ავტორის სტილი დაცულია

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti

SoTa maTiTaSvili

qarTuli bermonazvnoba
IV-VIII saukuneebSi

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

giorgi oTxmezuri

Tbilisi
2018
 sarCevi
Sesavali ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Tavi I. qristianuli bermonazvnoba ................................................................................................ 9
$1. aRmosavluri bermonazvnobis aRmavloba .................................................................. 9
$2. bermonazvnuri cxovrebis tipebi ....................................................................................... 24
Tavi II. qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriis periodizaciis problema ..... 27
$1. qarTuli bermonazvnobis genezisis kvlevis
istoriografiuli mimoxilva ........................................................................................................ 27
$2. qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriis periodizacia .......................................... 31
Tavi III. qarTuli bermonazvnoba IV saukuneSi ................................................................... 39
$1. wm. nino da qristianuli asketizmi:wm. ninos cxovreba
rogorc uZvelesi qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzuleba ...................................... 39
$2. wminda nino rogorc qristiani asketi ......................................................................... 68
$3. wminda nino – qristian qalwulTa asketuri Temis winamZRvari ....... 93
$4. evstaTi sebastieli .......................................................................................................................... 112
Tavi IV. qarTuli bermonazvnoba V saukuneSi ..................................................................... 116
$1. wilknis monasteri ............................................................................................................................. 116
$2. gandegilebi V saukunis qarTlSi ..................................................................................... 121
$3. opizis monastris daarseba ...................................................................................................... 123
$4. petre iberieli ...................................................................................................................................... 142
$5. beTlemis (bir el-katis) wm. Teodores saxelobis
qarTuli monasteri .................................................................................................................................. 173
§6. axladaRmoCenili qarTuli monasteri iudas udabnoSi ............................ 176
Tavi V. asureli mamebi ................................................................................................................................ 182
§1. asurel mamaTa cxorebani .......................................................................................................... 182
§2. asureli mamebi _ asketebi da misionerebi .............................................................. 187
Tavi VI. qarTuli bermonazvnoba asurel mamaTa Semdeg ......................................... 209
§1. asurel mamaTa mier daarsebuli monastrebi asurel
mamaTa Semdeg ................................................................................................................................................... 209
§2. atenis monasteri ................................................................................................................................. 218
§3. nagzauras samonastro kompleqsi ...................................................................................... 219
§4. lamazi goris samonastro ansambli ............................................................................... 222
§5. qasuris monasteri .............................................................................................................................. 223
§7. yvrilis xeobis monastrebi ...................................................................................................... 225
daskvna ........................................................................................................................................................................... 229
wyaroebi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 232
samecniero literatura .............................................................................................................................. 236

2
 Sesavali

qarTuli bermonazvnobis kvleva daaxloebiT or saukunes moicavs.

qarTvelologiiT dainteresebuli TiTqmis yvela mecnieri, ase Tu ise,
Sexebia saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis am umniSvnelovanes
fenomens.
qarTulma samonastro centrebma (saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs
gareT) udidesi roli Seasrules Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qristianuli
kulturisa da cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi. amitom XIX saukunis qarTul
pozitivistur da XX saukunis qarTul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi (iseve
rogorc ucxoel qarTvelologTa naSromebSi) saqarTvelos istoriis es
sayuradRebo movlena sxvadasxva aspeqtiT muSavdeboda. am kvlevis
procesSi mravali iseTi problema warmoiSva, romlis gadaWrac
aucilebeli iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis rigi sakiTxebis
gasaSuqeblad. erT-erT aseT sadiskusio Temad qarTuli bemronazvnobis
warmoSoba gvevlineba, misi aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis uadresi etapi.
qristianul bermonazvnobas ar axasiaTebda erT romelime konkretul
tradiciaSi Caketiloba, piriqiT, qristianuli asketizmi
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda da gansxvavebul elfersa da xasiaTs
atarebda sxvadasxva qveynebSi. mag., miuxedavad principuli, anu
arsiseuli, msgavsebisa, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda bermonazvnuri
cxovreba egviptesa da siriaSi. egviptisa da siriisagan gansxvavebuli
tipis samonastro cxovreba aRmocenda saqarTvelos mezobel pontosa da
kapadokiaSi, rac Seexeba palestinas, aqauri bermonazvnoba sxvadasxva
tradiciaTa gavlenas ganicdida da, Sesabamisad, mis wiaRSi ufro meti
mravalferovnebac SeiniSneboda.
qarTuli bermonazvnobis kvlevisas, pirvel yovlisa, Cndeba kiTxva:
romel tradiciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, genetikurad, qarTuli
samonastro cxovreba? es kiTxva umWidroes kavSirSia qarTuli
bermonazvnobis aRmocenebis problemasTan. mTeli XIX saukunisa da XX
saukunis I naxevris ganmavlobaSi (zogierTi mkvlevris gamoklebiT)
iTvleboda, rom saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovreba VI saukunis I
naxevarSi qarTlis samefoSi asurel mamaTa mosvliT daiwyo. Sesabamisad,

3
qarTuli samonastro tradiciis aRmocenebas siriul bermonazvnobas
ukavSirebdnen, da, miuxedavad am kavSirisa, samonazvno moZraobas
saqarTveloSi naklebad ganixilavdnen siriuli (an sxva romelime)
tradiciis, da saerTod qristianuli asketizmis, fonze.
IV-V saukuneebi qristianuli bermonazvnobis aRmavlobiTa da
ganviTarebiT gamoirCeva. am periodSi monastrebiT daifara mTeli axlo
aRmosavleTi, mcire azia, baklaneTi, italia, galia, CrdiloeT afrika da
espaneTi. bermonazvnuri cxovreba yvaoda saqarTvelos mezoblad ponto-
kapadokiasa da somxeTSi. ucnauri iqneboda, rom mTeli ori saukunis
ganmavlobaSi qarTlsa da egrisSi am mZlavr moZraobas raime gavlena ar
moexdina, miTumetes, sxvadasxva wyaroebiT, CvenTvis cnobilia qarTvelTa
mWidro kavSiri palestinasTan da siriasTan da iqaur samonastro
centrebTan ukve V-VI saukuneebidan (zogierT cnobas Tu vendobiT, IV
saukunidanac). CvenTvis isic cnobilia, rom petre qarTveli qarTul
monastrebs aarsebs palestinasa (da savaraudod - egvipteSic). beTlemis
siaxloves mdebare qarTuli monastris pirvelaRmomCeni italieli
franciskaneli mRvdeli da arqeologi, virjilio korbo, aRniSnavda am
monastris gamorCeul xasiaTs. es imitom, rom qarTul monasterSi
zeTsaxdeli da sawnaxeli aRmoCnda, rac ganviTarebul sameurneo
saqmianobaze miuTiTebs. petre iberis cxovrebidan kargad Cans, rom
asketur ganwyobilebebs ukve Rrmad da farTod moekidebina fexi Tavad
qarTlis samefoSic. cxovrebis avtori gvamcnobs, rom mefe arCilma,
romelic ,,bakurTan da buzmarTan erTad Rrma moxucebulobaSi iberias
marTavda... Tavisi cxovreba qalwulebasa da RvTismosaobaSi daasrula”
(lolaSvili 1988: 81). petre yrmobisas aRsazrdelad wminda qalwuls
miabares: ,,bavSvobisas petre aRzarda erTma wminda da cxonebulma
qalwulma, romelsac saxelad erqva ZuZo” (iqve). ,,qalwuleba’’ am
SemTxvevaSi samonazvno aRTqmas niSnavs (qalwulebis, rogorc Zvel
eklesiaSi arsebuli gansakuTrebuli fenomenis, Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).
cxovrebis avtori kidev ufro mets gadmogvcems: ,,didi bakuri – iberTa
pirveli qristiani mefe – da misi meuRle duxtia, qristes mimarT
RvTismoSiSebis iseT simaRleze avidnen, iseTi saTnoeba da saqcieli
gamoavlines, rom Tumca mefuri Camomavlobisa iyvnen, mainc TavianTi

4
mmarTvelobis dros monazonur-asketur cxovrebas misdevdnen da [am
cxovrebiT] arsebobdnen” (lolaSvili: 82).
unda iTqvas rom bakurisa da arCilis samefo karze gabatonebul am
asketur ganwyobas ukve hqonda xangrZlivi tradicia qarTlSi. qarTuli
da ucxouri wyaroebis dakvirvebuli analizis Sedegad irkvveva, rom
organizebulma qristianulma asketurma cxovrebam asureli mamebis
mosvlamde karga xniT adre moikida fexi qarTlsa da egrisSi. asketuri
cxovrebis pirvelgamavrceleblad CvenTan wm. nino – qarTlis
ganmanaTlebeli unda CaiTvalos.
XX saukunis damdegidan moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs mimarT n. marisa da iv.
javaxiSvilis (romelTac peterburgis universitetidan mkvidrad hqondaT
aTvisebuli liberaluri Teologiisa da bibliuri kriticizmis (adolf
harnaki), aseve rankes, langluasa da sxva istorikosTa mier evropaSi
gavrcelebuli pozitivisturi mecnierebis myari rwmena warsulis
,,obieqturi’’ kvlevis SesaZleblobisa da wyaroTa mimarT, xSirad,
zedmetad mkacri midgoma) mier gavrcelebulma mkveTrad kritikulm
damokidebulebam karga xans gastana da amgvari hiperkritikuloba am
uZvelesi da unikaluri qarTuli wyaros mimarT dRemde igrZnoba
(gansakuTrebiT dasavlur qarTvelologiaSi). am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis
sainteresoa am Txzulebis meore nawili, wm. ninos e. w. vrceli cxovreba,
romelic n. marma. iv. javaxiSvilma, k. kekeliZem da sxva mecnierebma IX
saukuneSi Seqmnil fsevdoepigrafikul Zeglad gamoacxades. XX saukunis
II naxevridan istorikosTa da filologTa (m. van esbroki, r. siraZe, m.
CxartiSvili, z. aleqsiZe, z. kiknaZe, l. patariZe, k. lerneri, T.
mgalobliSvili, n. nikoloziSvili, g. narsiZe, g. kuWuxiZe, r. baramiZe, i.
giperti da sxv.) naSromebSi Camoyalibda argumentirebuli Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac, wm. ninos cxovrebis (igulisxmeba vrceli cxovreba)
ZiriTadi nawili (gviandel interpolaciaTa gamoklebiT) ara IX saukunis
,,nayalbevi Zegli’’, aramed IV saukunis avTenturi nawarmoebia (romelic
savaraudod IV saukunis qarTlis ebraul qristianul TemSi arameul an
siriul enaze unda Seqmniliyo). am Sexedulebas Txzulebis CvenTvis
saintereso kuTxiT ganxilvac adasturebs. saqme isaa, rom ninos Vita-Si
qristianuli asketizmis iseTi arqauli da specifikuri formebi

5
dasturdeba, romelic qristianul xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi III-IV
saukuneebSi iyo garvcelebuli da adreqristianuli asketizmsa da
monastrul cxovrebas Soris gardamaval formas warmoadgenda da, amave
dros, es ,,gardamavali tipis asketizmi” bermonazvnobis istoriis
ganuyofeli nawilia, misi ganviTarebis uadresi etapia. rogorc irkveva,
nino kapadokieli Zvel eklesiaSi arsebuli qristianTa gansakuTrebuli
fenis - qalwulTa dasis (mwyobris) - warmomadgeneli iyo da efesoSi
rifsimianelebTan erTad asketur TemSi cxovrobda. nino qarTlSic
aseTive qalwulTa Tems ayalibebs. qalwulTa Temebi Zalze
gavrcelebuli iyo mTel imdroindel qristianul samyaroSi da maTi
arseboba mravali werilobiTi wyaroTi dasturdeba (maT Soris egvipturi
papirusebiTac). ninos cxovrebaSi aRwerili asketuri cxovrebis saxe ki
saocar msgavsebas avlens imdroindel wyaroebSi aRwerili qristianuli
asketizmis formebTan, rac ueWveli dasturia imisa, rom wm. nino
pirvelia, vinc qarTlSi qristian asketTa organizebuli erToba
daafuZna, xolo misi Vita IV saukunis Zeglia (goCa kuWuxiZis Tanaxmad, am
avtorTa garda, Txzulebas redaqtoric unda hyoloda (kuWuxiZe 2009:
105)).
IV-V saukuneebis saqarTveloSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebis gavrceleba
qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi gafantuli sxvadasxva cnobebiT
dasturdeba. erT-erTi maTgania V saukunis saeklesio istorikos -
soZomenes - cnoba, romlis mixedviTac, IV saukunis saxelganTqmuli
moRvawe evstaTi sebastieli pontospireTSi qadagebda (ix. qvemoT), raSic,
Cveni varaudiT, saqarTvelos samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleT mxareebi
unda igulisxmebodes.
V saukunis qarTlSi samonastro cxovrebas adasturebs aq opizisa da
wilknis monasterTa arsebobac. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebiT
cxadia, rom es samonastro kerebi asurel mamaTa iberiaSi mosvlamde
karga xniT adre funqcionirebda.
winamdebare naSromSi did yuradRebas vaqcevT qarTuli
bermonazvnobis tipologizacias, romelic manamde qarTul
istoriografiaSi fundamenturad ar ganxorcielebula (Tumca pirveli
mcdelobebi hqondaT iv. javaxiSvils, gr. feraZes, Semdeg - g.

6
gafrindaSvils). Cnobilia, rom qristianuli bermonazvnobis
warmoSobisTanave samonastro cxovrebis ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gaCnda:
anaqoretoba, lavra da kvinobi (am sam ZiriTad formaSi kidev mravali
variacia da saxesxvaoba arsebobda). anaqoretoba individualur,
gandegilur moRvaweobas gulisxmobs, rodesac monazoni ganmartoebul
(memxoloe) cxovrebas eweoda da ar iyo romelime monastris wevri. lavra
gandegilTa erTobaa. martomyofel moRvaweebs hqondaT mTavari taZari da
sxva ramdenime saziaro Senoba (mag. taZari, satrapezo, sacxobi).
monazvnebi kviris xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ganmartoebiT moRvaweobdnen,
xolo SabaT-kviras mTavar taZarSi ikribebodnen saziareblad da
saRmrTo liturgiaSi monawileobis misaRebad. rac Seexeba kvinobs,
moRvaweTa krebulis es tipi erTad mcxovreb ZmaTa (an daTa) erTobas
warmoadgenda, romlebic mudmivad erTad cxovrobdnen, erTad
trapezobdnen, erTad loculobdnen, erT winamZRvarsa da erT tipikons
emorCilebodnen. palestinaSi warmoiSva monastris e. w. hibriduli
modeli. amgvar monasterSi gaerTianebuli iyo lavra da kvinobi. kvinobi
iqca monastris centrad. mas Semdeg, rac monazoni sxvebTan erTad
cxovrebis garkveul periods gaatarebda, sulier gamocdilebas miiRebda,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, mas eZleoda kurTxeva, kvinobis maxloblad
senakSi gandegilad emoRvaweva, Tumca kvinobis winamZRvris sulieri
xelmZRvanelobis qveS. ase Camoyalibda aRmosavlur monasterSi
soxasterionebi anu sadayudebloebi, sadac gandegili monazvnebi
moRvaweobdnen, Tumca arc mTavar monasterTan wyvetdnen kavSirs (aseTi
soxasterionebi gvxdeba Sio-mRvimis, gelaTis, martvilisa da
saqarTvelos sxva monastrebSi).
ukve IV-V saukuneebSi qarTulma bermonazvnobam (saqarTvelosa da mis
farglebs gareT) qristianuli samonastro cxovrebis es samive ZiriTadi
tipi SeiTvisa. ueWvelia momavali wyaroTmcodneobiTi Zieba naratiul Tu
arqeologiur wyaroebSi, axal, sasurvel informacias mogvcems am
periodis qarTuli bermonazvnobis ganviTarebisa da Taviseburebebis
Sesaxeb.
asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlam da maTma moRvaweobam qarTuli
bermonazvnobis istoriaSi Zireuli cvlilebebi moitana. sirieli berebi

7
aq, upirveles yovlisa, movidnen ara rogorc monastrebis damaarseblebi,
aramed rogorc misionerebi, romlebsac qarTlSi qristianobis Seryeuli
poziciebi unda ganemtkicebinaT da warmarTobisa da zoroastrizmis
winaaRmdeg unda eqadagaT (amas adasturebs asurel mamaTa cxovrebis
uZvelesi sinuri redaqcia). asketur TemTa organizeba maTi moRvaweobis
mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo. maTgan dafuZnebuli monastrebi maleve
gadaiqcnen ara mxolod mZlavr religiur, aramed ekonomikur centrebad.
qarTuli monastrebi imTaviTve aRmoCndnen CarTuli axladCamoyalibebul
feodalur sistemaSi.
Tumca werilobiTi wyaroebidan da arqeologiuri gaTxrebidan
CvenTvis cnobilia mTeli rigi monastrebisa, romelTa daarseba da
ganviTareba asurel mamebTan pirdapir araa dakavSirebuli (nagzaura,
yvirilis xeobis monastrebi (mRvimevis qvabebi, Tiri), ateni, lamazi gora),
rac imis mauwyebelia, rom asurel mamaTa moRvaweobamde, qarTlSi,
monastruli cxovreba damoukidebeli gziT miedineboda. raime sando
wyaro sirieli berebis qvemo qarTlSi mosagreobis Sesaxeb (Tuki vaxuSti
batoniSvilisagan damowmebul xalxur gardamocemas ar CavTvliT) ar
mogvepoveba. cnobilia, rom qvemo qarTli pitiaxSTa gamgeblobis qveS,
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, centraluri xelisuflebisagan Tavisufal
politikur cxovrebas eweoda, rac, bunebrivia saeklesio cxovrebazec
aisaxeboda. aSkaraa, rom aq monastruli cxovreba asurel mamaTagan
damoukideblad aRmocenda da aqaur bermonazvnobas warmoSobis
gansxvavebuli wyaro hqonda.
qarTuli bermonazvnoba sxvadasxva gziT yalibdeboda. saqarTveloSi
samonastro cxovrebas ara aqvs warmoSobis erTi wyaro (iqneba es e. w.
aTcameti asureli mama (sinamdvileSi maTi raodenaoba, sul mcire,
TxuTmeti iyo), Tu moRvaweTa sxva jgufi). qarTuli bermonazvnoba
sxvadasxva gavlenebiT ikvebeboda da, amave dros, adgilobriv niadagze
agrZelebda TviTmyofad ganviTarebas. saboloo jamSi, is Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelos sulieri da kulturuli cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes
fatqorad iqca.

8
 Tavi I. qristianuli bermonazvnoba

$1. aRmosavluri bermonazvnobis aRmavloba

saeklesio da istoriografiuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, ,,pirveli berad’’ 1

antoni didi iTvleba. sinamdvileSi antoni sulac ar yofila ,,pirveli
beri’’ da, rogorc TviT misive cxovreba gviCvenebs, III saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi, rodesac antoni monazvnobis gzas Seudga, egvipteSi ukve
mravlad iyvnen gandegilebi, romlebic dasaxlebul adgilebTan axlos
cxovrobdnen (imnaiSvili 1975: 11), rogorc egvipturi bermonazvnobis
gamoCenili mkvlevari jeims geringi (James Goehring) miuTiTebs, antonis
popularoba didi aleqsandrieli mRvdelmTavris aTanases (daax. 293-373
ww.) Txzulebam ganapiroba, romelSic antonis cxovreba da moRvaweobaa
aRwerili (geringi 1999: 19). TviT TxzulebaSi daxatuli istoriuli
suraTi mkvlevarTa Soris yovelTvis eWvs iwvevda, Tumca qristianuli

1Ppirvelad sityva ,,μονάχος” im mniSvnelobiT, ra mniSvnelobiTac dRes gvesmis, 324 wlis

egviptur papirusSi ixsenieba (geringi... 1990: 457-459); aqve vityviT, rom sityva ,,monazoni”
qarTulSi uqorwineblobis aRTqmis mimReb yvela qristians ewodeboda, qalebsac da
mamakacebsac. ,,beri’’ Zvel qarTulSi, zogadad, ,,moxucebuls” niSnavda (abulaZe 1973: 31),
am sityviT, aseve, sulier cxovrebaSi momwifebul, RvTivgabrZnobil (SeiZleba iTqvas
,,gonebiT moxucebul” anu gamocdil) monazons moixseniebdnen (Tanamedrove rusuli
,,старец’’-is eqvivalenti), marTalia X-XI saukuneebidan zogjer yvela mamakaci monazoni
,,berad’’ ixsenieba (iqve), wyaroebi, ZiriTadad, mainc erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven ,,bersa’’ da
Cveulebriv monazons. mag. antonis cxovrebaSi antonis pirveli moZRvari ,,berad’’
ixsenieba (,,rameTu iyo mas Jamsa maxlobelad dabasa mas beri siyrmiTgan monazonebasa
Sina”) (imniaSvili 1975: 11), radgan igi aSkara sulieri niWebiT gamoirCeoda. antonis
mowafeebi mudmivad ,,monazvnebad’’ ixseniebian (,,da esÀT mieriTgan iyo mTasa zeda
monastrebi, udabnoჲ iqmna qalaq monazonTagan”, ,,erTsa Sina dResa movides misa
monazonni...”(imniaSvili: 18); ase gvaqvs sxva qarTulad naTargmn wyaroebSic, mag. ,,hkiTxa
Zmaman mamasa antonis... miugo berman da hrqua mas (dvali 1966: 3). vfiqrobT Cveulebrivi
,,monazvnis’’ anu ,,Zmis’’ da ,,beris’’ gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs aRniSnuli epizodi (ara wm.
antonisTan dakavSirebuli ciklidan): ,,Zmaman hkiTxa bersa... hrqua mas berman” (dvali
1966: 6) e. i. sxvaa Cveulebrivi ,,Zma’’ (,,monazoni’’), romelsac sulier cxovrebasTan
dakavSirebiT kiTxvebi uCndeba da sxvaa ,,beri’’ – sulieri xedvis mqone gamocdili
moZRvari, romelic am kiTxvebs pasuxobs, aseve ,,berad’’ iwodeba wm. mose Savi,
romelTanac ,,vinme Zma’’ (anu rigiTi monazoni) modis da sulier cxovrebaze SekiTxvas
usvams (dvali 1966: 7) da a.S. aseTi magaliTebi auracxelia, romlebsac adgilis
uqonlobis gamo ver vimowmebT. ix. Tundac Sua saukuneTa novelebis Zveli qarTuli
Targmanebis I tomi gamocemuli m. dvalis mier (dvali 1966), xolo antoni ,,berad”
iwodeba (,,...dayovna mraval-Jam da aRdga da tiroda beri igi” (imniaSvili 1975: 47). dRes,
aSkarad SecdomiT, ,,monazon’’-s mxolod qalebs uwodeben, xolo ,,ber-”s – yvela mamakac
monazons, maSin roca ,,monazoni” saerTo saxelwodebaa monastrul aRTqmaTa mimRebi
qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis, xolo ,,beri” sulieri xedvis mqone mamakaci monazvnis
aRmniSvnelia (am sityvis gamoyeneba qali monazvnisadmi Cven ar Segvxedria).

