavT,
cnobierebaSi iWrebian SeumCnevlad da, amgvarad, realizacias
aRweven. ramdenadac gandevnil ltolvas cnobiereba ver Seicnobs da
sxvad iRebs, amdenad, igi aracnobieri faqtoris saxiT moqmedebs da
misgan ganpirobebuli saqcielic aracnobier saqciels warmoadgens.
froidis mixedviT pirvelad jgufs warmoadgens erToba individTa,
romlebic erT da imave pirovnebas _ liders Tavis idealad miiCneven,
sakuTar Tavs aigiveben masTan da mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac
am fenomens aqvs adgili-sakuTar mesac erTimeoresTan aigiveben.
aRniSnuli wesiT dgindeba emociuri kavSirebis ori rigi: jgufis
wevrebs Soris da jgufis yovel wevrsa da liders Soris. froidis jgufur
fsiqologiaSi lideri sakvanZo figuras warmoadgens. swored liderTan
jgufis wevrebis urTierToba pirveli rigis kavSirs warmoadgens, igi,
garkveuli azriT, gansazRvravs jgufis wevrebis
urTierTdamokidebulebas: liderTan kavSiris darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
jgufi iSleba. froidis TvalsazrisiT, lideris fsiqologia mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba jgufis sxva wevrebis fsiqologiisagan. sakuTar `me~-s
garda, lideri aravis mimarT ar avlens emociur erTgulebas. mas
aravin ar uyvars, sakuTari Tavis garda, TviTdajerebuli da
damoukidebelia. narcisizmis es Tviseba xdis mas liderad. igi yvela
im TvisebiTa da unariTaa dajildovebuli, romlebamdec ver maRldebi-
an misi jgufis wevrebi. amitom lideri xdeba maTi zeideali. liderTan
identificirebaSi sruliad ar igulisxmeba calsaxa pozitiuri grZnobebi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, jgurfuri dinamikis froidiseuli Teoriis
sakvanZo cnebebs warmoadgens identifikaciis deseqsualizebuli
libidos cnebebi.

90
 froidis moZRvrebaSi arsebiTad ganixileba stratifikaciuri sqema:
`lideri-elita-masebi~. mxedvelobaSi aqvs ra liderobis mxolod
avtoritaruli forma, froids miaCnia, rom masebi yovelTvis eZeben da
Tayvans scemens liderebs; maT amoZravebT damoukideblobasa da
pasuxismgeblobaze uaris Tqmis uZlieresi survili. lideris gaidealeba
da masTan identifikacia, froidis TvalsazrisiT, socialuri batonobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqanizmia.
z. froidis mowafeebi da mimdevrebi sazogadoebas hyofen
fsiqikurad normalur, SemoqmedebiT unars moklebul adamianebad
da liderebad, romlebic maTi SexedulebiT, maniakebs, fsiqopaTebs
warmoadgenen. paranoikebs udavod mTeli rigi upiratesoba
axasiaTebT liderobisaTvis brZolaSi. eqstremalur situaciaSi, sadac
normaluri adamiani bunebrivad meryeobs da sasowarkveTilebas
eZleva, fsiqopaTiuri pirovnebebi Tavs Cveulebrivad grZnoben, maT
yvela movlenasa da faqtze sakuTari azri gaaCniaT.
fsiqoanalizis tradiciis Tanaxmad, adamiani cdilobs ra gadalaxos
`gaucxoebis autaneli grZnoba~, miiltvis liderobisaken, anda lideris
nebisadmi damorCilebisaken. `Zalauflebis neba~, liderobisa da sxva
adaminebze batonobis dauokebeli survili ganixileba, rogorc
`adamianis bunebrivi Tviseba~, e.i. rogorc aqsiomaturi debuleba. am
Tezisis operirebiT xdeba sazogadoebriv movlenaTa, kerZod,
liderobis fenomenis deskrifcia da interpretireba. mogvianebiT moxda
froidizmis modifikacia, ramac saboloo angariSiT `neofroidizmis~
warmoSoba gamoiwvia. `individualurma fsiqologiam~ intensiuri
gavrceleba pova 20-30-ian wlebSi, gansakuTarebiT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis samecniero wreebSi.
rekonstruirebuli fsiqoanalizis koncefcia-neofroidizmi adamianis
qcevasa da cnobierebis ganmsazRvrel safuZvlad midrekilebebs
miiCnevs, romlebsac adamianis fsiqikaSi dauZleveli ltolvebis saxiT

91
aqvT gadgmuli fesvebi. neofroidizmis adeptebis mier fsiqikuri
normebi ganixileba, rogorc socialuri garemosadmi pirovnebis
warmatebiTi adaptacia. maTi SexedulebiT, konfliqti adamianisa da
sociokulturul garemos Soris iwvevs pirovnebis fsiqikis destruqcias,
mis daavadebebs, nevrozebs, romelTa ricxvs amerikeli fsiqologi
karen hornei miakuTvnebs `Zalauflebis nevrozs~ _ liderobisaken
yovlisSemZle miswrafebas, adamianebze batonobis uZlieres
survils~. (a. bucxrikiZe. elitizmis klasikuri Teoriebi da politikuri
lideroba. Tb., 2008, gv. 135). aseT pirovnebebSi moWarbebulia
prestiJis wyurvili da SuRlis grZnoba maTSi, Cveulebriv, sxvaTa
damcirebis Zlieri survilis formas Rebulobs.
a. adleri Tavisi moZRvrebis pirovnebis centralur amsaxvel
principad xdis `Zalauflebis nebas~ (seqsualuri ltolvis nacvlad).
srulyofilebisaken, aRmatebisaken, socialuri Zalauflebisaken
swrafviT subieqti miiswrafvis misi konstituciiT ganpirobebuli Zalau-
flebis deficitis kompensirebisaken. Zalauflebis aseTi kompensatoruli
axsna aqvs h. lasuelsac. lasuelis azriT, politikuri moRvaweobis
fsiqologiur safuZvels warmoadgens pirovnebis mier sazogadoebrivi
obieqtis sferoSi gadatanili `kerZo konfliqtebi~ da misi Semdgomi
racionalizacia sazogadoebrivi interesebis WrilSi. Zalauflebis floba
fsiqologiurad akompensirebs im daTrgunebulobasa da frustracias, ro-
melsac pirovneba ganicdis. aseTi adamianebis mTavari Tviseba, misi
azriT, aris Zalauflebis aqcentireba adamianis sxva faseulobebis
mimarT: Zalauflebisaken dauokebeli ltolva, sxva faseulobebisa da
adamianebis gamoyeneba, rogorc Zalauflebis miRwevis saSualeba,
Zalauflebis teqnologiebis floba. klasikuri gaxda mis gamoTqma
`politikur adamians Tavisi kerZo motivebi gadaaqvs sazogadoebriv
obieqtebze, axdens ra racionalizirebas sazogadoebrivi interesebis

92
terminebSi~. (Lasswell H. D. Power and Personality. N.Y.W.W.
Norton, 1948).
a. jorji Tavis naSromebSi `rogorc kompensatoruli faseuloba~
afarToebs lasuelis saerTo hipoTezis Teoriul CarCoebs. misi azriT,
yvela politikuri lideri ganicdis Zlauflebisaken swrafvas.
SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens pasiurobis, sisustis SiSs, sxvebis mier
dominirebis SiSs, sxva SemTxvevaSi, Zlauflebis motivi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes pirovnebis agresiuli da destruqciuli Tvisebebis
arsebobisas. amitom Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos sasurveli mravali
mizezis gamo, amasTan erTi da igive adamians es mizezebi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva hqondes sxvadasxva dros.
pirobiTad, SeiZleba mizezebis sami tipis gamoyofa: sxvebze
dominireba an sxvisi qmedebebis SezRudva; sxvisi Zalauflebis an
Tavis saqmeebSi sxvisi Carevis Tavidan acileba; politikuri
miRwevebis ganxorcieleba. sxva sityvebiT, Zalauflebis motivebi
SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod da ara imdenad kompensatoruli,
ramdenadac instrumentaluri: `Zalaufleba SeiZleba iyos sasurveli
sxva pirovnuli Tvisebis dasakmayofileblad, rogoricaa moTxovnileba
miRwevebze, pativiscemaze, usafrTxoebaze, mowonebaze~.
(George J.L. Power as a compensatory value for political Leaders.
Jurnal of social issues. N.Y. 1968 #24 P. 35). zogjer mizani, aravin
dominirebdes politikosze, SeiZleba gaxdes umTavresi da ufro
faseuli, vidre sxvebi.
amgvarad, am motivis upiratesoba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
pirovnebis pozitiuri fsiqosocialuri kavSirebis, misi sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobis deficitis Sedegi. amasTan nawilobriv
kavSirSia calmxrivi individualisturi da hipertrofirebuli an egocentru-
li ambiciebi. emociur-pozitiuri urTierTobis deficiti (siyvaruli,
TanagrZnoba) adreul asakSi SesaZloa gaxdes pirveladi rgoli

93
mizezebisa da Sedegebis jaWvSi da bolosdabolos iqces pirovnebis
dominirebul motivad. mSobliur ojaxSi arasasikeTo situacia tipiuri
movlenaa gansakuTarebiT Zalauflebis moyvaruli da avtoritaruli
politikosebis biografiaSi. swored am koncefciis da froidis
qvecnobieri instiqtebis Teoriis CarCoebSi ganixilavs `vaSington
posti~ da Jurnali `Newsweek international~-i aSS-s 44-e prezidentis
sagareo politikas. obamas alogikuri politikur qmedebebis wyaros
mecnieri da Jurnalisti f. zaxaria mis biografiasa da qvecnobierSi
eZebs. prezidenti daibada Rarib ojaxSi. yavda aramzada mama _
wers igi, _ romelic Svilebs sxvadasxva qalebTan aCenda da ucnauri
deda, romelmac amerikaSi cxovrebas muslimanuri indonezia da
pakistani arCia. 20 wlis manZilze misi mentori iyo `pastori~ raiti,
romelic wyevlida amerikas da 11 seqtembris teraqtebiT
aRfrTovanebas ver malavda. obamas megobari teroristi aiersi axlac
amayobs, rom pentagonisa da gamoZiebis federaluri biuros Stabbi-
nebis afeTqebas cdilobda. Tavisi bavSvobis umniSvnelovanesi wlebi
obamam indoneziaSi gaatara, rogorc muslimma. amitom gulis
siRrmeSi igi amerikis mtrebs solidarobas ucxadebs. rodesac
prezidentobis kandidatad daasaxeles, misma meuRlem, miSelma,
ganacxada: `sicocxleSi pirvelad vamayob amerikiT~. xolo rodesac
berlinis kedlis dangrevis, amerikis sagareo politikuri ideis udidesi
triumfis wlisTavs zeimobdnen, obama, sxva mTavari qveynebis
pirveli pirebisagan gansxvavebiT, dResaswaulze ar mivida. misTvis
es movlena triumfi ar iyo. amitomac, rogorc aSS-s prezidenti, obama
cdilobda ekeTebina is, rac mas moeTxoveboda, magram ar ga-
mosdioda, radganac qvecnobierad igi amerikis oponentebis mxareze
iyo, amiT aixsneba misi mxardaWera hondurasis gaZevebuli
prezidentis, ugo Cavesis megobar selaiusisadmi, romelic cdilobda
Cavesis karieris gameorebas. amitomac iyo, rom sami Tvis ganmav-

94
lobaSi verafriT aiZula Tavi damatebiTi jarebi gaegzavna avRaneTSi
da rodesac bolosdabolos gagzavna, yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom
misia Cavardniliyo.
prezidenti obama mudam ambobs, rom avRaneTSi omis
mogebas apirebs. `me absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom
gavimarjvebT~, _ acxadebda is Tavis yovelwliur mimarTvaSi
kongresisadmi. magram misi administracia warmatebis sakuTar
Sansebs anadgurebs qveyanaSi amerikis erTaderTi saimedo
partnioris _ hamid yarzais mudmivi kritikiT. `vaSington fosti~-s
mimomxilvelebi TavianT statiebSi aRniSnavdnen, rom obamam
moaxerxa urTierTobis gafuWeba aSS-is mTavar mokavSiresTan _
inglisTan, safrangeTTan da israelTan. (gaz. `saqarTvelo da msoflio~,
2-8 noemberi, 2001 w. #39 (136)).
Tumca, motivebis axsnis dros ar aris savaldebulo bavSvobis
wlebs mivmarToT. politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi
monawileoba xSirad warmoadgens savsebiT mozrdili adamianebis
daukmayofilebeli Tavmoyvareobis Sedegs, aseve warumateblobis da
Tavdapirveli moRvaweobis sferoSi dabali profesionaluri statusis
Sedegs. STabeWdilebis moxdenis, Zlieri emociuri reaqciis
gamowvevisa da a.S. Zalauflebis miRwevis Semdeg politikuri lideri
ganicdis eiforiis grZnobas, romelic dabali TviTSefasebis (ris gamoc
is itanjeba) kompensacias uwevs.
Zalauflebis motivi rTuli fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebelia
analizisaTvis, radgan moRvaweobis manZilze igi SeiZleba
sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlindes. es damokidebulia Zalauflebis
daminirebul saxeobaze, kompleqsebze, `mtkivneuls adgilebze~,
cxovrebuseul gzaze da mraval sxva faqtorebze. SeiZleba gamoiyos
Zalauflebisaken swrafvis Semdegi indikatorebi:

95
  gavlenis, kontrolis an sxvebze zemoqmedebis moxdenaSi
daintereseba;
 sxva adamianebis, jgufebis an samyaros mimarT mZafri
qmedebebi;
 sxvebis kontroli da marTva;
 gavlenis, mtkicebis, darwmunebis, argumentirebis mcdeloba;
 daxmareba da rCevebi maSinac ki, rodesac amas ar iTxoven;
 prestiJis Jini;
 survili moaxdinon STabeWdileba da gamoiwvion Zlieri
emociuri reaqcia;
 saorganizacio sistemis gamogonebisa da misi funqcionirebis
politikur pirovnebebze Tavmoxvevis survili;
 sxvebisaTvis Zalauflebis ganawilebis survilis arqona;
 Tavisi funqciebis mimarT rCevebis miRebis survilis arqona;
 sxvebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis delegirebis survilis
arqona, radgan is Tvlis, rom es mxolod misi prerogativaa;
 sxvebTan (visac masTan erTad Zalauflebis gadanawileba
surs) Tavis funqciebis Taobaze konsultireba;
 sxvebis informirebis survilis arqona.
amis garda, Zalauflebis motivis maCvenebelia iseTi poziciis
daWera, romelic politikoss formalur socialur Zalauflebas aZlevs.
aseTi politikosi naklebad zrunavs konkretul miRwevebze
(moqalaqeTa keTildReobis zrda, msoflio arenaze qveynis konkurent-
unarianobis amaRleba da sxv.), uWirs sxva politikosebTan saubari,
gansakuTrebiT opoziciasTan. mTavaria _ Zalauflebis wyaroebis
SeZena da SenarCuneba.
rogorc wesi, Zalauflebis wyurviliT moZravi liderebi Tavis
unarebs ise ageben, rom sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebis
winaaRmdegobis daZleva SeZlon. amasTan, pirvel adgilze dgas

96
komunikaciis monologiuri warmarTvis unari. pirovnebebs Soris
urTierTobaSi aseTi lideri mzadaa eqsploatacia gauwios sxvebs. is
partniors aRiqvams rogorc metoqes, moTamaSes. Zalauflebis
maRali motivis mqone politikuri liderebi konfliqturebi arian, aqvT
manipulirebisa da saomari Zalisxmevis unari. avtoritaruli urTierToba
gardauvlad zRudavs SemoqmedebiTi mmarTvelobis SesaZleb-
lobebs. Tu politikuri lideris moRvaweobas davyofT sam arsebiT
monakveTad, SesaZlebelia gamoiyos: `lideris~ rolze wamoyenebis
etapi, adaptaciis etapi da am rolSi SemoqmedebiTi TviTrealizebis
etapi. liderebi gansakuTrebul rezultatebs pirvel etapze aRweven.
adaptaciis periodisaTvis es Sedegebi sagrZnoblad iklebs, xolo bolo
etapze miRwevebi adgils uTmobs Secdomebsa da warumateblobas.
msgavsi motivaciis politikosebs advilad amoicnobs sazogadoebrivi
azri, radgan aseTi moRvaweebi gamoirCevian moqmedebis aSkara
TaviseburebebiT: cinizmi, veragoba, flangva, sisastike. politologiasa
da politikur fsiqologiaSi maT miakuTvneben makiavelis tipis
liderebs. metic, SemuSavda makiavelizmis donis gasazomi
koeficientebi: pirovnebebTan urTierTobaSi emociebis susti roli,
moralis ugulvebelyofa, ideologiuri Sexedulebebis arqona, sxva
adamianebis manipulirebiT gamowveuli siamovneba. aqve
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom marTalia, politikaSi damkvidrda
moraluri kanonebis uarmyofeli politikis aRmniSvneli termini _
`makiavelizmi~, magram makiaveli politikaSi principuli amoralizmis
momxre ar iyo. misi SexedulebiT, politikurma liderma unda icodes
adamianuri moRvaweobis mTavari stimulebi, unda Seiswavlos da
politikuri miznebisTvis gamoiyenos qveSevrdomTa midrekilebebi da
`adamianis sulis faruli survilebis gamocnobis unaris wyalobiT~
ibatonos maTze. sagangebo viTarebaSi, rodesac `xalxi garyvnilia~,
saWiroa sagangebo zomebis miReba. politikuri warmatebis ZiriTad

97
pirobad n. makiavels miaCnda saTnoeba da ara sulieri simdable.
saTnoebis apoTeoziT mTavrdeba misi brwyinvale Txzuleba
`mTavari~. igi wers, rom `saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad, mTavari
xSirad iZulebulia imoqmedos erTgulebis, moyvasisadmi siyvarulis,
adamianobis, sarwmunoebis sapirispirod. amitomac igi aucileblad
moqnili unda iyos, rom moxerxebulad esadagebodes qaris qrolviTa
Tu bedis trialiT nakarnaxev mimarTulebas da ar gadauxvios sikeTis
gzas, Tu es SesaZloa, magram, imavdorulad, SeeZlos borotebis
gzaze dadgomac, Tuki es aucilebelia~ (n. makiaveli, mTavari Tb.,
2000, gv. 75).
`borotebis gzaze dasadgomad~ gansakuTrebiT xelSemwyobi
pirobebia tiranuli, absolutizmisa da totalitaruli reJimis pirobebi.
aseve mZafri revoluciuri kataklizmebis garemo, rodesac dangreulia
politikuri moRvaweobis Zveli `norma-CarCoebi~ da jer axali ar aris
aRmocenebuli. swored istoriuli pirobebis specifika da SezRuduloba
uCvenebs, rom hipertrofiuli Zalauflebis siyvaruli ar SeiZleba
ganixilebodes liderobis erTaderT motivad.
cnobilma amerikelma mkvlevarma r. donlim da d. uinterma
ganaxorcieles XX saukunis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Tormeti
prezidentis `xelsiuflebis motivis~ Zalis intensivobis gazomva
(sainauguracio sityvis Sinaarsis analizis meSveobiT) da Seufardes igi
prezidentis moRvaweobis politikur efeqtianobas (istorikosTa
Sefasebis mixedviT), agreTve omSi qveynis Cabmasa da
samTavrobo kabinetis gardaqmnis masStabebs. prezidentebis
gankargulebaSi arsebuli xelisuflebis uzarmazari aparatis
miuxedavad, im prezidentTagani, romelic gamoyenebuli maCvene-
blebis mixedviT, xelisuflebis sust motivacias avlenda _ (tafti,
hardingi, kuliji, huveri da d. aizenhaueri), naklebad aqtiurad

98
amoqmedebda samTavrobo aparats, vidre xelisuflebis Zlieri motivis
mqone prezidentebi: f. d. ruzvelti, h. trumeni, j. kenedi da l. jonsoni.
xelisuflebis Zlieri motivaciis mqone politikur liders udidesi
unari gaaCnia xelsayrelad gamoiyenos konkretuli viTarebiT
Seqmnili moqmedebis SesaZleblobani. ama Tu im pirovnebebSi
gamovlenili `unari~, SesaZlebloba e.w. `makiavelizmis skolis~
mixedviT detalurad (eqsperimentulad) gamoikvlia r. kristim Tavis
kolegasTan f. geisTan erTad.
pirebi, romlebmac aRniSnuli fsiqologiuri eqsperimentis
Sedegad qulebi daagroves, didad gansxvavdebian dabali
maCveneblebis mqone pirebisagan, uwinares yovlisa, ki gulgrilobiT,
simSvidiT. makiavelizmis maRali Rirsebis mqoneni socialur
urTierTobebSi, moxerxebulni da gamWriaxni arian, xSirad
imyofebian maTTvis xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi, advilad
zemoqmedeben sxvebze, TviTon ki iSviaTad iTvaliswineben sxvis
mrwamss. isini makiavelizmis dabali maCveneblebis mqone
pirTagan sxva mxrivac gansxvavdebian, kerZod: uSualo socialuri
urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi, rodesac maT improvizaciisa da
moqmedebis Tavisuflebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, sadac e.w. `sustad
gamoxatul makiavelistebs~ xels uSlis gamarjvebisagan
damoukidebel wvrilmanebSi emociuri CarTva... e.w. `gamoxatuli
makiavelistebi~ naklebad arian ganwyobilni CaerTon sxva pirov-
nebaTa problemebSi, gamomaJRavnon gulisnadebi, anda rTul da
Znel garemoebebSi SeinarCunon reputacia ... emociuri Carevisadmi
naklebi midrekilebis erT-erT Sedegs warmoadgens `gamoxatuli
makiavelistebis~ Zlieri winaaRmdegoba uxeSi socialuri
zewolisadmi, romelic ubiZgebs maT daTmobisaken,
TanamSromlobis an mizandasaxulobaTa Secvlisaken.

99
 `Zlieri makiavelistebi~ warmarTaven da akontroleben jgufis
socialur struqturas, maT aRiareben liderebad, amjobineben
partniorebad; isini akontroleben socialuri urTierTqmedebis Sinaarssa
da atmosferos da, rogorc wesi, am socialuri urTierTqmedebis
Sedegsac (Christic B., geis F. L., Studies in machiavelliansm n. y.
1970, p. 312-313).
mniSvnelovania mxedvelobaSi viqonioT is, rom _ politika ar
aris erTaderTi da yvelaze keTilsasurveli sfero Zalauflebis
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. demokratiul `sabazro~
sazogadoebaSi sawarmoo da finansuri magnatis an msxvili
kompaniis menejeris Zalaufleba arafriT ar CamorCeba, xolo simyaris
maCvenebliT aRemateba kidev politikuri lideris Zalauflebas.
politikurma moRvaweebma SesaniSnavad ician, rom maTgan
mxolod erTeulebi miaRweven politikuri nagebobis umaRles
sarTulebs. umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organoebis wevrebic ki floben
mxolod koleqtiur Zalauflebas, romelic iSviaTad Seefardeba Za-
lauflebis Zlier pirad siyvaruls. yovelive es adasturebs politikosebis
motivaciis mravalsaxeobas da sirTules. magram rogoric ar unda iyos
Zalauflebis motivacia mas Zala Seswevs miiyvanos lideri warmate-
bul politikur qcevamde.
politikosebs xSirad miaweren `ambiciurobas~, romlis safuZvels
ZiriTadad Seadgens miRwevis motivacia. es erTderTi
mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa imaTgan, romelic politikur liders
gamoarCevs, radgan aseT adamianebs axasiaTebs TviTdajerebuloba,
Seupovroba, realistoba, iniciatoruloba. am Tvisebebs umetesad
mSoblebi umuSaveben. isini xom momavali politikuri liderisaTvis
misabaZi umaRlesi etalonebi arian. miRwevis motivs Sexeba aqvs
ostatobasTan, manipulirebasTan, fizikuri da socialuri garemos
organizebasTan, winaRobebis gadalaxvasTan, SejibrTan, vinmeze

100
gamarjvebis moTxovnilebasTan. adamianebi, romlebic miRwevebi-
saken iswrafvian, iswrafvian Zalauflebiskenac, rom Tavis mizans
miaRwion. isini ufro mSvidad aRiqvamen cvlilebebs gare
samyaroSi. aseT adamianebs umJRavndebaT amocanaze Zlieri
orientaciis tendencia, Tanac dasawyisSi miRebuli warumatebloba am
amocanas kidev ufro warmtacs xdis. gansakuTrebul siamovnebas
isini warmatebis winaswari WvretiT da amocanis gadaWriT iReben.
Tavisi miznebis motivi bevrisaTvis politikuri karieris RerZs
warmoadgens. roca politikuri moRvawe saxelmwifos meTauri
xdeba, mTavari mizani TiTqosda miRweulia. magram sagareo
politikuri sfero mas mravali Znelad misaRwevi miznebis dasaxvis
SesaZleblobas sTavazobs. am miznebis miRweva maT garkveul fsi-
qologiur siamovnebas gvris. motivis SefardebiTi Zala moqmedebs
politikuri lideris mier Sedegebis albaTobis subieqtur Sefasebaze, anu
warmatebis miRwevis ufro maRali motivi xels Seuwyobs
warmatebis miRwevis albaTobis ufro maRal subieqtur Sefasebas.
warmatebis Semdeg emociuri aRmavlobis xarisxi an warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi damcirebis xarisxi damokidebulia adamianis subieqtur
molodinebze SeZlos garkveuli Sedegis miReba. amgvarad,
gamoiyofa motivaciuri sqemis ori tipi:
 Cavardnis acilebis motivacia ufro maRalia, vidre warmatebis
miRwevis motivacia. aseTi motivaciuri sqema aRwers im
adamianis qcevas, romelic brZolis vels Semdegi sityvebiT
tovebs: `me wavage imis gamo, rom ase msurda da ar vcdi-
lobdi mogebas~;
 warmatebis miRwevis motivacia Cavardnis motivaciaze ufro
maRalia. es aris realuri politikuri lideris qcevis tipiuri
motivaciuri sqema. (Atkinson T. Feather N. A. Theory of
achievement motivation. N. Y. Norton. 1966. 125 p.).

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  miRwevis motivi mJRavndeba srulyofaze, daxelovnebaze
zrunvaSi, qcevaSi, romelic mimarTulia miRwevaze. aseT
liders axasiaTebs zomieri riski, is axdens Tavisi qcevis
modificirebas garemoebaze gaTvliT. aseTi politikuri lideri
Tavis damxmarebad irCevs karg eqspertebs da ara
megobrebs. mas axasiaTebs eqspresiuli moZraobebi,
gadaadgilebebi Sesvenebebis gareSe. amis garda, SeiZleba
gamoiyos miRwevis motivis iseTi indikatorebi, rogoricaa:
 Sesrulebis xarisxze pirdapiri sityvieri an iribi,
moqmedebebiT gamoxatuli miTiTebebi;
 SejibrSi aRmatebis an warmatebis interesi;
 negatiuri emociebis an ganmeorebiTi moqmedebebis
gamomJRavneba (warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi);
 unikaluri, uprecendento Sedegebis miRweva.
politikuri lideris moTxovnilebebi afilaciis mimarT (jgufTan
mikuTvnebuloba) mJRavndeba lideris sxvebTan axlo urTierTobebze
zrunvaSi. magram isini mxolod usafrTxo pirobebSi (anu Tavis
megobrebisa da keTilismsurvelebis garemocvaSi) Cndebian. xolo
arakeTilganwyobil garemocvaSi liderebi afilaciis wamyvani motiviT
xSirad aramyari arian. maTi urTierTqmedebebi-keTilganwyoba,
SexedulebaTa msgavseba da Tanxmoba iseve ormxrivia, rogorc
maTi uTanxmoeba da antipaTia. politikuri lideri sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobis dros xSirad konformistiviT iqceva. isini aseTi
Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, savaraudod Tavis mrCevlebad airCeven
loialur megobrebs da ara eqspertebs. (Winter D. Carison L. Using
motive scores in the psychobiographical study of an individual: The
case of Richard Nixon/Journal of Personality. N. Y. 1988. Vol. 56. P.
75-103.).

102
 politikuri liderebis motivebis indikatorebi

Zalaufleba miRweva afilacia

moTxovnileba STabeWdilebis sxvebze upiratesobis jgufTan
moxdnis da Zlieri da SejibrSi mikuTvneba, jgufis
emociuri reaqciis warmatebis interesi; mier misi miReba;
gamowvevis survili; unikaluri, uprecen- Sepyrobilni arian
gavlena, kontroli, dento Sedegebis ukonfliqto
zemoqmedeba sxva miReba. urTierTobis ideiT.
adamianebze, jgufebze
an msoflioze mTlianad;
prestiJis wyurvili.
arsi mTavaria-Zalauflebis amocanaze Zlieri sxvebis mxridan
wyaroebis mopoveba orientirebis tendencia; keTilganwyobis
da SenarCuneba. xSirad eZieben Zieba; mTavaria _
Zalauflebas, rom ara xelisuflebaSi,
Tavis miznebs aramed tribunaze
miaRwion. yofna.
gansakuTre- urTierTobis konstruqciuli da prognozirebisa da
biT faseuli monologiuri stilis proeqtoruli unarebi. dialogiuri urTier-
Tvisebebi unari. Tobis unari.
gundis Tavisi funqciebis Tavis damxmareebad ufro savaraudoa,
Seqmnis mimarT sxvebis irCevs eqspertebs da rom Tavis
principi mxridan rCevebis ara megobrebs. mrCevlebad
miuRebloba; airCeven loialur
sxvebisTvis megobrebs da ara
gadawyvetilebebis eqspertebs.
delegirebis survilis
arqona.
gamoxatva gavlenis, mtkicebebis, Sesrulebis xarisxze, sxvebTan axlo
darwmunebis, pirdapiri _ sityvieri urTierTobebze
argumentirebis miTiTebebi an iribi _ zrunva.
mcdelobebi. qmedebebi.

103
 urTierToba SesaZloa ar si- gaurbian urTierTobis dros atarebs pirad
amovnebdes sxva formas da mzad arian kontaqtebSi da sxva
politikosTan, miT wavidnen konfliqtze adamianebTan
umetes opoziciasTan ideis ganxorcielebis urTierTobaSi da
urTierToba. gamo. xSirad
konformistiviT
iqceva.

qceva rTul arian konfliqturebi, midrekilia zomieri savsea SfoTviTa da

situaciebSi aqvT midrekileba riskisadmi, axdens mRelvarebiT, Tavs
manipulatoruli qme- Tavisi qcevis icavs; dinamiurad
debebisa da udidesi modificirebas cvald situaciaSi is
samxedro garemoebebze damo- ubralod `dinebis
Zalisxmevisadmi. kidebulebiT. sawinaaRmdego~
mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndeba.

gansakuTrebiT lideris rolze SemoqmedebiTi SesaZloa iyos

efeqturi wamoyenebis etapi. TviTrealizaciis etapze efeqturi mxolod
periodi maT eliT arnaxuli lideris rolze
warmateba. adaptaciis etapze.

msgavsi miswrafebebis liderebisaTvis mTavari xelisuflebaSi

yofna ki ara, aramed tribunaze yofnaa. amitom isini gansakuTrebiT
ar ibrZvian adgilebisaTvis xelisuflebis aRmasrulebel organoebSi.
maTi stiqiaa _ mitingebi, gamosvlebi parlamentSi nebismier
sakiTxze. maT ar SeuZliaT Zalisxmevis koncentrireba xangrZliv
individualur samuSaoze. amitom, gavlen ra parlamentSi, es
politikosebi ar Sedian imaT ricxvSi, vinc kanonproeqtis

104
SemuSavebaze muSaobs. isini mzad arian Sexvdnen sxvadasxva
adamianebs (iqneba es teroristi Tu biznesmeni), mravaljer warsdgnen
nebismieri auditoriis winaSe, monawileoba miiRon nebismier
politikur RonisZiebaSi.
lideruli motivebis gamomJRavnebis arsi ar mdgomareobs
motivebis Sesabamisad realuri liderebis klasifikaciaSi, aramed
gamoixateba lideris fsiqologiaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva motivaciuri
tendenciebis SefardebiTi siZlieris ierarqiis gamovlenaSi.
politikuri lideris qcevis ganmsazRvreli motivebis ierarqia
SeiZleba aigos mxolod arCevanis gakeTebis situaciebis analizis
safuZvelze _ rodesac erTi saxis motivebi konfliqtSi modian
meoresTan. aseT SemTxvevebSi `gamarjvebuli~ motivi ufro metad
axasiaTebs lideris fsiqologias, vidre `wagebuli~, an maT mier
ugulvebelyofili. pirvels ufro maRali ierarqiuli adgili uWiravs
mocemuli moRvawis motivaciaSi.
rodesac politikur liders Zalauflebis wyurvili ufro maRali aqvs,
vidre afilaciis, am SemTxvevaSi mas gaaCnia `imperiuli modeli~.
aseTi liderebi Zalauflebas iZenen sakuTari nebis jgufis
(saxelmwifos, eTnikuri jgufis, religiuri, ideologiuri) nebaze
daqvemdebarebiT. Tavis mxriv, jgufis Zalaufleba maTi Zalaufleba
xdeba. jgufi maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani xdeba: jgufisTvis ufro
meti Zalauflebis miRweva zrdis lideris pirad Zalauflebas. aseTi
liderebi mzad arian Seswiron sakuTari interesebi jgufis interesebs,
ramdenadac rac sasargebloa jgufisaTvis, sasargebloa maTTvisac.
aseTi `imperiuli modelis~ mqone liderebs uyvarT Sroma, grZnoben
valdebulebas jgufis winaSe, exmarebian Tavis mimdevrebs Tavi
igrZnon Zlierebad, daculebad, pasuxismgeblebad; maTSi aviTareben
jgufisadmi erTgulebas da akisreben emisrebis Zalauflebas, riTac
afarToeben samflobeloebs. am procesis saSualebiT politikuri liderebi

105
Tavis mimdevrebs Soris nergaven maRal morals, gundur
suliskveTebas da miznebis gaTavisebas. maT agreTve axasiaTebT
samarTlianobis grZnoba, sxva wevrebTan TanamSromloba jgufis
normebze dayrdnobiT; isini ar iCenen favoritebs da mianiSneben, Tu
ra mohyveba am normebis darRvevas, radgan aseTi liderebi
urTierTobebs Tavis mimdevrebTan ndobaze ageben, jgufis mimarT
safrTxis SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT mimdevrebis mobilizeba
Zaladobrivi qmedebebis CaTvliT. situaciis kontrolisaTvis mimdevre-
bi gaakeTeben yvelafers, rasac maT lideri daavalebs.
rodesac politikur liders Zalauflebis moTxovnileba maRali aqvs,
xolo afilaciisa _ dabali, is qcevaSi amJRavnebs `konkvistadoris
motivaciis models~. isini feodal-batonebs gvanan. akontroleben
situacias mTlianobaSi da Tavis Zalauflebas avrceleben uxeSi Zalis
meSveobiT. maT ician, ra aris sasargeblo jgufisaTvis (saxelmwifo,
xelisufleba, eTnikuri jgufi, religiuri jgufi). es liderebi mTlianobaSi
mamacebi da mimzidvelebi arian _ `guladi gmirebi~. isini Zalze cotas
zrunaven garSemo myof adamianebze, Tvlian ra, rom isini mxolod unda
gamoiyenon. aseTi politikosebi amyareben sakuTar ideeebze morgebul
wesebs, romlebic umal Seicvleba maTi interesebisa da miznebis
Sesabamisad. Tavdapirvelad mimdevrebi mihyvebian aseT liderebs,
radgan maT aqvT qarizma da garkveul Sedegebs aRweven.
mogvianebiT, rodesac isini gadaWarbebul da sastik eqspluatacias
mimarTaven, an rodesac grZnoben, rom politikosis miznebi Sorsaa
maTi saWiroebebisagan, _ zurgs aqceven maT (lideris imiji.
fsiqologiuri saxelmZRvanelo politikosebisaTvis
htt://www.niiolom.ru/imidg.htm).

4.3. politikuri lideris moRvaweobis

106
 Taviseburebebi da `me~-koncefcia

politikuri lideri dakavebulia politikuri saqmianobiT _ politikis

subieqtebis politikuri aqtiurobis koncentrirebuli saxeobiT, romelsac
axasiaTebs ZalauflebisaTvis brZola, politikuri Zalauflebis
organizeba da ganxorcieleba, politikis meTodebis SemuSaveba da
gamoyeneba. politikuri moRvaweobis specifika mdgomareobs mTel
rig gansxvavebebSi sxva saxis saqmianobasTan SedarebiT.
upirveles yovlisa, is mimarTulia Zalauflebisaken. ganuyofladaa
dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferosTan da
SezRudulia mxolod samarTliT, romelic gansazRvravs politikuri
moRvaweobis dasaSveb farglebs da politikis subieqtebis SesaZleb-
lobebs.
politikuri moRvaweobis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom politikosi apelirebs erTdroulad ramdenime jgufTan, romlebic
xSirad antagonistur damokidebulebaSi arian erTmaneTTan,
amasTanave mis amocanas warmoadgens moipovos am jgufis
keTilganwyoba.
 rogorc sajaro moRvawe, politikosi mimarTavs
amomrCevlebis farTo masas, riTac maTi gasaWirisa da
survilebis codnis demonstrirebas axdens;
 rogorc politikuri moRvawe, politikosi apelirebs ufro viwro
jgufTan _ partiul TanamoazreebTan, riTac aseve axdens
dasaxuli miznebisa da amocanebis gacnobierebis
demonstrirebas;
 rogorc saxelmwifo, sakanonmdeblo da sxva saxelmwifo
organoebSi moRvawe, politikosi unda axdendes saxelmwifo
amocanebis, miznebisa da perspeqtivebis (romlebic

107
 saxelmwifos umaRlesi organoebis mieraa dasaxuli)
gacnobierebis demonstrirebas;
 rogorc momsaxure da profesionali, politikosi unda axdendes
korporatiuli interesebis gacnobierebis demonstrirebas.
nebismieri saqmianobiT, maT Soris politikuriT, dakavebulia
pirovneba, romelsac gaaCnia Tavisi individualuri fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebi rogorc Tandayolili, aseve SeZenili. amave dros misi
ganviTareba emorCileba adamianis bunebis saerTo fsiqologiur
kanonebs. amas garda, politikur liders aqvs Tavisi fsiqologiuri
Taviseburebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTari fsiqilogiuri
motivacia. es faqti udaod gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos lideris
moRvaweobis analizis dros.
politikuri lideris pirovnebis struqturis fsiqologiur dones
miekuTvneba: nebisyofa, grZnobebi, aRqma, SegrZnebebi,
azrovneba, emociebi, mexsiereba. es maxasiaTeblebi eyrdnoba
adamianis or ipostass: biologiurs an socialur arss da gaaCniaT
fsiqofiziologiuri xasiaTi, magram socialuri Semadgeneli Warbobs.
saqme imaSia, yvela es Tviseba adamianSi bunebrivadaa Cadebuli,
magram maTi ganviTarebis done damokidebulia adamianis socialuri
saqmianobisagan: adamiani TiTqosda swavlobs am bunebrivi
Tvisebebis gamoyenebas da cxovrebis procesSi cdilobs maT
srulyofas.
pirovnebis struqturis socialur dones miekuTvneba yvelaferi, rac
pirovnebis mier SeZenilia aRzrdis, swavlis an saqmianobis procesSi,
anu sazogadoebasTan urTierTqmedebis procesSi. es aris
gamocdileba, romelic pirovnebis mier SeZenilia codnis, unarebisa da
Cvevebis saxiT. zogierTi am procesTagani ganpirobebulia bunebrivi
faqtorebiT an gaaCniaT genetikuri memkvidreobiToba, magram
maTi ganviTarebis socialuri faqtori udavoa. pirovnebis struqturis am

108
dones miekuTvneba pirovnebis gansazRvruli `mimarTuleba~, rome-
lic aerTianebs urTierTobebs, moralur Tvisebebs da pirovnebis
sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebs, romlebic mis moralur Tvisebebad
mJRavndeba. am jgufis pirovnebis elementebi umetesad ar aris
uSualod Tandayolili niSan-Tvisebebi, aramed asaxaven
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebas sakuTar, individualur prizmaSi. esa
msoflmxedveloba, idealebi, Sexedulebebi, midrekilebebi, interesebi,
survilebi da miswrafebebi. pirovnebis struqturis socialuri done
sabazoa politikuri moRvaweobis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi. mag:
saparlamento lideroba politikuri fsiqologiis ZiriTadi problemis _ po-
litikuri liderobis Semadgeneli nawilia.
saparlamento liderobis miznis specifika mdgomareobs mis
miswrafebaSi daikavos ufro gavleniani mdgomareoba politikur
procesSi da am kuTxiT politikuri Zalaufleba ara mxolod
saparlamento lideris mizans warmoadgens, aramed misi programuli
politikuri Sexedulebebis realizebis saSualebasac. motivi, rogorc
socialur-politikuri urTierTqmedebis Sedegi, iZleva lideris mier
miznis misaRwevi qmedebis adekvaturi Sefasebis formirebis
SesaZleblobas.
am mxriv politikuri lideris motivaciis kvlevaSi
umniSvnelovanesi komponentia politikuri lideris `me~-koncefcia.
arsebobs `me-koncefciis~ cnebis sxvadasxva gansazRvreba:
a) saxezea is, rasac vflob;
b) var iseTi, rogoric surT mixilon;
g) Tavis Tavze mimarTuli amocanebis erToblioba;
d) `me~ saxeebisa da adamianebis saxeebis sistema;
e) TviTaRqmis sistema;
v) adamianis individualuri `me~-s neirostruqturuli safuZvlebis
unikaluroba. fsiqologebi `me-koncefciis~ qveS gulisxmoben sakuTar

109
Tavze, rogorc TviTdakvirvebisa da TviTSefasebis obieqtze warmod-
genas, romelic iyofa Semdegnairad:
 `me~ realuri (rogor vxedav sakuTar Tavs am momentSi);
 `me~ dinamiuri (risken viswrafvi);
 `me~ fantastikuri (vin msurs gavxde);
 `me~ idealuri (vin unda gavxde sazogadoebriv moralze
orientirebiT).
Tanamedrove fsiqologia `me~-koncefcias ganixilavs, rogorc
adamianis sakuTar Tavze warmodgenebis ganumeorebel dinamiur
sistemas, romelSic Sedis rogorc TviT sakuTari fizikuri, individualuri
da sxva Tvisebebis gacnobiereba da TviTSefaseba, agreTve mo-
cemul pirovnebaze moqmedi gare faqtorebis sakuTari aRqma.
ar SeiZleba erTmaneTSi avurioT cnebebi `TviTSegneba~,
`warmosaxviTi me~, sakuTari Tavisadmi damokidebuleba da
`TviTSefaseba~. eseni `me~-koncefciis struqturis sxvadasxva
komponentebia. realurad isini Serwymulia da maTi dayofa
SesaZlebelia abstraqtulad analizSi, raTa gaviazroT `me~-koncefciis
buneba da arsobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. `me~-koncefcia warmoadgens
cnobierebisa da TviTSegnebis Sedegobriv produqts.
Tavi mexuTe
politikuri elitis fsiqologia

5.1. politikuri elitis fenomeni da

misi funqciebi

politikuri da fsiqologiuri analizis erT-erT sakvanZo Temas

warmoadgens Tanamedrove yvela tipis sazogadoebaSi elitebis
mniSvnelobis, funqcionirebis, fsiqologiuri da socialuri sazRvrebis
garkveva-dadgenis problema.

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 `elitizmi~ anu `elituri paradigma~ Tanamedrove etapze
kvlavindeburad dRis wesrigSi dgas da politologTa da fsiqologTa
mier aRniSnuli problemis kvlevis gansakuTrebul intensivobas
gansazRvravs. am problemis damuSavebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili
Seitanes mecnierebis _ g. moskas, r. mixelsis, v. paretos, j. bernemis,
C.r. milsis, a. aetcionis, J. froidis, a. toinbis, j. sartoris, t.r. dais, j.
peris da sxvaTa Sromebma. miuxedavad elitis problemis Sesaxeb
arsebuli didZali literaturisa, am cnebis Taobaze mecnierTa Soris
erTiani azri mainc ar arsebobs.
vilfredo paretos mixedviT, elita aris adamianebis klasi, visac
aqvs niWierebis da qmedebis umaRlesi indeqsi. gaetano moskas
moZRvrebaSi elitad, politikur klasad, miCneulia Zalauflebaze
orientirebuli politikurad aqtiuri adamianebi _ sazogadoebis organi-
zebuli umciresoba; xose ortega i gaseti elitad miiCnevs
sazogadoebaSi prestiJiT, socialuri statusiT, simdidriT gamorCeul
pirovnebebs, romelbsac gaaCniaT pasuxismgeblobis umaRlesi
grZnoba da masebTan SedarebiT moraluri da inteleqtualuri
upiratesobebiT gamoirCevian; verner etcioni elitad miiCnevs
adamianTa jgufs, romelic xelisuflebriv poziciebs flobs; Julien froidi,
_ qarizmiT `mironcxebul adamianebs~; arnold toinbi _ sazogadoebis
SemoqmedebiT umciresobas. Tu yvela am gansazRvrebebs Tavs
movuyriT, SeiZleba daskvnaT, rom elitaSi igulisxmeba adamianTa
jgufi, romelTac mocemul sazogadoebaSi uWiravT maRali, prestiJuli
Tanamdebobebi, floben Zalauflebas, simdidres da aqvT saSualeba
aqtiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdinon sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebasa
da sxva sferoebze. cneba `elita~ laTinuri Ziridan momdinareobs da
`gamorCeuls~ niSnavs.
elitis gansazRvrebaSi xazi unda gaesvas or mniSvnelovan
moments, pirveli: cnebebi `politikuri elita~ da `mmarTveli elita~

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erTmniSvnelovani ar arian. isini urTierTs efardebian, rogorc nawili
da mTeli. cneba `mmarTveli elita~, TavisTavSi moicavs sxvadasxva
jgufebs, romlebic uSualod Tu gaSualebulad monawileoben
xelisuflebiT procesebSi. aq Sedian politikuri, ekonomikuri,
samxedro, ideologiuri da sxva saxis elitebi. politikuri elita aris
mmarTveli elitis mxolod nawili. igi aris sazogadoebis garkveuli jgu-
fi, fena, romlis xelSic koncentrirebulia saxelmwifo xelisufleba.
mTavrobaSi ukavia xelmZRvaneli postebi da marTavs
sazogadoebas. ZiriTadad eseni arian maRali rangis profesionali
politikosebi, romelTac miniWebuli aqvT xelisuflebiTi funqciebi da
rwmunebani. eseni arian agreTve maRali rangis saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, profesiulad momzadebulni politikuri programebis
SemuSavebasa da realizaciaSi, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis strategiuli
mimarTulebebis gansazRvraSi. wlebTan erTad icvleba politikuri
elitis personaluri Semadgenloba, magram misi Tanamdebobrivi
struqtura praqtikulad ucvleli rCeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT
zogierT, momentTan dakavSirebul Tanamdebobriv gadaadgilebas.
politikuri elita wlebis da saukuneebis manZilze warmodgenili iyo da
Tanamedrove periodSic warmodgenilia monarqebis, mTavrobis
Tavmjdomareebis, ministrebis, gubernatorebis, deputatebis, mo-
samarTleebis, prezidentebis, premier-ministrebis, spikerebis,
deputatebis, elCebis da sxvaTa saxiT.
bunebrivia, rom politikuri elitis personaluri da raodenobrivi
Semadgenloba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia.
Tavis droze dasavleTis rig qveynebSi (maT Soris aSS-Si, did
britaneTSi, gfr-Si) gakeTda politikuri elitis Semadgenlobis
fsiqologiuri da politikuri analizi. man uCvena, rom masSi Semaval
pirTa yvelaze aqtiuri asaki aris 50-65 weli; elitis Semadgenlobidan

112
60-dan 80 procentamde pirma daamTavra erTi-ori umaRlesi
saswavlebeli; umetesoba _ msxvili mewarmeebi arian:
umetes qveynebSi politikuri elitis Semadgenloba 2-4 aTas kacs
ar aRemateba. e.i. Zalian viwro, mcirericxovani fenaa. cnobili rusi
filosofosi da istorikosi n. berdiaevi werda: `samyaros gaCenidan
yovelTvis, rogorc wesi, marTavda da marTavs umciresoba da ara
umravlesoba. es albaT misaRebia mmarTvelobis yvela formisa da
tipisaTvis, monarqiisa da respublikisaTvis, reaqciuli da revoluciuri
epoqebisaTvis. umciresobis marTvis garda sxva gza ar arsebobs...
erTi umciresoba icvleba meore umciresobiT~.
dRes politologebs Soris arsebobs konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom
elitad miCneul iqnes `humanitaruli jgufi~, romlis wevrebi
SekavSirebulni arian 3-C-iT. (cnobiereba _ Consciousness,
SeTanxmebuloba _ Coherence, konspiracia _ Conspiracy). am
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia jgufuri cnobiereba, igi
konspirirebulia da aRWurvilia sakuTari interesebis dacvis
meqanizmiT. es pirovnebaTa mcire socialuri warmonaqmnia,
romelic xelisuflebriv funqciebs asrulebs sazogadoebaSi, romelTa
Sorisac SeiZleba gamovyoT strategiuli, komunikaciuri,
organizatoruli da integraciuli funqciebi.
strategiuli funqcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom politikuri elita
SeimuSavebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis politikur programas da
gansazRvravs misi ganxorcielebis strategias da taqtikas; amasTan
dakavSirebiT mas moeTxoveba Seiswavlos sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebani im radikaluri gardaqmnebis Taobaze, rac
ganviTarebis mocemul moments Seesabameba da SeimuSaos
momwifebuli reformebis ganxorcielebis koncefcia; politikuri elitis
mier strategiuli funqciis Sesrulebis dros Zalian mniSvnelovania
politikuri elitis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis analizi. maT

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moeTxovebaT ara marto kompetenturoba, profesionalizmi, aramed
Seupovrobisa da riskis maRali maCveneblebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca gabatonebuli fenis didi nawili ar eTanxmeba mis strategiul
gegmas. amis erT-erTi klasikuri magaliTia f. ruzveltis administraciis
mtkice gadawyvetileba, romelmac ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri
Carevis kursi aiRo da gamoacxada igi krizisidan qveynis gamosvlis
erTaderT swor gzad, Tumca gabatonebuli klasis warmomadgenlebi
aseTi gegmis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo. im dros amerikaSi Zalian
popularuli iyo jefersonis azri: `saxelmwifo yvelaze kargad maSin
marTavs, roca saerTod ar marTavs~.
politikuri elitis strategiuli funqciis ganxorcieleba mxolod am
elitis da qveynis politikuri azris SemuSavebaSi monawile `tvinis
Stabis~ kardobriv Semadgenlobaze ar aris damokidebuli. igi
damokidebulia sazogadoebrivi azris mdgomareobazec, romelic unda
aisaxos miRebul politikur gadawyvetilebebSi. amrigad, saqme exeba
politikuri elitis meore mniSvnelovan funqcias _ komunikaciurs. igi
xorcieldeba maSin, roca politikuri elita axerxebs politikur prog-
ramebSi maqsimalurad iyos warmodgenili sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
socialuri jgufebisa da fenebis politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli,
regionaluri, profesionaluri moTxovnilebani da praqtikulad realizdeba
isini. am funqciis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs politikuri elitis mier
sazogadoebis qcevasa da motivaciaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
moxdenis unars, maTi miznebis, ideebisa da Rirebulebebis
dasacavad politikur-fsiqologiuri xasiaTis gadawyvetilebaTa
kompleqsur realizacias, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa CarTvas
da sxv. am funqciis ganxorcieleba politikuri elitis
warmomadgenlebisagan moiTxovs adamianebTan urTierTobis
unars, taqts, imis niWs, rom gasagebi eniT Camoayalibos

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mizandasaxuloba, warsdges xalxis winaSe avtoritetad, moipovos
maTi simpatia da mxardaWera.
organizebuli funqcia dakavSirebulia elitis nayofier
moRvaweobasTan _ Tu ramdenad SesZlebs igi xalxis darazmvas
SeTavazebuli politikuri programis gansaxorcieleblad. SemuSavebuli
politikuri programis, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis praqtikuli
realizacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, roca SerCeulia
misi ganxorcielebis organizaciuli formebi da meTodebi.
politikuri elitis integraciuli funqcia erT-erTi urTulesia elitis
funqciaTa Soris. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ganamtkicos
stabiluroba qveyanaSi, uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis politikuri
sistemebis mdgomareoba, ar dauSvas konfliqtebi da Seurigebeli
antagonisturi dapirispirebani, aRkveTos politikuri struqturebis
deformaciis mizniT mimarTuli qmedebani.
am funqciis ganxorcieleba gulisxmobs politikur-fsiqologiuri
mimarTulebiT yvela aucilebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebas mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva fenebis SemWidrovebis, maTi socialuri interesebis
harmonizaciis, maT Soris konsesusis miRwevisa da yvela sazoga-
doebrivi Zalebis TanamSromlobis uzrunvelsayofad. integraciis
funqciaSi vlindeba politikosTa xelovneba, moqniloba, diplomatiuri
niWi da adamianebTan urTierTobis unari.

5.2. elitizmis koncefciebis

politikur-fsiqologiuri analizi

elitizmis koncefciebi uZvelesi civilizaciebis politikur-

fsiqologiur warmodgenebidan iReben saTaveebs. politikur diqtomiis
sakiTxebi yvelaze ufro Tanamimdevrulad dasabuTebulia konfucis,
platonis, lebonis, nicSes, froidis, Seleris da sxvaTa SexedulebebSi.

115
 konfuci kategoriulad icavda mmarTvelobis aristokratiul
koncefcias da politikuri elitis (mmarTvelTa) umniSvnelovanes
funqciad miiCnevda yoveli adamianisaTvis winaswar gansazRvruli
adgilis mikuTvnebis ideas.
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sakiTxSi aristokratiuli
Tvalsazrisis marTlzomierebas platoni asabuTebda sulis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebiT, romlis mixedviTac suli sami nawilisagan (gonebis,
nebis da survilis) Sedgeboda. pirveli ori _ sulieri moRvaweobis ufro
maRali formebi damaxasiaTebelia `cotaoden rCeulTaTvis~ _
aristokratiisaTvis, rac maT uflebas aniWebT saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis saTaveSi imyofebodes. amis Sesabamisad, platoni
sazogadoebas yofs filosofos mmarTvelebad, meomrebad da
mdabioebad. misi azriT, mmarTvelobisaTvis adamianebis
momzadeba bavSvobis asakidan unda daiwyos da gagrZeldes 50
wlamde. Semdeg ki maT SeuZliaT `Tavad sikeTe Wvriton~.
g. leboni oTxi saxis rasas gamoyofs (pirvelyofili, dabali,
saSualo da maRali rasebi) da rasobrivi dayofis mizezad fsiqologiur
faqtorebs, gansakuTrebiT, erovnul xasiaTs da gonebriv ganviTarebas
asaxelebs. igi umaRlesi rasis (indoevropelebi) warmomadgenlebs
miakuTvnebs gansakuTrebul rols civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi.
elitizmis koncefciis politikur-fsiqologiuri analizSi didi wvlili
Seitana f. nicSem, romlisTvisac elitisturi ideologia sazogadoebriv-
moraluri idealis ZiriTad Sinaarss warmoadgenda. nicSes mixedviT
zekaci pirvel rigSi gare samyaroze gabatonebuli adamiania. rCeulTa
batonobis sakiTxi, evropaze gabatonebuli kastis aRzrda, erT-erTi
ZiriTadi debulebaa nicSes moZRvrebaSi. magram aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom batonobis sakiTxi nicSes Taviseburad esmis da am
cnebis garkvevis gareSe Znelia gaverkveT mis elitistur msofl-
mxedvelobaSi.

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 batonobis cneba nicSesTan ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT politikur,
samarTlebriv da socialur-politikur batonobasTan. yovelive amis
realizacia saxelmwifos meSveobiT xorcieldeba. xolo saxelmwifo
nicSes moZRvrebaSi udides borotebad aris miCneuli. amaSi naTlad
davrwmundebiT Tu gavecnobiT mis Txzulebas `ese ityoda
zaratustra~. savsebiT samarTlianad miuTiTebs mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba, rom nicSemde saxelmwifos aseTi mZafri kritika
azrovnebis istorias ar axsovs. misTvis miuRebeli iyo saxelmwifo
ierarqiis meSveobiT adamianTa amaRleba. igi, piriqiT, rCeulTa
dabla daSvebaze laparakobs, roca saqme exeba `xelisuflebismoyva-
reobas~. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, nicSe gamoricxavda
Tavisi idealis, rCeulTa kastis politikur batonobas da marTebuli
iqneboda davaskvnaT, rom nicSes elitistur moZRvrebaSi laparakia
sulier batonobaze (amitom aniWebda nicSe eklesias upiratesobas sa-
xelmwifosTan SedarebiT). Tumca isic faqtia, rom igi am gziT ver
moamzadebda evropaze gabatonebul kastas, rac winaaRmdegobis
moments warmoSobs mis filosofiaSi.
elitizmis koncefciis fsiqologiur xazs agrZelebs fsiqologiuri
Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli v. pareto. misi elitizmis Teoria
politologiis Semadgeneli nawilia, romelSic politikuri qmedeba-
moRvaweoba fundamenturi fsiqologiuri faqtorebiTaa interpretire-
buli.
v. paretos mixedviT, elitis arseboba aixsneba ara ekonomikuri
Zalebis moqmedebiT an elitis organizaciuli unariT _ dominirebdes
sazogadoebaSi, aramed kacobriobis istoriis manZilze gamokveTili
adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli biofsiqikuri wyobis gamovleniT.
v. pareto sazogadoebas ganixilavs, rogorc mTlianobas, xolo mis
Semadgenel nawilebs _ rogorc mTlianis funqcionalur elementebs,

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romlebic dinamiuri wonasworobiT urTierTobaSi imyofebian
erTimeoresTan.
v. paretos moZRvrebis mixedviT, elita warmoiqmneba
`socialuri procesis~ sam umTavres sferoSi _ politikurSi,
ekonomikursa da inteleqtualurSi _ individumebis gamoyofiT,
romlebmac TavianTi moRvaweobis dargebSi mniSvnelovan
warmatebebs miaRwies. man SeimuSava koncefcia elitisadmi
kuTvnilebis kriteriumebze, risTvisac adamianis moRvaweoba-
saqmianobis TiToeul sferosaTvis 10-baliani sistema SemoiRo da
adamianTa im kategorias, romlebmac maRali Sefaseba miiRo _ elita,
`rCeuli klasi~ uwoda. misi gadaqceva politikur elitad im
SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, rodesac mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben
sazogadoebis marTvis struqturaSi.
politikuri elitis warmoSobas da arsebobas, rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, v. pareto ZiriTadad adamianTa fsiqologiuri TvisebebiT
xsnis. am kompleqss v. paretom `naSTi~ _ `residu~ uwoda. igi
gamoyofs `rezidues~ eqvs saxeobas: Tanaziarobas, kombinaciebs,
agregatebis mudmivobas, individuumis mTlianobas, sakuTari
garemoebebis demonstrirebis moTxovnilebas da seqsualur
instinqtebs. v. paretos miaCnia, rom yoveli alogikuri qceva uciloblad
Seicavs `rezidues~ yalb interpretaciebs, romlebic ganmartaven da
amave dros, niRbaven mas. am elementebs pareto `warmoebulebs~,
derivaciebs uwodebs. isini ideologiebs an religiur doqtrinebs
warmoadgenen. v. pareto xazgasmiT aRniSnavs sazogadoebaSi
ideologiis mniSvnelobas da aaSkaravebs masobrivi cnobierebis
manipulirebis meqanizms.
v. paretom reziduebis umravlesoba dayo or klasad, rac, misi
azriT, socialuri procesebis, kerZod, elitis batonobisa da
monacvleobis interpretirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

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 `klasi I reziduebi~ asaxavs kombinaciebs, warmosaxvis,
manevrebis, ideologiebis da SemoqmedebiTi unaris instinqtebs. mas
Seesabameba inteleqtualuri da moqnili pirovnebebi _ `mela
spekulanti~, `klasi II reziduebi~ asaxavs agregatebis
sicocxlisunarianobas, stabilurobas, wesrigs da mas Seesabameba
Zlieri, mtkice xasiaTis pirovnebebi _ `lomi rantie~, romelic
Zaladobrivi meTodebiT marTavs sazogadoebas.
v. pareto miuTiTebs, rom dinamiuri politikuri kursis
ganxorcieleba saWiroebs lomebsac da meliebsac magram, rodesac
Warbobs lomebis, `klasi II reziduebi~, sazogadoeba stagnaciaSi
imyofeba, xolo `klasi I reziduebis~ dros sazogadoeba dinamiuria.
Sereul elitebs (klasi I da klasi II reziduebis) ufro didxans axasiaTebs
politikuri mmarTveloba. yovelive amas pareto istoriuli magaliTebiT
adasturebs. igi aRtacebiT saubrobs iulius keisrisa da musolinis
gabedul moqmedebebze. makiavelis kvaldakval igi amtkicebda, rom
idealuri mmarTveli unda aerTianebdes rogorc `lomis~, ise `meliis~
niSan-Tvisebebs. magram aseTi ram _ SeniSnavs v. pareto, -istoriaSi
myarad iSviaTi movlenaa. socialuri istoriisaTvis tipiuri aris elitis ori
ZiriTadi tipis (klasi I rezidue da klasi II rezidue)
urTierTmonacvleoba.
amrigad v. paretos `elitebis cirkulaciis~ Tavisi Teoria socialuri
da politikuri cxovrebis uryev da Seuval kanonad miaCnia. xolo
`derivaciebi~ (ideologiebi) ki _ socialur-politikuri moZRvrebis saxiT
_ mxolod saSualebas warmoadgens politikuri elitis brZolaSi da xels
uwyobs masebis morCilebaSi yolas. dinamiuri wonasworobis
mdgomareobidan sistemis gamoyvanis SemTxvevaSi droTa
ganmavlobaSi is kvlav ubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas, romelic
damokidebulia elitebis cirkulaciis xasiaTze. es procesi socialur-
politikur sistemaSi xels uwyobs im pirovnebaTa vertikalur

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mobilobas, romlebsac ufro meti pirovnuli Rirsebebi gaaCniaT.
Tavisufali vertikaluri cirkulacia socialuri higienis, elitebis ganaxlebis
gzas warmoadgens. revolucia, paretos azriT, elitebis brZola da cvlaa.
erTi meores ebrZvis _ politikuri elita de facto da kontrelita.
maSasadame, elita Sedgeba im individebisagan, romlebic floben
imis maqsimums, rac adamianebs gaaCniaT: simdidres, Zalauflebas,
prestiJsa da am faseulobebis flobiT gansazRvrul cxovrebis wess.
fsiqologiur-RirebulebiTi Teoriis kredo yvelaze naTlad
gamoTqva xose ortega-i-gasetma SromaSi `masebis amboxi~. igi
elitas gansazRvravs, rogorc rCeul pirovnebaTa erTobliobas,
romelsac masebisagan gamoarCevs nebisa da energiis
gansakuTrebuli Zala, aRmatebis survili, keTilSobileba. am dros
mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, mdidrebi arian isini Tu Raribebi, uka-
viaT maRali mdgomareoba _ isini rCeulni arian TavianTi pirovnuli,
zneobrivi, inteleqtualuri Tvisebebis gamo. elita Rirsia flobdes imas,
rac gaaCnia swored maTTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
ZaliT. am Teoriis momxreebi Tvlian, rom adamianebi `Tavisi
bunebis mixedviT~ Seadgenen elitas da maTi simdidre da
privilegiebi maTive rCeulobisa Tu gamorCeulobis bunebrivi
gagrZelebaa. amgvarad, elita es aris maRali zneobrivi da
inteleqtualuri Tvisebebis mflobel adamianTa jgufi.
elitis Camoyalibeba xdeba ara Zalauflebis, simdidris, prestiJis
mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi, aramed igi aris sazogadoebis mier misi
yvelaze Rirseuli da faseuli warmomadgenlebis bunebrivi SerCevis
Sedegi.
v. paretos mravali idea isesxa struqturulma funqcionalizmma _
wonasworobis Teoria, sazogadoebisadmi sistemuri midgoma da
sazogadoebis nawilebis funqcionaluri urTierTqmedebis idea.