9
bermonazvnobis cnobili istorikosis dervas CiTis (Dervas Chitty) azriT,
antonis cxovreba ndobas imsaxurebs (CiTi 1995: 5). es brwyinvale Zegli,
romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi hagiografiul TxzulebaTa namdvil
arqetipad iqca, qarTulad pirvelad, jer kidev, VI saukuneSi unda
Targmniliyo (WeliZe 1989: 7).
antoni revolucioners, novators warmoadgenda im gagebiT, rom man
TviT anaqoretobis Sinaarsi Secvala. antonis Tanamedrove qristianTa
Soris anaqoretoba ara maincdamainc Sors, udabnoSi gasvlas, aramed
sazogadoebis socialuri wyobidan amovardnas, socialuri ierarqiidan
Tavdaxsnas niSnavda (geringi 1999: 21). gandegils SeeZlo sadme nilosis
piras, palmebis CrdilqveS, soflis maxloblad emoRvaweva, magram
antonim pirdapir cxel udabnos miaSura, romelic egviptelTaTvis
udabnos qariSxlis mZvinvare RmerTis – seTis sauflo iyo. antonis Vita-s
Tanaxmad is ar SeuSinda eSmakis sacTurebs, romelic mas
gansakuTrebuli gaafTrebiT ebrZoda, mkacrad marxulobda (or-sam dReSi
erTxel Wamda pursa da marils mzis Casvlis Semdeg, sasmelad mxolod
wyali hqonda) ,,da moixsenebn sityuasa mociqulisasa: ,,raJams uZlur
viqmni, maSin gavZlierdi’’ (imnaiSvili 1975: 14). jeims geringis SeniSvniT,
egvipteSi arsebuli mdgomareobis sirTule mTel adreul qristianul
samyaroSi meordeba. ramdenadac mkvlevrebi wyaroTa tendenciurobasa
da adreul periodSi maT SerCeviT gamoyenebas iTvaliswineben,
imdenad cxadi xdeba bermonazvnuri yofisa da misi mniSvnelobis
araerTgvarovani warmoSoba (geringi 1999: 32).
amitom Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qristianul bermonazvnobas
ar aqvs erTi konkretuli wyaro, erTi saTave. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi es
fenomeni sxvadasxva saxiT da sxvadasxva regionSi (savaraudod
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad) amoizarda adreqristianuli asketuri
praqtikidan (romelic Tavis mxriv aseve uaRresad mravalferovani iyo)
da mogvianebiT, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, saeklesio kanonTa da
aRiarebul tipikonTa (basili didis, saba-wmindis) gavleniT, metnaklebad
unificirda. amitom yovelTvis mcdaria gviandeli gadasaxedidan
romelime instituciis saTaveebze retrospeqtuli msjeloba. es
meTodologiurad mcdari midgomaa da yovelTvis mcdar daskvnebamde

10
migviyvanes. zustad igive SeiZleba vTqvaT qarTuli bermonazvnobis
warmoSobaze. Tanamedrove kvlevis etapze qarTuli bermonazvnobis
warmoSobis axsna, qarTlSi asureli mamebis mosvliTa da moRvaweobiT,
sakiTxis ukiduresad primitiul gadawyvetas warmoadgens, radgan
zogadad qristianuli bermonazvnobis msgavsad, qarTul
bermonazvnobasac ara aqvs warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis erTi wyaro.
Tavad antonis garSemo Seiqmna monazonTa erT-erTi pirveli
organizebuli Temi daax. 306 wels pispirSi. ocwliani mosagreobis
Semdeg, anu 306 wels, ukve saxelganTqmuli beris xilvisa da masTan
erTad moRvaweobis msurvelebma antonis samyofelis kari ZaliT
daarRvies da bers gareT gamosvla sTxoves. sainteresoa, rom ,,pirveli
monastris’’ daarseba ase, erTgvarad, spontanurad da Tavad antonis
survilis sawinaaRmdegodac ki moxda, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom
qristianuli bermonazvnoba eklesiis sulieri cxovrebis ganviTarebis
bunebriv Sedegs warmoadgenda da ara raRac winaswar SemuSavebuli da
gansazRvruli gegmis ganxorcielebas. pispirSi pirveli samonastro Temi
daarsda. Bunebrivia, aRniSnuli Temi ar unda warmovidginoT gviandeli
monastrebis msgavs mkacrad organizebul samonastro erTobad. es
gandegil moRvaweTa primitiuli erToba iyo. pispiris Zmoba male Zalzed
mravalricxovani gaxda. ,,da esreT mieriTgan iyo mTasa zeda monastrebi,
da udabnoÁ iqmna qalaq monazonTagan. ganvidodes igini TÂsagan da
aRiwerebodes caTa Sina’’ (imnaiSvili 1975: 18).
antoni axladSemonazvnebulebs sulierad moZRvravda da qristianuli
cxovrebis Sesaxeb aswavlida, esaubreboda asketur moRvaweobaze,
amqveyniur amaoebasa da miwierisa da materialuris
mswraflwarmavlobaze, dacemul angelozebsa da maTTan brZolis
saSualebebze, sulier niWebsa da a.S. mis swavla-moZRvrebaSi
bermonazvnuli filosofiis safuZvelTa safuZvlebia gadmocemuli. aqve
kidev erTxel avRniSnavT, rom mdinare nilosis Sua welze
Camoyalibebuli pispirisa (da aseve arsinoes) asketuri erTobebi ar
iyvnen monastrebi am sityvis gviandeli an Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT.
monastruli cxovreba jer kidev Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda.
monazvnad aRkvecis ritualic primitiuli formisa iyo. paladis

11
lavsaikonSi 2 pavle ubralos (meorenairad ,,pavle wrfeli’’) Sesaxeb
arsebuli Txrobidan irkveva, rom monazvnad aRkveca ukve xdeboda
specialuri SesamoseliT, Tumca SemonazvnebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo
aRkvecis msurvelis Tanxmoba da sulieri moZRvris ramdenime sityva. mas
Semdeg rac pavle wrfelma antonisTan moRvaweobis garkveuli xani dahyo
,,amisa Semdgomad sxuasa dResa hrqua mas wmindaman antonim: ,,saxeliTa
uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, aha, esera iqmen monazon’’ (mamasaxlisi
2010: 248). rogorc vxedavT aRkvecamde monazvnobis msurveli morCilebis
periods gadioda, amave pasaJidanve naTlad Cans sulieri moZRvris
aucilebloba monazvnur cxovrebaSi.
asketuri erTobani egviptesa da sxva regionebSi xan erTmaneTTan
kavSirSi, xan damoukideblad yalibdeboda. mag., aleqsandriis samxreTiT
ramdenime aTeul kilometrSi ganfenili iseTi saxelganTqmuli egvipturi
savaneebi, rogorebic iyo nitria, keliebi da skiti, erTmaneTis miyolebiT
daarsda da am uaRresad gavleniani monastruli qselis dafuZnebaSi
antoni didmac miiRo monawileoba. am Temebis damaarseblad amon
nitrieli iqca (mamasaxlisi: 212-214). man nitriaSi mosagreoba IV saukunis
I naxevarSi daiwyo, manve antoni didTan erTad daax. 338 wels daarsa
keliaTa monasteri (meorenairad - ,,senakebi) (CiTi 1995: 29-30), xolo
aleqsandriidan 65 km-Si, Sors, udabnoSi, daax. 330 wels adreuli
qristianuli bermonazvnobis didma moRvawem makari egviptelma daido
bina da es adgili samonastro cxovrebis udides kerad aqcia (skitis
udabno) (uaiTi 1932: 95-96). swored am samonastro Temebs (nitria, senakebi,
skiti) ganekuTvneba umniSvnelovanesi asketuri krebulis – paterikebis
(Apopthegmata Patrum) Camoyalibeba (dvali 1966: 05-059).
kvinoburi cxovrebis damwyebad da bermonazvnobis istoriis didi
novatorad paxomi didi (292-346) iTvleba – kopti monazoni, romelmac
zemo egvipteSi (Upper Egypt), Tebes mxareSi cxra mamaTa da ori dedaTa

2 paladi helenopoleli (dabada daax. 363-364 ww.) daax. 388 wels egvipteSi Cavida da 399
wlamde saxelganTqmul egviptel asketebTan erTad cxovrobda, ramac mas didi sulieri
gamocdileba da uamravi mogoneba SesZina. ioane oqropiris mxardaWeris gamo 406 wels
gadaasaxles. daax. 419-420 wlebSi paladim Tavisi lavsaikoni dawera (Txzulebis
saxelwodeba modminareobs im piris saxelisgan (lavse), romlsiTvisac dawera man es
Sroma), sadac egvipteSi cxovrebis periodis mogonebebi gadmosca did egviptel
asketebsa da sulier moZRvrebze (CiTi 1995: 210-211). misi Txzuleba Sua saukuneebSi
qarTuladac iTargmna (ix. mamasaxlisi 2010)

12
monasteri daafuZna. mis mier SemuSavebuli samonastro wesdeba (romelic
paladi helenopolelisa da paxomis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, gamocxadebiT,
angelozisgan miiRo (xosroevi 2004: 201) momavalSi yvela sxva samonastro
ganawesis safuZvelTa safuZvlad iqceva, upirveles yovlisa ki - basili
didisa da benediqte nurselis mier Sedgenili tipikonebisa (harmlesi
2004: 115). paxomi, rogorc es misi cxovrebis amsaxvel hagiografiul
nawarmoebSia aRwerili, mis mier daarsebul asketTa krebulis
saxelwodebisaTvis saxarebiseul sityvas ,,κοινωνία’’-s iyenebda (,,kononia”
aRniSnavs evqaristiaze dafuZnebul erTobas, qristianTa Tanacxovrebas,
saxarebiseul Tems (lapmi 1961: 762-763)), rac imas niSnavs, rom misTvis
monasteri saxarebis Tanaxmad mcxovreb qristianTa erToba, pirveli
ierusalimuri Temis memkvidre iyo da ara raRac gviandeli inovacia.
zustad amgvaradve aRiqvamda monastrul cxovrebas basili didi, rasac
ufro vrclad qvemoT SevexebiT.
egvipturi bermonazvnobis gavlena qristianul samyaroSi,
erTmniSvnelovnad, Zalian didi iyo. istorikosebs Soris yovelTvis idga
sakiTxi am ,,egvipturi gavlenis’’ masStabebis Sesaxeb. ramdenad hqonda
realuri da istoriuli xasiaTi am gavlenas, magaliTad, asurul
(siriul) bermonazvnobaze, romelic aRmosavleTis saqristianoSi
samonastro cxovrebis meore udides tradiciad iqca (asuruli eklesia,
Zalian didi xnis manZilze, noyier sulier sakvebs awodebda qarTul
qristianobas. asurul bermonazvnobas ausrel mamaTa Sesaxeb saubrisas
SevexebiT, ix. qvemoT).
palestinaSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebas ukve IV saukunis dasawyisidan
Caeyara safuZveli da misi aq damkvidreba wm. ilarionsa da wm. xaritons
ukavSirdeba (patriki 1995: 3; bari 2005: 49). wm. ilarions palestinaSi
moRvaweoba 308 wlidan unda daewyo, xolo romis imperiaSi dawyebul
devanas gamoqceul xaritons, romelmac palestinaSi hpova mSvidi
navsayudeli, Tavisi pirveli monasteri (faranis lavra) 330 wels unda
daearsebina. xaritonamde da ilarionamde iordanis mdinaris piras
gandegilebic moRvaweobdnen. mogvianebiT xaritonma kidev ori monasteri
daarsa: duka ieriqonis mopirdapire mxares da suka (hirSfeldi 1990: 425-

13
446; patriki 1995: 3). sainateresoa rom xaritonis cxovrebis avtori
samonastro Tems qristianTa pirvel erTobas adarebs:
da viTarca-igi iyvnes Jamsa mas kacni, romelTa ecna ufali da
macxuvari qadagebiTa miT, da ganhyiddes yoveli, raÁca aqunda, da
sasyidelsa dasdebdes ferÃTa Tana mociqulTasa. egrÀTve aqa (e.i.
samonastro TemebSi – S. m.) yovelTa, romelTa daetevnes saqmeni amis
soflisani zraxebiTa amis netarisaÁTa (anu xaritonis mowodebiT – S.
m.), moaqunda safasÀ maTi da miscemdes suliersa mas mamasa, raÁTa
ganuyos glaxakTa (imnaiSvili 1975: 140).
IV saukunis II naxevarsa da V saukunis I naxevarSi mTeli palestina
monastrebiT daifara (patriki: 4-6). monastrebs aSenebdnen dedoflebi,
aristokratebi, adgilobrivi moxeleebi, ucxoeli piligrimebi, ubralo
berebi da a.S.
palestinuri bermonazvnobis istoriaSi gardamtex momentad iqca aq
kapadokieli monazvnis, eqvTime didis (377-473 ww.) Camosvla. eqvTime didi
kapadokiaSi 377 wels daibada. asketuri cxovrebis wesi man siyrmidanve
Seiyvara. sami wlis asakSi mama gardaecvala da dedamisma patara eqvTime
adgilobriv episkoposTan miiyvana: ,, ... da mohguara yrmaÁ igi da Sewira
RmrTisa, viTarca msxuerpli keTili, viTarca Sewira ana samoel’’
(imnaiSvili 1975: 144). palestinaSi samoRvaweod eqvTime 406 wels Camovida.
411 wels TeoqtistesTan erTad man kvinobi daarsa. mogvianebiT axali
kvinoburi savane daafuZna qabarbariqaSi daax. 422-426 ww. kidev ufro
mogvianebiT, 428 wels, lavrac daafuZna, sadac palestinis mravali
saxelovani moRvawe aRizarda. eqvTime didi 473 wels gardaicvala.
V saukuneSi palestinaSi axali tipis samonastro erTobebma – e. w.
hibridulma monastrebma iwyes Camoyalibeba. pirveli amgvari ,,hibriduli
samonastro Temis’’ (romelzec zemoT gvqonda saubari) nimuSi 455 wels
iordanes udabnoSi gerasimes mier daarsebuli lavra iyo, romlis
centrsac kvinoburi monasteri warmoadgenda (patriki 1995: 8) e. i. amgvari
monastris SuagulSi mdebareobda kvinobi anu galavniT SemosazRvruli
ZmaTa savane, sadac monazvnebi saerTo tipikonisa da erTi winamZRvris
mkacri morCilebis qveS cxovrobdnen, xolo kvinobis garSemo qvabebSi
gandegili Zmebi mosagreobdnen, romlebic winamZRvris sulier

14
avtoritets aRiarebdnen da SabaT-kviras kvinobis mTavar taZarSi
modiodnen da RvTismsaxurebas eswrebodnen.
palestinaSiKkvinoburi cxovrebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli
roli Seasrula wm. Teodosi didma (423-529). Teodosi didi kapadokiaSi
RvTismosav qristianTa ojaxSi daibada. Teodosi kargi xmiT gamoirCeoda
da adreuli asakidanve medaviTneobda eklesiaSi. wm. Teodosim
palestinaSi wasvla da moRvaweobis iq gagrZeleba gadawyvita.
palestinaSi Casuli Tavdapirvelad im qvabSi daeyuda, sadac gadmocemiT
sami mogvi gaCerda RamiT. Teodosi umkacres moRvaweobas eweoda,
ganuwyvetliv loculobda da marxulobda:
da viTar movida mamaჲ Cueni wmidaÁ Tevdosi adgilsa amas, daadgra
RmrTismsaxurebiT da yovelTa dReTa waremateboda keTilsa saqmesa
da mieaxleboda RmerTsa. da iyo saWmelad siWabukesa missa cercÂ
dambali gina danakiskudi anu kerati. da odesme muakldis sazrdeli
adgilisa mis ucnaurebiTa, da danakiskudisa gurkasa dambalsa Wamn.
da ocdaaTsa welsa puri ara Wama da kviriakiT-kviriaked Wamis da
eseviTariTa marxviTa dascemda ÃorcTa TÂsTa siWabukessa missa da
ganiSorebda misgan brZolasa mterisasa. da dadgromil iyo igi
locvasa Sina Rame da dRe tiriliTa da gloviTa. da ganiTqua saqmÀ
misi, da gancxaddes saTnoebani misni, viTarca werili ityÂs,
viTramed: ver SesaZlebel ars dafarvad qalaqi, romeli mTasa zeda
daSÀnebul iyos (imnaiSvili 1975: 186).
kirile skviTopolelis Tanaxmad, 476 wels, saswaulebrivi miniSnebis
Sedegad udabnoSi lavra daarsa. lavra maleve gadaiqca kvinobur
monastrad. anastasis imperatorobis periodSi Teodosi monofizitobis
aqtiur mowinaaRmdeg iqca. is 529 wels gardaicvala.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba palestinur, da zogadad, qristianuli
bermonazvnobis istoriaSi wm. saba ganwmendils uWiravs. saba ganwmendili
kapadokiaSi daibada 539 wels da Cvidmeti wlis asakSi samonazvno aRTqma
dado. man kapadokiaSi, episkopos flabianes monasterSi, aTi weli
gaatara, ris Semdegac ierusalimSi Cavida. aqedan sabam eqvTime didis
lavras miaSura, eqvTimem axalgazrda monazoni (swored misi
axalgazrduli asakis gamo) Teoktistes kvinobSi gagzavna, sadac is
ocdaaTi wlis asakamde cxovrobda. Teoqtistes sikvdilis Semdeg saba

15
udabnoSi, erT-erT gamoqvabulSi daeyuda, sadac xuTi weli gaatara. amis
Semdeg is uSualod eqvTime didis sulieri zedamxedvelobis qveS
imyofeboda. 473 wels eqvTimes gardacvalebis Semdeg sabam datova
eqvTimes lavra da udabnos miaSura. udabnoSi is wm. gerasime iordanelis
monastris maxloblad damkvidrda. aq sabam 484 wels didi lavra daarsa.
am lavraSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobisa da uTanxmoebis gamo sabam
datova monasteri da udabnoSi axali lavra daarsa, romelic amave
saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili (,,axali lavra’’). 491 wels ierusalimis
episkoposma salustim mas mRvdlad daasxa xeli, xolo 494 wels
palestinis yvela monastris arqimandritad daadgina. saba ganwmendilis
tipikoni marTlmadideblur samyaroSi (maT Soris saqarTveloSi) yvelaze
popularul da gavrcelebul wes-gangebad iqca. saba ganwmendili
origenzmisa da monofizitobis aqtiur mowinaaRmdeged da palsetinis
qalkedonuri banakis gamorCeul liderad iqca. is 532 wels palestinaSi
gardaicvala.
saba ganwmendili mcire aziidan iyo. swored mcire aziaSi Caisaxa da
ganviTarda bermonazvnuri cxovrebis is tipi, romelic SemdgomSi
aRmosavluri bermonazvnobisaTvis klasikur modelad iqca da romelze
dayrdnobiTac SeimuSava wm. sabam Tavisi gangeba.
marTalia, mcire aziaSi, kerZod ki paflagoniaSi, pontoSi, somxeTsa
da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT) asketur
TemTa organizebis pirveldamwyebi IV saukunis cnobili moRvawe evtsaTi
sebastieli iyo (daax. 300-377), magram misi swavlebisa da asketuri
cxovrebis wesis eretikuli Sinaarsis gamo, is Rvawli, rac mas
bermonazvnuri cxovrebis gavrcelebaSi miuZRoda, didwilad, daiCrdila.
amasTan evstaTi asketizmis Zalian specifikuri (enkratistuli) saxis
gamavrceleblad iqca.
evstaTisgan gansxvavebiT, misi megobari, Semdeg ki oponenti - basili
didi (329/330-377/379 ww.), mcire aziaSi, marTlmadidebluri bermonazvnobis
WeSmarit mamamTavrad da bizantiuri samonastro tradiciis fuZemdeblad
iqca. basili didis roli ganuzomelia Zveli eklesiis istoriaSi.
eklesiam mas mogvianebiT msoflio moZRvris saxeli ganukuTvna. basili
kesarielis saxels ukavSirdeba arianelobis winaaRmdeg

16
marTlmadidebelTa gaerTianeba, trinitaruli RvTismetyvelebis
Camoyalibeba da asketuri cxovrebis formaTa organizeba-
institucionlizacia (kvasteni 1986: 204). amitom is aRmosavleTis
eklesiis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da pativdebuli wmindania.
basili mecnierebaSi, yvelaze gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
329, an 330 wels unda dabadebuliyo (smiTi 1879: 9; kvasteni: 204; ruso 1994:
1-4; morisoni misi dabadebis TariRad ratomRac 316 wels miuTiTebs,
morisoni 1912: XII) pontos ZirZvel aristokratiul ojaxSi. XX saukunis
60-ian wlebSi e. xinTibiZem da g. gozaliSvilma wamoWres sakiTxi basilis
ojaxis SesaZlo qarTveluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (xinTibiZe 1982: 207-
262). rogorc e. xinTibiZem gamoarkvia, basili didis ojaxi danamdvilebiT
ar iyo berZnuli da somxuri warmomavlobisa. somxebisa da berZnebis
garda pontoSi mesame did eTnikur jgufs metnaklebad elinizirebuli
samxreT-dasavleli qarTveli tomebi warmoadgendnen (xinTibiZe: 207-244).
marTalia, es hipoTeza yvelaze logikuria, magram jerjerobiT wyaroebSi
pirdapiri miniSnebis (damowmebis) ararsebobis gamo misi sabolood
damtkiceba kvlevis am etpaze ver xerxdeba (Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom
yvelaferi, rac ki basili didis eTnikuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb viciT,
am hipoTezis sasargeblod metyvelebs).
dawyebiTi ganaTleba basilim ojaxis samkvidro sofelSi anisSi
(pontoSi), mdinare irisis piras miiRo, Semdgom pontos neokesariaSi.
pontos neokesariidan basili ganaTlebis misaRebad kapadokiis kesariaSi
gaemgzavra. kesariidan basili saswavleblad konstantinopolSi gaemarTa,
konstantinopolidan ki - aTenSi. aTenSi is daax. 351 wels unda Casuliyo.
aTenSi basili grigol RvTismetyvelTan da imperator konstantines
naTesavTan - iulianesTan (momavalSi imperatori iuliane gandgomili) -
erTad swavlobda (ruso 1994: 1-2; kvasteni 1986: 204). basilim aTeni daax.
356 wels datova (kvasteni: iqve). mTavari mizezi ratomac basilim
antikuri samyaros inteleqtualuri centri miatova, evstaTi sebastieli
iyo. evstaTis asketuri cxovrebis magaliTi basilisaTvis STagonebad
iqca moRvaweobis momaval gzaze (freizi 1980: 21). mas evstaTis piradad
naxva mounda, Tumca anatoliaSi dabrunebulma saxelganTqmuli moRvawe
ver naxa, radgan evstaTi am dros aRmosavleTis monastrebSi, iqaur

17
monazonTa saxilvelad mogzaurobda. basilic evtsaTis saZieblad
aRmosavleTSi gaemgzavra (elmi 1994: 60-61; ruso 1994: 1-2) da es
mogzauroba misTvis dauviwyari STabeWdilebebis wyarod iqca. basili
gancvifrebuli iyo aRmosavlel monazonTa zeadamianuri moRvawobis
wesiT (freizi 1980: 22; kvasteni: 205). aman axalgazrda ritors sabolood
gadaawyvetina saero cxovrebis mitoveba da monazvnuri cxovreba.
sanam basili didi aTenSi swavlobda, manam misma Zmam navkratim,
romelmac Zalian axalgazrdul asakSi mWevrmetyvelebis brwyinvale
unariT gaiTqva saxeli, samoRvaweo gza airCia da 352 wels mdinare
irisis napiras, mSobliuri saxlis moSorebiT, tyeSi daiwyo dayudebuli
cxovreba Tavis mona qrizifesTan erTad (Tumca qrizifes mona pirobiTad
erqva, radgan igi navkratis erTgul megobrobas uwevda). 3 navkrati da
qrizife Tavs nadirobiT irCendnen da dReebs locvasa da SromaSi
atarebdnen. navkratim aq asketur moRvaweobaSi xuTi weli gaatara, Tumca
357 wels, is ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad daiRupa. misi sikvdili Zalian
mZimed gadaitana dedam emiliam (mama, basili ufrosi, 345 wels
gardaicvala). emilias sulier megzurad, am tragediisas, ufrosi
qaliSvili, navkratis da, makrina iqca, romlesac navkratis msgavsad ukve
aerCia cxovrebos asketuri wesi. grigol noselis gadmocemiT, mZime
gansacdelSi makrinam sulis mxneoba SeinarCuna. man mdinare irisis piras
navkratis mier safuZvelCayrili ,,μόνη’’, anu memyudroeTa erTobis
Camoyalibebis paralelurad mTeli sagvareulo saxli erT did
monastrad aqcia. es Zalian mniSvnelovani procesi iyo – aristokratiuli
saxleulis gardaqmna mosagreTa krebulad. makrina Tanamedroveebisa da
Semdgomi TaobebisaTvis qalwulebrivi cxovrebis WeSmarit magaliTad
iqca (vrclad emilias, navkratis, makrinasa da maTi asketuri moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb ix. elmi 1994: 87-107).