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 funqcionaluri Teoria amodis politikurad organizebul
sazogadoebaSi elitis funqcionaluri `gardauvalobis Tezisidan~. maTi
azriT, SeiZleba xalxis saxeliT marTo sazogadoeba, magram ara
xalxis meSveobiT. xalxs misi raodenobisa da araorganizebulobis
gamo, ar SeuZlia marTvis funqciis Tavis Tavze aReba. elita aris
adamianTa jgufi, romelic flobs gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, rac
aucilebelia gansazRvruli xelmZRvaneli poziciebis dasakaveblad
sazogadoebaSi. am Teoriis mimdevarTa azriT, elita ar aris erTiani,
privilegirebuli da darazmuli jgufi. imdeni elita arsebobs, ramdenic
sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli da mniSvnelovania saqmianobis
sferoSi. adgili aqvs elitaTa konkurencias, rac saSualebas aZlevs
sazogadoebas, demokratiuli procedurebis gamoyenebiT SearCios
yvelaze kvalificiuri da kompetenturi mmarTveli jgufi, romelic
dainteresebulia strategiuli mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebiTa da cxovrebaSi gatarebiT. demokratiisaTvis ki elitebi
aucilebelia, radgan uzrunvelyofs xalxis mier arCeuli
xelmZRvanelebis Tvisobrivad maRal dones. maRali Tvisebebisa da
unarebis mqone elitaTa monacvleoba (rotacia) mudmivad cvlad
sazogadoebaSi ganapirobebs Tavad demokratiis socialur
Rirebulebasa da fass.
fsiqologiuri da funqcionaluri Teoriebis garda Tanamedrove
etapze popularobiT sargeblobs institucionaluri Teoria, romlis avtoria
Carlz milsi, man Tavis naSromSi `mbrZanebeli elita~ gadmosca
institucionaluri midgomis upiratesoba elitis gagebis sakiTxSi. es
Teoria elitas ganmartavs ZiriTad institutebSi misi poziciebis
socialuri mniSvnelobisa da im socialuri struqturis TvalsazrisiT,
romelsac es institutebi qmnian. aq elitis ganmartebis safuZvelSi Ca-
debulia ZiriTad socialur institutebSi mis mier dakavebuli poziciebis
kuTxiT ganxilva. milsi akritikebs elitis Teoriebs, romlebic

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elitarulobis mizezad individTa unarebs, simdidresa da prestiJs
asaxeleben.
`elitis Semadgeneli adamianebi ubralod isini ki ar arian, visac
yvelaze meti aqvT, _ wers milsi, _ maT ar eqnebodaT yvelaze meti,
rom ar eWiroT Tavisi gansakuTrebuli poziciebi mniSvnelovan
socialur instituciaSi, vinaidan es institutebia Zalauflebis, simdidris,
prestiJis aucilebeli safuZveli da, amave dros, Zalauflebis
ganxorcielebis, simdidris mopovebisa da SenarCunebis, prestiJze
yvelaze maRali pretenziebis realizaciis iaraRi~.
Zlevamosil, Zalauflebis mqone adamianebs Cveulebriv
uwodeben imaT, visac SesaZlebloba aqvT aRasrulon da gaitanon
sakuTari neba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mas sxvebi
winaaRmdegobas uweven. amgvari Zlevamosilebisa Tu Zalauflebis
mravali wyaro da safuZveli arsebobs, magram milsis azriT, maTgan
yvelaze ZiriTadia socialuri institutebi. maSasadame, veravin ver
iqneba namdvilad Zlieri da Zalauflebis mqone `Tu mas saqme ar
aqvs yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri institutebis marTvasTan,
vinaidan namdvilad Zlier adamianTa Zalaufleba, uwinares yovlisa,
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini ganageben Zalauflebis am
sazogadoebriv iaraRebs~.
elita esaa erTiani, Sekruli da Zlieri jgufi, romelic udides
gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. am siZlieris gasaRebi im
pirovnebebis individualur maxasiaTeblebSi ki ar unda veZioT,
romlebic gadawyvetilebebs iReben, aramed Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanes situaciebSi. swored `es ierarqiuli ins-
titutebi _ saxelmwifo, korporaciebi, armia _ qmnian Zalauflebis
iaraRebs. rogorc Zalauflebis iaraRebs, maT axla aqvT iseTi
mniSvneloba, rogoric ar hqoniaT kacobriobis mTeli istoriis
ganmavlobaSi~ (маллс Р. Властвующая элита М., Ст.32). malsi

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akritikebs elitis moralur-fsiqologiur ganmartebas, rogorc
gansazRvruli sulier-gonis wyobiT gamorCeul adamianTa jgufebs,
mas miaCnia, rom is ar aris saboloo, radgan mas uSualod mivyavarT
axal kiTxvasTan, Tu ratom aqvT am adamianebs esa Tu is xasiaTi.
amrigad, Tuki SevajamebT elitis Sesaxeb koncefciebs, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT:
`1. adamianTa mier mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli
umTavresi poziciebi gansazRvraven gansakuTrebiT faseul
cxovrebiseul dovlaTTa SeZenisa da danarCunebis maTeul Sansebs;
2. maTi fsiqika mniSvnelovani zomiT ganisazRvreba im
faseulobebiT, romlebsac isini floben da im roliT, romelsac isini
asruleben ZiriTad socialur institutebSi;
3. da bolos, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, acnobiereben Tu ara isini
rCeuli sazogadoebrivi klasisadmi TavianT kuTvnilebas,
moqmedeben Tu ara imis Sesatyvisad, rasac isini am klasis
interesebad Tvlian, realur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani zomiT wydeba
ZiriTadad socialur institutebSi maT mier dakavebuli adgiliT, im
rCeuli faseulobebiT, romlebsac isini floben da im adamianTa sulieri
wyobiT, romelic naCvenebi faqtorebis gavleniT yalibdeba (a.
berZeniSvili. politikuri sociologia, Tb., 2001, gv. 241).
politikuri elitisa da demokratiis cnebebis SeTavsebadobis
Sesaxeb koncefciebidan politikur fsiqologiaSi popularulia
demokratiuli elitizmis Teoria (r. dali, s. lipseti), romelic
dafuZnebulia Semdeg debulebebze:
 demokratia unda gagebuli iqnas, rogorc sazogadoebis
xelmZRvanelobisTvis konkurentTa brZola saarCevno kampaniebis
dros. amrigad, laparakia politikuri elitis rekrutirebis axal wesze
(brZolaze arCevnebSi mxardaWerisaTvis) da elitis TviTSegnebis
Secvlaze, romlis politikuri bedi rigiT adamianebzea damokidebuli;

123
  elita ganixileba rogorc liberalur demokratiul RirebulebaTa
(Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Sromis ufleba, socialuri uzrunvelyofa da
a.S.) gansaxorcieleblad SemarTuli adamianebis wre;
 elita ki ar mbrZaneblobs, aramed xelmZRvanelobs masebs
TviT am masis nebayoflobiTi TanxmobiT, romelic Tavisufali
arCevnebis gziT aris dadsturebuli.
elitis zemoT ganxiluli Teoriebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, avseben
erTmaneTs da maTi principebis erTmaneTze damateba
SesaZleblobas mogvcems obieqturad SeviswavloT da ganvsazRvroT
elitis saxeebi maTi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi da roli
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

Tavi meeqvse
masebis fsiqologia

6.1. masebis fsiqologiis politikuri aspeqtebi

masebis fsiqologia da lideris fsiqologia uSualo kavSirSi myofi

fenomenia, romelTa urTierTdamokidebulebani gansazRvraven
politikuri urTierTobebisa da, saerTod, sazogadoebis politikuri
sistemis xasiaTs.
masebis fsiqologia ganekuTvneba im politikur-fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis sferos, romelic Seiswavlis qaoturi erTobebis, abuntebuli
masebisa da anarqiuli brbos qceviT gamovlinebebs, rodesac isini
garkveuli droiT gvevlinebian erTi fsiqologiuri wyobis saxiT.
politikosebisa da fsiqologebis azriT, xalxis masebi da brbo
warmoadgens adamianTa gaerTianebis lokaluri involuciis magaliTs,
(raime organos gadagvareba anu gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _
wesrigis mdgomareobidan qaosis mdgomareobaSi gadasvla), romlis

124
drosac Tavis Zalebs kargavs yovelgvari socialuri da politikuri
kavSirebi, ukan ixevs normatiuli sazRvrebi, ierarqiisa da
subordinaciis principebi, Sexedulebebi zneobasa da moralze,
pasuxismgeblobaze da sxv.
qceviTi Taviseburebebis mixedviT gamoiyofa oTxi saxis masa:
1) SemTxveviTi, iSviaTi (okazionaluri);
2) eqspresiuli anu gamomsaxvelobiTi (mxiarulebis, SiSis,
protestis, ukmayofilebis zogadi afrentuli grZnobebis
erToblivi gamoxatuleba);
3) konvencialuri _ tradiciebis Sesabamisi an pirobiTi
(dafuZnebuli garkveul stiqiur Camoyalibebul poziciaze);
4) moqmedeba, romelic iyofa agresiulad, panikurad, eqstazurad,
meamboxurad da a.S.
nebismieri xalxis masa xasiaTdeba qcevis spontanurad
warmoSobili mimarTulebiTa da emociuri mdgomareobis erTobiT.
mis qcevas axasiaTebs mzardi emociuri mdgomareobis erTi
individidan meoreze gavrceleba kontaqtis fsiqofiziologiur doneze.
xalxis masis dezorganizebuli qcevis erT-erT saxeoba _ panika _
jgufuri konfliqturi emociuri mdgomareoba, Cndeba namdvili an
moCvenebiTi saSiSroebis situaciaSi, gonivruli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisaTvis saWiro informaciis deficitis dros. panika axdens vi-
Tarebis adeqvaturi asaxvisa da misi realuri Sefasebis unaris
blokirebas, adamianTa moqmedebebi iZenen TavdacviT, qaotur
xasiaTs, adamianebi xdebian sakmaod egoisturi, asocialuri qcevis
ganxorcielebis unaris mqoneni, inTeba fsiqologiuri da socialuri
konfliqtis kera Semdegi niSnebiT:

125
  afeTqebis feTqebadi stiqia; sugestiis (STagoneba)
meqanizmis amoqmedeba, emociuri urTierTsnebovneba,
individebis mier erTmaneTis mibaZva;
 erovnuli azrovnebis droebiTi paralizi, emociuri daZabuloba;
zomierebis dakargva;
 normatiuli sazRvrebis waSla, upasuxismgebloba,
mouTmenloba;
 yovlisSemZleobis iluzia. gaucnobierebeli, afeqturi
impulsebis stiqia STanTqavs normatiul faseulobiT azrobriv
struqturebs, individualuri sulisa da yofili wesrigis adgils
ikavebs qaosi da adamiani raRac droiT xdeba miuwvdomeli
moralur-samarTlebrivi imperativebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi gaZlierda anomaciis meTodologiuri
principis kvleva, romelic ganixilavs masebis fsiqologias
fsiqopolitikuri realobis konteqstSi. am mimarTulebis gaanalizebis
mcdelobebi jer kidev Soreul warsulSi unda moviZioT.
antikuri xanis moazrovneni negatiurad afasebdnen brbos
Zalauflebis _ oxlokratiis gamovlinebebs. sokrate ocdaxuTi saukunis
win aRniSnavda, rom sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
gadasaWrelad unda movZebnoT eqspertebi da ara diletantebi. mas
moyavs magaliTad adamianebis avadmyofobis SemTxvevebi, rode-
sac isini bunebrivad mimarTaven eqims _ samedicino eqsperts.
magram maSin, _ svams kiTxvas filosofosi, Tuki kargi
mmarTveloba gvsurs, ratom unda mivmarToT adamianebs, romelTa
umetesoba politikurad apaTiuri an uvicia? `Tuki ewvieT eqims da
sTxoveT rCeva, rogor imkurnaloT, _ agrZelebs sokrate, _ albaT
aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT, rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT
gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis mixedviT

126
imoqmedebs~. am SedarebiT sokratem xazi gausva aTenuri
demokratiis brbos ZalauflebaSi gadazrdis saSiSroebas.
antikuri periodis sxva cnobil moazrovneebsac skeptikuri
damokidebuleba hqondaT demokratiisadmi. aristotelem 158 berZnuli
polisis analizis safuZvelze gamoyo mmarTvelobis eqvsi forma:
tirania, oligarqia, demokratia, monarqia, aristokratia da politika. maT
Soris ugvan formas aristotelem miakuTvna: tirania, demokratia da
oligarqia _ `ukiduresi demokratia aris tirania~ _ wers aristotele Tavis
cnobil naSromSi `politika~. igi miiCnevda, rom plebiscituri de-
mokratiis dros, rodesac ar arsebobda sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gamijvna da arakompetenturi xalxis xelSi
faqtiurad uzarmazari uflebamosileba aRmoCnda, iyo seriozuli
safrTxe oxlokratiis anu inteleqtualurad dabal doneze mdgomi brbos
xelisuflebis gaZlierebisa. antikuri demokratiis Semdgomma
ganviTarebam marTlac daadastura maTi daskvnis siswore:
demokratia dabali wodebis _ fetebis _ xvedriTi wilis gaZlierebis
pirobebSi sul ufro metad iqceoda brbos mmarTvelobad, rasac
Semdgom mosdevda oligarqiuli tiraniuli gadatrialebebi da demo-
kratiuli institutebis likvidacia.
termini `adamiani _ masa~ pirvelad politikur mimoqcevaSi
Semoitana didma espanelma filosofosma, Tanamedrove evropuli
inteleqtualizmis erT-erTma burjma xose ortega gasetma. man
adamiani _ masa, koncefciis saxiT Camoayaliba Tavis SedevrSi
`masebis amboxi~ (1930-1935 ww.). adamiani _ masaSi igi
modernistuli epoqis pirovnebebs gulisxmobs, romelsac axasiaTebs
samyarosTan urTierTobis racionaluri stilis uaryofa. ortega
gamowvelviT gvaZlevs sazogadoebis umciresobisa da masebis
detalur daxasiaTebas, romliTac Sedgeba yvelanairi sazogadoeba.

127
`umciresoba individumTa jgufia, Taviseburad rom gansxvavdeba
brbosagan. masa ki adamianebis brboa, adamianebisa, romlebsac
araviTari specifikurad gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi ar gaaCniaT.... brbos
zogadi Tviseba masa, simZime, anu tvirTia, dabla rom eqaCeba
sazogadoebas; esaa adamiani imdenad, ramdenadac
danarCenebisagan ar gansxvavdeba da adamianTa saxeobriv tipSi
imeorebs Tavis Tavs...
im jgufebSi, romlebic brbod Tu masad ar gvevlinebian, maTi
wevrebis mamoZravebeli survilebi, ideebi, idealebi erTmaneTs
Tanxvdebian, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs adamianTa didi
simravles. vidre mcirericxovani jgufi Camoyalibdebodes, ranairic ar
unda iyos misi saqmianoba, aucilebelia, rom am jgufis TiToeuli
wevri ama Tu im Taviseburi, sakmaod individualuri xasiaTis
mizeziT gamoeyos brbos. misi da jgufis danarCeni wevrebis
idealebisa Tu miswrafebebis Tanxvdoma, arsebiTad meoreulia,
radganac yovel maTgans saamisod Tavisi sakuTari mizezi
moeZebneba. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es, garkveuli azriT,
araTanxvdomaTa Tanxvdomaa. zogierT SemTxvevaSi jgufis indivi-
dualisturi xasiaTi TavisTavadac aSkaraa; aseTia, magaliTad,
ingliselebis jgufebi, `arakomformistebs~ rom uwodeben TavianT
Tavs da mxolod imitom erTiandebian, rom brbos daupirispirdnen.
nebismieri minoritaruli jgufi im mizniT yalibdeba, rom
umravlesobas gamoeyos. erTi daxvewili musikosis mosasmenad
TavSeyril msmenelTa viwro wres rom gulisxmobda, malarmem
maxvilgonivrulad SeniSna: es xalxi Tavisi daswrebiT xazs usvams
brbos dauswreblobaso (xose ortega i gaseti, masebis amboxi, Tb.,
1993, gv. 6-8)~.

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 ortega axasiaTebs masas, rogorc fsiqologiuri rigis movlenas,
romelic yovelTvis adamianTa simravle rodia. erT adamianTan
Sexvedrisas Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, aris Tu ara igi `adamiani-
masa~. `ara erTi da ori mizezis ZaliT, `adamiani-masa~ isaa, visac ar
SeuZlia rogorc kargi, ise cudi mxriTac Seafasos Tavisi Tavi; vinc
Tavs aRiqvams `iseTad, rogoricaa yvela~ da sulac ar ganicdis amas,
mas moswons iseTi iyos, rogoricaa yvela. warmoidgineT ubralo
adamiani, romelic cdilobs ama Tu im mizezis gamo Seafasos Tavisi
Tavi, vTqvaT, imis gasagebad, aqvs Tu ara raime niWi, an raRaciT
mainc Tu gansxvavdeba sxvebisagan. da, ai, is rwmundeba, rom
araviTari gansakuTrebuli Tviseba ar gaaCnia. es adamiani SeiZleba
Tavs grZnobdes uniWod, ugergilod, magram ara `adamian-masad~.
rodesac saqme exeba `rCeul umciresobas~... `rCeuli~ yvelaze
mets moiTxovs, Tumca ver axerxebs cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos es
maRali moTxovnebi. eWvs gareSea, rom kacobrioba radikalurad
iyofa or nawilad: erTis mxriv, isini, uamrav moTxovnas rom
uyeneben TavianT Tavs, riTac irTuleben cxovrebas da yvelanairad
cdiloben moixadon TavianTi vali, meores mxriv ki isini, romlebic
araviTar Zalisxmevas ar moiTxoven sakuTari Tavisagan da
tivtivasaviT mihyvebian dinebas.
sazogadoebis dayofa masad, da sakuTriv umciresobad, klasebad
dayofas rodi niSnavs. esaa dayofa adamianTa tipebad.
yoveli klasis warmomadgenlebSi masacaa da rCeuli
umciresobac. `TviT rCeul jgufebSiac ki `adamiani-masebi~
Warboben. ase magaliTad, inteleqtualTa wreSi, romelnic TavianTi
arsiT mowodebulni arian, maRali inteleqtualuri donis adamianebad
gvevlinebodnen, Cven sul ufro da ufro met fsevdointeleqtuals _ ara-
profesionalebsa da arakompetentur xalxs vxedavT, romlebsac

129
inteleqtualebisaTvis niSneuli arcerTi Tviseba ar gaaCniaT. igive
movlena SeiniSneba dRemde SemorCenil aristokratiis wreSiac.
meores mxriv, dRevandel muSaTa Soris cota rodia sulis maRali
disciplinis mqone xalxi. arada, uwin xom swored muSebi Se-
adgendnen brbos (iqve)~ gasetis mixedviT epoqis xasiaTs
gansazRvravs masebis amboxi. amboxi ar niSnavs brZolas iaraRiT
xelSi, is araa romelime klasis batonobis ZaladobiT damxoba.
sityvebi `amboxi~, `masebi~, `socialuri Zalaufleba~ ar aris mxolod
politikuri mniSvnelobis Semcveli. maTSi mocemulia goniTi,
moralur-ekonomikuri da religiuri cxovrebac. masebis ajanyeba
niSnavs, rom masebi aRzevdnen mTeli cxovrebis warsamarTavad,
isini cdiloben da euflebian cxovrebis marTvis saWes, imis
miuxedavad, SeuZliaT maT es, Tu ara. dRevandeli Taobis
paradoqsia is, rom met Zalebs flobs, vidre sxva romelime wina
Taoba da amave dros ufro metadaa ganZarcvuli miznebisa da
idealebisagan, vidre sxva Taobebi.
ekonomistma verner zombartma yuradReba miaqcia Semdeg
faqts: evropis istoriis dasawyisidan _ VI saukunidan moyolebuli
1800 wlamde, anu mTeli Tormeti saukunis manZilze, Cveni
kontinentis mosaxleobis raodenoba 180 milions ar aRemateboda.
1800-dan 1914 wlamde ki, ese igi, saukuneze cota meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi, am ricxvma 460 milions miaRwia.
es faqtebi TvalnaTliv gviCveneben mosaxleobis matebis faqts
da, uwinares yovlisa, am matebis Tavbrudamxvev temps. istoriis
arenaze xalxTa masebis es vulkanuri amofrqveva iseTi
gamaognebeli siCqariT moxda, rom dro aRar darCa tradiciuli
kulturis faseulobebs ziarebodnen isini. sami Taobis manZilze XIX s.

130
qveynierebas moevlina uzarmazari brbo, romelmac yvelaferi waleka
da zvaviviT gadaTqera mTeli istoriuli sivrce.
`adamiani-masa~ aris saxelmwifo sawyisebis ganviTarebis
nayofi, romelic Tavisi uxeSi Carevis Sedegad axSobs yvelafer axals,
anadgurebs cxovelmyofeli ideebis umcires aRmonacensac ki.
`adamiani-masa~ intensiurad mravldeba im pirobebSi, roca
saxelmwifosaTvis arsebobs sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo
manqanisaTvis ki adamiani.
Tu sazogadoeba wesieradaa organizebuli, masa arasodes ar
moqmedebs TavisTavad. misi roli sazogadoebaSi pasiuri unda iyos.
mas unda marTavdnen, mas unda warmoadgendnen, mis organizebas
unda axdendnen, is ki mxolod unda emorCilebodes samarTals an
uzenaes avtoritetebs. roca TavisiT iwyebs moqmedebas, es moqme-
deba yovelTvis linCis formas iRebs.
politikis doqtors, amerikel mecniers, karnis nabraskasa da
kanzasis rokharstis universitetebis profesors Tomas m. mabStadts
mohyavs magaliTi veluri dasavleTis cxovrebidan, rodesac masebis
triumfis dros udanaSaulo mawanwala veragulad dadanaSaulebulia
qalaqis erT-erT yvelaze gamoCenili moqalaqis civsisxlian
mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elodeba mosamarTlisa
da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an
aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia. ganrisxebuli brbo mkacrad iTxovs
samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori
pirovneba, mamaci Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli
am ambis gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win.
`mkvlelis~ linCis wesiT gasamarTlebis moTxovniT misul brbos win
uZRvis qalaqis meri da qalaqis sabWos wevrebi (maT Soris
pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina danaSauli). sabolood, mxolod

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Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan
gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan.
es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis
erT-erT gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rom moralurad Seucdomeli
umravlesobis cneba absurdia. qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam
TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da
kanonis uzenaesobis simboloa. yvelaze ioli gamosavali SerifisaTvis
iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda umravlesobis nebas da udnaSaulo
adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo. amis garda, aseve
SesaZlebeli iyo iseTi qmedebebis ganxorcieleba romelic ufro metad
iqneboda SesabamisobaSi umravlesobis marTvis principTan da
naklebad _ elementaruli samarTlianobis moTxovnasTan.
veluri dasavleTis linCis momxre brbos magaliTidanac
TvalnaTeli xdeba SezRuduli mmarTvelobis aucilebloba. adamianis
CamoxrCoba, romlis danaSauli damtkicebuli araa da romelic arc
gasamarTlebulia, danaSaulia, da umravlesobasac ar aqvs ufleba
mkvleloba Caidinos. yoveli umravlesoba Sedgeba individebis
erTobisagan, romelTagan bevri SeiZleba cdebodes, arasworad
msjelobdes an arasworad informirebuli iyos romelime konkretul
sakiTxze.
umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleqsis de
tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1935 w.)
`umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba
ganmartebas, romlis mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne
upiratesad mocemulia didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil
jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul individSi~.
damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom `umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba
aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris interesi aRemateba cotasas~.

132
miuxedavad amisa, umravlesobis mmarTveloba, rodesac igi
umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs, SeiZleba brbos
mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisagan
dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelebad, aRiqmeba, ragind
ironiuladac unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac tokvili
umravlesobis tiranias uwodebda.
aris Tu ara, WeSmariteba iq, sadac umravlesoba imyofeba? am
kiTxvaze istoriamac araerTgzis gagvca pasuxi. SeiZleba
saxarebidanac moviSvelioT is epizodi, roca xalxis absoluturma
umravlesobam, romelic eswreboda macxovris gasamarTlebas,
kacismkvlel garewar barabas Seundo danaSauli da ieso jvarze
gasakravad gaimeta. SeiZleba jordano brunos magaliTic moviyva-
noT, (jer koconze damwvari, rogorc eSmakis mociquli, xolo Semdeg
wmindanad Seracxuli), romelmac gabeda da Tqva is, rac dedamiwis
mTeli danarCeni mosaxleobis warmodgenebs ewinaaRmdegeboda:
Cveni planeta mrgvalia da Tavisi RerZis garSemo brunavso.
aboboqrebuli brbo ki, romelic miiCnevda, rom dedamiwa brtyeli iyo
da xaris rqaze idga, imis magivrad, rom sikvdilmisjilis Tundac
vaJkacoba daefasebina, agizgizebul kocons fiCxs ayrida da Tan
gulwrfelad fiqrobda, rom keTil saRmrTo saqmes Cadioda.
Tanamedrove dasavleTis filosofiur, politologiur da sociologiur
literaturaSi xSiria msjeloba masobriv sazogadoebaze. aq arsebiTad
igive problema dgas, romelic martin haidegerma man-is diqtaturis
problemis saxiT daayena. man-is diqtatura xalxis masad qcevis da,
amgvarad, sazogadoebis `gamasobrivebas~ moaswavebs. aseT
viTarebaSi sityvebi `masa~, `masobrivi~, `xalxisa~ da `xalxurobis~
sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. egzistencializmis erT-erTi
fuZemdeblis, germaneli filosofosis karl iaspersis (1883-1969) mixed-

133
viT, masa unda ganvasxvavoT xalxisagan. `xalxi danawevrebulia,
mas Tavisi cxovrebis saxis, azrovnebis yaidisa da tradiciebis
cnobiereba gaaCnia. xalxi substanciuri da Taviseburi fenomenia~.
iaspersi aanalizebs masis cnebas da mas ganasxvavebs, rogorc
xalxisagan, aseve sazogadoebisagan. xalxis warmomadgeneli calkeu-
li adamiani pirovnuli xasiaTisaa. masa amis sapirispirod
daunawevrebelia, mas ar gaaCnia TviTcnobiereba, igi erTgvarovani
da raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa; amasTan, propagandisa da STagonebis
obieqtia, upasuxismgebloa da cnobierebis umdables doneze
imyofeba. masa moklebulia yovelgvar SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas.
viwro horizonti, cxovreba aqtiuri mexsierebis gareSe, iZuleba usa-
zriso samuSaoTi _ aseTia masis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

6.2. brbos sulieri erTobis koncefcia

frangma fsiqologma gustav-lenonma Tavis SromebSi `masebis

fsiqologia~ (1908) da brbos fsiqologia (1907) Semoitana
`fsiqologiuri brbos~ gaazreba, romelic ar gulisxmobs mxolod
uamravi adamianis erTdroulad erTad yofnas. `aTasobiT
erTmaneTisagan mocilebuli individi nacnob momentSi nacnob sulier
mdgomareobaSi arian mag., erovnulma movlenebma SesaZloa
SeiZinos fsiqologiuri brbos niSnebi, sakmarisia maTi wuTieri
SeerTebac, rom maTi xasiaTi miiRebs brbos moqmedebis specifikur
Strixebs. cnobili faqtebis gavleniT mTeli eri SeiZleba brbos iqces~.
sxvanairad rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes is garemoeba, rom hitleris
didebis zenitSi mis danaxvaze amiT gabednierebuli, eqstazSi Sesuli
qalbatonebi, grZnobamoreulni qviTinebdnen sixaruliT da yvirodnen.

134
`fiurer! minda bavSvi myavdes fiurerisagan!~ isic cnobilia, ra daujda
germanel xalxs yovelive es: 30 milioni daRupuli, kidev meti
dasaxiCrebuli da gaubedurebuli adamiani, dangreuli da 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi orad gayofili qveyana, 20 milioni sxvadasxva
saxelmwifodan gamodevnili eTnikuri germaneli.
lebonma Camoayaliba `brbos sulieri erTobis kanoni~, romlis
arsic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gaucnobierebeli fsiqikis rezervebi
atyobineben brbos gansakuTrebuli emocionalur-komunikaciuri
mdgomareobis Serwymas masebTan. es faqti brbos angariSgasawev
Zalad aqcevs, romelsac ZaluZs ngreva da danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
Cadena. msgavsi destruqciuli eqscesebisaTvis metad sasurvelia
sazogadoebrivi krizisis periodi.
`rogorc dakvirveba cxadyofs, _ wers g. leboni _ garkveuli drois
manZilze moqmed brboSi myofi individi, male misgan gamomdinare
muxtiT an raRac sxva ucnobi mizeziT, iseT mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndeba, Zalian rom hgavs hipnozirebul subieqts. vinaidan
aseT subieqts Tavis tvini paralizebuli aqvs, igi iqceva zurgis tvinis
yvela aracnobieri funqciis monad, romelsac hipnoziori sakuTari
neba-survilisamebr warmarTavs, Segnebuli pirovneba savsebiT
qreba, iseve, rogorc nebeloba da gansja, yvela grZnoba da azri
hipnoziorisaTvis sasurvel mimarTulebas iRebs.
daaxloebiT aseTivea fsiqologiur brboSi moqceuli individis
mdgomareobac. igi aRar acnobierebs Tavis qcevebs, rogorc
hipnozirebuls SeiZleba zogierTi sakuTari unari gauqres,
imavdroulad ki sxva unari uaRresad daeZabos. Cagonebis
zegavleniT igi garkveul moqmedebebs dauokebeli siswrafiT
Seasrulebs. brboSi ki es swrafva kidev ufro mZafria, vidre
hipnozirebul adamianSi, vinaidan yvela individisaTvis erTnairi Ca-

135
goneba matulobs urTierTTanaziarobis meoxebiT. brboSi Zalze cotaa
iseTi individi, romelsac Cagonebisadmi sakmaod Zlieri
winaaRmdegobis unari Seswevs, rom ebrZolos mdinarebas (gaz.
`qarTuli qronika~, 1992 w. 19 agvisto)~.
`masobrivi cnobierebis~ koncefciis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli
varaudobda, rom `masebis eris~ dadgomas mohyveba civilizaciis
dacema.
`adamiani gardaiqmneba mxolod organizebuli brbos nawilakad
da ramdenime safexuriT dabla eSveba civilizaciis kibeze. izolirebul
mdgomareobaSi, SesaZloa, igi kulturuli individi iyo, brboSi ki xdeba
barbarosi, ese igi, instiqtebiT moqmedi arseba. igi iZens
midrekilebas impulsebisadmi, SfoTisa da sisastikisadmi, Tanac
amave dros pirvelyofili arsebisaTvis damaxasaTebeli enTuziazmisa
da gmirobisadmi. aseTi individi iolad emoneba im sityvasa da
xatovan gamoTqmebs, romelTac sxva viTarebaSi araviTari
zemoqmedeba ar eqnebodaT masze, rogorc calkeul individze da sCa-
dis bevr iseT saqciels, gadaWriT rom ewinaaRmdegebian mis
interesebsa da Cvevebs...
brbos individi sakuTari Tavisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba ara
mxolod qcevebiT. vidre igi dakargavs yovelgvar damoukideblobas,
misi azri da grZnobebi imgvarad gardaiqmneba, rom Zunwi iqceva
mflangvelad, skeptikosi _ morwmuned, patiosani adamiani _ damna-
Saved, laCari gmirad (iqve)~.
naTqvamidan g. leboni askvnis, rom `brbo inteleqtualurad
yovelTvis ufro dabla dgas, vidre izolirebuli adamiani~, magram igi
ar eTanxmeba im kvlevebs, romlebic brbos mxolod
danaSaulobrivobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven. `ueWvelad brbo xSirad
damnaSavea, _ ambobs igi, _ magram amasTan gmiric aris xolme.

136
swored brbos Seswevs unari Tavi gaswiros ideisaTvis _ brbos
aRafrTovanebda saxeli da dideba, rogorc jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros,
ise 1793 wels _ samSoblos dacvisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, es gmiroba
gaucnobierebelia, magram swored aseTi gmiroba qmnis istorias.
Tu xalxebs miRwevad CavuTvliT mxolod im diad saqmeebs,
romlebic civi gonebiTaa mofiqrebuli, msoflio istoriis matianeebSi
isini Zalze cota aRmoCndeba~.
am daskvnis miuxedavad mTlianobaSi leboni ar malavs Tavis
siZulvils brbosadmi. mas igi adamianTa morCil jogs uwodebs,
romelsac praqtikulad ar SeuZlia mbrZaneblis gareSe moZraoba.
Tu winamZRols, liders masebis aRgznebis unari gaaCnia, igi
advilad warmarTavs mas nebismieri mimarTulebiT. masis mxriv am
dros raime kritikuli gansja gamoricxulia. aRgznebuli masis
eqstazamde miyvana araviTar problemas ar warmoadgens.
aRgznebul masas gansakuTrebiT liderebi iyeneben, romlebsac
angareba amoZravebT da ara saerTo saqme da keTildReoba. maT
ezizRebaT yvela isini, romlebic droze SeniSnaven maT angarebiT
miznebs. aRgznebuli, egzaltirebuli masa angariSmiucemlad etrfis
belads. igi misTvis udidesi avtoriteti da faseulobaa, romelsac Tavsac
ki anacvalebs, oRond lideri SenarCundes. aseTi brbosaTvis beladTan
SedarebiT nebismieri sxva Rirebuleba, Tundac yvelaze aRiarebuli,
zogadsakacobrio _ azrs kargavs.
aseT pirobebSi sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri nawilis moswrafeba
_ rogorme cnobiereba Seitanon masis moqmedebaSi, garTulebulia.
aseT Zalebs, romlebic cdiloben sazogadoebidan pirovnuli
orientaciebis gamoyofas, beladebi, rogorc wesi, masebis agresias
upirispireben, radgan maT ar awyobT sxva pirovnebaTa gamoyofa,
rac Seasustebs mis gavlenas am brboze. angarebian beladebs ar

137
awyobT masebis `gaWkvianeba~. ar awyobT, radgan brbo brma
morCilidan im Zlier Zalad iqceva, romelic analizs gaukeTebs
mimdinare procesebs. zizRis, agresiis, miuteveblobis,
Seuwynareblobis gareSe masa Zalas kargavs. amitom, angarebiani
beladi cdilobs mas ar daukargos es Zala, magram brbo periodulad
mainc amxobs `kanonieri~ liderebis avtoritets da mihyveba imas,
vinc mas axal iluziebs uqmnis, axal programas sTavazobs da axal
cxovrebas hpirdeba. lebonma lideris mier `brbos dauflebis~
specialuri receptebi SeimuSava: 1) lideri brbos winaSe gamosvlisas
unda iyenebdes, rac SeiZleba RvarZlian da mkacr receptebs. 2)
liderma rac SeiZleba unda gaazviados momxdari faqti, unda
maqsimalurad gadaaWarbos misi Sefaseba. 3) sistematurad unda
imeoros da amtkicos erTi da igive, magram eridos faqtebis konkretul
miTiTebas da sxv.
brboze zemoqmedebis teqnologiis virtuozuli mcodneni iyvnen
lenini da stalini, romelTa ideebiT gagiJebuli veberTela imperiis
mravalmilioniani masa sakuTari fexiT avida saxrCobelaze, sakuTari
sisxliT morwyo Tvaluwvdeneli tramalebi, da TviTonve Tqva uari
sakuTari qmedebis gonebiT kontrolze da rogorc Sedegi Seiqmna
uzarmazari imperia, sadac samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
mZlavrobda brbos moCvenebiTi diqtatura, TviTon misma
Semoqmedma brbom ki Tavgamodebis sanacvlod miiRo tyvia,
saxrCobela, cixe. maT msgavsad Zalian bevri lideri sargeblobda da
dResac sargeblobs lebonis rCevebiT.
lebonis msgavsad didi germeneli moazrovnis fridrix nicSes
`elituri koncefcia~ masebs `zedmet adamianTa kategoriaSi aqcevs.
igi ufro Sors midis da dedamiwis ganTavisuflebas moiTxovs am
`zedmeti adamianebisagan~.

138
 misi koncefciis mixedviT sazogadoeba iyofa or nawilad: sulier
aristokratiad (liderebad) da `adamianobamdel masad~, romelTa
xvedria mudmivi qveSevrdomoba. nicSe `zedmet adamianTa~ ricxvs
akuTvnebs praqtikulad yvela adamians, vinc ar amzadebs niadags
zekacisaTvis, vinc Tavis Tavs ar uyurebs rogorc saSualebas
zekacisaTvis, visac ar xelewifeba Semoqmedeba, TavisTavze
amaRleba, vinc Ralatobs dedamiwas da imedis TvaliT Sescqeris
zecas. `zedmet adamianTa~ rigs ganekuTvnebian, upirveles yovlisa,
ubralo rigiTi adamianebi, maTi erToblioba, egreTwodebuli brbo.
zaratustra (nicSe) ver malavs Tavis mZafr siZulvils brbosadmi,
ubralo, rigiTi adamianebisadmi: `sicocxle sixarulis wyaroa, magram
moSxamulia yoveli wyaro, romlidanac brbo svams... da mravalT,
vinc cxovrebas zurgs aqcevs, mxolod brbos aqcies zurgi: maT ar
undodaT brbosTan ziari hqonodaT wyaro, cecxli Tu nayofi xeTa (a.
popiaSvili, individis problema kirkegorisa da nicSes filosofiaSi, Tb.,
1988 gv. 211)~.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT wina TavebSi, me-20 s. erT-erTma
uZlieresma fsiqoanalitikosma zigmund froidma fsiqoanalitikuri
kategoriebis enaze moaxdina masebis fsiqologiisa da adamianis
`me~-s analizi da mogvca fsiqikis, rogorc cnobierebis aracnobier
survilebTan uwyveti konfliqturi urTierTqmedebis wyobis zogad-
fsiqologiuri Teoria. mis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT misma mowafem
cnobilma fsiqoanalitikosma karl iungma xalxis masis qcevis
regulaciur meqanizms uwoda koleqtiuri aracnobieri. sayovelTao
aprioruli qcevis sqemebi, qcevis pirovnulzeda modelebi Trgunaven
adamianTa individualur cnobierebas da iwveven genetikur arqaul
qceviT reaqciebs, romelsac mogvianebiT v.i. bexterevma `koleqtiuri
refleqsebi~ uwoda. erTgvarovani Sefasebebi da moqmedebebi

139
adamianebs aerTianeben monoliTur masaSi da mkveTrad zrdian
maTi erTaqtiani impulsuri moqmedebis energias. Tumca, aseTi
moqmedebebi xdeba araadaptaciuri im SemTxvevebSi, roca Cndeba
cnobierad organizebuli qcevis aucilebloba.
brbos destruqciulobaze da mis damangrevel impulsebze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas da brbos fenomens `danaSaulebrivi
TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs nikoloz drozdovic. `momavlis paradigmebSi~
igi wers:
`adamianebis instinqtebis mravalgvaroba SeiZleba daviyvanoT
or mTavar cxovrebiseul fenomenamde: agresiis (destruqciulobis)
instiqti, romelic damangrevel sawyiss Seicavs, da erotikuli ltolva,
romelic TviTgadarCena _ gaerTianebis sawindaria. es instinqtebi
garkveulwilad erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli. brboSi Tavdacvis,
gadarCenis instinqti daqveiTebulia, destruqciulobis tendencia ki _
gaZlierebuli. albaT aqedan gamomdinareobs brbos agresiis
araCveulebrivi gaadvileba (gaz. `droni~, 1992 wlis 25 ivnisi)~.
n. drozdovi cdilobs gasces pasuxi kiTxvaze _ `ratom eqcevian
adamianebi yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe sityvebis magiuri
gavlenis qveS? ratom swamT nebismieri idealebisa? rad ver arCeven
sxvaobas WeSmarit da ararealur mowodebebs Soris? ratom arian
mzad agresiisaTvis?. misi azriT, es aixsneba imiT, rom `brboSi qreba
piradi Tavisuflebis SegrZneba, sindisis, saRi azris, Rirsebis,
patiosnebis gamovlenis survili. mas cvlis Zaladoba, masebis
aqtivobis sruli ganukiTxaoba. uerTdeba, erwymeba ra sxvebs,
iTqvifeba ra masaSi, pirovneba Tavisufldeba sakuTari zneobrivi
mrwamsisa da, rac ufro mTavaria, pasuxismgeblobisagan. amitom
brbo yovelTvis daundobelia konkretuli adamianebis, TviT Tavisi
moyvasis mimarTac. saerTo miznis misaRwevad mas iolad SeuZlia

140
nebismieri kacis gaTelva, Caqolva, alagmva, amasTan yovelgvari
TanagrZnobisa da sibralulis gareSe _ umowyalod.
emociebi, romlebic kavSirSia siyvarulTan da romelTa Sedegia
Seqmna da Seneba, brboSi CaxSobilia, samagierod, mTeli ZaliT
vlindeba sawinaaRmdego instinqti _ agresiuloba, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTbelia ngreva. adamiani~Tavisdauneburad Tavsdeba
sruliad usaxo masis struqturaSi _ brboSi.
avtori yuradRebas miapyrobs brbos kidev erT Tvisebaze _
inteligenciis siZulvilze. igi wers, rom reJimebi, romelTa dasayrden
Zalas brbo warmoadgenda, xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg pirvel
yovlisa gauswordnen yvelaze metad ganswavlul sakuTar inteli-
gencias, nawili mospes da gaanadgures, nawili daapatimres, zogi
gandevnes qveynidan. es saocrad erTiani aqcia gvafiqrebinebs, rom
garegnulad TiTqosda esoden gansxvavebuli sistemebi realurad
eyrdnobian erTsada imave Zalas _ brbos, romelsac ganaTleba da
inteleqti ar gaaCnia. reJimebs sWirdebaT ara pirovnebebi, mudam
pasuxismgebelni xalxis winaSe, aramed yvela rangisa da xarisxis
ufrosTa brZanebebis morCili Semsrulebelebi, romlebic ar fiqroben
da ar azrovneben.
2002 w. gamoqveynda eka qevaniSvilisa da rusiko maCaiZis
statia `klinikuri simptomebi da politikuri fsiqiatria~, romelsac
mosdevs qvesaTauri `qarTuli Seugnebloba axali hitlerebisaTvis
kvarcxlbeks amzadebs~. `qarTuli sazogadoeba... maqsimalurad unda
Seecados sabolood gamokveTos Tavisi moTxovnileba da interesebi,
ra sWirdeba mas _ xmauriani, zedmetad emociuri, moZalade lideri
Tu piriqiT, mSvidi konstruqciuli? gamocdilebam gvaCvena, rom
qarTvelebi ufro metad `politikuri xmauris~ moyvaruli xalxia da
maTze zegavlenas politikosebi yvelaze warmatebulad swored

141
agresiuli da mkveTri gamoxtomebiT axdenen... amitomac aseT
sazogadoebaSi iseTi figurebi axerxeben popularobis mopovebas,
romlebsac fsiqiatrebi `patara hitlerebad~ moixsenieben da maT
saqcielSi moZalade istoriuli politikuri lideris Tvisebebs amCneven
(gaz. `droni~, 1992 w. 25.01.)~.
Semdeg, gazeTi gvacnobs eqimi-fsiqiatrebis Sefasebebs.
fsiqiatri marina kakauriZe, magaliTad, Tvlis, rom `sazogadoebaze
politikosebi emociebiT reagireben da es garkveul efeqts iZleva...
rodesac parlamentis sxdomebs vuyureb, _ ambobs igi, _ vxvdebi,
rom maTi umravlesoba fsiqopaTia. es ar aris salanZRavi termini. es
samedicino terminia da xasiaTis paTologias aRniSnavs. amis
klinikuri niSnebi maT aSkarad emCnevaT. uklebliv yvelas aqvs
Tavis gamoCenis gansakuTrebuli survili _ iyos pirvel planze yvelgan
da yovelTvis. Cvens politikosebs hitleris msgavsad `isterikis~ tipis
liderebisaken aqvT midrekileba da rac yvelaze mTavaria, isini ar
TamaSoben sazogadoebis moxiblvis mizniT, es maTi namdvili
saxea~. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi masebis fsiqologia
kvintensirdeba e.w. tamangos fenomenSi, romelic SeiZleba
gamoixatos principiT `oRond is ara da vinc ginda iyos~. es termini
momdinareobs frangi mwerlis prosper merimes novela `taman-
godan~, romelic mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor daxoces
zangma monebma gemis ekipaJi, romliTac isini amerikaSi gasayidaT
mihyavdaT. SurismaZieblebi mxolod amis Semdeg mixvdnen, rom
xomaldis marTva cocxlad darCenilTagan aravin icoda. manamde ki
amaze arc dafiqrebulan. swored am mizeziT da, aseve, mkafio
miznebis uqonlobis organizaciuli difuziurobisa da impulsuri
stereotipuli qcevis gamo, rogorc CvenTan, aseve globaluri
masStabiTac, masa yovelTvis xdeboda da, albaT, misi bunebidan

142
gamomdinare, momavalSic gaxdeba manipulaciis obieqtebi
sxvadasxva politikosebis, eqstremistebisa da religiuri fanatikosebis
mier.

Tavi meSvide
politikuri konfliqtis
fsiqologiuri ganzomilebani

7.1. konfliqtis politikur-fsiqologiuri

refleqsiis evolucia

politikuri konfliqtis, misi mizezebisa da Sinaarsis Teoriuli

kvleva, faqtiurad, mTeli istoriis manZilze tardeboda filosofiuri,
fsiqologiuri da social-politikuri azris evoluciis farglebSi. gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba eTmoboda im konfliqtebs, romelTa mogvarebis
gzad SeiaraRebul Zaladobas irCevdnen.
pirveli Cvenamde moRweuli kvlevebi ekuTvniT Zvel indoel
vedebs, Zveli egviptis, saberZneTis, babilonis, CineTis
moazrovneebs _ aleqsandres, heraklites, sun-Zis, konfucis da sxv.
swored isini gaxdnen konfliqtologiis mamebi, isini ara mxolod
axdendnen konfliqturi procesebis konstatacias, aramed gamoyofdnen
maT mizezebs, socialur safuZvlebs. maTi azriT, yovelive arsebulis
ganviTarebis wyaro aris materiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxareebis urTierTqmedeba, romlebic mudmiv
winaaRmdegobaSi arian erTmaneTTan da maTi matareblebis
mudmiv Sejaxebas iwveven.

143
 konfliqtebs, rogorc sazogadoebis bunebriv da mudmiv
mdgomareobas axasiaTeben antikuri xanis warmomadgenlebic _
platoni, aristotele, homerosi, demokrite, ciceroni, lukreciusi da
sxvebi. isini cxovrobdnen sazogadoebis mcire klasebad gaxleCvis
socialuri batonobisa da morCilebis formirebis xanaSi. zogadi
filosofiuri gansjisagan gansxvavebiT isini cdiloben konfliqtebisa da
Zaladobis ufro konkretuli miznebis analizis ganxorcielebas.
wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo aseve konfliqtebis mizezebis gansazRvra.
politikur da fsiqologiur determinantebs daemata demografiuli,
geografiuli, biologiuri, ekonomikuri da sxva axsnebi. maTive
damsaxurebaa isic, rom acnobierebdnen ra konfliqtebis aucileblobas
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisaTvis, isini miuTiTebdnen mSvidobiani
mogvarebis ara mxolod SesaZleblobis, aramed sasicocxlo mniSvne-
lobis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. italieli filosofosi qsenofan kolofonieli,
sTavazobda dafnis gvirgviniT SeemkoT ara mxolod sportsmenebi,
aramed brZeni, Rirseuli adamianebic, isini `vinc sityvieri
mimarTvebiT wyvetdnen cud saqmeebs, riTac Tavidan acileben
brZolebsa da ajanyebebs~. iyo konfliqtebis klasifikaciis
mcdelobebic, pirvelad ciceroni alaparakda samarTlian da usamarTlo
omebze. samarTlian da Rirseul omebs is miakuTvnebda omebs,
romlebic warmoebda miyenebuli borotebis sazRaurad an qveynidan
SemoWrili mtris gaZevebis mizniT. SuasaukuneebSi sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi religiis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba sayovelTaod aisaxa
im drois moazrovneebis samecniero-Teoriul kvlevebze. konfliqturi
urTierTdamokidebulebis (xalxTa Soris da gaerTianebebs Soris)
umTavres mizezad isini asaxelebdnen RvTaebriv nebas da msoflio
suls, romlebic miCneulni iyvnen yoveli sazogadoebrivi movlenis
ZiriTad mamoZravebel mizezad. kerZod, filosofosi-sqolasti Toma

144
aqvineli Tvlida, rom RmerTi iZulebulia dasajos adamiani da mTeli
erebi daumorCileblobis an rwmenis kanonebis darRvevis gamo.
swored amitom amarTlebda is jvarosnul laSqrobebs, inkvizicias.
amavdroulad is mxars uWerda centralizebuli xelisuflebis saomar
aqciebs, romlebic calkeuli feodalebis TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg iyo
mimarTuli. misi azriT, am SemTxvevaSic centraluri xelisuflebis
qmedebebi unda imarTebodes religiuri xelisuflebis mier. daaxloebiT
am periodSi gaCnda `wminda~ omis muslimanuri koncefcia
`urwmunobis~ winaaRmdeg _ jixadi an RazavaTi. cota ufro adre
gaCnda `wminda~ omis ideuri koncefcia, romelic `Zveli aRqmis~
dogmebs efuZneboda. im dros moxveuli religiuri determinizmi
adreul mcdelobebTan SedarebiT konfliqtis polikazualuri axnis da
aseve mTlianad msoflio sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisken win
gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. amitom aRorZinebis epoqis (XVI-XVII ss.)
filosofiuri da politikuri azris warmomadgenlebi _ n. makiaveli, T.
hobsi, i. komenski, j. uinstenli, a. smiti, u. godvini, r. oueni da sxvebi
TandaTan ubruneben konfliqtis mizezebis kvlevas am
sazogadoebrivi fenomenis miwieri safuZvlebis analizis kalapots. did
yuradRebas uTmobdnen isini konfliqtisa da Zaladobis warmoSobis
subieqtur-fsiqologiur determinantebs _ egoizms, mtrobas, metoqeo-
bas, undoblobas, adamianebis didebis wyurvils. amave dros
konfliqtis genetikur safuZlad miaCndaT fsiqologiur-ekonomikuri
faqtori _ adamianebis swrafva sakuTrebisaken, rac qonebriv
uTanasworobas badebs.
n. makiavels miuReblad miaCnda konfliqturi situaciebis
xelovnurad acileba, radgan misi azriT omebi politikis aucilebeli da
yvelaze racionaluri saSualebaa. is aRniSnavda, rom `arasdros ar
SeiZleba omis acilebis mizniT davuSvaT raime saxis borotebis

145
ganviTareba, radganac omi am saxiT ki ar aicileba, aramed
gadaideba Cvenda sazianod~. (n. makiaveli. mTavari. Tb., 1989 w.
gv. 75).
ingliseli filosofosis T. hobsis udidesi damsaxurebaa omis
mizezebis analizis Catareba misi Zaladobrivi bunebis
gamovlinebasTan erTad. mas omi mxolod Zaladobad ar miaCnia:
omis cneba ara mimdinare brZolebSi mdgomareobs, aramed misken
aSkara miswrafebebSi mTeli im xnis manZilze, sanam
sawinaaRmdegos ar irwmuneb. yvela danarCeni aris mSvidoba. (Т.
Гобc. Левиатан, М., 1964, с. 152).
igi midis konfliqtis etapobrivi ganviTarebis cnebamde,
konfliqtisa, romelic saomari qmedebebis dawyebamde didi xniT adre
iwyeba.
axali drois filosofiuri da politikuri azris warmomadgenlebma _
J.-J. rusom, volterma, p. golbaxma, g. laibnicma, S. monteskiem da
sxvebma SemogvTavazes konfliqtebis warmoSobis safuZvlebis
kvleva. maTma msjelobebma, ufro safuZvliani xasiaTi SeiZines, rac
im droisTvis mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. metic, maT,
bevri winamorbedisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebis bunebrivi
mdgomareobis saxiT ganixiles mSvidoba da ara omi.
konfliqtebis axsnis sferoSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda
XVIII-XIX s.s. periodis kvlevebs, romlebic pirobiTad SeiZleba sam
ZiriTad mimarTulebad daiyos.
pirveli mimarTuleba _ konfliqtebis warmoSobis polikazualoba
(k. klauzevici, i. kanti, h. hegeli). maTi azriT, konfliqtebisa da
Zaladobis mTavar wyaros adamianis grZnobebi da neba
warmoadgens. maTi mospoba SeuZlebelia, is Sinaganad devs
adamianis bunebaSi, xolo Zaladobis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi

146
adamianebis praqtikuli saqmianobis Semadgenelia. amasTan,
konfliqtis safuZvlebi polikazualuria, anu is mTeli rigi mizezebis
pirmSoa _ fsiqologiuris, socialuri, politikuris, ekonomikuris, sulieris,
demografiulis, pirovnulis, situaciuris, eTnikuris, konfesiulis da sxv.
amasTan, rogorc konfliqti, ise misi Tanmxlebi Zaladoba
SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens; es aris sazogadoebriv-politikuri
procesis ucilobeli movlenebi. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: socialuri
konfliqtebisa da Zaladobis ZiriTadi wyaro aris socialur jgufebs,
erebs, saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri urTierTobebi. aseTive daskvna
gaakeTa prusielma generalma da samxedro Teoretikosma k.
klauzevicma. man, faqtiurad, pirvelma moaxdina saerTaSoriso
saomari konfliqtebis bunebis Rrma da mravalmxrivi gansazRvreba,
riTac win waswia konfliqtebisa da Zaladobis Teoria. marTlac, mra-
valsaukunovani istoriis manZilze saomari konfliqtebi warmoadgenda
ara biologiur aucileblobasa da monarqis gonebis dabindvis Sedegs,
aramed imave procesebis kanonzomier ganviTarebas, romlebic sa-
xelmwifos SigniT da msoflio arenaze mimdinareobda konfliqtis
SeiaraRebul SetakebaSi gadazrdamde.
konfliqtebis politikur safuZvelze saubrobdnen udidesi germeneli
filosofosebi h. hegeli da i. kanti. h. hegeli konfliqtebis mTavar
mizezad Tvlis socialur polarizacias `kapitalis dagrovebasa~ da
`Sromas mijaWvul klass~ Soris (Г. Гегель. Философия права, М.
1990, с. 441).
i. kanti gansakuTrebul yuradRebas konfrontaciuli urTierTobebis
ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos meTauris pirovnebis rols aqcevda. is
Tvlida, rom sxva saxelmwifoebis politikur mowyobaSi Zaladobrivi
Carevis mcdelobebs adre Tu gvian omamde mivyavarT, aseve misi

147
warmoSoba ukavSirdeba Zaladobrivi qmedebebisaken Zalauflebis
mflobelTa miswrafebas.
meore mimarTuleba _ konfliqtebis fsiqologiur _ ideologiuri
determinireba (a. Sopenhaueri, f. nicSe, a. diuringi, n. berdiaevi, l.
gumploviCi, k. kautski). socialuri konfliqtebis mizezebis saxiT
saxeldeba iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa adamianebis socialuri da pi-
radi ambiciebi, romlebic ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli maT fsiqikur
midrekilebebTan _ mimarTon TviTgamoxatvisa da protestis
ukidures saSualebebs. am ambiciebs imavdroulad gaaCnia aSkara
ideologiuri safuZveli. filosofosebis azriT, ideologia yovel epoqaSi
mJRavndeba ara mxolod konkretuli politikuri daskvnebis formiT,
aramed specifikuri, drois gareSe da klasgareSe msoflmxedvelobis
elementis formiTac. Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis bunebis fsiqologiur-
ideologiurma axsnam migviyvana daskvnamde, rom sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens uSualod politikuri Zaladoba,
romelic istoriulad fundamentaluri politikuri urTierTobebis
CarCoebSi arsebobs. aman Tavisi Teoriuli axsna hpova e.w.
`Zaladobis Teoria~-Si. realur istoriul procesebze mniSvnelovani
gavlena iqonia konfliqtebis Teoriulma gansazRvrebam f. nicSes
mier. misi Tvalsazrisis saZirkvelSi devs cvlilebebi _ klasikuri
filosofiuri kategoriebi `materia~ da `suli~ icvleba axali kategoriebiT
`cxovreba~, rogorc `Zalauflebisaken mimarTuli cneba~, rac
miiRweva nebismieri arsebuli saSualebebiT.
mesame mimarTuleba _ konfliqtebis socialur-ekonomikuri
determinireba (k. marqsi, f. engelsi, v. lenini). socialuri Zaladobis
Teoriis SemuSvebisas marqsizm-leninizmis klasikosebma
daaskvnes, rom swored cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikuri
winaaRmdegobebi, (romlebic Camoyalibebuli sawarmoo

148
urTierTobebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis araTanabari flobiT iyo
gamowveuli) iwveven socialur-politikur konfrontacias. misi fesvebi
eqspluatatoruli klasebis politikaSi devs, xolo TviT konfliqti
dayvanilia klasobriv brZolamde _ antagonisturi socialur-politikuri
urTierTobebis gadaWramde. swored amitom k. marqsis Teoriis
momxreebi prioritetul yuradRebas uTmobdnen didi socialuri
jgufebis konfrontacias. maTi mTavari yuradReba mipyrobilia
makrosociologiur ganzomilebebze, rac ama Tu im Zalebis interesebis
fundamentur winaaRmdegobebsa da interesebs moicavs. am
mimarTulebis momxreebs aerTianebs arsebuli sistemis SecvlaSi
daintereseba, amave dros arsebobs saerTo sazogadoebis gardaqmnis
SeuZleblobis koncefcia. amitom k. marqsis konfliqtebis Teorias
Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi uwodeben `fundamenturi struqturuli
winaaRmdegobebis Teorias~.
socialuri konfliqtis Tanamedrove koncefciis analizze gadasvlis
dros saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom XX s. iwyeba socialuri konfliqtis
fundamentaluri kvlevebi, romlebic warsulis determinantuli
Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdenen ara
mxolod konfliqtis mizezebis warmoSobasa da mimdinareobaze,
aramed mis funqcionalur aspeqtebzec.
XX s-is pirveli meoTxedis konfliqtebis Teoria imyofeboda
darvinis bunebrivi seleqciis gavlenis qveS, ZiriTadad mihyveboda
`fiziologiuri bunebriobis~ da `uZlieresis gadarCenis~ principebis
moTxovnebs. Semdgom, fsiqologiurma midgomam, romelic
dominirdeba sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi, ganapiroba is, rom kon-
fliqtic ganixileboda ZiriTadad socialuri fsiqologiis TvalTaxedviT.
XX s-is 50-60 wlebSi dasavlur (gansakuTrebiT amerikulSi)
sociologiaSi SeimCneva sazogadoebrivi movlenebis analizis

149
struqturul-funqcionaluri meTodebis aSkara prevalireba, rac
garkveulwilad konfliqtis saerTo Teoriis ganviTarebis garkveuli
damuxruWebis mizezi gaxa. zogadsociologiuri Teoriis statusis
msurveli struqturul-funqcionaluri analizi mihyveboda sazogadoebis
ukonfliqto modelis, `dabalansebuli~ modelis principebs. aseTma
calmxrivma orientaciam xeli SeuSla funqcionalistebs ara mxolod
Teoriis SemuSavebaSi, aramed konfliqtebis Teoriis mniSvnelobis
gagebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT 50-ian wlebSi gaCnda koncefciebi,
romlebic aRweren konfliqtis bunebas. konfliqts miaweren negatiur
funqciasTan erTad mastabilizirebeli, maintegrirebel funqciebs, rom-
lebic uCveneben urTierTkavSirs socialur konfliqtsa da socialur
cvlilebebs Soris.
Tu vecdebiT konfliqtis Seswavlis arsebuli midgomebis
ganzogadoebas, SeiZleba gamovyoT sami mimarTuleba:
pirveli mimarTuleba _ emociur-fsiqlogiuri _ es aris erT-erTi
yvelaze tradiciuli midgoma konfliqtis aRqmasa da SeswavlaSi; mis
safuZvelSi devs konfliqtis bunebis Cveneba pativmoyvareobaze,
mtrobasa da adamianis naturis agresiulobaze orientirebiT. es mid-
goma gamomdinareobs konfliqtis monawileobis emociuri da
fsiqofiziologiuri mdgomareobis analizidan, survilidan _ aixsnas
maTi qmedebebi bunebrivi maxasiaTeblebiT _ SiSiT, zizRiT, sulis
aRgznebiT da sxva subieqturi faqtorebiT.
meore mimarTuleba aris dialeqtikuri. am midgomam ufro metad
hpova gavrceleba. is emyareba dialeqtikis tradiciebs, rac gulisxmobs
movlenebis arsis urTierTwinaaRmdegobebis gamovlenas da am
winaaRmdegobebis, rogorc sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebisa da
moZraobis wyaros ganxilvas. am mimarTulebis mimdevrebi (ZiriTa-
dad marqsistebi) `universalur~ socialur winaaRmdegobad miiCneven

150
winaaRmdegobas mwarmoebel Zalebsa da sawarmoo urTierTobebs
Soris. swored mis safuZvelze, maTi azriT, mJRavndeba yvela sxva
socialuri winaaRmdegobebi.
mesame mimarTuleba aris socialur-motivirebadi. es ufro metad
farTo da universaluri midgomaa, romelic jer kidev uZveles
moazrovneebTan gvxvdeba. is dakavSirebulia mtkicebasTan, rom
nebismieri konfliqtis safuZvelSi devs interesi. `interes~-s uamravi
ganmarteba aqvs _ mas ukavSireben `adamianis bunebas~, an
`sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis klasobriv arss~. nebismier SemTx-
vevaSi am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben Seitanon,
daareguliron da gadaWran nebismieri socialuri konfliqti rogorc
interesebis konfliqti.
Tanamedrove konfliqtologebis mosazrebebis farTo speqtri
saSualebas iZleva gamoiyos konfliqtebi, romlebic gaaerTianebs ama
Tu im midgomis mimdevrebs.
bunebrivi determinizmis koncefciis warmomadgenlebi (r. mak-
dugali, j. bleini, j. dolardi, k. lorenci, r. ardi da sxv.) amtkiceben, rom
konfliqti warmoiSoba bunebrivi SerCeviT da arsebobisaTvis brZoliT
sxvadasxva pirobebSi. konfliqturi Setakebebi _ sazogadoebis
bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, romelic warmoadgens misi funqcionirebis
`biologiur kanons~. socialuri Zaladobis ganxorcielebis procesSi
gadarCebian `metad moxerxebulebi, `genetikurad srulfasovani~ erebi
da calkeuli pirovnebebi.
bunebrivi determinizmis mimdevrebs Soris gavrceleba hpoves
geopolitikurma da neomalTuizianurma Teoriebma. pirvelis
mimdevrebi socialuri konfliqtisa da Zaladobis mizezebs xedaven
geofizikur faqtorSi _ arasakmarisi sasicocxlo sivrcis pirobebSi ga-
darCenaSi, anu am faqtorad moiazreba teritoriebis ukmarisoba,

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bunebrivi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba. teritoria ki, romelzec pretenzia
SeiZleba hqondes nebismier saxelmwifos, ganisazRvreba ara mxolod
bunebrivi TvisebebiT da maTi saWiroebiT, aramed Zalis faqtoriTac
anu saxelmwifos unariT xelSi Caigdos misTvis aucilebeli sivrce.
amitom omi, maTi azriT, uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos bunebriv zrdas.
neomalTuzianuri Teoriis mimdevrebi konfliqtis fesvebs
adamianebis `gadaWarbebul nayofierebaSi~, mosaxleobis katastroful
zrdaSi, `demografiul afeTqebaSi~ xedaven. isini Tvlian, rom yoveli
konfliqti, maT Soris SeiaraRebulic, aseve epidemiebi da SimSili
aucileblobaa, ramdenadac swored isini uzrunvelyofen `zedmeti
mosaxleobis~ Tavidan mocilebas.
bunebrivi determinizmis koncefcias SeiZleba miekuTvnos
neorasistuli Teoriebic, romlebic amtkiceben, rom garkveuli rasis
`bunebrivi gansakuTrebuloba~ warmoadgens konfliqtebisa da
Zaladobis, msoflioSi gadarCenisa da batonobisaTvis brZolis wyaros.
omi ki warmoadgens rasebs Soris brZolis umaRles formas. am
Teoriebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia socialuri konfliqtebis
biologiuramde dayvana, calkeuli rasebis bunebrivi uTanasworobis
aRiareba.
socialur-fsiqologiuri determinizmis koncefciis
warmomadgenlebi (z. froidi, l. kozeri, v. pareto, g. moska, e. mixelsi,
j. helbreiti, d. beli, T. karlaili, m. veberi, d. Sulci, r. litli, g. peri, a.
bergsoni, l. gumilovi da sxv.). miiCneven, rom calkeuli pirebisa da
socialuri jgufebis subieqturi fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis yvela movlenisa da procesis mTavari faqtoria, maT
Soris konfliqturisac. amave dros, erTni fsiqikas ganixilaven rogorc
raRac ucvlels. masSi wina planze wamoweulia qvecnobieri
instinqtebi, romlebic xels uwyoben marad meomar ltolvebs.

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bihevioristuli Teoriis mimdevrebi axdenen adamianebis qcevis
socialuri konfliqtis warmoSobaze zegavlenis absolutizirebas. maTi
azriT, admianis cnobiereba, fsiqika dasulia garemos mxridan
wamosul zegavlenaze organizmis reaqciamde, pirobiT refleqse-
bamde, unar-Cvevebamde. aqedan, socialuri konfliqtis ZiriTad
mizezad iTvleba `Tavdasxmis agresiuli Cveva~, romelic adamianebs
uyalibdebaT gare pirobebis zemoqmedebiT anu, konfliqtebi da
Zaladoba warmoadgenen sapasuxo fsiqologiur reaqcias garedan
wamosul muqaraze.
individualur-pirovnuli Teoriebis warmomadgenlebi konfliqtebis
warmoSobis gadamwyvet mizezad Tvlian calkeuli adamianebis
(gamoCenili pirovnebebis, politikuri liderebis, saxelmwifos
meTaurebis, mTavarsardlebis, qarizmatuli pirovnebebis da a.S.) saq-
cielsa da moRvaweobas.