3 md. irisis piras navkratisa da Semdgom basilis samyfofelisa da samonastro Temis

lokalizacias 2006 wlis martSi specialuri samecniero-kvleviTi eqspedicia mieZRvna,
romelic avstraliis axali inglisis universitetis (University of New England) profesoris
ana silvasis (Ana Silvas) TaosnobiT ganxorcielda. eqspediciis Sedegebi prof. silvasma
2007 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi aRwera (ix. silvasi 2007). uRrmes madlobas
movaxsenebT q-n ana silvass aRniSnuli statiis mowodebisTvis; eqspediciis Sedegad
gairkva, rom basili didis samyofeli axlos unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove qelTiq Caisa
(Keltik Çay) da ieSil irmakis (Yeşil Irmak) SesarTavTan, xeobaSi, Tanamedrove qalaq
amasiidan 60 km-Si, Savi zRvis siaxloves (silvasi 2007: 74)

18
 basili pontoSi 358 wels dabrunda da mdinare irisis piras Zmis mier
dawyebuli saqme gaagrZela. aq man asketTa erToba Seqmna. aq dawyebulma
asketurma moRvaweobam mTel pontosa da kapadokiaSi did da mZlavr
monazvnur moZraobas daudo saTave. am saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesi roli
Seasrula asketikonis Sedgenam, romelic SemdgomSi mTeli qristianuli
bermonazvnobisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo Txzuleba gaxda. basili kesarieli
TanamedroveTa da STamomavalTa TvalSi mcire aziaSi bermonazvnobis
damfuZneblad iqca. basilis didebam gadafara mcire aziaSi manamade
arsebuli asketuri cxovrebis formebi da STamomavlobisaTvis
bermonazvnuri moRvaweobis erTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli standarti
daawesa. basilis damsaxurebiT monastrulma cxovrebam arnaxuli ayvaveba
ganicada pontosa da kapadokiaSi (elmi 1994: 61), rac basilis sikvdilis
Semdeg ganviTarebis aRmavali xaziT gagrZelda.
basiliseuli tipikoni qarTuli bermonazvnuri moRvaweobis erT-erT
upirveles wyarod gadaiqca, radgan rogorc qvemoT vixilavT, swored,
basiliseuli monastrebis tipikoni iqca CvenTvis cnobili erT-erTi
uZvelesi qarTuli monastris - opizis - samonastro wesdebad. amitom
basili didis monastrebis cxovrebis wesze SedarebiT vrclad unda
SevCerdeT.
ra umTavresi maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeoda basiliseuli monastrebi?
basili didis asketuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas, pirvel yovlisa,
TvalSi gvecema misi mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gandegilobis
mimarT. basili didi gandegilobis survils egoistur miswrafebad
Tvlis, misi swavlebiT, mxolod sxva adamianebTan TanacxovrebaSi xdeba
SesaZlebeli qristianuli idealis aRsruleba. basili didi martoebiTi
cxovrebis praqtikul sirTuleebsac warmoaCens. martod mcxovrebi
asketisaTvisaTvis sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa da movla-patronoba
gacilebiT rTulia, vidre monasterSi sxva ZmebTan an debTan erTad
mcxovrebi monazvnisaTvis. basilisaTvis mxolod sociumSia SesaZlebelia
qristianuli siyvarulis swavla. ,,rameTu dambadebelsa RmerTsa eseT
ganuCinebies, raÁTa saÃmar viyvneT urTierTas, viTarca weril ars da
raÁTa SeerTebulca viyvneT urTierTas’’ (mamasaxlisi 2015: 107) anu
socialuroba adamianisaTvis ganwesebuli RvTis gegmis nawilia,

19
macxovris sityva mogviwodebs, rom adamianebi ara sakuTar sargebels,
aramed, upirveles yovlisa, sxvis (sulier) sargebels eZiebdnen.
martoebiTi cxovreba ki arsebiTad egoisturia:
xolo martoebiTsa cxorebasa erTi piri aqus, raÁTa TiToeuli
TÂsisa saÃmrisa mzrunvel iyos, romeli-ese cxad ars, viTarmed
mbrZol ars siyuarulisa SjulTa, romelni-igi mociqulman
aRasrulna, rameTu ,,ara eZiebda TÂssa umjobessa, aramed mravalTasa,
raÁTa cxonden (mamasaxlisi 2015: 107).
e. i. basilis azriT, gandegili (is vinc uadabnoSi martoa
dayudebuli) mxolod sakuTar sulis sargebels eZiebs, maSin roca
qristianuli siyvaruli sxvaTa daxmarebisken mogviwodebs, amitom
martoebiTi cxovreba, basilis radikaluri SefasebiT, ,,mbrZol ars
siyuarulisa SjulTa’’ anu siyvarulis kanonTan principul
winaaRmdegobaSia. martod mcxovrebi qristianisaTvis sakuTari sulieri
naklis Secnobac rTulia, radgan mamxilebeli aravin hyavs, sulieri
naklulevaneba da sneuleba mxolod sxva adamianebTan urTierTobaSi
iCens Tavs. martomyofeli mxilebisagan ,,dazRveulia’’, maSin roca
mxileba qristianuli cxovrebis aucilebeli komponentia, ,,rameTu
mxilebaman, mravalgzis mtrisganca qmnilman, kurnebisa wadierebaÁ
moatyuis keTiladgoniersa’’ (mamasaxlisi 2015: 107). martoebiT myofi
qristiani sulier xelmZRvanelobasac moklebulia, rac damRupvelad
aisaxeba mis sulier mdgomareobaze. garda amisa, gandegili,
qvelmoqmedebis madlsac ver iRebs, radgan mowyalebis gacemiT,
ucxoTSemwynareblobiTa da sneulebze zrunviT araa (ufro sworad
veraa) dakavebuli, rac qristianuli moRvaweobisaTvis arsebiTia, amitom
basilis TqmiT, RvTis mcnebaTa aRsruleba erTad mcxovreb
qristianTaTvis gacilebiT advilia, vidre - martod mcxovrebisaTvis.
zogadcxorebul (erTad mcxovreb) qristianTa erTobas kidev sxva
upiratesobac aqvs: aq sxvadasxva qristiani sxvadasxvagvari madliTa da
niWiT gamoirCeva, zogisadmi RvTisagan ,,micemul ars sityuaÁ sibrZnisaÁ,
sxÂsada – sityuaÁ mecnierebisaÁ, sxÂsada – sarwmunoebaÁ, sxÂsada
winaÁswarmetyuelebaÁ, sxÂsada – madlni kurnebaTani da Semdgomi amisi’’
(mamasaxlisi: 108), am niWebiT dajildoebul qristianTa erTad cxovreba

20
ki erTi romelime niWis sxvebisadmi gaziarebasa da farTod gavrcelebas
iwvevs, rac asketuri erTobis sulier mdgomareobaze dadebiTad aisaxeba,
maSin roca mas, romelic ,,martoebiT cxondebodis’’ (anu marto
cxovrobdes) mxolod erTi niWi aqvs da sakuTari usaqmurobiT am niWsac
flangavs (mamasaxlisi: 109). martod mcxovreb qristians sakuTari
saTnoebis gamovlenis saSualebac ara aqvs:
rameTu visa zeda aCuÀnos simdable TÂsi, raJams arca erTi vin
aqundes, romlissa umdables gamoaCinos Tavi TÂsi? anu vis aCuÀnos
mowyalebaÁ, gamokuÀTilman ziarebisagan mravalTaÁsa? xolo
sulgrZelbaÁ TÂsi viTar gamocadis, raJams arca erTi vin
winaaRudgebodis nebasa missa?’’ (mamasaxlisi: 110).
zogierTi qristiani Tavis martoebiT yofnas, sulieri xelmZRvanelis
uaryofasa da usaqmurobas imiT amarTlebda, rom qristianul moZRvrebas
wm. werilisa da wignebisagan daiswavlidnen, razec basili didi
pasuxobs, rom es saqcieli imis msgavsia, rodesac vinme xuroobisa da
mWedlobis swavlas zepirad cdilobs da ara saqmiT, praqtikuli
gamocdilebiT. basilis qristianuli msaxurebis upirveles magaliTad
macxovars imowmebs:
aha esera, ufalmanca gardametebulebiTa kacTmoyuarebisaÁTa ara kma-
iyo sityÂT xolo moZRurebaÁ, aramed raÁTa zedamiwevniTi moguces
gancxadebuli saxe simdablisaÁ, srulebiTa siyuarulisaÁTa TÂT
moirtya da dahbanna ferÃni mowafeTani’’ (mamasaxlisi 2015: 110)
da martoebiT mcxovreb qristians mimarTavs: ,,aw ukue Sen vis dahbanne,
vis hmsaxuro, visi ukanaÁsknelesi iyo, odes TÂT TaviT TÂsiT martoÁ
oden myof iyo?’’ (iqve).
maS ase, basili didis asketur filosofiaSi socialuroba
umniSvnelovanesi da uZiriTadesi pirobaa qristianuli monazvnobisaTvis.
basiliseul monastrebs swored es Tvisebebi gamoarCevdaT: isini ara
marto asketTa erTobebi, aramed saqvelmoqmedo da samedicino
dawesebulebani iyvnen. basili sxvebze zrunvas monastruli cxovrebis
ganuyofel, fundamentur elementad Tvlis. am kuTxiTac (misi
moRvaweobis sxva mxareebs, rom Tavi davaneboT) basili kesarielis
wvlili civilizaciis istoriaSi Zalze didia, radgan saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi swored monastrebi iqcnen kulturis, ganaTlebis,

21
samkurnalo xelobisa da qvelmoqmedebis centrebad. basili didis mier
Seqmnili tipikoni daedo safuZvlad benediqte nursielis (480-547)
tipikons, rac evropaSi monastruli cxovrebis safuZvelTa safuZvlad
iqca, xolo bizantiuri bermonazvnobisaTvis basiliseuli monasteri
yovelTvis etalons warmoadgenda.
bermonazvnobam noyieri niadagi hpova Cven mezobel somxeTSic.
somxeTSi qristianoba I-II saukuneebidanve aqtiurad vrceldeboda, es
gansakuTrebiT dasavleT (mcire) somxeTs exeba, romelic romis imperiis
sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli. somxeTSi gavrcelebuli qristianobis
gansakuTerbiT asketur xasiaTze wyaroebSi vxvdebiT miTiTebas. ukve II
saukuneSi somxeTSi mowameobrivad aResrulnen berZeni presviteri
qrizosi da misi oTxi mowafe, romlebic somxur hagiografiaSi
,,mZovarTa’’ (βóσκοι) saxeliT arian cnobili (Tumca asketizmis am formis
ase adre gavcreleba saeWvoa). somxuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, wm. qrizosi
wm. Tadeoz mociqulis mowafe iyo. gardamocemiT qrizosi Tavis
mowafeebTan erTad md. evfratis saTaveebTan dasaxlda da aq gandegilur
moRvaweobas eweoda. TavianTi gandegilobis ormocdamesame wels isini
somxeTis mefe artaSes arSakunTan mividnen da mas qristianobis Sesaxeb
uqadages (kazariani 2006: 11). somexTa mefe salaSqrod unda wasuliyo,
amitom mqadageblebTan saubari SemdegisaTvis gadado, Tumca maT mimarT
keTilad gaenwyo. wm. qrizosma Tavis mowafeebTan erTad dedofal
sateniksa da mis naTesavebs uqadaga da axal sarwmunoebaze moaqcia, ris
gamoc mefis vajebma (msaxurebma) wm. qrizosi da misi mowafeebi
sikvdiliT dasajes (107 w.). dedoflis naTesavebi wm. suqiasTan
(isiqiosTan) erTad cxramet axladgaqristianebul somex didebulTan
erTad baRrevandis mxareSi, suqavis mTaze ganmxolovdnen da aq daiwyes
asketuri moRvaweoba. maT aq gandegilobaSi ormocdaoTxi weli gaatares,
ris Semdegac mowameobrivad aResrulnen dedofal satenikis warmarT
naTesavTa xelidan. maTi wminda neStebi wm. grigol ganmanaTleblis
qadagebamde daukrZalavi iyo, wm. grigolma somxeTSi qadagebisas
dakrZala maTi wminda nawilebi (kazariani 2006: iqve).
bunebrivia wm. mowameTa da asketTa zemoaRwerili moRvaweoba,
ZiriTadad, legendaruli xasiaTisaa da gviandeli samonastro tradiciis

22
gavlena etyoba, magram somxur wyaroebs mainc Semounaxavs garkveuli
miniSneba adreuli somxuri qristianobis asketuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb.
qarTlis samefos msgavsad somxeTi mezobeli siriuli qristianuli
samyaros Zlier zegavlenas ganicdida (teriani: 6 4). sirieli misionerebi
yovelTvis aqtiurad qadagebdnen somxeTSi da didi mondomebiT
avrcelebdnen, rogorc qristianobas, aseve cxovrebis asketur wess.
samonastro cxovrebis pirvelgamavrceleblad somxeTSi Tavad wm.
grigol ganmanaTlebeli iqca IV saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo mis
ganmtkicebaSi didi roli Seasrules Zmebma wm. antoninem da wm. kronidem,
romlebic wm. grigols kapadokiidan mohyvnen. ioane kazarianis miTiTebiT,
maT pirveli monasteri daax. 314-315 wlebSi taronis mxareSi daarses,
romlis winamZRvradac grigol ganmanaTleblis sirieli mowafe zenon
glaki iqca (kazariani 2006: 24), Tumca 314-315 wlebSi taronSi monastris
daarseba, zogadad, somxeTis moqcevisa da qristianuli samonastro
cxovrebis ganviTarebis qronologias Tu gadavxedavT, Zalze saeWvoa (am
movlenas gacilebiT gvian unda hqonoda adgili).
somxeTSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebis organizebuli formebi IV saukunis
miwuruls vrceldeba, rac kaTalikos nerses didis (kaTalikosobda 353-
373 wlebSi) kanonebiT dasturdeba, romelic monazvnebs sulieri
sifxizlisken, marxvisa da locvis ganawesis dacvisaken mouwodebs
(teriani: 6).
V saukunis somxeTSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli lavris tipis
monastrebi. am periodSi somxur eklesiaSi igive tendencia SeiniSneba,
rac bizantiur eklesiaSi – maRali ierarqia cdilobs samonastro
moZraoba Tavisi sulieri zedamxedvelobis qveS moaqcios, rasac kargad
vxedavT somxuri wyaroebidan, Sahapivanis saeklesio krebis (gaimarTa 444
wels) kanonebidan, kaTalikos hovhan mandakunis (kaTalikosobda 487-
484/490 wlebSi) ori qadageba da a. S. (teriani 6-7).
ioane kazariani sruliad ukritikod iziarebs somxuri dedaTa da
mamaTa monastrebis, somxur wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul ricxvs, romlis
mixedviTac IV saukunis miwuruls somxeTSi monastrebis ricxvma ori

4 abraham terianis (Abraham Terian) internetSi ganTavsebuli aRniSnuli publikaciis

TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris

23
aTas ormocs moaRwia (kazariani 2006: 24), rac, bunebrivia, sruliad
fantastikuri ricxvia da moklebulia yovelgvar istoriul safuZvels.
somex gandegilTa sulieri winamZRvari, favstos bizantielis cnobiT,
iyo wm. iRumeni gindi, romelsac hyavda mowafe wm. muSe. somexi
gandegilebi gamoirCeodnen TavianTi RvawliTa da moSurneobiT, mkacri
asketizmiTa da martomyofeluri cxovrebis wesiT. IV saukunis somxeTSi
(rogorc es zemoT gvqonda aRniSnuli) bermonazvnuri cxovrebis wess
nergavda evtsaTi sebastielic (kazariani: 25).
V saukuneSi somxuri bermonazvnobis gamorCeul winamZRvrad iqca wm.
mesrop maStoci, romlis cxovrebac koriunma aRwera, romelmac jer
kidev eriskacobidan daiwyo moRvaweobiTi cxovreba (noheradi 2004: 274).
maStoci mkacri asketuri RvawliT gamoirCeoda da momavalSi is mTeli
somxeTis lavraTa zedamxedvelad iqca (teriani: 4-5).
V saukunidan, abraham terianis azriT, somxuri bermonazvnoba nel-
nela iTavisuflebs Tavs siriuli gavlenisagan da basiliseuli wesis
samonastro cxovrebas uaxlovdeba (teriani: 9). sainteresoa, rom basili
didis mier dafuZnebuli monastrebis zegavlena am periodis qarTlzec
SeiniSneba (ix. qvemoT), rac saintereso paralelia qarTul da somxur
bermonazvnur tradiciaTa istoriaSi. terianis SexedulebiT, momavali
xuTi saukune (V-X ss.) somxuri bermonazvnoba bizantiuri (basiliseuli)
bermonazvnobis gziT viTardeboda (teriani: 9). somxuri monastrebi,
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, ganaTlebisa da, zogadad, somxuri kulturis
umniSvnelovanes centrebad iqcnen, Seasrules ra udidesi roli somxeTis
istoriaSi.

$2. bermonazvnuri cxovrebis tipebi

III saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli samonastro cxovreba Tavidanve

gamoirCeoda mravalferovnebiT da qristianuli bermonazvnobis
warmoSobis adreul etapzeve gamoikveTa moRvaweobiTi cxovrebis sami
saxe: anaqoretuli (Zveli berZnuli sityvidan ,,ἀναχορέω’’ - ,,ganveSorebi’’)
anu gandegiluri (martomyofeluri, ganSorebuli, memxoloe cxovrebis

24
wesi (WeliZe 2013b: 267-268), monazvnuri mosagreobis yvelaze adreuli da
,,primitiuli’’ forma), lavruli (,,Λαύρα’’ Zvel berZnulSi ,,moxveul quCas’’
niSnavda (CiTi 1995: 15-16; HhirSfeldi 1990: 428)), SemdgomSi monastris
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul sinonimad iqca) da kvinoburi (Zvel
berZnulSi ,,κοινόβίον’’ anu ,,erTad cxovreba’’, Zvel qarTulad kvinobur
monastrebs ,,zogadcxorebuli monastrebic’’ ewodeboda (franki 2010: 32-33;
WeliZe 2013b: 228-230)).
anaqoretoba anu ganmxoloebiTi, ganmartoebiTi, gandegiluri
cxovreba (WeliZe 2013b : 268-269) samonazvno yofis Tavdapirveli,
primitiuli formaa (Telamoni 1992: 296). sityva ,,μοναχός’’ Tavdapirveli
mniSvnelobiT swored ,,martomyofs’’ aRniSnavs. sityva ,,monaxos’’ jer
kidev egviptur papirusebSi ixsenieba, romlebsac nag-hamadis kodeqsi
Seicavs (am terminis uZveles gamoyenebaze ix. bumaJnovi 2007: 21-26), Semdeg
es termini monastruli cxovrebis yvela mimdevarze gavrcelda.
monastris aRmniSvnelad Zvel qristianul mwerlobaSi mravali sityva
ixmareboda, Tumca yvelaze gavrcelebulad iqca termini ,,τό μοναστήριον’’,
romelic Tavdapirvelad martomyofi asketis, anaqoretis sacxovriss,
gandegilis senaks aRniSnavda (hermit’s cell, lampi 1965: 878). aqedanac
cxadia, rom bermonazvnuri cxovreba saTaves swored individualuri
gandegilebisgan iRebs.
bermonazvnobis ganviTarebis Semdgom periodSi calkeuli anaqoretebi
erTiandebian da qmnian samonastro erTobebs. ase Camoyalibda lavrebi.
lavris tipis monastrebSi ar arsebobda mkacri ganawesi da saerTo
tipikoni. monazvnebi erTi qarizmatuli da sulieri avtoritetis mqone
pirovnebis garSemo erTiandebodnen. TiToeuli anaqoreti kviris xuTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi individualurad moRvaweobda sakuTar senakSi, SabaT-
kviras ki saerTo taZarSi RvTismsaxurebas eswreboda da ziarebas
iRebda. ,,lavruli’’ xasiaTis monastrebis arqetipebi iyo saxelganTqmuli
egvipturi samonastro centrebi, nitria, keliebi (senakebi) da skiti (ix.
qvemoT), Tumca am tipis samonazvno cxovrebam klasikuri saxe mainc
palestinaSi SeiZina, sadac Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo kdleSi
gamokveTili lavrebi (mag. xaritonis lavra).

25
 ,,lavris’’ tipis garda qristianul samonastro tradiciaSi ganviTarda
,,kvinobis’’ tipis monastrebi. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, termini ,,kvinobi’’
berZnuli sityvidan modis da ,,erTad (ZvelqarTulad ,,zogad’’)
cxovrebas’’ niSnavs. am tipis monastrebSi Zmebi (an debi) galavniT
SemozRudul senakebSi erTad cxovrobdnen da maT yvelaferi saziaro
hqondaT, isini monastris erT saerTo tipikons (ganawess)
emorCilebodnen, erTad trapezobdnen, erTad muSaobdnen da erTad
loculobdnen, amgvar monastrebSi sulieri winamZRvris mkacri
morCileba aucilebeli iyo. kvinoburi monastrebis prveldamfuZneblad
didi egvipteli beri paxomi didi iqca (292-346 ww.), xolo bizantiuri
bermonazvnobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli klasikuri saxe man basili didis
da saba ganwmendilis mier daarsebul monastrebSi SeiZina (ix. qvemoT).
mogvianebiT lavrebisa da kvinobebis sinTezic warmoiqmna. amgvarma
monastrebma gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba hpova palestinaSi. aseTi
monastris centrs warmoadgenda kvinobi, romelsac am kvinobis
maxloblad calkeul senakebSi gafantuli gandegilebi emorCilebodnen
(kvinobis mTavar taZarSi Camodiodnen SabaT-kviras RvTismsaxurebaze).
denis papaxrizanTu (Denise Papachryssanthou) amgvar asketur Temebs
,,hibriduli lavrebis sistemas’’ (le systéme hybride lavriote) uwodebs
(papaxrizanTu 1973: 167). moRvawes romelsac gandegiluri mosagreoba
surda, gamocda jer kvinobSi unda gaevlo, winamZRvris morCilebis qveS,
radgan pirdapir individualur dayudebaze gadasvla saxifaTod
iTvleboda. mxolod mas Semdeg rac monazoni kvinobSi, sxva ZmebTan (an
debTan) erTad garkveul sulier gamocdilebas miiRebda, midioda is
,,uSinaganes udabnoSi’’ martomyofeluri moRvaweobisaTvis.

26
 Tavi II. qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriis periodizaciis
problema

$1. qarTuli bermonazvnobis genezisis kvlevis

istoriografiuli mimoxilva

XIX saukunis I naxevridan moyolebuli saqarTvelos istoriisa da

qarTuli kulturis kvleva evropuli mecnierebis miRwevebis
gaTvaliswinebiTa da gamoyenebiT daiwyo. bunebrivia, qarTvelologiur
kvlevebSi saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriis Seswavlam
Tavidanve umniSvnelovanesi adgili daikava. saqarTvelos eklesiis (da
zogadad saqarTvelos) istoriis sakiTxebze muSaoba SeuZlebeli iyo
qarTuli bermonazvnobis fenomenis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, amitom
Ziebani saqarTvelos istoriaSi qarTuli bermonazvnobis kvlevasac
gulisxmobda.
qarTuli bermonazvnobis warmoSobaze saubrisas qarTveli Tu
ucxoeli istorikosebis didi umravlesoba saqarTveloSi asurel mamaTa
Semosvlas ukavSirebda. ukve meTvramete saukunidan moyolebuli qarTul
istoriografiaSi mtkiced damkvidrda azri, romlis Tanaxmadac,
saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis damwyebni swored asureli mamebi
iyvnen. vaxuSti bagrationi Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa werda:
xolo vaxtang gorgasal dasva kaTalikozi da episkopozni yovelsa
saqarTvelosa Sina, amaT mieca pativi – kaTalikozsa mefisa Tana da
episkopozs erisTvisa Tana, xolo mRvdelTa aznaurTa Tana. xolo
Semdgomad mosvlisa ig wmidaTa mamaTa (igulisxmeba cameti asureli
mama – S.m.) iqmnen amaT mier monasterni da udabnoni, da amaT
monasterTa mamaTa da winamZRvarTa miecaT pativi mTavarTa Tan
(lomouri... 1941: 19).
es tradicia XIX saukuneSic gagrZelda. platon ioseliani Tavis
cnobil naSromSi saqarTvelos mokle saeklesio istoria (gamoica
rusul enaze), konkretulad bermonazvnobis dasawyisze ar amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, Tumca sainteresoa, rom misi mosazreba gacilebiT axlosaa

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istoriul realobasTan, vidre gviandeli mecnierebis azrebi, romlebic
asurel mamaTa mTavar misias monastrebis daarsebaSi xedavdnen. platon
ioseliani sruliad samarTlianad ambobs, rom asurel mamaTa mosvlis
umTavresi mizezi rwmenaSi Seryeul qarTvelTa sarwmunoebaSi
ganmtkiceba da xalxis ganswavla iyo (ioseliani 1843: 40-41). platon
ioselianisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis
meore mesaZirkvle, sulxan baraTaSvili, asureli mamebis qarTlSi
Semosvlas saerTod ar axsenebs (ix. baraTovi: 1865).
qarTuli bermonazvnobis Camoyalibebas Tavis naSromSi Seexo
istorikosi dimitri furcelaZec (1825-1891 ww.). ukanasknel xanebamde es
Zalze saintereso naSromi, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis
originalur xedvas gvTavazobs (Tan XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi)
ukanasknel dromde miviwyebuli iyo Cven istoriografiaSi (ix.
maTiTaSvili 2013/2014: 81-87). dimitri furcelaZem, pirvelma qarTul
istoriografiaSi, 1862 wels gazeT Кавказ-Si gamoqveynebul statiaSi
История Грузинской Церкви mogvca saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis
periodizaciis cda. d. furcelaZec, sxvaTa msgavsad, saqarTveloSi
bermonazvnuri cxovrebis damfuZneblebad asurel mamebs miiCnevs.
sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli mkvlevari aseve pirveli iyo, vinc qarTuli
bermonazvnobis tipologizacias Seecada, rac erTi-orad zrdis misi
naSromis mniSvnelobas. avtori bermonazvnuri cxovrebis sam saxes
gamohyofs: memyudrove (anu hesiqasturi) moRvaweoba (romlis tipiur
magaliTadac mas Sio mRvimeli miaCnia), mesveteoba (logikurad asketuri
moRvaweobis am wesis mimdevrad d. furcelaZe anton martyofels Tvlis)
da monastrebi, romlebSic cxovrebis saerTo wess misdevdnen anu
kvinobebi (amgvar monasterTa nimuSebad mkvlevari Sio-mRvimesa da daviT
garejas asaxelebs) (furcelaZe 1862: 538; maTiTaSvili 2013/2014: 84-85).
XIX saukunis qarTvel istorikosTa umetesobis msgavsad, konkretulad
qarTuli bermonazvnobis warmoSoba, arc mose janaSvils ukvlevia. igi,
iseve rogorc platon ioseliani, asurel mamebze saubrisas ara
monasterTa daarsebaze, aramed maT misionerul Rvawlze saubrobs
(janaSvili 1886: 43-44). igive azrs gamoTqvamda polievqtos karbelaSvili,
romelsac aqcenti asureli mamebis misionerobasa da sparselebTan