7.2. politikuri konfliqtebis tipologia da

maTi marTva

urTierTqmedi subieqtebis interesebis, miznebis, survilebis, da

poziciebis Sejaxeba iwyeba incidentisagan, roca erT--erTi mxare
axorcielebs meore mxaris interesebis Semlaxvel moqmedebebs.
gamoyofen jgufTaSoris, socialur, eTnikur da saxelmwif-
oTaSoris konfliqtebs.
konfliqtis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba Semdegi stadiebiT:
incidenti-konfliqtis TandaTanobiTi gaZliereba brZolis gamocdilebis
dagrovebis xarjze; problemebis raodenobis gazrda _ monawileTa
konfliqturi aqtiurobis zrda, winaaRmdegobis gamZafreba _ konfliq-
tis monawileTa qcevis dezorganizacia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is

153
destruqciulia. Tumca, konfliqti SeiZleba iyos konstruqciulic, rac xels
uwyobs problemebis produqtiuli gadawyvetis Ziebas. konfliqti
vlindeba ideebis konfrontaciis, sxvadasxva sargeblis miRebisa da
saqmianobis garkveul sferoSi monopoliuri batonobisaTvis brZolis
formiT. politikur fsiqologiaSi miRebulia konfliqtebis Semdegi saxis
klasificireba: gamoiyofa antagonisturi (Seurigebeli) da agonisturi
(Serigebadi) konfliqtebi. antagonisturi konfliqtis gadawyvetis
xelidan gaSvebuli SesaZleblobebi mas qronikul konfliqtSi
gadaiyvanen. konfliqtis SesaZlo gadawyvetis Zieba iwvevs maT
urTierTmisaReb gadawyvetas.
konfliqtebi SeiZleba iyos moCvenebiTi (imitirebuli) da realuri.
konfliqtebis monawileebi warmoadgenen aqcentirebuli cnobierebis
matareblebs, romlebSic arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi aisaxeba
emociurad konfliqturi formiT. amasTan, SesaZlebeli `cnobirebis
dabindva~ individSi Trgunavs jansaRi azris grZnobas, iwvevs kon-
fliqtis SesaZlo Sedegebis araadeqvatur Sefasebas da xSirad
oponentze gamarjveba xdeba `sazeimo gamarjveba~.
individTa da mcire jgufebs Soris konfliqtis dros xdeba interesTa
dapirispireba, romlis realizebac xdeba dapirispirebuli mxareebis
qcevaSi. did jgufebs Soris konfliqtebSi xdeba ganwyobilebisa da sa-
zogadoebrivi azris dapirispireba. konfliqtebi SeiZleba iyos
vertikalurad da horizontalurad (socialurad erTgvarovani
struqturebSi) aRmocenebadi. Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi konfliqti
warmoSobs gaucxoebas, winaaRmdegobas da xSirad siZulvilsa da
mtrobas. urTierTobaTa erT sferoSi aRmocenebuli konfliqtebi
vrceldeba sxva sferoebSic, qmnis ra axali winaaRmdegobebis
sistemas.

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 rig SemTxvevebSi Cndeba cru konfliqtis situacia, roca mxareebi
winaaRmdegobas uweven erTmaneTs moCvenebiTi dapirispirebis
gamo. aseTi konfliqtebi SeiZleba gamowveuli iqnes meore mxaris
ganzraxvis araadeqvaturi SefasebiT, misi moqmedebis araswori
interpretaciiT. xSirad adamianebi ver igeben metyvelebiTi cnebebis
orazrovnebas, iReben ra Setyobinebas misi konteqstidan.
zogjer konfliqtebs iwvevs ara mxolod meore mxaris
moqmedebebi, aramed misi negatiuri fsiqikuri potenciali _ Cndeba
konfliqtebi SecdomiT. marTlac, mravali moCvenebiTi konfliqti
Cndeba anomalur, zedmetad agznebad da mSfoTvare pirebSi.
konfliqtSi myofi mxareebi, rogorc wesi, arCevis situaciaSi
imyofebian, rac xSirad ukavSirdeba did risks. Sedis ra konfliqtSi,
individma ar icis rogor gamovides, xolo misi gadawyvetilebebi
SeiZleba iyos saziano misTvisve.
mwvave arakonstruqciul konfliqtebs xSirad Tan axlavs brZolis
zneobrivad gansjadi meTodebi, partnioris fsiqologiuri daTrgunvis,
misi diskreditaciis da damcirebis survili. konfliqtis gamwvaveba
xasiaTdeba problemuri situaciebis zrdiT, pirveladi problemuri
situaciebis gaRrmavebiT, emociuri daZabulobis momatebiT,
miRebuli moqmedebebis araadeqvaturobiT. konfliqtSi myofi
mxareebis qceva mkacria, xolo cnobiereba _ Seviwrovebuli.
cxovreba ar SeiZleba iyos ukonfliqto. adamiani ar unda gaeqces
konfliqtebs, aramed unda poulobdes misgan adaptirebul gamosavals.
fsiqologebi gvarwmuneben, rom aseT situaciaSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani ara mxolod kompromisis, aramed TanamSromlobis
SesaZleblobebis Zebnaa. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi moigeben
konfliqtis monawile mxareebi da saqme, ris gamoc kamaTi atyda.
maT, vinc problemuri situaciis mowesrigeba gadawyvites,

155
fsiqologebi urCeven, molaparakeba manam ar daiwyon, sanam yvela
argumenti mofiqrebuli ar eqnebaT. sxvaTa Soris msoflios dapyrobis
mcdel germanul armias erTi Zalze mkacri da sasargeblo wesi gaaCn-
da. saCivris Setana problemis warmoSobidan mxolod 24 saaTis
Semdeg SeiZleboda. metad gonivruli iyo, rom konfliqti ganixileboda
mSvid da drois distanciaSi awonil da Sefasebul mdgomareobaze, rac
Zalze saWiroa situaciis Sesafaseblad da sakuTari pretenziebis
Camosayalibeblad.
konfliqtebis mniSvnelobam pirovnebaTaSoris da jgufTaSoris
urTierTobebSi, socialur marTvasa da samrTlebriv regulirebaSi
Cvens droSi warmoSva codnis damoukidebeli dargi _ konfliqtologia.
bolo xanebSi intensiurad viTardeba konfliqtis gadamWreli faqtorebis
kvleva.
sazogadoebaSi arseboben Zalebi, romlebic iswrafvian, rom
moaxdinon konfliqtebis konservacia, dainteresebuli arian ara maTi
regulirebiT, aramed piriqiT, maTi permanentuli gamwvavebiT. isini
imedovneben, rom amiT maTTvis ufro xelsayreli situacia
Seiqmneba, vidre maT mowinaaRmdegeebs aqvT da amitom es
opoziciuri Zalebi yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegebian xelisuflebis mier
SemoTavazebul TamaSis wesebs. isini araTu kompromiss eZeben,
aramed kidev ufro aZliereben TavianT moTxovnebs, rom
daumtkicon TavianT momxreebs xelisuflebis arademokratiuloba.
Tavis mxriv, mmarTveli elitac zogjer specialurad wamoayenebs
xolme TanamSromlobisaTvis miuRebel pirobebs, radgan imedi aqvs,
rom opoziciis Zalebi gaixarjebian aseTi winaaRmdegobebis
daZlevaSi da moxdeba maTi komprometireba sazogadoebis TvalSi
Tundac imiT, rom gamoaSkaravdeba; sazogadoebrivi
Tanxmobisadmi maTi uaryofiTi damokidebuloba, magram umetes

156
SemTxvevaSi politkuri Zalebi iswrafvian kontrols dauqvemdebaron
konfliqtebi im mizniT, rom miaRwion mis daregulirebas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis marTvis subieqtad SeiZleba mogvevlinos
rogorc erT-erTi mxareTagani, aseve is Zalac, romelic am
konfliqtebSi ar monawileobs, magram dainteresebulia misi
regulirebiT. vinc unda iyos konfliqtis marTvis subieqti, yvela
SemTxvevaSi igi dadgeba ramdenime universaluri amocanis
gadawyvetis winaSe:
 xeli SeuSalos konfliqtis aRmocenebas an gaRvivebas iseTi
pirobebis SeqmniT, romelic mniSvnelovnad gazrdis misi
daregulirebis fass;
 yvela Crdilovan, latentur, miCumaTebul konfliqtebs misces
Ria forma, gamoitanos saaSkaraoze im angariSiT, rom
Seamciros arakontrolirebadi procesebi da amgvari
urTierTobis Sedegebi, Tavidan iqnas acilebuli moulodneli
afeTqebebi, romlebzedac operatiuli da swori reagireba
SeuZlebeli iqneba;
 minimumamde daiyvanos socialuri aRgznebadobis procesi,
romelic politikuri konfliqtis mimdinareobam gamoiwvia
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. moaxdinos
socialuri aRgznebadobis lokalizeba da ar dauSvas misi
gavrceleba, rac met energiasa da resurebs moiTxovs, Tu
operatiulad ar iqna zomebi miRebuli. amocanebidan
gamomdinare kontroli konfliqtur situaciebze Sedgeba rigi
procedurebisagan:
 SesaZlo konfliqtis monawileTa interesebis, ganzraxvisa da
savaraudo moqmedebebis Sesaxeb sando informaciis
operatiuli gacvla;

157
  yvela im moqmedebaze Tavis Sekaveba, rasac SeuZlia
konfliqturi situaciisaTvis umarTavi xasiaTis miniWeba.
 konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi miukerZoebeli avtoritetuli arbitrebis
CarTva;
 konfliqtis urTierTmisaRebi yvela SesaZlo gadawyvetis
gamovlena da gamoyeneba;
 saqmiani patrniorebis Seqmna da mxardaWera, post-
konfliqturi uaryofiTi emociuri winaaRmdegobebis Tavidan
acileba. es universaluri miznebi da procedurebi, romlebic
konfliqtebis marTvis strategias udevs safuZvlad aucilebelad
unda dakonkretdes imisdamixedviT, Tu konfliqtebis
daregulirebis Tu gadaWris ra sistema arsebobs.
Tavi merve
politikuri komunikaciis fsiqologia

8.1. sazogadoebriv cnobirebaze politikuri komunikaciebis

saSualebebis fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobani

komunikacia Tanamedrove organizaciuli sistemis swori

funqcionirebis umTavresi pirobaa, romelic gansazRvravs politikuri
ganviTarebis mimarTulebasa da dinamikas. sityva komunikacia
momdinareobs laTinuri Ziridan `Communicare~ da TaTbirs niSnavs.
komunikacia orientirebulia masobriv socialur da politikur
moTxovnilebebze, mocemuli sazogadoebis socialuri sistemis
Taviseburebebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom komunikaciur procesTa
analizi mTeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Seswavlis erT-erTi
saSualebaa, ise rom gaTvaliswinebulia masobrivi auditoriis socialuri

158
grZnobebi, misi samoqalaqo, politikuri da kulturuli gamocdileba da
erovnuli Taviseburebani.
komunikaciis, rogorc interaqtiuri procesis erT-erTi yvelaze
adekvaturi da lakonuri gansazRvreba 1990 w. Camoayaliba aSS-s
proeqtebis teqnikuri Sefasebis biurom: `komunikacia aris procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac xdeba SetyobinebaTa formulireba, gacvla da in-
terpretacia~. komunikaciis sxvadasxva saSualebaTa meSveobiT
sazogadoebis ideologiebi ayalibeben sazogadoebrivi fenebisa da didi
socialuri jgufebis damokidebulebas sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan
movlenebze.
televiziam, presam, radiom, kompiuterulma qselma uzrunvelyo
yoveldRiuri urTierTobebis globalizacia, gaafarTova politikuri da
kulturis miRwevebis globaluri gavrcelebis SesaZleblobebi. amasTan
komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSualebebma Seqmnes masobrivi kul-
turis socialur-fsiqologiuri fenomeni. masobrivma kulturam, romelic
gaTvlilia masobrivi moxmarebisaTvis, SeiZina kulturuli surogatis
Strixebi. misi Sinaarsi amartivebs adamianur urTierTobebs da
axdens maT primitivizacias, komunikaciis fsiqologia, rogorc
politikuri fsiqologiis dargi ikvlevs obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis
gavlenas masobrivi urTierTobis efeqturobaze, masobrivi ganwyobis
formirebaze, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebaze, informaciis
aTvisebisa da gadamuSavebis, misi miRebisa da miuReblobis
kanonzomirebaze.
ician ra am kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb calkeuli politikosebi da
maTi imijmeikerebi cdilben sazogadoebrivi cnobierebiT
manipulirebas, iyeneben fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis saSualebebis
sistemas adamianTa qcevis cvlilebebis mizniT maTi sakuTari
interesebis sapirispirod.

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 politikis formireba da retransgalacia xorcieldeba Sesabamisi
politikuri eniT _ verbaluriT da simboloebiT (emblemebi, ritualuri
qmedebebi da sxva). politikur enaSi kodirebulia politikuri cnobebis
arsi. politikuri enis leqsikonSi aucileblad vlindeba politikosis
msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebi (rac yovelTvis ar emTxveva
zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs). mxolod gamocdili profesionali
politikosebi gamoirCevian maRali politikuri kulturiT; icaven dasaS-
vebi eqspresis, metyvelebiTi kulturis wesebs, avlenen tolerantobas
oponentebTan mimarTebaSi.
egzaltirebuli, esqpresiuli politikosebi mimarTaven auditoriis
cnobierebis mistificirebas, arRveven realur sazRvrebs TavianT
postpulatebsa da konkretul sinamdviles Soris, qmnian auditoriaSi
sagangebo mdgomareobis iluzias; amitomac komunikaciaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli adgili uWiravs mmarTvelebsa da marTulebs Soris
informaciis gacvlas garkveuli konsensusis miRwevis mizniT.
politikuri komunikacia _ wers r. Svarcenbergi – aris politikuri
informaciis gadacemis procesi, romlis wyalobiTac igi moZraobs
politikuri sistemis erTi nawilidan meoreSi da brunavs politikur
sistemasa da socialur sistemas Soris.
politikuri komunikaciis rolsa da daniSnulebas ukeT gavigebT
Tu gavaanalizebT im meTodebsa da saSualebebs, romelTa
meSveobiTac moZraobs informacia mmarTvelebsa da marTulebs
Soris. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba gamoyofs komunikaciis sam wessa
da saSualebas:
1. komunikacia masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis gziT;
2. komunikacia organizaciebis meSveobiT;
3. komunikacia araformaluri kontaqtebis daxmarebiT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi laparakia masobrivi informaciis beWdviT
(presa, wignebi, plakatebi da a.S.) an eleqtronul (radio, televizia da

160
a.S.) saSualebebze, romlebic udides zemoqmedebas axdenen
adamianebis msoflSegnebasa da politikuri poziciebis
Camoyalibebaze. es xdeba ara imdenad Cven poziciebze maTi
specifikuri zemoqmedebis gamo, ramdenadac imis gamo, rom isini
iqcnen im codnis mopovenis saSualebebad, romlebzec damoki-
debulia sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. mravali politikuri movlenis, maT
Soris saerTo erovnuli arCevnebis Catareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom
informacia mimdinare plitikur xdomilebebze, partiebsa da kandida-
tebze ar iyos yvelasaTvis misawvdomi.
meore SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebsa da marTulebs Soris
informaciebis gadamcem rgolebs politikuri partiebi da zewolis
jgufebi warmoadgenen. aseTi urTierTobebis dros mTavroba da
xelisufleba gvevlineba rogorc komunikaciuri bade, romelic Tavis
moqmedebebs miRebuli informaciis Sesatyvisad warmarTavs. aR-
saniSnavia is, rom nebismieri mmarTveli gadawyvetilebebs iRebs
ara imis mixedviT, rac obieqturad swori an realuria, aramed imis
mixedviT, rac maT informaciis saxiT miewodebaT. amitom
gasakviri ar aris lobistTa saqmianobis mniSvneloba _ komunikacia
erTaderTi saSualebaa zegavlena movaxdinoT gadawyvetilebaTa
mimReb pirebze CvenTvis sasurveli saxiT. sxvagvarad, lobizmis
procesi mTlianad komunikaciuri procesia.
mesame SemTxvevaSi komunikacia gvevlineba araformaluri
kontaqtebis formiT. esaa komunikacia, romelic mimdinareobs
uSualo, pirovnuli, `piris-pir~ kavSirebisa da urTierTobebis gziT.
rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda
primitiul da tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, igi dResac inarCunebs Tavis
mniSvnelobas ara mxolod Cveni tipis sazogadoebaSi, aramed TviT
ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki, sadac masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebi gacilebiT maRal donezea. propagandasa da masobrivi

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informaciis saSualebebis efeqtis kvlevisas am viTarebas yuradReba
jer kidev p. lazarsfeldma miaqcia. gairkva, rom auditoria ar
aRiqvams masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs, rogorc raRac
aradiferencirebul bloks. adamianTa masebi, romlebSic yalibdeba
azrebi da Sexedulebebi, warmoadgenen garkveul struqturul
erTobliobas. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis zemoqmedeba
mimdinareobs im socialuri struqturis gziT, romlis CarCoSic
recipienti (informaciis mimRebi individi) ikavebs Tavis adgils.
masobrivi komunikaciis arxebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, swored
urTierTdkavSirebul individTa qseli warmoadgens.
masmediis zemoqmedeba vrceldeba garkveuli pirebis
Suamavlobis gziT, romlebic am procesSi iniciatorebisa da
gadamcemebis rols TamaSoben; esenia `sazogadoebrivi azris
liderebi~, romelTagan TiToeuli gavlenas axdens im pirveladi anu
referentuli jgufis wevrebze (ojaxi, mezoblebi, samuSao jgufi,
megobarTa wre da sxv.), romelsac Tavad miekuTvneba. p. lazarsfel-
dis azriT, ideebi, informaciebi sainformacio saSualebebisagan
gavrceldebian sazogadoebrivi azris liderebamde, maTgan ki
naklebad aqtiur seqtorebamde. informaciis gavrceleba xdeba
Tanamimdevrul nakadad. amgvarad, informaciis gavrcelebisas ori
Tanmimdevruli talRaa: pirveli aRwevs `sazogadoebrivi azris li-
derebamde~, meore ki maTgan momdinareobs da vrceldeba
sxvadasxva arxis saSualebiT maTsave auditoriaSi.
r. mertoni kidev ufro aviTarebs am warmodgenas
`sazogadoebrivi azris liderebis~ rogorc recipientis Sesaxeb. igi
erTmaneTs adarebs adgilobrivi gavleniani pirebis, romlebic pirveladi
jgufisa da garkveuli socialuri erTobis urTierTobis centrSi imyofe-
bian da `kosmopolituri gavleniani pirebis~, romlebic socialuri
erTobisa da gare samyaros Soris damakavSirebeli rgolia, masobrivi

162
informaciis saSualebiT `damuSavebas~. jer kidev j. moreno werda,
rom axali ambebi, ideebi, Worebi da a.S. garkveuli socialuri qselebis
gziT gadaicema, swored am socialur arxTa gziT axdenen adamianebi
erTmaneTze gavlenas da urTierTaRzrdas. amgvar qselebs igi
sazogadoebrivi azris samzareulos uwodebs. amgvarad, masobrivi
informaciis saSualebis auditoria esaa adamianTan dakavSirebuli
recipientTagan Semdgari mTlianoba, romelTa reaqciebi
informaciebze swored am urTierTkavSirebis CarCoebSi yalibdeba.
`vin acnobebs, saxeldobr ras, rogori arxebiT, vis da rogori
efeqtiT~ _ h. lasuelis am formulaSi mocemulia masobrivi
komunikaciis mTeli sistema.
`vin~ am sqemaSi niSnavs masobriv komunikatorTa sxva-
dasxva saxis aRweras, maTi momzadebis, kvalifikaciis, socialuri da
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
`ra~ am sqemaSi niSnavs sxvadasxva meTodiT masobrivi
informaciis Sinaarsis klasifikacias, Temebisa da simboloebis
gamoTvlas, farTo publikis mimarT gakeTebuli mowodebebis
safuZvelSi mdebare ritorikuli xerxebisa da wesebis analizs.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom naTlad formulirebuli daskvnebis
Semcveli informaciebi ufro qmediTia, vidre iseTi cnobebi da in-
formaciebi, romlebsac miznad aqvT Seagulianos auditoria
damoukideblad gaakeTos daskvnebi. mauwyeblobis Sinaarsis
klasifikacia, uwinares yovlisa, unda moxdes recipientis (msmenelis,
mkiTxvelis, mayureblis) moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT _ SeamCnia Tu
ara man gamocemuli masala, waikiTxa, moismina Tu ara bolomde,
moewona Tu ara da sxva. amis Semdeg varkvevT, Tu rogor
gamoiwvia recipientis mxridan msgavsi reaqciebi mocemuli Temis
gadacemis an ganviTarebis procesSi gamoyenebulma simboloebma
da masalis ganlagebam.

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 rac Seexeba informaciis gavrcelebis `arxebs~, aq ZiriTadad
laparakia masobrivi informaciis sxvadasxva saSualebis gavlenisa da
gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb. statistikurad aanalizeben
radiosadgurebisa da telestudiebis, televizorebis, radiomimRebebis,
videoebis, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis, gamoSvebuli kinofilmebis ti-
raJs, Teatrebisa da kinodarbazebis tevadobasa da sxv. ikvleven
TiToeul maTganisa da Sesabamisi auditoriis kavSirs.
k. lasuelis formulis momdevno punqti `vis~ mowodebulia
daadginos, Tu saxeldobr vin iRebs gadacemul informaciebs.
auditoria am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aRiweros mravali iseTi
maxasiaTebliT, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri jgufisadmi kuTvnileba,
geografiuli regioni, ojaxis Semadgenloba da sidide, ganaTleba,
aRmsarebloba, profesia, individualuri Taviseburebebi da sxv.
magaliTad, amerikelma fsiqologebma daadgines, rom masobrivi
komunikaciis saSualebebis gavlenis qveS ufro advilad eqcevian is
adamianebi, romelTac sakuTari Rirsebis sustad ganviTarebuli
grZnoba aqvT. aseve mniSvnelovania, romelime konkretuli arxisa
Tu gadacemis auditoriis analizi. magaliTad, sainteresoa teleserialebis
mayurebelTa da aramayurebelTa demografiuli monacemebi,
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maTi monawileobis, gonebis
Tvalsawierisa da interesebis arealis SedarebiTi analizi.
dabolos, rac Seexeba masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis
`efeqturobas~, aRmoCndeba, rom gadacemul informaciasa da
auditoriaze mis zemoqmedebas Soris arsebobs pirdapiri da martivi
kavSiri. mniSvnelovania fsiqologiuri procesebis gaTvaliswineba.
rogorc r. martonma SeniSna, `propagandas ar eqneba mosalodneli
efeqti, Tu misi Sinaarsi ar iqneba auditoriis fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi (Райли – Младший Д. Райли М.
Массовая Коммуникация и социальная система, М, 1985, ст.

164
619)~. b. berilsonis azriT, auditoriaze zemoqmedeba ar aris
komunikatoris ganzraxvis an misi informaciis Sinaarsis pirdapiri
Sedegi. amgvar situaciaSi did rols TamaSobs mkiTxvelis an
msmenelis ganwyobileba: mas SeuZlia aicilos an Secvalos mosalod-
neli efeqti an moaxdinos pirdapir sawinaaRmdego zemoqmedeba
(iqve)~. amgvarad, mxolod maSin, rodesac komunikatori
iTvaliswinebs fsiqologiur da sociologiur aspeqtebs, masobrivi
komunikaciis Sedegebis winaswarmetyveleba da gaangariSeba, didi
sizustiTaa SesaZlebeli da efeqtic gacilebiT maRali iqneba.

8.2. masmedia _ meoTxe xelisufleba

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formirebaze masobrivi informaciis

saSualebaTa zemoqmedebis kvleva XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
daiwyo da auditoriaze masmediis SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba
Camoyalibda manam, sanam telemedia, daipyrobda masobriv
auditorias. 60-ian wlebamde mkvlevarebi masobrivi komunikaciis
zemoqmedebis daxasiaTebisas iyenebdnen definicias _ `zomiers~ da
`SezRudulsac~ ki. 1966 w. gamovida aSS-s prezidentis j. karteris
wigni saTauriT `mTavrobis meoTxe Sto~, swored am droidan
uwodeben masmedias meoTxe xelisuflebas (sakanonmdeblo
aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Semdeg), imdenad didia
misi mniSvneloba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis procesSi. Sesabamisad,
auditoriaze masmediis zemoqmedebis faqtori kvlav ganisazRvra
rogorc `yovlisSemZle~. masmediis eleqtronuli saSualebebis yovlisS-
emZleobis koncefciam morigi ganviTareba hpova kanadeli
mkvlevaris marSal makluenis kvlevebSi, sadac man Camoayaliba
masmediis axali xedva, romlis mixedviTac masmediis zemoqmedeba

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ganisazRvreba ara informaciis SinaarsiT, aramed misi miwodebis
saSualebiT, formiT da es zemoqmedeba Tvisobrivad cvlis aRqmisa
da azrovnebis models (Makluen M. http://mcluhan.by.ru /
message.htmli(Russian).
Tavisufali da damoukidebeli masmedia demokratiis sayrdenad
iTvleba. igi mniSvnelovani socialuri instrumentia, romelic mediumis
rols asrulebs sazogadoebasa da mmarTvelebs Soris.
masmediis funqciebis gansazRvrisas TiTqmis yvela
TvalsazrisSi saerToa postulati, rom masmedia aris socialuri kontrolis
instrumenti; rom media unda emsaxurebodes sazogadoebas.
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom
presis Tavisuflebas sagangebo dacva sWirdeba, imisaTvis rom mas
hqondes saSualeba Seasrulos `sazogadoebrivi guSagis sasicocxlod
aucilebeli roli~ da `gaavrcelos sazogadoebrivi interesis Semcveli
informacia~.
gazeTebis msoflio asociaciis kvlevisa da informaciis marTvis
ganyofilebis direqtori tatiana repkova masmediis funqciis
gansazRvrisas, sazogadoebis `modaraje nagazis~ rols ase
akonkretebs: `presisgan, romelsac xelisuflebis meoTxe sayrdens
uwodeben, elian, rom is meTvalyureobas gauwevs xelisuflebis
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo Stoebs da maT mier
xelisuflebis arakeTilsindisierad gamoyenebis nebismier SemTxvevas
gamoamzeurebs.
mediis frangi mkvlevari, klod-Jan bertrani masmediis eqvs
funqcias gamoyofs:
1. meTvalyureoba _ informaciis moZieba, gafiltvra,
gaanalizeba, interpretireba da Semdgom misi gavrceleba
yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze. kerZod, mediam arCevnebs

166
 Soris drois intervalSi Tvalyuri unda adevnos sami politikuri
saxelisuflo Stos saqmianobas;
2. sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis uzrunvelyofa (media
warmoadgens sajaro forums debatebisTvis);
3. msoflios axali ambebiT uzrunvelyofa;
4. kulturis gavrceleba;
5. garToba;
6. gayidva (media reklamis gavrcelebis mTavari saSualebaa).
amerikeli politologebi, wignis `amerikuli demokratiis~ avtorebi
(qeneT janda, jeferi m. beri, jeri goldmeni) miiCneven, rom
`masobrivi saSualebebis mTavari funqcia garTobaa. Tumca isini
aseve asruleben politikur funqciebs: gadmoscemen axal ambebs,
ukeTeben maT komentars, gavlenas axdenen moqalaqeTa Sexedule-
bebze, politikur dRis wesrigze da mosaxleobis politikur
socializaciaze~.
rac Seexeba masmediis rols samTavrobo komunikaciaSi:
`aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis germanul
modelSi~ erT-erTi qveTavi asea dasaTaurebuli _ `marTva
Tanamedrove masmediis pirobebSi~, rac TavisTavad mianiSnebs
imaze, rom media ganixileba ara samTavrobo komunikaciis
konteqstSi, aramed piriqiT _ samTavrobo komunikacia ganixileba
mediis konteqstSi: `msoflioSi mimdinare yvela sajaro movlena
mediis mier muSavdeba, amitom politikis monawileni cdiloben
politikuri sinamdvilis medialur konstruqciasa da misi TamaSis
wesebs miesadagon~. aqve gansazRvrulia mediis funqcia sajaro azris
CamoyalibebaSi: `media politikuri monawileebisa da komunikaciis
simbolur garemos qmnis: agebs politikur realobas, romelic Tanabrad
TvalsaCinoa, rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise politikuri monawileebisaTvis
da yoveldRiur kontaqts amyarebs politikasTan. politikosebi,
biurokratebi, interesTa gamomxatvelebi, erTmaneTs mediis

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saSualebiT swavloben... media adgens standarts, romlis mixedviTac
moqalaqeebi politikuri monawileebs afaseben~.
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ZiriTad socialur funqciebs
warmoadgens: sainformacio; saganmanaTleblo; socializaciis;
kritikisa da kontrolis, samobilizacio; inovaciuri; operatiuli da
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis funqciebi. yvela am funqciis reali-
zeba sxvadasxva saxiT dakavSirebulia pirovnebis, sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifo sainformacio usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofasTan.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi arsebobs 120 sainformacio satelegrafo
saagento, 46 aTasi satelevizio sadguri, 700 milioni televizori, 1.6
miliardi radiomimRebebi, 86 qveyana axorcielebs mauwyeblobas
ucxoeli auditoriisaTvis. postsabWoTa sivrceSi masobrivi komunika-
ciis organoTa xelmZRvanelebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben Tavi aaridon
ultraliberalur ukiduresobebs. isini moqmedeben principiT: `meti
Tavisufleba, naklebi saxelmwifo~.
yalibdeba erTi SexedviT gasaocari situacia: mxars uWerdnen ra
xelisuflebas, romelic reformebs atarebda, masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebi mkacrad akritikebdnen saxelmwifos. magram, politikuri
reJimis mxardaWerisas amas mxolod gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi
akeTebdnen: pirvel rigSi, rodesac politikuri reJimi Tavisi
qmedebebiT maqsimalurad asustebda saxelmwifos, rac bunebrivia,
liberaluri orientirebis mss mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc reformebisaken
gadadgmuli nabiji, rogorc sazogadoebis Semdgomi
`demokratizacia~. am dros saxelmwifos gaZlierebis nebismieri
mcdeloba maTi mxriv mtrulad aRiqmeba, maTSi aucileblad xedaven
totalitarizmis aRorZinebis mcdelobas. magaliTad SeiZleba
gamodges masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis reaqcia mcdelobaze
ekonomikasa da socialur sferoSi Setaniliyo saxelmwifo regulirebis
elementebi.
meore, masobriv sainformacio saSualebebsa da reJims Soris
myardeba mWidro aliansi, rodesac Cndeba mss korporatiuli

168
interesebis safrTxe. araerTxel viwrokorporaciuli interesi
warmoadgenda saerTo sazogadoebriv interess. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi socializaciis institutis amocanaa artikulirebuli intere-
sebis miRebis uzrunvelyofa, rogorc sazogadoebriv azrze
zemoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli da amiT sakuTari interesebis
gamaZlierebeli.
masmedia iyenebs informaciis gavrcelebis or ZiriTad xerxs
_ Tanamimdevrulsa da fragmentuls. pirvels mimarTavs presa,
meores _ televizia.
informaciis fragmentulad gadacemisas informacia qucmacdeba,
rac qmnis misi mravalmxrivobisa da operatiuli miwodebis
STabeWdilebas da komentatorebs, wamyvanebs, manipulirebis
saSualebas aZlevs. am SemTxvevaSi mayurebels informacia
konkretuli politikuri mizandasaxulobiT miewodeba. magram
Temebisa da gadacemis xerxebis SerCeva xdeba ara imdenad
politikuri motivebiT, ramdenadac sabazro ekonomikis principebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. masmediis warmatebis mTavari kriteriumebi da
gadarCenis pirobaa publikis interesi da yuradReba. amitom
masmedia Temebis SerCevisas xelmZRvanelobs ramdenime zogadi
principiT:
1. moqalaqeTaTvis Temis prioritetuloba da mimzidveloba,
e.i. iseTi Temebis SerCeva, romelic sazogadoebas gansakuTrebiT
ainteresebs (moqalaqeTa usafrTxoeba, terorizmi, epidemiebi,
skandalebi, sensaciebi).
2. faqtebis araordinaluroba _ eqstremaluri movlenebis _
SimSili, omebi, sastiki danaSaulobani, miwisZvrebi da a.S.
gaSuqeba.
3. faqtebis operatiulad gadacema da siaxle _ mosaxleobas
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebs iseTi faqtebi, romelic farTod araa
yvelasaTvis cnobili.

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 4. varskvlavebis kulti _ yovelTvis didia interesi cnobili
pirovnebebis, politikosebis, sportsmenebis, msaxiobebis,
biznesmenebis da a.S. mimarT, gansakuTrebiT maTi piradi
cxovrebis amsaxveli informaciis mimarT.
5. maRali sazogadoebrivi statusi _ igi ganisazRvreba
informaciis wyaros mixedviT. rac ufro maRalia informaciis wyaros
statusi, miT ufro mniSvnelovania interviu an gadacema.
dRes televizia iqca ZiriTad informaciul nervad, romelsac
SeuZlia sazogadoebis integrireba da misi fragmentulobisaken
midrekilebis gadalaxva.
gansazRvruli wyaroebis analizi mowmobs, rom mss-s
saSualebiT sazogadoebrivi azris damuSavebis xerxebi bevr
qveyanaSi identuria. mTlianobaSi manipulireba efuZneba tyuils.
manipulirebis safuZvels warmoadgens miTebi (faqtiurad _
dezinformacia).
aSS-Si profesor g. Sileris azriT, mmarTveli elitis batonobis
gansamtkiceblad iyeneben xuT ZiriTad miTs (es miTebia swored
komentar-manipulaciebi, oRond dezinformaciuli):
1. moqalaqeebis piradi arCevanisa da individualuri Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb;
2. umniSvnelovanesi politikuri institutebis kongresis,
sasamarTlos, prezidentis, medias obieqturi qmedebebis
Sesaxeb;
3. adamianis ucvleli egoisturi bunebis, misi agresiulobis, mis
momxmareblobisa da dagrovebisaken ltolvis Sesaxeb;
4. sazogadoebaSi socialuri konfliqtebis, eqspluataciis,
damcirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb;
5. mas-medias plularizmis Sesaxeb, romlebic sinamdvileSi
kontrolirdeba msxvili reklamis dakveTebisa da xelisuflebis
mier (v. SubiTiZe. politologia, Tb., 2008, gv. 83).

170
 gazeTebi Tavisi informaciuli zemoqmedebiT axdenen
gamosaqveynebeli masalebis gacxrilvas, gadarCevas da
mkiTxvelisaTvis saWiro saxiT wardgenas, riTic xdeba aqcentireba,
TvalSisacemi saTaurebiTa da Sriftis, formatiT aRWurva,
ilustraciebis TvalsaCino adgilze gamoqveyneba, maRalprofesiul
doneze gaformeba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi aqcenti ukeTdeba
yuradRebis arCeviTobas. magaliTad, gazeTSi wvrili SriftiT
dabeWdili informacia ar ipyrobs iseT yuradRebas, rogorsac msxvili
SriftiT nabeWdi. gazeTis pirvel da bolo gverdebze moTavsebul
informacias gacilebiT meti Sansi aqvs miipyros yuradReba. aseTi
ubralo teqnikuri xerxebiTac SeiZleba informacias mieces amaRlebuli
socialuri mniSvneloba, an piriqiT, moxdes am mniSvnelobis
daknineba. igive efeqts axdenen `umniSvnelo~ informaciis gverdiT
TvalSisacemi informaciis, fotos moTavsebiT. radiosa da
telegadacemebSi informaciis mniSvnelobis daknineba xdeba am
informaciis boloSi moTavsebiT. aq iTvaliswineben imas, rom
adamianebi, rogorc wesi, informaciis mniSvnelobas asocireben misi
gadmocemis TanamimdevrobasTan.
germaneli sociologi niklas lumani miuTiTebda masmediis rolze
koleqtiuri cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi. naSromSi `masmediis
realoba~ igi wers, rom masmedia movlenebze mosazrebebas
ganixilavs da aSuqebs, rogorc sakuTriv movlenas. dauzustebel an
mcdar faqtebs masmedia avrcelebs, rogorc namdvil cnobebs, rom-
lebic mudmivad unda ganaxldes, raTa siyalbe SeumCneveli darCes.
axali ambebis saxiT gadmocemuli informacia ki eWvmiutanel
WeSmaritebad iTvleba. lumani CamoTvlis kriteriumebs, romelsac
iyeneben informaciis axal ambad/niusad qcevisTvis: informacia axali
unda iyos; upiratesoba eniWeba konfliqtebs; uaRresad mniSv-
nelovania normebis darRveva, romelic masmediis interpretaciiT
xSirad skandalis saxes iRebs da a.S.

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 masmediis mkvlevari beli ambobs, rom informacia mravali
saxis zemoqmedebas ganicdis, sanam momxmareblamde
miaRwevdes. `axali ambebis~ 40-50% da biznesgamocemebSi
mowodebuli informaciis 80% sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis
specialistebis uSualo CarTviT iqmneba. media ormagi standartebiT
sargeblobs. erTi mxriv is damokidebulia piarze da, meore mxriv,
amas ar aRiarebs.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi axali sainformacio
teqnologiebis rolis Sefaseba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTni mas
ganixilaven sazogadoebrivi azris manipulirebis da gabatonebuli
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis instrumentad. meoreni amtkiceben, rom
axali teqnologiebis ganviTareba xels uwyobs sazogadoebis
politizacias da mosaxleobis farTo fenebis politikur ganaTlebas, rac
aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.
masmediis zemoqmedebis fenomenSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs politikur reklamas. igi masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis
umniSvnelovanesi iaraRia. drom uCvena, rom reklama warmoadgens
sazogadoebis demokratiuli gardaqmnis procesis aucilebel atributs
nebismieri partiis an moZraobis, politikuri reklamis gareSe.
miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri reklamis teqnologiebi praqtikulad
ar gansxvavdeba komerciuli sferos reklamebis teqnologiebisagan,
TviT politikur reklamas axasiaTebs ori principuli gansxvaveba:
pirveli _ sareklamo kampaniis SezRuduli dro; meore _ mTavari
mizania politikur konkurentebze gamarjvebis mopoveba. politikuri
reklama rogorc mediis instrumenti gansakuTrebiT amJRavnebs Tavs
saarCevno kampaniebSi.
Jan bodriari wignSi `saganTa sistema~ (pirvelad gamoica 1968
wels) masmediis zemoqmedebis `specifiur logikas~ reklamis
zemoqmedebis identurad miiCnevs da mas `Tovlis papis~
logikas/fenomens uwodebs: Cven gvwams ara reklamirebuli saqonlis
Rirseba, aramed gvwams reklama, romelic Cvens darwmunebas

172
cdilobs. momxmarebelze gadamwyvet zemoqmedebas ar axdens rek-
lamis ritorikuli an informaciuli diskursi saqonlis RirsebaTa Sesaxeb;
individi mgrZnobiarea im naboZebi mzrunvelobisa da daculobis
faruli motivebis mimarT, romelsac `sxvebi~ iCenen misi
darwmunebisa da gadabirebisaTvis. aqedan momdinareobs _
reklamis/masmediis savsebiT realuri qmediToba _ misi logika ara
mxolod STagonebis da refleqsis logikaa, aramed rwmenisa da regresiis

aranakleb mkacri logika.

TiTqos paradoqsia, rom im viTarebaSi, roca momxmarebels ar
sjera reklamis, icis misi mzakvruli xasiaTi, is mainc yidulobs
reklamirebul saqonels; ufro metic, reklama mas uCens
moTxovnilebas (Sesabamisad moTxovnasac) iseT saqonelze,
romelic xSirad arc saWiroa misTvis, arc aucilebeli da arc
xelmisawvdomi. Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba marTlac ar aris
masmediasTan mimarTebaSi _ mas akritikeben, ar endobian, ician,
rom umeteswilad misi informacia emyareba subieqtur interpretaciebs
da ara ambisa da movlenis amsaxvel faqtebs, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, araTu moixmaren masmediis produqts, aramed, cnobierad Tu
qvecnobierad emorCilebian kidec sainformacio inJineriiT
modelirebul `realobas~ da Tavadac aqtiurad monawileoben mis
SeqmnaSi.
erTi mxriv, usafrTxoebis, daculobis SegrZneba, romelsac
badebs informaciis floba da, meore mxriv, avtoritetuli azris gavlenis,
sxvaTa damowmebis faqtori, saTanado vels qmnis individsa Tu
masebSi masmediisadmi rwmenis ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad. e.w.
avtoritetuli, gavleniani mediis cnebac amas adasturebs: adamianebs
sWirdebaT avtoritetuli dadastureba (uaryofa), koreqcia TavianTi
azrebisa da Sexedulebebisa an, sxvaTa azrisa da Sexedulebebis
gaTvaliswineba. rogorc Cans, am faqtorebs emyareba momxmareblis
moTxovna iseT specifikur biznesze, rogoricaa masmedia. sxvaTaSo-
ris, iuneskos monacemebiT, ryevebi, romelsac periodulad ganicdis

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biznesis tradiciuli seqtorebi, ganviTarebul da dawinaurebul
qveynebSi ar exeba media bazars da am sferoSi Cadebuli investiciebi
rekorduli tempebiT izrdeba.

Tavi mecxre
politikuri SantaJi Zalauflebrivi
urTierTobis sistemaSi

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 9.1. politikuri SantaJis arsi da politikaSi misi gamovlenis
formebis mravalferovneba

Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis samyaro _ es aris specifikuri `didi

TamaSi~, romelSic sxvadasxva droisa da masStabis politikosebi
eyrdnobian rogorc yvelasTvis erTian TamaSis wesebs, aseve
`dasaSvebsa~ da `dauSvebels~ Soris maT mier SemuSavebul
winaaRmdegobebs da wesebs.
politikaSi miznebis miRwevis teqnologiebi mravalnairia da
yovelTvis ar Seesabameba pirovnebis qcevis zneobriv kriteriumebs.
misi arsenali mdidari da mravalferovania. es imasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, rom TviT politika gulisxmobs rogorc Ria, aseve farul
brZolas. politikuri Zalebisa da subieqtebis politikuri kamaTebi,
intrigebi, manipulaciebi sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba Zalauflebrivi
urTierTobebis sistemaSi. politikuri SantaJi ar aris gamonaklisi am
`instrumentTa~ rigSi.
SantaJi (frang. chantaje) niSnavs gamoZalvisa da daSinebis
gziT fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas, rac Seicavs mxilebis muqaras an
raime sargeblis miRebis mizniT samarcxvino (namdvili an
monagoni) cnobebis da masalebis gacxadebas, gamJRavnebas. erTi
SexedviT SantaJis gansazRvrebis martivi da gasagebi formulirebis
miuxedavad, Cndeba uamravi kiTxva. pirvel rigSi, saubaria kon-
kretuli piris an pirTa jgufisaTvis arasasurvel informaciaze, anu raime
makompromentirebel cnobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, SantaJi, rogorc
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis forma, manipulaciaa, magram aseTi
zemoqmedeba xdeba gamoZalvis an daSinebis gziT, rac Zaladobis
farul formas warmoadgens. maSasadame, gamodis, rom SantaJi _
Zaladobaa? an iqneb, es aris adamianis farulad miyvana raime

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arasasurvel, magram misTvis gamouval qmedebebamde, anu xdeba
misi marTva garkveuli subieqtis mier sakuTari an korporaciuli
miznebis misaRwevad.
rogorc socialur-politikuri fenomeni, SantaJi zogadad da
politikuri SantaJi kerZod, Zvelia rogorc samyaro: bibliaSi am
daskvnis araerTi damadasturebeli siuJeti moipoveba. rogorc
mecnieruli terminis, politikuri SantaJis gamoyeneba SedarebiT
axalia da ar gaaCnia dasrulebuli ganmarteba.
SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad SeiZleba imis konstatacia, rom
sityva `SantaJis~ etimologiuri ganmarteba _ gamoZalva SantaJis
msxverplis makompromitirebeli informaciis gavrceleba muqaris gziT
_ dRemde ucvlelad rCeba.
politikuri SantaJi da manipulireba. evropul leqsikonebSi
sityva `manipulireba~ ganimarteba, rogorc subieqtebTan moqceva
garkveuli ganzraxviTa da miznebiT. 1969 w. niu-iorkSi gamocemuli
`sociologiis Tanamedrove leqsikoni~ manipulacias ganmartavs
rogorc `Zalauflebis gamoyenebis saxeobas, romlis drosac Zalauflebis
mflobeli zemoqmedebs sxvebis qcevaze, Tan ar amJRavnebs im
qcevis tips, romelsac maTgan elodeba~.
manipulacia Tavisi ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi kriteriumebiT
(`motyueba~, `eqspluatacia~, `batonoba~, `marTva~, `kontroli~,
`sisusteebze TamaSi~) da Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebiT Zlier hgavs
SantaJs. jer erTi, erTica da meorec _ sulieri, fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedebis saxeobaa; meore _ manipulacia aris adamianis
cnobierebasa da qcevebze zegavlena misi marTvis mizniT; es ki
SantaJis mierac gamoiyeneba; mesamec _ SantaJica da manipulaciac
_ zemoqmedebaa, romelic mniSvnelovan ostatobasa da codnas
moiTxovs.

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 riT gansxvavdeba manipulacia SantaJisagan?
manipulacia _ es aris faruli zemoqmedeba, romlis faqtic
SeumCneveli unda darCes manipulirebis obieqtisaTvis. SantaJi aris
_ gamoZalva muqaris ganxorcielebis gziT (zepiri SetyobinebiT,
werilobiT da a.S.).
gTavazobT sxvadasxva avtorebis warmodgenebs mani-
pulaciaze:
1. o. iokoiama _ motyuebiT iribi zemoqmedeba manipulatoris
interesebidan gamomdinare.
2. a. proto _ arCevanis gakeTebamde faruli gavlena.
3. u. rikeri _ samyaros ise stuqtuireba, romelic mogebis
saSualebas iZleva.
4. g. Sileri _ faruli iZuleba, azrebis, ganzraxvebis, grZnobebis,
urTierTobebis, qcevis programireba.
5. e. Sostromi _ marTva da kontroli, sxvebis eqspluatacia,
sxvebis gamoyeneba obieqtebis, nivTebis daniSnulebiT.
arsebobs sxvagvari midgomac. s. kara-murzas azriT, nebismieri
gonebiTi manipulireba aris Ria urTierTqmedeba. manipulirebis
msxverplad SeiZleba iqces adamiani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is
rogorc Tanaavtori da Tanamzraxveli ise gamodis.
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamiani miRebuli signalebis
zemoqmedebiT iwyebs axali programiT moqmedebas, Seecvleba
Sexedulebebi, miznebi, msoflmxedveloba, ganwyoba, e.i.
manipulacia Sedga. xolo Tu is daeWvda, gajiutda, icavs Tavis sulier
programas, is msxverplad ar iqceva. manipulacia _ es ar aris
Zaladoba, aramed cdunebaa. (Кара-Мурза С. Манипуляция
сознания, М., 2000, с. 23), romelic garkveulwilad SantaJSic
gamoiyeneba.

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 Tavisi politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva miznebis misaRwevad
xelisufleba iZulebulia manipulirebdes. Tanamedrove etapze
fundamenturi gamokvlevebi mimdinareobs specialur saxelmwifo
`qcevis modifikaciis programebis~ farglebSi. manipulirebis Teoria,
romelic didxans muSavdeboda praqtikosebsa da fundamentalur
fsiqologiur skolebSi, mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda. erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili adepti manipulirebisa aris _ deil karnegi, romlis
midgomebsac Tanamedrove specialistebi skeptikurad uyureben.
amJamad metad cnobili gaxda axali mimarTuleba _ NLP
(neirolingvisturi programireba), romlis avtorebicaa r. bendleri da d.
grinderi. amaze muSaoben korporaciebic, romelTac StatSi hyavT
`pablikrileiSenz~-is struqturebi. politikuri manipulirebis
meqanizmebSi udidesi roli aqvs televiziis gavlenas, ramdenadac is
adamianTa umravlesobis `cxovrebis Tanamgzavria~ da gamudmebiT
raRacas gvauwyebs, razec pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia.
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebi SeiZleba sruliad sxvadasxva politikur miznebs
emsaxurebodes. SeiZleba gaanaTlos adamianebi, Caunergos Rirsebis
grZnoba, Tavisuflebisa da socialuri samarTlianobisaken swrafva,
xeli Seuwyos mis kompetentur monawileobas politikaSi, anda
piriqiT, _ sulierad daimonos, dezinformacia moaxdinos da SeaSinos
adamiani, danergos undoblbisa da SiSis grZnobebi; mTavrobebsa da
sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
rogorc maTi wevri individebis gasaTavisufleblad da demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis uzrunvelsayofad, ise maTi kontrolis mizniT.
politikuri SantaJi da spini. Tanamedrove etapze erT-erTi
yvelaze popularul da gavrcelebul sainformacio politikur
piarteqnologias spini ewodeba.

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 spini _ sityva, romelic inglisurenovanma samyarom didi xania
kargad icis, msoflios bevr enaze ar iTargmneba. amis mizezi albaT is
aris, rom Znelia erTi sityva miusadago gavrcelebul praqtikas,
romelic ukve mediisa da politikis, politikosebisa da sazogadoebis,
mediisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis qvakuTxedi gaxda.
spini arsebobs imitom, rom faqtebs, cifrebs da movlenebs, iseve
rogorc sityvebs, sxvadasxva adamianisaTvis gansxvavebuli
datvirTva aqvT, mTavaria vin da rogor cdilobs maT interpretirebas.
inglisuri sityva spini `darTvas~ da `datrialebas~ niSnavs.
termins ZiriTadad kriketSi, biliardsa da beisbolSi iyeneben, sadac
moTamaSe burTze dartymiT misTvis mimarTulebis Secvlas da
sasurvel kuTxeSi gagzavnas cdilobs. swored am moTamaSis
msgavsad, adamiani ambis moyolisas spinis dadebiT, anu sityvebis,
maTi wyobis, saxis gamometyvelebis, intonaciisa da mimikis
meSveobiT, naTqvams subieqtur damokidebulebas aZlevs da
amtkicebs Tavis sakuTar mimarTulebas.
oponentis mier warmoTqmuli frazis gansxvavebuli
interpretireba da mTqmelis winaaRmdeg Setrialeba politikuri
debatebis ganuyofeli nawilia. debatebis dros mniSvnelovania ara
marto braldebebis mogerieba da sakamaTo sakiTxebze
kontrargumentebis moyvana, aramed oponentis naTqvamis ise
gaSifra, rom is xalxisaTvis miuRebeli gaxdes. Tumca, ar aris
aucilebeli spini iyos sicrue, ufro metad es aris kargad gadamRerebuli
da saxeSecvlili simarTle.
sityvebisaTvis sasurveli mimarTulebis micema, anu maTze
spinis dadba presmdivanis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movaleobaa.
presmdivans Tavisi damqiraveblis mier warmoTqmuli sityvis
interpretireba, Secdomebis gasworeba, mesijebis gamoyofa da

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aqcentebis dasma evaleba. garda amisa, is cdilobs nebismier axal
ambavs iseTi spini daados anu ise gaaxmovanos, rom sazogadoebaSi
pozitiuri damokidebuleba Seqmnas. imis gamo, rom presmdivani
spinis meSveobiT sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedebas axdens,
dasavleTSi mediasTan urTierTobis specialistebsa da presmdivnebs
`spindoqtoris~ an `spinmasteris~ saxeliT moixsenieben.
spindoqtoris movaleobebi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda gasuli oci
wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac axali ambebis gaSuqebis tempi gaizarda
da ambis moxdenidan mis gaSuqebamde uswrafesi reagireba gaxda
saWiro. spindoqtorzea damokidebuli ramdenad swrafad moifiqrebs
da gaavrcelebs is spins da rogor gaaneitralebs misi damqiravebis
reputaciisaTvis saziano ambavs. mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra hqvia
adamians, romelic cdilobs medias da, Sesabamisad, sazogdoebas
misi damqiraveblis misaRebi Sexeduleba moaxvios Tavs _
presmdivania is, mediamrCeveli Tu sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis
specialisti, misi movaleobaa simarTlis Selamazeba da pozitiuri spinis
gatareba.
klintonis administraciam da misma komunikaciis specialistma
spinis praqtika mecnierebis doneze aiyvanes. misi mediaStabis
xelmZRvaneli jeims karveli ambobda: `dReSi minimum sami an
maqsimum aTi satelefono zari Semomdis Jurnalistisagan, romelsac
spini sWirdeba. me maT veubnebi, ra kuTxiT Sexedon ambavs,
radgan maTi xedva arasworia~.
arasasurveli informaciis gavrcelebis dayovneba da iseT dros
gaxmovaneba, rodesac is sxva movlenebis fonze daiCrdileba, spinis
erT-erTi teqnikaa. (saqarTveloSi am teqnikas `gadafarvis~
saxelwodebiT ufro icnoben). am taqtikas didi britaneTis mTavrobis
presmdivnis Tanamdeboba Seewira. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers Sem-

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zaravi teratqis Semdeg, jo murma eleqtronuli fostiT acnoba
TanamSromlebs: dRes kargi dRea cudi ambebis damarxvisaTvis,
mogvianebiT es infrmacia sajarod gavrcelda da presmdivanma
Tanamdebobac datova.
pirveli mizezi, ris gamoc media piaris dakveTil spins avrcelebs,
Jurnalistebis sisustes an sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebis
specialistebis maRal profesionalizms ukavSirdeba, Tumca amas
garda arsebobs sxva faqtorebic, maT Soris media mflobelebis
zegavlena media saSulebebze.
arsebobs spinis 5 ZiriTadi mimrTuleba: 1: winaswari spini _
mzadeba movlenisaTvis; 2. Semdgomi spini _ aqtiuri faza; 3.
tornado spini _ mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana sxva
mimarTulebiT; 4. spinkontroli _ krizisuli situacia, rodesac
movlenebis msvleloba ar eqvemdebareba kontrols, magram muSaoba
grZeldeba. 5. spindauni _ mzadeba Semdgomi dartymisaTvis,
aqcenti momavalze, roca momxdar movlenasTan dakavSirebiT ramis
Secvla ukve SeuZlebelia, magram mimdinareobs muSaoba msgavsi
SemTxvevis ganmeorebis an misi gagrZelebis Tavidan asacileblad.
arsebobs spinis gamoyenebis ramdenime ZiriTadi taqtika: 1.
faqtebis arCeviTi gamoyeneba; 2. citatis perifrazi; 3. frazis morgeba
sayovelTaod miRebul WeSmaritebaze; 4. frTiani fraza _ advilad
dasamaxsovrebeli Sefaseba an Jargoni; 5. evfemizmi _ sityvebis
SerCeviTi manipulireba; 6. uaryofa uaryofis gareSe (faqtis uaryofa
SeuZlebelia _ informacia ar dasturdeba an komentariT baTildeba); 7.
tyuili marTalze _ calk-calke yvela sityva simarTles Seesabameba,
magram mTlianobaSi isini tyuils qmnian; 8. xSiri gameoreba.
spindoqtori aris didi gamocdilebis mqone profesionali, media-
gundis wevri. is SeiZleba muSaobdes pressamsaxurSi an saarCevno

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imijmeikeruli jgufis SemadgenlobaSi. uaRresad mniSvnelovania
spindoqtoris araformaluri kontaqtebi Jurnalistur wreebTan, vinaidan
es teqnologia ZiriTadad araformalur sferos miekuTvneba.
spindoqtori muSaobisas aqtiurad iyenebs iseT araformalur
saSulebebs, rogorebicaa informaciis gaJonva, araoficialuri axali
ambebi, romlebic ZiriTadad opoziciuri wyaroebidan momdinareoben
_ informacia saxelisuflo elitis korumpirebulobis Sesaxeb da sxv.
spindoqtori axorcielebs movlenaTa dagegmvas arCeuli strategiis
Sesabamisad. strategiis SemuSavebis dros man aucileblad unda
gaiTvaliswinos auditoriis moTxovnebi da prioritetebi, rac `filtris~
rols asrulebs masobriv cnobierebaSi. menejments igi axorcielebs
Semdegi sqemiT: movlenaTa SerCeva, molodinis momzadeba,
movlenis Catareba, gaSuqeba presasa da televiziaSi da rezonansuli
movlenebi. spindoqtori yovelTvis erTi nabijiT win unda iyos Jurna-
listebze. man unda imoqmedos manamde, sanam Jurnalisti statias
dawers da es statia gazeTSi aRmoCndeba. spindoqtorma unda
SeZlos movlenis arasasurveli interpretaciis Tavidan acileba. axali
ambebis WrilSi daamuxruWos an daaCoqos movlena (masmediis
sxvadasxva saSualebebze gasvlis gziT). SesaZlebelia movlenis
`sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba~ specialurad konstruirebuli ciklis me-
SveobiT da, piriqiT, Tuki mas ar `gamovkvebavT~ axali
SetyobinebebiT. spindoqtorma unda gaanalizos skandali viTardeba
Tu, piriqiT, mcirdeba. SesaZloa konkretuli politikosis gamoCeniT
moxdes misi gaRrmaveba an piriqiT, SesaZloa politikosis xelaxalma
gamoCenam ekranze waSalos wina gamoCenis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
dasavleTSi masobrivi informaciis marTva masmediis
saSualebiT ufro daxvewil da inteleqtualur saxes iRebs: masmedia ar
krZalavs pirovnebis da arc siuJetis gaSvebas. igi cdilobs erTi

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movlenis meoreTi gamodevnas. spindoqtoris amocanac swored esaa.
man Jurnalists `unda ajobos~. inteleqtualurad da ara akrZalvebiT,
unda SeZlos mimdinare movlenebis interpretacia da amavdroulad
unda moaswros gadawyvetilebis miReba da ara reagireba manmde,
vidre amas gaakeTebs oponenti. unda SeZlos sazogadoebis mier
movlenaTa aRqmis an movlenis ganxorcielebis molodinis Secvla.
spinteqnologiebi Zalian axlos dgas blefis teqnologiebTan. blefs
banqos TamaSis dros mimarTaven, rac niSnavs cdomilebaSi
xelovnurad Seyvanas. blefis erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa Wori _
`amboben, rom...~. dezinformaciis an miznobrivad moqmedi
fsiqologiuri zewolis meTodia _ `sarwmuno wyarodan gaJonili infor-
macia, romlis avtorma iTxova ar daesaxelebinaT~ da verc erTi
sasamarTlo ver aRmoaCens sarCelis konkretul safuZvels.
blefis mdidari arsenali gamoiyeneba SeniRbuli politikuri
reklamis (an antireklamis) dros. aq xSiria e.w. `gaufrTxileblobiT
dacdenili sityva~, `SemTxveviTi gamvlelis azri~, xelovnurad
organizebuli skandali, romelic gadaicema informaciis saxiT, agreTve
sagangebod SerCeul (an sulac, pirdapir SeTxzuli) mkiTxvelTa
werilebis analizi da mravali sxv.
Zlier fsiqologiur zegavlenas axdens politikosis mier situaciis
gangeb dramatizeba, roca Seqmnili emociuri diskomfortis pirobebSi
gacilebiT sustdeba msmenelis mier situaciis racionaluri Sefasebis
unari. aseT momzadebul niadagze efeqturad moqmedebs blefis kidev
erTi nairsaxeoba _ politikuri demagogia, rac xelisuflebis
warmomadgenels saSulebas aZlevs miaRwios sasurvel Sedegebs
Tavisi namdvili miznebis gamoaSkaravebis gareSe.
fsiqoanalizs gamokvleuli aqvs demagogiurobis damdgeni
niSnebi _ cru paTosi, mWevrmetyveleba. msjelobis samizne ufro

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qvecnobierzea gadatanili, vidre cnobierze. da bolos, demagogi
egzaltirebuli da Znelad dasaSoSminebelia. is aforiaqebulia sityviT
gamosvlis dros, am dros misi piradi fsiqologiuri problemebi ufro
gamoikveTeba, vidre qveynis politikuri problemebi.
politikuri SantaJi da fsiqologiuri omi. fsiqologiuri omebisa da
fsiqologiuri operaciebis cnebebi nasesxebia sagareo politikuri,
saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebisa da samxedro xelovnebis
sferodan. es gamarTlebulia Tanamedrove sainformacio saSualebebis
winaaRmdegobiTa da masStaburobiT, politikuri realiebiT, aseve
adamianis fsiqikasa da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze (individualuri,
jgufuri, masobrivi) sainformacio zemoqmedebis kanonzomierebis
arsebobiT.
Tu fsiqologiur oms ganvixilavT rogorc politikuri Zalauflebis
mier propagandisa da sxva saSualebebis (diplomaturi, saomari,
ekonomikuri, politikuri da a.S.) gegmazomier gamoyenebas e.i.
pirdapir an irib zemoqmedebas mowinaaRmdegis azrze,
ganwyobaze, grZnobebze da jamSi mis qcevaze (farTo gagebiT),
maSin fsiqologiuri omi gaxdeba komponenti ara mxolod sagareo,
aramed saSianao politikaSic. qveynis SigniT fsiqologiuri omi
Cveulebriv politikuri oponentebis propagandistuli SetakebebiT
Semoifargleba. Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi man SesaZloa
SeiZinos ufro rTuli, kompleqsuri xasiaTi. saSinao politikaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ufro xSirad arCevnebze, fsiqologiuri omi mimarTulia
oponentebis moraluri sulis dasustebaze, maTi moqmedebis
diskreditaciaze; saboloo jamSi, is gadayvanilia sainformacio
zewolamde adamianebsa da sazgadoebriv azrze konkretuli miznebis
misaRwevad.

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 qveynis gareT fsiqologiuri omi warmoadgens erTi qveynis mier
meore qveynis sainformacio sivrceSi im informaciisa da poziciebis
intervencias, romelic mosaxleobaSi gaaCens interventisTvis saWiro
socialur, ekonomikur da politikur damokidebulebebsa da procesebs.
radgan informacia aris fsiqologiuri omis `tyvia-wamali~, mis
sinonimad xSirad xmaroben `informaciuli omis~ termins, Tumca rigi
niuansebiT es ori cneba gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. fsiqologiuri
omis iaraRad unda CaiTvalos informaciis gavrcelebis yvela
saSualeba _ masmedia, xelovneba da literatura, politikuri tribuna,
Wori da a.S., rasac moaqvs Sedegi `interventisaTvis~ da rac cvlis
mosaxleobis qcevas meore qveynisTvis saWiro mimarTulebiT.
meoce saukunis 50-ian wlebamde termini `fsiqologiuri omi~
exeboda SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros informaciuli saSualebebis
gamoyenebas. `civi omis~ periodSi, roca `qvemexebi dumdnen~,
amoqmedda konfrontaciis ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi
da cxadi gaxda am meqanizmebis damoukidebeli mniSvneloba.
radiosadgurebis _ `amerikis xmisa~ da `Tavisuflebis~ maSindeli
gadacemebi swored fsiqologiuri omis iaraRi iyo da sabWoTa kavSiri
maT saqmianobas `mtrul propagandas~ uwodebda.
am etapze fsiqologiuri omis cneba emTxveoda `informaciul
oms~, radgan fsiqologiuri Sedegis miRebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo
masobrivi informaciis `gadasrola~ mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze.
amave dros cxadi gaxda, rom fsiqologiuri (informaciuli) omi SeiZ-
leba arsebobdes `cxeli~ omisagan damoukideblad, SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes permanentulad da erTdroulad ramdenime qveynis
mimarT. es periodi samagaliToa imiTac, rom gamoavlina is, Tu ra
aris, ufro zustad, ra ar aris efeqturi fsiqologiuri (informaciuli) usafr-
TxoebisaTvis.

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 sabWoTa xelisuflebam dasavleTs propagandistuli informaciis
CaxSoba da kontrpropaganda daupirispira, rogorc fsiqologiuri
usafrTxoebis saSualebebi. uzarmazari Tanxebi ixarjeboda
radiogadacemebis CaxSobisaTvis, ucxouri beWduri produqciis
`amosaRebad~ da sakuTriv, sabWoTa sainformacio produqciis
cenzurisaTvis. cenzuras eqvemdebareboda aramarto ideologiuri
produqcia (masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, mxatvruli
Semoqmedeba), aramed specialuri samecniero literaturac ki.
movlenaTa ganviTarebam aCvena, rom fuWi iyo es Zalixmeva _
rogorc ki arCevanis saSualeba miecaT, adamianebma zurgi Seaqcies
sabWoTa ideologias. im periodSi ki sabWoTa kavSiri utevda
dasavleTs da `isroda~ propagandistul informacias dasavleTisken.
cnobilia, rom am Setevebma araferi misca komunistebs, radgan
dasavleTis mosaxleobisaTvis maTi propaganda amjerad ar iyo
damajerebeli (gansxvavebiT ocdaaTiani wlebisagan, roca
bolSevikuri gadatrialeba mimzidveli iyo dasavleTis memarcxene
partiebisaTvis). `civi omis~ es gamocdileba imaze miuTiTebs, rom
omis mosagebad mxolod informaciis gadasrola araa sakmarisi da
verc fsiqologiuri Setevisgan efeqtur Tavdacvas ver uzrunvelyofs
mxolod informaciis blokireba. fsiqologiuri konfrontacia ufro rTuli
procesia, vidre is erTi SexedviT Cans, radgan mTavari ideologiuri
iaraRi adamianTa cxovrebis avkargianobaa, rac zurgs umagrebda
dasavleTis propagandas da ar gaaCnda sabWoeTis xelisuflebas.
Tumca fsiqologiuri omis mkvlevarebs mTeli aqcenti gadaaqvT
masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebze, savaraudoa, rom fsiqologiuri
omis arsenalis masmediaze dayvana movlenis xelovnuri
Semofargvlaa. sakiTxis amgvari Seviwrovebis sababs arc logika
iZleva da arc istoria.

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 logikuri kontrargumenti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom informaciis
da poziciebis matarebeli marto media ar aris, metic _ sakuTriv
Jurnalists iSviaTad aqvs ndobis is xarisxi, rac masebze zegavlenas
esaWiroeba. ndobis amgvari `mandatis~ matareblebi arian
adgilobrivi an ucxoeli szogado Tu politikuri moRvaweebi, maT si-
tyvas aqvs propagandistuli Zala. amdenad, fsiqologiuri omis realur
iaraRs warmoadgenen sazogadoebrivi wonis mqone adamianebi,
xolo masmedia mTi poziciis gavrcelebis teqnikuri saSualebaa
mxolod, romelic SeiZleba sxva saSualebebiT Seicvalos, magaliTad _
sajaro gamosvlebiT. am momentis gaTvaliswineba gvaiZulebs, rom
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebidan yuradReba gadatanili iyos im
pirebze, romlebic ayalibeben sazogadoebriv azrs, maTi imijis
formirebis meqanizmebsa da gamoyenebaze.
`mediacentrizmis~ kontrargumentebs logikis garda istoriac
gvTavazobs, risi magaliTic isev ruseTSia. bolSevikuri gadatrialeba
xels aZlevda germanias pirveli msoflio omis dros. man lenini
`SeuSva~ ruseTSi da, amboben, rom daafinansa kidec imisTvis, raTa
germaniisTvis sasurveli saxelmwifo gadatrialeba momxdariyo
ruseTSi. xalxTa masebis amoZravebisTvis germaniam leniniseuli
propaganda gamoiyena, amdenad _ maSin lenini iyo germaniis mier
nawarmoebi fsiqologiuri omis ZiriTadi iaraRi, xolo `iskra~ _ misi
instrumenti. es magaliTi `fsiqologiuri omis~ kidev erT semantikas
avlens _ garedan provocirebuli samoqalaqo omebi da saxelmwifo
gadatrialebebi, romlebSic mosaxleobis didi nawilia Cabmuli,
fsiqologiuri omis produqtia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
fsiqologiuri omis `mTavarsardlebi~ erTi qveynisa arian, `oficrebi~
da `jariskacebi~ _ meore qveynis; Tu fsiqologiuri omis cnebas am
kuTxiTac SevxedavT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom masmediis roli masSi

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mniSvnelovania, magram araa gadamwyveti. (r. sayvareliZe.
fsiqologiuri omi da usafrTxoeba, Jurn. `epoqa,~ #2001, gv. 30).
fsiqologia gamohyofs SiSis sxvadasxva formas. arsebobs
WeSmariti SiSi, romelic realur safrTxes pasuxobs. es SiSi aris
Tavdacvis instiqtis gamoxatva. is iZleva safrTxis signals, da am
signalis safuZvelze keTdeba ufro Sesabamisi qcevis arCevani
(gaqceva, dacva, Tavdasxma da a.S.). realuri SiSi SeiZleba iyos
Warbzomieri, maSin mas ziani moaqvs _ im zomiT, rogoriTac
amaxinjebs safrTxes.
magram arsebobs iluzoruli, `nevrotikuli~ SiSi, romelic ar iZleva
realuri safrTxis signals, aramed iqmneba warmosaxvaSi, simboloTa
samyaroSi, `virtualur realobaSi~. aseTi SiSis ganviTareba ara
mxolod mizanSeuwonelia, aramed damRupvelic. iluzoruli SiSis
saxesxvaobaa maniakaluri SiSi, rodesac safrTxis zoma, `mtris~
Zliereba mravalgzis gazviadebulia, aRiqmeba lamis absoluturad,
Tumca realobaSi es ase ar aris. nevrotikuli SiSis ukiduresi
SemTxvevaa Sizofrenuli SiSi. misi intensivoba normaluri adamianis
gagebis sazRvrebs scildeba.
rogorc praqtika uCvenebs, CamoTvlil saxeobebs SantaJis
obieqti SeiZleba ganicdides `mzardi~ TanamimdevrobiT.
politikuri SantaJi da gamoZalva. zogierT wyaroSi am
cnebebs Soris tolobis niSnania dasmuli.
Tumca samarTalmcodneebi termin `gamoZalvas~ ufro sisxlis
samarTlis konteqtsSi ganixilaven, radgan Tvlian, rom es aris
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli.
gamoZalvis obieqturi mxare mdgomareobs sakuTrebis an misi
uflebis gadacemis moTxovnaSi, misi sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da
Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaris ganxorcielebaSi, ciliswamebis an

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iseTi cnobebis gamJRavnebaSi, romelic saidumlod surT Seinaxon.
gamoZalvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, rom misi ganxorcielebis dros
damnaSave imuqreba Zaladobis gamoyenebiT momavalSi, garkveuli
drois Semdeg. amiT gansxvavdeba gamoZalva, darbevisagan, romlis
drosac piri imuqreba fizikuri Zaladobis swrafi realizebiT.
subieqturi mxare xasiaTdeba ganzraxuli braleulobiT pirdapiri
Canafiqrisa da miznebis saxiT. misi kvalifikaciuri Semadgenloba:
mkvlelobis an sxeulis mZime dazianebis muqariT sakuTrebis
dazianebis an ganadgurebasTan erTad, msxvili qonebrivi sargeblis
miRebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli gamoZalva, ganmeorebiT; jgufuri,
winaswari SeTanxmebiT.
politikuri SantaJi da politikuri terori. teroris cneba
Semoitana aristotelem gancdis im tipis aRsaniSnavad, romelic
eufleboda mayurebels berZnul TeatrSi tragediis yurebis dros.
ramdenadac SiSi _ fundamentaluri faqtoria, romelic adamianis
qcevas gansazRvravs, is yovelTvis gamoiyeneba adamianis fsiqikis
marTvis instrumentad, maT Soris teroristebis mxridanac. terorizms
gaaCnia Tavisi gansakuTrebuli fsiqologia _ transnacionaluri,
transreligiuri da transkulturuli. es aris sustis pasuxi Zlierisadmi, sus-
tis mier Zlieris daSineba; bolos, es aris mosaxleobis an ama Tu im
saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobis fsiqologiaze zemoqmedeba.
politikuri SantaJis magaliTia genocidis muqara. genocidis
ganxorcielebis muqarad SeiZleba CaiTvalos situacia, rodesac
oficialuri instancia an piri _ saxelmwifos oficialuri warmomadgeneli
an saxelmwifo organo (mag. qveynis elCi an misi xelisufleba, partiis
an sxva organizaciis xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgeneli), romelic
potenciurad flobs genocidis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, gamodis
masobrivi Zaladobis muqariT mosaxleobis jgufis mimarT (mag.

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erovnuli umciresobis mimarT), riTac garkveuli politikuri amocanebis
miRwevas isaxavs miznad. erTi SexedviT Cans, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze yvelaze odioziuri
reJimebic ki gamovlen msgavsi SantaJiT, riTac Tavis genocidur arss
gamoaSkaraveben. sinamdvileSi es ar aris, genocidis ganxorcielebis
muqara Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris xSiri SemTxvevaa. aseTi
muqaris magaliTad gamodgeba kargad cnobili SemTxvevaa
holokostis sakiTxze 1982 wlis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze israelSi.
TurqeTma israelis xelisuflebas ultimatumi wamouyena: an is ar
dauSvebda konferencias somxebis monawileobiT, radgan aq
igegmeboda TurqeTSi somxebis genocidis sakiTxis ganxilva, an
TurqeTi ar iZleoda ebrauli umciresobis usafrTxoebis garantias. es
iyo gencidis ganxorcielebis pirdapiri muqara.

9.2. Zalauflebis sistemaSi politikuri SantaJis

funqcionirebis meqanizmi

politika warmoadgens konkretuli subieqtebis (aqtorebis)

qmedebebis (aqciebis) sxvadasxva saxeobas da urTierTqmedebis
(interaqciebis) erTobliobas. ZalauflebisaTvis maTi konkretuli
brZolis pirobebSi swored am subieqtebis mier gamoiyeneba (sxva
politikuri da sainformacio teqnologiebs Soris) politikuri SantaJi, rac
iwvevs misi mokled aRweris aucileblobas.
yvelaze xSirad politikuri subieqtebis kriteriumebis saxiT
gamoyofisaTvis saxeldeba mocemul sferoSi maTi konkretuli
qmedebebi an maTi realuri gavlenis xarisxi politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze, maT realizebaze, saxelmwifo

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politikaze mTlianobaSi an misi saorganizacio mxaris xarisxze. Tu
ufro farTo da pragmatuli midgomiT vixelmZRvanelebT, maSin
politikis subieqtebi arian yvela isini, vinc realurad monawileoben
saxelmwifosTan Zalauflebriv urTierTqmedebaSi, maT mier
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da saxelmwifo politikis realizebis
xasiaTisa da xarisxisa miuxedavad.
yoveli moqmedi subieqti mzadaa gamoiyenos zemoqmedebis
specifikuri saSualebebi da meTodebi da aqedan gamomdinare, flobs
xelisuflebisa da Tavis politikur metoqeebze zemoqmedebis sakuTriv
SesaZleblobebs. politikaSi uamrav moqmed subieqts Soris ZiriTads
miakuTvneben subieqtis sam tips: individualurs (mikroaqtori),
jgufurs (makroaqtori) da institucionalurs (saorganizacio aqtori).
ukiduresad specifikuria politikaSi individis roli. ra Tqma unda,
is ver daCrdilavs politikuri sivrcis formirebisaTvis jgufuri
gaerTianebebis mniSvnelobas. individebs, warmoadgenen ra sawyis
socialur atomebs, romelTa qmedebebisa da urTierTobebis erTob-
lioba qmnis TviT sazogadoebas, SeuZliaT politikuri sistemis
bunebaze, mis ganviTarebaze da politikur procesebze gavlenis
moxdena. individi, ansaxierebs ra SefardebiT damoukidebel da
Tavisufal arsebas, gamodis rogorc politikuri nebis bunebrivi da
Tavisufali sawyisi. mas gaaCnia garkveuli interesebi politikis
sferoSi, rasac ukavSirebs Tavisi perspeqtivebis realizebis
SesaZleblobebs da amitom yovelTvis eqneba maTi ganxorcielebisa
da dacvisken, rogorc sakuTari Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvisken
ltolva. `politikuri adamianis~ daxasiaTebis dros politikuri fsiqologia
afiqsirebs mis rogorc gacnobierebul-racionalur, ise gaucnobierebel-
racionalur sulier komponentebs:

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  individualur-fsiqikur elementebs, romlebic asaxaven
fsiqikis pirovnul-personalur Tvisebebs _ nebisyofa, mexsiereba,
xasiaTi, azrovnebis unari da sxva;
 gonebis funqcionalur-fiziologiuri elementebs, romlebic
axasiaTeben admianis fsiqikurad Tandayolil Tvisebebsa da
monacemebs, romlebic aregulireben adamianis adaptacias
garemosTan;
 fsiqofizikur Tvisebebs, romlebic aregulireben memkvid-
reobiTobas da temperaments, demografiul da sxva maxasiaTeblebs;
 socialur-fsiqologiur Tvisebebs _ grZnobebi da emociebi _
romlebic axasiaTeben adamianis mier Tavisi interesebis gamoxatvis
specifikas da xels uwyoben jgufSi (sazogadoebaSi) politikuri
moRvaweobis motivebis formirebas.
individebis politikuri qcevis nebismier formebs ganumeorebel
elfers matebs individualuri fsiqologiuri warmonaqmnebi, romlebic
warmoSobilia sxva subieqtebTan da xelisuflebis institutebTan
adamianis pirovnebaTaSorisi kavSirebiT, esenia:
 personaluri gamocdileba;
 garemos gamowvevaze specifikuri emociuri reaqciebi;
 TviTanalizis garkveuli unari;
 individualuri nebisyofisa da mexsierebis Taviseburebebi.
CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi axdnen politikuri procesebis
fsiqologiuri sarCulis formirebas, romelTa subieqt-obieqtur
urTierTbebSi CarTulia adamiani. mravali magaliTidan Cans, rom am
procesebSi yovelTvis aRiniSneba sxvadasxva da xSirad urTierT-
sawinaaRmdego grZnobebi valdebulebisa da valdebulebebidan
gaTavisuflebis survili, TviTpativiscemis moTxovnileba da ufro
Zlierze daqvemdebarebis survili da a.S.

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 saboloo jamSi sxvadasxva grZnobebis Tanaarseboba
ganapirobebs realuri politikuri procesebis ganviTarebis araTanabar
da naxtomisebur xasiaTs. politikuri fsiqologiis am Tvisebis
wyalobiT politikaSi Semodis stiqiurobis da movlenaTa
araprognozirebadobis elementi. fsiqologias ki Seswevs unari
damians ubiZgos umokles vadaSi Secvalos Sefasebebi, es ki
gansakuTrebul Zalas sZens mis zemoqmedebas adamianis qcevaze
arastandartul pirobebSi.
arsebiT nabijad politikuri SantaJis raobis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
kvlevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos moqmedebiTi da bihevioristuli analizis
saSualebebis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba.
cnobierebis istoriaSi cneba moRvaweoba TamaSobda da
TamaSobs ormag rols: pirveli _ msoflmxedvelobiTs da meorec _
mTeli rigi socialuri mecnierebebis meTodologiur safuZvlebisas,
sadac moRvaweoba xdeba Seswavlis sagani.
moRvaweoba _ es aris garemomcvel samyarosTan aqtiuri
urTierTobebis specifikuri adamianuri forma. prioritetuli
mniSvneloba am midgomaSi aqvs Semdeg garemoebebs:
pirveli, yoveli moRvaweoba gulisxmobs subieqtisa da obieqtis
garkveul urTierTdapirispirebas; subieqti (mocemul SemTxvevaSi _
SantaJisti) upirispirdeba obieqts (SantaJirebuls); Tavisi
arakeTilsasurveli saqmianobis Sedegad subieqti iRebs raRac
Sedegebs; garkveul cvlilebas ganicdis SantaJis obieqtic.
meore, yoveli moRvaweoba Seicavs saqmianobis mizans,
saSualebas, Sedegs da Tavis saqmianobis process; aqedan
gamomdinare, mis ganuyofel maxasiaTebels warmoadgens
gaazrebuloba. SantaJisti Segnebulad isaxavs moTxovnebis wres; mas
gaazrebuli aqvs Tavisi saqmianobis ukanonoba.

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 mesame, moRvaweobis principi misi gamoxatulebis procesSi
moiTxovs saqmianobis da misi maformirebeli faqtorebis
gaRrmavebul analizs konkretul kvlevebSi.
politikuri SantaJis SemTxvevaSi amas mivyavarT sxva
komponentebis gamoyofasTan, romlebic TviT saqmianobis farglebs
miRma imyofebian, Tumca masTan kavSirSi arian da
zemoqmedeben masze. ase magaliTad, socialuri moRvaweobis
Teoriis debulebebze dayrdnobiT, (m. veberi; f. znanecki),
romlebic mizanmimarTuli saqmianobis racionalur komponentebTan
erTad xazs usvamen faseulobebs, saqmianobis orientaciis, motivebis,
molodinebisa da pretenziebis mniSvnelobas, SesaZlebelia
mniSvnelovnad gafarTovdes warmodgena politikur SantaJze, rogorc
politikuri moRvaweobis specifikur saxeobaze.

politikuri SantaJis, rogorc politikuri

moRvaweobis saxeobis struqtura

struqturis
zogadi daxasiaTeba
elementi
politikuri procesebis ZiriTadi, mTavari da aramTavari
aqtorebi; pirovneba; socialuri jgufi; sazogadoebriv-
subieqti politikuri gaerTianeba; politikuri lideri; politikuri elita; lo-
birebis jgufi; saxelmwifos raime instituti an saxelmwifo
mTlianad; samxedro-politikuri kavSirebi
triada `pirovneba~ _ `sazogadoeba~ _ `saxelmwifo~
obieqti (calkeuli elementi, triada mTlianad); partiebi, politikuri
liderebi, politikuri elita
politikuri da (an) materialuri, angarebiTi da calmxrivi
motivebi
upiratesobebis miReba
miznebi politikuri procesebis obieqtebis qcevis konkretuli politikuri
urTierTobebis Secvla; politikuri oponentebis moraluri

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 suliskveTebis dasusteba; maTi politikuri nebisyofis
daTrgunva da sakuTaris moxveva; morCilebis
uzrunvelyofa; politikuri mowinaaRmdegis anga-
riSsworeba: Tavis sasargeblod ZalTa Tanafardobis Secvla
maiZulebeli Zala; makomprometirebeli informacia;
miRwevis meTodebi seriozuli danakargis perspeqtivebis demonstrireba;
da saSualebebi muqara; iZuleba; garigeba; gamoZalva; reketi;
yalTabandoba
ganasxvaveben mosalodnel da miRebul Sedegebs,
Sedegebi romlebic SesaZloa sruliad an nawilobriv ar daemTxes
mosalodnels

Tavi meaTe
saarCevno teqnologiebis
politikur-fsiqlogiur analizi

10.1. saarCevno kampaniis

teqnologiebis politikur-fsiqologiuri
daxasiaTeba

195
 nebismieri demokratiis sicocxlisunarianoba (maTi ganviTarebis
safexurebis miuxedavad) damokidebulia arCevnebis sistemaze.
amomrCevlis biuletini tyviaze Zlieria, _ ambobda abraam linkoni.
arCevnebis gziT gacilebiT meti koreqtivis Setana SeiZleba
cxovrebaSi, vidre barikadebiT.
arCevnebis Catareba qveynis xelisuflebis organoebSi yovelTvis
ukavSirdeba politikuri saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli saxeobis
gamZafrebas, roca misi subieqtebi (politikuri partiebi, pretendentebi,
maTi Stabebi) ebmebian konkurentul brZolaSi da sxvadasxva
nabijebs dgamen, rom Tavis mxareze miizidos potenciuri amomr-
Ceveli. adamianebis mier winasaarCevno periodSi da arCvenebis
dros inicirebul mravalferovan movlenebs SeiZleba ewodos
`saarCevno procesi~, romlis drosac realizdeba kanonmdeblobis
eleqtoratis normebi, politikuri struqturebi da kulturuli faseulobebi,
jgufebisa da individebis politikuri qceva, romlebic cdiloben
daikmayofilon Zalauflebis moTxovnileba, dasaxuli miznebi,
principebi da idealebi.
`politikis fsiqologiuri veli~ sul ufro meti adamianis yuradRebas
izidavs, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno kampaniis dros. praqtikuli
politikuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa _
politikuri moRvaweobis gamartivebuli gagebis daZleva, aseve imis
axsna, Tu ratom aRiniSneba masSi negatiuri movlenebi, romelTac
politika dahyavT `binZuri saqmis~ doneze.
cneba `saarCevno kampania~ ar gamoiyeneba erTmniSvne-
lovnad. am cnebis farTo gagebiT mas uwodeben kanonis
Sesabamisad organizebul RonisZiebebs moqalaqeTa nebis
gamoxatvis organizebis mizniT. ufro viwro gagebiT _ es aris

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konkretuli politikuri (kandidatebisa da misi gundebis, politikuri
partiebisa da blokebis) qmedebebi, romlebic mimarTulia arCevnebSi
maTTvis sasargeblo Sedegebis miRwevebze.
Tu mkacr sakanonmdeblo gansazRvrebaze vilaparakebT, maSin
saarCevno kampania aris _ periodi uflebamosili piris, xelisuflebis,
organos, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier arCevnebis
daniSvnis Sesaxeb oficialurad gamoqveynebuli gadawyvetilebidan
arCevnebis Sedegebis oficialurad gamoqveynebis dRemde. sxva
sityvebiT saarCevno kampania _ es aris saarCevno procesis nawili
im procesebis saxiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia misi monawileebis
mier garkveuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan, maT mier situaciis
SefasebasTan da sxvadasxva aqciebis Semdgom organizaciebTan.
ra axasiaTebs saarCevno kampanias rogorc politikuri
saqmianobis gansakuTrebul saxes?
pirveli. saarCevno kampania _ xelisuflebis instrumentia.
ramdenadac yoveli saarCevno kampania misi iniciatoris mier
warimarTeba politikur metoqeebTan sastiki brZolis pirobebSi,
imdenad es procesi Tavisi arsiT aris konkretuli procesi, romlis
drosac mimdinareobs mwvave metoqeoba mis monawileebs Soris
politikur ierarqiaSi prestiJuli poziciebis flobis uflebaze, politikurad
mniSvnelovani resursebis wvdomaze. aqedan gamomdinare,
arCevnebi upirveles yovlisa aris ZalauflebisTvis brZola.
bunebrivia, mocemul momentSi politikuri Zalauflebis mflobeli
subieqti nebayoflobiT ar Tmobs Tavis poziciebs da iyenebs yvela
SesaZleblobas (zogjer aralegitimursac): Zalas, saSualebebs, xerxebs,
meTodebs mis SesanarCuneblad.
meore. saarCevno kampania _ es aris specifikuri politikuri
marTva. ukve aRiniSna, rom Zalauflebis safuZvlebis socialur-

197
fsiqologiuri daxasiaTebis dros Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis struqtura
ar Semoifargleba batonobisa da daqvemdebarebis urTierTobebiT da
moicavs `mmarTvelis da marTvadis~ qvesistemas. es
mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis Zalauflebrivi urTierTkavSirebi SeiZleba
warmovidginoT rogorc saxelmwifos an sxva politikuri subieqtebis
mier gadasaWreli konkretuli problemebis erToblioba, romlebic moi-
Txoven konkretul saSualebebs da resursebs. am gagebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saarCevno kampania warmoadgens politikuri
mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebul saxes, romlis drosac mmarTveli
subieqtis saxiT gamodis gundi (partiuli organizacia, TanamzraxvelTa
gundi, politikuri konsultantebi) saTaveSi kandidatiT, xolo obieqts
warmoadgenen potenciuri amomrCevlebi.
mesame. yoveli saarCevno kampania gulisxmobs sa-
marTlebriv regulirebas. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola rom mwvave
winaaRmdegobasa da krizisSi ar gadaizardos, yovel qveyanaSi
iqmneba sakanonmdeblo normebi, romlebic saarCevno procesis
msvlelobis reglamentirebas axdenen. ra Tqma unda, kanonmdebloba
ver moaxdens kampaniis monawileebis mTliani saqmianobis regla-
mentirebas, magram mainc, is maTTvis qmnis gansazRvrul
samarTlebriv CarCoebs, romelTa gadalaxvac damrRvevebis mimarT
sxvadasxva sanqciebis gamoyenebas iwvevs.
meoTxe. saarCevno kampania _ es aris sawarmoo politikuri
Sroma. politikur moRvaweobaSi Sromis produqts warmoadgens
fsiqologiur-politikuri mdgomareobis oTxi jgufi:
1) emociuri mdgomareobis jgufi, romelic warmoadgens reaqcias
sasicocxlo resursebSi organizmis moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis zomaze;

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2) praqtikuli mdgomareobis jgufi _ warmoadgens reaqcias
Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad daxarjuli samuSao Zalis
moculobaze (procesSi gaCenili moTenTiloba, daZabuloba,
monotonuroba, mRelvareba, stresi, funqcionaluri komforti,
motivaciis arqona, indiferentuli mdgomareoba);
3) motivaciuri mdgomareobis jgufi _ warmoadgens reaqcias
saarCevno procesis monawileebs Soris pirovnebaTaSorisi
urTierTobebis xasiaTze (dakavSirebulia sakuTari
monawileobis gacnobierebasTan, sazogadoebisa da
konkretuli adamianisaTvis sargeblobis motanis
aucileblobasTan; axasiaTebs mRelvareba, sixaruli da
mwuxareba, tkboba da tanjva, eiforia da mrisxaneba, eqstazi
da mZvinvareba).
4) humanitaruli mdgomareobis jgufi _ warmoadgens reaqcias
politikuri informaciis xarisxze, romelic Tan axlavs am
procesis, rogorc samyaros politikuri suraTis nawilis
gacnobierebas. es fsiqikuri mdgomareobebi ganpirobebulia
informaciis sizustis, sisrulis, konkretulobisa da
organizebulobis moTxovnilebiT. politikuri Sromis produqts
warmoadgens xelisuflebis sistema, romelsac unari Seswevs
uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis cxovrebis sakmarisi done. rac
Seexeba politikuri Sromis xasiaTs, Sromis saganze (ada-
mianTa mdgomareobaze) zemoqmedebis saSualebebis
SerCeva da maT mimarT mmarTvelobiTi meTodebis
gamoyeneba gulisxmobs TviT politikosisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT maRal maxasiaTeblebs _ ganviTarebuli
TviTkontrolis, TviTregulaciis, TviTmarTvis da TviTaRzrdis
unarebis flobas. Sromis saSualebebis SerCevisas politikosi

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 riskavs ise, rogorc arc erT sxva saqmianobaSi. pasuxismgeb-
lobasTan mas aTavisuflebs mxolod warmateba, gamarjveba.
damarcxebis SemTxevevaSi mas elodeba an karieris
Sewyveta (politikuri sikvdili), an diskreditacia masobriv
sainformacio saSualebebsa da samecniero istoriul literaturaSi
(moraluri sikvdili).
mexuTe. saarCevno kampania _ es aris moqalaqeebis
eleqtoratul qcevaze sainformacio-fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
uwyveti procesi. literaturaSi eleqtoratoruli qcevis qveS igulisxmeba
moqalaqeebis urTierTdakavSirebuli reaqciebis, qmedebebisa an
umoqmedobis sistema, romlebic xorcieldeba politikuri arCevnebis
Catarebis pirobebTan Seguebis mizniT.
saarCevno kampaniaSi stereotipebis Seqmna miiRweva
kompaniebis mier sakomunikacio teqnologiebis mTeli arsenalis
gamoyenebiT. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli niSa uWiravs
fsiqosemantikur da fsiqolingvistur meTodebs (xerxebs). saerTo
kandidatis teqstebis zedmiwevniT damuSaveba xdeba ara mxolod
azrobrivi Sinaarsis kuTxiT. sugestiuroba, riTmuloba, ferTa talRebi,
asociaciebi, romlebic amomrCevlebs uCndebaT _ yvela es parametri
gadamuSavdeba zedmiwevniT.
teqstebTan aseTi muSaoba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod
kandidatis sityviT gamosvlis nawilSi an misi saprogramo
ganacxadebis dros. politikuri reklama skanirdeba mizanSi misi zusti
moxvedris TvalsazrisiT da yvela varianti, romelic am amocanas ar
Seesabameba, unda gamoiricxos. sainformacio xmauri Trgunavs
amomrCevlis unars fonidan gamoyos figura da maSin mniSv-
nelovani mesiji ver aRwevs cnobierebaSi. is saerTod arsad ar
aRwevs.

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 10.2. eleqtoratis qcevis fsiqologiuri tendenciebi saarCevno
kampaniis dros

eleqtoratis kvelevebis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebis

gadawyvetaSi namdvili garRveva ukavSirdeba bihevioristul
meTodologiur mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. es mimdinareoba
individualuri monacemebis safuZvelze eleqtoraluri qcevis socialur-
fsiqologiuri interpretacias iZleoda. aRniSnuli mimarTuleba Caisaxa
1940-ian wlebSi, kolumbiis universitetis sociologTa kvlevebis
safuZvelze, romelTac p. lazersfeldi xelmZRvanelobda. maT pirvelad
paneluri teqnikis daxmarebiT Seiswavles, Tu ra zegavlenas axdenda
saprezidento saarCevno kampania amomrCevelTa azrisa da qcevis
formirebaze. mocemuli gamokvleva mniSvnelovani winsvla iyo
arCevnebSi individualuri qcevis Seswavlis saqmeSi. am midgomam
yvelaze sruli ganviTareba miCiganis skolis warmomadgenlebisa da
maTi mimdevrebis kvlevebSi hpova. miCiganis skolas faqtobrivad
ekuTvnis eleqtoratis qcevis socialur-fsiqologiuri modelis avtoroba.
ra amoZravebT amomrCevlebs? Cveulebrivi amomrCevlebis
motivacia SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari, magram maTi qcevis
safuZvelSi devs warmodgena im sargeblobis Taobaze, romelsac
iwvevs ama Tu im politikosis gamarjveba arCevnebSi. sxvaoba
dainteresebaSi moqmedebs amomrCevlebis qcevaze. amitom
nebismieri kampaniis amocanas warmoadgens maT sasargeblod
xmis micemis motivaciis gaZliereba da sapirispiro motivebis rao-
denobis Semcireba.

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 realuri motivi adamianebs yovelTvis rodi aqvs gacnobierebuli.
im motivebs, romelTac gaicnobierebs adamiani, fsiqologebi
`motivirebas~ uwodeben.
motivacia ewodeba process, romelic adamians biZgs aZlevs
ama Tu im moqmedebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, eleqtoraluri qcevis
motivacia _ esaa adamianis ganwyobis procesi eleqtoraluri
qcevis ama Tu im tipisaTvis.
eleqtoraluri qcevis erT-erTi mTavari motivi aris ara ama Tu im
kandidatis arCeva, aramed socialuri (politikuri, ekonomikuri,
fsiqologiuri, ekologiuri, kriminaluri, sacxovrebeli da a.S.) viTarebis
Secvla sasurveli mimarTulebiT.
faruli moTxovnilebebis nakrebi Sorsaa alternativebis
rafinirebuli siisagan, romelic gamosakiTx anketebSi SeaqvT. isini
SeiZleba gavyoT moTxovnilebebad, romlebic pirdapir an iribad
kmayofildeba. pirvels miekuTvneba:
 beladis (froidis mixedviT `mamis~) moTxovnileba, anu
moaxdinos morCilebisa da beladisadmi gayolis refleqsebis
realizeba;
 afilaciis moTxovnileba, anu jgufuri (joguri) refleqsebis
realizeba (jgufuri identifikaciis refleqsi, jgufis miyolis
refleqsi, mibaZva, altruizmi. aqve Sedis moTxovnileba iyos
jgufis wevri, urTierToba hqondes sxvebTan, exmarebodes
jgufis wevrebs, maTgan Rebulobdes daxmarebas).
iribi moTxovnilebani warmoadgens pirobebs, romelTa
arsebobis drosac xdeba pirveli tipis sabazo moTxovnilebebis
realizeba. adamins yovelTvis rodi surs monawileobis miReba
viTarebis ScvlaSi, is imedovnebs, rom mova Zlieri pirovneba,
romelic yvelafers Secvlis. mas sWirdeba mxolod xmis micema.

202
 rogorc irkveva, amomrCevels amoZravebs yovelTvis faruli
moTxovnilebani. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi moTxovnilebaa
fsiqologiuri komfortis moTxovnileba _ usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
(pirovnulis, jgufuris, erovnulis), miswrafeba Tavidan aicilon cudi
ganwyobileba an TviTSegrZneba (ukmayofileba cxovrebis
pirobebiT, depresia, daTrgunuloba, SeSfoTeba, sakuTar ZalebSi
daurwmunebloba, momavlis SiSi da a.S).
moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli arsebul
SesaZleblobebTan: cxovrebis done, qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri
viTareba, damnaSaveobis done sabaziso pirobebia adamianTa
survilebis realizebisaTvis. am pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken swrafva
_ arCevnebSi adamianTa monawileobis mTavari meqanizmia.
amomrCeveli, realurad, xmas aZlevs ara kandidats, aramed Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `Tavis moTxovnilebebs~, romelTa realizebis
pirobebic unda Seqmnas mocemulma kandidatma xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis SemTxvevaSi.
socialuri moTxovnilebebis gamovlenis formas socialuri
refleqsebi warmoadgens _ esaa politikur garemoebebze spontanuri,
cnobierebis mier sustad kontrolirebuli socialuri qceviTi reaqciebi.
isini SeiZleba daiyos upirobo (genetikurad mocemuli, arqetipuli
qceva) da pirobiTad (qcevis mdgradi modelebi, Camoyalibebuli
socializaciis Sedegad).
refleqsebi moqmedebaSi mohyavs gansakuTrebul gam-
Rizianeblebs, romelTac stimulebi ewodeba. stimulebs
(gamRizieneblebs), romlebic aamoqmedebs upirobo socialur
refleqsebs da socialuri qcevis garkveuli formebis stimulirebas axdens
socialuri relizerebic ewodebaT (ingl., relaese _ ganTavisufleba,
gaSveba).

203
 eleqtoraluri qcevis `gaSvebis~ meqanizmi moicavs daaxloebiT
oTx stadias:
pirveli _ amuSavdeba subdominirebis refleqsi (Sedegi _
amomrCevlis mier kandidatis `uflebis~ aRiareba
liderobaze);
meore _ amuSavdeba jgufuri (joguri) qcevis refleqsi. Sedegad
amomrCeveli sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens
jgufTan, romelsac `saTaveSi udgas~ kandidati;
mesame _ amuSavdeba gayolis refleqsi;
meoTxe _ sugestiuri zemoqmedebis (sugestia _ STagoneba)
xerxebis gamoyenebis Sedegad amomrCevels
uCndeba ganwyoba xma misces mocemul kandidats.
socialur refleqsebs adamiani ver gaicnobierebs, e.i. raRac
moqmedebis momentSi adamians ar esmis Tavisi qcevis refleqtoruli
buneba. is Cveulebriv ar ufiqrdeba amas, magram Tu ufiqrdeba,
iyenebs abstraqtul kategoriebs _ `faseuloba~, `mizanSewoniloba~,
`gonivruloba~ da a.S. (m. macaberiZe, politikuri marketingis sa-
fuZvlebi, Tb., 2003, gv. 265).
saarCevno teqnologiebis strategia aigeba azrobrivi velebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic unda daemTxvas amomrCevelTa
moTxovnilebebs, saWiroebebs. Tu kandidats uCndeba cduneba
pozicionerobdes ramdenime socialur rolze: `mama~, `Semoqmedi~,
mzrunveli deda~, `korufciasTan mebrZoli~, maSin teqnologebis
amocanaa _ moxsnas es miswrafebebi. mravalma gamokvlevam da
praqtikulma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom adamianebi yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad Tvlian aT ZiriTad faseulobas. amitom is, rac
maTTvis gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia, saWiroa iqces informaciul
masalaTa ZiriTad `samSeneblo blokebad~. informaciul masalebSi

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mxolod am faseulobaTa gamoyenebiT SeuZlia kandidats
daarwmunos amomrCevlebi imaSi, rom masac igive problema aRel-
vebs, rac amomrCevelTa zrunvis sagania.
es `aTi ZiriTadi faseulobaa~:
 janmrTeloba _ rwmena imisa, rom TiToeuli ada-
mianisaTvis aucilebelia kargi janmrTelobisa da piradi
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;
 finansuri keTildReoba _ survili imisa, rom iyo finansurad
uzrunvelyofili rogorc dRes, ise momavalSi;
 rwmenis Tavisufleba _ aucileblad grZnobde usafrTxoebas
religiur rwmenaTa arCevanSi, rom Sendami damokidebuleba
ar aris damokidebuli Sens aRmsareblobaze;
 ojaxuri keTildReoba _ survili imisa, rom gqondes
mSvidoba, simyudrove da keTildReoba ojaxSi, daculi iyo
gareSe safrTxisagan;
 uzrunvelyofili sibere _ aucileblad darwmunebuli iyo imaSi,
rom sibere da moxucebuloba Rirseuli geqneba, rom ZiriTadi
adamianuri moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebuli iqneba;
 saintereso Tavisufali dro (moclilobis Jami) _ survili imisa,
rom gqondes saSualeba da SesaZleblobebi imisaTvis, raTa
mSvidad gaanawilo, gankargo sakuTari Tavisufali dro
(zrunva Tavisufali drois xarisxsa da raodenobaze);
 siamovnebis momtani samuSao _ survili imisa, rom
gqondes SesaZlebloba miiRo saukeTeso, profesiis
adekvaturi samuSao.
 kargi ganaTleba SvilebisaTvis _ survili imisa, rom gqondes
SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyo Svilebi kargi ganaTlebiT, raTa
maT SeZlon bevris miRweva cxovrebaSi;

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  sakuTari saxlis floba _ survili imisa, gqondes SesaZlebloba
flobde sakuTar saxls;
 mogzauroba _ miswrafeba icvlide adgilebs, afarToebde
kulturuli urTierTobebis wres.
Zireul adamianur faseulobaTa es ierarqiuli sia amerikel
amomrCevlebis Seswavlis safuZvelzea miRebuli. rac imas niSnavs,
rom maTi ierarqia mniSvnelobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli iqneba
Cvens sazogadoebaSi, magram es ver amcirebs am faseulobaTa
CamonaTvalis Rirebulebebs. mTavari isaa, rom sworad iqnas gamo-
yenebuli orientaciebi, miuxedavd imisa, Tu rogor arian isini
sinamdvileSi.
faseuloba aris amomrCevlebTan kavSiris safuZveli, amitomac
nebismieri problema unda iqnas gadawyvetili am aTi ZiriTadi
admianuri faseulobis konteqstSi. magaliTad, damnaSaveobis
problemis ganxilvis dros aqcenti unda gakeTdes janmrTelobis
faseulobaze _ `damnaSaveoba Cvens sazogadoebas emuqreba, ro-
gorc avTvisebiani simsivne, romelic Cvens sxeulSi izrdeba~.
gadasaxadis zrdis problemis analizisas, mowodeba unda iyos
keTildReobis faseulobisadmi _ `Cven ver SevuqmniT safrTxes
Cveni ojaxis Rirseul arsebobas~.
ganaTlebis problemis ganxilvisas, igi unda daukavSiron
bavSvebs, Svilebs da auditorias Seaxsenon safrTxe, romelic
emuqreba maT janmrTelobas, finansur keTildReobas; optimalurad
unda iqnas SerCeuli is faseuloba, romelic yvelaze metad sarwmuno
da damajerebeli iqneba auditoriisaTvis.
Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi eleqtorati kandidats an partias xmas
aZlevs Tavisi politikuri identifikaciis, erTgulebis xangrZlivi

206
grZnobis demonstrirebis niSnad, romelsac isini konkretuli pirovnebis
an partiis mimarT ganicdian.
Tavdapirvelad es mimarTuleba, romelic politikur mecnierebaSi
socialuri fsiqologiidan movida, miCiganis universitetis mecnierTa
Soris (XX s-is 50-iani wlebidan) ganviTarda, amitom mas xSirad
miCiganis skolas uwodeben. am mimarTulebiT Sesrulebul klasikur
naSroms warmoadgens monografia `amerikeli amomrCeveli~,
romelSic mocemulia aSS-s saprezidento arCevnebis analizi.
mocemuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Semdegi
winamZRvrebidan gamodiodnen:
 amomrCevelTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
romelime partiasTan siaxlovis SegrZneba (partiuli
identifikacia);
 partiuli identifikaciis formirebis mTavar agents ojaxi
warmoadgens, sadac partiuli loialuroba yalibdeba;
 partiuli identifikaciis funqcia _ daexmaros amomrCevels
politikuri informaciis `gamklavebaSi~ da gansazRvros,
romel partias misces xma;
 Tu zogierT periods gamovricxavT, partiul identifikaciaSi
momxdari cvlilebebi, sruliad individualuria; umeteswilad
isini asaxaven cvlilebas jgufisadmi kuTvnilebaSi, rac geog-
rafiuli an socialuri mobilurobis Sedegad warmoiSoba.
socialur-fsiqologiuri modelis Sesabamisad eleqtoratis arCevani
yalibdeba politikuri procesis sam aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT
(kandidatebis mimarT, politikuri kursebis, partiebsa da socialur
jgufebs Soris kavSirebis mimarT) amomrCevlebis ganwyobaTa
zegavleniT. TiToeul am ganwyobas aqvs SedarebiT damoukidebeli

207
zegavlena eleqtoratis arCevanze, gansakuTrebiT moklevadian
perspeqtivaSi.
socialuri parametrebis gavlena politikur mjobinebebze ar aris
uaryofili, magram es parametrebi mTavari faqtorebiTaa gaSualebuli:
partiuli identifikaciiT. partiuli identifikacia Taviseburi filtris rols
asrulebs. masSi gaivlis is informacia, romelic sam zemoT
dasaxelebul aspeqts (kandidatebs, politikur kursebs, kavSirebs
partiebsa da socialur jgufebs Soris) ganekuTvneba. grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi es ganwyobani Tavisebur arxebs warmoadgens,
romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba partiuli identifikaciis zegavlena
eleqtoratis arCevanze.
amrigad, Tuki amomrCeveli, magaliTad, socialistad SeigrZnobs
Tavs, igi ganwyobilia imisaTvis, rom swamdes, rom socialisturi
partia (kandidati, kursi) yvelaze kargad daicavs misi socialuri jgufis
interesebs sxva partiebTan SedarebiT. am SemTxvevaSi muSaobs
partiuli identifikacia, maSin rodesac ar xdeba racionalizacia
konkretuli problemebis an kandidatebis doneze.
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli empiriuli gamokvlevebi mowmobs,
rom mTlianobaSi, socialur-fsiqologiuri faqtori muSaobs. es modeli
warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis
amomrCevelTa qcevis Sesaswavlad, xolo termini `partiuli
identifikacia~ eleqtoratis qcevis kvlevebSi erT-erTi yelaze gavrcele-
buli gaxda. amasTn erTad, TandaTanobiT gamovlinda am midgomis
SezRuduloba da naklovanebani. magaliTad, multipartiuli sistemebis
mqone qveynebSi, sadac arsebobs ramdenime mniSvnelovani
gaTiSva (memarjvene-memarcxene, religiuri-saero, liberaluri-
avtoritaruli da a.S.). am SemTxvevaSi partiuli identifikaciis zegavle-
na eleqtoratis arCevanze kidev ufro araerTgvarovani xdeba. Tu aseT

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qveyanaSi amomrCeveli Tavisi Tavis identificirebas axdens A
partiasTan, es ar niSnvs, rom am safuZvezlze SeiZleba vimsjeloT,
Tu ras fiqrobs B, C, D partiebis Sesaxeb. amrigad, unda vaRiaroT,
rom mocemul models aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi, imitom rom
saTanado zomiT ar iTvaliswinebs politikuri sistemis koordinatTa
sirTules.
amrigad, rogorc praqtika uCvenebs, sul ufro xSirad arCevnebze
gamarjveba miiRweva ara Ria konkurentul brZolaSi, aramed
amomrCevlebis motivaciaze, maT cnobiersa da qvecnobierze
manipulaciis gziT. maTi politikuri moTxovnilebebisa da
molodinebis formirebis gziT, romelTa dakmayofilebac miznad
isaxavs gavlena moaxdinos moqalaqeTa qcevaze.

Tavi meTerTmete
politikuri Zaladobis fsiqologia

11.1. politikuri Zaladobis

socialur-politikuri buneba da arsi

209
 politikuri Zaladobis Teoriuli gacnobierebis problema
sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi am fenomenis gaCenisTanave
gaCnda. politikuri fsiqologia am problemas did Teoriul da praqtikul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs, magram mecnierul samyaroSi politikuri Za-
ladobis Sesaxeb aqamde erTiani midgoma ar arsebobs. es aixsneba
ara marto am fenomenis mravalmxrivobiT, aramed im faqtiTac, rom
mas ganixilaven mecnieruli codnis sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare. filosofosebi, politologebi, fsiqologebi,
samarTalmcodneebi, lingvistebi politikur Zaladobas ganixilaven
kvlevis obieqtebidan gamomdinare. dRes arsebobs misi asze meti
ganmarteba.
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos damokidebuleba ZaladobasTan
ganisazRvreba mravali mizeziT: mocemuli xalxis istoriiTa da
kulturuli tradiciebiT; konkretuli ekonomikuri da politikuri situaciiT;
Zaladobis matarebelTa piradi TvisebebiT; samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis an ganuviTareblobis xasiaTiT. magram Tu Tavs
davanebebT ama Tu im qveynis konkretul Taviseburebebs,
mecnierebi gamoyofen ramdenime faqtors, romlebic xels uwyoben
imas, rom Zaladoba ganixileba ara rogorc eqstraordinaluri da
iZulebiTi qmedeba, aramed xSirad saxelmwifos oficialuri politikuri
ideologiis nawili.
pirveli faqtori atarebs ara imdenad politikur, ramdenadac
msoflmxedvelobiT xasiaTs. saqme exeba adamianis bunebaze
garkveul warmodgenebs. demokratiuli reJimebi gamodian
Tavdapirveli gonierebis prezumpciidan da adamianis
konstruqtivobidan: adamianebs unari aqvT erTmaneTs
moelaparakon, maT ar axasiaTebT damangreveli tendenciebi, isini
mzad arian daemorCilon wesebs, ramdenadac esmiT maTi

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aucilebloba da gonivruloba. jeims mileri, Cikagos universitetis fsi-
qologiisa da fsiqiatriis yofili profesori, amJamad ki fsiqiatriuli
kvlevebis institutis TanamSromeli miiCnevs, rom mSvidobis saqmes
didad waadgeba, Tu aTas kargad gawvrTnil socialur mecniers
sabWoTa kavSirSi farulad CavasaxlebT, sadac isini, rusebad
SeniRbulebi, sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis uaxles teqnologias
gamoiyeneben imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras fiqroben rusebi. gordon
alportma wamoayena idea, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
generaluri asambleis, uSiSroebis sabWosa da iunesko-s SenobaTa
Sesasvlelebi gadakeTdes ise, rom sxdomebze mimavalma
delegatebma gzad sabavSvo baRis saTamaSo moedani gaiaron. xolo
koens, kidev erT fsiqologs, sjera, rom mSvidobis mSeneblobis saq-
mes didad win waswevs saxelmwifos mmarTvel organoebSi
mamakacebis qalebiT Secvla (James G. Miller, ,,Psicological
Approaches to the Prevention of War”, in Dennis et al., Current
Trends in Social Psychology.pp. 284-85).
alportis winadadeba mogvagonebs pacifist nikolsis
SemoTavazebas imis Taobaze, rom dasaxiCrebuli jariskacis
manekeni unda daidgas moednis centrSi ganiaraRebis sakiTxis
gansaxilvelad gamarTul yovel konferenciaze (Gordon W. Allport, -
`Guide Lines for Research in international Cooperation~. in Pear, ed
Psicological Factors of Peace and War. pp. 148-49). adamianebze
aseT SexedulebasTan dakavSirebulia demokratiuli sistemebis
damokidebulebac Zaladobis mimarT. Zaladoba SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod rogorc gansakuTrebuli zoma mosaxleo-
bis umciresobis mimarT, romelTa kvlevac arRvevs sayovelTao
wesrigs. masobriv politikur Zaladobas demokratiuli ideologia sruliad
uaryofs.

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 meore faqtori, romelic xels uwyobs Zaladobis Camoyalibebas
aris istoriul procesze gansazRvruli warmodgena. Tu es procesi
qaoturia, SemTxveviTia da misi msvlelobisas gamudmebiT izrdeba
gaurkvevloba da sistemis uwesrigoba (entropia), maSin aseTi
procesis raime CarCoebSi moqcevisaTvis saWiroa adamiani, romelic
SeZlebs am procesis struqtuirebas da Zaladoba aucileblad hpovebs
aq adgils.
mesame faqtori aris politikis an politikuri elitis (Tavis, Tavisi
xalxis, Tavisi partiis an nebismieri sxva jgufis, romlebTan
identifikaciasac axdnen politikuri procesis subieqtebi) warmodgena
misiaze. Tu eri mowodebulia ganaxorcielos raime misia, raime
principuli cvlileba sazogadoebaSi, ganaxorcielos Tavisi daniSnuleba
da miiyvanos Tavisi xalxi WeSmaritebamde, maSin sakiTxi
Zaladobis dauSveblobaze araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. Zaladoba
savsebiT SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas nebismier masStabebSi
Tundac mxolod imisaTvis, rom ufro swrafad iqnas miRweuli
umaRlesi mizani, romelic, ueWvelad, gaamarTlebs nebismier
saSualebebs.
meoTxe faqtori _ politikaSi orientirdeba e.w. idealur samyaroze,
romelic gamudmebiT ukan wevs yoveldRiuri problemebis
gadaWras. aseT orientacias mivyavarT awmyosTan, mimdinare
momentTan. igive xdeba ideologiis donezec. Tu dRevandeli dRe ar
aris TviTRirebuli da warmoadgens mxolod xvalindeli dRisken
gardamaval periods, maSin ixsneba politikur praqtikaSi Zaladobis
nebismieri formis gamoyenebis moraluri dabrkolebebi.
Cveni yuradRebis obieqts warmoadgens ara ubralod Zaladoba,
aramed Zaladoba, romelic gamoiyeneba sazogadoebis
cxovelmoqmedebis sferoSi _ politikaSi. mis mTavar Taviseburebas

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warmoadgens Zalis gamoyeneba saxelisuflebo an politikuri
ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi an uSualo gavlenisaTvis mimdinare
politikuri procesis Sesacvlelad.
amitom bevri mkvlevari uSualod akavSirebs politikis,
Zalauflebis da Zalis cnebebs. kantis azriT: igive Zala iwodeba
Zalauflebad, Tu mas SeuZlia Zalismieri winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva.
amerikeli mecnieri r. niburi werda, rom TviT adamianebis
nebismier jgufebs Soris urTierTobebi imdenad aris politikuri,
ramdenadac ganisazRvreba im ZaliT, romelsac yoveli maTgani flobs
(Nieburg H. Political Violence and Bihaviorial Process. N.Y. st.
Martin’s Press, 1969. VI. P. 145)~.
politikuri Zaladoba, rogorc wesi, gansxvavdeba socialuri
Zaladobis sxva formebisagan meti organizebulobiT, siRrmiT,
sistematiurobiT da gamoyenebis efeqturobiT, ara mxolod fizikuri
iZulebis unariT, aramed adamianisaTvis Tavisuflebis, sicocxlis
warTmevis an sxeulis samudamo dazianebis unariT. SedarebiT
mSvidobian droSi mas axorcieleben legitimuri saxelmwifo
institutebi, aseve amisaTvis specialurad momzadebuli adamianebi,
romlebsac gaaCniaT iaraRi da iZulebis sxva saSualebebi da romlebic
gaerTianebuli arian mkacri organizebuli discipliniT da centralizebuli
marTviT. amasTan, ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo da qveynebs Soris
omebis periodSi politikuri Zaladobis matareblebis wre
mniSvnelovnad farTovdeba araprofesionalebis xarjze. TviT
politikuri Zaladoba organuladaa dakavSirebuli sazogadoebis
gaxleCasTan mtrul klasebad, klasobrivi batonobis da morCilebis
sistemis SeqmnasTan. swored am realiebis fonze aRmocenda
platonis, aristoteles, demokrites, ciceronis, lukreciusis da sxvaTa
filosofiuri abstraqciebi.

213
 z. froidma Camoayaliba koncefcia adamianis bunebaSi
fesvgamdgar gadaxrebze da ngrevisa Tu meryeobisken mimaval
midrekilebebze. adamianis bunebaSi am instiqtis arsebobaze
froidamde m. dostoevskic miuTiTebda. mis Sesaxeb werda s.
Spilreini Tavis naSromSi `ngreva rogorc qmnadobis mizezi~ (1911).
froidma a. ainStainisadmi werilSi Camoayaliba misi Tvisebebi da
daxasiaTeba. `Tqven gikvirT Tu raoden advilia adamians daakisro
enTuziazmiT miudges oms da varaudobT, rom maTSi aseT dros
SesaZloa Rviodes siZulvilisa da ngrevis instiqti, romelic omis
gamCaRebelTa Zalas Tan xvdeba. am SemTxvevaSi me SemiZlia
savsebiT dageTanxmoT. Cven gvjera aseTi saxis instiqtis arseboba
da, faqtiurad, bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze dakavebuli viyaviT
maTi gamovlinebebis kvleviT. Cveni hipoTezis Tanaxmad,
adamianuri instiqtebis ori saxeoba arsebobs: isini, romlebic
gadarCenisa da gamTlianebisaken miiswrafvian da romelTac Cven
erotiuls vuwodebT, ngrevisa da ganadgurebisaken arian mimarTulni
da gavaerTianeT agresiuli da damangreveli instiqtebis saxiT.
xvdebiT albaT es sxva araferia, Tu ara siyvarulsa da siZulvils Soris
urTierTwinaaRmdegobis axsna~. Semdgom froidi miuTiTebs, rom
sikvdilis instiqti funqcionirebs yvela cocxal arsebaSi da xels uwyobs
mis daRupvas, mihyavs ra igi pirvelsawyis mdgomareobamde _
usulo materiamde. sikvdilis instiqti damangrevel instiqtad
gardaiqmneba maSin, roca cocxali arseba sakuTar sicocxles, sxvisi
dangreviT inarCunebs. Tu es Zalebi mimarTulia gare samyaros
ngrevisaken, maSin cocxali arseba Svebas grZnobs da Sedegebic
ufro keTilismyofelia. es biologiur gamarTlebas mouZebnida yvela
saSiS midrekilebas, romelTa winaaRmdegac vibrZviT. unda
aRiniSnos, rom isini bunebasTan ufro axlos arian, vidre Cveni

214
mxridan maTi miuRebloba, rasac Tavisi axsna unda moeZebnos...
iqidan rac iTqva, Cveni uSualo miznidan moedineba, kerZod,
TiTqos adamianTa agresiuli gadaxrebisagan Tavis daRweva uSede-
goa. Cven gveubnebian, rom dedamiwis zog bednier adgilebSi, sadac
buneba iZleva yvelafers, rac adamians esaWiroeba, arian rasebi,
romelTa cxovrebac wyenad, Zaladobisa da agresiis gareSe
moedineba. me miWirs amis dajereba (kultura klavs omis instiqts.
albert ainStainis werili zigmund froids. literaturuli gazeTi. 1995.
#7)~.
zogierTma mkvlevarma daadgina, rom im pirovnebebisaTvis
romlebic xSirad sakuTari, damaxinjebuli warmodgenebis samyaroSi
imyofebian, Zaladoba SeiZleba gaxdes qcevis miRebuli nimuSi,
romelic sanqcionirebulia tradiciuli moraliT da zniT. amitom politika-
Si Zaladoba maT mier ar ganixileba, rogorc raRac akrZaluli, xolo
mis gamoyenebas ar sdevs Tan danaSaulis grZnoba, metic misi
gamoyenebis uaryofa aRiqmeba rogorc kontrnorma. aseTi
`Zaladobis kultura~ gansakuTrebiT Zlier zegavlenas axdens maT
socialur saqmianobazec. Tu eqstremistulma pirma kulturuli impera-
tivis saxiT miiRo idea `win-lose~, an `mogeba-wageba~, maSin
aseTi pirovneba Sesabamisad Seudgeba: `blokirebas~, `CaZirvas~,
`zianis miyenebas~, `muqaras~, `zewolis ganxorcilebas~.
amgvarad, SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rom politikuri Zaladoba aris
gansazrvruli socialuri jgufebis, saxelmwifoebis ideologiurad
dasabuTebuli da materialurad uzrunvelyofili saqmianoba iZulebis
saSulebebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic mimarTulia saxelmwifo Za-
lauflebis mopovebis, SenarCunebisa da gamoyenebisaken, politikuri
batonobis moRwevisaken, politikuri reJimis Secvlis an socialur-
politikuri procesis sxva saxiT Secvlisaken.

215
 politikuri Zaladobis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens politikuri
urTierTobebis regulireba `Tavisi~, politikuri reJimisaTvis xelsayreli
da sargebliani pirobebis Zaladobrivi gzebiT Sesaqmnelad. politikuri
Zaladoba yovelTvis ideologiurad dasabuTebulia, nebismier socialur
jgufs (saxelmwifos), romelic iyenebs politikur Zaladobas, yovelTvis
gaaCnia ideebis, Teoriebis, Sexedulebebis gansazRvruli sistema,
romlebic politikuri Zaladobis formebis gamoyenebis da gavrcelebis
masStabebis, saSualebebis SerCevis da maTi xasiaTis safuZvlebs
qmnian.
politikuri Zaladoba ganixileba rogorc damoukidebeli cneba; mas
gaaCnia specifikuri moculoba da Sinaarsi. cnebis sazRvrebis
gansazRvra saSualebas mogvcems SevaRwioT Zaladobis arsSi,
gamovamJRavnoT misi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi. amas xels
uwyobs misi saxesxvaobebis sistematizacia.
mkvlevarebis mier ganixileba misi tipologiis sxvadasxva
variantebi:
 Zaladobis moqmedebis sferos mixedviT: Sidasaxel-
mwifoebrivi da saxelmwifoTaSorisi;
 Zaladobis subieqtis saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis mimarT
damokidebulebis mixedviT: saxelmwifoebrivi an
arasaxelmwifoebrivi.
 Zaladobis organizebulobis xarisxis mixedviT: stiqiuri da
organizebuli;
 Zaladobis aqtebis monawileebis raodenobis mixedviT:
individualuri, koleqtiuri da masobrivi;
 Zaladobis ganxorcielebis wyaros mixedviT: TavdacviTi
(sapasuxo) da Semtevi (agresiuli);

216
  Zaladobis msxverplTa raodenobis mixedviT: ma-
Ralintensiuri, saSualo da dabali intensivobis;
 politikuri Zaladobis subieqtis socialuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT: socialur-klasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri;
 Zaladobis socialuri-politikuri Sedegebis mimarTebisa da
siRrmis mixedviT: formirebuli, radikaluri da konservatiuli;
 Zaladobis obieqtebze zemoqmedebis meTodebis mixedviT:
demonstraciuli da instrumentaluri;
 ZaladobaSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebis mixedviT:
SeiaraRebuli da SuiaraRebeli.

11.2. politikuri terorizmi, rogorc politikuri Zaladobis

gamovlenis ukiduresi forma

msoflioSi 600-ze meti teroristuli dajgufeba arsebobs. rogorc

wesi, isini mcirericxovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi
100-ze met wevrs iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime
aTeulze naklebs iTvlis. yvelaze cnobil teroristul dajgufebaTagan
bevri axlo aRmosavleTSi gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur
fundamentalizmTan _ abu nidalis organizacia, al qaida, islamuri
jihadi, hezbola (RvTis partia) da hamasi. miuxedavad misi
aqtualurobisa, terorizmi mainc bundovan cnebad rCeba. zogierTi
ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismier meTodebs politikaze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi aris
`Zalis an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT.
igi xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri iaraRi~. teroristuli aqtebi
did emocias iwvevs rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizi-

217
kurad daSavda da fsiqologiuri travma miiRo), aseve uSualo mom-
wyobSic. mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian erTian ganmartebaze.
gamonaTqvami _ `is, vinc erTi adamianisaTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis
aris TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli~, dResac aqtualuria. gTavazobT
terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas:
_ terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba politikuri
cvlilebis gamowvevis mizniT.
braian jenkinsi
_ terorizmi aris udanaSaulo mosaxleobis mimarT Zaladobis
ukanono gamoyeneba politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
uolter lakeri
_ terorizmi aris udnaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da
sistematuri mkvleloba, Cagvra da muqara, risi saSualebiTac xdeba
mosaxleobis daSineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da politikuri
an taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT.
jeims m. polani
_ terorizmi aris politikuri an socialuri miznebis Zaladobis an
muqaris ukanono gamoyeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis
mimarT. igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime qveynis
xelisuflebis, individebis an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad
an maTi qcevis, politikis Secvlis mizniT.
aSS-s vice-prezidentis operatiuli samsaxuri, 1986.
terorizmi aris adamianebis an maTi sakuTrebis mimarT
ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi aqti xelisuflebis, mSvidobiani
mosaxleobis an misi romelime nawilis dasaSineblad an
Sesaviwroveblad, raime politikuri an socialuri miznebis
misaRwevad.

218
 gamoZiebis federaluri biuros ganmarteba (wyaro: adaptirebulia
veb gverdidan www.terorrism.com 2002 wlis 18 maisi).
terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs. zogi mecnieri teroristul
moqmedebebs imis mixedviT axarisxebs, aris Tu ara igi romelime
mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli an ramden
qveyanas moicavs igi, anu saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin,
roca xelisufleba misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axrocielebs teroristul
aqtebs, rogorc es hitleris dros germaniaSi xdeboda. saerTaSoriso
terorizms uwodeben movlenas, roca romelime qveynis xelisufleba
Seifarebs saerTaSoriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis Talibebis
mTavroba moiqca osama bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan
mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saerTaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an
raime sxva gziT uWers mxars saerTaSoriso terorizms. civi omis dros
SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad adanaSaulebda sabWoTa kavSirs msoflios
sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroristuli dajgufebebis
dafinansebasa da iarRiT daxmarebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri am
braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac
mimarTavda msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi
Sedioda.
saSinao terorizmi erTi qveynis farglebSi xorcieldeba teroristebis
mier, romlebsac mTavrobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT.
Cveulebriv, saSinao terorizmis mizani mosaxleobaSi SiSisa da
uTanxmoebis gamowveva da arsebuli politikuri institutebis diskre-
ditacia.
transnacionaluri terorizmi maSin Cndeba, roca sxvadasxva
qveynis teroristuli dajgufebebi, romlebsac arc erTi mTavroba ar
afinansebs, erTmaneTTan iwyeben TanamSromlobas, an aseTi
dajgufebebis teroristuli operaciebi erTi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs

219
scildeba. aseve arsebobs antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi _ teroristuli
aqtebi, romlebic ar aris romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an
ganxorcielebuli, igi Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba or saxeobad davyoT:
dajgufebebi, romlebic sakuTar samSobloze politikuri kontrolis
dabrunebas cdiloben, rogorc baskebi espaneTSi, irlandieli kaTolikebi
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, Tamilebi Srilankaze, siqhebi indoeTSi da
CeCnebi ruseTSi. isini nacionalistur-separatistul terorizms
axorcieleben. am tipis terorizmi, rogorc wesi, romelime erTi qveynis
sazRvrebs ar scildeba, Tumca xSirad xdeba ise, rom teroristebi sxva
radikaluri dajgufebebisagan, ucxoeli kerZo donorebisagan an sxva
qveynebis mTavrobisganac ki iReben fuls, iaraRisa da sxva saxis
daxmarebas. xolo is dajgufebebi, romlebic sazogadoebis destabi-
lizacias raime abstraqtuli rwmenis safuZvelze cdiloben, ideologiur
terorizms axorcieleben. ideologia SeiZleba marqsizmis, islamis,
faSizmisa an anarqizmis romelime ganStoebas warmoadgendes.
magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~ germania-
Si, `wiTeli brigadebi~ italiaSi, `naTeli biliki~ peruSi, `islamuri
jihadi~ egvipteSi, osama binladenis `al qaida~ da aseve, ramdenime
ukiduresi memarjvene dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi. xSirad aseT
dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTaSoriso kavSirebi.
zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur-
separatistulic iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri
winaaRmdegobis moZraoba), romelic israelis ganadgurebasa da mis
adgilas radikaluri islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs. magram misi
motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod, igi islamuri
fundamentalizmis erT-erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic momxreebs
mouwodebs eqstremizmisa da jihadisken (wminda omisaken).
hamasis magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba

220
SedarebiT ufro advilia, vidre misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi
erTdroulad ramdenime kategorias miekuTvneba.

terorizmis klasifikacia

exeba Tu ara
kontroldeba da imarTeba
tipi erTze met
romelime mTavrobis mier?
qveyanas
saxelmwifo terorizmi ki ara
saerTaSoriso terorizmi ki ki
saSinao terorizmi ara ara
transnacionaluri terorizmi ara ki

wyaroebi: adaptirebulia Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., international Terrorism:

Characterisics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, ‘Trends in international
Terrorism, in international Terrorism in the Contemporary
World, ed Marius H. Livingston et al. (Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.

terorizmis fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom `mizezis mqone teroristebi~

sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian. vin arian es
meamboxeebi? vin axdens maT motivirebas? teroristul dajgufebaTa
wevrebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli fsiqologiuri Strixebia:
 zedmeti gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur
sakiTxebs Sav-TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad

221
cxovroben `fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT
mizans mxars uWeren.
 imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba
usamarTloa, mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini.
maT ar surT daelodon an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom
raRacis misaRebad morideba ar aris saWiro.
 riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis
gamo saTavgadasavlo situaciebs eZebs xolme.
 TviTmkvleloba. teroristebi amJRavneben Tavdajerebulobas,
dogmatizmsa da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis
mimarT.
 utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe
dedamiwaze axlos horizonts miRmaa da erTaderTi, rac mas
eRobeba, aris arsebuli binZuri da mCagvreli wesrigi.
 sazogadoebrivi izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi
Zalian martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli SeiZleba
erTaderTi `ojaxi~ iyos.
 TviTrealizaciis saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs
saWiroeba _ Tavi mniSvnelovnad igrZnos, survili _ Tavisi
anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis pirvel furclebze.
 sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi,
nacnobebisa da naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil
mZevalTa gancxadebebSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli
maxasiaTebeli: zogi teroristi saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.
teroristebi xSirad zedmetad amartiveben realobas. magaliTad,
maT SeiZleba dainaxon msxverpli rogorc obieqti _ es Cveva
aRmoCenilia nacist mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi.
msgavsi mosazreba aqvs pol r. makhius, jons hopkinsis universitetis

222
samecniero skolis gamoCenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis, rom teroristebs
aqvT `cxoveluri Jini~ _ erTgvari idea fiqsi. es idea aris kulturis an
sazogadoebis gaziarebuli azri, magram es pacientSi aRviZebs
dominantur qcevebs, rom emsaxuros am ideas. erTi saxis klinikuri
aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris nervuli anoreqsia. doqtor
makhius azriT, msgavsi ideafiqsi hqonda adlof hitlers (antisemiti).
ufro Tanamedrove magaliTia jek kevorkiani, evTanaziis momxre da
Semsrulebeli eqimi. mas miaCnda, rom is emsaxureboda ideas,
romlisTvisac mizani yvela saSualebas amarTlebda.
maT, vinc ideebisTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis
miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad
fanatikosebs uwodeben. hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb
amaves amtkicebs: fanatizmi (usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba), iqneba is
politikuri Tu religiuri, hoferis SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis
dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi TavalsazrisiT, fanatizmi siZulvils
miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv, ki siZulvili, siyvarulisagan
gansxvavebiT, gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad moazrovne
fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi arsebobis
azrs. fanatikosebi eWidebian mizans ara imitom, rom is samarTliani
an wmindaa, aramed imitom, rom usazRvrod sWirdebaT raime
xelCasaWidi. swored raime ideis erTgulebis es dauokebeli
saWiroeba aqcevs mizans TviTmiznad. aqedan ki mcire nabiji rCeba
jihadamde an teroristul kampaniamde.
dasavleTis bevri qveyana terorizms, upirveles yovlisa,
sazogadoebriv problemad miiCnevs. imis miuxedavad, rom es
qveynebi ar arian teroristTa dasjis winaaRmdegni, isini,
TanaugrZnoben socialur fenebs da eTnikur erTobebs, romelTa
warmomadgenlobasac iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT, terorizmi

223
gaqreba mxolod maSin, roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da
uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba. iq, sadac xelisufleba aviwrovebs
islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri adamiani saidumlod keTilganwyobilia
maT mimarT. palestinaSi keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis
mimarT, rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da faqtobrivad, aSkarac.
bevri arabi aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul samyaroSi adamianebi
aRtacebulni iyvnen osama bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis
Tanaxmad, bevr qveyanaSi osama yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil
vaJebSi.
dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian,
Tumca araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ Cveulebrivi kriminalebi.
mkvleloba, motaceba, bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis
gataceba sazizRari danaSaulia, imis miuxedavad, vin da ratom
ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, Tu maTi motivi
politikuria. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ midian,
udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daSinebu-
lia. magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa daSineba da
cxadia, arc politikuri miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa,
mkvlelebi arian da mxolod SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro
teroristebi TanamSromloben kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeneben
maT taqtikas, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi SedarebiT iSviaTia da,
rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa kolumbia da
peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan. orive
maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisuflebas
da daamarcxos (an gadaibiros) mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. Tu
teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc
Cveulebrivi partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian,

224
rogorc xSirad Tavad irwmunebian xolme, radgan teroristebi, pirvel
rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs. es strategia
dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze, raTa adamianebma ar
iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmunon
isini, rom xelisuflebas maTi dacva ar SeuZlia. yvela teroristi revolu-
cioneria, Tumca, ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT, cxadia, revolucionerebi
mimarTaven terors, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis
Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi koncentrirebulni
arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze _ xelovnurad
(masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion politikuri da socialuri
krizisi. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan
ajanyebulTa partia, SeaRwion mTavrobaSi, policiasa da SeiaraRebul
ZalebSi; profkavSirebis meSveobiT gaswion agitacia da propaganda
axalgazrdaTa STagonebisaTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa da quCis
demontraciaTa wamosawyebad. amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi
terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia. teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc
taqtika, ise strategiaa (T.m. mabStadti, gavigoT politika, Tb., 2010,
gv. 530-532)
amgvarad, terorizmi Tavis fsiqologiur-politikuri
maxasiaTeblebidan, Sinaarsidan da Sedegebidan gamomdinare
politikuri Zaladobis gamovlenis yvelaze mwvave forma da
Tanamedrove epoqis erT-erTi umwvavesi problemaa, romlis
Sekavebac SesaZlebelia, magram ara misi aRmofxvra.