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brZolaSi maT monawileobaze gadahqonda (karbelaSvili 2011: 34). iv.
javaxiSvilma erT-erTma pirvelma SeniSna, rom saqarTveloSi samonastro
cxovreba jer kidev V saukuneSi unda Casaxuliyo (javaxiSvili 1979: 337),
Tumca es Sexeduleba aRar ganuviTarebia. am azrma ucxour
istoriografiaSic moikida fexi, mag. parizSi gamocemul kaTolikuri
RvTismetyvelebis enciklopediis V tomSi remon Janeni werda:
SeuZlebelia zusti drois dadgena imisa, Tu rodis gaCndnen pirveli
ber-monazvnebi saqarTveloSi. magram, vfiqrobT, rom samonastro
cxovreba ar unda Casaxuliyo V saukuneze gviandel xanaSi da iberTa
Soris gavlena adreve unda moepovebinaT. marTlac, am epoqaSi igi
mTels aRmosavleTSi udidesi popularobiT sargeblobda. ufro
metic, mociqulebma da eklesiis mesveurebma saqarTveloSi, rogorc
Cans, es gamoiyenes WeSmariti rwmenis ganmtkicebis uzrunvelsayofad.
da bolos, isic unda avRniSnoT, rom am droidan moyolebuli
qarTveli berebi palestinaSic Cndebian (Janeni 1996: 33).
sainteresoa, rom Tedo Jordania saqarTveloSi bermonazvnuri
idealebis gavrcelebis xanas Zalze adreul epoqas ukavSirebs:
...sweren, keisarma qarTvelT aCuqa adgili golgoTaze, sadac jvars
acves macxovari; am adgilas male aSenda qarTvelTa monasteri (e. i.
ukve IV saukunis I naxevarSi – S. m.). qarTveli berebi mravlad
midiodnen ierusalimsa da axlo-maxlo adgilebSi. qarTvelTa
didkacobac xels uwyobda berebs. sweren, TviT mirian gaemgzavrao
ierusalims da am garemoebas xom didi mniSvneloba eqneboda qarTveli
berebis gamravlebis saqmeSi ierusalims. misma Svilmac, baqar mefem,
ukanasknelni welni Tvisis cxovrebisa palestinaSi gaatara da,
rasakvirvelia, xels moumarTavda qarTvelT ierusalimis monastrebs
(Jordania 2011: 324).
ucnobia, Tu ra wyaroebs eyrdnoba T. Jordania, rodesac is mefe
miriansa da mis Zes, ufliswul baqars (bakurs, romelsac ar umefia),
ierusalimSi gamgzavrebulebad Tvlis. sainteresoa, rom mkvlevari am
periodisaTvis ukve varaudobs saqarTveloSi berebis (maSasadame
monastrebis) arsebobas, Tumca, samwuxarod, misi Sexedulebebi mxolod
dausabuTebel varaudebsa da daumowmebel wyaroebzea agebuli,
miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli bermonazvnobis Camoyalibebis

29
istoriografiuli mimoxilvisaTvis, misi Sexedulebebi mniSvnelovani da
sayurdReboa.
XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis mecnierTa umravlesoba saqarTveloSi
samonastro cxovrebis safuZvlis Camyrelebad mainc asurel mamebs
Tvlida. k. kekeliZis azriT, siriel mamebs
didi kulturuli roli uTamaSiaT Cven istoriaSi: maT safuZveli
CauyriaT CvenSi samonastro organizaciisaTvis, romelmac, rogorc
viciT, waruSleli kvali dastova Zvels qarTul cxovrebaSi, maT
qristianobis Suqi SeutaniaT Cveni qveynis mivardnilsa da miuval
kuTxeebSi da xeli SeuwyviaT xalxis gamoyvanisaTvis barabarosobis
wyvdiadidan (kekeliZe 1926: 170-171).
k. kekeliZe am azrs sxvaganac imeorebs:
saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobili arian egreT wodebuli asureli
mamebi, romelnic CvenSi mosulan meeqvse saukuneSi Suamdinaridan. maT
didi Rvawli dasdes qarTlis eklesiis gaZlierebas
kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan brZolaSi, agreTve samonastro cxovrebis
da misi organizaciis damyareba-Camoyalibebas (kekeliZe 1960 : 157).
zustad igive Sexedulebaa gamoTqmuli k. kekeliZisa da a. baramiZis
mier gamocemul naSromSi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria
(kekeliZe... 1987: 106). k. kekeliZis mowafe l. menabdec saqarTveloSi
samonastro cxovrebis damwyebebad asuel mamebs miiCnevda (menabde 1962:
385).
XX saukunis I naxevridan moyolebuli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
qarTul istoriografiaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebanic gaCnda. m.
TarxniSvilis azriT, marTalia, ucnobia vin iyvnen saqarTveloSi
bermonazvnuri cxovrebis moTaveebi, magram qarTvelebs adreve unda
daewyoT swrafva ,,usxeuloTa cxovrebisaken” (TarxniSvili 1994: 52). m.
TarxniSvilis mosazrebiT, erT-erTi pirveli samonastro kera
saqarTveloSi opiza iyo, vaxtang gorgaslis mier daarsebuli
(TarxniSvili 2014: 377), is aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTvelTa
moRvaweobaze V saukunis palestinaSi:
daujerebelia da warmoudgeneli, rom palestinaSi moRvawe qarTvel
berebs samSobloSic ar SeetanaT imave cxovrebis ideali, iqac ar
ganebniaT Tesli bermonazvnobisa. amitom srulis guldajerebiT

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 ZalgviZs vaRiaroT: V saukunis qarTlsac mihfenia Suqi axlad
aRmobrwyinebuli asketuri Rvawlmosilebisa, meudabnoebis saxiT mainc
(TarxniSvili 2014: 384-485).
grigol feraZis SexedulebiTac, samonastro cxovreba saqarTveloSi
asureli mamebis Semosvlamde gacilebiT adre unda iRebdes saTaves da
bermonazvnuri cxovrebis Tavdapirveli forma swored anaqoretoba unda
yofiliyo (feraZe 2006: 126):
saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma bermonazvnobisa aris
anaqoretoba. qarTuli bermonazvnobis saTaveebTan Cvens win swored
aseTi pirebi warmodgebian, da imis gamo arian ucnobi CvenTvis, rom
mTeli cxovreba martoobaSi gaatares (feraZe 2012: 216).
ufro mogvianebiT ramdenime mkvlevarma gamoTqva mosazreba
saqarTveloSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebis dawyebis Sesaxeb siriel mamaTa
moRvaweobamde gacilebiT adre (SoTa mesxia, romelic vaxtang gorgaslis
mier opizaSi monastris daarsebas realurad Tvlida da eTanxmeboda iv.
javaxiSvilis mosazrebas saqarTveloSi meudabnoebis V saukuneSi
Casaxvis Sesaxeb, ix. mesxia 1986: 220; aseve ix. gafrindaSvili 1988: 11;
xoStaria 2009: 29-36; baxtaZe 2007: 88-93 da a.S. (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT)). 5
ase rom, dReisaTvis veRar vityviT, rom mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebas safuZveli asurelma mamebma
Cauyares, sayovelTaodaa gabatonebuli.

$2. qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriis periodizacia

meoTxe saukunidan moyolebuli bermonazvnoba umniSvnelovanes rols

asrulebda qristianuli eklesiis cxovrebaSi. bermonazvnoba eklesiis
sulad da gulad, mis umtkices sayrdenad iqca mZime istoriuli
momentebis Jams. bermonazvnobam Seunaxa eklesias liturgikuli
cxovrebis saukeTeso tradiciebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
umdidresi asketuri memkvidreoba, rogorc qristianuli srulyofis

5 Cven aRniSnul mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs, axla aq, dawvrilebiT aRar mimovixilavT,

radgan maTi Sexedulebebis damowmeba da maTze msjeloba, ufro vrclad, qvemoT
mogviwevs

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saSualeba. ase iyo mTel aRmosavleT saqristianoSi da, ase iyo
konkretulad, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic.
qarTuli bermonazvnobis kvlevisas Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia
saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis istoriis periodizacia.
periodizacia dagvexmareba ukeT aRviqvaT qarTuli bermonazvnoba,
rogorc istoriuli fenomeni, misi gansxvavebuli xasiaTi da am xasiaTis
cvlileba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi.
iv. javaxiSvili iyo erT-erTi pirveli istorikosTagan, vinc qarTuli
bermonazvnobis periodizacias Seecada. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT asurelma
mamebma saqarTveloSi mxolod anaqoretul, gandegilur moRvaweobas
Cauyares safuZveli (Tumca wyaroebidan saerTod ar Cans, rom isini
mxolod anaqoretuli cxovrebis damnergavni iyvnen), xolo
ganviTarebuli da organizebuli saxe qarTul samonastro moZraobas
grigol xanZTelma misca (javaxiSvili 1914: 31-32).
grigol feraZe, miqel TarxniSvilTan erTad, istorikosTa da sxva
mecnier-mkvlevarTagan is iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo, romelic qarTuli
bermonazvnobis TaviseburebaTa vrclad aRweras da daxasiaTebas Seecada.
ai, magaliTad, erTi saintereso amonaridi qarTuli bermonazvnobis gr.
feraZiseuli xedvis kargad gasaazreblad, sadac istorikosi qarTul
hagiografiaSi wm. svimeon mesvetis (umcrosis) popularobis axsnas
cdilobs da aqedan ganmazogadebel daskvnebs akeTebs. Sio mRvimelis
cxovrebis avtorze saubrisas is aRniSnavs:
avtori Sexaris udabnos mkvidrebs da senakebSi, mRvimeebSi,
gamoqvabulebSi mcxovreblebs. magram erTma gansakuTrebiT moxibla –
esaa wm. svimeon umcrosi. ratom maincdamainc wm. svimeoni? ratom ara
wm. saba an eqvTime, an basili, an kidev romelime sxva wmindani? es
sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Sinagani
ganviTarebis istoria qarTuli bermonazvnobisa, miTumetes, rom
svimeoni ara marto wm. Sios cxovrebis avtorTanaa didi siyvaruliT
citirebuli, aramed sxvebTanac... wm. svimeoni piradi asketizmis
yvelaze ukiduresi momxre da mimdevari iyo. qarTvelebTan ki
bermonazvnobis ganviTareba swored gandegilobaze gaCerda. basilis
an aTonis mowesrigebuli bermonazvnobis gavlena qarTul
bermonazvnobaze Zalian mcirea. raki qarTuli bermonazvnoba Tavis

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 srulyofil ideals umkacres gandegilobaSi xedavda. bunebrivia,
sazomad misi ukideuresi mimdevrebi iqnen miRebuli (feraZe 2012: 154).
manve iv. javaxiSvilTan erTad, pirvelma SemogvTavaza qarTuli
bermonazvnobis istoriis periodizacia:
qarTuli bermonazvnobis saTaveebis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar
mogvepoveba. wina istoriis gareSe gadavdivarT misi ayvavebis epoqaSi
da oqros xanaSi. qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriaSi SeiZleba sami
periodi gamovyoT: siriuli, palestinuri da bolos – aTonis mTis,
anu bizantiuri (feraZe 2012: 211).
Tumca mkvlevari SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebs:
ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, qarTvel ber-monazonTa
palestinasTan kavSiri xom ar uswrebda win siriasTan kavSirs. Cveni
azriT, isini SeiZleba erTdroulic yofiliyo (feraZe 2012: 219,
SeniSvna 2).
kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze sruliad aSkaraa, rom qarTuli
bermonazvnoba ukve VI saukuneSi mZlavr socialur institutsa da
Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgenda, romelsac saero
xelisuflebac ki angariSs uwevda, amitom arqimandriti gr. feraZiseuli
daxasiaTeba, TiTqos, saqarTveloSi bermonazvnuri cxovreba
anaqoretobaze gaCerda, mcdaria da es Cven kvlevaSic gamoCndeba,
saidanac mkiTxveli dainaxavs, rom Tundac ,,basilis mowesrigebuli
bermonazvnobis’’ nimuSi Cven ukve V saukunis qarTlSi gvxdeba, araTu
ufro gvian. anaqoretoba qarTuli bermonazvnobis mTeli istoriis
manZilze saxezea, anaqoreti moRvaweebi dResac arseboben saqarTveloSi
da es sulac ar niSnavs qarTuli bermonazvnobis, erTmniSvnelovnad,
anaqoretul xasiaTs. metic, dRes mesvete berebic ki gvxdebian
saqarTveloSi (mag. WiaTuris raionSi, kacxis svetze, moRvawe mama maqsime
(qavTaraZe), romelmac XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan svetze sami saukunis
winaT Camqrali monastruli cxovreba aRadgina). saqarTveloSi (iseve
rogorc sxvagan) anaqoretuli da organizebuli bermonazvnuri
cxovrebis tipebi erTmaneTs xels ar uSlida da erTi da igive periodSi
Tanaarsebobda. aseve araadekvaturad gveCveneba qarTuli bermonazvnobis
istoriis periodizaciis mTlianad ucxour gavlenebze (siriuli,
palestinuri, bizantiuri) mibma, Tumca cxadia am gavlenebma didi roli

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Seasrula qarTuli bermonazvnobis ganviTarebaze da periodizaciis
amgvar versias Tavisi logika gaaCnia.
rac Seexeba wm. svimeon mesvete umcrosis gansakuTrebul
Tayvaniscemas, es wmindani qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi sxvebze
(Tundac wm. mTavarmowame giorgize an wm. saba ganwmendilze an wm. basili
didze) meti popularobiT namdvilad ar gamoirCeoda, mas did pativs
miagebdnen, Tumca ara rogorc raRac gamorCeuls, eqskluziurs. amitom
erT (an ramdenime) hagiografiul ZeglSi wm. svimeon umcrosis
aRmatebuli mniSvenelobis mixedviT mTlianad qarTul bermonazvnobaze
msjeloba, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aSkarad mcdaria.
iv. javaxiSvilisa da gr. feraZis Semdeg qarTuli bermonazvnobis
periodizacias g. gafrindaSvili Seecada. g. gafrindaSvili
erTmaneTisgan, terminologiuri da Sinaarsoblivi TvalsazrisiT,
ganarCevs ,,udabnosa’’ da ,,monasters’’. misi dakvirvebiT, saqarTveloSi
samonastro cxovrebis pirvel etapze mxolod udabnoebi gvxvdeba.
,,udabno’’ g. gafrindaSvilis azriT, pirvel etapze, aucileblad
monazonTa qvabovan sacxovriss gulisxmobs (gafrindaSvili 1987: 5) e. i.
udabnos aucileblad qvabovani xasiaTi aqvs, qvis nagebobaTa gareSe da g.
gafrindaSvilis gancxadebiT udabnos es mniSvneloba mis mier iyo
,,amoxsnili” (gafrindaSvili 1988: 7). misi SexedulebiT, qarTuli
bermonazvnobis ganviTarebis adreul etapze ,,monazonTa sayofi kldovani
napralebi da bunebrivi siRruveebia. SemTxveviTi moxazuloba aqvT amave
drois uxeSad gamokveTil qvebebsac” (gafrindaSvili 1969: 11). amis
sailustraciod g. gafrindaSvils mohyavs ,,wminda kacis’’ pasaJi SuSanikis
martvilobidan. am wminda kacis samyofels ,,vani’’ ewodeba, rac mkvlevris
azriT, ueWvelad qvabovan senaks unda gulisxmobdes. misi SexedulebiT
toponimi ,,vani’’ kldis Zeglebs ukavSirdeba. g. gafrindaSvili acxadebs
,,vanis’’ ganmartebis cnobac ,,me mekuTvniso’’ (gafrindaSvili 1988: 11).
,,sruliad aSkaraa rom wm. kaci meudabnoea da qvabSia damkvidrebuli’’.
mxolod mogvianebiT qarTuli bermonazvnobis ganviTarebis Semdgom,
meore etapze gvxdeba kldovan sacxovrisebTan erTad qvis nagebobani.
qvabTa da qvis nagebobaTa kompleqss – erTobliobas ki ukve SegviZlia

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vuwodoT ,,monasteri’’ am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT (gafrindaSvili
1988: 9).
g. gafrindaSvilis mosazrebaTa damajerebeli kritika mogvca n.
baxtaZem. n. baxtaZem SiomRvimis (VI s.), zedaznis (VI s.), breTis (VI s.),
kondamianis (VI s.) da kacxis (V-VI ss.) (es ukanaskneli n. baxtaZis azriT
gvianantikuri da adrefeodaluri xaniT TariRdeba) magaliTebze cxadyo,
rom terminebis ,,udabnosa’’ da ,,monastris’’ gafrindaSviliseul
definicias realuri safuZveli ara aqvs, radgan ,,udabno’’ aucileblad
ar gulisxmobs mxolod kldovan gamoqvabulebs. uZvelesi qarTuli
udabno-monastrebi kldovani qvabebisa da qvis nagebobaTa kompleqss
warmoadgendnen da araviTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs ,,udabnoSi’’ mxolod
ama Tu im Zeglis marto kldovan-qvabovani xasiaTi vigulisxmoT (baxtaZe
2007: 88-93).
dReisaTvis aSkaraa, rom qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriis
periodizaciis iv. javaxiSviliseuli, gr. feraZiseuli da g.
gafrindaSviliseuli versiebi mcdaria. qvemoT davinaxavT rom
samonastro cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela saxe ukve gvxdeba IV-V saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi, xolo asureli mamebi mxolod anaqoretuli tipis
moRvaweobis gamavrcelebleblad ar gvevlinebian, aramed maT mier
daarsebul monastrebSi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia,
rogorc lavrulma, ise kvinoburma cxovrebam (da aseve maTma sinTezma).
miTumetes sruliad usafuZvloa g. gafrindaSvilis Sexeduleba, TiTqos
qarTuli bermonazvnoba jer qvabovan xasiaTs atarebda, Semdeg ki qvis
nagebobaTa Senebac daiwyes. kvleva gvaCvenebs, rom qarTuli
bermonazvnobis tipologiuri mravalferovneba qronologiurad
Tanadroulia da ver vityviT, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, samonazvno
cxovrebis erTi tipi aucileblad meorisgan ganviTarda (rogorc
magaliTad egvipteSi).
qarTuli bermonazvnoba (rogorc egvipturi da siriul-palestinuri)
IV-V saukuneebSi isaxeba. IV-V saukuneebi, rogorc qarTuli
bermonazvnobis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis xana, mis pirvel periodad unda
CaiTvalos. marTalia gr. feraZes asurel mamaTa qarTlSi mosvlis drod
V saukune miaCnda (feraZe 1927: 1-2), specialistTa absoluturi

35
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom sirieli berebi aq VI saukuneSi movidnen da
maTi qarTlis samefoSi mosvliTa da damkvidrebiT qarTuli
bermonazvnobis istoriaSi sruliad axali etapi iwyeba. sirieli mamebi
saqarTveloSi organizebul samonastro cxovrebis wess farTod
avrceleben da mas misionerul xasiaTs aniWeben. VI-VIII saukuneebSi
qarTuli bermonazvnoba aRmavlobis gzazea, mas didi sulieri,
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da socialuri roli akisria. es roli
gansakuTrebulad gaizarda qarTuli bermonazvnobis mesame periodSi -
IX-X saukuneebSi.
merve saukunis bolosa da mecxre saukunis dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTSi
farTo samonastro kolonizacia iwyeba. grigol xanZTelis meTaurobiT
qarTveli berebi da monazvnebi udides religiur da kulturul
moZraobas wamoiwyeben da am moZraobis savaned tao-klarjeTis
,,qarTvelTa samefo’’ mogvevlina. tao-klarjeTis monastrebi (iseve
rogorc zogadad monastrebi) mniSvnelovan kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
cntrebad iqcnen. aseT centrebi iyo opizaSi, SatberdSi, xanZTaSi, oSkSi,
iSxanSi, wyarosTavSi da a. S. garda tao-klarjeTis monastrebisa,
aRsaniSnavia qarTvel ber-monazonTa Rvawli ucxoeTSi. ucxoeTSi
qarTuli bermonazvnoba gansakuTrebul ayvavebas ganicdis V-X
saukuneebSi.
X saukunidan qarTvel aTonelTa moRvaweobiT qarTuli samonastro
cxovrebis istoriaSi sruliad axali (meoTxe) periodi iwyeba, romelic
Cveni azriT mTlianad ganviTarebul da gvian Sua saukuneebs moicavs. gr.
feraZis azriT, aTonelebis dros
miiRo qarTulma bermonazvnobam universaluri xasiaTi, qarTuli
monastrebi iyo yvela gavlenian adgilas (siriaSi, palestinaSi,
aTonze da konstantinepolSi). berebs erTmaneTTan urTierToba
hqondaT da cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi erovnuli kavSiri
saerTo interesebisaTvis. miuxedavad Zlieri gavlenisa, qarTuli
bermonazvnoba am gavlenis monad ki ar qceula, aramed moaxerxa, ase
vTqvaT, TviTon emarTa situacia da erovnuli xasiaTi SeenarCunebina
(feraZe 2014: 212).
qarTulma monastrebma saqarTvelos Zlierebis xanaSi arnaxul
ayvavebas miaRwia, monasteri tradiciulad inarCunebda im did sulier,

36
kulturul (xSirad politikursac) da socialur rols, romelic mas
ukve adreuli Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli hqonda. qarTul monasterze
pirdapir aisaxeboda qveynis mdgomareoba. qveynis mZime politikuri da
ekonomikuri viTarebisas monastrebi carieldeboda, maTi
sicocxlisunarianoba mcirdeboda.
meaTe saukune qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi qarTvel aTonelTa
moRvaweobis dawyebiT aRiniSna. Znelia gadaWarbebiT Sefasdes wminda
mTis qarTvelTa roli zogadad saqarTvelos eklesiis da konkretulad
qarTuli samonastro cxovrebis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
qarTvel aTonelTa moRvaweobiT qarTuli eklesia Zlier dauaxlovda
bizantiurs (kekeliZe 1980: 42-66), Tumca sxva qarTuli monastrebiviT
qarTvelTa aTonuri savanec saqarTvelos politikuri da sxva saxis
mdgomareobis gauaresebasTan erTad sustdeba da qarTvelebisagan
icleba. miuxedavad saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobisa, samefo
kari mainc cdilobda qarTuli monastris aRorZinebis saqmes yovelmxriv
daxmareboda. mag., erT-erT asurel mamaTagan daarsebuli monasteri
daviT gareji, gvianfeodalur periodSi, kvlavac ganagrZobda qarTuli
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kerebis saukeTeso tradiciebs (qavTaria
1965: 5).
mecxramete saukune, anu saqarTveloSi rusuli saero da saeklesio
mmarTvelobis epoqa, qarTuli bermonazvnobis istoriaSi axal mexuTe
periodad unda CaiTvalos. saeklesio slavuri kulturis Semodineba
ruseTis imperiis politikis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, Tumca
gasaTvaliswinebelia rusuli saeklesio gavlenis realuri masStabebi.
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis iZulebiTi SeCereba (ara gauqmeba,
radgan ruseTis sinods saerTod ar gaaCnda amgvari ufleba) da
politikuri damoukideblobis dakargva aRniSnuli periodis umTavresi
maxasiaTebelia, magram, vfiqrobT, XIX saukunis saqarTvelos eklesiis
istoriis mkvlevarma maqsimaluri obieqturobiT unda aRadginos
saqarTvelos imdroindeli saeklesio cxovrebis peripetiebi. es epoqa
saqarTveloSi 1811 wlidan 1917 wlamde gagrZelda.
meeqvse periodi, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa totalitarizmis epoqas emTxveva,
rodesac bermonazvnuli cxovrebis tradicia saqarTveloSi (da ara

37
marto saqarTveloSi) TiTqmis srul ganadgurebamde mivida. 1977 wels
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad ilia II-is aRsaydrebidan, ufro
zustad ki sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg, qarTuli bermonazvnobis
istoriaSi axali, meSvide periodi iwyeba, romelic dRemde grZeldeba da
samonastro cxovrebis aRmavlobiTa da, amave dros, mTeli rigi
sirTuleebiT xasiaTdeba.

38
 Tavi III. qarTuli bermonazvnoba IV saukuneSi

$1. wm. nino da qristianuli asketizmi:wm. ninos cxovreba

rogorc uZvelesi qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzuleba

XIX saukunis miwurulamde ninos cxovrebis ramdenime redaqcia iyo

cnobili. am cxovrebaTa avtorebi Sua saukuneebis qarTveli mematianeebi
da hagiografebi iyvnen. XI saukunis episkoposma leonti mrovelma ninos
moRvaweobisa da qarTlis moqcevis istoria sakuTar TxzulebaSi Seitana,
romelic qarTlis istorias uZvelesi epoqidan mirian mefis
memkvidreebamde mogviTxrobs. XII saukuneSi daviT aRmaSeneblis
TanamoRvawem arseni iyalToelma ninos cxovrebis axali redaqcia Seqmna.
amave saukuneSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqma nikoloz
gulaberisZem Tavis saRvTismetyvelo traqtatSi sakiTxavi suetisa
cxovelisaÁ, kuarTisa saufloÁsa da kaTolike eklesiisa ninos
misionerobisa da qarTlis moqcevis istoria qristianuli
RvTismetyvelebis Suqze ganixila. XIII saukuneSi ucnobi avtoris mier
arsenis Txzulebis perifrazi daiwera, romelSic ramdenime axal da
gansxvavebul cnobas vxvdebiT.
1888 wels qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis didmniSvnelovani movlena
moxda. n. marma qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebli
sazogadoebis wingTsacavSi Satberdis krebuli aRmoaCina. 1890 wels
axalgazrda mkvlevarma eqvTime TayaiSvilma sakuTari xarjebiT
Satberdis krebulSi daculi Txzulebis moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ-is pirveli
nawili - istoriuli qronika gamoaqveyna, romelSic ninos cxovrebis
mokle redaqcia iyo CarTuli, xolo 1891 wels Satberdiseuli
xelnaweris mixedviT moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ-s meore nawili - ninos
cxovrebis vrceli redaqciac gamosca da mas ,,axali varianti’’ uwoda
(radgan qarTlis ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis sxva, Cvengan zemoT
CamoTvlili variantebi ukve cnobili iyo). es e. w. axali varianti
sinamdvileSi ninos cxovrebis yvelaze Zveli redaqcia da umTavresi
wyaroa gviandeli avtorebisaTvis.