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 Tavi meTormete
rasizmis fsiqologia

12.1. rasizmis definicia da misi arsi

Tanamedrove pirobebSi rasizmi kvlav ganagrZobs mni-

Svnelovani rolis Sesrulebas ara marto individebis cxovrebis
formirebaSi, aramed is ganapirobebs maT socialur da politikur
atitudebs. politikuri fsiqologebi didi xnis manZilze gamoxatavdnen
dainteresebas ekvliaT rasobrivi prejidusebis safuZvlebi. ris niadagze
axdens keTilgonieri, normaluri, fsiqologiurad jansaRi individi
aSkarad Tu farulad sxva individis an mTeli jgufis diskriminacias
mxolod da mxolod im mizeziT, rom mas gansxvavebuli kanis feri
gaaCnia?! es aris socialuri da politikuri fsiqologiisaTvis, Tu ara
mTlianad socialuri mecnierebisaTvis, erT-erTi udidesi Tavsatexi.
cxadia, rom rasizmTan warmatebuli brZola moiTxovs imis naTel
gagebas, Tu ra aris rasa da rasizmi. Tanamedrove antirasizms xSirad
araadekvaturad esmis Tavisi mowinaaRmdegis da saamiso mizezebic
gaaCnia: ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi rasizmma dakarga
Tavisi tradiciuli Sinaarsi da naklebad mosaxelTebeli gaxda.
amitomac am movlenasTan ufro efeqturi brZolis sawarmoeblad
saWiroa winaswar zustad ganisazRvros, Tu ra Sinaarss vdebT
rasizmis gagebaSi. rasizmi SeiZleba ganisazRvros mravalgvarad:
1. adamianis uflebaTa leqsikonis mixedviT rasizmi aris
winaswar Seqmnili uaryofiTi azri adamianTa jgufebis mimarT
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (kanis pigmentacia, saxis tipuri
nakvTebi, Tmis, metyvelebis, manerebis Taviseburebebi da sxva

226
eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebi), romlebic mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, magram
ar asaxavs iseT biologiurad mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs, rogoricaa am
adamianTa SesaZleblobebi da sargeblianoba. rasizmi ideologiaa,
romelic sxva jgufis wevrebis mimarT Tanaswor damokidebulebis
uaryofis ZiriTad mizezad garegnul gansxvavebebs asaxelebs. aseTi
argumentebi xSirad gamoiyeneba erTi romelime jgufis privilegire-
buli mdgomareobis gasamarTleblad (adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni,
Tb., 1999.
2. socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikonis mixedviT rasizmi
aris reaqciuli ideologia, fsiqologia, politika da praqtika, romelic
dafuZnebulia adamianTa rasis viTomda bunebriv, biologiur,
winaswargansazRvrul araerTfasovnebasa da maT „maRal“, „dabal“,
„srulfasovan“, „arasrulfasovan“ dayofaze, romelic erTi rasis meoreze
batonobis safuZvels iZleva. r-is istoriuli Zirebi jer kidev uZvelesi
droidan modis. mogvianebiT igi farTod gamoiyeneboda kolo-
nizatorebis mier. magram r-is Teoria mxolod XIX s-is meore
naxevarSi Camoyalibda (J. gobino, „ese adamianTa uTanasworobis
Sesaxeb“, 1884, h. Cemberleni, „mecxramete aswleulis safuZvlebi“
1889, da sxva). r-is arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: rasebi Tanabarni
ar arian da swored es moqmedebs adamianTa xasiaTsa da qcevaze,
kulturaze, mTlian socialur cxovrebaze; upirveles yovlisa, rasobrivi
sxvaoba ganapirobebs Sesabamisi rasis warmomadgenlebis
inteleqtualur monacemebsa da SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs;
aRniSnuliT aris ganpirobebuli, agreTve, rasebisa da xalxebis
ierarqiuli dayofa, romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ucvlel, mudmiv
kanons warmoadgens; rasebis aRreva uaryofiTad moqmedebs
socialur-kulturul procesebze da civilizebuli sazogadoeba SeiZleba
katastrofamde miiyvanos. rasizmi iyo faSisturi germaniisa da

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nacional-socializmis oficialuri ideologia da Teoria. (socialur da poli-
tikur terminTa leqsikoni _ cnobari, Tb., 2004).
3. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalis mixedviT
rasizmi aris rwmena, adamianis an adamianTa jgufisa, rom rasa,
kanis feri, ena, religia, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba
SeiZleba iyos upativcemulobis, zizRisa da diskriminaciis safuZveli
gansxvavebuli jgufis mimarT da amarTlebs Tavisi jgufis (adamianis)
pretenzias upiratesobaze (biologiur, politikur Tu religiur) sxva
danarCen adamianebTan an maT jgufebTan SedarebiT (ix.: nacizmi,
aparteidi, rasobrivi diskriminacia, siZulvilis damTesavi gancxadeba,
siZulviliT gamowveuli danaSauli, qsenofobia, antisemitizmi,
Seuynarebloba, konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. (adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali:
leqsikoni-cnobari/Tb., 2005).
4. moxelis samagido leqsikonis mixedviT rasizmi aris calkeuli
rasis arasrulyofilebis Sesaxeb antimecnierul mtkicebaze dafuZnebuli
politika da Teoria, romlis mizania erTi rasis meore rasaze gaba-
toneba. (moxelis samagido leqsikoni / gaeros ganviTarebis
programa; Tb., 2004.
termini „rasizmi“ did kamaTs iwvevs, vinaidan igi sxvadasxva
rasebis arsebobis varauds emyareba, rac Tanamedrove msoflioSi
rasizmis realuri mniSvnelobis damaxinjebaa. bolo wlebSi
damkvidrda gansazRvreba, rom faqtobrivad „rasa“ aris socialuri
konstruqcia da SeuZlebelia adamianebis klasificireba raime katego-
riis mixedviT garda „adamianisa“. amdenad, rasizmi arsebobs
imisdamiuxedavad rom „rasa“ ar arsebobs. evropas rasizms
xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. istoriulad „maRali“ da „dabali“ rasebze
msjeloba mimdinareobs biologiuri gansxvavebebis safuZvelze.

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darvinis evoluciis Teoria exeba adamianebs, raTa moxdes maTi kla-
sificireba „rasis“ mixedviT. kolonializmi, rodesac evropuli erebi
eweodnen sxva erebis eqsploatacias SesaZlebeli gaxda farTod
gavrcelebuli socialuri darvinizmis da sxva msgavsi „rasistuli“
Teoriebis miRebis Sedegad. „TeTrkanianis“ tvirTi gulisxmobda ko-
loniuri evropis „movaleobas“ moexdina sxva xalxebis „civilizeba“.
monoba, rasizmis meore gavrcelebuli praqtika evropel
mwarmoeblebsa da mTavrobaSi XIX saukunis bolomde aseve
efuZneboda rwmenas rom monebi miekuTvnebodnen „dabal rasas“.
dResdReobiT rasistebi aqcents ufro metad akeTeben kulturul
gansxvavebebze, vidre biologiur arasrulfasovnebaze. kulturologiuri
rasizmi efuZneba rwmenas, rom arsebobs kulturaTa ierarqiebi an
zogierTi kulturebis, tradiciebis, wes-Cveulebebis da istoriebis
SeuTavseblobas. ucxoelebis an umciresobebis izolacia an
diskriminacia marTldeba „SeuTavsebeli kulturebis“, religiebis an
„civilizaciebis“ ucilobeli SenarCunebis saxeliT. Zalaufleba da misi
arasworad gamoyeneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rasizmTan.
rasizms erTsa da imave dros gansazRvraven Zalauflebis mflobelebi
da is ki gansazRvravs Zalauflebriv urTierTobas moZaladesa da
msxverpls Soris. rasizmis msverplni umweo mdgomareobaSi arian.
prekoncefciebi an uaryofiTi msjeloba sxva pirovnebebisa da jgufebis
mimarT (am pirovnebebisa da jgufebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani
codnis an gamocdilebis gareSe) aseve dakavSirebulia rasizmTan.
amgvarad, rasizmi SeiZleba gagebul iqnas rogorc
prekoncefciebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba realur qmedebaSi an
mopyrobis formad sxvebis mimarT maTi mxridan, visac gaaCnia
Sesabamisi Zalaufleba da aqedan gamomdinare Seswevs unari
ganaxorcielos es qmedebebi. rasizmis Sedegebi rogorc istoriuli aseve

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Tanamedrove magaliTebis mixedviT aris damangreveli rogorc
msxverplisaTvis aseve sazogadoebisaTvis sadac am usamarTlobas
aqvs adgili. rasimzi iyo masobrivi ganadgurebis, genocidis da
Cagvris saTaveebTan. man ganapiroba umravlesobebis damorCileba
erTi muWa umciresobis kaprizebisadmi, romlebic flobdnen
simdidres da Zalauflebas. Tumca ukve mniSvnelovani progresi iqna
miRweuli am usamarTlobebis aRmosafxvrelad, magram izolaciis
faruli da naklebad faruli formebi dRes kvlav arsebobs. isini vinc
aRqmulia „gansxvavebulad” an „ucxod~ awydebian Tavisuflebisa da
gadaadgilebis SezRudvebs, aSkara agresias, Seuracxyofas an
socialur gaucxoebas.
rasizmi sxvadasxva doneze arsebobs, rac damokidebulia
msxverplsa da rasists Soris urTierTobasa da gamoyenebul
Zalauflebaze:
 personaluri done (vinmes damokidebuleba, mosazreba,
mrwamsi);
 interpersonaluri done (qceva sxvebis mimarT);
 kulturuli done (Rirebulebebi da sazogadoebrivi qcevis
wesebi);
 instituciuri done (kanonebi, Cveulebebi, tradiciebi).
rasizmisa da rasobrivi diskriminaciis instituciuri formis yvelaze
TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo samxreT afrikaSi arsebuli aparTeidis
sistema, romlis kanonmdebloba struqturirebulad axdenda
SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa segregacias.
rasizmis is gansazRvreba, rasac iyenebdnen adre masTan
mebrZolebi, gulisxmobda, rom adamianur rasaTa gansxvavebuloba
aris obieqturi realoba. liberalurad ganwyobil inteleqtualTa da TviT
uflebaTa damcvelebs Sorisac ki dRemde gamefebulia azri, rom ada-

230
mianur qcevaTa modelebi da azrovnebis Taviseburebani
ganisazRvreba Tu rasiT ara, eTnikuri kuTvnilebiT mainc.
sinamdvileSi ki swored amgvar SexedulebaTa SemweobiT iqmneba
nayofieri niadagi rasizmis gasavrceleblad. aseTi pozicia aris
moralurad mowyvladi da masze dayrdnobili nebismieri gabrZoleba
rasizmis winaaRmdeg Tavidanve ganwirulia dasamarcxeblad. amas-
Tanave igi kardinalurad gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove mecnierebis im
daskvnaTagan, romelTa Suqzec moxda rasizmisadmi adrindeli
damokidebulebis gadaxedva. ingliseli neomarqsisti da sociologi
robert mailzi, akritikebs ra rasizmis adrindel gansazRvrebas, wers,
rom rasizmi unda ganixilebodes, pirvel rigSi, XIX saukunis kon-
teqstSi, roca gamefebuli iyo ,,mecnieruli rasizmi”, anu roca
mecniereba darwmunebuli iyo rasaTa obieqtur arsebobasa da maT
bunebriv uTanabrobaSi da am rwmenidan gamomdinare, mxars
uWerda rasistul stereotipebs. meore mxriv, maSindeli mecniereba
SecdomiT Tvlida, rom rasizmSi gamoixateba adamianuri bunebis
maradiuli da ucvleli Tvisebebi. mesamec, uaxloes warsulSi
xmarebuli rasizmis koncefcia iyo uaRresad politizebuli da
mimarTuli, ZiriTadad, germanuli nacizmis winaaRmdeg. yvela am
mizezTa gamo man ver SeZlo, win aRsdgomoda rasizmis
Tanamedrove formebs. radgan rasizms saqme aqvs ara realobasTan,
aramed mis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebTan da es warmodgenebi
SeiZleba iyos uaRresad mravalferovani, amitomac mailzi amodis
iqidan, rom rasizmis axalma gagebam aqcenti unda dasvas ara
funqciaze, aramed diskursis Sinaarsze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
rasizmi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc mcdeloba adamianTa erTobis
iseTi biologiuri Tu kulturuli TaviseburebebiT aRWurvisa, romelTa
meSveobiTac gamarTlebuliiqneba maTi diskriminacia

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 rasizmis Temaze bolo xanebSi momuSave specialistebi xazs
usvamdnen im gansxvavebas, romelic arsebobs ,,rasializaciasa”
da ,,rasizms” Soris. mailzi termin ,,rasializacias” iyenebs im
SemTxvevaSi, ,,roca xalxTaSorisi urTierTobebis aRwera xdeba
adamianis iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis aqcentirebiT, romlebic
mowodebulni arian saimisod, rom xeli Seuwyon gancalkevebuli
socialuri erTobis gansazRvras da Seqmnas~. bevri sxva avtori am
terminiT aRniSnavs im process, romlis drosac mosaxleobis garkveul
jgufs (an jgufebs) TavianTi mezoblebi an saxelmwifo kanonmdeb-
loba miawers xolme raRac rasobriv niSanTvisebebs, romelTa
safuZvelzec isini, sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdegod, eqcevian iseT
gansakuTrebul kategoriaSi, romelsac ukavia misTvis gankuTvnili
adgili ukve dadgenil, rasobrivad Seferadebul, socialur struqturaSi.
dasavluri tradiciebis mixedviT, am SemTxvevaSi laparaki SeiZleba
iyos TviT ,,ferad xedvazec~ ki, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia
jgufobriv gansxvavebaTa evropuli aRqmisaTvis..
am dros ki istoria TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom adamianebma
ukve araerTxel gadasinjes rasobrivi kategoriebi msoflios sxvadasxva
regionSi, Cades ra am gansazRvrebaSi sxvadasxvagvari Sinaarsi. ase
magaliTad, TeTr rasasTan dakavSirebuli Sexeduleba Camoyalibda
arcTu ise didi xnis winaT. XIV saukunis portugalielebi am
kategoriaSi axvedrebdnen rogorc arabebs, aseve indielebsa da
Cinelebs. afrikis geografiis XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze gamocemuli
inglisuri saskolo saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT, ,,TeTr rasas”
miekuTvnebian arabebi, abisinielebi, berberebi, tuaregi, masai da
somali. ai, XIX saukunis amerikaSi ki arc irlandielebi da arc
italielebi ar iTvlebodnen ,,TeTrebad”. mxolod XX saukuneSi
daukavSirda ,,TeTri” feri evropels da mis STamomavlobas. rac

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Seexeba ebraelebs, isini mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg
Cairicxnen am kategoriaSi. 1920-ian wlebSi indielebi amaod
cdilobdnen amerikel xelisufalTaTvis imis damtkicebas, rom TeTri
amerikelebis msgavsad, maTac sruli ufleba hqondaT, mikuTvne-
bodnen ,,TeTr, ariul rasas”. amerikuli biurokratiis
warmodgeniT, ,,TeTrebsa~ da ,,aziatebs~ Soris sazRvari dRemde
gadis sadRac pakistansa da indoeTs Soris.
SedarebiT gviandelia Savi rasis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
socialuri kategoriis gagebac. magaliTad, Zveli berZnebi da
romaelebi ki arCevdnen erTmaneTisagan kanis feris mixedviT
berZnulromauli sazRvrebis miRma mosaxle xalxebs, magram
sabolood mainc yvelas erT socialur kategoriaSi aTavsebdnen da erTi
saxeliT moixseniebdnen ,,barbarosebi~. maSin ar arsebobda araferi
iseTi, rac daadasturebda TeTri rasis upiratesobas. virjiniis
plantaciebSi XVII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedamde
gamoiyeneboda daqiravebuli Sroma, sadac erTmaneTis mxardamxar
muSaobdnen rogorc TeTrkaniani, aseve afrikeli Tu indieli
muSaxelebi. iq miiRes mxolod 1670 wels miRebuli is
kanonmdebloba, romlis ZaliTac monuri Sroma erTmniSvnelovnad
daukavSirda mxolod afrikelebs. am droidan moyolebuli, amerikaSi
Seyvanili yoveli afrikeli, miuxedavad eTnikuri warmomavlobisa,
gaxda ,,monazangi~ da masze gavrcelda Savi rasis saerTo cneba.
Sesabamisad, kontrastis mixedviT, TeTri amerikelebi, e.w. ,,kaniT
aristokratebi~, moeqcnen TeTri rasis kategoriaSi. CrdiloeT ame-
rikaSi isini iTvlebodnen ,,absoluturad sufTebad~ da maTTvis
dauSvebeli iyo yvelanairi aRreva. amitomac iyo, rom Sereuli
qorwinebis yoveli STamomavali (mulati) avtomaturad iricxeboda
xolme Sav rasaSi.yvela am SemTxvevaSi adamianebis gamorCeva

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xdeba ara sisxlis, aramed fenotipis mixedviT da rasizmi ar
sargeblobs kanonmdeblobis mxardaWeriT. xandaxan ki iseTi kano-
nebic miiReba, romlis mixedviTac mkacrad isjeba rasizmis
yovelgvari gamovlineba. magram amiT xeli ar eSleba im faqts, rom
rasobrivi da socioekonomikuri kategoriebi realobaSi arcTu iSviaTad
emTxveva erTmaneTs. amitomac sociologebs sruli safuZveli
gaaCniaT saimisod, rom rasa miiCnion ara biologiur, aramed socia-
lur kategoriad.
rasobriv kategoriaTa popularoba sulac ar warmoadgens
sayovelTao movlenas. magaliTad, kolonializms gadarCenil
eTiopiaSi sulac ar aris aqtualuri rasobrivi dayofa. iq adamianebis
klasifikacia xdeba enisa da religiis mixedviT. ase magaliTad,
falaSebs (eTiopieli ebraelebi) hqviaT `beta izraeli~. samagierod
israelSi maT uwodeben ,,Savebs~. es ki maT damamcireblad
miaCniaT da cdiloben daamtkicon, rom ,,Savebi~ ki ar arian, aramed
,,wiTelyavisfrebi~. sabWoTa kavSirSic rasobriv kuTvnilebas
meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba hqonda, adamianTa klasifikaciis
safuZvels ki warmoadgenda maTi eTnikuri kuTvnileba.
dRes kidev ufro rTuladaa saqme imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
rogor unda ganisazRvros rasizmi. rasistuli doqtrina flobs mimikriis
araCveulebriv unars da SeuZlia Seicvalos garemoebaTa
Sesabamisad. garda amisa, rogorc ukve viciT, is, rasac rasobrivi
urTierTobebi hqvia, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamoiyureba
sxvadasxvanairad da gansxvavebuladac aRiqmeba adgilobrivi mosa-
xleobis mxridan. amitomacaa, rom am bolo dros rasizmis TviT
gansazRvrebac ki qmnis sirTules specialistTa Soris da laparakia
imazec, rom moxda am cnebis gaufasureba.

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 Tanamedrove genetikosTa mier ,,rasis~ biologiur safuZvelTa
uaryofam gaacxovela interesi mis sayofacxovrebo (populistur)
gansazRvrebaTa mimarT. gaCnda axali midgomebi, kerZod ki
daiSva imis SesaZlebloba, rom ,,rasa~ ganisazRvros mxolod kulturis
terminTa meSveobiT da moxdes biologiur safuZvelTa sruli ig-
norireba. am SemTxvevaSi ,,rasis~ cnebaSi aisaxeba kulturuli
erTobisa da solidarobis gansakuTrebuli, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli
formebi~. am Tvalsazrisis mxardamWerTaTvis dasaSvebia, Tumca
garkveul SesworebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, aseTi gansazRvreba, rom
Tanamedrove samyaroSi rasa sxva araferia, Tu ara eTnikurobis
gamovlenis forma. sxva mkvlevarebi ki kategoriulad
ewinaaRmdegebian am Tvalsazriss da miuTiTeben im garemoebaze,
rom rasobrivi kategoriebi eTnikurobas an mTlianad Caylapaven
xolme, an saerTod ver amCneven mas. garda amisa, Tanaxmad
zogierTi avtoris daJinebuli mtkicebisa, rasaTa koncefcia Tavis TavSi
moicavs rogorc socialur, aseve kulturul Semadgenel nawilebs da
aqedan gamomdinare, ar iqneboda marTebuli misi dayvana mxolod
romelime am aspeqtTaganamde da meoris sruli ignorireba. rasaTa
Sesaxeb arsebuli yoveli dasavluri koncefcia yovelTvis gulisxmobs
batonobamorCilebis koncefcias (eTnikurobis koncefciisgan
gansxvavebiT), agreTve pirdapir Tu irib diskriminacias. am mizezTa
gamoa swored, dasavlel specialistTa azriT, rasobrivi gamocdileba
esoden kardinalurad rom gansxvavdeba eTnikurisgan. ruseTSi ki
sxvagvaradaa saqme: aq aTwleulebis manZilze swored eTnikuri
faqtori ukavSirdeboda diskriminaciis im formas, ase rom waagavda
rasobrivs. amitomac Cvens SemTxvevaSi bevrad meti safuZveli
gagvaCnia saimisod, rom vivaraudoT gansazRvruli kavSiris
arseboba eTnikurobasa da rasizms Soris.

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 12.2. riTi aixsneba rasizmi – stereotipebi

rasizmze, crurwmenebsa da diskriminaciaze Catarebuli

kvlevebis udidesi wili modis SeerTebul Statebze. aq saukuneebis
manZilze erT erSi xdeboda dramatuli, heterogenuli imigraciuli
procesebi, ramac gamoiwvia eTnikuri sakiTxebis wina planze
wamoweva. fsiqologi suzan fiskes azriT, im Teoriebis umetesoba,
romlebic amerikaSi rasizmis asaxsnelad gamoiyeneboda,
faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas msoflios nebismier
regionSi, sadac arsebobs mniSvnelovani rasobrivi da eTnikuri
gansxvavebebi.
rasimzmisa da rasobrivi daZabulobis ganviTarebis asaxsnelad
Teoriebis gansacvifrebeli raodenoba arsebobs. arsebobs iseTi
specifiuri Teoriebi, romlebic Seiqmna rasizmisa da prejidusebis
eqskluziurad amerikis konteqstSi asaxsnelad. fiskes azriT, yvela es
Teoria SeiZleba daiyos individualuri da konteqstualuri donis
Teoriebad. fiskes mier gamoyenebuli es terminebi ufro farTe
gagebiT, SeiZleba moviazroT dispozicioninisturi da situacionisturi
midgomebis alternatiul terminebad. rasizmi SeiZleba
warmoadgendes rogorc rwmenebis an konkretuli individebis dispozi-
ciebis Sedegs, aseve im situaciuri faqtorebis produqts, romlebic
garkveuli saxis waxalisebiT an sxva saSualebebiT axdendenen
rasistuli qcevis formirebas.
socialuri dominantorbis Teoria warmodgens jgufTaSoris
urTierTobebis zogad Teorias, da amdenad, misi gamoyeneba

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SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli saxis konfliqtebis gasagebad. individebi,
romlebic maRali xarisxiT arian orientirebulni socialuri dominantobi-
saken, TavianT jgufs ganixilaven rogorc „gansxvavebuls“, rac
sxvebze upiratesobas gulisxmobs da survili aqvT maT jgufs gavlena
hqondes sazogadoebaze. es Teoria damyarebulia pirovnebis Teoriis
safuZvlebze da ganasxvavebs individebs imis mixedviT, Tu ras ani-
Weben isini upiratesobas – maRal Tu dabal sociaur dominantobas.
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dabali statusis mqone idividebsac Seileba
hqondeT TavianTi wili „ierarqiuli-legitimaciis miTis“ SeqmnaSi.
amis magaliTad, sidanius mohyavs amerikaSi rasobrivi segregaciis
periodSi Savkanianebis mxridan TTrebisadmi gamoxatuli pativis-
cema, rasac is „biZia Tomobas“ uwodebs.
am midgomis momxreebma yuradReba gaamaxviles rasizmze.
socialuri dominantobisaken orientireba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
rasizmTan, ufro zogadad ki im prejidusebTan, rac umciresobebis
jgufebisadmi arsebobs. am Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom
„Savkanianebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli rasizmis ideologiis demons-
tireba xdeba rogorc personalur diskriminaciul qcevebSi, aseve
afrikeli amerikelebisadmi bankebis, sazogado transportis, skolebis,
eklesiis, qorwinebis kanonis da sisxlis samarTlis sistemebis
institucionalur diskriminaciaSic“. Teoria bevrs arafers ambobs Tu
saidan modis „legitimaciis miTi“ da ras warmoadgens misi buneba.
isini mxolod imas amtkiceben, rom es dominanti Sida jgufis mier, an
ierarqiulad aris dawesebuli. isini did mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben am
ideologiis warmoSobas an im konkretul formebs, rasac is warmo-
adgens. amitomac Teorias cota aqvs saTqmeli individualur
fsiqologiur meqanizmebze, rac zrdis rasobriv azrovnebas,

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miuxedavad imisa, rom misi ara-specifiuri buneba saSualebas iZleva
gamoyenebul iqnas mTeli rigi jgufTaSorisi konfliqturi situaciebisas.
ukanasknel wlebSi, dispozicionistTa banakSi gansakuTrebiT
popularuli gaxda midgoma, romlis mixedviT rasizmi warmoadgens
adaminis gonebis mier informaciis kategorizaciis Sedegs. rasobrivi
stereotipebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia adamianis bazisuri
moTxovnilebidan gaamartivos realoba da adaminebi da sagnebi
moaTavsos kategoriebSi. fiskem da teilorma 1984 wels gamocemul
TavianT klasikur saxelZRvaneloSi „socialuri kognicia“, aRniSnes
rom „stereotipebis, rogorc adamianebis mier gamoyenebuli
normaluri kognituri procesebis ganxilva, Zalian frTed iqna
gavrcelebuli. es mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba tradiciul Tvalsazriss,
stereotipebis, rogorc araracionalurad izolirebuli fenomenis Sesaxeb.
umciresobis jgufebisadmi negatiuri sqemebis an rasobrivi
stereotipebis Camoyalibeba nawilobriv imitom xdeba, rom
adaminebi ilozurul korelacias axdenen individebsa da im jgufebs
Soris, romlebsac isini miekuTvnebian. rogorc fiske da teilori
aRniSnaven, umravlesobis jgufis wevrebs SedarebiT iSviaTad
uwevT umciresobis jgufis warmomadgenlebTan kontaqti,
Sesabamisad, negatiuri qcevac SedarebiT iSviaTia. es SeiZleba
iwvevdes umravlesobis jgufis warmomadgenlis mxridan or iSviaT
movlenas Soris iluzoruli korelaciis moxdenas da askvnian, rom
umciresobis jgufis wevrebi ufro metad arian midrekilni uaryofiTi
qcevisaken. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT
TeTrkaniani, soflidan Camosuli studenti da lidsSi (inglisi) qiraobT
binas. binis mepatrone aris pakistaneli. pakistanelebi gaerTianebul
samefoSi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan rasobriv umciresobas da Zi-
riTadad iswrafvian dasaxldnen did qalaqebsa da qveynis centralur

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nawilSi, rogoricaa birmingemi, manCesteri da lidsi. modiT
warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni saxuravidan Jonavs wyali. Tqvenda
gasaocrad, saxlis mepatrone ar pasuxobs Tqvens satelefono zarebs da
werilebs, sadac mas sTxovT saxuravis SekeTbas, amis Sedegad ki
Tqven giyalibdebaT Zalian Zlieri antipaTia mis mimarT. Tqven mas
Zalian usiamovno pirovnebad miiCnevT da iRebT gadawyvetilebas,
rac SeiZleba swrafad gadaxvideT am binidan. aseT situaciaSi,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi Tu Tqven ar gyavT pakstaneli
megobrebi da gaqvT Zalian mwiri, an saerTod ar gaqvT kontaqti
sxva pakistanelebTan, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom dainaxoT kavSiri
(anu iluzoruli korelacia) erT individsa da pakistanelebs, rogorc mTel
jgufs Soris. Tqven SeiZleba sakuTri Tavi daiWiroT rasobrivi uxamsi
sityvebis gamoyenebaSi yvela pakistanelis winaaRmdeg, Tumca,
Cveulebriv, Tqven ar miiCnevT sakuTr Tavs prejidusebian
pirovnebad. iqedan gamomdinare, rom msgavsi kognituri midgoma
zogjer aseve uSvebs, rom Cven yvelani varT „gulubryvilo
mecnierebi“, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba cdunebis qveS moveqceT
da gamoivitano saeWvo daskvna mxolod erTi SemTxvevaze
dayrdnobiT.
sulac ar aris gardauvali, rom mocemul magaliTis SemTxvevaSi
pakistanelebis mimarT Camoyalibdes rasistuli grZnobebi,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu Cven vicnobT bevr saxlis mepatrones da
umetes maTganTn gvaqonia msgavsi gamocdileba. Cven SesaZloa
es individi movaqcioT „mepatroneTa sqemaSi“ „pakistanelebis
sqemis“ nacvlad. am SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi SeiZleba iyos
prejidusebis Camoyalibeba binis mepatroneebis winaaRmdeg.
amdenad sqema-Teoria uSvebs, rom rasizmi ar aris gardauvali. es
damokidebulia sqemaze, romelsac flobs konkretuli individi. es aris

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cvladis is elementi, romelic am Teoriul pozicias fundamenturd
individualisturs xdis.
stereotipebisa da prejidusebSi misi rolis Seswavla sul mcire
1930-iani wlebidan iwyeba. adreuli Sromebis umetesoba klasikuri
froidistuli an fsiqoanalitikuri formulirebiT, amtkicebda, rom rasizmi
iyo proeqciis forma, romelSic fsiqologiurad arasrulfasovani
individebi sakuTari araadekvaturi grZnobebis gadatanas axdenen
sxvebSi. am fenomenis SeswavlaSi namdvili lideri iyo cnobili
socialuri fsiqologi gordon olporti, romlis wigni „prejidusis buneba“
(pirvelad gamocemuli 1954 wels) avtoris gardacvalebis Semdegac
didi xnis manZilze ganagrZobda gavlenis moxdenas. olpoti
crurwmenas afasebda rogorc „antipatias, romelic efuZneba araswor
da arafleqsiur ganzogadebas. es Seileba iyos nagrZnobi, an
gamoxatuli, is SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos mTliani jgufisken an am
jgufis wevrebisaken. olporti wers, rom rasobrivi stereotipebi, rogorc
wesi, ganxilulia, rogorc pirovnuli defeqti, magram amasTanave, is
iyo pirveli, vinc amtkicebda, rom rasizmi SesaZloa warmoiSvas
adamianis cnobierebis normalurad muSaobis procesebis Sedegadac.
,,adamianis gonebam unda iazrovnos kategoriebis daxmarebiT“
amtkicebda olporti, is crurwmenebisadmi kognituri midgomis
ganviTarebasTan erTad icavda moZvelebul Tvalsazriss
prejidusebisadmi, romlis mixedviTac prejidusi warmoadgens
„fundamenturad iracionalur siZulvils, romelic susti personaluri
struqturis mqone adaminebSi Cndeba ignoris an ego-defensuri
manevrebis Sedegad“. man aseve xazi gausva crurwmenebis emociur
da motivaciur faqtorebs. olportis Sromebma mis moswavleebs
saSualeba misca aeRoT gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis ideebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad uaryofdnen mis argumentebs, mraval-

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ma mkvlevarma olportis kognitur ganzomilebaze aago konkretuli
analizebi. sxvebis msgavsad, olporti iziarebda azrs, rom stereotipebis
arsebobas mivyavarT prejidusul atitutamde. Cvens mier zemoT
moyvanuli magaliTi – did britaneTSi pakistaneli binis mepatronis
Sesaxeb, gvTavazeobs, rom Cvens tvinSi arsebuli stereotipebi,
iqneba es pakistanelebis, binis mepatroneebis Tu orives Sesaxeb,
aucileblad wagviyans prejidusebamde. Patricia Devine -is azriT ki
stereotipebs uciloblad ar mivyavarT prejidusebamde an
diskriminaciul Tvalsazrisebamde. sainteresoa, rom man aRmoaCina,
rom prejidusebiani da araprejidusebiani individebi floben rasobriv
stereotipebs, magram araprejidusebiani adamianebi gonebiT
akaveben am stereotipebs, prejidusebiani individebi ki ara. aman
SeiZleba, sul cota naTeli mohfinos im ambivalentur ideebs, romelic
bevr adamians gaaCnia rasis mimarT.
sailustraciod, gadavxedoT lindon jonsonis magaliTs, adamianis,
romelmac yvelaze meti gaakeTa amerikis mTavrobaSi, imisaTvis,
rom dasrulebuliyo afrikeli amerikelebis diskriminacia. maSin
rodesac mas gacnobierebuli hqonda samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis auci-
lebloba, rogorc moraluri sakiTxi, Zalian xSirad, pirad saubrebSi
Savkanian mosaxleobas uwodebda „zangebs“ (erTxel es rojer
vilkinsis winaSec warmosTqva, romelic Savkaniani istorikosi da
Jurnalisti iyo, da muSaobda generaluri prokuroris asistentad). es aR-
niSnavs, rom jonsoni, romelic warmoSobiT „Zveli“ samxreTidan
iyo, sadac rasobrivi diskriminacia misi cxovrebis wess
warmoadgenda, SesaZloa umetes SemTxvevaSi akavebda mis
gonebaSi wamosul rasobriv stereotipebs, magram es azrebi imdenad
instinqturi iyo, rom moulodnlad Cndeboda misi piradi saubris
paternebSi. meore mxriv, rasel fazio da misi kolegebi aRniSnaven

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rom evine-is modeli mxolod zogierT individze gamoiyeneba.
namdvilad arseboben indivdebi, romlebic floben uaryofiT
stereotipebs, magram akaveben maT, magram arseboben adaminebi,
romlebsac eWvi ar eparebaT Savkanianebis mimarT TavianTi
negatiuri grZnobebis sisworeSi, amasTanave arseboben individebi,
romlebic aRmoCnda, rom saerTod ar floben uaryofiT stereotipebs
afrikeli-amerkelebis mimarT. fazio da misi kolegebi am jgufs
uwodeben „WeSmaritad araprejidusianebs“.
mecnierebi Jon Hurwitz da Mark Peffley aRniSnaven, rom
rasobriv stereotipebs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Sedegebi
gaaCniaT, ramdenadac isini gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebis
damokidebulebaze danaSulisadmi da mravali anti-kriminaluri
politikis damsjel bunebaze. amave dros, isini aRniSnaven, rom
adaminebi yovelTvis ar eyrdnobian stereotipebs, da amisaTvis
mkvlevarebi mimarTven kognitur literaturas raTa Seamowmon rodis
da sad moqmedebs percefciasa da politikaze TeTrkanianTa
stereotipebi afrikeli amerikelebis Sesaxeb. adamianebi xSirad
eyrdnobian stereotipebs an sqemebs, rac warmoadgens „zemodan-
qvemoT“ process, es SedarebiT advili gansaxorcielebeli, rdagan
moiTxovs minimalur kognitur Zalisxmevas. maT daamates, rom
sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven vamuSvebT informacias „qvevidan-zeviT“
stiliT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adaminebi maT xelT arsebuli
informaciis gadamuSavebas cdiloben informaciis xarisxidan
gamomdinare.
rasobriv stereotipebs adamianebi eyrdnobian maSin, rodesac
stereotipebi „ergeba“ situacias, da konkretulad ki, rodesac ar
arsebobs damxmare informacia, romlis gamoyenebiTac adamini
SemTxvevas miudeba „qvevidan-zeviT“ principiT an informaciis

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xarisxis Sesabamisad. Jon Hurwitz da Mark Peffley aRniSnaven,
rom rodesac individis atribuciis samizne advilad ergeba globalur ka-
tegorias, stereotipebi wamoadgens damajerebel da Zlevamosil
evristikebs. rodesac individualuri informacia aSkarad
ewinaaRmdegeba stereotipebs (magaliTad, rodesac afro-amerikeli
damnaSave seriozulad cdilobs sakuTri Tavis Seclas), jgufis xati
xdeba naklebad relevanturi. magaliTad, maT aRmoCines, rodesac
TTrkanians sTxoven Seafasos Svkaniani mamakacis mier danaSaulis
Cadenis albaToba, isini Savkanians ufro xSirad aRiqvmen
damnaSaved, maSin rodesac ar eZlevaT maT Sesaxeb meti
informacia (amiT adamianebis umravlesoba maT aTavsebs farTe
socialuri stereotipiSi), vidre Tu maT eubnebian, rom Savkaniani
adamiani aris sazogadoebis wevris modeli (aq adamianebi iyeneben
individualur infomacias stereotipebis nacvlad). zogierTi saintereso
mxardaWera, romelic arapirdapirad adasturebs am arguments,
wamosulia im ramdenime Sromisgan, romelic iyenebs fMRI
teqnikebs rasobrivi atitudebisa da reaqciebis gasazomad.
socialur fsiqologiaSi, bolo periodSi, gaizarda stereotipebisa da
prejidusebis emociuri safuZvlebisa da im faqtorebis Semowmeba,
romelic SesaZlebelia interaqciaSi iyos civ kogniciasTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri da socialur fsiqologis, suzan fiskes
Sromebis umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo civ kognitur aspeqtebze, bolo
dros man yuradReba SeaCera am sakiTxis „cxel“ an emociur
mxareze. rasobrivi stereotipebisa da gavlenebis ormocdaaTwliani
kvlevis metaanalizSi fiskem aRmoaCina, rom emociebiT ukeT
SeiZleba qcevis winaswarmetyvbeleba, vidre negatiuri
stereotipebiTa da rwmenebiT. fiskem da misma klegebma
aRmoaCines, rom emociuri prejidusi diskriminciuli qcevis

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winaswarmetyvelebas axdens gacilebiT ufro zustad vidre negatiuri
stereotipebi.
emociebisaTvis centarluri rolis miniWeba da rwmenebis rolis
Semcireba gvTavazobs, rom adaminebma SesaZloa rwmenebi
gamoiyenon sakuTari emociebiT marTuli qcevebis gamarTlebad.
pirovnebas gaaCnia aversiuli reaqcia (zizRi), Tavs aridebs rasobrivi
gare jgufis warmomdgenelis gverdiT jdomas metroSi, is amCnevs
qcevas da amarTlebs mas. ufro seriozul SemTxvevaSi,
damqiravebeli pativiscemiT epyroba Sida jgufis, da ambivalenturad
(Secodeba, Seuracxyofa) an ufro metic, upativcemulod gare jgufis
kandidats, ra Tqma unda, daqiravebis Sedegic naTelia. fiske da misi
kolegebi aRiareben, rom emociebis mecnierulad gazomva Zalian
Znelia. politikur fsiqologiaSi rasizmis Seswavla erT-erTia im
sferoTagan, sadac neiromecnierebas SeuZlia konkretuli dividendebis
motana, radgan rasizmi ufro metad daxasiaTebulia rogorc emocuri
reaqcia. harisma da fiskem aRmoaCines, rom cdis pirebi am jufis
wevrebis fotoebze zizRiT reagireben. maTi Sroma gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa, radgan gviCvenebs, rom Cven SegviZlia „davinaxoT“
iseTi procesebi, rogoricaa dehumanizacia adamianis tvinze
muSaobisas. kvlevis dros isini cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen
gansxvavebuli socialuri jgufebis didi raodenobis fotoebs (maT Soris
olimpiuri aTletebis da narkomanebis), aseve fotoebs sagnebis
gamosaxulebiT (magaliTad speis Satli an gavsebuli unitazi). es
fotoebi Seqmnili iyo imisTvis, rom gamoewviaT siamayis, Suris,
sibralulisa da zizRis emociebi.
Catarda pretesti, raTa ganesazRvraT, ilustrirebis gamoyenebiT
romeli emocia Seefereboda TiToeul fotos. Semdeg avtorebma
Seadares saSualo prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis aqtiuroba, raTa

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daedginaT studentebi ramdenad zustad irCevdnen emocias suraTTan
dakavSirebiT. tvini aqtivirebulia maSin, rodesac CarTulia socialuri
kogniciis procesebi, magaliTad, rodesac vfiqrobT Cvens Tavze an
sxva adamianebze. Tumca im fotoebis naxvisas, romelic asaxavda
e.w. „sazizRar“ adamianebs (am SemTxvevaSi narkomanebs an
usaxlkaroebs), ar SeiniSna gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba. gaaqtiurda
mxolod amigdala (amygdala), is nawili, romelic xSirad asocirebulia
SiSTan da zizRTan, aqedan gamomdinare, sanam individs cnobier
doneze SeuZlia gansazRvros, rom uyurebs adamianis fotos,
aracnobierad, Cveni tvini amuSavebs eqstremaluri gare jgufis xats,
TiTqos vuyurebT usiamovno usulo sagans.
gansakuTrebiT saintereso iyo SedarebiTi kvleva, sadac
TeTrkanian cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen cnobil an ucnob SavkanianTa
saxeebs. rodesac TeTrkaniani cdis piri xedavda ucnobi Savkanianis
saxes, Zlieri aligdama aaqtiurebda SavkanianTa sawinaaRmdegod,
an TeTrkanianTa mxardamWer Sefasebas. amasTanave, Tu cdis pirs
aCvenebdnen cnobil, da zogadad dadebiTac miCneul saxeebs, ro-
goricaa martin luTer kingi, muhamed ali an denzel vaSingtoni,
amigdala Zalian mcire doziT, an saerTod ar aqtiurdeboda. es
Sedegebi miuTiTeben, rom admianebi iyeneben individualur
informacias iseTi individebis mimarT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian
gavrcelebul socialur stereotipebs, magram Tu ar arsebobs individua-
luri informacia, maSin isini mimarTaven gavrcelebul stereotipebs.
ufro metic, libermanma da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom
afro-amerikelebis mimarT negatiuri stereotipebi Savkanianebis
mierac aris gaziarebuli. TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani cdis pirebis
monawileobiT, maT daadgines, rom orive rasaSi amigdala ufro
metad aqtiurdeba, rodesac naCvenebia ucnobi Savkanianebis sa-

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xeebi. arsebobs imis SesaZleblobac, rom orive rasa reagirebs axali
saxeebis danaxvisas. libermanisa da kolegebis mtkicebiT, es SeiZleba
wamoadgendes daswavlili socialuri stereotipebis Sedegs.
warmodgenili kvleva gvTavazobs, rom amigdalas gaaqtiureba, rome-
lic dakavSirebulia rasasTan dakavSirebul procesebTan, SesaZlebelia
asaxavdes afro-amerikeli individebis Sesaxeb kulturulad daswavlil
negatiur asociaciebs.
arseboben „gamorCeulad“ amerikuli Teoriebi, romlebic ar
cdiloben rasizmis, rogorc farTe fenomenis axsnas. maTi umetesoba
fokisurebulia mxolod rasizmis amerikul konteqstze. es Teoriebia
simboluri rsizmi da principuli konservatizmi (principled
conservatizm).
simboluri rasizmi, anu axali rasizmis gageba dakavSirebulia
devid sirsis (David Sears) da misi kolegebis saxelTan. is
fokusirebulia TeTrkanianTa Soris SavkaninTa mimarT arsebul
negatiur afeqtze. saSualo amerikelis rwmenebi rasasTan
mimarTebaSi bolo wlebSi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. aqedan
gamomdinare sirsi da misi kolegebi amtkiceben, rom rasizmma,
rogorc rwmenebis wyebam „miwisqveS gadainacvla“. amerikaSi
aRar aris miRebuli rasizmis Riad gamoxatva, amitom is gaxda faruli
da xSirad misi amocnoba ver xerdeba. snidermanisa (Sniederman) da
misi kolegebis SejamebiT, am Teoriis Tanaxmad „rasistuli
prejidusebi amJamad arasasurveladaa miCneuli, amitom xalxi
upiratesobas aniWebs maT farulad gamoxatvas. isini arasodes ar
ityvian, rom saxelmwifos mxridan Savkanianebisadmi daxmarebis
gamoyofas ewinaaRmdegebian imis gamo, rom am daxmarebas
Savkaninebi iReben, aramed imis gamo, rom Savkanianebi ar
cdiloben sakmarisad, rom sakuTari problemebi moagvaron, es

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Zalisxmeva ki nebismierma unda gaswios.“ es ar aris „Zveli“
samxreTuli rasizmi segregaciiT, jim qrouTi da alabamas yofili
gubernatoriT, jorj volasiT. es ufro faruli saxis rasizmia, axali,
simboluri rasizmi aerTianebs SavkanianTa sawinaaRmdego afeqts da
tradiciul amerikul faseulobebs, gansakuTrebiT individualizms.
konservatoruli rasizmis gageba dakavSirebulia mecnierebis pol
snidermanisa da donald kinderis saxelebTan (Paul Sniedermand and
Donald Kinder). isini am midgomas, „principul obieqturobas“
uwodeben da amtkicebdnen, rom sazogadeobrivi transportiT
mgzavrobis uflebis miniWebisa da msgavsi pozitiuri qcevebis wina-
aRmdeg wasvla ar niSnavs rasizmis demonstirirebas, radgan isini
aRiareben, rom rasizmi jer kidev privilegirebulia. am pozitiuri
qcevebis mowinaaRmdegeebi ar eTanxmebian politikas, romelsac
liberalebi misdeven lindon jonsonis droidan. rogorc jeremi vudi aR-
niSnavs, kinderma da sirsma TavianTi simboluri rasizmis Tezisis
dasamtkiceblad, unda aCvenon, rom TeTrkanianebis mxridan
liberaluri rasobrivi politikisadmi motivirebaSi did rols TamaSobs
Savkanianebis mimarT negatiuri afeqturi damokidebuleba. simboluri
rasizmis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven, rom saqme swored amaSia,
xolo maT oponentebs, rogoricaa snidermani, swamT, rom es ase ar
aris. mTeli es debatebi damokidebulia motivaciis problemaze. rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, am Tvalsazrisis mimdevarTaTvis problemas
simboluri raszmis arafalsicirebadi midgomac warmoadgens. Tu
adaminebi ewinaaRmdegebian rasizmis Riad gamoxatvas, saidan
unda vicodeT, gulis siRrmeSi arian issni rasistebi Tu ara.
Tavi mecamete
tolerantobis fsiqologia

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 13.1. tolerantobis definicia da misi arsi

tolerantobis princips sakvano adgili ukavia Tanamedrove

evropul politikur diskursebSi. termin ,,tolerantobas“ Tavdapirvelad
samedicino-biologiuri datvirTva gaaCnda. is antisxeulebisadmi
organizmis gamZleobisa da Semgueblobis gamomuSavebas
gulisxmobda, an kidev, adaptacias arasasurveli garemo pirobebi-
sadmi. am terminma politikuri datvirTva mogvianebiT SeiZina,
TumcaRa saTanadod bolomde am sityvis Sinaarsisa da miT ufro
Sesabamisi qcevis aucileblobis gaazreba dResac ar aris saTanadod
damkvidrebuli ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi. etimologiurad sityva
ukavSirdeba laTinur _ tolere-s, rac atanas (Tmenas) niSnavs. tole-
rantobis ramdenime definicia arsebobs. gTavazobT ramdenime
maTgans:
1. tolerantoba niSnavs gansxvavebuli msoflaRqmis, cxovrebis
wesis, qcevisa da Cveulebebis atanas. tolerantoba ar niSnavs
gulgrilobas an ganurCevlobas, arc gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis
an cxovrebis wesis miRebas; is niSnavs sxvebisTvis uflebis
micemas, icxovron TavianTi individualuri msoflmxedvelobis to-
lerantoba moicavs adamianis Tavisufali arCevanis zogadi uflebis
pativiscemas da ara romelime konkretuli arCevanis pativiscemas.
2. tolerantoba es aris neba/ganwyoba, iyo samarTliani,
momTmeni sxva adamianebis mrwamsis, interesebis, Rirebulebebisa
da mosazrebebis mimarT, miiRo gansxvavebuli adamiani, pativi sce
mis individualurobas (damrigeblis wigni, Tb., 2010).
3. tolerantoba aris Tanamedrove termini, romelic socialur,
kulturul da religiur konteqstSi debatebisas gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diskriminaciis erTgvari antiTezisi. termins xSirad ucxo religiur

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mrwamsTan mimarTebaSi iyeneben, iseve rogorc zogierT ufro viwro
kategoriebze, rogoricaa diskriminacia aratradiciuli seqsualuri da
socialuri orientaciisadmi. (laRiZe a., bagrationi m., paWkoria T.,
inkluziuri ganaTleba: gzamkvlevi maswavleblebisaTvis, Tb.,2009).
4. tolerantoba aris kulturaTa mravalferovnebiT mdidari
samyaros, sxvisi TviTgamoxatvis formebisa da adamianuri
individualobis gamovlenis gagebisa da gacnobierebis unari,
gansxvavebulobis pativiscema (gabunia S., Sesavali lgbt
JurnalistikaSi, Tb., 2013).
5. tolerantoba aris Semwynarebloba, mzadyofna, miiRo
Sexedulebebi an moqmedeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebi (e. heivudi,
politikuri ideologiebi, Tb., 2004).
6. tolerantoba inglisur-rusuli fsiqologiuri leqsikonis mixedviT
aris SeZenili mdgradoba; gaurkvevlis, ucnobis mimarT mdgradoba;
konfliqtis winaSe mdgradoba; mdgradoba qceviTi gadaxrisadmi. es
gansazRvrebebi gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli nacionalobis, rasis, kanis
feris, sqesis, asakis, invalidobis, enis, religiis, politikuri an sxvagvari
Sexedulebis, socialuri an eTnikuri warmomavlobis, sakuTrebis da
zogadad sxvis mimarT damTmen damokidebulebas. gaumarTlebeli
iqneboda tolerantobis mxolod pasiur Semwynareblobamde dayvana,
vinaidan tolerantoba es aris kulturebSi, religiebsa da anTropologiur
tipebSi gamoxatuli msoflios mravalferovnebiT gamowveuli
siyvaruli. aq mxolod erTi SezRudva arsebobs: aucilebelia, mravalfe-
rovnebam ar gadalaxos humanizmis sayovelTao normis sazRvari,
romelic kacobriobis erTgvari konsesusia am ukanasknelTan
dakavSirebiT. tolerantoba gulisxmobs kompromiss, magram ara
uprincipobas, anu rogorc netari avgustine ityoda: mTavarSi erToba,
sakamaToSi Tavisufleba, yvelaferSi _ siyvaruli~ (noviki,

249
tolerantobis religiur-filosofiuri safuZvlebi/ solidaroba №3’06/
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis yovelTviuri Jurnali/2006).
7. tolerantoba „tolerantobis pricipebis deklaraciis“ Tanaxmad
(xelmowerilia 1995 wlis 16 noembers parizSi iuneskos wevri 185
saxelmwifos mier), aris „msoflios kulturaTa mdidari
mravalferovnebis, TviTgamoxatvis formebisa da adamianis
individualobis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobaTa pativiscema, miReba
da marTebuli gageba. mas xels uwyobs codna, Riaoba, urTierToba
da azris, sindisisa da SexedulebaTa Tavisufleba. tolerantoba _ esaa
Tavisufleba mravalferovnebaSi. es aris aramarto moraluri vali,
aramed politikuri da samarTlebrivi moTxovnilebac. tolerantoba _
saTnoebaa, romelic SesaZlebels xdis mSvidobas da omis kulturis
mSvidobis kulturiT Secvlas exmareba“.
termins „tolerantia“ semantikaSi erTmaneTs kveTs sami
Sinaarsi: 1. mdgradoba, amtanoba; 2. Semwynarebloba; 3. daSveba,
dasaSvebi gadaxra.
istoriulad termini ,,tolerantoba“ XVI saukuneSi damkvidrda
laTinur da frangulenovan literaturaSi. tolerantizmi aRmocenda e.w.
sasuliero wreebSi da instituciebSi, vinaidan dadga aucilebloba imisa,
rom sxvadasxva mrwamsisa Tu religiuri Sexedulebebis adamianebs
SeZlebodaT SedarebiT mSvidi Tanacxovreba erT konkretul teritoriul
sivrceSi. xolo aseTi Sinaarsis mqone sityva-terminis da miT ufro
qcevis (tolerantobis gaazrebis) ararseboba iwvevda mudmiv dapi-
rispirebas sxvadasxva religiuri Sexedulebis adamianebs Soris. aqidan
gamomdinare, tolerantoba „aRniSnavda dominanti religiis
warmomadgenelTa mxridan sxva religiaTa arsebobis daSvebas,
Tmenas, gaZlebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelT

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uyurebdnen uaryofiTad, rogorc dabali rangisas, Semcdars, an
sazianos“.
XVI-XVII saukuneebSi religiuri tolerantoba ukve samarTlebriv
cnebad gvevlineba. mTavrobebi gamoscemen tolerantul aqtebs,
romelic saxelmwifo moxeleebsa da marTlmorwmune mosaxleobas
religiur umciresobebTan: luTeranebTan, hugenotebTan, papistebTan
mimarTebaSi tolerantul qcevas akisrebs. gansxvavebuli rwmenis
adamianebisa da maTi praqtikis administraciuli formiT Sewynarebis
samarTlebrivi aqtebi dRemde gansazRvraven tolerantuli
damokidebulebis moTxovnas Cagruli da devnili religiuri
gaerTianebebis wevrebis mimarT. inglisuri ena ufro mkafiod
ganasxvavebs tolerantobas (,,tolerance“), rogorc qcevis normasa Tu
sikeTes da tolerantobas (,,toletation“), rogorc samarTlebriv aqts,
vidre germanuli ena. religiuri tolerantobis filosofiuri dasabuTebani,
rac jer kidev spinozasTan da lokTan gvxvdeba, gviCvenebs gzas cal-
mxrivad aRiarebuli religiuri Sewynarebis administraciul
samarTlebriv aqtsa da religiuri aRmsareblobis namdvil Tavisuflebas
Soris. es ukanaskneli religiuri Tavisuflebis urTierTaRiarebas
niSnavs. xelisuflebis ,,nebarTvis koncefciasTan“ mimarTebaSi, ro-
melic religiur Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofs. rainer forsti ,,pativiscemis
koncefcias“ ganixilavs, rac religiuri Tavisuflebis tolerantul gagebas
Seesabameba da ZiriTadi kanonis mniSvneloba aqvs.
meoce saukunidan, tolerantobis moazreba gafarTovda, masSi
CairTo politikuri da eTnikuri jgufebi, homoseqsualebi da sxva
umciresobebi. tolerantoba, rogorc qcevis norma, ideaSi
ganisazRvreba ara mxolod qalebis, homoseqsualebisa da fizikurad
Tu sulierad arasrulfasovani adamianebis, aramed aseve Zlieri
koleqtiuri identobis mqone jgufebis diskriminaciis warsulisaTvis

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CabarebiT; rodesac kulturuli umravlesoba Tavis rasobriv, eTnikur,
enobriv Tu nacionalur umciresobebTan ara mxolod erTmaneTis
gverdigverd da Tanac mSvidobian viTarebaSi, aramed gaTanas-
worebuli urTierTmimarTebis pirobebSic iarsebebda. rogorc ki swori
cxovrebis Sesaxeb sakuTari warmodgenebis sazomad sikeTisa da
siwmindis zogadsakacobrio modelebs vaRiarebT, warmoiqmneba
perspeqtiva, saidanac cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesi gamoCndeba ara
mxolod, rogorc gansxvavebuli, aramed, rogorc mcdari. imisTvis,
vinc sakuTar cxovrebas ara mxolod eTikur Rirebulebebs, aramed
eTikur WeSmaritebebsac usadagebs, cxovrebis im wesTan Sexeba,
romelic ama Tu im konkretuli rwmeniTaa gamsWvaluli, iwvevs
uaryofas da aucilebeli xdeba tolerantoba. tolerantoba filtravs
rwmenaTa nakads maTi adgilmonacvleobisas kognitiuri sibrtyidan,
sadac kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas egzistencialurad relevanturi
msoflmxedvelobebis Seurigebloba, praqtikuli sibrtyisaken, sadac
sakuTarma eTosma, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi, kognitiuri erToba sa-
zogadoebis samarTalTan da moralTan hpova.
tolerantizmis gamovlenis pirveli forma aris daTmenisa da
atanis. amis Semdeg meore SesaZlo pozicia pasiuroba,
gansxvavebulisadmi keTilganwyobili ganurCevlobaa: „dae,
ayvavdes yvela yvavili“. mesame mimarTeba erTgvarad moraluri
stoicizmidan gamomdinareobs da principulad aRiarebs, rom
sxvebsac aqvT uflebebi maSinac ki, roca maT mier am uflebebis
gamoyenebis forma aRSfoTebas iwvevs. tolerantobis gamovlenis
Semdegi varianti gansxvavebulis mimarT Riaobas, dainteresebas,
pativiscemas, sxvisgan swavlisa da misi yurisgdebis survils
ukavSirdeba. da bolos, sxvagvaris mimarT aRtacebuli
damokidebuleba, misi esTetikuri aRiareba, romliTac gansxvavebebi

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samyaros kulturul xatad aris aRqmuli, tolerantobis yvelaze ganviTa-
rebul saxes warmoadgens. ufro pragmatulad ki es multikulturalizmis,
rogorc kacobriobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari pirobis,
funqcionaluri aRiarebaa. amgvari xedviT yvelas eniWeba arCevanis
Tavisufleba, mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT, radgan arCevanis Tavisufleba
pirovnebis avtonomiurobis arss warmoadgens. (solidaroba №11–
12(20–21), 2007).
sainteresoa, tolerantoba, rogorc aseTi, Tandayolilia, SeZeniTi
(mimbaZvelobasa da SedarebiTobaze dayrdnobiT) Tu fsiqologiuri
konstruqciaa, romelic warmoudgenelia gaazrebis gareSe.
adamiani am qveyanaze gaCenis (dabadebis) momentSi arc
tolerantulia da arc aratolerantuli ami sityvis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT,
magram mas _ axalSobils aqvs, ase vTqvaT _ bunebrivi tolerantoba.
is Rebulobs garemos iseTs, rogoric is aris. Tu garemo pirobiTad to-
lerntulia qcevis TvalsazrisiT, bavSvisTvis es iqceva normad. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas sapirispiro SemTxvevaSic. axalSobili mSoblebs
(aRmzrdelebs), Rebulobs da uyvars isini iseTebi, rogorebic arian.
sakuTari me-sa da sociums Soris arsebiTi gamijvna/mikuTvnebis in-
teleqtualur procesamde misTvis ar aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba
mSoblis (aRmzrdelis) kanis fers, religiur Sexedulebebs, sqesobrivi
qcevis TvalsazrisiT kuTvnilobas, politikur Tu sxva Sexedulebebs. is
bunebiT tolerantulia am yvelafris mimarT.
konkretuli damokidebuleba ama Tu im (erTi SexedviT,
gansxvavebul, ara iseT, rogoric aris axalSobilis mSobeli, aRmzrdeli)
piris mimarT mas uyalibdeba garemosTan urTierTobis, pirvel rigSi
ki mis mSoblebTan (aRmzrdelebTan) informaciul/emociuri urTier-
Tobis Sedegad, pirobiTi kategoriebiT _ es kargia an _ es cudia,
daSvebisa da akrZalvebis (SeiZleba/ar SeiZleba gziT). bevria

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damokidebuli mSoblebis (aRmzrdelebis) gaazrebaze Tu ras niSnavs,
ras moicavs tolerantoba, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise qceviTi Tvalsaz-
risiT.
tolerantoba es adamianis aqtiuri poziciaa, romelsac igi avlens
Tavis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. SesaZlebelia bavSvs mimbaZvelobiT,
anu SeZeniTad (daswavlis Sedegad), ganuviTardes e.w. tolerantuli
qcevisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cvevebi, rac am Cvevebis Camoyali-
bebisas bavSvis mier ar iyos gaazrebuli (Sinaarsis, mizezebisa Tu
miznebis TvalsazrisiT) inteleqtualurad, magram amisaTvis
aucilebelia, rom aseTi qceva damaxasiaTebeli iyos im garemosTvis,
romelSic izrdeba bavSvi.
1995 wels, parizSi xelmoweril iqna tolerantobis principebis
deklaracia, mis Tanaxmad tolerantoba _ ,,msoflios kulturaTa mdidari
mravalferovnebis, TviTgamoxatvis formebisa da adamianis
individualobis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobaTa pativiscema, miReba
da marTebuli gagebaa. mas xels uwyobs codna, Riaoba, urTierToba
da azris, sindisisa da SexedulebaTa Tavisufleba. tolerantoba _ esaa
Tavisufleba mravalferovnebaSi. es aris aramarto moraluri vali,
aramed politikuri da samarTlebrivi moTxovnilebac. tolerantoba _
saTnoebaa, romelic SesaZlebels xdis mSvidobas da omis kulturis
mSvidobis kulturiT Secvlas exmareba~.
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom tolerantoba aris SeZenili mdgradoba;
gaurkvevlis, ucnobis mimarT mdgradoba; konfliqtis winaSe
mdgradoba; mdgradoba qceviTi e.w. (pirobiTi) gadaxrisadmi. es
gansazRvrebebi gulisxmobs gansxvavebuli nacionalobis, rasis, kanis
feris, sqesis, asakis, invalidobis, enis, religiis, politikuri an sxvagvari
Sexedulebis, socialuri an eTnikuri warmomavlobis, sakuTrebis da
zogadad sxvis mimarT damTmen damokidebulebas.