39
 moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ dRes aTi redaqciiT aris cnobili: Satberduli,
romlis mixedviTac gamoaqveyna TayaiSvilma istoriuli qronika da ninos
cxovreba, WeliSuri, romelic arqimandritma ambrosim (xelaia) 1906 wels
WeliSis monasterSi ipova da sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monasterSi
aRmoCenili ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli sinuri redaqcia: Sin-48 da
Sin-50 (aleqsiZe 2007: 7-9). 6 es oTxi umTavresi redaqcia. garda amisa gvaqvs
leonti mroveliseuli sami redaqcia (qarTlis cxovrebis anaseul (XV s.),
mariamiseul (XVII s.) da vaxtang meeqvsiseul (XVIII s.) redaqciebSi
daculi), mroveliseuli ninos cxovrebis somxuri Targmani, arsen
beriseuli da arsen beris perifrazi (Sesrulebuli ucnobi avtoris
mier) (aleqsiZe 2011: 103-104). zemodasaxelebulTa garda, rogorc
aRvniSneT, qarTul enaze SemorCenilia kidev erTi, wmida ninos e. w.
mokle cxovreba, romelic moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ-is pirvel nawilSi –
istoriul qronikaSia CarTuli. am mokle cxovrebas iv. javaxiSvili
vrcel cxovrebaze ufro Zvel Txzulebad miiCnevda:
Satberdiseul wmida ninos cxovrebaze uwinares qarTvelTa
ganmanaTleblis ufro Zveli cxovreba arsebobda, amas ,,moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ’’-s matianec amtkicebs: iq Setanili cnobebi wmida ninos
cxovrebis Sesaxeb Satberdiseul cxovrebisagan gansxvavdeba da ufro
pirvandeli xasiaTic aqvs (javaxiSvili 1916: 30).
m. CxartiSvilis azriT es cxovreba, romelic qarTlis moqcevis
pirvel nawilSi, istoriul qronikaSia CarTuli, calke redaqciad unda
CavTvaloT:
es TvalSi sacemia erTi SexedviTac. mas garkveuli disonansi Seaqvs
qronikaSi, jer erTi, Tavisi moculobiT (danarCeni nawilis TiTqmis
naxevars Seadgens), meorec imiT, rom gaqristianebis Sesaxeb
Txrobisas mefe erTgvarad ukana planzea da win wamoweulia ninos

6 Satberdiseul da WeliSur redaqciebs Soris rigi gansxvavebania: pirvel yovlisa,

unda aRiniSnos, rom Satberduli ufro zustad gadmogvcems istoriul movlenebs,
pirebisa Tu geografiul adgilTa saxelebs, Tumca WeliSuri informaciuli
TvalsazrisiT ufro tevadi da ganvrcobilia, Tumca leqsikuri da orTografiuli
TvalsazrisiT, Zlier damaxinjebulia (qurcikiZe 1964: 68). WeliSuri redaqcia Seicavs
Txrobas soji dedoflis, anu peroJavri sivnielis moqcevisa da mis mier sveticxovlis
moxilvis Sesaxeb (lerneri 2004 : 29-36), rac Satberdul redaqcias aklia. s.
yubaneiSvilis daskvniT, WeliSuri redaqcia Satberdulis gadakeTebis Sedegadaa
Camoyalibebuli (yubaneiSvili 1940: 92)

40
 moRvaweoba, maSin roca Cveulebriv, aRniSnuli qronika asaxelebs jer
mefes an erisTavs da mxolod amis Semdeg miuTiTebs maT
mmarTvelobaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan faqtebze (CxartiSvili 1987: 6).
zemodasaxelebulTa garda m. CxartiSvili calke redaqciebad
gamoyofs ninos somxursa (mose xorenelis somxeTis istoriaSi dacul)
da bizantiur (anu bizantiel avtorebTan (rufinusi, Teodorite kvireli
da sxv.) dacul) cxovrebebs (CxartiSvili 1987: 24-62).
am redaqciebidan yvelaze ukeT daculi Satberduli ninos cxovrebaa,
amitom msjelobisas, ZiriTadad, swored mas daveyrdnobiT (Tumca,
bunebrivia, sxva redaqciebis cnobebsac aqtiurad gamoviyenebT,
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania axladaRmoCenili sinuri redaqciebis
cnobebi, romlebic mraval faqts azustebs). ninos cxovreba moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ-s meore (b) Tavidan iwyeba (xolo odes daasrula srbaÁ TÂsi
sarwmunoebasa zeda...). Txzulebis struqtura Semdegnairia: mcxeTisken
wamosuli nino mZimed dasneulebuli gzad daba bodSi Cerdeba. nino
gardacvalebis moaxloebas grZnobs da mowafeebsa da sulier megobrebs
TavisTan mouxmobs. sikvdilis piras myof ganmanaTlebelTan Sekrebili
,,dedofali salome uJarmeli da peroJavri sivnieli da maT Tana yovelni
mTavarni hkiTxvides’’ misi cxovrebisa da warmomavlobis Sesaxeb
(gigineiSvili... 1979: 328) da ninos Tavgadasavlis Txrobac iwyeba. ninos
cxovrebac swored esaa - mogonebaTa krebuli, romelic gansakuTrebuli
mxatvruli ZaliTa da eqspresiulobiT gamoirCeva. ninos cxovreba
qarTlis moqcevis monawileTa interviuirebaa, rogorc m. CxartiSvili
aRniSnavs:
iqmneba STabeWdileba rom kiTxvebi (,,rogori iyo qarTvelTa cxovreba
adre?’’ ,,rogor aRmoCnda mcxeTaSi is kvarTi, romelic ninom axsena?’’
,,kurnebaTa Sesaxeb raRas ityviT?’’ ,,mirian mefis moqcevis Sesaxeb?’’
,,eklesiis mSenebloba rogorRa iyo?’’) amoWrilia da kadrSi midis
mxolod pasuxebi (CxartiSvili 1987: 67).
pirveli mogoneba Tavad qarTlis ganmanaTlebels ekuTvnis, romelic
me-3 (g) Tavidan iwyeba, sadac nino Tavisi mSoblebis Sesaxeb gviyveba. am
mogonebas salome ujarmeli iwers, amave salome ujarmels ekuTvnis
meoTxe (d) da meeqvse (v) Tavebis aRweriloba (me-5 Tavi TxzulebaSi ar
gvxvdeba), sadac moTxrobilia ninos cxovreba da moRvaweoba qarTlSi
41
Semosvlamde da misi qarTlSi Semosvla. amas mosdevs ebraeli mRvdlis
,,axal pavled’’ wodebuli abiaTaris asulis, ninos erTguli
TanamoRvawis, sidonias mogonebani (me-7, me-8, me-9, me-10 da me-11 Tavebi).
meTormete Tavi abiaTaris Txrobaa, mecamete TavSi qarTlis moqcevisa da
mcxeTis mopirdapire borcvze jvris aRmarTvis istorias ,,saberZneTidan’’
(anu romis imperiidan) mosuli mRvdeli iakobi yveba (SemdgomSi qarTlis
mTavarepiskoposi), meToTxmete Tavs ewodeba aRmarTebaÁ patiosnisa
juarisa mcxeTisaÁ da merme kualad gamoCinebaÁ, meTxuTmete Tavi mirian
mefis werilia - wigni romeli dawera mirian mefeman qarTlisaman Jamsa
sikudilisasa, aRiwera ÃeliTa iakob mTavarepiskoposisaÁTa da misca
salomes uJarmelsa, Zis colsa TÂssa, romeli mecnier iyo yovelsave
WeSmaritad. Vita-s mirian mefis anderZi agvirgvinebs sakuTari vaJis -
revisa da meuRlis - nana dedoflis mimarT.
bunebrivia, Txzulebis gamoqveynebisTanave misi avTenturobis sakiTxic
dadga. qarTlis moqcevis orive nawili Sedgenilobis (Sinaarsis)
sirTuliTa da kompleqsurobiT xasiaTdeba. mTlianad moqcevaჲ
qarTlisჲas, da gansakuTrebiT mis meore nawils (ninos cxovrebas),
sakmaod mZime bedi ergo, ara mxolod istoriis Znelbedobis, aramed
qarTvelologiur mecnierebebSi Camoyalibebuli daumsaxurebeli
Sefasebis gamoc. Cven mxolod zogadad mimovixilavT ninos cxovrebis
avTenturobis sakiTxs (radgan am problemis yvela aspeqtis ganxilva
calke monografias moiTxovs).
pirvelad ninos cxovreba kritikulad n. marma ganixila da imis
safuZvelze, rom TxzulebaSi miriani axalsparsul frazas warmoTqvams,
es nawarmoebi IX saukuneSi Seqmnilad miiCnia (mari 1897: 7).
ninos coxvrebis istoriuli Rirebulebis uaryofiT SefasebaSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli, albaT mainc, iv. javaxiSviliseulma
kritikam iTamaSa.
1898 wels peterburgis aRmosavluri fakultetis mier gamocxadebuli
konkursisaTvis daweril Temas 1900 wels iv. javaxiSvili gazeT
,,moambeSi’’ aqveynebs (statiis rusuli varianti 1901 wels daibeWda
,,saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros JurnalSi’’), sadac axalgazrda

42
mecnieri vrclad Seexo eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier gamoqveynebul wminda
ninos cxovrebas (jorbenaZe 1981: 43-45). iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT,
sazogadod Cveni mkvlevarebi metismeti ndobiT, TiTqmis mowiwebiT
epyrobian Cven or uZveles matianes (igulisxmeba qarTlis cxovreba
da qarTlis moqceva – S. m.). rasakvrivelia, imitom, rom
Satberdiseuli wm. ninos cxovreba TviT ninos naambobad da mis
TanamSromelTa da TanamedroveTa nawerada Tvlian, rogorc TviTon
cxovrebis damweri gvarwmunebs (javaxiSvili 1900a: 57).
TxzulebaSi arsebuli qronologiur aRreulobaTa, gviandel
interpolaciaTa da anaqronizmTa gamo mkvlevarma ninos cxovreba
araavTentur, fsevdoepigrafikul nawarmoebad miiCnia, romlis Seqmnac
qarTvelebs mecxre saukuneSi somxebTan saRvTismetyvelo-istoriuli
polemikis Jams ninos kultis restavraciisaTvis dasWirvebiaT, manamde ki,
iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi TavianT ganmanaTleblad grigols
(somxeTis momaqcevels) miiCnevdnen.
mokled mimovixiloT Tu ra argumentebs eyrdnoboda iv. javaxiSvili
ninos cxovrebis nayalbev (fsevdo-epigrafikul) nawarmoebad
gamocxadebisas. pirvel yovlisa is garegnuli SeniSvnebiT iwyebs:
TxzulebaSi Tavebis saTvalavebi areulia (javaxiSvili 1900a: 57-58),
garda amisa sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani movlenebi (mag., jvris aRmarTva,
saberZneTidan samRvdeloebis mosvla) areuladaa Setanili (javaxiSvili
1900a: 58-59). iv. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs, rom cxovrebis dasawyisSi
aRniSnulia, rom ninos monaTxrobs ori mwerali qali salome ujarmeli
da peroJavri sivnieli werdnen, maSin roca Txzuleba mxolod salome
ujarmels miekuTvneba da peroJavris avtorobis Sesaxeb araferia Tqmuli
(javaxiSvili 1900a: 59-60). iv. javaxiSvils ucnaurad eCveneba is ambavi,
rom samwyso ninos sikvdilis win evedreba misi ambisa da Tavgadasavlis
moyolas, maSin roca kapadokieli qalwuli ukve mravali weli qadagebda
qarTlSi da maT es yvelaferi, wesiT, ninos sikvdilamde unda
scodnodaT (javaxiSvili 1900a: 60-61) da askvnis: ,,cxadia, mgoni, rom
Satberdiseul wminda ninos cxovrebis avtoris cnoba, viTomc ninos
sikvdilis win eambnas Tavgadasavali, dasajerebeli ar aris”
(javaxiSvili 1900a: 62). iv. javaxiSvili erT-erT argumentad Txzulebis im

43
pasaJs imowmebs, sadac iakob mRvdeli sasawulebriv xeze (xe romelic
dRevandeli jvris monastris adgilas iyo aRmarTuli da romlisganac
sami jvari gamokveTes) yveba:
maSin Zirsa zeda aRhmarTes, karsa eklesiisasa samxriTsa. da hbervida
wyalTagan niavi da Salvida furcelsa xisa misgan da aZrevda rtoTa
misTa. da iyo xilvaჲ misi Suenier da sulhamo, viTarca smeniT viciT
xisa misTჳs alvisa” (gigineiSvili... 1979: 348)
maSin roca iakobis monayolidan, cxadia, rom mas xis jvrebad
aRmarTvaSi monawileoba uSualod unda hqonoda miRebuli da gaugebaria
xeze, romelic Tavad ixila, ratom ambobs ,,smeniT viciTo’’
(gigineiSvili... 1979 : 68). iv. javaxiSvili mkacrad akritikebs cnobebs
ninos STamomavlobisa da ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ninos biZa arc
iubenali unda yofiliyo da arc ierusalimis patriarqi, radgan meoTxe
saukuneSi ierusalimis mRvdelmTavrebs Soris ar ixsenieba iubenali da
patriarqobis institutic mxolod mexuTe saukuneSi mkvidrdeba msoflio
eklesiaSi (javaxiSvili 1900a: 69). iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, Txzulebis
aSkarad fsevdoepigrafikul xasiaTze miuTiTebs isic, rom moxseniebulia
,,baRdadi’’ da miriani axal sparsulad laparakobs (javaxiSvili 1900a: 69)
(argumenti romelic pirvelad n. marma gamoiyena). aseve tyuili da
gamonagoni unda iyos, mecnieris azriT, cnoba zabilonis mier ,,branjTa’’
damarcxebisa da mis mier maTi moqcevis Sesaxeb (javaxiSvili 1900b: 18-19).
miTumetes ninos brwyinvale STamavlobas ar ixsenieben arc rufinusi da
arc moqceva-Si daculi ninos mokle cxovreba, arc bakuri (javaxiSvili
1900b: 19-20), arc xoreneli ambobs amis Sesaxeb rames. es mxolod misi
tyveobis gadasafarvad unda moegonebinaTo (javaxiSvili 1900b: 21).
Satberdiseuli cxovrebis damwers TiTqo srulebiT aviwydeba, rom
nino elene dedoflisaTvis gamohyva efesel dedakacs, da elene
dedoflis winaSe ninos qadagebis Sesaxeb aras gveubneba... aq araferia
moxsenebuli ninos qadagebriv moRvaweobaze samefo saxlobis winaSe
(javaxiSvili 1900b: 23).
iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT: ,,Cven ar viciT, magaliTad, rada scxovrobs
nino dvinel dedakacTan, roca ierusalimSi iyvnen misi deda da biZa; Tu
ninos deda glaxakebs emsaxureboda, nuTu Tavis erT qals ver

44
gamozdida?” (javaxiSvili 1900b: 23). iv. javaxiSvili Txrobis
aRreulobasac ar iviwyebda (javaxiSvili 1900b: 23-24), misi azriT
rifsimesa da gaianes martviloba ninos cxovrebaSi gvian unda yofiliyo
Setanili (javaxiSvili 1900b: 26). cxovrebis Tanaxmad, ozia sidonias mamis
– abiaTaris mama iyo anu sidonias babua, romelsac ana mRvdelmTavarma
miswera macxovris gasamarTlebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, xolo eliozi,
romelic macxovris jvarcmas daeswro, sidonias mamis abiaTaris dedis
Zma iyo. ,,magram... sidonias (IV s.) bebiis Zma, rogor unda daswreboda ieso
qristes jvarcmas? gana SesaZlebelia, rom samma Taobam sami saukunis
ganmavlobaSi icocxlos?” (javaxiSvili 1900b: 28). iv. javaxiSvilis
ironiuli SeniSvniT,
rogor moaxerxa dalocvil eliozma sami dRis ganmavlobaSi (sam
dRes moxda ieso qristes Sepyroba, samarTali da jvar-cma
saxarebisamebr) ierusalimidan werilis miRebac da ierusalimSic
misvlac. eliozis mswrafl mimosvla swored zRaprul gmirobas
moagonebs kacs (javaxiSvili 1900b: 29).
iv. javaxiSvili ninos cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT imave kritikul
damokidebulebas inarCunebda 1916 wels gamocemul umniSvnelovanes
monografiaSi (romelic qarTvelologiis did monapovrad iqca) Zveli
qarTuli mwerlobis pirvel tomSic da adre gamoTqmul Sexedulebebs
imeorebda. amjerad istorikosma yuradReba, ufro metad, qarTvelTa da
somexTa religiur davaze gaamaxvila. naSromis avtoris Tanaxmad,
qarTvelTa mizani somexTagan damoukidebeli ganmanaTleblis Seqmna iyo,
qarTvelTa moqceva somexTa moqcevis msgavsad ar unda yofiliyo
dakavSirebuli barTlome mociqulTan da grigol ganmanaTlebelTan,
amitom qarTvelebma specialurad Seqmnes ninos vrceli cxovreba, sadac
nino pirvel pirSi aametyveles (javaxiSvili 1916: 30-33). iv. javaxiSvilis
Tanaxmad, wm. ninos Zvel cxovrebaSi anu Satberdul-WeliSuri cxorebis
protoredaqciaSi nino ,,mxolod rifsimes da gaianes amxanagad yofila
gamoyvanili, misi damoukidebeli moRvaweoba ki srulebiT daCrdiluli
yofila’’ (javaxiSvili 1916: 36). kirioni xom ninos, somxebTan kamaTSi,
saerTod ar axsenebda (iqve).

45
 xolo samudamo ganxeTqilebis Semdgom, rodesac qarTulma da
somxurma eklesiebma erovnuli mimarTulebebi Seisixlxorces da
metoqeoba ufro da ufro gamwvavda, maSin qarTvelma samRvdeloebam
da mecnierebma Tavis eklesiis daarsebisa da qarTvelTa moqcevis
istoriis gamoZieba da Seswavla daiwyes. swored aseTs dros miaqcies
yuradReba maT wminda ninos mociqulebriv moRvaweobas da maSin
darwmundnen, rom qarTul eklesias Tavisi sakuTari mociquli hyavda.
es iyo ,,viTarca talanti’’ winamZRuarTagan dafaruli’’ Semdgomad
mravalTa JamTa da welTa’’ napovni (iqve: 37).
ninos cxovrebis mimarT amgvari kritikuli damokidebuleba qarTulma
istoriografiam, arsebiTad, gaiziara. rogorc avRniSneT, n. marma ninos
cxovrebis mimarT ramdenime kritikuli SeniSvna javaxiSvilamde gamoTqva
jer kidev 1897 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi macxovris kvarTis Sesaxeb
arsebul legendebze, magram, rogorc Cans, mas sakuTari argumentebi
arasakmarisad eCveneboda, amitom ninos cxovrebis daTariRebisas 1906
wels gamoqveynebul Tavis naSromSi ukve ara Tavis Zvel naSroms, aramed
ivane javaxiSviliseul daskvnebs eyrdnoboda (mari 1906: 319), maSin roca
ivane javaxiSvili piriqiT, Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi ara
Tavis statias, aramed ratomRac isev niko maris naSroms uTiTebs
(CxartiSvili 1988: 77-80).
k. kekeliZis azriT, ninos cxovreba sxvadasxva drois TxzulebaTa
gaerTianebaa. misi SexedulebiT, mcxeTaSi ebraelTa mosvlis istoria
mcxeTel ebraelTa diasporaSi unda iyos Seqmnili (kekeliZe 1956: 65),
kekeliZe paralelebs avlebs mirianis mier kvarTis povnasa da dedofal
elenes mier jvris aRmoCenas Soris (kekeliZe 1956: 67-68). avtori
javaxiSvilis kvalkdakval anaqronizmad Tvlis sidonias mier eliozis
mamis dedis Zmad da ozias abiaTaris mamis mamad gamocxadebas (kekeliZe
1956: 69), aseve exeba apokriful wyaroebs da aRniSnavs, rom TxzulebaSi
gamoyenebulia somxuridan naTargmni jvris povnis istoria (kekeliZe 1956:
69-71). Txzulebis mTavari laitmotivi ki, misi azriT, berZnebTan
metoqeobaa (kekeliZe: 79-83). sxva naSromSi ninos cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb k. kekeliZe gamoTqvams Sexedulebas qarTlisa da
iberiis sxvaobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, eTnografiuli qarTli qvemo
qarTlis anu gugarqis teritoriaa, xolo iberia qarTuli hereTia.

46
gugarqSi qristianoba adreve unda gavrcelebuliyo, ris Semdegac is
iberias, anu hereTs, moefina (kekeliZe 1957: 262-292). misi azriT,
TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli martis weliwadi imas niSnavs, rom Txzuleba
mecxre saukuneSi daiwera, radgan martis weliwadi saqarTveloSi swored
mecxre saukunidan Semovida (kekeliZe 1980: 531). saboloo jamSi k.
kekeliZis azriT,
...Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es krebuli Sedgenilia arauadres mecxre
saukunisa, daaxloebiT mis ukanasknel meoTxedSi. Sedgenilia tao-
klarjeTSi, Satberdis monastris moRvawis mier. am Txzulebam,
romelic eklesiaSi sakiTxavadaa dawerili, Seqmna CvenSi ninos
kulti, misi liturgikuli Tayvaniscema da pativiscema... (kekeliZe 1980:
531).
k. kekeliZis zemodamowmebuli Sexeduleba ninos cxovrebis mimarT
XX saukunis qarTvelologiaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebad iqca. rogorc
vxedavT, k. kekeliZe ninos kultis Camoyalibebas mxolod IX saukunis
miwuruls ukavSirebs. qarTvelologiaSi zustad igivenairi skepticizmi
iyo gamefebuli IV-VIII saukuneebSi wm. ninos kultis arsebobis mimarT.
ratomRac mkvlevarTa umravlesobam, IV-VIII ss. qarTlSi, versad ipova wm.
ninos kultis damadasturebeli kvali, amitom wm. ninos istorias,
ZiriTadad, legendaruli xasiaTis gardamocemebad miiCnevdnen, metic,
adre gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebs wm. ninos Sesaxeb
gvian unda SeetyoT (peetersi 1932: 42-52).
Sexeduleba wmida ninos cxovrebis fsevdoepigrafikulobis Sesaxeb
misaRebad miiCnies s. kakabaZem da p. ingoroyvam. s. kakabaZis azriT,
qarTuli wyaroebi qarTlis moqcevis Sesaxeb gviandelia da mxolod maTi
kritikuli analiziTa da ucxouri wyaroebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba
simarTlis dadgena (rac TavisTavad sworia) (kakabaZe 1912: 7-8). qarTlSi
Semosuli ,,qristianoba iyo siriul-palestinur-somxuri mimarTulebisa”.
qarTvelebi, Tavdapirvelad, IV-IX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi TavianT
ganmanaTleblad wm. grigols Tvlidnen (kakabaZe: 10), xolo IX-X
saukuneSi, rodesac qarTvelebma qristianobisagan am mimarTulebaTagan
Tavi gaiTavisufles, swored maSin gavrcelda saqarTveloSi wm. ninos

47
kulti da misi cxovrebis dawerac am kultis aRmocenebasa da
damkvidrebas unda davukavSiroT (kakbaZe 1912: 11-14).
pavle ingoroyvas SexedulebiTac, ninos vrceli cxovreba
fsevdoepigrafikulia da is ,,mogonili avtorebisadmi miwerilia”
(ingoroyva 1978: 437). misi mosazrebiT ninos cxovreba ekuTvnis xanas,
rodesac aRmosavlur (siriul-palestinur-somxur) saeklesio
tradiciasTan kavSiris sabolood gawyvetis Semdeg, qarTul eklesiaSi
mtkicdeboda axali mimarTuleba saqarTvelos eklesiis TviTmyofadobisa
da dasavleTis (anu am SemTxvevaSi bizantiis) eklesiasTan erTobis
niSnis qveS. pavle ingoroyva erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc ninos
cxovrebis, ase vTqvaT, genderuli aspeqti SeniSna da sruliad
samarTlianad aRniSna, rom TxzulebaSi qali mamakacis Tanasworadaa
gamoyvanili. es nawarmoebis avtors imisTvis dasWirvebia, rom yvelasTvis
ganecxadebina:
qali ganmanaTleblis miuxedavad, qarTuli qristianoba arafriT
naklebi ar aris sxva erebis qristianobasTan SedarebiT, radgan qali
da mamakaci Tanasworni ariano (ingoroyva 1978: 440).
da mkvlevari (albaT mecnierTagan erTaderTi), iqve SeniSnavs, rom
amgvari ram ,,iSviaTi SemTxvevaa adreul saSualo saukuneTa mwerlobaSi’’
(iqve).
Sexeduleba wm. ninos kultis gvian aRmocenebis Sesaxeb jer kidev m.
TarxniSvilma gaakritika. marTalia TarxniSvili, qarTvelologiaSi
imxanad gabatonebuli skepeticizmisagan, bolomde verc TviTon
gaTavisuflda, magram is mainc Tqva, rom codna wm. ninos Sesaxeb
zepisityvier qarTul tradiciaSi unda SenarCunebuliyo da es
zepirsityvieri gadmocemebi mogvianebiT Caiweres (bunebrivia,
TarxniSvilis azriT, maTi umetesoba legendebs ufro warmoadgenda) da
IX saukuneSi yvela es fsevdo-epigrafikuli Txzuleba erT nawarmoebad
(ninos cxovrebad) gaaerTianes (TarxniSvili 1940: 48-49). TarxniSvili
peetersis Sexedulebas akritikebs da sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs,
rom wm. ninos arseboba qarTvelebs ucxoelebisgan ki ar unda gaegoT,
aramed piriqiT, bizantiel da somex avtorebs, swored, qarTvelTagan
unda SeetyoT kapadokieli qalwulis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (axla

48
ucnauria, rom istorikoss amis mtkiceba uxdeboda, imdenad
yovlismomcveli da fesvgadgmuli iyo qarTul wyaroTa mimarT
gamefebuli eWvi da undobloba. samwuxarod dasavluri qarTvelologia
kvlavac am tradicias agrZelebs), radgan adgilobrivi tradicia kargad
icnobda wm. ninos kults, an ki rogor SeeZloT qarTvelebs sakuTari
ganmanaTleblis daviwyeba (TarxniSvili 1940: 52-57) (bakuri wm. ninos
misionerul saqmianobaze IV saukunis bolos mouTxrobs rufinuss, mose
xoreneli V saukuneSi wers qarTvelTa ganamanaTlebel wm. nuneze, VII
saukuneSi iwereba moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ-is pirveli nawili – istoriuli
qronika, romelic aSkarad gacilebiT Zvel wyaroebs eyrdnoba (ix. zemoT)
da romelSic wm. ninos cxovrebis mokle da sruliad damoukidebeli
redaqciaa CarTuli, bolosdabolos, nuTu qarTvelebis garda yvelam
icoda wm. ninos arsebobis Sesaxeb da mxolod qarTvelebs daaviwydaT
TavianTi ganmanaTlebeli?), magram m. TarxniSvili, nebsiT Tu uneblied,
mainc uxdida xarks imdroindel qarTvelologiur mecnierebebSi
gavrcelebul mosazrebas da acxadebda, rom, marTalia, qarTvelebma wm.
ninos Sesaxeb icodnen, magram misi kulti, garkveulwilad, miviwyebas
mieca, radganac nino qali iyo, Tan tyve, anu, dabali socialuri wrisa,
amitom erovnulma cnobierebam is CrdilSi datova (TarxniSvili 1940: 58).
wm. ninos kultis aRmavloba da popularizacia, TarxniSvilis azriT,
Tamaris mmarTvelobas unda ukavSirdebodes, rodesac qalTa mdgomareoba
gaumjobesda, rac SoTa rusTavelis poemaSic gamoixata (TarxniSvili
1940: 62), amasTan ninos kultis aRorZinebisaTvis xeli somxebTan
religiur dapirispirebasac unda Seewyo (TarxniSvili 1940: 71-72).
zemoaRniSnuli ganazrebani farTod gavrcelda dasavlur
qarTvelologiaSi. axlaxan gamoqveynebul publikaciaSi andrea Sterkic
(Andrea Sterk) ninos kultis miviwyebas zemodasaxelbuli mizezebiT xsnis
(Sterki 2010: 25-26), misi azriT, gviandelma qarTulma wyaroebma ninos
aristokratiuli warmomavlobis qalwulad da ierusalimis patriarqis
disSvilad aqcies (iqve: 19-26). marTalia a. Sterkze ufro adre eva sinekma
(Eva M. Synek), aseve mxari dauWira peetresis SexedulebaTa
TarxniSviliseul kritikas da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom qarTuli
cxovreba Zalian bevr avTentur cnobas unda Seicavdes (sineki 1988: 142),

49
magram sinekic svams kiTxvas, Tu ratom dums qarTuli wyaroebi wm.
ninoze VII saukunemde? es mkvlevaric TarxniSvilis kvaldakval imeorebs,
rom ninos sqessa da socialur statuss misi kultis damkvidrebisTvis
xeli unda SeeSala (sineki 1988: 143-148). cota gansxvavebulia, amasTan
dakavSirebiT, kornelia hornis (Cornelia Horn) mosazreba. garkveuli
argumentebis moxmobiT mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom wm. ninos kulti V-VII
ss. qarTlSi namdvilad arsebobda, Tumca is arcTu ise Zlieri iyo, da
wm. ninos sqesi kvlav warmoadgenda garkveul dabrkolebas am kultis
sayovelTaod aRiarebis saqmeSi (horni 1998: 260-262).
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom ninos cxovrebisa da misi kultis mimarT
javaxiSviliseuli (da sxva mecnierebis mier metnaklebad gaziarebuli)
hiperkritikuli damokidebulebis mTavari sisuste ninos cxovrebis
redaqtirebis xangrZlivi istoriis gauTvaliswineblobaSi mdgomareobs.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom ninos cxovrebam gadamuSavebisa da
sxva TxzulbebeTan CarTvis Zalian grZeli gza gaiara, magram es sulac
ar niSnavs Txzulebis ZiriTadi teqstis fsevdo-epigrafikulobas. meoce
saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTul istoriografiaSi sxvadasxva
mecnierTagan gamoiTqva dasabuTebuli Sexeduleba ninos cxovrebis
avTenturobis, misi meoTxe saukuniT daTariRebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.
vrceli gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes ninos cxovrebas: m. van esbrokma, r.
siraZem, v. goilaZem, m. CxartiSvilma, z. kiknaZem, l. patariZem, k.
lernerma, g. kuWuxiZem, r. baramiZem da sxv., romelTac vrclad
mimoixiles qarTvel Tu ucxoel mecnierTagan wamoyenebuli im
argumentebis nakli, riTac isini CvenTvis saintereso Txzulebis
fsevdoepigrafikulobis damtkicebas cdilobdnen.
vfiqrobT, araferia uCveulo imaSi, rom salome ujarmelsa da
peroJavri sivniels ninosTvis sikvdilis win eTxovaT misi
Tavgadasavlisa da cxovrebis Sesaxeb moTxroba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
qadagebisas maT es yvelaferi zepiri gziT icodnen, axla ki
werilobiTad surdaT STamomavlobisaTvis daetovebinaT qarTlis
moqcevis ambavi. garda amisa, rogorc Cans, nino sakuTar warmomavlobaze
cotas, an saerTod ar saubrobda, radgan misi umTavresi movaleoba
axali rwmenis qadageba iyo da ara - sakuTari Tavgadasavlis Txroba,

50
wmindanTagan biografiisa da warmoSobis dafarva sakmaod cnobili
motivia qristianul hagiografiaSi, ase rom, gasakviri da ucnauri amaSi
araferia, sicocxlis bolos ki mowafeebs Txovnaze uari ar uTxra da
Tavis Tavzec mouTxro, Tu saidan iyo warmoSobiT da rogor movida
qarTlis qveyanaSi. ninos cxovrebis fsevdoepigrafikulobis dasturad
ver gamodgeba is faqtebi, rom TxzulebaSi Tavebi aRreulia, rom ninos
cxovrebis qronologiac aseve areulia da zogierT TavSi iseTi ambavi
ixsenieba, rac am Tavebamde araa aRwerili, am SemTxvevaSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom nawarmoebma mravali gadamweris (redaqtoris)
xelSi gamoiara da bunebrivia, rom ambavTa TxrobaSi garkveul
aRreulobas adgili eqneba. rac Seexeba iakob mRvdlis (qarTlis
momavali mTavarepiskoposis) monayols, igi, rogorc jer kidev k.
kekeliZe miuTiTebda samarTlianad, bibliaSi naxsenebi alvis xeze
mogviTxrobs da ara im xisa da misi aRmarTvis Sesaxeb, risi Semswrec
Tavad iyo. iakobi momavali jvris monastris adgilas aRmarTul xesa da
bibliur alvis xes erTmaneTs adarebs. amitomac ambobs bibliur xeze
,,viTarca smeniT viciTo’’ (kekeliZe 1956: 65). rac Seexeba imas, Tu ratom
cxovrobs nino dvinel dedakacTan, roca dedamisi susana ierusalimSi
moRvaweobda, amaze cota qvemoT SevCerdebiT. ninos brwyinvale
STamomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom sruliad SesaZlebelia
misi STamomavlobis aristokratiuloba da mniSvneloba momaval
redaqtorTaganaa gazviadebuli, Tumca aseve SesaZlebelia, nino marTlac
yofiliyo aristokratiuli warmomavlobisa. aSkarad gvianaa CarTuli an
damaxinjebulia cnoba ninos biZis Sesaxeb. zabilonsa da mis mier
,,branjTa’’ damarcxebisa da monaTvlis sakiTxic aSkarad gviandeli
redaqtorebisgan unda iyos saxecvlili (am SemTxvevaSi zabilonis ambavs
raRac istoriuli safuZveli unda hqondes), an es Txroba manamade
saerTod ar arsebobda da gvian Seitanes. am problemas Tavis naSromebSi
Seexo v. goilaZe da aRniSnul cnobaTa realurobisa da istoriulobis
Sesaxeb saintereso, Tumca Zalze sakamaTo daskvnebi gaakeTa (goilaZe
1991: 96-112). albaT ,,branjTa” ambavis istoriulobis Sesaxeb yvelaze
dasabuTebuli Sexeduleba n. nikoloziSvilma gamoTqva (ix.
nikoloziSvili 2006), Tumca sakiTxi mainc Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.

51
ninos kavSiri rifsimianelebTan realurad unda miviCnioT, radgan V
saukunis somexi mematiane mose xoreneli ninos ,,erT rifsimianelTagans’’
uwodebs (abdalaZe 1984: 170-172). rac Seexeba martis weliwads, k.
kekeliZis azriT martis weliwadis gamo ninos cxovreba IX saukunis
Zeglia (kekeliZe 1960: 531), maSin roca sxva naSromSi ambobs, radgan es
weliwadi ninos cxovrebaSia miTiTebuli, amitom saqarTveloSi is IX
saukuneSi unda Semosuliyoo (kekeliZe 1956: 122-123). WeliSur redaqciaSi
agvistos meeqvse Tved moxsenieba argumentad ver gamodgeba, radgan
SatberdulSi da mroveliseulSi agvisto meeqvse Tved ki ar ixsenieba,
aramed naxsenebia mxolod agvistos meeqvse dRe anu feriscvaleba
(CxartiSvili 1988: 78-79), rac WeliSurSi SecdomiT meeqvse Tved unda
asaxuliyo. abiaTaris mier sakuTari winaprebis ,,mamis mamad” moxsenieba
Cveulebrivi ambavia Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. mag. ,,mamis mamad” ixseniebs
vaxtang gorgasali mirians (yauxCiSvili 1955: 160). ra unda iTqvas elioz
mcxeTelisa da longinoz karsnelis ierusalimSi Casvlaze? am cnobis
Cveulebriv legendad gamocxadebisas aseve sifrTxilea saWiro. rogorc
wlobiT warmoebulma samecniero muSaobam gaarkvia, ninos cxovrebaSi da
zogadad moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ-Si daculi bevri cnoba realur istoriul
safuZvels eyrdnoba. amitom mcxeTel ebraelTa ierusalimSi wasvlis
istoriul peripetiaTa dadgenas kidev xangrZlivi kvleva sWirdeba.
rac Seexeba ninos kults: upirveles yovlisa unda iTqvas, rom
araviTar dabrkolebas, misioneris sqesi amave moRvawis kultis
gavrclebaSi, ar warmoadgenda. Tuki wm. rifsimianelTa kulti somxeTSi
(da ara marto somxeTSi), saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, yovelgvari
dabrkolebis gareSe arsebobda da vrceldeboda, ratom unda uarvyoT wm.
ninos kultis arseboba qarTlSi? albaT seriozulad aravin daiwyebs
imaze msjelobas, rom Sua saukuneebis somxeTSi qalTa ,,uflebrivi
mdgomareoba’’ ukeTesi iyo, vidre qarTlSi. wm. qalwulni, rig
SemTxvevebSi, misionerebad gvevlinebian, mag. igive rifsimianelni,
romlebmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrules somxeTis moqcevaSi, iemenis
momaqceveli wm. qalwuli saxelad Teognosta da a.S. (Sterki 2010: 9-10).
maTi kulti namdvilad ar miscemia daviwyebas (da arc CrdilSi
moqceula) imis gamo, rom rifsime, misi TanamoRvaweni da Teognosta

52
qalebi iyvnen. qristianobis gavrcelebis adreuli periodidanve qalTa
mociqulebrivi Rvawlis arqetipebad iqcnen mariam magdalineli da Tekla
(ix. haskinsi 1993; sesairi 1998). qalTa samociqulo msaxureba srulebiTac
ar warmoadgenda raime eretikul gadaxras marTlmadidebel TemebSi.
istoriografiaSi sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom gvianantikuri
xmelTaSuazRvispiruli (da saerTod, yvela im epoqis metnaklebad
cnobili) kultura patriarqaluri xasiaTiT gamoirCeoda. miuxedavad
amisa, religiur msaxurebaSi qalTa damsaxurebis sruli uaryofa, maTi
sqesis gamo, aravis ucdia (qalTa sapatio da gamorCeuli msaxurebani
cnobili iyo, rogorc marTlmadidebel, aseve sxvadasxva heterodoqsul
eklesiebSi, iseve rogorc warmarTul kultebSi). nuTu maincdamainc
qarTlSi iyo qalTa ,,Cagvra’’ gamefebuli? vfiqrobT argumenti, TiTqos
nino qali iyo da amitom miiviwyes qarTvelebma misi Rvawli,
seriozulobas moklebulia.
IV-V ss. qarTvel moRvawes, bakurs, visganac rufinusma qarTlis
moqcevis istoria moismina, wm. ninos Tayvaniscema swored qarTlSi
hqonda SeTvisebuli, rac imdroindel iberiaSi wm. ninos kultis, samefo
karis doneze, arsebobis damadasturebelia (mTeli IV saukune ninos
qarTlSi Tayvans scemdnen da mere miiviwyes?). ubralod im wyaroebs,
romlebic wm. ninos ar axseneben, im konkretul konteqstSi arc
sWirdebodaT misi xseneba da es wm. ninos kultis ararsebobis
argumentad ver gamodgeba (CxartiSvili 2000: 29-30), rogorc magaliTad,
kirion kaTalikoss ar uxsenebia nino somex kaTalikosebTan kamaTisas.
kirioni wm. grigol ganmanaTleblis saxels imowmebs, radgan swored wm.
grigoli warmoadgenda somxebisaTvis avtoritets da wm. ninos xseneba, im
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, kirions arafers miscemda (wm. ninos kultis VI
saukuneSi arsebobis Sesaxeb ix. esbroki 1975).
rac Seexeba ,,tyvis’’ statuss. daviwyoT iqidan, rom qarTuli wyaroebi
sulac ar malaven, rom wm. nino tyve iyo (,,da iyo mis Tana tyue erTi
dedakaci Suenieri, saxeliT nino...”, ,, ...raÁsa ity tyueobasa, tyueTa
mÃsnelo, sanatrelo!” (gigineiSvili... 1979: 322, 328)). l. patariZe z.
kiknaZis kvaldakval aRniSanvs, rom ninos ,,tyveoba’’ pavle mociqulis
sityvebis Suqze unda gvesmodes: ,,nu ukue grcxvenin wameba igi uflisa

53
Cuenisa, numca me kruli misi’’ (kiknaZe 1982: 62-69; patariZe 1993: 84-85).
qristiani RvTis monaa, tyvea (kruli anu daWerili). tyve miusafrobasTan,
mwirobasTanaa kavSirSi, rac wuTisofelSi TiToeuli qristianis xvedria
(patariZe 1993: 86-91). l. patariZis Tanaxmad
...safiqrebelia, rom wm. ninos zedwodebas ,,tyve’’ TxzulebaSi ormagi
semantikuri Sre aqvs: erTi mxriv, is aRniSnavs imas, rom ninosaTvis
qarTli ucxo qveyanaa, xolo meore mxriv, is gulisxmobs ninos,
rogorc qristianis droebiT samyofelSi yofnas amqveynad (patariZe
1993: 90).
Cveni azri ninos ,,tyveobasTan’’ dakavSirebiT amgvaria: Tavdapirvelad
qarTlSi Semosul ninos Tavisi vinaoba da warmomavloba unda daemala,
rogorc es xSirad xdeboda wmindanTa SemTxvevaSi, magram ninom
,,tyveobis’’ am safarvelSi religiuri Sinaarsic Cado, radgan TiToeul
morwmunes SeiZleba ewodos ,,tyve’’ am sityvis sulieri gagebiT. qarTul
wyaroebs araferi dasamali ninos tyveobiT ar hqondaT da kapadokielis
qalwulis ,,tyveoba’’ namdvilad ver SeuSlida xels wm. ninos kultis
gavrclebas.
metic, ninos ,,tyveoba’’ ueWvel kavSirSia mis ,,ucxoebasTan’’. ninos
cxovrebaSi qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli ,,ucxodac” iwodeba. es TiTqos
mcire detali Txzulebis avTenturobis erT-erTi saukeTeso argumentia.
,,ucxoeba’’ adreul qristianobaSi gansakuTrebuli statuss warmodgenda
da dakavSirebuli iyo mogzaurobasTan. adreqristianuli literaturis
(gansakuTrebiT apokrifebis) qali personaJebi mudmiv mimosvlaSi arian,
mudmivad mogzauroben. es Txzulebebi gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas
gamorCeul mniSvnelobas aniWeben, radgan mogzauroba aq pirdapir
ukavSirdeba samociqulo misias (devisi 1998: 21). Teklas martvilobaSi
pavle da Tekla pirdapir iwodebian ,,ucxoebad” (,,ξένοι”, ,,strangers’’
inglisur TargmanSi), rac maT religiur da socialur statusze
metyvelebs. Tekla Tavis Tavs ,,ξένη’’-d moixseniebs (devisi 1998: 24-25).
stiven jon devisis (Stephen John Davis) TqmiT,
adreul qristianul kulturaSi gvxdeba standartuli socialuri
tipi, romelic moxetiale qarizmatis saxiTaa cnobili; am socialuri
tipis gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen pirebi, romlebmac miatoves

54
 saxli, ojaxi, qoneba da usafrTxo cxovreba saxarebis qadagebis
gulisTvis (devisi 1998: 25).
zemoaRwerili suraTi zustad Seesatyviseba wm. ninos, amitom
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, sruliad samarTliania m.
CartiSvilis daskvna wm. ninos kultis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT:
...qarTuli eklesiis arsebobis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi
damkvidrebuli iyo wm. ninos, rogorc ganmanaTleblis kulti, mis
Canacvlebas sxva wmindanis kultiT arasodes hqonia adgili
(CxartiSvili 2000: 30).
zogi ram ninos cxovrebis liturgikuli aspeqtebis Sesaxebac vTqvaT.
nawarmoebSi Semonaxulia iseTi uZvelesi liturgikuli formebi da
praqtika, romelic adreul ierusalimur-palestinur liturgikul
tradicias ukavSirdeba. mag. cxovrebaSi mocemulia wm. ninos locvis
teqsti, sadac saubaria wyliTa da miwiT naTlobaze. ninos locvaSi
warmodgenili doqsologia aSkarad palestinuri warmoSobisa, amgvari
doqsologia gavrcelebuli iyo palestinaSi IV saukunis dasawyisidan,
rac cxadad miuTiTebs ninos kavSirs palestinur qristianobasTan (ase
rom, iubenalis epizodi mTlianad interpolacias ar warmoadgens. es
epizodi Tavdapirvel teqstSi arsebuli cnobis damaxanjeba unda iyos)
(mgalobliSvili... 1998: 41). garda amisa Zalian sainteresoa cxovrebaSi
mocemuli cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom sveticxovelSi, mas Semdeg, rac
angelozisagan aRmarTulma svetma saswaulTa aRsruleba daiwyo,
mxolod kvira dRes Sediodnen, sxva dReebSi ki iq Sesvla akrZaluli
iyo. taZarSi adgils, sadac sveti iyo aRmarTuli bibliur-ierusalimuri
tradiciis Tanaxmad, ,,wmidaTa wmidas” uwodebdnen (mgalobliSvili... 1998:
41-42), rac T. maglobliSvilisa da i. gagoSiZis azriT, adreul qarTul
qristianobaze iudaur-qristianuli Temis aSkara gavlenaze unda
miuTiTebdes. mkvlevarebi sruliad samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom ninos
cxovreba Tavdapirvelad swored qarTlis qristian ebraelTa wreSi unda
Caweriliyo (mgalobliSvili... 1998: 46). qarTlis ebrauli qristianuli
Temis arseboba ki cxadad dasturdeba, rogorc wm. ninos cxovrebiT,
aseve sxva werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebiT (iqve: 39-58).

55
 TxzulebaSi aseve Zalian aSkarad vlindeba wminda cxovelmyofeli
jvris Tayvaniscemis ierusalimuri tradicia (mgalobliSvili 1991: 158-159;
patariZe 1993: 40-41). ierusalimuri RvTismsaxurebis ciklis niSnebi aq
ufro farTo suraTis - hierotopiis - nawilia. mcxeTa axali
ierusalimia, qarTlis eri ki sazepuro eria - axali israeli (qarTlis
zepurobisa da RvTismSoblisadmi wilxvdomilobis tradicia SedarebiT
mogvianebiT Cndeba, Tumca maTi niSnebi ukve gvaqvs ninos cxovrebaSi
(patariZe 1993: 17-35; CxartiSvili 2009: 147-165; mag. cxovrebaSi naxsenebi
mayvlovani, savaraudod, RvTismSoblis simbolur gansaxierebas unda
warmoadgendes, radganac gviandel wyaroTa Tanxmad (arsen iyalToeli,
nikoloz gulaberisZe) nino qarTlSi RvTismSobelma warmogzavna, manve
uboZa ninos vazis jvari, ix. bezaraSvili 2002: 127-136)). radgan mcxeTa
axali iersualimia, sakraluri geografiis Sesabamisad, mas
RvTismsaxurebis Sesatyvisi, ierusalimuri tradicia esaWiroeboda.
RvTismsaxurebis es saxe saberZneTidan mosuli mRvdlis iakobis mier
TxoTSi, mcxeTasa da ujarmaSi jvrebis aRmarTvis aRweraSi moipoveba.
Txzulebidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom jvrebi im xisgan, romelic mcxeTis
mopirdapire goraze iyo aRmarTuli (sadac axla jvris monasteri
mdebareobs) 25 marts mokveTes, 25 marti ki, adreul qristianobaSi,
macxovris jvarcmis dRed aRiqmeboda (patariZe 1993: 46-47). ,,amitom Cven
dasaSvebad miviCnevT, rom 25 marts sajvare xis moWra simbolurad
uflis jvarcmis gamomxatveli iyos’’ (patariZe 1993: 46-47). 1 maiss
mokveTili xisagan sami jvari daamzades, xolo 7 maiss jvarTagan erT-
erTi dRevandeli jvris monastris adgilas aRmarTes. cnobilia rom wm.
jvris ierusalimuri dResaswauli (rogorc amas qarTuli mravalTavaebi
amowmebs) 1 maiss aRiniSneboda (patariZe 1993: 47-48; mgalobliSvili 1991:
218-233), xolo 7 maiss ierusalimSi jvris saswaulebrivad gamoCinebas
dResaswauloben (rodesac ierusalimis Tavze, kirile ierusalimelis
mRvdelmTavrobis dros, 351 wels, mTel cargvalze naTlis saxiT jvari
gamoisaxa). sainteresoa, rom iakobi saerTod ar axsenebs kirile
ierusalimelsa da ierusalimSi jvris saswaulebrivad gamoCinebas
(patariZe 1993: 50).

56
 es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom iakobi ar icnobs kirile
ierusalimelis epistoles (sadac am saswaulis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili
– S. m.) da arc 7 maiss ukavSirebs ierusalimSi jvris xelaxali
gamoCinebis dResaswauls. amitom savaraudoa, rom kirile
ierusalimeli da iakob mRvdeli erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad
eyrdnobian jvris sagazafxulo dResaswalis ufro adreul
tradicias da Tavisebur interpretacias uZebnian maT (1993: 50).
e. i. 7 maiss, jvris gamoCinebamdec, zeimobednen wmida jvris dRes da
es uZvelesi ierusalimuri dResaswauli (romelic Semdeg 351 wels jvris
saswaulebriv gamocxadebasTan gaigivda) ninos cxovrebam Semoinaxa (ix.
mgalobliSvili... 1998: 45-46). l. patariZis azriT, wm. jvris Tayvaniscema
mcxeTaSi 25 martidan 15 maisamde (rodesac TxoTsa da ujarmaSi danarCeni
ori jvari aRmarTes) aRgdomidan martviliamde arsebuli ierusalimuri
sadResaswaulo ciklis gamomxatvelia (patariZe 1993: 51-54).
ninos cxovrebis kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze sainteresoa moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ-is inglisurad mTargmnelis konstantine lerneris (Constantine
Lerner) mosazrebebi. k. lerneri erTmaneTs adarebs rufinusisa da ninos
cxovrebis monacemebs da am Sedarebisas warmoadgens ninos cxovrebis im
epizodebs, romlebic misi azriT, gviandeli interpolaciebia. misi TqmiT
ninos aristokratiuli warmomavloba, ierusalimSi cxovrebis periodi,
qarTul cxovrebaSi moTxrobili zogierTi saswauli gviandeli
Canamatebia, radgan isini rufinusis TxzulebaSi ar gvxvdeba. k. lerneris
SexedulebiT, rufinusis Txroba, romelic man qarTveli ufliswulis
bakuris naambobze dayrdnobiT Seadgina, ninos cxovrebis Tavdapirvel,
martiv variants unda asaxavdes, romelic mogvianebiT, sxvadasxva
redaqtorTa xelSi, sxvadasxva interpolaciebiT Seivso. k. lerneri
yuradRebas aqcevs im garemoebas, rom arsad ninos cxovrebaSi ar
ixsenieba mirianis momdevno mefe bakuri. TxzulebaSi mxolod miriani da
revi (romelsac ar umefia) gvxdebian, rac istorikoss avaraudebinebs,
rom ninos cxovreba mirian mefis gardacvalebamde da bakuris
gamefebamde anu 362 wlamde unda yofiliyo dawerili romelime semitur
(siriul an arameul) enaze (rac k. lerneris azriT, Txzulebis
leqsikidan da sintaqsidanac Cans) (lerneri 2004: 15-135).