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 damTmeni Tu gaazrebuli? anu Tmena Tu gaazreba?
meoce saukunis enciklopediur literaturaSi tolerantoba TiTqmis
yvelgan asocirdeba TmenasTan, umetesad es ori sityva-termini
sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. vfiqrob, tolerantobis
Tanamedrove aRqma SeuZlebelia gaazrebis gareSe. es ar aris
Tmena-TmenisTvis, aramed gulisxmobs bevrad mets. gulisxmobs
gaazrebas imisa, rom kacobrioba Sedgeba adamianebisgan, ada-
mianebi cocxali organizmis saxeobis TvalsazrisiT erTi saxeobaa,
magram maT gansxvavebuli me-aqvT (ara konstruqciis aramed
Sinaarsis mixedviT). sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, adamianTa
pirovnuli RerZebi, Rirebulebebi, aRqmebi, Tvalsazrisebi
gansxvavebulia, sazogadoeba, anu individTa erToba, gulisxmobs
mravalferovnebas. tolerantoba am mravalferovnebis, rogorc
bunebaSi arsebulis gaazrebaa, misi gageba da miReba.
tolerantuli sazogadoeba toleranti individebisagan Sedgeba. es
sazogadoeba Tavis mxriv, ganaTlebuli sazogadoebaa, romelic pativs
scems sazogadoebaSi Semaval TiToeul individs da aRiarebs mas,
rogorc sakuTari me-s azrisa da am azris gamoxatvis avtonomiurebis
mqones, romelic mxolod amravalferovnebs cxovrebas, romelic
bunebiT mravalferovania da misi Sav-TeTrad warmodgena, mxolod
iluziaa da ewinaaRmdegeba imas rac aris. TumcaRa SeiZleba
samyaro realurad cocxal organizmTa Tvalis SesaZleblobebisgan
damoukideblad Sav-TeTria, magram cxovreba, sicocxle _ mravalfe-
rovania.

13.2. politikuri tolerantobis doneebi

255
 politikuri tolerantobis donis Semowmeba pirvelad moxda aSS-
Si bazisuri modelis saSualebiT. politikuri tolerantobis donis
Semowmeba aris saSualeba imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor epyrobian
adamianebi gare jgufebs. bazisuri modeli SemdegSi mdgomareobs -
amerikelebis umetesoba zogadad, abstraqtulad mxars uWers
politikur tolerantobas, magram rodesac konkretuli SemTxvevis
pirispir dadgebian, sadac iseTi indivdiebia Careuli, romlebsac
sayovelTaod miRebuli normebis damrRvevebad aRiqvamen, bevri
amerikeli naklebad tolerantulia. tolerantobis gasazomad, ra Tqma
unda, Cven ar SevamowmebT iseTi jgufisadmi atituds, romelic Cven
mogvwons. tolerantobis arsi mdgomareobs survilSi, icxovro iseTi
individis gverdiT, romlis ideebsac Cven ar veTanxmebiT. am saxis
definicia warmoiSva volteris cnobili gamonaTqvamidan _ „me ar
veTanxmebi Sens azrs, magarm mzad var movkvde imisaTvis, rom
Sen gqondes misi gamoxatvis ufleba.“ es SeiZleba eqstremaluri
tolerantobis formad miviCnioT. Cveulebriv individs ar sWirdeba ase
Sors wasvla.man, sul mcire unda moiTminos is politikuri ideebi da
qcevebi, romelic mis sakuTars mveTrda ewinaaRmdegeba.
1954 wels, sociologma samuel stoferma (Samuel stouffer)
Caatara kvleva, romelic ukve klasikur kvlevadaa miCneuli. kvlevis
Sedegebi man Seajama wignSi „komunizmi, konformuloba da
samoqalaqo Tavisufleba“. 1954 wels man da misma asistentma
gamokiTxes amerikeli mosaxleobis reprezentatuli jgufi imis
gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad toleranti iyo saSualo moqlaqe, da gansa-
kuTrebiT, rogor aRiqvamda saSualo amerikeli arakomformul qcevas.
(gansakuTrebiT komunistebis mimarT atitudi). samecniero
samyaroSi azri am kvlevis Sedegebis Taobaze orad gaiyo. erTi mxriv

256
stoferi swored am kvlevis SedegebiT gaxda Zalian popularuli, meore
mxriv, es aRmoCena bevrisaTvis SemaSfoTebeli iyo. maT ricxvSi
iyvnen mecnierebi: j. salivani (j. Salivan), j. pirsoni (j. ierson) da j.
markusi (j. Marcus). maTi azriT, „gamokiTxulTa didma
umravlesobam Tqva, rom aRiarebul komunistebs ar unda mieceT
sajarod saubris, an umaRles saswavleblebsa da kolejebSi swavlebis,
an birJaze klerkad muSaobis neba. umravlesoba daeTanxma
komunistebisaTvis moqalaqeobis CamorTmevas, aseve komunistebis
mier dawerili wignebis gamotanas sajaro biblioTekebidan,
xelisuflebas unda hqondes personaluri satelefono saubrebis
mosmenis uflebamosileba, raTa moipovon komunistebis
winaaRmdeg mtkicebuleba da aRiarebuli komunistebi unda Casvan
cixeSi“.
respodentebis umetesoba aratoleranti iyo socialistebis da
aTeistebis mimarTac, magram ara iseTi xarisxiT, rogorc
komunistebis memTxvevaSi. stoferma kvleva Caatara makkartis
periodSi, rodesac saSualo amerikeli, savaraudod, naklebad toleranti
iyo, vidre iqamde da Semdgom periodebSi, aqedan gamomdinare ar-
sebobs varaudi, rom axlandeli amerikeli ufro tolerantia. rodis
SegviZlia visaubroT aratolerantobaze?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi arc ise martivia, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans
da damokidebulia, Tu ra xarisxiT zomavs adamiani aratolerantobas.
1980 wels aRniSnulma samma mecnierma Caatara kvleva, romelic
iseTive cnobili gaxda, rogorc winamorbedi kvleva. maT gadawyvites
SeemowmebinaT ra Seicvala, an Seicvala ki rame 1954 wlidan
moyolebuli. maTi saboloo daskvnis Tanaxmad „bevri araferi“
Secvlila. isini amtkiceben, rom 1950-inebTan SedarebiT, adreul
1980-ianebSi adaminebi nakleb safrTxes elodnen komunistebisgan,

257
amitom ufro meti adamiani iyo mzad maTTvis mieniWebinaT
fundamenturi samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, Tumca amerikelebis ume-
tesoba mainc ar iyo metad toleranti, maTma fokusma gadainacvla
sxva jgufebze. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, Seicvala maTi
aratolerantobis samizne an konteqsti da ara xarisxi. mkvlevarebis
azriT, Tu gvsurs aratolerantobis xarisxis gazomva, aqcenti unda
gakeTdes jgufze, romelic adamianebs ar moswonT. maT respoden-
tebs neba darTes Tavad aerCiaT aseTi jgufi, rom ar SeCerebuliyvnen
mxolod komunistebze. amiT maT Tavidan aiciles sakiTxis winaswar
gadawyveta. kvlevis Sedegad maT aRmoaCines, rom stoferis kvlevis
Semdeg tolerantobis done SesamCnevad ar Secvlila.
meore mxriv, pol snidermani da misi kolegebi sakmaod
gansxvavebul daskvnamde mividnen. maT aRniSnes, rom salivanis
kvleva sakmaod xatovania, magram mas SeuZlia SecdomaSi
Seiyvanos adamiani. tolerantobis kvleva im jgufis mimarT, romelic
armogvwons, ar arisis sazomi romelic sworad Seafasebs Tu
ramdenad toleranti gaxda amerikelTa umetesoba. magaliTad, nam-
dvilad ar iqneba samarliani, Tu tolerantebad miviCnevT mxolod im
adamianebs, romlebsac ar moswonT afro-amerikelebi, aq unda
CavrToT isinic, vinc aRniSnaven, rom indeferentulad arian
ganwyobilebi maT mimarT da isinic, visac moswons afro-
amerikelebi. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli tolerantobis done damokidebu-
lia imaze, Tu rogor zomavs individi tolerantobas. miuxedavad amis,
unda aRiniSnos, rom salivanisa da misi kolegebis mier
SemoTavazebuli paradigma am sferos SeswavlaSi rCeba
sayovelTaod aRiarebul saR azrad.
ismis kiTxva: 9/11 -is kvaldakval, ra safuZveli arsebobs imisa,
rom musulmanebi ar gaxdnen axali komunistebi? rogorc

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mosalodnelia, arsebobs aratolerantobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi
9/11-is Semdeg (da am TariRamdec arsebobda), magarm
SeuZlebelia amis Sedareba komunistebisadmi siZulilTan, romelic
stoferma aRmoaCina. Cven ar SegviZlia pirdapir SevadaroT am ori
kvlevis monacenemebi, radgan kiTxvis formulireba am kvlevebSi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. Cven ar vakvirdebiT
musulmanebisadmi gamoxatuli siZulvilis generalizebul xarisxs, rac
daiWira stoferma komunistebTan dakavSirebiT. monacemebi
aCvenebs, rom 9/11-is Semdeg musulmanebis mimarT negatiuri
damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva gamokiTxvebSi, rac
imis maCvenebelia, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs
naTeli an myari upiratesobebi. ufrometic, 2007 wels Pew Research
Center -ma gamoikiTxa musulmani amerikelebi, romlebmac
aRniSnes, rom ara-musulmanebi maT mimarT mxardaWeras
gamoxatavdnen, rogorc aRmsareblobis gamo diskriminaciisa da
aratolerantobis msxverplebisadmi. 33%-ma miuTiTa, rom maT
eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, an uwodebdnen Seuracxmyofel sityvebs,
policia gansakuTrebiT aqcevda yuradRebs, fizikurad esxmodnen
Tavs an emuqrebodnen, magram 32%-ma Tqva (TiTqmis igive
ricxvi), rom maT mimarT gamoxatavdnen mxardaWeras. ufro metic,
amave gamokiTxvaSi, afro-amerikelebisadmi aratolerantuli qceva
SesamCnevad maRali iyo, vidre musulmani amerikelebis mimarT
(46%-ma aRniSna, rom zemoT aRniSnuli aratolerantobis
sazomTagan erT-erTis samizne mainc yofila).
am gansxvavebis atribucia nawilobriv mainc SeiZleba
movaxdinoT 1954-dan 2000-mde elitis gansxvavebul qcevaze. jeims
gibsoni amtkicebs, rom makkartis periodis aratolerantoba SesaZloa
mniSvnelovnad elitis mier iyo ganpirobebuli. 1950-ianebSi, amerikis

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sagareo politikis elitaSi gavrcelebuli iyo komunistebis safrTxed
aRqma, sadac ar arsebobs gansxvaveba _ „komunisti aris
komunisti“. maSin, rodesac 9/11-is dros buSis administraciam ara
erTxel moaxdina rigiTi musulmanis diferencireba eqstremali
islamistisgan, an „fundamentalistebisgan“, rogorc xSirad uwodeben
maT SecdomiT. SedarebiT maRali xarisxis aratolerantoba komun-
istebis mimarT 1950-ian wlebSi, da SedarebiT dabali dabali xarisxis
aratolerantoba musulmanebis mimarT, SeiZleba asaxavdes elitis
mxridan miwodebul gzavnils.
9/11-is mimarT rigiTi amerikelis reaqcia aCvenebs ramdenad
Znelia mxolod situacionisturi poziciiT miudge aratolerantobis
problemas. mxolod „obieqturi“ muqara ar kvebavs aratoleranotbas,
aramed am muqaris bunebis Cveneuli aRqma. gansxvavebul
adamianebs gansxvavebul xarisxSi swamT, rom „Senobas cecxli
ukidia“, Sesabamisad, isini gansxvavdebian survilSic, rom mxari
dauWiron musulmanebisaTvis da sxva jgufebisaTvis samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas. mixedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia uarvyoT
amerikaSi musulmanebis mimarT aratolerantobis, an rogorc zogi
miiCnevs „islamofobiis“ arseboba. magaliTad, 2004 wels, kornelis
universitetis gamokiTxvam gamoavlina, rom amerikis mosaxleobis
27% procenti miiCnevs, rom musulmanebs federaluri
xelmZRvanelobisgan unda moeTxovebodeT TavianTi
adgilsamyofelis daregistrireba, 16%-ma Tqva, rom meCeTebi mkacri
meTvalyureobis qveS unda moeqces, 22%-s swams, rom federalur
saagentos mizanSi unda hyavdes islamuri warmoSobis an Sua
aRmsavleTidan Camosuli individebi da 29% daeTanxma, rom
musulmanuri samoqalaqo asociaciebi unda gaifiltros federaluri agen-
tebis mier maT saqmianobaze kontrolis dawesebiT. ufro metic,

260
gamokiTxulT 44%-s swamda, rom CamoTvlili akrZalvebidan erTi
mainc unda iyos CarTuli musulmani amerikelebis samoqalaqo
TavisuflebSi. mixedavad imisa, rom es ricxvebi axlosac ver miva im
mniSvnelovan umravlesobasTan, vinc uaryofda komunistebisaTvis
sityvis warmoTqmis uflebas stoferis kvlevaSi, es maCveneblebi,
ganviTarebuli demokratiis pirobebSi, mainc iZleva SeSfoTebis
safuZvels. garkveuli kvlevebi amtkiceben, rom politikuri
konservatorebi da qristianuli religiis faseulobebis Zlieri
mxardamWerebi ufro metad emxrobodnen musulmanebisaTvis
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, vidre sxva jgufebi.
amrigad, stoferidan moyolebuli, politikuri aratolerantobis
litratura iyo dispozicionisturi. stofesa (simkacre, avtoritarizmi,
optimizmi) da salivanis da misi kolegebis (fsiqologiuri daundobloba,
dogmatizmi, ndobis simcire) mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena,
rom tolerantoba asocirebuli iyo garkveul Semgueblur personalur
maxasiaTeblebTan. markusma, salivanma da sxva kolegebma
TavianT wignSi ,,With Malice Toward Some“ ganagrZes es tradicia
im faqtorebis analiziT, rac tolerantuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
axdens gavlenas. isini xazs usvamen gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
emociebis rols, rac dispozicionisturia im TvalsazrisiT, rom
garemodan mowodebul informaciaze adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad
reagireben. „Cven viyenebT termins „individualuri gansxvavebebi“
imisaTvis, rom aRvniSnoT idea, rom adamianebi SesaZloa
gansxvavdebodnen imaSi, Tu rogor iReben tolerantul
gadawyvetilebas da imaSic, Tu rogor amuSaveben miRebul
informacias. markusi da misi kolegebi aRniSnaven rom adaminebi
gansxvavdebian TavianT dispoziciebSi da maT mier gaziarebuli
gadawyvetilebis dacvaSi. swored am gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba

261
imoqmedos imaze, Tu ra xarisxSi arian isini tolerantebi Tu
aratolerantebi. magaliTad, adamianebi gansxvavdebian TavianT
politikur codnasa da eqspertulobaSi, rogor da ra xarisxSi
amuSaveben axal informacias da a.S. tolerantobis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba, rogorc isini aRniSnaven, sabolood Sereuli faqto-
rebis Sedegia, rogoricaa adreul etapze daswavlili Zveli
predispoziciebi, rwmenebi demokratiuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb da
specifiuri infomacia.
1995 wels parizSi xeli moewera iuneskos tolerantobis principTa
deklaracias, romlis gadawyvetilebiTac qveynebi miiReben zomebs
sazogadoebaSi tolerantobis damkvidrebis xelSesawyobad, radgan is
aramarto umniSvnelovanesi principia, aramed „tolerantobis gareSe
SeuZlebelia mSvidoba, xolo mSvidobis gareSe SeuZlebelia
ganviTareba, an demokratia“.
2013 wlis maisSi „vaSington postSi“ gamoqveynda Svedi
mecnierebis mier Catarebuli kvleva, romlis mixedviTac msoflios
masStabiT rasobrivi tolerantobis mxriv pirvel adgilze didi britaneTi
da misi yofili koloniebi: SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada, avstralia, axali
zelandia da laTinuri amerikis qveynebi arian.
rac Seexeba evropas: safrangeTi dasavleT evropaSi ara marto
rasobrivi, aramed seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarTac yvelaze dabali
SemwynareblobiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, frangebis 22.7 procents
ar surs, rom misi mezobeli sxva rasis warmomadgeneli iyos. kidev
ufro mets, 28.8 procents ar unda homoseqsuali mezoblis gverdiT
cxovreba. igive maCvenebeli SvedebisTvis 3.6 procents Seadgens.
saqarTveloSi ki Zalian bevrs, 92.6 procents.
yofili socialisturi banakis qveynebidan, belorusi da latvia
yvelaze tolerant saxelmwifoTa siis saTaveSi moeqcnen. analogiur

262
monacemebs aqveynebs globaluri kvlevis organizacia _ msoflios
RirebulebaTa kvlevis instituti _ romelic kvlevebs 1981 wlidan awar-
moebs. bolo, 2013 wlis monacemebiT, homofobiiT gansakuTrebiT
gamorCeul qveyanaTa sias yofili socialisturi banakis qveynebSi
ruseTi liderobs. Semdeg modis ukraina. yvelaze aratolerantul
qveynebSi mesame adgils ki ikavebs saqarTvelo, is saxelmwifo,
romelic SesaZloa saukuneebis win, istoriis garkveul monakveTSi
marTlac yofiliyo sxvebTan SedarebiT tolerantuli qveyana, magram
dResdReobiT, sxva rasebis, religiebis da sqesobrivi orientaciis
warmomadgenlebis mimarT _ SemwynareblobiT ar gamoirCeva da
arc tolerantulia.
saqarTvelo saerTo monacemebiT msoflios yvelaze homofobiur
qveynebs utoldeba, kerZod _ irans da iordanias. saqarTvelos
mezobeli qveyana, eTnikurad mravalferovani azerbaijani ki yofil
socialistur banakSi erT-erT yvelaze sekularul saxelmwifod da
Semwynareblobis mxriv, regionis yvelaze tolerantuli qveynebis siaSi
Sedis. evroparlamentSi 2013 wlis 13 noembers warmodgenili
angariSis mixedviT, azerbaijani regionSi yvelaze meti sekularizmiT
gamoirCeva. qveyana, sadac 96 procenti muslimia,
SemwynareblobiT evroparlamentis vice-prezidentis, laslo surjanis
TqmiT, „mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis STambeWdav magaliTs war-
moadgens“.
„fridom hausis“ angariSis mixedviT, rwmenis Tavisuflebis
princips saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli umravlesoba ufro tradiciuli
umciresobebis mimarT icavs. igulisxmeba qveynis muslimi da
ebraeli mosaxleoba. Tumca, „SedarebiT axali jgufebis wevrebi, ro-
goricaa magaliTad baptistebi, protestantebi, Tu ieRovas mowmeebi,
kanondamcavi organizaciebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebis da

263
qarTveli marTlmadidebeli eqstremistebis mxridan Cagvras da
Seuracxyofas ganicdian“.
Seuwynareblobis aRkveTisTvis iuneskos deklaracia yvelaze
qmediT saSualebad ganaTlebas miiCnevs. 1995 wels miRebul
deklaraciaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom sazogadoebaSi
tolerantobis donis amaRlebisTvis adamianis uflebaTa arsebuli
saerTaSoriso konvenciebis ratificirebasTan erTad, saxelmwifoebma
aseve „unda miiRon axali kanonmdebloba, rodesac es saWiroa sa-
zogadoebis yvela jgufis da calkeuli wevris mimarT Tanaswori
damokidebulebis da maTTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
uzrunvelsayofad“.
Sesabamisad, 2014 wels saqarTveloSi miiRes antidi-
skriminaciuli kanoni, romelic aris udavod win gadadgmuli nabiji
adamianis uflebebisa da kerZod diskriminaciis winaaRdeg brZolis
kuTxiT. samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis amaRlebis sakiTxSi
diskriminaciis sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, TumcaRa isic unda
aRvniSnoT, rom xelSesaxebi cvlilebebi kanonis miRebasjerjerobiT
ar mohyolia.
2016-2018 wlebSi dafiqsirda saqarTveloSi ucxo qveynebis
(gansakuTrebiT aziisa da afrikis) warmomadgenlebisa da
migrantebis mimarT Zaladobis, agresiisa da qsenofobiis mzardi
tendencia. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, neofaSisturi da
ultranacionalisturi jgufebi sajaro sivrceSi xSirad Cndebian. da Tavs
esxmian konkretuli erovnebisa Tu identobis mqone adamianebs.
aRniSnuli jgufebis aqtiuroba 2017 wlis ivlisis Semdeg,
aRmaSeneblis gamzirze organizacia „qarTuli marSis“ mier
gamarTuli msvlelobis Semdeg kidev ufro gaizarda. qsenofobiuri
aqciis mTavari mowodeba qveynidan aralegalurad myofi migrantebis

264
gaZeveba iyo. Tumca, gaerTianebaSi Semavali pirebi Tu
organizaciebi zogadad gamoirCevian neitivisturi ganwyobebiT,
rasistuli gamonaTqvamebiT da xSirad monawileoben Zaladobriv
aqciebSi.
garda fizikuri sivrceebisa, ultranacionalisturi jgufebis xilvadoba
gaizarda socialur qselSic. sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebis kvlevebi da
socialur qselSi aqtivobis analizi aCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi kultu-
ruli mravalferovneba da imigracia safrTxed aRiqmeba. kavkasiis
kvleviTi resursebis centris (СRRC saqarTvelo) mier Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi umciresobebis winaaRmdeg
siZulviliT motivirebul farTomasStabian incidentebTan dakavSirebiT
sazogadoebis ganwyobebi ambivalenturia. magaliTad, Savkaniani
axalgazrdebis cemis faqts gamokiTxulTa 48 procenti siZulviliT
motivirebul danaSauls ar miakuTvnebs.
ucxoelebTan TDI-s mier Catarebul interviuebsa da axsna-
ganmartebebSi afrikisa da aziis qveynebis warmomadgenlebi
saubroben rasobrivi niSniT diskriminaciis, agresiis, fizikuri da
sityvieri Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini ganicdian
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, transportSi, saganmanaTleblo
da sxvadasxva kerZo dawesebulebebSi. kulturuli da zogjer biologiuri
rasizmis safuZveli gansxvavebuli kanis feri, warmoSoba da
erovnebaa. ucxoelebze TDI-s mier momzadebuli
multimediakontentis analizidan Cans, rom kulturuli, eTnikuri Tu
religiuri umravlesoba konkretuli qveynebis warmomadgenlebs
erovnuli tradiciebis dakargvisa da demografiuli safrTxis konteqstSi
ganixilavs da maT Tanasworuflebian individebad ar miiCnevs.
sazogadoebaSi ucxoelebisa da migrantebis mimarT uaryofiTi,

265
qsenofobiuri ganwyobebis gaRvivebas xels uwyobs politikosebis
populisturi da, zogjer, siZulvilis enis Semcveli ritorikac.
am procesebis axsna SeuZlebelia saerTo saerTaSoriso politikuri
konteqstidan mowyvetilad. saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri
procesebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi mimdinare politikuri movlebebis
anarekli da gamoZaxilia. saerTaSoriso politikaSi ki am kuTxiT
seriozuli politikur-fsiqologiuri problemebi arsebobs. evropis
politikuri da kulturuli identobis krizisis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa
Soris erT-erTi umTavresi aris is faqti, rom muslimebma
aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili krizisisa da sxva garemoebebis gamo,
walekesa da zvaviviT gadaTqeres mTeli evropis politikuri sivrce. es
procesi iseTi gamaognebeli siCqariT moxda, rom maT dro aRar
darCaT ziarebodnen evropis tradiciuli politikisa da kulturis faseu-
lobebs, romlebic eyrdnoba romaul samarTals, berZnul filosofiasa da
qrisrianul faseulobebs. Tuki amas davumatebT muslimebis
Tavbridamxvevi matebis temps, naTeli gaxdeba, rom tolerantobis
damkvidrebul gagebas mxolod maprovocirebeli rolis Sesruleba
SeuZlia evropis politikuri krizisis dros. amitom Tanamedrove etapze
samecniero diskursSi wina planze gamodis tolerantizmis dRevandeli
praqtikidan gansxvavebuli gansazRvreba, romlis mixedviTac tole-
rantobis gaazrebuli gamovlineba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin,
rodesac gansxvavebulis daSvebis, nebarTvis nacvlad, mavans
SeuZlia misi akrZalvac. am faqts karl poperi uwodebs tolerantobis
paradoqss, romelsac ajamebs Tavis wignSi „Ria sazogadoeba da misi
mtrebi“. igi wers: „SeuzRudavi tolerantoba midis tolerantobis
gaqrobisken. Tu aratolerantebs SeuzRudavi SemwynareblobiT
mivudgebiT, Tu ar varT mzad tolerantuli sazogadoeba davicvaT
aratolerantebis Semotevisgan, maSin toleranti da masTan erTad

266
tolerantoba ganadgurdeba. _ am formulirebiT ar vgulisxmob, rom
vTqvaT, aratolerantul filosofiaTa gaJRereba unda CavaxSoT; sanam
SegviZlia racionaluri argumentiT davupirispirdeT da sazogadoebrivi
azriT SevakavoT, maTi akrZalva namdvilad aragonivruli iqneboda.
magram unda gveWiros ufleba, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, isini
ZaliTac ki CavaxSoT; radganac advilad SesaZlebelia ar iyvnen mzad
CvenTan racionaluri argumentebiT dapirispirebisTvis, aramed
dagmon yvelanairi argumenti; SeiZleba mimdevrebs racionaluri
argumentisTvis, rogorc cbierebisTvis, yuris dagdeba aukrZalon da
argumentebze muStebiTa da pistoletebiT pasuxi aswavlon. amis
gamo unda gveWiros ufleba, tolerantobis saxeliT, ar SeviwynaroT
aratolerantebi. unda vamtkicoT, rom aratolerantobis mqadagebeli
nebismieri moZraoba kanongareSea, da unda CavTvaloT, rom arato-
lerantobisa da devnis waqezeba aris kriminali, iseve, rogorc
kriminalad unda vTvlideT mkvlelobis, monobiT vaWrobis
ganaxlebis, an motacebebis waqezebas (The Open Society And Its
Enemies, Complete: Volumes I and II, Karl R. Popper, 1966, p. 543,
PDF).
samecniero diskursebSi cdiloben swored am kuTxiT
warmoaCinon tolerantizmi, rogorc evropuli cxovrebis wesis mTavari
ganmsazRvreli atributi da tolerantiznis multikulturaluri Sinaarsis
Semcveli damkvidrebuli gageba Caanacvlon kulturuli pluralizmis
Sinaarsobrivi konteqstiT. am or cnebas Soris aris Tvisobrivi
gansxvaveba. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi moqalaqeTa nawils am
cnebebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba uZneldeba. Sesabamisad, isini
ganxilvebis dros terminebis arazustad gamoyenebis gamo xSirad
gamousworebel Secdomebs uSveben. arada, maT Soris gansxvavebs

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arsebiTia. profesor basam tibis azriT, multikulturalizmis cneba sam
ZiriTad garemoebas aerTianebs:
1. adamianTa jgufebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis
gansazRvras, identificirebas;
2. aRmoCenili gansxvavebebis aRiarebasa da pativiscemas;
3. koleqtiuri wesrigis pirobebSi ZiriTadi kulturuli uflebebis
dacvasa da daurRvevlobas.
cxadia, aRniSnuli gansazRvreba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi
mesame punqtis sakuTar TavSi araerT konfliqts, dasavleTisaTvis
dRemde mougvarebel dilemas moiazrebs. kulturuli pluralizmis
koncefcia Cven mier CamoTvlili sami punqtidan pirvel ors
uyoymanod aRiarebs. kulturuli pluralizmiT gamorCeul sazogadoe-
bebSic gansakuTrebul pativiscemas gamoxataven erT sazogadoebriv
sistemaSi Tavmoyrili sxvadasxva jgufis mimarT, mravalferovneba
am SemTxvevaSic misaRebi da misasalmebelia. mTavari
gansxvaveba or kategorias Soris gaxlavT is, rom kulturuli
pluralizmis koncefcia uyoymanod aniWebs upiratesobas koleqtiur
wesrigs da masTan Seusabamo ZiriTad kulturul uflebebs ar
aRiarebs. (Jurnal `Civicus~, №6, gv.4-5. http://cela.ge/ge/
page/civicus-6).

Tavi meToTxmete
debatebis xelovneba

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 14.1. debatebis warmoSobis istoria

debatebi aris movlena, romelic saTaves iRebs jer kidev uZvelesi

droidan, roca adamianebs Soris pirvelad warmoiSva uTanxmoeba.
politikuri debatebi sakuTari Tavis wardgenis, prezentaciisa da
TviTrealizaciis xelsayreli saSualebaa, sadac politikur partiebsa da
maT liderebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, warmoaCinon sakuTari ideebi da
Sexedulebebi. politikuri debatebis princips argumentaciis simtkice
gansazRvravs, rodesac, pirobiTad, ori mowinaaRmdege mxare
cdilobs, rac SeiZleba damajereblad warsdges mayureblis winaSe,
metad SeZlos sakuTari ideebis gaJRereba da mowinaaRmdegis
argumentebis gabaTilebac. debatebis warmatebiT CatarebisaTvis
erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris fsiqologiuri ingredienti,
oponentze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba maTi darwmunebis mizniT.
formalurad, debatebi saTaves iRebs Zveli saberZneTidan, sadac
igi warmoadgenda demokratiis institutis nawils, roca politikosebi
erTmaneTTan Sediodnen debatebSi, SemoTavazebuli kanonebis
avkargianobis Sesaxeb, msjelobdnen mis Rirsebebsa da
naklovanebebze. moqalaqeebi debatebs iyenebdnen sakuTari
Tavdacvis mizniT. sakiTxis orive mxaris argumentirebas, didi in-
teresiT swavlobdnen studentebic, raTa ufro kargad SeecnoT misi
arsi.
zogierTi debatiori, romlebsac sofistebs uwodebdnen, miznad
isaxavdnen debatebSi gamarjvebas, isini fokusirebdnen auditoriis
stilsa da maT darwmunebaze. `sofizmi~ berZnuli sityvaa da
`sibrZnis matarebels~ niSnavs, Tumca SemdgomSi misi
gamoyeneba daiwyo sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT.

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sofistebma male daiwyes Tavisin ostatobis _ ritorikis xelovnebis
Sedgena, moqalaqeebisa da sazogado moRvaweebisaTvis. sityvebis
Sedgena da oratoruli xelovneba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda Zveli
saberZneTisa da romis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. pirveli cnobili
sfiCraiTerebi iyvnen korkasi da Tiseosi, ori moxerxebuli aTeneli,
romlebic Zveli welTaRricxvis V saukuneSi cxovrobdnen. am orma
pirovnebam kargad gaiazra maT winaSe gaCenili SesaZleblobebi,
radganac oratoruli xelovneba sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZenda Zvel
saberZneTSi, rodesac adamianebma daiwyes sityvebiT gamosvla
ceremoniebze. sakanonmdeblo krebebze da sasamarTloebze. Cveu-
lebriv politikur sityvebs warmoTqvamdnen sami saxis krebebze.
sityvebis pirveli fiar _ ceremonialuri sityvebi iyo, romlebsac
warmoTqvamdnen politikosebi dasaflavebis, dajildoebis, banketebis
dros da a.S. sityvaTa meore tipi _ es iyo sityvebi ganxilvebis dros.
mWermetyveleba aucilebelia mosmenebis da ganxilvebis dros
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi da msgavsi saxis dawesebulebebSi.
sityvaTa mesame tipi _ samarTalmcodneTa sityvebi, romelTac
warmosTqvamen sasamarTloebsa da sxva iuridiul instanciebSi. Zvel
berZnebsa da romaelebs sjerodaT, rom sityvebis SeTxzvas SeuZlia
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyos xeli sazogadoebriv progress, rom maTi
warmoTqma saqmianobis mniSvnelovani saxeobaan da aucilebelia
sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis. magram amasTanave maT eSinodaT,
rom ritorika SeiZleba manipulirebisaTvis da, saerTod,
aradaniSnulebisamebr gamoeyvanaT. amis gamo iwyeba softistebis
kritika platonis naSromebSi, romelic maT `mWermetyvel
matyuarebs~ uwodebda. sofistebs ar eTanxmeboda arc aristotele, ro-
melic Tvlida, rom kargi argumentebi xels uwyobda simarTlis
dadgenas, xolo mTavari iyo simarTle, da ara debatebSi gamarjveba.

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Zvel berZnebs sjerodaT, rom SeiZleba xeli SeuSalo demagogebs da
matyuarebs sazogadoebisaTvis zianis miyenebaSi, Tuki garantirebuli
iqneba, rom sityvis SeTxzviT da warmoTqmiT dakavdebian
ganaTlebuli da maRalzneobrivi adamianebi. es moTxovna dResac
ZalaSi rCeba.
berZnebis kvaldakval debatebis tradiciebs mihyvnen
romaelebic.
Sua saukuneebSi, evropaSi, ganaTleba moicavda saxalxo
gamosvlis codnas, romelic oratoruli xelovnebis saxeliT iyo cnobili,
xolo debatebs didi roli ekava am xelovnebis gaRrmavebaSi, radgan
studentebi praqtikas gadiodnen sakuTari ideebis dacvasa da sa-
winaaRmdego Sexedulebebis kritikaSi.
XVII saukuneSi, debatebi ZiriTadad laTinur enaze
mimdinareobda. Zvelad, debatiorTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda
universitetebSi.
aSS-Si ХIХ saukunis bolos debatebi imarTeboda aRmosavleT
sanapiros, dasavleT sanapiros centralur nawilsa da kaliforniaSi.
oratorTa umravlesoba amzadebda sakuTar gamosvlas debatebis
dawyebamde da iyenebda gamzadebul teqsts auditoriis winaSe
gamosvlis dros. 1920 wlis dasawyisSi, amerikuli universitetebis
debatebi tardeboda erTdroulad, ramodenime universitets Soris. am
dros msmenelebi TandaTanobiT icvleboda mosamarTleebiT. Tumca
maSin ar arsebobda debatebis mkafio kriteriumebi
mosamarTleebisaTvis.
1960 wels, saprezidento arCevnebis dros, pirvelad Sedga da
saqveynod iqna naCvenebi pirveli seria teledebatebisa _ jon kenedisa
da riCard niqsons Soris. aman debatebs didi popularoba moutana da
maT Semdgom ganviTarebasa da daxvewas Seuwyo xeli. orive pre-

271
tendenti _ j. kenedi da r. niqsoni iyenebdnen profesionali
konsultantebis gundebs da maT Soris Sedga msoflioSi pirveli
debatebi. j. kenedis gunds xelmZRvanelobda SemdgomSi
saxelganTqmuli j. napolitani, romelmac aqcenti gadaitana Tavisi
klientis imijze da satelevizio debatebSi gamarjvebaze, rac
arCevnebSi gamarjvebis safuZveli iqneboda. kenedi kargad iyo
momzadebuli swored satelevizio diskusiisaTvis. is mimarTavda ara
oponents, aramed mayurebels, kargad gamoiyureboda ekranze. Tavis
mxriv, niqsoni, romelic gamocdili politikosi da kargi mokamaTec
iyo, sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda satelevizio gamosvlebisaTvis.
misi Cacmulobis, garegnobis zogierTi detali ekranze cudad
gamoiyureboda. niqsonma `imijis sferoSi~ waago arCevnebi. mas
Semdeg imiji iTvleba mZlavr iaraRad saarCevno brZolaSi.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored 1960-ian wlebSi gavrcelda
termini `axali politika~. amiT aRiniSneboda saarCevno kampaniis
stili, rmelic orientirebuli iyo ara Sinaarsobriv (saprogramo)
uTanxmoebaze, aramed teqnologiur xerxebze, komunikaciuri
siaxleebis gamoyenebasa da kandidatis imijis formirebaze, romelSic
mTavari roli fsiqologiur faqtors unda Seesrulebina.
`imijis~ cneba saTaves iRebs z. froidis naSromebSi. XX
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi is uSvebda samecniero Jurnals am saTauriT.
Tumca, albaT, verc warmoidgenda, rom es sityva sakvanZo
aRmoCndeboda XX saukunis politikur kulturaSi.
imijis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen, rodesac reklamis Sesaqmnelad
moizides kvlevebi qcevis fsiqologiur motivebTan dakavSirebiT.
maSin fsiqologebma ori mniSvnelovani daskvna gamoitanes: 1.
adamianTa faruli moswrafebebisa da gemovnebis gagebis Semdeg
SeiZleba maTi Segnebuli manipulireba; 2. kargad agebuli reklamiT

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SeiZleba adamianTa qvecnobierebaSi movaqcioT sagnebisa da
adamianebis saxeebi, romlebic saWiro momentSi amuSavdebian.
froidis Tanaxmad, imiji _ ara imdenad adamianis an sagnis realuri
saxea (Ego), ramdenadac idealuri saxe (Super Ego), bunebrivia,
gansxvavebuli realurisagan. am Segnebulma, xelovnurad
gakeTebulma, konkretuli mizniT mofiqrebulma Seusabamobam imiji
manipulirebis ZiriTad saSualebad aqcia rogorc komerciul, ise
politikur reklamaSi.
Tanamedrove etapze demokratiul qveynebSi imijologia rCeba
mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sazRvarze myof fenomenad.
imijmeikeris arsenalSi arsebobs imijis konstruirebis bevri
mecnierulad dasabuTebli xerxi, magram maTi SerCeva da
misadageba konkretul pirobebTan da auditoriasTan srul
SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas iZleva da xelovnebis rangSia ayvanili.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, imijmeikeri ar aris yovlisSemZle
jadoqari. j. soross ekuTvnis sityvebi: didi fuliT SeiZleba iyido
saukeTeso ZaRli, magram veranairi fuli ver aiZulebs mas Tqveni
danaxvisas kudis qicini daiwyos. Tu Seqmnili imijis ukan ar dgas
realuri qmedebebi, misi zemoqmedebis Sedegi adre Tu gvian nuls
gautoldeba.
imiji aris politikis warmoebis mxolod erTi nawili, marTalia,
Zalian mniSvnelovani, magram mxolod nawili, romlis ukanac unda
idges realoba da ara mxolod simbolizmi. imijmeikeri axorcielebs
mxolod lideris xatis koreqtirebas masmediaSi, sazogadoebis cno-
bierebaSi, radgan amomrCevelTa absolutur umravlesobas uwevs
urTierToba ara uSualod politikosTan an movlenasTan, aramed mis
anareklTan, virtualur saxesTan. amrigad, imijis konstruireba
warmoadgens politikuri cxovrebis uaRresad mniSvnelovan nawils da

273
moiTxovs did yuradRebas, maRal inteleqtsa da did SemoqmedebiT
unars.
amrigad imijი tcff vbpfylfcf[ekfl itmvybkb ufycfresht,ekb cf[t –
ofhvjlutyf, [fnt,f, dbhnefkehb htfkj,f, hjvtkbw fcjwbht,bcf lf
gjpbwbjybht,bc vtidtj,bs gbhjdyt,fc fybzt,c lfvfnt,bs afctekj,t,c
cjwbfkehc, gjkbnbrehc, tcstnbrehcა და acbmjkjubehc.
kblthbc bvbჯb bmvyt,f bv lflt,bsb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc
cfaeZdtkpt, hjvtkbw fhct,j,c sdbs kblthib. vfcfc kblthib
vjcojyc stfnhfkehj,f lf gkfrfnehj,f, moswons xarizmatuli
politikosebi. xarizma yalibdeba faseulobiTi _ fsiqologiu-
ri msjelobebisagan, romlebic politikosis biografiis
faqtebs exeba, mis warmoSobas an ojaxur cxovrebas,
religiurobas, ganaTlebas, samecniero an sportul miR-
wevebs da bolos pirovnul momxibvlelobas (garegnoba,
qcevis manera, laparaki).
am komponentis moqmedebas ukavSirdeba
Semdegi saxis argumentacia: `ukeTesia me xma
mivce adamians, romelic didad Zlieri araa sagareo
politikaSi (an finansebSi), samagierod sanimuSo
meojaxea, vidre xma mivce adamians, romelmac
kargad icis es sakiTxi, magram cols Ralatobs da sxv.
simboluri xasiaTis Sefasebebi yovelTvis ise mkafi-
od araa gacnobierebuli, rogorc zemoT moyvanil Sem-
TxvevaSi. xSirad isini qvecnobier doneze
moqmedeben. aq saWiro da efeqtiania fsiqoanalitikuri
da sxva specialuri meTodebis gamoyeneba
amomrCevelTa qcevis dafaruli motivebis
gamovlenisas.
amomrCevelTa qcevis dafaruli motivebis gamovle-
nisas mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes ormagi faseulobiTi

274
standartebi, rac dafiqsirebulia adamianis `socialur
qvecnobierebaSi~. aq igulisxmeba fsiqologiuri wina-
aRmdegobani Tanasworobis principsa da gaTanabrebi-
saken miswrafebas Soris, arCeviTi pirisadmi aSkarad
deklarirebuli profesionalizmis moTxovnisa da imavdro-
ulad specialistebisadmi undoblobas Soris, aseve
ლიდერს უნდა ქონდეს არა მარტო გმირუ-ხარიზმატული
თვისებები, არამედ, უნდა იყოს ჩვეულებრივი ადამიანური
თვისებების მატარებელიც: გულწრფელი, დღედაღამ
მშრომელი და ა. შ.
2016 wels aSS-Si aiovas Statis respublikuri partiis
sxdomamde ramdenime dRiT adre trampi aioveli
cnobili mqadageblis vaJma jeri feluel umcrosma wa-
radgina. feluelma msmenels uambo, rogor miipatiJa
trampma igi vaxSamze sakuTar TviTmfrinavSi. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom felueli vaxSamze raRac gansakuTrebuls
da ZviradRirebuls eloda, magram misi molodini ar ga-
marTlda. `...da iciT ra mivirTviT vaxSamze?~ _ hkiTxa
man msmenels — «vendi’s!». pasuxma didi aJiotaJi
gamoiwvia da msmeneli feluelTn erTad icinoda ambis
moulodnel dasasrulze. iq Sekrebilma adamianebma,
im qalaqis warmomadgenlebma, romelSic yoveli me-7
ojaxi siRaribeSi cxovrobs da maTi wliuri Semosavali
47 097 dolars ar aRemateba, dainaxes msgavseba
sakuTar Tavsa da niu-iorkel miliardels Soris. SesaZloa,
maTi da trampis cxovreba saerTodac ar hgavda erT-
maneTs, magram misi gemovneba xalxisTvis, erTi

275
SexedviT, nacnobi iyo. maT sjerodaT, rom Tuki odesme
gamdidreba eweraT _ da aRsaniSnavia, rom
TeTrkaniani muSaTa klasis amerikelebis sakmaod did
raodenobas, erT mSvenier dRes gamdidrebis
gulubryvilod swams _ swored trampis msgavsni
iqnebodnen da ara snobebi, rogorc miT romni, romelic
gasul arCevnebSi ugulvebelyves. mniSvnelovan wilad
am faqtorma ganapiroba araprofesionali politikosis,
biznesmeni jon uoker trampis arCeva aSS-s 45-e
prezidentis postze.
imis gasarkvevad Tu rogori stereotipebia damkvid-
rebuli sazogadoebaSi, rom pirovnebas am stereoti-
pebis mixedviT moargon imiji, tardeba sociologiuri
gamokiTxvebi, e.w. eleqtoratis temperaturis gazomva.
amis Semdeg xdeba politikosis susti da Zlieri mxaris
diagnostireba da mis safuZvelze debatebis dros unda
moxdes politikosis mier susti mxaris maqsimalurad
kontrolireba da Zlieri mxaris maqsimalurad gamo-
yeneba. am sakiTxebs miuZRvna Tavisi wigni ,,erovnuli
Taviseburebani xmebze nadirobis procesSi“ Tana-
medroveobis erT-erTi cnobilma reklamistma Jak
segelam, romelsac dasavleTSi ,,prezidentebis
Semqmnels“ uwodeben, radganac mogebuli aqvs
aTamde saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebi.
wignSi is moviTxrobs mis mier Catarebul saprezidento
kampaniebze. segela aRwers mis mier SeTavazebul
taqtikas safrangeTis prezidentis francua miteranis
saprezidento kampaniaSi debatebis dros. segelam

276
miteranisaTvis specialurad moamzada patara baraTi,
sadac ori grafa iyo: pirvel grafaSi CamoTvlili iyo
miteranis susti mxareebi, romelic mas unda
gamoesworebina da Zlier mxared gadaeqcia, xolo
meore grafaSi misi mowinaaRmdegis susti mxareebi.
miterans unda waekiTxa es baraTi yoveli teledebatebis
win da aucileblad gaeTvaliswinebina isini.
aseve teledebatebis dros segelas moTxovniT
SemuSavebul iqna ramodenime scenari. erTi SexedviT
gamoucdel mayurebels hgonia, rom teledebatebis dros
yvelaferi spontanurad, improvizirebulad xdeba.
sinamdvileSi, TiToeuli kandidatis gunds SemuSavebuli
aqvs telescenarebis ramdenime versia da cdilobs
mowinaaRmdege Tavisi gegmiT waiyvanos da Seityuos
winaswar dagebul maxeSi. Jak segela wers, rom krivis
msgavsad, teledebatebSi xSirad yvelaferi pirvel raundSi wydeba.
miteranma dasawyisSive miayena dartyma Siraks, roca uwoda
`batoni premier-ministri~. Sirakma Tavi ver Seikava da ankesze
wamoego: `neba momeciT SevniSno, rom am saRamos ukve arc me
var premier-ministri da arc Tqven prezidenti. Cven ori Tanabari
uflebebis mqone kandidati varT frangebis samsjavroze gamosuli...
Tqven bolo absoluturad marTali brZandebiT, batono premier-
ministro, _ miayola isev miteranma da Siraki nokdaunSi Caagdo.
debatebis dros Sinaarsobrivi konteqstis miRma didi
mniSvneloba aqvs politikosis Tavis daWeris maneras telekameris
win. segela wers, rom miteranis saarCevno kampaniis msvlelobaSi
adgili ar hqonia kandidatis videotrenings, ar Catarebula arc
telegenurobis kursebi. segelam miterans misca aseTi ubralo rCeva,

277
teleobieqtivis mzeris momentSi erT-srTi saSualeba, rom bunebrivad
gamoiyurebode, aris is, rom misce ufleba ilaparakon xelebma.
Sedegad miterani ufro Tavisufali, bunebrivi da gaxsnili gaxda. aqve
segela yuradRebas amaxvilebs TiTqosda wvrilman faqtze _ miterans
hqonda erTi cudi Cveva _ teledebatebis dros is xSirad axamxamebda
Tvalebs, riTac tovebda Tavis TavSi daurwmunebeli pirovnebis
STabeWdilebas. segelam rekomendacia misca mas, rom
daeyenebinaT telegaSuqebis axali varianti, ris Sedegadac gairkva,
rom Tvalebis xamxami gamowveuli yofila metismetad Tvalis
momWreli gaSuqebisagan.
uaRresad mniSvnelovania auditoriis molodinis momzadeba da
damuSaveba. sanam bil klintoni moinaniebda levinskisTan
dakavSirebiT, auditoriaSi inergeboda is azri, rom monaniebis
SemTxvevaSi mas momxdari epatieboda. aucilebelia Tavad pirveli
piris momzadebac. skandalebis periodSi klintons preskonferenciebs
utarebdnen, raTa misgan `risxva~ gamoeyvanaT, namdvil pres-
konferenciaze ki mSvidad yofiliyo da im adamianis STabeWdileba
daetovebina, romelic situacias flobs.
politikosebi masobrivi komunikaciebis Tanamedrove epoqaSi
mraval dilemas awydebian, amitom man unda moaxdinon adaptireba
Seqmnil politikur landSaftSi da Secvalon politikuri cxovrebisaTvis
ritorikis arsebuli gageba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi sityviT gamoms-
vlelma amomrCevelTa iseT farTo auditoriazec unda ifiqros,
rogoricaa masmedia, sityvis translireba radioTi an televiziiT. amis
gaTvaliswineba Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan erTi Secdoma _
araswori sityva da kandidati ganwirula, rom mTeli cxovrebis man-
Zilze uyurebdes satelevizio rgolebs, sadac iyeneben am Secdomas an
axali ambebis gadacemebs, sadac am Secdomis tiraJirebas axdenen.

278
amitomac xarjaven politikuri liderebi da kandidatebi bevr dros
imaze, rom darwmundnen: sityva sworadaa Sedgenili. niu-iorkis
universitetis profesori mitCel stivensi Tvlis, rom Tanamaedrove
etapze imiji jabnis sityvas, amitomac unda moxdes sityvebis
Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa kandidatis imijTan. gamosvlis ena
ganuyofeli unda iyos kandidatis saxisagan. mag.: sazogadoebis
cnobierebaSi samudamod damkvidrda aSS-s prezidentis bil klintonis
saxe, rodesac igi TiTiT imuqreba da uaryofs romans levinskisTan, an
martin luTer king umcrosis imijs zustad morgebuli sityvebi: `me
maqvs ocneba~.
debatebis warmoeba aris erTgvari sinTezi xelovnebisa da
mecnierebis, romlis drosac debatioris xarizmasa da auditoriis
momzadebasTan erTad aseve mniSvnelovania sworad SerCeuli
Tema.
amomrCevelTa Tematuri orientaciis kvlevisas mxedvelobaSi
unda gvqondes, rom politikuri diskusiis Temebi yovelTvis rodi
aRmocendeba `bunebrivi~ gziT. politikuri problematika mraval
SemTxvevaSi `obieqtur~ xasiaTs ar atarebs. is TavisTavad ar iba-
deba rigiTi amomrCevlis cnobierebaSi da TavisTavad ar Rebulobs
mkafio formulirebebs da argumentacias.
politikis sakvanZo problemebis wamoyenebisa da interpretaciis
iniciativa elitur jgufebs ekuTvniT. swored isini ayalibeben politikur
mniSvnelobaTa samyaros, romlebic Semdeg gamoaqvT sayovelTao
samsjavroze rogorc politikuri cxovrebis bunebrivi da obieqturi
problematika. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac problemas marTlac
saarsebo mniSvneloba aqvs, romlis ignorirebac SeuZlebelia, misi
`moSinaureba~ SeiZleba faseulobiT an raime sxvagvari interpretaciis
gziT.

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 problematika, romelsac amomrCevlebs sTavazoben
gansaxilvelad, yovelTvis rodia maTTvis saTanadod gasagebi.
politikuri elita `saSualo~ amomrCevels ideologiur an pragmatul
enaze elaparakeba, magram orive SemTxvevaSi amomrCevlebis
mier am enebis SeTviseba garkveuli damaxinjebiTa da siZneleebiT
xdeba. es garemoeba arTulebs partiul idenTifikacias. is niuansebi,
rac TvalsaCinoa politikuri diskusiis profesionalur doneze
Casatareblad mkafiod aCvenebs gansxvavebas partiebs Soris, igi
rigiTi amomrCevlis doneze SeiZleba saerTod ar aRiqmebodes, an
araarsebiTi xasiaTisad miiCneodes.
siZneleebi warmoiSoba Tavad problemebis arsis gansazRvris
drosac. amasTan yvelaze meti siZneleebi warmoiSoba swored im
partiebis enisa da Tematuri orientaciebis aRqmisas, romlebic
politikaSi misdevs pragmatul, liberalur stils. es stili ganisazRvreba
upiratesi interesiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis praqtikuli
amocanebisadmi. faseulobiTi diskusiebi, warmoebuli liberaluri
poziciebidan, _ esaa racionaluri xasiaTis diskusia, romelic apelirebas
axdens amomrCevlis codnasTan da mis unarTan _ Tanmimdevrulad
ganixilos sakiTxebi. is moTxovnebi, rasac liberaluri elita
amomrCevels uyenebs, xSirad saTanado gamoZaxils ver poulobs im
qveynebSic ki, romelTac Rrma da mdidari liberaluri tradiciebi aqvT.
aSS-Si Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom amomrCevelTa
daaxloebiT naxevars (amasTan laparakia `informirebul amom-
rCevlebze~, e.i. iseTebze, romelTac gadawyvites gamoeTqvaT
TavianTi pozicia garkveul sakiTxebze) SeuZlia ama Tu im partiis an
kandidatis damokidebulebis gaigiveba.
14.2. politikuri debatebis qarTuli
dilemebi

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 qarTul telesivrceSi, politikur gadacemebs Tu Se-
vavlebT Tvals, vnaxavT, rom politikuri debatebi arc ise
gamarTuli meqanizmiT funqcionirebs. politikuri
debatebis princips, rogorc wesi, argumentaciis simtki-
ce gansazRvravs, rodesac, pirobiTad, ori mowinaaRm-
dege mxare cdilobs, rac SeiZleba damajereblad warsd-
ges mayureblis winaSe, metad SeZlos sakuTari ideebis
gaJRereba da mowinaaRmdegis argumentebis
gabaTilebac. Tumca, qarTul telesivrceSi misi arsi
sxvagvarad gvevlineba. debatebisas, politikuri liderebi
sakuTar partiul programebsa da xedvaze ki ar
gvesaubrebian, aramed oponentis damarcxebas
cdiloben. samwuxarod, qarTveli politikosebisaTvis
debatebi urTierTobis garkvevis SesaZlebloba da
personaluri lanZRvis arenaa. TiTqos, rac ufro mwvaved
Seuracxyof Sens mowinaaRmdeges, ufro maRal qulas
daimsaxureb. sainteresoa isic, rom msgavsi
mocemuloba sulac ar aris araefeqturi. piriqiT, xalxs
moswons msgavsi daZabuli siuJetis Serkinebis xilva,
pirovnul urTierTobamde dayvanili dapirispireba.
mediasac xels aZlevs msgavsi Sedegebi da amitomac,
ganzrax waradgenen studiaSi iseT respondentebs,
romelTa miwvevac apriori reitingis zrdas gulisxmobs.
Sesabamisad, media ufro metad bazarzea orien-
tirebuli, vidre xarisxze.
qarTuli politikuri debatebis erT-erT maxasiaTeblad
SegviZlia is garemoeba, rodesac politikur procesebsa

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da mis Sedegebze saubroben mxolod partiis liderebi.
sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobia partiis platforma da
ideologia. is gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxolod pirovnebis
xarizmisa da debatebis dros misi labirebis unaris
mixedviT. Tumca aqve, isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom
segelas azriT, es garemoeba Tanamedrove politikis Ta-
viseburebas warmoadgens. ufro metic. is Tavis cnobil
wignSi rekomendaciebsac iZleva am faqtTan dakavSi-
rebiT: sazogadoebas moswons da xmas aZlevs:
1. pirovnebas da ara mis partias;
2. ideas da ara ideologias;
3. momavals da ara warsuls;
4. socialur motivs da ara politikurs;
5. adamian-legendas da ara uferul pirovnebas;
6. saintereso bedis pirovnebas da ara Cveulebrivi bedisas;
7. gamarjvebuls da ara xelmocaruls;
8. WeSmarit da ara yalb Rirebulebebs.
magram frangi amomrCevlisagan Sexedulebebisagan
gansxvavdeba politikosis qarTulad gagebuli xarizma. qarTulma
sazogadoebam SeiZleba sustad da aradamajereblad aRiqvas
politikuri lideri, romelic debatebisas ar iqneba agresiuli. raRa Tqma
unda, SeuZlebelia visaubroT informirebul sazogadoebaze, roca
calkeul adamianebze gavlenas axdens ara partiisadmi ideuri simtkice,
aramed partiis wevrTa mondomeba, efeqturad lanZRon
mowinaaRmdege. sazogadoebam SeiZleba sustad da
aradamajereblad aRiqvas politikuri lideri, romelic debatebisas
sakuTari fizikuri Zalis demonstrirebas ver SeZlebs. ase gadaiqceva
saeTero studia piradi davebis gadawyvetis arenad, sadac politikur

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gancxadebebze metad, piradi Seuracxyofis Semcveli mimarTvebi
ismis.
meore ukiduresobad SegviZlia ganvixiloT arakompetenturoba,
rodesac politikur procesebsa da mis Sedegebze saubroben ubralod,
sazogadoebisTvis cnobili saxeebi. isini ki, rogorc wesi, romelime
politikuri gundis gulmxurvale mxardamWerni arian da sapirispo
azrisadmi srul gulgrilobas gamoxataven. movlenebsac, ra Tqma
unda, piradi damokidebulebiT afaseben, rasac obieqturobasTan
araviTari kavSiri aqvs. samagierod, maTi azri bevrisTvis sando
SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rogorc sayvareli msaxiobisa Tu momRerlis
pozicia. es ki, am adamianis politikur qcevazec aisaxeba.
SeiniSneba kidev erTi tendencia, rodesac politikur liderebs
argumentebi „amoewurebaT“, sulac ar ibnevian, piriqiT,
momarTulni arian gascdnen politikur CarCoebs da iseTi mimarTva
gamoiyenon oponentisadmi, romelic sulac ar aris kavSirSi politikur
konteqstTan. samagierod, informacias gvawvdis individis „pirad
sivrceze“. esec momgebiani poziciaa. SesaZloa, sazogadoebaze
aman Zlieri gavlena iqonios. roca ici, rom oponentis Sexeduleba
garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sazogadeobrivi xedvisgan
gansxvavebulia, masze CaWideba da afiSireba, xalxis
keTilganwyobis mopovebis garantiaa.
politikuri debatebi saqarTveloSi xSirad scdeba eTikis sazRvrebs
da ufro metad piradi davis garCevas emsgavseba, vidre politikur
ideaTa Widils. qarTveli politikosebisaTvis miuRebelia alternatiuli
azri, Tundac, argumentirebuli. politikuri debatebi CvenSi ar-
gumentebis Widili ki ara, pirovnebaTa brZolaa, rac SeiZleba meti
mayureblis simpatia moipovo Seni fizikuri da ara inteleqtualuri Zalis
demonstrirebiT. es ki, ZiriTadad, qarizmisa da lideris politikuri xiblis

283
damsaxurebaa. amasTan, aqtualuria Seuracxmyofeli, araeTikuri
mimarTvebic. msgavsi damokidebuleba ki, sazogadoebaSi, sadac
agresia waxalisebulic kia, sulac ar aRiqmeba araprofesionalurad.
is faqti, rom debatebis kultura qarTul telesivrceSi Zalian
dabalia, gasakviri araa. ver vityviT, rom es mxolod qarTuli
fenomenia.Atranziciis periodis qveynebSi, rodesac demokratiia
Zalian myifea, msgavsi procesebi ar aris ucxo. Tumca sxvadasxva
qveyana am periods sxvadasxva intensivobiTa da drois xangrZlivo-
bis gansxvavebuli monakveTebSi gadis. gardamavali periodis
problemebis simwvave da drois sidide damokidebulia pirovnul
faqtorebze, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTulobaze qveyanaSi
politikuri demokratiuli kulturis ganviTarebasa da demokratiuli
instituciebis mSeneblobaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, mentaluri cvlilebebi
moyveba, maT Soris saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebisa da faseulobiTi
diskusiebis gagebis kuTxiT. es ukanaskneli saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc
sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi udides siZneleebs iwvevs.
faseulobaTa diskursebi moiTxovs moTminebas, farTo inteleqtualur
Tvalsawiers, mzadyofnas socialur-kulturuli ZiebebisaTvis da a.S.
yovelive amas postsabWouri amomrCevlebis umravlesoba
moklebulia. amitom iseTi problematika, rogoricaa finansuri
stabilizaciis pirobebi, warmoebis ganviTareba, sakuTrebiTi
urTierTobebis, ucxouri inversticiebi, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis reforma, ganaTlebis reforma da a.S.,
amomrCevlebisaTvis Znelad gasagebia. maTTvis gaugebari rCeba
am problemebis arsebiTi aspeqtebi, rac xels ar uSlis maT farTo
gamoyenebas ideologizirebuli politikuri spekulirebis dros. kidev ufro
Znelad aRiqmeba liberaluri problematikis ena saqarTvelos da,
zogadad, postsabWouri qveynebis amomrCevlebis mier. imisaTvis,

284
rom adekvaturi Sefaseba mieces Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis ukiduresad rTul sistemas da amasTan, Zalzed rTuli
socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis pirobebSi, aucilebelia
specialuri politikuri cxovrebis movlenebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
maTi analizi racionaluri procedurebis safuZvelze.
Tavi meTxuTmete
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fsiqologia

15.1. dimitri uznaZis omis filosofia

didi xnis manZilze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganviTarebis

Seswavlas aferxebda fsiqologiuri faqtorebis saerTod ugulebelyofa.
jeims goldgeiermis azriT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da sagareo
politikis Seswavlis mTavari damabrkolebeli garemoeba iyo is, rom
seriozulad ar uyureben fsiqologiur faqtorebs individualuri
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa processa da jgufTaSoris urTierTobebSi.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis Seswavla
aris am mecnierebis aucilebeli da ganuyofeli atributi. saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebma ignorireba gaukeTa politikaSi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesisa da rwmenis sistemebis fsiqologias.
saerTaSoriso politikis sferoSi gamoqveynda fsiqologiuri
xasiaTis ramodenime fundamenturi Sroma da Catarda kvlevebi.
Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia klasikadaa miCneuli robert jervisis da
riCard lebous Sromebi; da ramdenime wlis win saerTaSoriso urTier-
Tobebis fsiqologiaSi Seqmnili ralf vaiTis, jekson himanis, rouz
makdermotisa da jonaTan merseris inovaciuri naSromebi.
calke gvinda aRvniSnoT saqarTveloSi fsiqologiuri skolis
damaarseblis, saerTaSoriso donis mecnieris dimitri uZnaZis naSromi

285
,,omis filosofia~’. omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebi aris saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis mTavari Tema da gamowveva. omi, ar aris marto sa-
xelmwifoebs, erebsa da adamianebs Soris dapirispireba, is aris
bunebrivi movlena, romlisgnac Sedgeba TviT adamianis organizmi.
misi epicentri ki imunuri sistemaa romelic mTeli Cveni arsebobis
ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv brZolaSia. bunebac brZolis velia,
sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris, sadac Zlieri amarcxebs susts. adamianis
fsiqologiis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, gaCnda axali samyaro, Tavisi
omebiT, romelic adamianis TavSi moTavsda. am omebSia Cveni
motivebi, anu brZola eSmakTan, an brZola emociebTan (ZiriTadad
SiSTan) da sakuTar TavTan, rasac adamiani mihyavs stresamde,
uimedobamde da zogjer fatalur dasasrulamdec.
cxovrebiseul omebs Soris, yvelaze rTuli da uazro omi aris
adamianur modgmaTa Soris dapirispireba, radgan igi moicavs
yvelasa da yvelafers, mas ar aqvs sazRvrebi da akrZalva, igi moicavs
warmoudgenel masStabebs. ,,totaluri brZola wesebis gareSe~
romelSic gamarjvebulic da damarcxebulic adamiania.
qarTuli fsiqologiuri skolis damaarsebeli, udidesi moazrovne
dimitri uznaZe Tavis naSromSi ,,omis filosofia~ am sakiTxebze
msjelobisas sikvdils ganixilavs, rogorc borotebas. igi ixsenebs
naxats, romelmac masze waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdina. naxatze
gamosaxuli iyo axalgazrda qali, romelic tbis gayinul zedapirze
misrialebda. qals Tan sdevda misi Crdili. mxatvarma Crdils sikvdilis
ConCxis saxe misca, romelic cdilobda qalis dauflebas, raTa
samudamod Caeqro misi sicocxlis majiscema. qalma igrZno uxilavi
Tanamgzavris ganzraxva da cdilobda misgan Tavis daRwevas. igi
misrialebda yinulis zedapirze da TandaTan uaxlovdeboda ufskruls.
axalgazrda qali ganze ixreba, icvlis mimarTulebas da ganagrZobs

286
gzas. dimitri uznaZis TqmiT, qalis yoveli qmedeba sikvdilisadmi Si-
Sis grZnobiT aris nakarnaxevi. filosofosis azriT, adamiani
dabadebidanve cdilobs, rom sikvdilis celis msxverpli ar gaxdes.
avtori Tvlis, rom swored sikvdilisadmi SiSia Cveni cxovrebis
mmarTveli principi. misi azriT: `sikvdilis SiSi mudmivi da aucilebeli
faqtia adamianis cxovrebaSi~. dimitri uznaZes miaCnia, rom yoveli
Cvengani gamsWvalulia am SiSiT, Tumca arseboben adamianebi,
romlebic mTeli cxovreba uazrod ebrZvian sikvdils. es brZola ki
yovelTvis sikvdilis gamarjvebiT sruldeba. miuxedavad amisa, es
adamianebic iseve imsWvalebian misdami SiSiT, rogorc yvela
mokvdavi. amis dasturad avtors mohyavs Sopenhaueris magaliTi:
`gaixseneT Sopenhaueri! vin iyo masze ufro brwyinvale mociquli
pesimizmisa, magram Znelia ipovo iseTi adamiani, romelic masze
ufro gaurboda sikvdils.~
mecnieri Tvlis, rom sikvdili yvelas Tanabar SiSs aRuZravs. igi
yvela adamianisTvis borotebaa. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs
zogierTi moazrovne, romelic sikvdilSi ufro sikeTes xedavs, vidre
borotebas. Tumca, sazogadoebis umetesi nawili sikvdils ubedurebis
saxeliT naTlavs, mkvlels ki – udidesi borotebis Camdens. magram
iwyeba omi…da Cveni azric icvleba. mtris sikvdilis ambavi
sasixarulod Cagvesmis yurebSi. erT dReSi aTasobiT adamiani
iRupeba da Tu vinmem brZlolaSi Tavi isaxela, Cven sasiqadulod
migvaCnia misi ,,raindoba~. sxva dros ki, erTi kacis mkvlelic ki
sastikad isjeboda, axla ki aTasi kacis sisxlSi amosvrili xeli, raindis
xelad migvaCnia. dimitri uznaZes miaCnia, rom gonebas cxovrebis
faqtebis Sefasebis Zala ar Seswevs da Tu sazogadoeba am azrs
Caufiqrdeba, mxolod maSin SeZlebs omis sakiTxis gadaWras da
gaazrebas. filosofosis azriT, ,,adamianis sicocxle mxolod saSualebaa,

287
romlis meoxebiTac xorcieldeba is umaRlesi daniSnuleba, adamianis
arsebobas sarCulad rom udevs.’’ aqve avtors mohyavs rusi
filosofosis, vladimer soloviovis Sexeduleba omis Sesaxeb. rusi
filosofosis azriT, omi gaerTianebis mizans emsaxureba, magram
uznaZe ar eTanxmeba mis mosazrebas da soloviovis Sexedulebis
mcdarobis dasadastureblad mohyavs romis imperiis magaliTi da 30
wliani omi, romelmac germanias gaerTianebis nacvlad, sapirispiro
Sedegi moutana. aseve SegviZlia gavixsenoT aleqsandre
makedonelis magaliTi. igi Tvlida, rom rac ufro met saxelmwifos
daipyrobda, miT ufro met xalxs gaaerTianebda da xels Seuwyobda
maT Soris savaWro da kulturul urTierTobas. misi mcdeloba kraxiT
dasrulda, radgan misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, imperia nawilebad
daiSala.
uznaZes miaCnia, rom omis dros calkeuli adamianis sikvdili
SiSs aRar iwvevs, ase rom Cveni sicocxle Cveni arsebobis mizani ki
ar aris, aramed is aris saSualeba, romelic garkveuli miznebis
miRwevas msxverplad ewireba. avtori wers, rom Cveni cxovrebis
daniSnulebis es obieqturi xasiaTi kacobriobis istoriidanac Cans. mas
magaliTad mohyavs aristotele da platoni, Temistokle da fidiasi,
aleqsandre da napoleoni, romlebsac Tavisuflad SeeZloT moewyoT
TavianTi piradi cxovreba. maT nacvlad ki kacobriobis gmirTa pan-
TeonSi idgebodnen: katilina da lukuli, alkipiadsi da krasi, maSin
mahmadi, buda, konfuci da qriste Tavs daxridnen romael
aristokratTa winaSe, romelTa cxovrebac mxolod gancxroma da
siamovneba iyo. magram kacobrioba qeds ar ixris maT winaSe da
arc oqros asoebiT aRbeWdavs maT saxelebs mexsierebis dafaze.
uznaZe kacobriobis istoriul warsuls aigivebs adamianebTan, romle-
bic udides balavarze raRacas aSeneben, maTgan moSorebiT ki

288
mravali qali da kaci gancxromas miscemia. isini sulelebad
miiCneven im adamianebs, romlebic TavianT sicocxles raRac
Senobis agebas andomeben.
fsiqologi aseve ganixilavs kulturas, rogorc mudmivad
ganviTarebad process. misi azriT, erovnuli kultura SeiZleba
SeCerdes da ukanac daixios misma ganviTarebam. amis magaliTia
saberZneTi, romelic osmaleTis banotobis dros araviTar kulturul
winsvlas ar ganicdida. mudvivi ganviTareba SesaZlebelia, mTavaria
msoflioSi arsebobdes aqtiuri principi, es aqtiuri principi ki
sulierebaa. aqtiuri momenti mudam unda ebrZodes pasiur moments,
anu nivTierebas da am brZolis Sedegad pasiuri momenti unda
daemsgavsos aqtiur moments, igi unda gansulierdes. uznaZe
miiCnevs, rom kulturuli Semoqmedeba mxolod erovnebaTa fargleb-
Si SeiZleba warmoebdes. rac Seexeba omis problemas, igi Tvlis, rom
am dros qreba yvelanairi SiSi sikvdilis mimarT. rodesac omi
TavdacviTi xasiaTisaa, igi cxovrebis azris ganxorcielebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelas siamovnebiT
miaqvs zvarakad Tavisi sicocxle. mxolod mogeriebiT oms SeuZlia
warmoSvas iseTi didebuli pirovnebebi, rogoric mag. Jana darki iyo.
magram roca omi SeteviTi xasiaTisaa, maSin gmiroba da
Tavganwirva sanTliT saZebari xdeba. amitomac avtoris azriT,
mogeriebiTi omi TiTqmis mudmivad gamarjvebiT sruldeba. mas
magaliTad mohyavs berZen-sparselTa omebi. berZnebi mogeriebiT
oms eweodnen, ris Sedegadac am garemoebam maT STabera
uZleveli suli, rac maTi gamarjvebiT dasrulda. filosofosi Tvlis, rom
TavdacviTi omi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis azris
ganxorcielebasTan. misi azriT, cxovrebis azrma kalapotSi unda
Caayenos adamianTa moqmedebis mcdari saxe, Cveni energiis uazro

289
xarjva unda aRikveTos da unda dadges iseTi dro, roca omic srul
daviwyebas miecema.
wminda mamebic Tvlian, rom omi _ udidesi ubedurebaa; masSi
TiTqosda xorcSesxmulia codvis is satanuri energia, romelsac
kacobrioba agrovebs. omSi mraval sisastikes Cadian, brZolis velze
mters klaven, magram TviTonac iRupebian, aq ki mkvleli daucvel
Cvils klavs da sapasuxo qmedebisgan dazRveulia. brZolis velze
meomari mters ebrZvis, xolo sakuTar SvilTa mkvleli mSoblebi
yaCaRebsa da avazakebze gacilebiT uaresad iqcevian. yovel
SemTxvevaSi yaCaRica da avazakic riskavs Tundac kanonis winaSe,
aq ki kanoni dums. aq mkvleli windawin gamarTlebulia Cveni
qveynis kanonebis mier. im qveynis kanonebis mier, romelic Tumca
sicocxleze uflebis deklarirebas axdens, magram srulebiTac ar icavs
am uflebas. mkvleli gamarTlebulia sakuTari wamxdari sindisiTa
Tanamedrove liberaluri sazogadoebis azriT da faqtiurad, Cveni
sazogadoeba solidarobas ucxadebs mkvlelebs, radgan am danaSaulis
mimarT aranair protests ar gamoxatavs. yovelgvari garegnuli
uTanxmoeba, ganxeTqileba da omebi Sinaganidan modis _
adamianis sulieri gaorebisagan, RmerTsa da sakuTar TavTan misi
Sinagani uTanxmoebis gamo, radgan igi RmerTs da sakuTar Tavs
Sinaganad upirispirdeba. qristianoba naTelia, omi sibnele. qristiano-
ba oms verasodes Seegueba. Cveni droisTvis damaxasiaTebelia,
rogorc omis saSiSroeba, ise omis sawinaaRmdego erToblivi
moqmedeba, romelSic religiuri wreebic aqtiur monawileobas iReben.
da es gasagebia, radgan mSvidobisaken swrafva da misTvis brZola
yoveli qristianis wminda movaleobaa.