57
 Cveni azriT, es ukanaskneli Sexeduleba logikuria da Sesabamisi
argumentebiTacaa gamyarebuli, Tumca qarTuli narativis rufinusTan
mimarTeba da interpolaciebis sakiTxi, vfiqrobT, garkveul Sesworebas
moiTxovs. saqme isaa, rom ar SeiZleba a priori upiratesoba bizantiur
wyaroebs mivaniWoT. Cveni azriT, cxadia, rom ninos Sesaxeb yvela
araqarTuli wyaro saTaves qarTuli wyaroebidan unda iRebdes.
rufinusma ninos mociqulebrivi Rvawlis Sesaxeb palestinaSi myofi
bakurisgan moismina. jer erTi, bakuri rufinuss yvelafers anu ninos
mTel cxovrebas detalebSi ar mouyveboda, meorec, Tundac bakurs
rufinusisaTvis yvelaferi dawvrilebiT eambna, cxadia, rom Tavad
rufinuss es yvelaferi ar daamaxsovrdeboda da mesame, zemoT
CamoTvlili ori argumentic, rom mcdari iyos, aSkaraa rom rufinusis
ganzraxva sulac ar yofila ninos Tavgadasavlis srulad gadmocema.
rufinusi saeklesio istorias werda, sadac konkretul ambebs is
konkretuli mizandasaxulobiTa da ganzraxulobiT gadmocemda,
bunebrivia, SekumSuli, Semoklebuli saxiT, ramdenadac konteqsti da
adgili amis saSualebas iZleoda, ase rom, rufinuss, zepiradac rom
scodnoda ninos mTeli cxovreba, Tavis TxzulebaSi iberiis
ganmanaTleblis sruli cxovrebis aRweras mainc ar daiwyebda. is Tavis
SromaSi im ZiriTad Txrobas miyveba, romelSic uSualod qarTlis
moqcevaa gadmocemuli, rufinuss arc aqvs interesi (da arc dro da
adgili) Txroba daiwyos ninos mSoblebis, ierusalimSi cxovrebisa Tu
rifsimianelebis Sesaxeb. is mokled yveba imas, rac im momentisaTvis mas,
rogorc iberiis moqcevis aRmwers, sWirdeboda.
im faqts, rom rufinusi yvelafers ar yveba sxva araqrTuli wyaroebic
cxadyofs, mag. mose xoreneli, romelic ninos ,,rifsimianelad”
moixseniebs, rasac qarTuli wyaroebic adastureben.
ninos cxovreba datvirTulia qalTa saxeebiT. isini araCveulebrivi
aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian. r. siraZis azriT, ninos cxovrebaSi aSkarad
SeiniSneba qalis kulti (siraZe 1987: 104). CvenTvis rTulia sxva
qristianuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebis dasaxeleba, sadac qalTa
religiuri msaxureba aseT simaRlezea ayvanili. TviT ninos naambobic
(magram ara mTeli Txzuleba, rogorc amas m. CxartiSvili miiCnevs), Tuki

58
misi avTenturobis Sesaxeb mosazrebas gaviziarebT, qalebis (salome
ujarmelisa da peroJavri sivnielis) mieraa Cawerili, rac Vitas-s
mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed zogadad
gvianantikururi da adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
hagiografiisaTvis, radgan Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi xSirad Civian
gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis epoqis qal avtorTa
naklebobis gamo (klarki 1990: 19; uilson-kasneri... 1981: VII; klarki 1983:
165; klarki 1998: 33). es ki Zalian sayuradRebo garemoebaa, radgan Cven
cxovreba swored qalTa asketuri cxovrebis wesis TvalsazrisiT
gvainteresebs. rogorc zemoT avRniSnavdiT, monastrul cxovrebas,
qalebisa da mamakacebis SemTxvevebSi, ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli gzebi
hqonda da amis gaTvaliswineba Zalian mniSvnelovania, radganac ninos
cxovrebis avTenturobis erT-erTi cxadi dasturi qristianuli asketuri
praqtikis is formebia, romlebic III-IV saukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli
mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, Semdgom epoqebSi ki gaqra, mTlianad
Seerwya ra adgilobriv episkoposTagan kontrolirebul, organizebul da
institucionalizebul samonastro Temebs (amis Sesaxeb ix. reideri 1981:
3; geringi 1999: 26), ninos cxovrebaSi ki darCa da daileqa, rogorc
adreuli qristianuli cxovrebis uZvelesi reliqti.
zemoaRniSnuli faqtoria umTavresi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom miiqcia
Cveni yuradReba ninos cxovrebis wesma. saerTod istorikosebi am
garemoebiT naklebad interesdebodnen, Tumca bolo dros iseTi
naSromebic gamoCnda, sadac avtorebi ninos moRvaweobis asketur
mxaresac ganixilaven (yauxCiSvili 1999: 54-58: jiqia 2010: 45-77). ninos
cxovreba qristianuli asketizmisa da RvTismsaxurebis formebiT,
literaturuli modelebiT da msoflmxedvelobiT (qristianobaSi qalTa
rolis gansakuTrebuli gamaxvileba) genetikurad im epoqas ukavSirdeba,
rodesac realurad unda Seqmniliyo ninos cxovrebis dRevandel
redaqciaTa arqetipi – IV saukunes.
aqve ramdenime ganmarteba unda gavakeToT hagiografiaSi qali
personaJebis Seswavlisa da kvlevis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT.
hagiografiis mkvlevari susan eSbruk harvi (Susan Ashbrook Harvey)
qristianul hagiografiaSi qalTa saxeebis rekonstruqciasTan

59
dakavSirebiT ramdenime SeniSvnas gamoTqvams. pirvel yovlisa,
hagiografia literaturuli diskursis simboluri saxea anu
hagiografiaSi aRwerili pirebisa da movlenebis mTavari
mizandasaxulobaa qristianebi RvTismosavi cxovrebisaken aRZras, rac
maTSi aRweril movlenaTa istoriulobas xSirad kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs da meore mniSvnelovani faqtori: qali wmindanebis Rvawlis
aRmwerleblad umetes SemTxvevaSi (TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi) mamakacebi
gvevlinebian (harvi 1990: 36). hagiografiis upirvelesi mizani adamianis
RvTaebrivTan Sexvedris aRweraa, hagiografiis gmirebi wmindanebi arian,
romlebic qristes miemsgavsnen (imitatio Christi), saswaulmoqmedebis Zala
moixveWes da qristianTaTvis samagaliTo cxovrebis nimuSebad iqcnen
(harvi 1990: 37). am Janris TxzulebaTa avtorTa movaleoba maTi Rvawlis
aRwera da qristianTa farTo wrisaTvis am ambis gadacema iyo, amisTvis
ki mwerals SeeZlo bibliur narativze aRmocenebuli ukve arsebuli mza
literaturuli yalibis gamoyeneba, wmindanis saxis Taviseburi
rekonstruqcia, ise rom mxatvrul warmosaxvaSi istoriuli realoba da
wmindanis namdvili saxe SeiZleba saerTod dakarguliyo (iqve), magram
avtoris umTavres mizans xom qristianis idealuri xatebis Seqmna
warmoadgenda da, ara istoriuli realobis skrupulozuri asaxva.
es msjeloba specialurad davimowmeT, radgan ninos cxovrebis
unikalurobas isic ganapirobebs, rom zemoT naxsenebi ori mniSvnelovani
garemoeba (literaturuli fiqcia, an rogorc linda quni (Linda Coon)
moixseniebs ,,wminda fiqcia’’ (Sacred Fiction) da mamakacTa avtoroba), Cveni
azriT, am Txzulebas ar exeba. qarTlis ganmanaTleblis istoriuloba
kargad sabuTdeba sakontrolo wyaroebidan, xolo rac Seexeba ninos
cxovrebis avtorobas, amis Sesaxeb Cven qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba.
ninos cxovrebis avTenturobisa da maTSi daculi cnobebis analizisas
Cven sxva argumentebTan erTad stiven devisis (Stevan L. Davis) mier
SemoTavazebul meTodologiasac veyrdnobiT. apokrifuli mociqulTa
saqmeebis ganxilvisa da analizis Sedegad devisma saintereso daskvnebi
gaakeTa. es apokrifuli Txzulebebia ioanes saqmeni, petres saqmeni,
pavles saqmeni, andrias saqmeni, Tomas saqmeni da poliqsenas saqmeni
(devisi 2012: 4). specialistTa azriT es nawarmoebebi II-III saukuneebis

60
mijnaze unda iyos Seqmnili, ufro konkretulad ki - daax. 160-220 wlebSi
(iqve: 8), mcire aziasa da saberZneTSi Tomas saqmeTa gamoklebiT (iqve: 10),
romelic siriaSi daiwera. pirvel yovlisa devisi ar iziarebs im
mosazrebas, rom apokrifuli saqmeebi pirvel saukuneTa qristianuli
cxovrebis Seswavlis saqmeSi gamousadegaria (maTi Sinaarsis
fantastikurobis gamo). misi azriT, apokriful TxzulebebSi ara
eretikosTa an daxvewil da ganaTlebul TeologTa azrebi, aramed
ubralo, naklebad ganaTlebuli, rigiTi qristianebis warmosaxva,
Sexedulebebi, gancdebi da msoflmxedveloba aisaxa (devisi 2014: 11),
magram rac CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa, devisis azriT, am apokriful
TxzulebaTa avtorebi qalebi arian, kerZod ki ,,qvrivebi’’ - qristian
qalTa gansakuTrebuli kategoria, romelTac Zvel eklesiaSi gamorCeuli
statusi hqondaT. devisis umTavresi meTodologiuri argumenti
SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: mociqulTa saqmeebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
maxvildeba seqsualur TavSekavebaze (adamianSi arsebuli seqsualoba,
principSi, mTlianad borotebadaa gamocxadebuli), qalwulebriv,
uqorwinebel cxovrebasa da qristianobis gavrcelebaSi qalTa
gansakuTrebul rolze. apokrifuli saqmeni qristianTa aRzrda-
ganaTlebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili da maTSi daxatuli gmirebi
qristianTaTvis (pirvel rigSi ki qristiani qalebisaTvis) idealur
modelebsa da misabaZ magaliTebs qmnidnen. qalebi mociqulTa apokriful
saqmeebSi araCveulebrivad farTo rakursiT arian warmodgenili. yvela
nawarmoebSi yuradReba qal personaJebzea gamaxvilebuli, es qalebi caTa
sasufevlisTvis qalwulebriv cxovrebas irCeven, da TiTqmis yvela
SemTxvevaSi, TavianTi RvawliTa da sulieri simedgriT, mamakacebs
jobnian. qalebi am apokriful saqmeTa ZiriTadi moqmedi gmirebi arian:
qarizmatuli winamZRolebi, misionerebi, winaswarmetyvelni da
mociqulebi. maTTan SedarebiT mamakacTa mxatvruli saxeebi Zalze
fermkrTalia. TviT mociqulebic ki ar arian saTanadod warmoCenilni,
xolo erT-erT amgvar apokriful TxzulebebSi mociqulebi saerTod ar
gvxdebian7. saqmeebSi warmodgenil problemaTa da literaturul

7
es Txzuleba sami qristiani qalis: qsanTipes, poliqsenasa da rebekas Rvawlze
mogviTxrobs.

61
modelTa gaTvaliswinebiT deviss gamoaqvs daskvna, rom am apokriful
saqmeTa avtorebi Zvel eklesiaSi arsebuli gansakuTrebuli kategoriis -
,,qvrivebis’’ warmomadgenlebi (,,qvrivebis” Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT) iyvnen.
obieqturobisTvis aqve unda iTqvas, rom devisis msjelobas naklic
aqvs. es nakli kritikulad gaiazra da warmoaCina rozi kremerma (Rosie
Kraemer) (kremeri 1991: 223-242). apokriful saqmeTa avtorobaze saubari
rTulia, radgan avtorTa vinaoba CvenTvis ucnobia. kremeris azriT,
devisis msjelobis mTavari nakli isaa, rom mkvlevari Semdegi
aprioruli wanamZRvriT sargeblobs: Txzulebebs sadac qalTa roli
gansakuTrebuli da aRmatebulia, mamakaci ar dawerda, radgan mamakacebi
mxolod qalebze batonobiT iyvnen dainteresebulni da ara qalTa
gansakuTrebuli rolis warmoCeniT, magram rogorc r. kremeri miuTiTebs
aseTi Txzulebebi (mamakacTa avtorobiT) CvenTvis cnobilia (iqve) da ar
SeiZleba, apriorulad, am tipis nawarmoebebi mxolod qalebs
mivakuTvnoT.
magram Cven SemTxvevaSi saqmes is aadvilebs rom ninos Tavgadasavlis
(anu Txzulebis sawyisi Tavebis) aRmwerelTa vinaoba cnobilia – salome
ujarmeli da peroJavri sivnieli da xazgasmiT unda vTqvaT, rom am
cnobisadmi undoblobis araviTari sabuTi Cven ar gagvaCnia, rasac (Tuki
devisis meTodologias gaviziarebT) Txzulebis saxismetyvelebac
adasturebs, Tumca SesaZlebelia Txzuleba qalTa iudaur-qristianul
asketur TemSi Camoyalibda (romelic qarTlSi ninom daafuZna) da Semdeg
misi avtoroba salomesa da peroJavrs miaweres. aSkaraa, rom sxvadasxva
,,monaTxrobisgan” Sedgenili am nawarmoebis kompoziciuri gamarTva (da
SesaZlebelia literaturuli gaSalaSinebac) SedarebiT gviandel (Tumca
savaraudod IV saukunis) redaqtors ekuTvnis (kuWuxiZe 2009: 105).
ninos cxovreba qal gmirTa mTel galereas warmogvidgens. rogorc
qvemoT davinaxavT, am uaRresad mdidar da kompleqsur hagiografiul
nawarmoebSi, ZiriTadad qalTa xmebi ismis, qalebi mTavari moqmedi pirebi
arian. qalebi gvevlinebian, rogorc ganswavluli moZRvrebi, qarizmatuli
winaswarmetyvelebi da mociqulebi. mamakacebi (TviT mefe mirianic ki)
qalTa sulierebis warmosaCenad mxolod fons qmnian, TiTqos mTel
Txzulebas laitmotivad gasdevs qalTa rolis gamorCeuloba

62
qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. nino qali mociqulia, romelic mariam
magdalinelis kvladakval warmarTebs moZRvravs da xalxs
naTlobisaTvis amzadebs, kurnavs da sxvadasxva saswaulebs aRasrulebs,
riTac Zalzed emsgavseba gvianantikurobis iseTi mniSvnelovani
nawarmoebebis gmirebsa Tu istoriul moRvaweebs, rogorebic iyvnen: fibe
- kenkrelTa eklesiaSi (romelsac pavle mociquli axsenebs da
gansakuTrebuli msaxurebisa da sulieri moRvaweobisaTvis aqebs 8),
Tundac Cvengan zemoxsenebuli apokriful saqmeTa gmirebi: Tekla (pavle
mociqulis legendaruli Tanamgzavri), makrina (basili didis ufrosi
da), paula, melania ufrosi, melania umcrosi da sxv. Sesabamisad ninos
cxovrebis mTeli narativi qalTa avtorobas amarTlebs (g. kuWuxiZis
azriT, salomeseulma teqstma, mogvianebiT, redaqtoris xelSi gaiara.
swored es ucnobi redaqtori asaxelebs salomes teqstis avtorad
(kuWuxiZe 2009: 105)).
aq kidev erT garemoebas unda mivaqcioT yuradReba: Teklas
martvilobaze saubrisas s. devisi gvaCvenebs am Txzulebis
araliteraturul warmomavlobasa da mis socialur funqcias, rac ninos
cxovrebasTan mimarTebiTac Zalian sayuradRebo faqtoria.
devisis azriT Teklas martviloba, pirvel yovlisa, qalTa
auditoriisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili da, Tavdapirvelad, pirvelmowame
Teklas istoriebi zepirsityvieri gziT unda yofiliyo daculi II-III
saukuneebis qalwulTa da qvrivTa asketur TemebSi. qal asketTa garemo
iyo is socialuri konteqsti, sadac es nawarmoebi Seiqmna. zogierTi
mkvlevari imasac fiqrobs, rom Teklas litaraturuli saxis Seqmnaze
elinistur novelasac unda hqonoda gavlena (devisi 1998: 9-11). yvelaze
saintereso Cvens SemTxvevaSi Teklas martvilobis araliteraturuli,
arawerilobiTi wyaroebia e. i. Teklas ambebs asketi qalebi hyvebodnen,
erTmaneTs acnobdnen, radgan saukuneebis ganmavlobaSoi Tekla
uqorwinebeli, moRvawe qalis arqetipul magaliTad iqca (pirvelmowame
Teklaze da mis kultze selevkiaSi da sxvagan ix. qvemoT). ueWvelia
Teklas sakvirveli saqmeni TiToeuli asketurad mcxovrebi qalisaTvis

8
fibes xSirad pirvel dedaTdiakvnad moixsenieben, rac ar aris swori (ix. martimori
1986: 18-20)

63
uaRresad STamagonebeli da gamamxnevebel magaliTad iqceoda, amitom
gasakviri namdvilad ar aris, rom es Txrobani swored asketurad
moRvawe qalTa wreebSi cirkulirebda da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda,
xolo ucnobi mcireazieli presviteri am ambebis mxolod Camweri unda
yofiliyo (devisi 1998: 13).
Teklas martvilobis zepirsityvier warmomavlobaze msjelobisas
istorikosebs qalTagan moTxrobili da Cawerili istoriebis sxva
magaliTebic mohyavT, mag., papias hierapolelma (I saukunis miwurulisa da
II saukunis damdegis moRvawe, piradad icnobda mociqulebs) filipe
mociqulis qaliSvilTagan ori istoria Caiwera, markioneli (gnostikuri
seqta) apelesis orakulTa wigni winaswarmetyvelma qalma filumenesma
dawera, xolo montanisti qali winaswarmetyvelis maqsimilas orakulebi
pergamentze asterius urbaniusma gadaitana (devisi 1998: 13). devisis
azriT, Teklas martvilobis formalur-teqstologiuri analizi am
Txzulebis zepirsityvier warmomavlobas adasturebs (gansakuTrebiT
iseTi istoriebi, rogoricaa mamakacTagan seqsualuri Zaladobis
safrTxe da qalebis mier qalwulebis aRTqmis SenarCuneba gaqceviTa da
damalviT, rac ninos cxovrebaSi da rifsimianelTa martvilobaSic
gvxvdeba, rodesac nino da rifsimianelni somxeTSi garbian, raTa
imperatoris avxorcul gulisTqmas gaeridon) (iqve).
gvianantikur samyaroSi qalebis, rogorc mTxrobelTa, zepirsityvieri
istoriebis gadamcemTa, roli sayovelTaod cnobili iyo. marTalia
mamakaci avtorebi qalebis am funqcias, xSirad, uaryofiTad afasebdnen
qalebis ,,enaWartalobisa da Woriknobis’’ gamo, magram istorikosisaTvis
qalTa es saqmianoba Zalian sayuradRebo aspeqtia, miTumetes ninos
cxovrebis ganxilvisas. Teklas martvilobisa Tu sxva apokriful saqmeTa
kvleva, sadac qalebi mTavari moqmedi gmirebi arian da mkiTxvelis winaSe
gansakuTrebuli rakursiT wardgebian, kidev ufro cxadad warmoaCens am
TxzulebaTa socialur funqcias. maTSi im qalTa survilebi, ocnebebi da
misrwafebani airekla, vis wreSic es apokrifuli nawarmoebebi iqmneboda,
radgan am Txzulebebs asketi qalebisaTvis aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia
hqonda dakisrebuli, devisis TqmiT ,, ...Teklas daxasiaTeba gvTavazobs

64
sarkmels im qalebis TemTa sazogadoebriv adaT-wesebSi, romlebic am
istorias yvebodnen’’ (devisi 1998: 18).
upirvelesi aspeqti, romelsac Teklas martviloba gviCvenebs, aris
radikaluri asketizmi, qorwinebis uaryofa da qalwulebis sacicocxlo
mniSvneloba cxonebisa da sasufevlis damkvidrebis saqmeSi (devisi 1998:
18-20). swored es Tvisebebi iyo damaxasiaTebeli im asketi qalebisaTvis,
vinc iyvnen Teklas istoriaTa mTxrobelni. Teklas mTavari Tvisebebi
bevrs gveubneba misi martvilobis Semqmnelebze. Teklas martvilobisa da
sxva apokriful nawarmoebTa Sinaarsisa da avtorTa problemam
SesaZlebelia Zalze bevri gviTxras ninos cxovrebis SeTxzvis,
avTenturobisa da avtorTa sakiTxzec.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, ninos cxovrebaSic mTavari moqmedi gmirebi, da
mTavari gmiris istoriis Camwerebi, qalebi arian. ninos cxovrebaSic
Teklas martvilobis msgavsad qalTa mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiTaa
gazrdili da qalebi aq (rogorc apokriful saqmeebSi) mamakacebs
TiTqmis yvelaferSi aRematebian. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos
mamakacebi mxolod fons qmnian. Teklas martvilobis msgavsad ninos
cxovrebaSic qalebi arian winaswarmetyvelebi, sulieri winamZRolebi,
mociqulebi, saswaulmoqmedni, isini gaurbian moZalade mamakacebs,
romlebsac surT am moRvawe qalebs qalwulebis aRTqma daarRvevinon.
apokriful saqmeTa gmirebiviT ninoc moxetiale mqadagebelia.
vfiqrobT zemoTqmulis Semdeg usafuZvlo ar iqneba imis varaudi,
rom ninos cxovrebac swored asketurad moRvawe qalTa werSi Seiqmna.
Cven qvemoT SevexebiT ninos mier qarTlSi qalwulTa organizebuli
asketuri Temis (naxevradmonastruli erTobis) dafuZnebas, swored es
asketuri Temia, upirveles yovlisa, is socialuri wre, sadac ninos
cxovrebas saganmanaTleblo-aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia unda hqonoda im
gogonebisa da qalebisaTvis, romlebic TavianT Tavs zeciur siZes –
qristes uZRvnidnen. cnobilia rom Satberdis krebuls saganmanaTleblo
funqcia hqonda (lorTqifaniZe 2003: 359), amitom gasakviri araa, rom X
saukuneSi ninos cxovreba amgvari daniSnulebis krebulSi CarTes.
magram ninos cxovrebasa da apokriful saqmeebs Soris seriozuli
gansxvavebebic arsebobs. pirvel yovlisa, is unda avRniSnoT, rom es

65
apokrifuli Txzulebebi arakanonikuria da maTSi bevri ram aris iseTi,
rac marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dogmatur da kanonikur swavlebas ar
Seesatyviseba (mag. qorwinebis radikaluri uaryofa, apokrifuli
nawarmoebebi pirdapir acxadeben, rom vinc iqorwinebs anu vinc srulad
ar moikveTs seqsualur gulisTqmas, is ver cxondeba, Teklas mier
sakuTari Tavis monaTvla, qalebis mier Tmis mokveca da mamakacuri
Sesamoslis tareba da a. S.). am nawarmoebTagan gansxvavebiT ninos
cxovrebaSi araferia iseTi, rac marTlmadidebeli eklesiis normatiuli
swavlebidan yofiliyo amovardnili. amasTan aucileblad unda
avRniSnoT, rom mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT ninos cxovreba apokriful
Txzulebebze gacilebiT maRla dgas. apokrifuli saqmeni aSkarad
gadamlaSebulia sruliad fantastikuri istoriebiT, bavSvuri
gulubryvilobiTa da xSirad ganmeorebadi motivebiT (qalwulTa gaqceva,
mravalferi da gauTavebeli tanjva-wamebis aRwera da a.S.). aseTive
(xSirad mdare) stili axasiaTebs apokriful saxarebebsa da mociqulTa
saqmeebs, romlebic rogorc wesi, macxovris epoqidan gvian, II-III
saukuneebSi iqmneboda, ZiriTadad, gnostikosTa da enkratistTa wreebSi.
ninos cxovrebas ki araCveulebrivi mxatvruli Zala, eqspresiuloba,
daxvewiloba da kompoziciuri srulyofileba gamoarCevs (amis Sesaxeb ix.
kuWuxiZe 2009: 105-106). gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tuki vityviT, rom
garkveul momentebSi, ninos cxovrebis kiTxvisas, mkiTxvels iseTi
STabeWdileba eqmneba, TiTqos modernistul novelas kiTxulobdes. ninos
cxovrebis gmirebi TavianT istoriebs pirvel pirSi yvebian, amasTan yvela
Tavis pirad, SeiZleba iTqvas, intimur religiur gamocdilebas
gadmogvcems, qarTlis moqcevis yvela monawiles ninosTan Sexvedris
sakuTari, individualuri istoria aqvs: nino sakuTari Tavgadasvlis
Txrobas iq asrulebs, rodesac dasavleTidan mosuli qariSxali kerpebs
daamsxvrevs, nino am saswauls pirvel pirSi, sakuTari perspeqtividan
yveba, sidonia ninos Tavgadasvlis moyolas ki iqidan agrZelebs, sadac
ninom Txroba daasrula, e. i. Cven SesaZlebloba gveZleva Tavad ninosac
movusminoT, misi Sinagani samyaro vixiloT da qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli
sxva gmirTa TvalTaxedviT, ,,garedanac’’ davinaxoT. Cven xSirad vixsenebT,
Tu sad gavicaniT pirvelad is adamianebi, romlebTanac didi xnis

66
megobroba da siyvaruli gvakavSirebs. msgavs viTarebas vxvdebiT aqac,
hagiorgafiul nawarmoebSi, sidonia - wm. ninos erTguli megobari iseT
detalsac ki gadmogvcems, Tu sad dainaxa pirvelad nino:
odes vixile asulman abiaTarisman sidonia wmidaÁ ninoÁ Tavsa
cixisasa pirvel mcxeTisasa, koSksa mas maRalsa brinjTa maT queSe,
bratman mefisa sagrilTa da sasuenebelTa jda... (gigineiSvili... 1979:
340).
ninos cxovrebaSi Cven iseT epizodebsac vxvdebiT, romlebsac
gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli Zala gamoarCevs, mag. javaxeTSi Semosuli
ninos mier zafxulSi daTovlili mTebis xilva (cxovreba kargad
aCvenebs im gancvifrebas, romelic ninom am mTebis naxvisas miiRo), ninos
sizmriseuli xilva, romlis mniSvnelobac mas sidoniam ganumarta,
sveticxvelTan locvis epizodi, sadac ninosTan erTad mlocvel
qalwulebma fantastikuri Cveneba ixiles, TiTqos qarTls sparselebi
Semoesivnen, mirian mefe daiRupa, mtkvrisa da aragvis garSemo aRmarTuli
mTebi Camoiqca da axladmoqceuli qarTli mTlianad aoxrda. es epizodi
isea gadmocemuli da aRwerili, Tanamedrove mwerlobasa da
kinematografiasac, rom SeSurdeba, rac ninos cxovrebas ara mxolod
qarTuli, aramed zogadad qristianuli mwerlobis Sedevrad aqcevs.
Txzulebis avtorobis Sesaxeb, daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom didi
albaTobiT, ninosTan dakavSirebul istoriaTa (TxrobaTa) cikli
zepirsityvierad cirkulirebda qarTlSi ninosagan dafuZnebul asket
qalwulTa qristianul-ebraul wreebSi (SesaZlebelia zogierTi istoria
Cawerilic yofiliyo). rogorc m. surgulaZe miuTiTebs (citata
zepirsityvierebaze), xolo werilobiTad is SedarebiT gvian gaformda
erTi redaqtoris mier (romelic ninos cxovrebis Camwerad salome
ujarmels asaxelebs). 9 rodisaa es ,,gvian” rTulia saTqmelia, magram
qarTlis moqcevasa da ninos cxovrebis werlobiT fiqsacias Soris
maincdamainc didi periodi, SesaZloa, arc yofiliyo. SesaZlebelia es

9 marTalia m. surgulaZe aRniSnavsa, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia TxzulebaSi adrindeli

da gviandeli (redaqtoriseuli an redaqtorebiseuli) Sreebis gamijvna, ,,im zomamde
Zlieria teqstis mTlianobis efeqti, im zomamde mravalmniSvnelovani da
SemWidroebulia TiTqmis yoveli fraza” (surgulaZe 2001: 317), magram amis miuxedavad,
vfiqrobT, sxvadasxva qronologiuri plastebis gamijvna, garkveul donemde, mainc
SesaZlebelia

67
dro 362 wlamdec vivaraudoT, rodesac miriani gardaicvla da taxtze
misi Ze baqari (bakuri) avida, radgan TxzulebaSi baqari arsad ixenieba
(lerneri 2004: 58-59).
Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, ninos cxovrebis ZiriTad plasti avTentur
xasiaTs atarebs da is uZvelesi qarTuli hagiorgafiuli Txzulebaa,
romelSic Zalze farTo da zusti asaxva hpova adreuli qristianuli
cxovrebis sxvadasxva mxareebma, maT Soris asketurma moRvaweobamac,
rasac, kidev ufor cxadad, qvemoT davinaxavT.