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 15.2. avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba

ra aiZulebda aTasobiT nacists, damorCilebodnen hitleris

brZanebebs da milionobiT ebraeli gaegzavnaT gazis kamerebSi?
gaaCndaT maT moraluri normebi Tu ara? rogor unda avxsnaT
sxvadasxva kultebis mimdevarTa mzadyofna, ara marto sakuTari
sicocxle xelyon, aramed sxvebic Tan gaiyolon? SegiZliaT, warmoid-
ginoT Tavi im asobiT udanaSaulo adamianis amoxocvis monawiled,
rac amerikelma jariskacebma, zemdgom pirTa brZanebiT, vietnamis
sofel mai-laiSi ganaxorcieles?
am kiTxvebze pasuxi yvela normaluri adamianisaTvis
uaryofiTia, magram moqmedi socialuri Zalebis gavleniT, igive
adamianebi konkretul situaciaSi Cadiodnen am saSinelebebs. am
procesis _ individis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis gavlenis axsnas
Seecada stenli milgremi. mis mier Catarebulma kvlevam (1965,
1974) cxadyo, rom meore msoflio omis dros nacistebis brma morCi-
leba imdenad maTi dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebis (anu maTi
gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli Tvisebebis an germanelebis erovnuli
xasiaTis) moqmedebis Sedegi ar iyo, ramdenadac iseTi situaciuri
Zalebis moqmedebisa, romelTac nebismieri adamianis STanTqma
SeeZlo. rogor SeZlo man imis Cveneba, rasac arendtma „borotebis
banaluroba~ uwoda – rodesac boroti qmedebebi SeiZleba Cve-
ulebrivma adamianebma Caidinon, romlebic sulac ar arian ulmobelni
da ubralod gauazreblad, yovelgvari gansjis gareSe asruleben sxvebis
brZanebebs.
morCilebis kvlevis milgremiseuli programa erT-erTi yvelaze
sakamaTo programaa, vinaidan masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi

291
arsebiTad ukavSirdeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobasa da eTikur
problemebs.
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri maxasiaTeblebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mizniT, milgremma laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebis mTeli seria – avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19
laboratoriuli eqsperimenti Caatara, romelSic 1000-ze meti cdis piri
monawileobda. milgremis pirveli eqsperimentebi ielis universitetSi
tardeboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb mamakacebze,
romelTac eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis anazRaureba eZleodaT.
mogvianebiT man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria universitetidan
brijportSi, koneqtikutis StatSi gadaitana, sadac sagazeTo
gancxadebebis saSualebiT agrovebda eqsperimentSi monawileobis
msurvelebs, mosaxleobis yvela fenis, orive sqesis, asakiT,
saqmianobiTa da ganaTlebis doniT gansxvavebul adamianebs.
milgremis ZiriTadi eqsperimentuli paradigma is iyo, rom cdis
pirebi CarTulni iyvnen iseT saqmianobaSi, romelic, rogorc amaSi
TviT cdis pirebi iyvnen darwmunebulebi, sxva adamianze
sxvadasxva diapazonis eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda.
es nebayoflobiT SerCeuli xalxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom monawi-
leobda mexsierebisa da daswavlis procesis mecnierul kvlevaSi. isini
daarwmunes, rom kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu
rogor moqmedebs sasjeli mexsierebaze da rogor gaumjobesdeboda
daswavlis procesi Seqebisa da dasjis saTanado TanafardobiT
gamoyenebiT. cdis pirebs, romelTac maswavleblis socialuri roli
mieniWaT, daSvebuli SecdomebisaTvis unda daesajaT isini,
romelTac moswavlis roli hqondaT dakisrebuli. maT ganemartaT
ZiriTadi wesi, romliTac unda exelmZRvanelaT da romlis mixedviT

292
yoveli Secdomis Semdeg eleqtroSoki unda gaeZlierebinaT, vidre ar
miaRwevdnen dasaswavli masalis uSecdomod gadmocemas.
TeTr xalaTSi gamowyobili eqsperimentatori sruli kanonieri
uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piriviT moqmedebda; is cdis pirebs
acnobda wesebs, awesrigebda rolebis ganawilebas (mTeli
seriozulobiT atarebda kenWisyrebs) da maswavleblebs miTiTebebs
aZlevda, rom kargad SeesrulebinaT dakisrebuli davaleba, rogorc ki
maT yoymans an gansxvavebuli azris gamovlenis mcdelobas
amCnevda. damokidebuli cvladis _ eleqtroSokis maqsimaluri
maCvenebeli aparatze 450 volti iyo, romlis miRwevac mcire, 1.5-
voltiani bijebiT xdeboda da romelsac maswavlebeli moswavlis
yoveli Secdomis sapasuxod umatebda, vidre is ar Sewyvetda „avtori-
tetis~ (e.i. eqsperimentatoris mimarT) damorCilebas da uars ar
ityoda davalebis Sesrulebaze. eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom
cdis piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina, rom igi – asrulebda ra brZanebebs
– tkivils ayenebda, stanjavda da, SesaZloa, moekla kidec udanaSaulo
adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels 45 voltis Zabvis eleqtrodartyma
miayenes, raTa mas warmodgena hqonoda, Tu ra intensivobis tkivils
iwvevda igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis,
gawonasworebuli manerebis mqone, ormocdaaTiode wlis mamakaci
iyo, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, ambobda, rom guli awuxebda, magram
fulis gamo mzad iyo am proceduris gasavlelad. mas gverdiT oTaxSi
abamdnen `eleqtroskamze~ da maswavlebelTan Sida sakomunikacio
qselis meSveobiT urTierTobda. moswavles evaleboda dawyvilebuli
sityvebis damaxsovreba da wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis dasaxeleba,
rogorc ki gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem, winaswar
dadgenili ganrigis Sesabamisad, maleve daiwyo Secdomebis
daSveba da maswavlebelmac ar daayovna eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba.

293
msxverplis protesti izrdeboda eleqtroSokis voltaJis matebasTan
erTad. 75 voltze man Civili da buzRuni daiwyo. 150-ze eqspe-
rimentSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba
moiTxova. 180 voltze is yviroda, rom veRar gauZlebs am tkivils.
300 voltze gahyviroda, rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da
ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. bolos tiriliT laparakobda Tavis avadmyof
gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli yoymanobda, an uars acxadebda
ufro maRali eleqtroSokis miyenebaze, eqsperimentatori mas
eubneboda: `eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom Tqven gaagrZeloT~, an
`Tqven ar gaqvT arCevani, unda gaagrZeloT~.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pirebisTvis Zalze stresuli
iyo. cdis pirTa umetesoba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv
aRniSnavda, rom amis gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlo. is, rom
eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam cdis pirebSi Zlieri protesti ga-
moiwvia, naTlad Cans eqsperimentis angariSebidanac: 180-voltiani
Sokis Semdeg: `amdens ver gauZlebs! me ar vapireb am kacis
mokvlas. gesmiT, yviris! is ver gauZlebs amas. rame rom
daemarTos?… am kacs raime rom daemarTos, vin agebs pasuxs?~
(eqsperimentatori Tanxmdeba pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze) – `maS,
kargi~. 195-voltiani Sokis Semdeg: „xom gesmiT rogor yviris?
magaria ra, ar vici~ (eqsperimentatori eubneba, rom aucilebelia gagr-
Zeleba) `diax, me vici, ser, magram vfiqrob, eg azrze ar aris, raSi
gaeba. ukve 195 voltia~. maSinac ki, rodesac moswavlis oTaxSi
siCume isadgurebda, maswavlebeli brZanebebs iZleoda, ufro
moematebinaT eleqtroSokis voltaJi da daeWiraT TiTi Rilakze,
romelsac ewera: `saxifaToa. Zlieri Soki XXX (450 volti)~.
eqsperimentis dawyebamde milgremma 40 fsiqiatrs mimarTa
TxovniT, raTa ewinaswarmetyvelaT cdis pirTa qceva eqsperimentis

294
ganmavlobaSi. maT (eqsperimentis aRweraze dayrdnobiT)
iwinaswarmetyveles, rom cdis pirebis umravlesoba ar acdeboda 150
volts, 4%-ze naklebi morCilebas gamoxatavda 300 voltamde da
mxolod 0.1% gaagrZelebda zemoqmedebas 450 voltamde. progno-
zirebisas fsiqiatrebi eyrdnobodnen mosazrebas, rom srul morCilebas
gamoavlendnen da maqsimalur eleqtroSoks gamoiyenebdnen
mxolod garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT aranormaluri, sadisti
adamianebi, romlebsac siamovnebT sxvebisTvis tkivilis miyeneba.
fsiqiatrebi aseT Sefasebebs afuZnebdnen Sexedulebaze, rom
aseTi aranormaluri qcevebis ganmaxorcielebel adamianebs gaaCniaT
gansakuTrebuli dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca, maT
mxedvelobidan gamorCaT situaciis is gansakuTrebuli Zala, romelsac
cdis pirTa umravlesobis azrovnebasa da qcevebze gavlenis moxdena
SeeZlo, vinaidan isini „amoglejilni~ iqnen maTTvis Cveuli
situaciidan.
RirsSesaniSnavi da SemaSfoTebeli daskvna ki isaa, rom es
eqspertebi Secdnen: cdis pirTa umravlesoba srulad daemorCila
avtoritets. arc erTi cdis piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb
Zabvaze. moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri
eleqtroSoki – 450 volti. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom maTi
umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda winaaRmdegobas, magram
qceviT emorCileboda avtoritets. msxverplis TvalsazrisiT, es kritikuli
sxvaobaa. marTlac, Tqven rom yofiliyaviT msxverplis adgilze, raime
mniSvneloba eqneboda imas, rom adamians ar undoda TqvenTvis
tkivilis moyeneba da sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda brZanebas, Tuki
is, bolos da bolos, daemorCileboda brZanebas da mogayenebdaT
eleqtroSokis ganmeorebad dartymebs?

295
 milgremis eqsperimentis Sedegebi imdenad moulodneli iyo,
rom mkvlevrebs didi Sroma dasWirdaT, raTa gamoericxaT maTi
alternatiuli interpretaciis SesaZleblobebi. erTaderTi gamosavali is
iyo, rom daeSvaT, TiTqos cdis pirebma realurad ar daijeres eqs-
perimentis „legenda~. SesaZloa, maT isic ki ar daijeres, rom
msxverpls namdvilad ayenebdnen tkivils. amis gamosaricxad
Catarda iseTi eqsperimenti, romelSic damorCilebis efeqti realuri,
swrafi da uSualo iyo.
kolejis studentebi Tvlidnen, rom wvrTnidnen lekvs, romelzec
yoveli Secdomis Semdeg eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen. isini
realurad xedavdnen, rogor xteboda lekvi da esmodaT misi wkmutuni
yovelTvis, rodesac Rilakze aWerdnen xels da aZlierebdnen dens
cxaurSi, romelzec lekvi idga. ramdeni adamiani isurvebda lekvze
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebisa da misi wvalebis gagrZelebas? am
realur situaciaSic ki studentebis samma meoTxedma eleqtroSokis
maqsimaluri odenoba gamoiyena Sheridan & King, 1972).
cdis pirebis qcevis kidev erT alternatiul axsnas warmoadgens is,
rom eqsperimentis Sedegebze gavlena moaxdina misi pirobebis
moTxovniTma maxasiaTeblebma. es moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebia, romlebic zemoqmedebdnen
cdis pirebze da aniSnebdnen, Tu ras elian maTgan. davuSvaT, mil-
gremis cdis pirebi mixvdnen, rom misi eqsperimentis Sedegebi
bevrad ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu isini ar Sewyvetdnen
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebas da amitomac, agrZelebdnen TamaSs.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom avtoritetisadmi damorCileba
sulac ar ganicdis uCveulo eqsperimentuli pirobebis gavlenas. is,
SesaZloa, nebismier cxovrebiseul situaciaSi moxdes.

296
 mkvlevrebis jgufma, saavadmyofos situaciaSi damorCilebis
Seswavlis mizniT, Caatara Semdegi savele kvleva. meddas (cdis piri)
telefoniT daureka eqimma, romelsac arasodes Sexvedria. eqimma
mas davaleba misca _ pacientisTvis garkveuli wamali mieca ise, rom
am wamals eqimis mosvlamde emoqmeda. eqimma daniSna 20 mg
wamali, romelsac astroteni erqva. wamlis yuTze gakeTebuli warwera
ityobineboda, rom astrotenis Cveulebrivi doza _ 5 mg, xolo
maqsimaluri doza 10 mg iyo. SeeZlo Tu ara meddas pacientisTvis
wamlis gadaWarbebuli doza ucnobi piris satelefono zaris Sedegad
mieca maSin, roca es dadgenil samedicino praqtikas
ewinaaRmdegeboda? rodesac es dilema 12 meddas aRuweres, 10-ma
ganacxada, rom isini ar daemorCilebodnen ucnobis zars. xolo is, Tu
rogor moiqcnen meddebi realurad, sxva, axla ukve kargad cnobili
ambavia.
rodesac meddebis sxva jgufi moxvda analogiur situaciaSi,
TiTqmis yvela maTgani damorCilda. 22-dan 21-ma meddam daiwyo
pacientisTvis wamlis (sinamdvileSi, sruliad uvnebeli nivTierebis)
micema, vidre mkvlevarma eqimma ar SeaCera isini (Hofling et al,
1966). es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom milgremis mier miRebuli Sedegi
ar SeiZleba mieweros eqsperimentis pirobebis maxasiaTeblebis
moTxovnebze cdis pirTa reagirebas.
milgremis kvleva adasturebs, rom imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom
emorCilebian adamianebi avtoritets, saWiroa ufro detalurad
ganvixiloT garkveul situaciebSi moqmedi fsiqologiuri Zalebi. qcevas
xSirad zRudavs situaciuri Zalebi da swored milgremis kvlevam war-
moaCina am ZiriTadi principis naTeli magaliTi. milgremi da sxva
mkvlevrebi eqsperimentuli situaciis mTeli rigi aspeqtebiT
manipulirebas axdendnen, raTa gamoekveTaT, rom damorCilebis

297
efeqti ganpirobebulia ara pirovnuli, aramed situaciuri faqtorebiT.
morCileba sakmaod dabalia, rodesac TviTon moswavle iTxovs
masze zemoqmedebas, rodesac ori avtoritetiani piri iZleva
urTierTsawinaaRmdego miTiTebebs, an TviT avtoritetia msxverpli.
es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom qcevaze zegavlenas axdens situacia da
ara cdis pirebs Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi.
ori mizezi, romlis gamoc adamianebi avlenen morCilebas am
situaciebSi, normatuli da informaciuli gavlenis wyaroebamde
migviyvans: _ adamianebs surT, rom mowonebul iqnen (normatuli
gavlena) da iyvnen marTlebi (informaciuli zegavlena). isini
midrekilni arian moiqcnen ise, rogorc sxvebi iqcevian, an iqceodnen
ise, rom iyvnen socialurad misaRebni da mosawonni. amasTan,
gaurkvevel, axal situaciebSi, magaliTad, am eqsperimentis msgavs
situaciebSi, adamianebi endobian sxvebis miniSnebebs imis
Taobaze, Tu ra saxis qcevebia adekvaturi da swori. ufro xSirad isini
eqspertebs da sando pirebs endobian, romlebic karnaxoben maT, Tu
rogor unda moiqcnen.
milgremis paradigmis mesame faqtori isaa, rom, rogorc Cans,
cdis pirebi ibneodnen, vinaidan ar icodnen, rogor gamoexataT
daumorCilebloba; arafers ambobdnen, radgan ujerebdnen avtoritets.
maT rom hqonodaT situaciidan pirdapiri, martivi gamosavali,
magaliTad, daeWiraT xeli Rilakze „Sewyveta~, maSin, SesaZloa,
naklebad gamoevlinaT morCileba.
dabolos, am eqsperimentul situaciaSi avtoritetisadmi
damorCileba im gaSinagnebuli Tvisebis nawilia, rasac bavSvebi
gansxvavebul situaciebSi swavloben – usityvod daemorCilon
avtoritets. es movlena maSin emsaxureba sazogadoebas, rodesac
avtoritetebi legitimuri ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni da imsaxureben

298
morCilebas. problema ki isaa, rom am wesma sakuTari Tavi
amowura. avtoritetisadmi brma morCileba niSnavs yvelanairi
avtoritetuli figurisadmi morCilebas ubralod imitom, rom maT
miewerebaT raime statusi, ganurCevlad imisa, marTebulia Tu ara
maTi moTxovnebi da brZanebebi.
milgremis mier Catarebuli, avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis
kvlevebi angrevs miTs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis codvis wyaro
maT codvil bunebaSia. normaluri, kargad moazrovne individic ki,
SesaZloa, potenciurad susti aRmoCndes Zlieri situaciuri da socialuri
Zalebis winaSe. adamianebis umetesoba emorCileba Zlier jgufur
Zalas. visac Seswevs unari win aRudges amas, misi qceva SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc gmiroba. gmiri is pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia
Segnebulad, sindisidan gamomdinare moqmedeba maSin, roca
danarCenebi konformizms avlenen, an visac SeuZlia arCevani
gaakeTos maRalzneobrivi qcevis sasargeblod, rodesac danarCenebi
mdumared gadgebian ganze, raTa borotebam Tavisuflad iboginos.

15.3. situacianiozmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis danergili midgomebis umravlesoba

_ neorealizmi, neoliberalizmi, msoflio sistemis Teoria,
damokidebulebis Teoria da aleqsander vendtis versia
konstruqciulobaze _ muSaobs sistemuri donis analizis safuZvelze. es

299
Teoriebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, warmoadgens si-
tuacionizmis midgomis gansakuTrebiT mkveTr versiebs.
neorealistebi amtkiceben, rom „situacia aris yvelaferi“, –
saxelmwifos individualuri maxasiaTeblebi, misi liderebis
maxasiaTeblebis CaTvliT, qveynis Sida politikuri viTareba, iqneba
es demokratia Tu diqtatura da a.S. yuradRebis gamaxvileba xdeba
saerTaSoriso sistemis xasiaTze. saxelmwifo qmedebebis ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvreli saerTaSoriso sistemaSi aris is, Tu sad aris masSi
ganTavsebuli es sistema. magaliTad, neorealizmi amtkicebs, rom
yvela superZala aris msgavsi im gagebiT, rom isini mimarTuli arian
moiqcnen iseve, rogorc yvela saSualo rangis Zalebi da yvela susti
Zalebi. neorealizmis mixedviT, intensiuri metoqeba or Zalas Soris
SesaZlebelia arc arsebobdes. ideologiuri Sejibri SeiZleba arc iyo
aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, radgan saerTaSoriso politika aris
sabolood ara ideebisTvis brZola, aramed, brZola usafrTxoebisaTvis.
neorealistebi zogadad ganarCeven bipolarul da multipolarul
sistemas anu saerTaSoriso politikaSi SeiZleba iyos ori an meti Zala
gavlenis momxdeni. am Teoriis momxreebis Tanaxmad,
mravalpolaruli sistema aris aqtiurad saSiSi da es gansazRvravs mis
midrekilebas saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtsken. bipolaruli sistema ki
SedarebiT ufro stabiluria da gacilebiT naklebia Sansi, rom
gamoiwvios omi. mirSeimeris varaudiT meoce saukunis meore
naxevarSi mxolod ori Zalis arsebobam saerTaSoriso sistemaSi,
gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso stabiluroba am epoqaSi.
situacionistur doneze moqmedi nebismieri Teoria saWiroebs
raime saxis angariSs, Tu ramdenad ician qveynebma is rolebi, ris
TamaSsac apireben saerTaSoriso politikaSi. magaliTad, stenli
milgremis Teoria, romelic wina qveTavSi iyo ganxiluli, zustad

300
ganmartavs ratom emorCileba xalxi situaciur zewolas, magram val-
sis Teoria ver xsnis Tu ratom da rogor miyvebian qveynebi im
signalebs, rasac saerTaSoriso sistema gzavnis. is Tvlis, rom
qveynebi, romlebic ver acnobiereben cxovrebaSi TavianT
„Sesabamis rolebs“, mcirdebian, an kvdebian (sainteresoa, rom es
argumeti TavisTavad moyvanilia darvinizmidan da evoluciuri
fsiqologiidan).
sxva sistemuri donis Teoriebi ufro xSirad iziareben im azrs, rom
qveynebi moqmedeben racionalurad (mag. neorealisti koeani).
Tumca saxelmwifo da misi liderebi SeiZleba aqtiurad ver
Cawvdebian situaciis bunebas. rogorc martin hilim da stiv smitma
ivaraudes, yvelaze maRal doneze, individualuri dispoziciebi aris
ukve situaciuri. situacionizmi saerTasoriso urTierTobebSi iRebs
sxvadasxva formas rusuli Tojinis msgavsad, romlis gaxsnis
SemTxvevaSic, mis SigniT aRmoCndeba igive struqturis mqone
ufro patara analogiuri Tojina. aseve saerTaSoriso sistemis gaxsnis
dros Cven aRmovaCenT qveynebs; qveynebs SigniT aRmovaCenT
biurokratias; biurokratiis SigniT jgufebs morig situaciur doneze.
alisoni, valsis msgavsad, liderebis qcevas ganmartavs situaciuri
xedvis kuTxidan. es midgomebi literaturaSi ganmartebulia rogorc
biurokratiuli politikis Teoria. gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis qceva
ZiriTadad determinirebulia biurokratiis SezRuduli poziciebiT.
gamonaTqvami „sad dgaxar damokidebulia imaze, sadac zixar“ –
kargad afiqsirebs am pozicias. saxelmwifo mdivnebi mimarTulni
arian molaparakebebisa da diplomatiisaken, radgan es aris is, rasac
saxelmwifo departamenti „akeTebs“, Tavdacvis mdivnebi
mimarTulni arian samxedro gadawyvetilelebisken. amasobaSi ki
CIA-s warmomadgenlebi Cabmulni arian farul operaciebSi.

301
samwuxarod, alisonis da zelikovis modelis es aspeqti arasakmarisad
aris gamoyenebuli, radganac is ugulebelyofs arsebul Sexedulebebsa
da sxva faseulobebs.
am TematikasTan dakavSirebiT daido sainteresi literatura.
mecnierebma snaiderma, breksma da sapinsma gamoaqveynes
naSromi „sagareo politikuri gadawyvetilebis mimRebebi“, sadac
pirvelad iqna aRniSnuli, rom individualoba TamaSobs
mniSvnelovan rols sagareo politikis gadawyvetilebebis formirebaSi.
jozef de riverasis Sroma „fsiqologiuri ganzomilebebis sagareo
politika“, gamoiyenebul iqna socialur fsiqologiaSi sagareo politikis
analizis dros. robert jervisma wigni „aRqma da araswori aRqma
saerTaSoriso politikaSi“, romelic gamoqveynda 1970 wels,
fsiqologia gadaitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis centrSi. man
analitikuri aqcenti gaakeTa liderebze da maT maxasiaTeblebze.
jervisma Seiswavla gzebi, ris gamoc politikurma liderebma araswori
interpretacia gaukeTes signalebs, romlebic sxva liderebma
gamogzavnes da romelTa meSveobiTac, Cveni dispoziciebi
zegavlenas axdenen gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. igi aRniS-
navs, rom winaswari molodinebi kritikulad moqmedeben imaze,
rasac Cven „vxedavT“. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis dros
britaneTis TviTmfrinavebma SecdomiT, dabombes sakuTari saxazo
gemebi. mizezi iyo is, rom isini moelodnen dapirispirebas germanul
gemTan, eZebdnen mas da „dainaxes“ kidec. maTTvis sakmaod
nacnobi iyo britanuli gemi, magram molodini aRmoCnda sakmarisad
Zlieri, imisaTvis rom gamoewvia es katastrofulad araswori aRqma.
igive fsiqologiuri fenomenia sxva „megobruli cecxlis“ ukan, romelic
moxda sparseTis yuris da omSi aSS-erayis omSic. „eraTaderTi ram
rac qveynisTvis revoluciasaviT mniSvnelovania aris misi bolo

302
mTavari omi“ – aRniSnavs jervisi. ramdenime wlis Semdeg kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani kvleva gamoqveynda _ riCard ned lebous
„mSvidobasa da oms Soris“. lebou amtkicebs, rom igivenairi an ufro
didi roli mcdar aRqmaSi, aqvs sicxades, motiviacias an iseT emociur
faqtorebs, rogoricaa danaSaulis da sircxvilis grZnoba da agzneba.
man gamoikvlia 26 krizisuli situacia, romlebmac gaamwvava omi da
agreTve, is viTarebebi, sadac omis albaToba iyo, magram omis
dawyeba Seferxda 70 wlis manZilze. man gansakuTrebuli
gaamaxvila yuradReba faSizmis, miunxenis grigebis, koreis, Cinur-
induri davisa da kubis saraketo krizisis sakiTxebze. aseve gan-
sakuTrebuli tipis krizisze, romelsac „mtrobis gamarTleba“ uwoda.
rogorc leboum aCvena, mtrobis gamarTleba aris unikaluri, omis
gadawyvetilebas iReben krizisamde. aseTi krizisebis iniciatorebi
ucvlelad cdiloben TavianT omSi mowinaaRmdege gamoiyvanon ro-
gorc omis iniciatori da mas daakisron mTeli pasuxismgebloba. amiT
isini cdiloben mxardaWeris mopovebas, rogorc samSobloSi, aseve
sazRvargareT.
gansakuTrebiT saintereso kvleva dado ralf vaiTma empaTiis
Sesaxeb rogorc ,,omis provocirebuli araswori interpretaciebisa da
aRqmebis didi koreqcia.“ vaiTis mixedviT, empaTia radikalurad
gansxvavdeba simpaTiisgan an, sul mcire, isini kontinuumis opo-
ziciur wertilebs warmoadgenen. simpaTia warmoadgens aqtiur
mimReblobas maSin, rodesac empaTia gulisxmobs adamianis
„tyavSi yofnas“ imisTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT misi motivebi.
empaTia, aRniSnavs vaiti, „ganisazRvreba rogorc fiqrebisa da
grZnobebis realisturi gageba“ maSin, roca simpaTia „sityvis
berZnuli warmomavlobis Tanaxmad, ganisazRvreba rogorc
Tanagancda _ Tavs grZnobde bednierad imitom, rom sxva adamiani

303
bednieria, an Tavs grZnobde ubedurad imitom, rom sxva adamiani
ubeduria, moicavs survils daexmaro sxva adamians. empaTia
upiratesad kognituria, Tu fsiqologiis eniT visaubrebT xolo simpaTia
metwilad grZnobiT _ afeqturia.“
empaTia atribuciis fundamenturi Secdomis koreqciasac
warmoadgens imdenad, ramdendac is aiZulebs gadawyvetilebis
mimRebs gaiTvaliswinos situaciuri faqtorebis roli mowinaaRmdegis
konfrontirebis procesSi. vaiTis naSromebi daexmara sxva
mkvlevrebs empaTiis, aRqmisa da araswori interpretaciis kvlevis
procesSi. es kvlevebi dRemde grZeldeba. empaTiurobis miRwevis
xmamaRali mizani rTuli gansaxorcielebelia konkretul situaciebSi. is
met-naklebad martivia retrospeqtuli analizis pirobebSi vidre uSualod
daZabuli, saomari situaciebis dros. magaliTad, robert maknamaras
cxovrebaze Seqmnili erol morisis SesaniSnav filmSi - „omis
gaurkvevloba“ _ aRwerilia amerikasa vietnams Soris omis eskalacia.
es filmi axali problemis ilustrirebaa: erTma mxarem kargad unda
icodes mowinaaRmdege imisTvis, rom SeZlos Sevides mis mdgo-
mareobaSi. maknamaram SeniSna, rom vientamis SemTxvevaSi,
empaTiurobis mcdelobac ki ar yofila. lindon jonsonsa da sxva
adamianebs „samSabaTis sauzmis jgufSi (?)“ metismetad mwiri
informacia hqondaT vietnamur-Cinuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. maT
rom es urTierTobebi kargad scodnodaT, rogorc maknamara
aRniSnavs, isini ar aRiqvamdnen CrdiloeT vietnamelebs rogorc
Cinelebis Tanamgzavrebsa da damqaSebs. ho Ci minis azrovnebis
nacionalisturi aspeqtebis ukeT codna, azrovnebisa, romelic
upirispirdeboda mis komunistur damokidebulebebs, romlebic,
sxvaTa Soris, kargad iyo Seswavlili _ SesaZloa amerikisTvis
Tavidan aeridebina araswori xedva, rom CrdiloeT vietnamelebi sab-

304
WoelTa marionetebi iyvnen. samwuxarod, adamianebi, romelTac
SeeZloT, gagegoT da gamoeyenebinaT hos realuri damokidebu-
lebebi, omis procesSi sruliad marginalizebulni aRmoCndnen,
amasTan, isini aRiqmebodnen, rogorc „problemebis Semqmnelni“.

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politikuri fsiqologiis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

a
adamianis buneba _ adamianTa saerTo niSnebi, romlebic
gansazRvravs maT reaqciebs garemosa da sxva
adamianebis mimarT.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia _ 1789 wlis agvistoSi safrangeTis
erovnuli asambleis mier miRebuli es mokle manifesti
Seiqmna rogorc liberalur-demokratiuli konstituciis
preambula; man suverenuli Zalaufleba ers mianiWa,
magram SezRuda igi sicocxlis, sakuTrebis da
usafrTxoebis individualuri uflebebiT.
administraciuli decentralizacia _ marTvis kompetenciebis
gadacema centraluri xelisuflebisagan adgilobrivi
biurokratiisaTvis.
`adamiani _ masa~ _ espaneli moazrovnis ortegi-i-gasetis termini,
romelic modernistuli epoqis pirovnebas gulisxmobs.
axasiaTebs samyarosTan urTierTobis racionaluri stilis

310
 uaryofa. `adamiani-masa~ aris saxelmwifo sawyisebis
ganviTarebis nayofi, romelic uxeSi Carevis Sedegad
axSobs yvelafer axals. `adamiani-masa~ intensiurad
mravldeba im pirobebSi, roca saxelmwifosTvis
arsebobs sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo manqanisaTvis
ki adamiani, magram amiT istoriuli drama ar iwureba.
roca Tanamedrove leviaTani mTel wvens gamowuravs
sazogadoebas da moqalaqeebs, maSin iwyebs
daberebas, rom bolos da bolos usaxelod mokvdes da
datovos Tavis mere degradirebuli kultura, dangreuli
ekonomikis, uzrunvelyofili meqanikuri samarTlis,
moTareSe damnaSaveebisa da sulierad gardacvlili
`adamiani-masis~ saxiT.
avtonomia _ (berZn. autonomia _ damoukidebloba, autos _ TviT,
nimos _ kanoni) pirovnebis mier TviTgansazRvris
unari, mJRavndeba pirovnebis mier damoukideblobis
mopovebasa da dacvaSi sxva avtoritetis zewolisagan,
(iqneba es pirovneba, jgufi Tu socialuri instituti).
politikur-samarTlebrivi kuTxiT avtonomia niSnavs
pirovnebis, rogorc moqalaqis suverenulobas, mis
socialur da iuridiul dacvas. fsiqologiasa da
pedagogikaSi avtonomia ganixileba, rogorc adamianis
individualuri pozicia, romelic gulisxmobs motivebis,
miznebis, qcevis stilisa da sxvaTa damoukideblad
arCevas.
avtonomia _ (pirovnebis avtonomia) _ pirovnebis gankerZoebuloba,
misi unari gansazRvros sakuTari poziciebi, rogorc
adamianis qcevis sayovelTao principi pirovnebis
avtonomia aRiarebuli iqna martin luTeris mier aRsare-

311
 baSi: `aqa vdgavar da sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs~.
sakuTari avtonomiurobis gacnobiereba individs
exmareba iyos Tavisufali TviTneburi socialuri
Sexedulebebisagan, xelisuflebis diqtatisagan, ar
dakargos sakuTari Tavis floba represiebis pirobebSi.
pirovnebis avtonomia ukavSirdeba mis umaRles
fsiqikur Tvisebas _ sulierebas. pirovnebis avtonomia
esaa misi Tavisufleba amoraluri survilebisagan,
wuTieri prestiJulobisagan, politikuri qaosisagan.
pirovnebis avtonomia aZlevs saSualebas adamians
SeunarCunos Rirseba, pirovnuli poziciebi sxvadasxva
socialur pirobebSi, gamoavlinos nonkonformuloba
(axleburi Segueba, SemTanxmebloba, msgavseba).
avtonomiuri morali _ moraluri wesebi, romlebic dgindeba Tavad
pirovnebis mier da SeiZleba Secvlili iqnes mis mier.
avtokratia _ erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi politikuri Zalaufleba.
avtoritarizmi _ am terminiT xasiaTdeba saxelmwifoebi, sadac
mTeli legitimuri Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia erTi
pirovnebis (diqtatoris) an mcire jgufis (oligarqiis)
xelSi, individualuri uflebebi saxelmwifos nebasurvils
eqvemdebareba, xolo politikuri Zalauflebis Sesanar-
Cuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba.
avtoriteti _ xelisuflebis unari, sazogadoebis wevrTa morCileba
daimsaxuros.
amerikis revolucia _ (1775-83) _ am epoqalurma movlenebma,
romelsac agreTve `damoukideblobisaTvis oms~ an
`revoluciur oms~ uwodeben, bolo mouRo amerikis
camet koloniaze didi britaneTis batonobas da 1787-89
wlebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmnas daudo

312
 safuZveli; mas Cveulebriv 1776 wels damoukideblobis
deklaraciis miRebiT aTariReben.
amerikuli konservatizmi _ politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic
sxva RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas
ekonomikur keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas da tradicias
aniWebs.
amerikuli liberalizmi _ politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva
RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas
individualizms, Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs
aniWebs.
anarqizmi _ doqtrina, romelic principulad ewinaaRmdegeba
nebismieri saxis xelisuflebis arsebobas da xSirad
ukanono da Zalaobrivi meTodebiT ebrZvis mas.
angariSsworeba _ (retribution) damnaSaveTa dasja imis sa-
fuZvelze, rom maT boroteba Caidines da tanjvas
imsaxureben.
analizi _ mTliani analitikur-sinTezuri saqmianobis erT-erTi mxare,
romelic Sedgeba mTliani obieqtidan misi im
Tvisebebisa da mxareebis gamoyofisagan, romelTac
aqvT arsebiTi mniSvneloba garkveuli SemecnebiTi an
qceviTi problemis gadasawyvetad; SemecnebiTi pro-
cesis sawyisi stadia, romelic efuZneba pirvelad
sinTezs da iwvevs Sedegobriv sinTezs.
analitikuri fsiqologia _ k. g. iungis fsiqologiuri koncefcia,
romelmac am saxelwodebiT gamoyo Tavisi pozicia z.
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriisagan. amtkicebda ra
qvecnobieris mniSvnelovan rols adamianis fsiqikur
saqmianobaSi iungma individualur qvecnobierTan
erTad gamoyo koleqtiuri aracnobieri, romelic

313
 warmoqmnis individis avtonomiur fsiqikur fonds
(romelic ar gadadis cnobierebaSi), rac gadaicema
memkvidreobiT tvinis arqauli struqturebis meSveobiT.
iungis azriT, koleqtiuri aracnobieris Sinaarsi
warmoadgens winamorbedi Taobebis gamocdilebis
pirvelad warmonaqmnebs _ arqetipebs (sakacobrio
pirvelxatebs). saboloo jamSi, analitikuri fsiqologia aris
k.g. iungis Teoriuli koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac
adamianTa fsiqika ganpirobebulia koleqtiuri
aracnobieriT _ Soreul warsulSi Camoyalibebuli
arqetipebiTa da simboloebiT, romelTa analizic
warmoadgens fsiqologiis ZiriTadi amocanas.
anTropologia _ a) mecniereba adamianis warmoSobisa da evoluciis,
adamianis rasasa da fizikuri agebulebis variaciebis
Sesaxeb (fizikuri anTropologia); 2) mecniereba,
romelic swavlobs pirvelyofili, tradiciuli da Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebebis kulturas (kulturuli
anTropologia); 3) mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb,
romelic CarTulia misi cxovelqmedebis mravalferovan
formebSi (zogadi anTropologia).
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi _ terorizmi, mimarTuli xelisuflebis
da saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg.
arakonvenciuri monawileoba _ politikuri formebi, romlebic kanons
ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram moqalaqeTa
umravlesobis mxridan gakicxvas imsaxurebs.
apaTia _ miswrafebebisa da interesebis daqveiTeba, gulgriloba gare
sinamdvilis movlenebis mimarT, emociuri pasiuroba.
apart(h)eidi _ (afrikansi _ anaztheid _ cal-calke cxovreba) rasobrivi
diskriminaciis ukiduresi forma, romelic gamoixateba

314
 mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis, maTi rasobrivi warmo-
mavlobis mixedviT _ politikuri socialur-ekonomikuri
da saqalaqo uflebebis warmarTvaSi, teroristul
izolaciaSi da a.S. aparteidis zogierTi faqti SeiZleba
genocids Seicavdes. aparteidis warmomavlobas
samxreT afrikis respublikis mmarTvel wreebs
ukavSireben. rodesac iq Cveulebrivad damkvidrda
segregaciis (mag. TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani
bavSvebis erTmaneTTan gamoyofa da calke
swavleba), meTodebis gamoyeneba Cveulebriv
cxovrebaSi Tu socialur yofaSi.
afeqturi moqmedeba _ moqmedeba romelic mimarTuli da
regulirebulia subieqtis garkveuli emociuri
mdgomareobiT _ TavdadebiT, JiniT, aRtacebiT,
SurisZiebiT, siZulviliT, siyvaruliT da sxva. afeqturi
moqmedebis cneba SemoRebulia maqs veberis mier
misi `socialuri moqmedebis~ (mizanmimarTulisa da
faseulracionaluris) cnebisgan gamoyofisTvis.
racionaluri moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT afeqturi
moqmedeba mimarTulia ara konkretuli miznis
miRwevaze, aramed moqmedebis subieqtis emociur
TviTgamoxatvaze, mis impulsur TviTregulaciaze.
aqcentuacia _ (xasiaTis aqcentuacia) (laT. accentus-maxvili)
individis xasiaTis `susti adgilebi~, fsiqopaTiebTan
mosazRvre normis ukiduresi variantebi: pirovnebis
gazrdili mowyvladoba calkeuli fsiqomatravmirebeli
faqtorebis mxriv, ganwyobilebis aramdgradoba, misi
situaciuri ganpirobuleboba; miswrafebebis gazdili an
Semcirebuli done, SfoTva, SiSi, gazrdili midrekileba

315
 TviTanalizisa da TviTdanaSaulebis mimarT, sirTule
emociuri kontaqtebis damyarebaSi, daqveiTebuli
intuiciuroba urTierTobis procesSi, disforia (mtrul-
mwuxare ganwyobileba), azrovnebis siblante,
konfliqturoba, gazrdili wyendoba, midrekileba
dominirebisaken, gazrdili moTxovnileba aRiarebisa,
xasiaTis aqcentuacia (susti adgilebi) dignostirdeba
meTodikebiT.

b
bikmeralizmi _ orpalatiani sistema.
biheviorizmi _ (behaviour _ qceva) _ amerikuli pragmatuli
fsiqologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic
ganixilavs fsiqikas mxolod, rogorc qceviTi
gamovlinebebis, reaqciebis erTobliobas gare
zemoqmedebaze _ stimulirebaze. biheviorizmi
warmoiqmna 1913 wels d. uotsonis (1878-1995)
deklaraciebis wyalobiT, romelic gadmocemuli iyo mis
statiaSi `fsiqologia bihevioristis TvalsazriiT~.
gamoiyenes ra pavlovis moZRvreba da e. Tordnaikis
mier ganxorcielebuli cxovelebis qcevis kvleva,
bihevioristebi varaudoben, rom daswavlis kanonebi,
gamocdilebis SeZenis kanonebi adamiansa da cxove-
lebSi erTnairia. gamoricxes ra instiqtebi TavianTi
interesebis sferodan, bihevioristebi dainteresdnen,
mxolod qceviTi Cvenebis gamomuSavebis
kanonzomierebiT.
20-ian wlebSi biheviorizmi daiyo rig mimarTulebebad,
xolo 30-ian wlebSi gaCnda neobiheviorizmi (tolmeni,

316
 hali). man Sesworebebi Seitana Tavdapirvel
biheviorizmSi, aRiara Sualeduri roli stimulsa da reaq-
cias Soris, SemoiRo ra cneba `Sualeduri cvladebi~,
romelTac ganekuTvna qcevis motivebi, miznebi da
sxva `Sinagani~ komponentebi.
biheviorizmSi SemuSavebuli Cvevebis formirebis
kvlevis meTodikebi farTod gamoiyeneba qcevis
fsiqologiaSi.
bihevioralistebi _ am mimdinareobis momxreebi politikis
Seswavlisas qcevas ZiriTadad faqtebze dayrdnobiT
afaseben.
bihevioraluri inJineria _ waxalisebisa da sasjelis kargad
daprogramebuli gamoyeneba individsa Tu cxovelSi
qcevis sasurveli wesebis dasamkvidreblad.
bunebiTi mdgomareoba _ adamianTa cxovrebis wesi, manamde,
sanam Seiqmneboda qcevis socialuri kodeqsebi da
normaluri adamianuri qcevis kontrolis koleqtiuri
teqnologiebi.

g
`gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs~ (winner-takes-oll) _ saarCevno
sistema, romelSic imarjvebs kandidati, vinc yvelaze
met xmas iRebs.
gamoCenili liderebi _ individebi, visac gansakuTrebuli politikuri
sibrZnisa da unarebis meSveobiT Tavisi qveynebi
gansakuTrebuli gansacdelidan gamoyavs.
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxvebi _ amomrCevelTa erTsa da imave
SerCevasTan ramdenjerme Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi,

317
 romelTa mizania droSi cvalebadi ganwyobebis
dinamikis Seswavla.
ganwyobis Teoria _ d. uznaZis mier qcevis mizanSewonilobis
asaxsnelad SemuSavebuli Teoria. eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis ganviTarebis adreul safexurzeve wamoiWra
aucilebloba Seswavliliyo individis mizanmimarTuli
aqtivobis dinamiuri sawyisi. gamovlinda am sawyisis
erT-erTi ganzomileba _ qcevis garkveuli formisadmi
individis winaswari mzaobis mdgomareoba anu
ganwyoba. d. uznaZem Camoayaliba ganwyobis
originaluri Teoria. man daamtkica, rom SesaZlebelia
simZimis iluziis (fexneri) analogiouri iluziebi (mag.,
gansxvavebuli simZimis mravalgzis Sedarebis
Sedegad toli sagnebi izolirebulad _ utolod aRiqmeba)
gaCndes mgrZnobelobis yvela sxva modalobis (hapturi
_ swrafad SegrZnebiTi, smeniTi, mxedvelobiTi da
a.S.) sferoSi. es xdeba maSin, rodesac situacia,
romelSic individs uxdeba moqmedeba, ar
Seesatyviseba mis ganwyobas. es faqti mecnierebaSi
cnobilia `uznaZis efeqtis~ saxeliT. d. uznaZem
fsiqologiaSi pirvelad daamuSava ganwyobis bunebis
Seswavlis eqsperimentuli meTodi (`fiqsirebuli
ganwyobis meTodi~) da SesaZlebeli gaxada
ganwyobis bunebis Seswavla im rolis safuZvelze, ro-
melsac igi TamaSobs iluziis warmoebaSi, mis
mimdinareobasa da CarCoebSi.
gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _ (dual executive)
saparlamento sistemaSi miRebuli funqciebis
ganawileba or pirovnebas _ saxelmwifos meTaursa da

318
 umaRles aRmasrulebel-Tanamdebobis pirs Soris.
ukanasknelis rols premier-ministri asrulebs, xolo
saxelmwifos ceremoniul meTaurad romelime sxva ar-
Ceuli piri (prezidenti) an monarqi gvevlineba.
gaucxoveba _ ubralo moqalaqeebis ganwyoba, rom politikuri
monawileobis normalur formebs Sedegi ar moaqvs an
maT ar eZlevaT politikur procesebSi qmediTi
monawileobis SesaZlebloba.
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba _ (divided executive) viTareba
safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, rodesac prezidenti da
premier-ministri xSirad sxvadasxva partiebsa da
politikur msoflmxedvelobebs warmoadgenen.
gawveva _ pirdapiri kenWisyra arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris
gadasayeneblad.

d
demagogi _ adamiani, romelic saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis
mopovebas cdilobs popularuli SiSebisa da
crurwmenebis manipulirebiT, Semdeg ki Ta-
namdebobas piradi gamorCenisaTvis iyenebs.
demokratizacia _ mixeil gorbaCovis SemoRebuli politika yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi demokratiul reformaTa
wasaxaliseblad, rac agreTve gulisxmobda met
konkurencias komunisturi partiis SigniT.
demokratiis kedeli _ kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzec 1978 wlidan
dauSves reJimis sajaro kritika.
demokratiis korelatebi _ pirobebi da garemoebebi, romlebic erSi
demokratiis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebasTan pozitiur
korelaciaSi myofad miiCneva.

319
demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi _ demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi
xSirad arian samxedro TvalsazrisiT Zlieri, eomebian
sxva saxelmwifoebs, axdenen samxedro intervencias,
xandaxan agresiis aqtebs Cadian, magram erTmaneTs
ar eomebian.
determinizmi (kulturuli determinizmi) _ adamianis qcevis axsna
uSualo socialur-kulturuli meqanizmebiT.
determinizmi (fsiqologiuri determinizmi) _ zogierTi fsiqikuri
movlenis axsna sxva fsiqikuri movlenebiT. froidizmSi
esaa cnobierebis qvecnobieriT ganpirebobuloba.
diferencialuri fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs
individualur-fsiqologiur gansxvavebebs. man intensiuri
ganviTareba hpova fsiqologiaSi kvlevis genetikuri da
statistikuri metodebis danergvis Semdeg. diferencialuri
fsiqologiis fuZemdebels warmoadgens frensis galtoni
(1822-1911), ingliseli anTropologi da fsiqologi,
romelic individualur gansxvavebas xsnida
memkvidreobiTi faqtorebiT.

e
egzaltacia _ agznebuli, aRfrTovanebuli mdgomareoba, avadmyofuri
gamococxleba.
egzistencializmi _ (laT. existentia _ arseboba) samyaroSi adamianis
mdgomareobis, misi yofierebis azris filosofiur-
fsiqologiuri koncefcia, Tanamedrove filosofiis erT-
erTi mimarTuleba, romelic aRmocenda XX s-is da-
sawyisSi da cdilobda yofierebis, rogorc subieqtisa da
obieqtis uwyveti mTlianobis wvdomas.
egzistencializmis mier yofiereba gansazRvrulia, rogorc

320
 uSualod mocemuli adamianuri arseboba. WeSmarit
yofierebad miCneulia adamianis mier samyaroSi
Tavisi arsebobis gancda (m. haidegeri, k. iaspersi, J. p.
sarti da sxv.). egzistencializmzea agebuli e. fromis
fsiqologiuri koncefcia.
egzistencialuri fsiqologia _ mimarTuleba humanistur fsiqologiaSi,
romelic amtkicebs calkeuli individis fsiqikis
dauyvaneblobas zogadfsiqologiur sqemebamde da
TiToeuli adamianis fsiqikuri arsis unikalurobas (l.
bisvangeri, e. fromi da sxva). sxva mxriv, eg-
zistencializmi aris (laT. exsistentia _ arseboba)
kvleviTi mimarTuleba, orientirebuli iseTi cxovrebi-
seuli problemebis fsiqologiur aspeqtebze, rogoricaa
sikvdilis damokidebuleba siyvarulTan da Tavisuf-
lebasTan, arCevanTan da pasuxismgeblobasTan,
martoobasTan, TviTmkvlelobasTan da sxva. mocemuli
mimarTulebis ideebis gadamuSaveba ukavSirdeba
gamoCenili filosofosebis, mwerlebisa da fsiqologebis
saxels: s. kirkegors, m. haidegers, k. iaspers, p. p. sar-
tris, a. kamius, l. binsvangers, e. minkovskis, v.
frankelsa da sxv.
eTnikuri konfliqtebi _ jgufTaSorisi konfliqti, romelic adamianebs
mijnavs eTnikuri niSniT. eTnikuri konfliqtis
wyaroebs, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens socialur-
ekonomikuri da politikuri winaaRmdegobebi. eTnikur
konfliqts axasiaTebs eTnocentrizmis zrda, negatiuri
eTnikuri stereotipebis gaZlierebuli cirkulacia.

321
eTnikuri stereotipebi _ eTnosis wevrTa mtkice warmodgenebi sxva
eTnosebis warmomadgenlebis gansakuTrebul fsiqikur
Tvisebebze; eTnikuri ganwyoba.
eTnikuri jgufi _ eTnosis (tomis, xalxis, eris) nawili, romlis birTvic
sxva regionSi imyofeba.
eTnogenezi _ axali eTnikuri erTobis Camoyalibebis procesi.
eTnologia _ mecniereba kulturul-yofiTi da socialur-fsiqologiuri
kavSirebis Sesaxeb eTnikur warmonaqmnebSi.
eTnofsiqologia _ (berZn. ethnos _ tomi, xalxi) samecniero
Teologiuri disciplina, romlis sagania eTnikuri
cnobierebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis funqcionirebisa da
eTnikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba. XIX saukuneSi
eTnofsiqologiuri ideebi viTardeboda xalxTa
fsiqologiis kalapotSi, romelic SeimuSaves m.
lacarusma, q. Steintalma, v. vundtim da sxvebma.
eTnocentrizmi _ erebis uunaroba, met-naklebad obieqturad
Seafason sakuTari qmedeba nacionalizmis ideologiis
gamo.
eri (nacia) _ Tumca es terminis xSirad saxelmwifosa da qveynis
sinonimad ixmareba, is aRniSnavs gamorCeuli enisa
da kulturis mqone specifikur xalxs an did eTnikur
jgufs. magaliTad, frangebi, holandielebi, Cinelebi da
iaponelebi qmnian rogorc ers, aseve saxelmwifos
(swored aqedan warmodgeba termini `eri-sa-
xelmwifo~). magram yvela ers ara aqvs imis iRbali,
rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes _ amis
Tanamedrove magaliTebia qurTebi (cxovroben
TurqeTSi, iransa da eraySi), palestinelebi (dasavleT

322
 sanapiro da Raza, libani, iordania), puStunebi
(avRaneTi), uigerebi da tibetelebi (CineTi).
eri-saxelmwifo _ geografiulad gansazRvruli erToba, romelsac erTi
xelisufleba aqvs.
eris mniSvneloba _ procesi, ris Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis
macxovreblebma, maTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu
lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebis miuxedavad, Tavi unda
gaaigivon Sesabamisi eri-saxelmwifos simboloebTan
da institutebTan.
erovnuli asamblea _ safrangeTis orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo
organos qveda da politikurad wamyvani palata,
romelic yvela kanons iRebs.
erovnuli TviTgamorkveva _ eris ufleba, sakuTari xelisufleba Tavad
airCios.
erovnuli interesi _ politikis mizani, mimarTuli eris gavlenisa da
prestiJis SenarCunebasa Tu gazrdaze.
erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ qveynis dacva sagareo Tu saSinao
mtrisgan.
eqspansionizmi _ qveynis strategia, mimarTuli misi teritoriis an
gavlenis gasafarToveblad.

v
veberi (maqs veberi) _ (1864-1920) germaneli politologi sociologi,
socialuri moqmedebis Teoriis fuZemdebeli,
ekonomikuri istoriis, ekonomikis politikasTan,
samarTalTan da socialur fsiqologiasTan urTierTkavSi-
ris, adamianebis qcevis mkvlevari. misi ZiriTadi
naSromebia: `gagebiTi sociologiis kategoriebis
Sesaxeb~ (1913), `protestantuli eTika da kpitalizmis

323
 suliskveTeba~ (1905), `meurneoba da sazogadoeba~
(1912). veberi Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebas
ganixilavda, rogorc ekonomikuri mTlianobis asaxvas.
xolo misi zneobrivi safuZvlebi ki mas dahyavda
protestantizmis suliskveTebamde. veberis mixedviT,
kapitalizmis racionaloba gzas ikvlevs adamianTa nebis
miuxedavad.
`varskvlavTa palata~ _ (star Chamber) istoriulad ase uwodebdnen
sasamarTlos inglisSi, romlis iurisdiqciac gafarTovda
saimisod, rom mefes SeuzRudvelad SeZleboda daesaja
nebismieri qveSevrdomi misi brZanebis Seusru-
leblobisaTvis.

z
ze-me _ froidis TeoriaSi _ pirovnebis struqturis umaRlesi forma _
bavSvobaSi Camoyalibebuli moraluri grZnobebis
kategoriuli imperativebis sistema, individis zecnobieri
socialuri identifikacia, adamianis Rirsebisa da
patiosnebis, idealuri `me~-s sfero.
zemoqmedeba _ informaciuli cvlilebebi erT sistemaSi sxva
sistemasTan misi urTierTqmedebis dros, romelic
gadascems informacias signalebis saxiT da axdens
SetyobinebaTa arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
sistemis orientacias.
zecnobieri _ adamianis fsiqikuri aqtiurobis umaRlesi done, romelic
ar eqceva nebelobiTi kontrolis qveS (STagoneba, rTuli
amocanis intuiciurad gadawyveta), zneobrivi gadawy-
vetilebebis spontanuri miReba `ze-me~-s (super-ego)
doneze.

324
zewolis jgufi _ viwro sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba, romelic
mizanmimarTulad zemoqmedebs sajaro xelisuflebis
institutebze sakuTari interesebis dasakmayofileblad
(lobizmi); liberaluri sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistema,
politikuri pluralizmis movlena. zewolis jgufi
zemoqmedebas axdens sajaro xelisuflebaze partiuli
gaerTianebebis meSveobiT calkeul
kanonmdeblobasTan, samTavrobo moRvaweebTan
kontaqtebis, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis gziT.
zewolis jgufebi xels uwyobs oligarqiisa da korpo-
raciuli warmonaqmnebis poziciaTa ganmtkicebas,
maTi saqmianoba eqceva socialuri kontrolis qveS.
zne-CveulebaTa fsiqologia _ socialuri qmedebebis difuziuri masa,
saerTo struqturis zustad gamoxatuli niSnebiT, romelic
Tavis TavSi moicavs koleqtivebis an individebis mier
gamoxatul moralur Tu amoralur saqciels
qvelmoqmedebis (gmiroba, Tavdadeba, sikeTe),
mankierebis (SiSi, mxdaloba, merkantiuloba, siZunwe,
aRviraxsniloba da sxva) da danaSaulis saxiT (Zarcva,
Tavdasxma, mkvleloba da sxv).
zogadi fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis sabazo nawili, romelic swavlobs
adamianis fsiqikis ganviTarebasa da funqcionirebis
zogad kanonzomierebebs, Taviseburebebsa da
meqanizmebs. zogadi fsiqologia amuSavebs fsiqikuri
movlenebis zogad klasifikacias. e. kantidan dawyebuli
yvela fsiqikuri movlena iyofa fsiqikur procesebad,
fsiqikur mdgomareobebad da pirovnebis fsiqikur
Tvisebebad. bolo xanebSi zogadi fsiqologia
integrirebulia socialur fsiqologiasTan, romelic swav-

325
 lobs adamianis fsiqikuri gamovlinebebis
Taviseburebebs socialuri urTierTqmedebis pirobebSi.
zoroastrizmi _ axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis uZvelesi qveynebis
xalxTa religia, romlis safuZvelSic ido warmodgena
sikeTis borotebasTan mudmivi brZolis Sesaxeb
(winaswarmetyvel zoroastras, igive zaratustras saxeli-
dan gamomdinare).

T
Tavisufali kapitalizmi _ ekonomikuri wyoba, damyarebuli im
ideaze, rom centralizebuli saxelmwifos regulirebisagan
Tavisufali bazari ekonomikuri sistemis saukeTeso
regulatoria.
Teokratia _ xelisufleba, romelic eyrdnoba religias da romelSic
samRvdeloeba dominirebs.
TviTanalizi _ sulieri praqtika, pirovnebis mier sakuTari Sinagani
samyarosa Tu pirovnul me-sa da gare realobas Soris
urTierTobis kvleva.
Tordnaiki (eduard li Tordnaiki) _ (1874-1949) amerikeli fsiqologi
da pedagogi, biheviorizmis erT-erTi winamorbedi,
cxovelTa qcevis eqsperimentuli Seswavlis meTodikis
Semqmneli (`cxovelTa goneba~, 1898) Tordnaikma
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana CvevaTa problemis
SemuSavebaSi, daadgina daswavlis rigi
kanonzomierebebi, gamoaqveyna rigi naSromebi
swavlebis meTodikisa da pedagogikis Taobaze.

326
iaspersi (karl iaspersi) _ (1883-1969) germaneli fsiqiatri, fsiqologi
da filosofos-egzistencialisti. is ikvlevda pirovnebis
fsiqo-paTologiur gamovlenebs (`zogadi fsiqopaTolo-
gia~. 1913).
idealizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis
gasagebad da, SesaZloa, Sesasvlelad sakvanZo
mniSvnelobas aniWebs Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da
moralur principebs.
ideologia _ myari, winaswar gansazRvruli warmodgenebis
erToblioba sazogado sikeTis miRwevis saukeTeso
gzebze gaziarebuli politikosebisa Tu moqalaqeebis
mier.
identifikacia _ obieqtebis igiveobis dadgena maTi saidentifikacio
niSnebis erTobliobis mixedviT. kvlevis procesma
identifikaciam SeiZleba migviyvanos daskvnamde
msgavsebis arsebobis an ararsebobis Sesaxeb. kvlevis
meTodi identifikacia warmoadgens obieqtebis, maTi
individualuri Tvisebebis Secnobas da mecnierulad
dasabuTebul saSualebas.
imitacia _ 1) individis mier sxva adamianebis qcevis mibaZva,
gadaReba; 2) g. d. tardis mixedviT _ socialuri
movlenebis mTeli erTobliobis axsnis ZiriTadi faqtori;
3) gayalbeba.
imiji _ (ing. image-saxe) garegnuli ieri, stereotipuli saxe (raimesi
an vinmesi), romelic subieqtis mier iqmneba masobriv
cnobierebaSi garkveuli STabeWdilebebis gamowvevis
mizniT (magaliTad, msaxiobis, politikuri moRvawis
imiji da a.S.).
imperativi _ saTanado qcevis moTxovna.

327
imperativi kategoriuli (e. kantis mixedviT) _ sayovelTao
savaldebulo zneobrivi niSani, romelic gamodis, rogorc
sayovelTao kanonmdeblobis principi.
imperatizmi _ teritoriuli gafarToebis (imperiis mSeneblobis)
politika, xSirad samxedro dapyrobis gziT, warmoiSoba
sityvidan `imperia~.
individualizmi _ aleqsis de tokvilis mixedviT, ase qvia adamianis
grZnobebis sakuTar Tavze problemebze mimarTvas,
mTliani sazogadoebis zogadi wuxilisagan Tavis
gamoyofas. jon stuart milis mixedviT, es adamianis is
Tvisebaa, rac mas cxovelebisagan ganasxvavebs da
mis gansakuTrebulobasa da Rirsebas gansazRvravs.
interesTa jgufi _ adamianTa erToblioba, romelic cdilobs, gavlena
moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze specialur
interesTa gansazRvrul sferoSi, risTvisac iyenebs lobi-
rebas, partiebisaTvis finansur Sewirulobebs da sxva
xerxebs.
internacionalistebi _ Teoretikosebi, romlebic upiratesobas
aniWeben erebs Soris mSvidobas da TanamSromlobas
da mxars uWeren yvela mTavrobis monawileobas
raime saxis msoflio organizaciaSi.
inteleqtis koeficienti _ (IQ-ing. intelligence quotient) gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis xarisxis maCvenebeli, romelic
gamoiTvleba testirebis gziT. IQ-is debuleba
SemoRebulia 1912 wlidan v. ternomis mier. 1916 w.
pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli l. termenis mier
SemuSavebuli stendford bines inteleqtis SkalaSi.
normalur, gonebriv ganviTarebas Seesabameba
IQ=100. (10 quliT gadaxra ar niSnavs normis darRve-

328
 vas). mniSvnelovani mateba maCvenebelia (20 qulaze
meti 30 qulamde) da fasdeba rogorc niWieri adamiani
mocemul droSi. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba IQ afasebs
rogorc inteleqtualuri sferos mdgomareobas, romlis tes-
tirebuli gamokvlevis dros dauSvebelia misi
diagnostikuri da prognozuli faseulobebis
gadaWarbeba.
inteleqtualobis koeficienti _ (IQ) testologiurad gamovlenili
gonebrivi asakis Tanafardoba qronologiur asakTan
(TveebSi), rac gamravlebulia 100-ze. normaluri IQ
udris 100 qulas _ masTan gonebrivi asaki
Seesabameba qronologiurs. maRali inteleqtualobis
koeficienti = 130, Zalian dabali = 35.
inteligencia _ termini inteligencia gaCnda me-19 saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi, savaraudod ruseTSi da gamoiyena mweralma
boborikinma. sityva laTinuri warmoSobisaa da
evropaSi ixmareboda inteleqtis an specialistis
SinaarsiT. inteligencia dasavlur socialur mecnierebaSi
da literaturaSi iSviaTad ixmareba. ufro gavrcelebulia
inteleqtuali. oqsfordis leqsikonSi (me-20 saukunis 20-
iani wlebi) asea ganmartebuli: `eris nawili, romelic
damokidebuli azrovnebisaken miiswrafvis. 1966 wels
gamocemuli amerikuli vebsteris leqsikoni aseT
gansazRvrebas gvawvdis `ganaTlebul adamianTa
klasi, romelic gansakuTrebuli da TviTSegnebiT gamo-
yofili strataa (fena) eris SigniT da axorcielebs an Tavis
Tavs miawers inteleqtualuri, socialuri an politikuri
liderobis rols~. sxva leqsikonebSi SevxvdebiT aseT
ganmartebasac: `specialistebi, gansakuTrebiT

329
 humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi~, `gonebrivi Sromis
adamianebi~, `akademiurad ganaTlebuli elita~ da
sxva.
istorizmi _ samecniero sazogadoebaTcodneobis ZiriTadi principi,
romelic xsnis Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
cxovelqmedebas istoriuli faqtorebiT; sinamdivilis
asaxvisadmi, rogorc cvladi samyarosadmi midgomis
samecniero principi. istorizmi rogorc samecniero
principi, XVIII s-Si wamoyenebuli iqna volteris, rusos,
didros, da sxvaTa mier.
istoriuli fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs kacobriobis
fsiqikis warmoqmnasa da ganviTarebas istoriuli
procesis mimdinareobis manZilze, fsiqikuri
saqmianobis kulturul-istoriul ganpirobebulobas.
iungi (karl gustav) _ (1875-1961) Sveicarieli fsiqologi. daiwyo
moRvaweoba fsiqiatrobiT ciurixis klinikaSi. iyo
ciurixisa da bazelis universitetebis profesori. ganicdida
z. froidis gavlenas, magram 1920-1930 wlebSi Ca-
moscilda klasikur froidizms da panseqsualobis
principebs. aristoteles msgavsad, romelic platonis
moswavleobidan mis oponentad gadaiqca, iungic
msgavs mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda froidTan
mimarTebaSi da Seqmna sakuTari mimarTuleba,
romelsac saxelad `analitikuri~ uwoda. analitikuri
(siRrmiseuli) fsiqologiis fuZemdebeli; wamoayena
koleqtiuri aracnobierebis koncefcia; is amtkicebda,
rom winamorbedi Taobebis gamocdilebis miReba
xdeba naklebad gacnobierebadi arqetipebis sistemis
formiT. iungma SemogvTavaza xasiaTis tipologia

330
 pirovnebis gare an Sinagan samyaroze upiratesi
mimarTulebiT _ eqstravertebi (garegani samyaros
gaucxoeba da daqveiTeba) _ introvertebi (Sinagani
samyarosaTvis gadaWarbebuli upiratesobis micema)
(`fsiqologiuri tipebi~, 1912).

k
kanonis uzenaesoba _ am koncefciis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis da misi
Tanamdebobis pirebis Zalaufleba da diskrecia
SezRuduli unda iyos uzenaesi neitraluri wesebis
erTobliobiT, romlebic xels uSlis mTavrobis mxridan
TviTnebur da usamarTlo moqmedebas.
kerZo interesTa jgufebi _ maTi wevrebis pirad interesTa
dasakmayofileblad Seqmnili jgufebi.
koaliciuri mTavroba _ politikuri situacia mravalpartiul
saparlamento sistemebSi, romlis drosac arc erT partias
ara aqvs umravlesoba da yvelaze Zlieri partia droebiT
kavSirs amyarebs ufro mcire partiebTan saka-
nonmdeblo organoSi umravlesobis mosapoveblad.
kognituri fsiqologia _ (laT. cognito _ codna) Tanamedrove ucxouri
fsiqologiis wamyvani mimarTuleba, romelic
aRmocenda XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, rogorc
reaqcia biheviorizmze misi qcevis regulaciuri
meqanizmebis uaryofiT. am mimarTulebis CarCoebSi
gamoiyo qcevis struqturuli Semadgenlebi, postulirebul
iqna codnis gadamwyveti roli qcevis organizebaSi,
mTlianad adamianis fsiqikur saqmianobaSi. kognituri
fsiqologiis ZiriTad meTods warmoadgens

331
 sainformacio meTodi, xolo fsiqologiuri kvlevis Ziri-
Tad princips mikrogenetikuri principi.
Tavdapirvelad, kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
ikvlevdnen sensoruli informaciis gardaqmnis stimuls _
warmodgenis momentidan sapasuxo reaqciis
miRebamde. gamoiyo SemecnebiTi, Semdeg ki
SesrulebiTi procesebis struqturuli elemenetebi. kogni-
turi (codnismieri) fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi (j.
bruneri da sxv.) akritikebdnen biheviorizms (qceviTi
stimulebi) da fsiqoanalizs inteleqtualuri poziciebidan.
intensiurad muSavdeba individualuri gansxvavebis
kognituri Teoria (m. aizenki), pirovnebis zogadi Teoria
(j. keli) da pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis (e. berni)
Teoria. Tumca, kognituri fsiqologiis sxvadasxva mi-
marTuleba araa konsolidirebuli erTian konceptualur
paradigmaze.
koleqtivizacia _ miwisa da warmoebis yvela sxva saSualebis
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla.
koleqtivizmi _ rwmena, rom saerTo keTildReobisaTvis ukeTesia,
politikuri erTeulis SigniT arsebuli warmoebis da
ganawilebis saSualebebi saerTo (da ara individualur)
sakuTrebaSi iyos.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba _ saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi am mizniT
ideba SeTanxmeba ramdenime qveyanas Soris erTiani
Zlieri gaerTianebis Seqmnaze, romelic daupirispirdeba
nebismier qveyanas, romelic agresiis aqts Caidens. raki
verc erTi calke aRebuli ver ajobebs koleqtiur Zalas,
agresia warumatebeli aRmoCndeba.

332
koleqtiuri fsiqozi _ jgufebis da xalxis didi masebis droebiTi
ukontrolo mdgomareoba, romelic gamowveulia eqstre-
maluri zemoqmedebebiT.
koleqtiuri warmodgenebi _ e. diurkgeimis mier SemoRebuli
termini adamianTa socialur gamocdilebaSi
Camoyalibebuli warmodgenebis aRsaniSnavad;
koleqtiuri cnobierebis nawili.
komunikacia _ 1. informaciis gadacemis procesi, misi kodireba,
gaSifra, aRqmisa da gagebis Taviseburebebi; 2.
nebismieri saxis informaciis gacvla kavSiris
sxvadasxva sistemas Soris; 3. niSnobrivi sistemebis
meSveobiT adamianebs Soris urTierTobis aqti,
socialuri urTierTqmedebis azrovnebis aspeqtebi.
komunikaciuri qmedebebi, romelic orientirebulia sxva
adamianebis mier maT zneobriv aRqmaze.
komunikacia (instrumentuli komunikacia) _ Sinaarsobrivi
komunikacia eqspresiuli komunikaciisagan
gansxvavebiT.
komunikacia (masobrivi komunikacia) _ sxvadasxva adgilas
ganlagebul did auditoriaze teqnikuri saSualebebis
meSveobiT informaciis sistemuri gavrcelebis procesi.
komunikacia (qvecnobieri komunikacia) _ 1. informaciis
impulsuri, racionaluri arakontrolirebadi gadacema; 2.
informaciis gadacema, romelic gaTvlilia mis
qvecnobier aRqmaze (informaciis STagonebiTi saxe).
konvenciuri monawileoba _ CarTva politikuri aqtivobis yvelaze
gavrcelebul da martiv formebSi, rogoricaa xmis
micema, mediaSi politikuri sakiTxebis midevneba da
politikur mitingebze misvla.

333
konservatizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs keTildReobas,
usafrTxoebas da tradicias.
konstitucia _ xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis ZiriTadi
wesebis gansazRvra.
konstituciuri demokratia _ umravlesobis nebis principze agebuli
SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic politikuri
Zalaufleba daqsaqsulia mraval dajgufebasa da interes-
Ta jgufs Soris, xolo saxelisuflebo moqmedebebi da
institutebi konstituciiT gansazRvrul wesebs
Seesabameba.
kontrterorizmi _ terorizmTan sabrZolvelad gamoyenebuli meTodi.
konversia (fsiqologiaSi) _ mrwamsis, faseulobiTi orientaciebis,
religiuri rwmenis mkveTri, moulodneli cvlileba.
konsensusi _ (laT. _ consensus _ Tanxmoba, erTsulovneba) indi-
videbsa da socialur jgufebs Soris Sexedulebebis erTi-
anobis an msgavsi orientaciebis arseboba raime
sakiTxze, socialuri erTianobis umravlesobis
Tanxmoba sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxze.
konsensusi an racionaluri, gacnobierebuli solidaroba
adamianebs Soris, sazogadoebis normaluri mdgo-
mareobis atributi, sazogadoebis wevrebis qceva, rac
efuZneba maTi socialurad mniSvnelovani
moqmedebebis Tanxmobas, SeTanxmebulobas.
konservatizmi _ istoriulad mdgradi, fsiqologiuri reaqciebisa da
sociokulturuli qmedebebis tipologiuri modeli,
orientirebulia masze, rom vinmem misdios arsebul
faseulobiT magaliTebs. adamianTa nebismier
sazogadoebaSi moqmedebs religiuri, komunikaciuri,

334
 moraluri, eTikuri da leqsikuri xasiaTis fesvmyari
stereotipuli msoflmxedvelobiTi formebi. maT
ganviTarebasa da civilizaciis mudmiv ganaxlebaSi
SeaqvT monacvleobisa da gamZleobis elementebi,
aucilebeli tradicionalizmis suli, konservatizmis jansaRi
principebi, romlebic axal Taobas saSualebas aZlevs,
daiviwyos warsulis gakveTilebi da ugulebelyos
winaparTa pozitiuri gamocdilebebi. nebismier sazoga-
doebaSi aris adamianTa kategoria, romelic mijaWvulia
am stereotipebs.
kontent-analizi _ teqstis avtoris (iformaciis sxva matareblebis)
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis gamovlenis meTodi,
romelSic gamoiyofa azrobrivi erTeulebi da
xorcieldeba maTi ganmeorebis sixSiris gazomva. am
safuZvelze xdeba daskvnebis gakeTeba Setyobinebis
avtoris pirovnuli mimarTulebis Sesaxeb; faruli
tendenciebi ganisazRvreba faqtoruli analizis
meSveobiT.
kontrkultura _ am terminis dabadebis aTvlis wertilad 1970 wels
miiCneven, rodesac gamovida amerikeli mecnieris t.
rozakis wigni `kontrkulturis Seqmna~, amas mohyva
C. reiCis wigni `amerikis mwvane amonayari~,
romelic umal bestselerad iqca. zogadad kontrkulturaze
mravalgvari ganmarteba arsebobs, romelTa Soris
mniSvnelovania Semdegi: `kontrkultura aris sazo-
gadoebaSi gabatonebuli kulturis alternativa, gabatone-
buli fundamenturi principebis sawinaaRmdego
socialur-kulturuli moZraoba. meamboxe nonkonfor-
misti (Seurigebeli) _ axalgazrdobis mier Tanamedrove

335
 dasavluri kulturis, `mamebis kulturis~ miuRebloba,
radikaluri opozicia teqnokratiuli sazogadoebis
mimarT. mokled rom iTqvas, dominanturi kulturis
opoziciuri subkultura, mis qveS an monaTesave
safexurze mdgari kultura.
konfliqti _ (laT. conflicts _ Sejaxeba) urTierTqmedi subieqtebis
interesebis, miznebis, survilebis, da poziciebis
Sejaxeba. konfliqti iwyeba incidentisagan, roca erT _
erTi mxare axorcielebs meore mxaris interesebis Sem-
laxvel moqmedebebs. gamoyofen jgufTaSoris,
socialur, eTnikur da saxelmwifoTaSoris konfliqtebs.
konfliqtis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba Semdegi
stadiebiT: incidenti-konfliqtis TandaTanobiTi
gaZliereba brZolis gamocdilebis dagrovebis xarjze,
problemebis raodenobis zrda _ monawileTa konfliqturi
aqtiurobis zrda, winaaRmdegobis aqtiurobis zrda,
winaaRmdegobis gamZafreba _ konfliqtis monawileTa
qcevis dezorganizacia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is
destruqciulia. Tumca, konfliqti SeiZleba iyos
konstruqciulic, rac xels uwyobs problemebis
produqtiuli gadawyvetilebis Ziebas.
konfliqti (Sidapirovnuli konfliqti) _ pirovnebis diskomfortuli
mdgomareoba, rac gamowveulia ambivalenturi
(sapirispiro) grZnobebiT, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
rRveviT, imedebis dakargviT.

l
laibnici (vilhelm gotfrid leibnici) _ (1646-1716) germaneli
filosofosi, istorikosi, maTematikosi, iuristi, fsiqologi,

336
 romelmac gamoikvlia fsiqikisa da cnobierebis buneba.
uaryo ra j. lokis koncefcia, is Tvlida, rom `suli araa
sufTa dafa~, romelic ivseba cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT, aramed ufro marmarilos lodia, romelsac
gaaCnia Tavisi bunebrivi faqtura _ Sinagani pirobebi,
romlebic arapirdapir ganapirobeben gare
STabeWdilebebs. wamoayena ra `mcire aRqmaTa~
(qvecnobieri, zRurblsqveSa aRqmis) koncefcia
laibnicma gamijna fsiqikuri da cnobieri da gaafarTova
fsiqikis cneba masSi qvecnobieri procesebis CarTvis
xarjze.
leboni (leboni gustavi) _ (1841-1931) frangi socialuri fsiqologi,
politologi, publicisti, anTropologi, danaSaulis
masobrivi formebis fsiqosociologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi
damfuZnebeli. ZiriTadi Sromebi: `materiis evolucia~
(1886), `masebis fsiqologia (1908), `brbos fsiqologia~
(1907), `socializmis fsiqologia~ (1908), `revoluciis
fsiqologia~ da sxva. lebonisaTvis civilizaciis socialur-
istoriuli ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris
iracionaluri anTropologiuri sawyisebi, pirvel rigSi,
adamianuri emociebi da vnebebi, romlebic ufro did
Zalas iZens masiuri TavSeyrisas, brbos saqmianobisas,
romlis paradoqsaluri Tavisebureba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom misi zneobrivi da inteleqtualuri
done yovelTvis dabalia calke aRebuli misi erTi
warmomadgenlis zneobriv da inteleqtualur unarze.
legitimuroba _ kanonTan Tanxmoba. socialur fsiqologiasa da
politologiaSi es termini SemoRebulia m. veberis mier
adamianTa qcevaSi politikuri da socialuri wesis

337
 mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad. individisTvis kanonis
mier subieqturad warmodgenili wesi warmoadgens
individis qcevis maqsimums, rac ar saWiroebs garedan
kontrols. veberis mixedviT legitimuroba gamoixateba
socialuri normebis mniSvnelobaSi, prestiJulobaSi. ve-
beris ideebi legitimurobis Sesaxeb farTod
gamoiyeneba dasavleTis samarTlis sociologiaSi.
legitimuri xelisufleba _ mTavrobis samarTlebrivi da moraluri
ufleba, marTos garkveuli mosaxleoba da konkretuli
teritoria.
legitimuroba _ politikuri Zalauflebis aRsruleba adamianTa erTobis
SigniT mis wevrTa mier wesebis nebayoflobiT dacvis
safuZvelze.
liberalizacia _ yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ase uwodebdnen represiuli
saSinao politikis Serbilebas. sabWoTa istoriisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo liberalizaciisa da represiis mona-
cvleoba.
liberalizmi _ politikuri filosofia, romelic yvela sxva RirebulebasTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms,
Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs.
liberaluri ganaTleba _ ganaTleba, romelic xazs usvams kritikuli
azrovnebis unarTa ganviTarebas literaturis, filosofiis,
istoriisa da mecnierebis Seswavlis gziT.
liberaluri tradicia _ 300-wliani tradicia dasavlur politikur
azrovnebaSi, romlis mixedviTac xelisuflebis mizani
individualur uflebaTa win wamoweva da dacvaa.
amerikuli liberalizmisa da amerikuli konservatizmis
damcvelTa Soris didi xania mimdinareobs dava imis

338
 Taobaze, romel individualur uflebebs unda mieniWos
upiratesoba.
libertarianeloba _ moZRvreba, damyarebuli rwmenaze, rom
xelisufleba aucilebeli borotebaa, romelic rac SeiZleba
naklebad unda Caerios individualur Tavisuflebasa da
pirad cxovrebaSi. uwodeben agreTve `minimalizms~.
libido _ (laT. Libido _ swrafva, vneba, Zlieri midrekileba)
fsiqoanalizis (froidizmis) erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba, rac
Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda seqsualur swrafvas, rogorc
fsiqikuri energiis sayovelTao safuZvels, rogorc
adamianis qcevis dominirebad motivs. SemdgomSi
libido froidis mier axsnili iqna, rogorc swrafva
sicocxlisaken, siamovnebebisaken, sikvdilisa da
ngrevisaken da is gaxda misi moZRvrebis ZiriTadi
ganmartebiTi cneba.
lideroba _ socialur jgufSi dominirebisa da daqvemdebarebis
urTierTobis socialur-fsiqologiuri fenomeni; ganisa-
zRvreba obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebiT. liderobis
obieqtur faqtorebs ganekuTvneba jgufis miznebi da
amocana, misi cxovelqmedebis mimdinare pirobebi.
subieqturs ki _ jgufis wevrebisa da misi lideris
individualur tipologiuri Taviseburebebi, jgufSi
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebis dinamika, jgufis
socialurad aRmocenebadi taqtikuri amocanebi.
liderobis stili _ lideris mier socialur jgufis wevrebTan pirovnebaTa
Soris urTierTobaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebisa da
xerxebis erToblioba (cneba SemoRebulia k. levinis
mier), romlebmac unda gadawyvitos Sida jgufuri

339
 konfliqtebi. efeqturi lideroba ukavSirdeba erT pirSi
orive zemoT aRniSnuli rolis Serwymas.
lobistebi _ adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena moaxdinon
xelisuflebis politikaze raime specialuri interesis sasa-
rgeblod.

m
masmedia _ masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, rogoricaa
televizia, radio, filmebi, wignebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi.
masobrivi komunikacia _ socialuri urTierToba mTeli sazogadoebis
masStabiT, sayovelTao socialuri kavSiri, romlis
uzrunvelyofac xdeba masobrivi komunikaciis
saSualebebiT; socialurad mniSvnelovani informaciis
masobrivi gavrceleba teqnikuri saSualebebis meS-
veobiT; Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erTi wina
piroba: socialuri, kulturuli da sulieri faseulobebis,
wamyvani teqnologiebisa da ekonomikuri novaciebis
sistematizireba; masobriv cnobierebaze da adamianTa
qcevaze, maT darwmunebasa da STagonebaze
ideologiuri da politikuri gavlenis saSualeba.
masobrivi komunikaciis fsiqologia _ (laT. communicare _ TaTbiri)
socialur urTierTobaTa fsiqologia, romelic
organizebulad xorcieldeba mTeli sazogadoebis
masStabiT. masobrivi komunikacia orientirebulia
masobriv socialur moTxovnilebebze, mocemuli
sazogadoebis socialuri sistemis Taviseburebebze.
amasTan, gaTvaliswinebulia masobrivi auditoriis
socialuri grZnobebi, misi saqalaqo, politikuri da
kulturuli gamocdileba, erovnuli Taviseburebebi.

340
masobrivi cnobiereba _ sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis tipi
(zogadsakacobriosTan da jgufurTan erTad), romelic
axasiaTebs gansakuTrebuli saxis socialur erTobebs-
masebs (statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone
individebis simravles). masobrivi cnobiereba
gamoirCeva arakonceptualizirebulobiT, winaaRm-
degobriobiT, swrafi cvlilebiT erTi mimarTulebiT,
myari stereotipizirebulobiT da sxva mimarTulebiT. is
asaxavs farTo masebisTvis misawvdom ideebs
warmodgenebs, grZnobebs.
maJoritaruli sistema _ (first past the post _ umravlesoba)
saarCevno sistemis saxeoba, romlis mixedviTac
sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi an partia,
romlebic olqSi moipovebs xmebis umravlesobas,
miiRebs mandats an mocemuli olqis yvela mandats.
zogierT qveyanaSi _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu verc erTma
kandidatma xmebis gansazRvrul procentze meti ver
moagrova, or yvelaze Zlier kandidats Soris kenWisyris
meore turi cxaddeba. es wesi xels aZlevs farTo da
myari socialuri bazis mqone partiebs da orpartiuli sis-
temis Camoyalibebas uqmnis safuZvels. kritikosebis
azriT, is arademokratiulia, radgan gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis patara an axal partiebs da
amomrCevels dilemis winaSe ayenebs: an xma misces
mxolod politikuri speqtris centrTan axlos mdgom,
wamyvani partiis kandidatebs, an gaflangos Tavisi
xma gamarjvebis Sansis aramqone kandidatis
mxardaWeriT.

341
`me~ koncefcia _ pirovnebis kompleqsi sakuTar TavTan, socialur,
fizikur Tu zefizikur (sakralur) samyarosTan
mimarTebaSi. masSi Sedis TviTSemecnebis,
TviTdakvirvebis, Rrma TviTanalizis (refleqsebi)
rezultatebi da aseve sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb azri,
romelsac garemocvasTan urTierToba aRZravs.
xasiaTi, Sinaarsi, faseulobiTi, normatiuli, semantikuri
(cnebiTi mniSvneloba) mimarTebebi, romelic `me~
koncefciis sulier garemoSia metad mravalferovani da
damokidebulia sxvadasxva socialur, istoriul erovnul,
kulturul da sxva faqtorebTan.
mTavroba _ pirovnebebi da institutebi, romlebic qmnian da
amkvidreben wesebsa da kanonebs adamianTa ufro
didi erTobebisTvis.
mentaliteti _ gonebis Taviseburebebi, guneba-ganwyobileba
(erovnuli, liberaluri, konservatoruli, progresuli,
marginaluri da a.S.). is asaxavs misi matareblebis
cnobierebisa da inteleqtis dones. Tavdapirvelad termini
SemoiRo sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi kulturul-
eTnikuri mimarTulebis fuZemdebelma l. levi-briulem
da niSnavda konkretuli individis mier samyaros
aRqmis `fsiqologiur aRWurvilobas~, `gonebis
instruments~. bolo xanebSi is farTod gamoiyeneba in-
dividis TviTcnobierebisa da cnobierebis politikuri,
samarTlebrivi da zogad-kulturuli Taviseburebebis
daxasiaTebisTvis.
motivacia _ (laT. moveo _ Segulianeba, biZgeba) garkveuli qmede-
bisa da qcevisaken Sinagani midrekilebis (motivebis)
aRmoCenisa da gamovlenis fsiqodinamika.

342
monawileoba _ aqtiuri CarTuloba politikur saqmeebSi, rac SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes moqmedebis saxeTa farTo speqtrs _
xmis micemaTa da masobrivi protestiT dawyebuli da
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebiTa da terorizmiT damTavrebuli.

n
nacionalistur-separatistuli terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelsac
sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis maZiebeli jgufebi misde-
ven. maTi saqmianoba Cveulebriv mocemul erovnul
sazRvrebSia moqceuli.
neitraliteti _ politika, romelic upirobo prioritetad miiCnevs omSi
Caubmelobas. saamisod qveyana mezoblebis mimarT
raime muqaras erideba, mxolod TavdacviT samxedro
resursebs inarCunebs da arasodes emxroba konfliqtis
romelime mxares. fineTi, SvedeTi da Seveicaria
neitralitetis politikis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis
magaliTebia.
nihilizmi _ msoflmxedveloba, ris Tanaxmadac yvela arsebuli
socialuri da politikuri institutis ganadgureba
TavisTavad sasurveli mizania.
nomenklatura _ yofili sabWoTa komunisturi partiis sistema, riTac
is akontrolebda yvela mniSvnelovan administraciul
Tanamdebobas da amiT uzrunvelyofda mimdinare
gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa mxardaWeras da erTgu-
lebas.
neobiheviorizmi _ gasuli saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi warmoqmnili
biheviorizmis modificirebuli koncefcia, romelic
wamoayenes k. holma da e. tolmenma, rogorc reaqcia
klasikuri biheviorizmis uZlurobaze.

343
neofroidizmi _ gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi warmoqmnili
fsiqologiuri mimarTuleba, romelic gamoeyo froidizms.
neofroidizmis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian:
amerikeli fsiqologebi k. xorni (1885-1952), h. s.
saliveni (1892-1949), e. fromi (1900-1980). neo-
froidizmma gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mianiWa
socialuri pirobebis formirebas mis nervotul gadax-
rebSi. kritikis qveS moeqca froidiseuli panseqsualizmi.
neofroidizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia aracnobieris
prioriteti, pirovnebis konfliqti sazogadoebasTan. fsiqo-
Terapiis ZiriTadi meTodis saxiT gamoiyo
pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gardaqmna.

o
oligarqia _ avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac
gavlenian individTa mcire jgufi srulad akontrolebs
Zalauflebas.
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni _ elitisturi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac
nebismieri didi organizaciis (mag., politikuri partiis,
profesiuli kavSiris) marTvis saWiroebebs TavisTavad
mivyavarT mdgomareobamde, roca informaciisa da
komunikaciis misawvdomoba da maTze kontroli
biurokratTa mcire jgufiTaa SemozRuduli. amis gamo
es jgufi organizaciis farglebSi Zalauflebis yvela
berkets eufleba.
omis eskalacia _ gadasvla saomari konfliqtis dros SedarebiT ufro
lokaluri da SezRuduli Setakebebidan srulmaStabian
omze. Cveulebriv es xdeba, roca mocemul momentSi
wagebuli mxare brZolaSi gardatexis Sesatanad Tavisi

344
 samxedro Zalis mkveTr gazrdas gadawyvets da es
tendencia grZeldeba, sanam orive mxare omSi Tavisi
sruli potencialiT ar Caebmeba.
orpalatiani sistema _ (bikameralizmi) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
dayofa or palatad.
oxlokratia _ (xalxis Zalaufleba) sazogadoebriv-politikuri jgufebisa
da calkeuli pirovnebebis xelisufleba, romlebic
apelireben masebis populisturi, primitiuli ganwyobis
mimarT, cdiloben ra gamoiyenon sazogadoebis
lumperizirebuli fenebis masobrivi cnobierebis
CamorCenili gamovlinebebi da am dros ukiduresad
amartiveben rTul socialur problemebs.

p
paranoia _ qronikuli fsiqologiuri daavadeba, romelsac Tan axlavs
akviatebuli bodviTi ideebi, romlebic ganapirobeben
avadmyofis qcevas.
paranoiduli qceva _ qceva, rac ganpirobebulia akviatebuli ideebiT,
qedmaRlobiT, undoblobiT, saSiSroebis
gadaWarbebuli molodiniT, rac obieqtur safuZvlebsaa
moklebuli, nakarnaxevia mcdari msjelobiT.
parataqsia _ erTi adamianebis mimarT damokidebulebis sxva
adamianebze gadatana.
parafsiqologia _ (berZn. paro _ miaxloebiTi) naklebad gamokvleuli,
mecnierulad auxsneli fsiqikuri movlenebi _ naTlmxi-
lveloba, telepaTia, telekinezi, distanciuri diagnostika
da sxva.
plebisciti _ kenWisyra, romelic qveyanaSi tardeba sajaro politikis
konkretul problemaze.

345
pluralistebi _ am Tvalsazrisis momxreebi Tvlian, rom raki
nebismier did demokratiaSi politikuri procesi
decentralizebuli da instituciurad danawevrebulia,
politikuri Zalauflebis struqturebis kontroli SeuZliaT
mxolod specialur interesTa SemozRudul sivrceSi
Seqmnil, erTi sakiTxis garSemo gaerTianebul
koaliciebs.
propaganda _ mas-mediis gamoyeneba mosaxleobaSi sasurveli
Sexedulebebis Casanergad da xalxis azrebisa da
qmedebis sasurveli mimarTulebiT warsamarTad.
proporciuli warmomadgenloba _ politikuri struqtura, ris
pirobebSic sakanonmdeblo organos mandatebi partiebs
Soris nawildeba amomrCevelTa miRebuli xmebis
wilis Sesabamisad.
politika _ procesi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba irCevs da
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro ZalauflebiT
aRWurvavs Tavis mmarTvelebs, moqmedebs saerTo
miznebis misaRwevad da agvarebs konfliqtebs Tavis
SigniT.
politikis axali gageba _ meTvramete saukunis doqtrina, ris
Tanaxmadac politikuri sistema SeiZleba ise moewyos,
rom Seiqmnas kompetenturi mTavroba, magram
Tavidan iyos acilebuli Zalauflebis zedmeti
centralizaciidan gamomdinare tirania.
politikis fsiqologia _ politologiis dargi, romelic ikvlevs politikis
fsiqologiur aspeqtebs, adamianis faqtoris rols
sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi, politikis fsiqologia
gamoyofs qmediT midgomas politikuri movlenis
mimarT _ is avlens politikaSi monawileobis motivebs,

346
 politikuri faseulobebis Sinaarss, socialur moTxovnile-
bebs, politikuri manipulirebis niSnebs, adamianTa
qcevis Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva politikur situaciaSi.
politikuri fsiqologia iyenebs socialuri fsiqologiis, so-
ciologiisa da politologiis meTodebs, politikis fsiqo-
logiis monacemebi gamoiyeneba politikur
prognozirebaSi, sxvadasxva doneze politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros.
`politiko~ _ aSS-Si ase uwodeben kanonmdebels, romelic maTTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi
amomrCevelTa nebas misdevs, magram sakuTar
mosazrebebs eyrdnoba im sferoebSi, rac nakleb
aRelvebs amomrCevlebs an sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
aqvs eris keTildReobisaTvis.
politikuri apaTia _ politikuri monawileobis mimarT interesis
arqona.
politikuri ganviTareba _ xelisuflebis unari, efeqturad gamoiyenos
Zalaufleba, wesrigi da sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis
muSaoba uzrunvelyos, amasTan Tavidan aicilos cvlile-
bebi liderTa Soris.
politikuri partia _ individTa nebismieri jgufi, romelic erTmaneTs
eTanxmeba sajaro politikis zogierT an yvela sakiTxze
da organizdeba im mizniT, rom Tavisi wevrebis meS-
veobiT xelisuflebis kontrols miaRwios.
politikuri realizmi _ filosofia, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela politikur
urTierTobaSi sakvanZo faqtori Zalauflebaa, amitom
saWiroa misi pragmatuli da gamozomili gamoyeneba
erovnuli interesebis dasakmayofileblad. ganxor-
cielebuli politika fasdeba rogorc kargi an cudi imis

347
 mixedviT, Tu ramdenad sasikeToa is erovnuli
interesebisTvis da ara misi moralurobis xarisxiT.
politikuri socializacia _ procesi, riTac sazogadoebis wevrebi
iTviseben maTi garemos Zireul Rirebulebebs da
emzadebian samoqalaqo movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad.
politikuri qmedunarianoba _ politikur saqmianobaSi qmediTi
monawileobis unari, romelsac Cveulebriv safuZvlad
udevs ganaTleba, socialuri statusi da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena.
politikuri fsiqologia _ adamianis politikuri qcevis fsiqologia,
fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba politikuri movlenebis
asaxsnelad, politikuri aqciebis gavlenis asaxsnelad
adamianTa fsiqikur mdgomareobaze. rogorc mec-
niereba politikuri fsiqologia ikvlevs movlenebis farTo
wres _ politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis, politikur
molaparakebebze partniorTa urTierTqmedebis, eT-
nikurTaSorisi da saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebis,
politikur moZraobebSi monawileobis, politikuri
orientaciebis formirebis fsiqologias da sxv. aseve
politikuri fsiqologia ikvlevs adamianTa qcevis Tavise-
burebebs, stereotipebs, maT politikur moTxovnebs,
politikuri msoflmxedvelobis individualur da jgufur
meqanizmebs, faseulobaTa sistemas da mTlianad maT
politikur Sexedulebas. xdeba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
fenis politikuri molodinebis, maTi politikuri
ganwyobis, politikuri faseulobis _ samarTlianobis,
Tanasworobis, SesaZleblobebis, sazogadoebaSi
wesrigis kvleva. Seiswavleba politikuri moRvaweebis,
mTavrobis, calkeuli kanonmdeblobis Sefasebis

348
 fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi, sazogadoebis politikuri
kulturis tipi da done, masebis politikuri qcevis
mravalferovneba, pirovnebis politikuri socializaciis
formebi da xerxebi, politikuri fsiqologiis motivaciuri
da kognituri (SemecnebiTi) elementebi.
politikuri cnobiereba _ politikuri fsiqologiis ZiriTadi kategoria,
romelic aRniSnavs adamianis cnobierebis sferos, rac
ukavSirdeba politikuri movlenebis asaxvas, individis
am movlenebTan dakavSirebas. politikuri cnobiereba
ukavSirdeba individis politikur kulturasa da mis
politikur qcevas, warmoadgens mis regulaciur
safuZvels. politikuri cnobiereba _ disciplinaTaSorisi
kategoriaa. mas ikvlevs sociologia, politologia,
politikuri fsiqologia da sxva mecnierebani. Cveulebriv
politikuri cnobiereba gamoirCeva amorfulobiT,
gazrdili emociurobiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT, rigidu-
lobiT, politikur qcevaze gavlenis inerciulobiT.
politikuri cnobiereba devs sazogadoebis
cxovelqmedebis politikuri organizaciis formisa da
socialuri sistemis upiratesobaSi darwmunebis
safuZvelze. politikuri cnobierebis tipebs
ganekuTvneba demokratiuli, avtoritaruli, paternaluri
(mamobrivi, mzrunvelobiTi), totalitaruli da sxva
saxeebi.
policiuri Zalaufleba _ saxelmwifoTa unari, SeinarCunon Sida
mSvidoba da wesrigi, uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da
zogadad daicvan adamianebis janmrTeloba,
usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba.

349
proletariatis diqtatura _ marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa
revoluciis momdevno stadia, romlis drosac
saxelmwifos komunisturi partia akontrolebs da mas
kapitalisturi reaqciisa Tu kontrrevoluciisagan icavs.
proporciuli siebis sistema _ proporciuli warmomadgenlobis
meTodi, romlis drosac partiebi qmnian sakuTari
kandidatebis ranJirebul sias da mis mixedviT SeyavT
isini sakanonmdeblo organoSi.

r
revolucia _ sazogadoebis politikuri da socialuri institutebis
Zirfesviani Secvla, rasac xSirad Tan axlavs Zaladoba,
kulturuli dapirispireba da samoqalaqo omi.
revoluciis ufleba _ jon lokis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu
xelisufleba Tavisi moqmedebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis
da sakuTrebis Zireul uflebebs laxavs, moqalaqeebs uf-
leba aqvT, ajanydnen da Secvalon is axliT, romelic
marTebulad Seasrulebs Tavis amocanebs.
reklamis fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic ikvlevs sareklamo
zemoqmedebis sxvadasxva saSualebebs da formebis
aRqmisa da waqezebis efeqturobis kanonzomierebebs.
respublika _ mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac suverenitetis
matarebelia mocemuli qveynis xalxi da ara misi
mmarTvelebi. respublikebis udidesi umravlesoba dRes
demokratiuli anu warmomadgenlobiTia, rac niSnavs,
rom suverenul Zalauflebas axorcieleben moqalaqeTa
mier arCeuli da maT winaSe pasuxismgebeli
warmomadgenlebi.

350
referendumi _ xmis micema, riTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir
gaauqmon sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli
gadawyvetileba.

s
saerTaSoriso terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelSic erTi qveyana
sxva qveynis xelisuflebas upirispirdeba. xandaxan mas
`saxelmwifos dasponsorebul terorizmsac~ uwodeben.
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia _ samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. msoflio sasamarTlos
arsebobis pirveli oci wlis manZilze ormocdaori
qveynis xelisuflebam ganacxada mzaoba eRiarebina
misi savaldebulo iurisdiqcia.
sazogado sikeTe _ politikuri erTobis wevrTa mier gaziarebuli
Sexedulebebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra miznebis miRwevas
unda emsaxurebodes xelisufleba: magaliTad, man
unda uzrunvelyos usafrTxoebis, keTildReobis,
Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobis maqsima-
luri done yvela moqalaqisaTvis.
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi _ jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren
RonisZiebebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, mTel
sazogadoebas waadgeba.
sazogadoebrivi azri _ moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirTa
gadawyvetilebebze da qcevaze.
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva _ moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva
Sexedulebebis gasagebad.
sazogadoebrivi ganwyobileba _ sazogadoebrivi fsiqologiis
mdgomareobis emociuri daxasiaTeba, rac gavlenas

351
 axdens masebis impulsur qcevaze; did socialur
jgufebSi grZnobebisa da gonebis garkveuli
mdgomareoba; socialur-politikuri Zvrebis winapiroba.
sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba _ sazogadoebis cxovelqmedebis sulieri
sfero, misi arsebobis obieqturi pirobebis
ganzogadebuli asaxva, sulieri orientirebisa da
zogadsocialuri faseulobebis sistema. gamoiyofa
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ideologiuri da socialur-
fsiqologiuri doneebi. misi socialur-fsiqologiuri aspeqti
mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrebis mier
sazogadoebrivi procesebisa da damokidebulebebis
gaazrebasa da emociur gancdaSi. sazogadoebrivi cno-
biereba yalibdeba, rogorc myari faqtorebis, aseve
SemTxveviTi garemoebebis (politikuri brZolis,
eqstremaluri situaciis da sxv.) zegavleniT. eris
sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba determinirebulia misi
istoriuli warsuliT, eTnikuri sociostereotipebiT, kultu-
ruli da ekonomikuri tradiciebiT.
sazogadoebrivi wes-Cveulebebi _ mocemul sazogadoebaSi Rrmad
fesvgadgmuli qcevis normebi, romelTa realizebac
xdeba tradiciebisa da wesebis formiT; socialuri
normebis yoveldRiuri konkretizacia; mocemul
sazogadoebaSi masiuri qcevis yvelaze myari formebi,
romlebic Tavdapirvelad Cndebian yvelaze prestiJul
jgufebSi.
samarTlianoba _ sazogadoebis SigniT sikeTeebisa da movaleobebis
ganxilva damsaxurebis mixedviT.

352
samoqalaqo ganaTleba _ potenciur moqalaqeebSi im Zireuli
Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis STanergva, romlebic
safuZvlad udevs mocemul wesrigs.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba _ kanonis araZaladobrivi da Ria
darRveva, risi mizanicaa iuridiuli, politikuri Tu
socialuri usamarTlobis warmoCena.
samoqalaqo liderebi _ individebi, romlebic seriozul gavlenas
axdenen xelisuflebaze raime oficialuri Tanamdebobis
daukaveblad.
samoqalaqo omi _ omi eris geografiuli Tu politikur nawilebs Soris.
saparlamento sistema _ demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistema, romlis
drosac xelisufleba koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo
organoSi, romelic irCevs premier-ministrs da kabinetis
wevrebs. maT imden xans SeuZliaT Tanamdebobaze
yofna, ramden xansac parlamentSi umravlesobis
mxardaWera eqnebaT.
saparlamento suvereniteti _ did britaneTSi ase uwodeben dauwerel
konstituciur principebs, risi ZaliTac britaneTis
parlamenti uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo organoa;
parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebi ar
eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv gadasinjvas da arc
samefo taxts SeuZlia maTi gauqmeba.
saprezidento sistema _ mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, romelSic
umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli Tanamdebobis piri saerTo-
saxalxo xmis micemiT airCeva fiqsirebuli vadiT, xolo
misi uflebamosileba mkafiodaa gamijnuli xelisuflebis
sxva Stoebisagan.

353
saSinao terorizmi _ terorizmis forma, romelsac axorcieleben
adamianebi qveynis SigniT romelime mTavrobasTan
kavSiris gareSe.
saxelmwifo _ damoukidebeli politikur-administraciuli erTeuli,
romelsac gaaCnia mocemuli mosaxleobis loialoba,
axorcielebs monopolias Zalis legitimur gamoyenebaze
da akontrolebs teritorias, razec misi moqalaqeebi Tu
qveSevrodomebi cxovroben.
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba _ (coup d’etat) saxelmwifo Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebis mcdeloba alternatiuli jgufis (xSirad
samxedroebis) mier, visac ZiriTad saxelisuflebo
institutebze kontrolis mopoveba surs mmarTvelobis
formis an sazogadoebis Zirfesviani Secvlis gareSe.
saxelmwifo moRvawe _ xelisuflebaSi myofi politikosi, visac
gaaCnia gamorCeuli politikuri unarebi da praqtikuli
sibrZne, sazogado sikeTeze zrunavs da
adamianebisaTvis mniSvnelovan pozitiur Sedegebsac
aRwevs.
saxelmwifos armqone erebi _ xalxebi an erebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi an farTo teritoriaze
cxovroben da ar gaaCniaT sakuTari avtonomiuri,
damoukidebeli Tu suverenuli mmarTvelobiTi
struqtura; aseTi xalxebis magaliTebia qurTebi, palesti-
nelebi, tibetelebi.
saxelmwifo terorizmi _ Zaladobrivi meTodebi, rasac saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi iyeneben sakuTari xalxis
dasaSineblad da dasaSoSmineblad.
sicruis deteqtori _ aSS-Si SemuSavebuli korelaciis gamovlenis
saSualeba adamianis emociur reaqciebsa da misadmi

354
 wayenebul stimulebs Soris, romelTac ZaluZT maTi
didi pirovnuli mniSvnelobis ZaliT gamoiwvion Sede-
gobrivi afeqti. is mdgomareobs rigi xelsawyoebis
gamoyenebaSi adamianis fiziologiuri maCveneblebis
obieqturi kvlevisTvis, romlebic axasiaTebs adamianis
afeqtur mdgomareobas (fsiqosomatikuri reaqciebi).
spinoza (benediqt spinoza) _ (1632-16770 niderlandeli filosofosi,
romelmac didi wvlili Seitana adamianTmcodneobaSi:
`ideebis wesi da kavSiri iseTivea, rogorc sagnebis~.
spinoza amtkicebda, rom yvela fsiqikuri procesi, maT
Soris, nebisyofac mkacradaa determinirebuli,
mizezobrivad ganpirobebuli, nebelobis Tavisufleba
ukavSirdeba Sesabamisi qcevis aucileblobis
gacnobierebas, adamianis motivaciis safuZvelSi devs
ori sabazo emocia _ sixaruli da mwuxareba: sixauli
zrdis moqmedebis unars. mwuxareba ki zRudavs mas
(`eTika~, 1677). spinozas mravali idea asimilirebuli
iyo geStaltfsiqologiisa da fsiqoanalizis mier.
stereotipi _ (berZn. stereos _ myari da typos _ anabeWdi) tvinis
mTliani, sistemuri saqmianobis forma, rac vlindeba
tipobriv situaciebSi pirobiT-refleqsuri reaqciebis
sistemis fiqsirebuli (stereotipuli) wesis saxiT. am fi-
ziologiuri cnebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda fsiqologiuri,
socialuri, politikuri da sxva stereotipebis cneba
(aRqmis xati, avtomatizirebuli qceviTi gamovlineba).
stereotipebi aris fsiqikuri saqmianobis stabilizaciis
meqanizmi standartul, Cveul pirobebSi.
strategiuli gamokiTxva _ sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am tips
iyeneben imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra poziciebi unda

355
 daikavos kandidatma da ra saxis politikuri reklama
Seuqmnis mas pozitiur imijs.
suvereniteti _ mTavrobis unari, realurad ganaxorcielos uzenaesi
Zalaufleba saxelmwifoSi.

t
terorizmi _ politikuri aqtivoba, romelic Tavisi miznebis
misaRwevad eyrdnoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis
muqaras.
teroris mefoba _ adamianTa masobrivi dasja safrangeTis revoluciis
dros komitetis brZanebiT. ase uswordebodnen
adamianebs, visi Sexedulebebic revolucionerTa
utopiuri idealebisagan gansxvavdeboda.
totalitarizmi _ politikuri sistema, romelSic sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferos, ekonomikasa da xelisuflebas
mkacrad akontrolebs mmarTveli elita.
tradicionalistebi _ Teoretikosebi, romelTa politikis Seswavla
fundamentur da `maradiul~ problemebSi
CaRrmavebas emyareba.
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi _ aseTi sazogadoebebi warsulze arian
orientirebulni da winaaRmdegobas uweven cvlilebebs.
maTi gavrcelebuli niSnebia siRaribe, ekonomikis
ZiriTadad agraruli xasiaTi, wera-kiTxvis dabali done
da maRali Sobadoba.
transnacionaluri terorizmi _ aseT movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,
roca sxvadasxva qveyanaSi moqmedi teroristuli
jgufebi erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben an mocemuli
teroristuli jgufis saqmianoba saxelmwifo sazRvrebs
kveTs.

356
 u
ultranacionalizmi _ ukiduresi nacionalizmi, romelsac xSirad
faSizms adareben; agresiuli memarjvene orientacia,
romelsac Cveulebriv axasiaTebs militarizmi, rasizmi
da qsenofobia.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba _ principi, romlis Tanaxmadac
upiratesoba eniWeba kandidats an programas, romlis
Tanaxmadac miiRebs amomrCevelTa xmebis naxevars
plus erT xmas mainc.
umravlesobis tirania _ politikuri situacia, romelSic dominanturi
jgufi xelisuflebis kontrols iyenebs umciresobis jgufebis
dasaCagvrad.
undoblobis votumi _ saparlamento demokratiebSi ase hqvia
kenWisyras parlamentSi, romelic mTavrobam
aucileblad unda moigos, raTa xelisuflebaSi darCes.
urTierTdamokidebuleba _ politikuri moZRvreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac arc erT ers ar SeuZlia sruli izolacia sxva
erebis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
qmedebebisagan da roca amis gamo iqmneba erovnul
interesebze maRla mdgomi saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebis mzardi qseli.
urTierTSekaveba _ am Teoriis Tanaxmad agresiuli omebi Tavidan
SeiZleba aviciloT, Tu Tavdasxmis potenciur obieqts
sakmarisi samxedro Zala eqneba saimisod, rom
nebismieri SesaZlo agresori saTanadod dasajos.
utopia _ srulyofili politikuri da socialuri sistemis warmosaxva.
utopisti socialistebi _ adamianebi, visac swamdaT, rom Se-
saZlebelia qonebis warmatebuli erToblivi marTva,

357
 riTac gadaiWreba yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri
problemebi.

f
fanatizmi _ sakuTari ideebis rwmenisadmi gaugonari erTguleba,
romelic ar iTmens da iziarebs Zlier gadaWarbebul
Sexedulebebs.
faseuloba _ sinamdvilis movlenaTa mniSvnelovnoba, maTi
Sesabamisoba sazogadoebisa da individis, calkeuli
jgufebis ZiriTad moTxovnilebebTan.
faseulobaTa Teoria (aqsiologia) _ moZRvreba faseulobaTa
bunebis, maTi urTierTkavSiris, faseulobaTa socialuri,
kulturuli da pirovnuli faqtorebiT ganpirobebulobis Se-
saxeb.
faseulobebi (socialuri faseulobebi) _ fundamentaluri socialuri
keTildReoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs sociumis
funqcionirebas da ganviTarebas: mSvidobas, socialur
samarTlianobas, adamianis Rirsebis dacvas, cxovrebis
da sulieri ganviTarebis Rirseuli pirobebis Seqmnas.
faseulobiT-saorientacio erTianoba _ jgufuri erTsulovnebis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebeli, jgufis wevrTa
Sefasebebisa da poziciebis Tanxvedris xarisxi
mocemuli jgufebisaTvis mniSvnelovani
movlenebisadmi.
faseulobiTi orientaciebi _ obieqtebis diferencireba (Skalireba)
mocemuli individisaTvis maTi mniSvnelobis
mixedviT, sxvadasxva obieqtis pirovnuli azris
gamovlena, pirovnebis mimarTulebis Sinaarsobrivi

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 mxare, sxvadasxva obieqtTan misi garegani
urTierTqmedebis Sinagani safuZveli.
faSizmi _ totalitaruli politikuri sistema, romelsac saTaveSi udgas
popularuli qarizmatuli politikuri lideri da romelSic er-
TaderTi politikuri partiisa da krgad marTuli Zaladobis
meSveobiT sruli politikuri da socialuri kontroli
xorcieldeba. faSizmi imiT gansxvavdeba komuniz-
misagan, rom Tumca ekonomikur struqturas sa-
xelmwifo akontrolebs, is kerZo mesakuTreTa xelSia.
federalizmi _ SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic emyareba
Zalauflebis ganawilebas centraluri xelisuflebisa da
ufro mcire regionul erTeulebs Soris.
feministuri fsiqologia _ gunebaganwyobilebis erToblioba, romlis
mimdevrebic mxars uWeren sqesTaSoris
Tanasworobas, gamodian qalTa diskriminaciis
winaRmdeg, aRiareben maT iuridiul uflebasa da
politikur Tavisuflebas. feminizmis fsiqologia,
ideologia, filosofia axali drois movlenaa-dasavleTis
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebadi struqturebis
produqti. misi gavrcelebis erT-erT dokumentur wyaros
warmoadgens `deklaracia _ qalebi da moqalaqeebi~ da
fon gipelis monacemebi `qalTa moqalaqeobrivi
uflebebis gaumjobeseba~ (1792).
filosofosi mefeebi _ brZeni filosofosebi, romlebic platonis
`saxelmwifoSi~ aRweril idealur qalaqSi
mmarTvelebad gvevlinebian.
fokus-jgufebi _ adamianTa mcire jgufebi, romlebic komunikaciebis
eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilven konkretul
sakiTxebs.

359
froidi (zigmund froidi) _ (1865-1939) pirveli nabijebi: 1893 wels
venis ori ebraeli eqimi ioseb broieri da froidi gamovida
weriliT fsiqiatriul JurnalSi, sadac mouwodebenen
nevroziT daavadebul pacientebs hipnoziT
mkurnalobas. aqedan iwyeba aTvlis wertili im didi
revoluciuri aRmoCenisa, romelsac fsiqiatriaSi
fsiqoanalizs uwodeben. froidis ganmartebiT
fsiqoanalizi aris moZRvreba adamianis gonebisa da
pirovnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, romelic mudmivad
efuZneba `intrafsiqikuri konfliqtis~ Teorias. intraf-
siqikur konfliqtSi mudmivad mimdinareobs
konkurencia adamianis sindissa da survils Soris,
risganac iSveba nevrozuli (SiSi, isteria, sxvadasxva
akviatebebi) mdgomareoba. Teoria Semdgom Zalzed
gafarTovda da igi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc janmrTeli
adamianis fsiqikis SeswavlisaTvis, aseve nevrozuli
daavadebebisas. igi gamoiyeneba politikaSic da
mecnierebis sxva sferoebSic. am TeoriiT gonebrivi
moqmedebis didi nawili cnobirebis gareT
mimdinareobs da cnobieri imdenad mcirea am
procesSi, rogorc aisbergis xiluli nawili. aracnobieri
fiqrebi da emociebi bevrad Warbobs cnobiers. xSirad
am koncefcias froidi fsiqikur determinizms uwodebs.
misi TqmiT, SemTxveviTi da winaswargauazrebeli
qceva, an naTqvami ufro aqtiuri da dominantia, vidre
winaswarganzraxuli da gaazrebuli. es sruvilebi da
emociebi sabolood instiqtis doneze daiyvana da dayo
or nawilad-seqsualuri, igive libido da agresiuloba anu
ngrevis instiqti. froidma axsna sizmris analizi, rogorc

360
 qvecnobierSi SeRwevis xerxi, xolo Semdeg amis
safuZvelze wamoayena fsiqikis, rogorc cnobierebis
aracnobier survilebTan uwyveti konfliqturi
urTierTqmedebis wyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoria
(`sizmrebis axsna~, 1901). man mogvianebiT kon-
centracia moaxdina sociokulturul problemebze
(`masebis fsiqologia~ da adamianis `me~-s analizi~,
1921~; civilizacia da misiT ukmayofileba~, 1929). (ix.
`ucxouri fsiqologiis istoria XX saukuneSi~).
froidizmi _ zigmund froidis moZRvreba, romelic adamianis fsiqikas
xsnis mis cnobierisa da qvecnobieris urTierTkavSirSi.
fromi (erik fromi) _ (1900-1980 germanel-amerikeli sociologi,
fsiqologi da filosofosi, neirofroidizmis (humanisturi
fsiqoanalizis) erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, samyaroSi
adaminis arsebobis winaaRmdegobaTa mkvlevari. is
adaminis yofis ZiriTad Taviseburebas xedavda
cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
aucileblobaSi, dilemis gadawyvetaSi: `yofna~ da
`qona~. is amuSavebda `humanisturi fsiqoanalizis~
meTodikas adamiansa da bunebas Soris disharmoniis
likvidaciis mizniT. misi ZiriTadi nawarmoebebia:
`adamianis suli~, `gaqceva Tavisuflebida~, `fsiqoanali-
zi da eTika~.
fsiqologia _ (berZ. ynch _ suli da lygo _ moZRvreba; sityvasityviT
moZRvreba sulis Sesaxeb) cneba pirvelad gaCnda
XVIII s-is germaneli filosofosis k. volfis (1679-1754)
namuSavrebSi da gulisxmobs samecniero disciplinas,
romelic Seiswavlis adamianuri fsiqikis ganviTarebisa
da funqcionirebis Tviseburebebs.

361
 q
qarizma _ (berZ. harizma _ RvTis wyaloba) pirovnebis RvTiuri
niWi _ mistikuri Tviseba, misi am TvisebebiT
aRWurva, romlebic iwveven mowiwebas mis winaSe
da misi SesaZleblobebis upirobo rwmenas; idealebis
personifikacia jgufuri erTsulovnebis procesSi,
eqstremalur sitoriul situaciebSi, mistikuri lideris
masobrivi moTxovnilebis aqtualizaciis pirobebSi.
qarizmatuli lideri _ politikuri lideri, romlis legitumuroba
mosaxleobis mxridan Tayvaniscemas emyareba. aseTi
Tayvaniscemis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos warsuli
sagmiro saqmeebi (realuri an warmosaxviTi), pirovnuli
oratoruli niWi Tu politikuri nawerebi.
qsenofobia _ SiSi an siZulvili ucxotomelTa mimarT; paTologiuri
saxiT gamovlenili eTnocentrizmi.
qvecnobiereba _ warmodgenaTa konceptualuri kompleqsi,
gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul fsiqiur monacems, romelic
axdens im individis sulier-praqtikuli cxovrebis
intuiciuri, emociur-grZnobiTi, instiqturi sawyidebis
amuSavebas, romlebic arseboben individualuri cno-
bierebis miRma gonsa da azrovnebis pirdapiri,
normatiul-regulaciuri miuRwevel adgilebSi.
qveyana _ rogorc politikuri termini, is daaxloebiT Seesabameba
saxelmwifos da SeiZleba `eris~ da `eri-saxelmwifos~
sinonimad iyos gamoyenebuli. sityva `qveyana~
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mis mimarT siyvarulis
gamosaxatavadac (magaliTad, patriotul leqsebsa da

362
 simRerebSi), radgan `saxelmwifosagan~ gansxvavebiT
mas emociuri elferi aqvs.

S
SantaJi _ msxverplis makompromitirebeli cnobebis mxilebis
safrTxe; amoraluri da marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba.
SezRuduli xelisufleba _ koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba
ver gadadgams iseT nabijs, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi
mova konstituciur principebTan _ magaliTad,
samarTalTan.
Sekaveba da agnariSsworeba _ sakonstitucio saSualebebi,
romlebic saSualebas aZlevs saxelisuflebo Stoebs, win
aRudgnen Zalauflebis ukanono gadametebas sxva
Stoebis mier.
Sekavebis saaTi _ did britaneTSi ase hqvia yoveli kviris
orSabaTidan xuTSabaTamde sagangebod gamoyofil
dros, rodesac misi udidebulesobis loialuri pozicia
(xelisuflebaSi armyofi partia) axdens mTavrobis
(xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis) qmedebaTa da gadawyve-
tilebaTa kritikas da gamokvlevas; yoveli kviris
ganmavlobaSi premier-ministri orjer aris movale
upasuxos mwvave SekiTxvebs opoziciis mxridan.
SemTxveviTi omi _ birTvuli Seteva winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe
Secdomis an araswori gaTvlis gamo Tanamedrove
epoqaSi.
SemTxveviTi SerCeva _ gamokiTxvis meTodi, rodesac adamianebi
(respodentebi) SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCevian
mosaxleobis saerTo masidan.

363
 c
civi omi _ daZabulobis maRali done SeerTebul Statebsa da
sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, romlis drosac gavlenis
gasaZliereblad mxareebi iyenebdnen diplomatiur
manevrebs, urTierTmtrul propagandas, ekonomikur
sanqciebsa da samxedro Zlierebis zrdas.
cnobiereba _ fsiqikis umaRlesi forma, romelic axasiaTebs adamians
da romlisTvisac niSandoblivia sinamdvilis kategoriul-
faseulobiTi asaxva; samyaros warmodgeniToba
individis fsiqikaSi ganzogadebuli, mudmivad diferen-
cirebuli xatebis sistemis formiT.

Z
Zalaufleba _ adamianTa da institutTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis an
misi kontrolis unari rogorc darwmunebis, ise iZulebis
meSveobiT.
ZalauflebaTa danawileba _ xelisuflebis organizeba erTmaneTisgan
gamoyofili sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da
sasamarTlo funqciebis mixedviT; TiToeul Stos
angariSvaldebulebis damoukidebeli wesi.
ZalauflebaTa Serwyma _ (fusion of powers) yovelgvari mmar-
TvelobiTi Zalauflebis Serwyma sakanonmdeblo
organoSi, rac saparlamento sistemisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.

w
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia _ samoqalaqo monawileobis
forma, risi meSveobiTac moqalaqeebi irCeven Tavis
warmomadgenlebs xelisuflebaSi.

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warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoria _ mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavisi
saarCevno olqis Sexedulebebs unda asaxavdnen.
warmomadgenlobis meurneobiTi Teoria _ mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi unda
iqceodnen rogorc liderebi, romlebic Tavisi
amomrCevlebis interesebSi kompetentur arCevans
akeTeben.
wes-Cveuleba _ socialurad mniSvnelovani qcevis wesi, romelic
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, arsebobs sazogadoebaSi
da socialur jgufSi, danergilia adamianis cnobierebaSi
da yofiT qcevaSi. wes-Cveuleba gamoiyeneba rogorc
socializaciisa da eTnikuri TviTidentifikaciis
saSualeba.
wmenda _ ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi yvela metoqis Tavidan
mocileba masobrivi dapatimrebebis, cixeSi Casmis,
qveynidan gaZevebis da mkvlelobis gziT. xSirad
mimarTulia yofili Tanamzraxvelebis da maTi
momxreebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac sakmarisi
gavlena aqvT (realurad an xelisuflebis azriT), raTa
safrTxe Seuqmnan gabatonebul elitas.

W
WeSmariti morwmune _ adamiani, romelic Tavidan bolomde
erTgulia revoluciuri moZraobisa da fanatizmis niSnebs
avlens ideis mxardaWerisa da misTvis TavganwirvaSi.

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xasiaTis erovnul-fsiqologiuri Taviseburebani _ nacia, xalxi,
eTnosi aris garkveul teritoriaze istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli adamianis erTobliobaa, romelsac
gaaCnia kulturisa da fsiqikuri wyobis zogadi Tavise-
burebani, Tavisi erTianobisa da sxva amgvari
warmonaqmnebisagan gansxvavebis Segneba.
adamianTa fsiqikis eTnikur Taviseburebebs swavlobs
eTnofsiqologia.

j
jingoizmi _ ukiduresi enTuziazmis gamoxatuleba, romelic mosdevs
samxedro gamarjvebebsa da axali teritoriebis
SemoerTebas.
jihadi _ `wminda omi~ _ islamuri idealebisadmi usazRvro,
yovlismomcveli erTguleba.

h
hibriduloba _ socialuri da kulturuli aRrevis mdgomareoba.
hipnozi _ (berZ. hipnos _ Zili) adamianis fsiqikis Zilismagvari
mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba cnobierebis
SeviwrovebiT, Tavis tvinis qerqis SekavebiTa da
qerqveSa struqturebis aqtivizaciiT, romelic
gamoirCeva sifxizlisa da Cveulebrivi Zilisagan.
hipnozis gamowveva xdeba hipnozioris verbaluri an
araverbaluri zemoqmedebiT an TviTSTagonebiT
(autohipnozi).
`homo sovetikusi~ rogorc fsiqologiuri tipi _ Seiqmna sssrk-Si,
yalibdeboda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier; avtoritaruli
piris konkretuli istoriuli modifikacia.

366
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:

tiraJi ------

nabeWdi Tabaxi

fasi saxelSekrulebo

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