$2. wminda nino rogorc qristiani asketi

rodesac wminda ninos istorias, da gansakuTrebiT wmindanis

cxovrebis wess, vecnobiT bunebrivad gvebadeba kiTxva - vin iyo qarTlis
ganmanaTlebeli? monazoni Tu Cveulebrivi saero piri? ninos cxovrebis
mravalmxrivi Seswavlisa da kvlevis miuxedavad es sakiTxi, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, msjelobis miRma rCeboda, TiTqos ninos gansakuTrebuli
statusi TavisTavad iyo nagulisxmebi da Semdgom axsna-ganmartebas ar
saWiroebda.
III-IV saukuneTa mijnaze dabadebuli nino monazoni (am sityvis
gviandeli, Sua saukuneobrivi) ver iqneboda, radgan monazvnobis
klasikuri formebi is-is iyo yalibdeboda, magram qarTul da ucxour
wyaroTa cnobebze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac ki aSkaraa, rom qarTlis
ganmanaTlebeli arc Cveulebrivi saero adamiani yofila, radgan is
adreuli asakidanve ,,glaxakTa msaxurebaSi’’ izrdeba, imperiaSi arsebuli
tradiciis Tanaxmad (sadac gogoebs Tormeti an cameti wlis asakSi
aTxovebdnen) ar qorwindeba da gansakuTrebuli misiisTvis emzadeba.
saqme isaa, rom nino adreuli qristianobaSi Casaxuli da
Camoyalibebuli qalwulTa asketuri dasis (mwyobris, banakis)
(gabiZaSvili... 1975: 483) tipiuri warmomadgenelia. qalwulebi iyvnen orive
sqesis qristianebi, romlebic uqorwineblobis aRTqmas debdnen da
gansakuTrebul moRvaweobas eweodnen, riTac danarCeni qristianebisagan
gamoirCeodnen. qalwulebi monazvnuri cxovrebis erTgvar damwyebebad

68
iqcnen. aseTi erTobebi ukve II saukunis miwurulidan Canan wyaroebSi,
Tumca TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SegviZlia Tqma, rom asketuri cxovrebis
wesis mqone qristianTa jgufebs arseboba ufro adreuli periodidanac
unda daewyoT (brauni 2008: 85). aqve aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom
pirvelad, qarTul istoriografiaSi, qristianuli asketizmis am tips
yuradReba dekanozma (momavalSi kaTalikos-patriarqma) kalistrate
cincaZem miaqcia. daviT garejelis TbilisSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
arsebuli Tqmulebis ganxilvisas, k. cincaZe am TqmulebaSi moxseniebuli
,,dedaTa monasteris” sakiTxs Seexo. radganac Cven istoriografiaSi
imxanad (XIX saukune da XX saukunis I naxevari) gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, samonastro cxovreba saqarTveloSi asurelma
mamebma danerges, amitom VI saukunis I naxevris qarTlSi dedaTa
monastris arseboba aradamajereblad gamoiyureboda. mkvlevarma am
TqmulebaSi dacul cnobas sxvagvari axsna mouZebna. miseuli axsna
swored adreqristianuli asketizmis formaTa ganxilvas daefuZna.
dekanoz kalistrate cincaZis SeniSvniT, qristianebi, romelTac
WeSmariti qristianuli cxovreba surdaT
...ganeSorebodnen TavianT ojaxs, iSenebdnen qalaqisa Tu soflis
Sore-axlo senakebs, anu qoxebs da iq cxovrobdnen, Tanaxmad qristes
swavla-moZRvrebisa. amgvarad sdgeboda mosenakeTa sazogadoeba,
romelic xSirad Tavs iyrida romelime patara soflis taZris
garSemo (an TviTon aSenebdnen aseTs) da am taZris moZRvrisagan
ismenden qristianul sxvadasxva darigebas. am mosenakeTa sazogadoebas
aerTianebda taZarSi wirva-locvis mosmena da moZRvris swavla-
darigeba. sxvafriv ki mosenakeni iyvnen damoukidebelni erTni
meoreTagan, gankerZoebulni... aseTi ,,monastrebiTa da ,,monazonebiT”
savse iyo meoTxe-mexuTe saukuneebisSi egvipte, palestina da bizantia,
anu saberZneTi, saidanac CvenSi gadmovida qristianoba Tavis (ara
arsebiTad Secvlil) wes-wyobilebiT (cincaZe 1994: 11).
mxolod mkvlevris dakvirvebis SesaniSnavi unariTa da brwyinvale
erudiciiT SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom imxanad man aseT
mniSvnelovan detals miaqcia yuradReba da am gziT Seeceda aexsna
TqmulebaSi daculi cnoba qarTlSi ,,dedaTa monastris” arsebobis
Sesaxeb. Cven k. cincaZisagan pirvelad aRniSnuli ,,mosenakeTa

69
sazogadoebis” mniSvneloba ara daviT garejelis moRvaweobasTan
kavSirSi, aramed wm. ninos cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT gvainteresebs
(daviT garejelis Tqmuleba zepirsityvieri gadmocemaa, rac didad
amcirebs mis sandoobas). rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, qristianuli
bermonazvnobis es yvelaze adreuli, primitiuli forma (kalistrate
cincaZisagan ,,mosenakeTa sazogadoebad” wodebuli) yvelaze ukeT xsnis
wminda ninos cxovrebis wessa da mis vrcel cxovrebaSi dacul
istoriul detalebsa da garemoebebs. konteqstualizaciisaTvis saWiroa
qristianuli asketizmis am formaTa SedarebiT vrceli mimoxilva.
qalwulebrivad cxovrebis mosurne calkeuli qristianebi jer kidev
Cvenamde moRweul erT-erT uZveles qriatianul ZeglSi - pavle
mociqulis korinTelTa mimarT gagzavnil pirvel epistoleSi -
ixseniebian. qalwulebs ukve iseTi adreuli mamebi axseneben, rogorebic
iyvnen: klimenti romaeli (juReli 2014: 54) da egnate RmerTSemosili
(juReli 2014: 177, 182). rogorc aRvniSneT, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qalwulebi
iyvnen orive sqesis qristianebi, romlebic sxva qristianTagan
gamorCeuli cxovrebis wess irCevdnen da sicocxlis bolomde
uqorwinebelni rCebodnen, magram klimenti aleqsandrielis cnobaze
dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia vTvqaT, rom uqorwinebloba anu seqsualuri
TavSekavebuloba am ,,aRTqmis’’ erTaderT princips ar warmoadgenda,
qalwuls gansakuTrebuli sulieri da zneobrivi cxovreba moeTxoveboda,
mas Tavi ara marto xorcieli kavSirisgan, aramed sxva yovelgvari
vnebisa da codvisaganac unda Seekavebina (Cedviki... 1957: 67). qalwulTa
asketuri cxovrebis wesi maincdmainc ganmartoebasa da udabnoSi gasvlas
ar iTxovda, da qalebisTvis, zogagad, es arc iyo sasurveli (radgan
xSiri iyo gatacebis, gaupatiurebis SemTxvevbi da a.S.) (klarki 1993: 101),
isini dasaxlebul adgilebSi, an maT maxloblad cxovrobdnen da
moRvaweobdnen, rogorc individualurad, aseve - erToblivad, xSirad -
sakuTar ojaxebSi. berZnulad qristianTa am nawils ,,τάγμα τών παρθένων’’
erqva (elmi 1994: 139), rac qarTulad ,,qalwulTa dasad’’ an ,,qalwulTa
mwyobrad’’ iTargmneboda (...da ganmravldebis aw mwyobri qalwulTaÁ...). 10

10
sainteresoa rom IV saukunis ganmavlobaSi ,,qalwulTa dasis’’ institucionalizacia
da dedaTa monastrebis qselSi CarTva mis saxelwodebazec aisaxa. 363/364 wels

70
 cxadia, ,,qalwulTa dasi’’ raRac statikuri movlena ar yofila, am
kategoriis xasiaTi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda. Tavdapirvelad isini
vinc qalwulebis aRTqmas debda, sakuTar saxlebSi, ojaxebSi
individualurad moRvaweobdnen, magram mogvianebiT asketurad mcxovreb
qristianebs erTad cxovrebis survilic gauCndaT, TandaTanobiT daiwyo
qalwulTa erTobebis, asketuri Temebis Camoyalibeba. antoni didis
cxovrebaSi ukve vxvdebiT amgvari erTobis xsenebas (saubaria III saukunis
70-ian wlebze anu rodesac antoni meudabnoe cxovrebas iwyebda). mas
Semdeg rac antonim eklesiaSi saxarebis sityvebi moismina ,,gamovida da
misca igica (anu qonebis darCenili nawili – S. m.) glaxakTa da daჲ igi
Tჳsi Sehvedra mecnierTa misTa morwmuneTa qalwulTa da misca igi
saqalwulesa ganzrdad...’’ (xazgasma Cemia - S. m.) (imnaiSvili 1975: 11).
upirvelesad unda iTqvas, rom qalwuleba maincdamainc fizikur,
biologiur mdgomareobas ar gulisxmobda. amasTan dakavSirebiT
sainteresoa egnate RmerTSemosilis epistole smirnelTa mimarT.
epistoles XIII TavSi egnate smirnel qristianebs moikiTxavs: ,,movikiTxav
Cemi Zmebis ojaxebs, maTi colebiTa da SvilebiTurT, da qalwulebs
wodebulT qvrivebad’’ (καί τάς παρθένους τάς λεγομένας χήρας) (juReli 2014: 177;
martimori 1986: 26). 11 calke dasad arsebobdnen Zvel eklesiaSi ,,qvrivebi’’.
zogierT eklesiaSi ,,qvrivebi’’ gankerZoebul kategorias qmnidnen, xolo
zogan qalwulTa rigSi Sediodnen anu ,,qvrivic’’ ufro teqnikuri
xasiaTis termini iyo da isic yovelTvis im mniSvnelobas ar
gulisxmobda, ra mniSvnelobiTac es sityva dRes gvesmis. wyaroebidan
naTeli xdeba, rom ,,qvrivis’’ wodeba xSirad miemarTebodaT qalebs,
qalwulebs, an namdvilad qvrivebs, romlebsac Tavi gamorCeulad
asketuri cxovrebisaTvis mieZRvnaT (devisi 2012: 71). ,,qvrivebs’’ jer kidev
pavle mociquli axsenebs timoTes mimarT gagzavnil epistoleSi (1tim. 5 :
5-10), saiadanac vigebT, rom ukve pavle mociqulis droidan,
gansakuTrebuli saeklesio msaxurebisTvis, qvrivebis ,,amorCevac’’ xdeba.

gamarTul laodikiis krebaze ,,qalwulTa dass’’ ukve ,,τάγμα τών μοναζόντον’’ anu
,,monazonTa dasi’’ ewodeba. ,,monazonTa dasi’’ orive sqesis asketebs gulisxmobda (elmi
1994: 159)
11
Sdr. inglisuri Targmani: ,,I greet the households of my brothers with their wives and children, and the
virgins who are called widows” (holmsi 2006: 125)

71
pavle mociquli axalgazrda qalebis qvrivTa dasSi Caricxvis
winaaRmdegia avxorculi gulisTqmebisa da siZvis safrTxis gamo (1tim. 5 :
11-15).
sainteresoa rom adreul eklesiaSi pavle mociqulis sityvebs
yovelTvis ar asrulebdnen da qvrivebad axalgazrda qalebsac iRebdnen.
mag. gadmogvcems ra II-III saukuenTa mdgomareobas karTagenis eklesiaSi,
tertuliane ambobs: ,,me dazustebiT vici, rom zogierT adgilas
qalwuli, romelsac jer ar Sesruleboda oci weli, Seyvanil iqna
qvrivobaSi” (juReli 2014: 177). tertuliane amgvar qalwuls ,,qalwul
qvrivs’’ (virgo vidua) uwodebs (iqve). rogorc vxedavT, es ori termini
(,,qalwuli’’ da ,,qvrivi’’) xSirad faravda erTmaneTs da qristiani asketi
qalis erTi da imave statuss gamoxatavda. uZvelesi qristianuli
wyaroebi (qalwulTa msgavsad) qvrivTa dadginebis (da ara xelTdasxmis)
locvebsac Seicavs (martimori 1986: 51). amis Sesaxeb basili didi werda:
vinaÁca qurivman sameocisa wlisaman ukueTu aRirCios kualad
Tanamacxovrebel-yofaÁ qmrisaÁ, ara Rirs iqmnebis ziarebasa
keTilisasa, vidre ara daacxrvos vnebaÁ igi arawmindebisaÁ. xolo
ukueTu uwinares sameocTa weliwadTaÁsa aRvracxoT igi qurivTa
Tana, Cueni ars brali – ara dedakacisaÁ mis (gabiZaSvili... 1975: 486)
e. i. Tuki samoc wels gadacilebuli, qvrivTa dasSi aRricxuli qali
daqorwindeboda, mas es mruSobis codvaSi eTvleboda (rameTu is
,,qvrivad’’ aRracxvisas ukve iyo daqorwinebuli maradiul siZeze –
qristeze), xolo Tuki samoc wlamde asakis qals Seiyvandnen qvrivTa
dasSi, maSin pasuxismgebloba ukve samRvdeloebas ekisreboda. qvemoT
davinaxavT, rom Zvel eklesiaSi arsebuli qvrivTa dasis mniSvnelobisa
da maxasiaTeblebis gaazreba kargad dagvexmareba wm. ninos aRmzrdelis
sara niaforis (miaforis) literaturuli da istoriuli saxis ukeT
gagebaSi.
wm. ninos asketuri da qalwulebrivi cxovrebis wesis ganxilvisas
ankviriisa da elviras krebebis adgilobriv krebaTa dadgenilebani
CvenTvis uZvirfases wyaros warmoadgens, radgan es krebebi zustad im
periodSi Catarda, rodesac qarTlis ganmanaTlebels mouwia moRvaweoba
(elviris kreba daax. 306 wels gaimarTa, xolo ankviriisa - 314 wels).

72
krebaTa ramdenime kanoni dacemul qalwulebs exeba, rac III-IV saukuneTa
mijnis qalwulebrivi cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi
wyaroa. krebaTa dadgenilebebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti qalebzea gadatanili.
qalwulebis aRTqma zeciur siZeze qorwinebad aRiqmeboda, amitom
ankviriis krebis me-19 kanoni dacemul qalwulebs imave sasjels
ganuwesebs, rasac meored daqorwinebulT:
raodenTa aRmTqumelTa qalwulebisaTa uvar-yon aRTqumaÁ TÂsi,
meored qorwinebulTa kanoni aRasrulon, vinaÁca momavalni
qalwulni vieTnime, viTarca dani, moslvad davayeneniT (gabiZaSvili...
1975: 240).
aRniSnuli wyaroebidan Cven adreuli eklesiis cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani movlenis Sesaxeb viRebT informacias: qristianTa nawili
debda aRTqmas (berZn. E,,ἐπαγγελία’’, laTinurSi ,,Pactum’’, Zv. qarTulSi
,,aRTqumaჲ’’) ecxovraT mudmiv uqorwineblobaSi. kanonebi krZalavs asket
qalTa da mamakacTa Tanacxovrebas. elvirisa da ankviriis krebebi
eklesiaSi arsebul am cxovrebis wess aregulireben. krebebi arafers
amboben Tavad aRTqmis dadebis garemoebebisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.
qalwulTa Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis sxva saeklesio
kanonebic, rogorebicaa - ipolites, fsevdo-basilisa da fsevdo-aTanases
kanonebi (elmi 1994: 228). ipolites kanonebi romauli samociqulo
gardamocemis gadamuSavebas warmoadgens. me-18 kanoni qalwulebs sqeli
Tavsaburavis (laT. Pallium, inglisur TargmnaSi thick veil) tarebas, xolo 32-
e kanoni qalwulebs da qrvivebs mudmiv locvasa da marxvas avalebs
(elmi 1994: 229). sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli saeklesio kanonebi
qalwulTa da qvrivTa xelTdasxmas krZalavs, isini mxolod
samRvdeloTagan warmoTqmuli locviT ,,dgindebodnen’’ (rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT) anu kanonebi, iseve rogorc sxva uZvelesi qristianuli
wyaroebi (romlebzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari) imTaviTve ganasxvavebs
,,xelTdasxmasa’’ da ,,dadginebas’’ da krZalavs qalTa xelTdasxmas, radgan
xelTdasxma mxolod mamakacebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili da samRvdelo
msaxurebaze kurTxevas gulisxmobda, rac qalebisTvis yovelTvis
ikrZaleboda. qalwulebsa da qvrivebs marxvasTan da locvasTan erTad
uZlurTa msaxurebac evalebodaT (elmi 1994: 229-230), ,,uZlurTa

73
msaxurebis’’ moments Cven qvemoT ufro vrclad SevexebiT. erT WerqveS
cxovrebas ukrZalavs asket qalebsa da mamakacebs fsevdo-basiliseuli
kanonebi, aseve Seicavs epitimiebs dacemuli qalwulebisaTvis.
sainteresoa, rom es kanonebi qalwulebsa da qvrivebs erTian dasSi
aerTianebs, magram qalwulebs upiratesad miiCnevs (am SemTxvevaSi maT
Soris mkveTr zRvars avlebs, albaT imitom, rom qalwulebs qvrivebisgan
gansxvavebiT seqsualuri gamocdileba ar hqoniaT). fsevdo-aTanasiseuli
kanonebi SedarebiT ufro gviandel viTarebas asaxavs (Sedgenili unda
iyos daax. 350-450 ww.), aq ukve aRTqmis dadebis garda ,,sqemiT’’ (σχῆμα)
Semosvazea saubari (elmi 1994: 230).
axla mivyveT ninos cxovrebas da vnaxoT, Tu rogor avlens moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ – Si Tavs qristianuli asketizmis Zalze arqauli plasti,
rac Cveni azriT, ninos cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawilis avTenturobis naTel
dadasturebas warmoadgens.
qarTlis moqcevis Tanaxmad nino kapadokieli aristokrati mSoblebis
erTaderTi Svili iyo. mamas zabiloni erqva, dedas - susana. romis
keisris samsaxuridan 12 dabrunebuli zabiloni ierusalims miaSurebs,
sadac iurusalimis patriarqis iubenalis das susanas SeirTavs colad.
axladdaqorwinebulni frigiaSi, susanasa da iubenalis mSobliur qalaq
kolasteSi 13 dasaxldebian. aq daibadeba nino da aq atarebs is Tavis
adreul bavSvobas 14. nino am periodis Sesaxeb Zalze lakonur cnobas
gvwvdis: ,,da aRmzarda me dedamman Cemman wiaRTa Sina TvisTa msaxurebasa
glaxakTasa dRe da Rame daucadeblad” (gigineiSvili... 1979: 330).
marTalia, cnoba moklea, magram am mokle cnobidan mTeli im qveteqstis
amokiTxva SegviZlia, romliTac Cven winaSe gvianantikurobis
qristianuli ojaxi warmodgeba. zabilonsa da susanas mxolod erTi
Svili hyavT. leonti mrovelis cnobiT, ,,ese wmida nino, moZRuari
12 zabilonis samxedro msaxurebis istoriulobis damadasturebeli myari argumentebi
aqvs warmodgenili nikoloz nikoloziSvils Tavis kvlevaSi zabilonidan mirianamde
(nikoloziSvili 2003: 3-56)
13 Cveni azriT qalaq ,,kolastes” yvelaze damajerebeli axsna f. von lilifeldma (F. von

Lilienfeld) da nikoloz nikoloziSvilma SemogvTavazes (nikoloziSvili 2006a: 52-54).

qalaqi ,,kolaste” (κολοσσαί/κολασσαί) romis imperiis provincia frigiaSi (Phrygia)
mdebareobda (nikoloziSvili 2006a: 52-54)
14 vfiqrobT ninos cxovrebis qronologiis daax. 300-331 wlebiT gansazRvra sruliad
damajerebelia (vrclad am qronologiis Sesaxeb ix. nikoloziSvili 2003: 3-56;
nikoloziSvili 2006b: 57-60).

74
qarTlisa, maTgan iSva (e. i. zabilonisa da susanasgan – S m.) oden
mxolod Tჳnier sxჳsa Svilisa” (anTelava... 1996: 90), rac imas niSnavs, rom
ninos dabadebis Semdeg, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, isini rogorc ,,da da Zma’’
ise cxovrobdnen, emzadebodnen ra momavalSi kidev ufro mkacri
asketuri moRvaweobisaTvis (rac gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo adreul
qristianebSi). mSoblebi romis imperiis aristokratiaSi gavrcelbeuli
wess ar misdeven, sadac qaliSvilebs cameti-ToTxmeti da zogjer
Tormeti wlis asakSic aTxovebdnen (ruTeri 1979: 73), ninos piriqiT
,,glaxakTa msaxurebaSi’’ zrdian e. i. ara qorwinebisTvis, aramed
cxovrebis sxva, gansakuTrebuli wesisaTvis amzadebdben.
zemoTdamowmebul lakonur cnobasTan erTad ninos cxovrebis adreul
periodze bevris Tqma SeuZlia mkvlevarebis devid amand de mendietasa
(David Amand de Mendieta) da meTiu Carlz munis (Matthieu-Charles Moon) mier
aRmoCenil da 1953 wels gamoqveynebuli anonimuri avtoris berZnuli
qadagebis teqsts. qadagebas ewodeba qalwulebis Sesaxeb da,
gamomcemelTa azriT, IV saukunis dasawyisSi, 325 wlamde (e. i. nikeis
krebamde anu ninos Tanadroul periodSi) unda iyos SeTzxuli. qadagebis
inglisurad mTargmnelis tereza Sos (Teresa Shaw) TqmiT:
teqsti Rirebuli wyaroa qristianuli asketizmis, gansakuTrebiT ki
aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebuli ,,ojaxuri’’ anu ,,saxlis monastrebis’’
istoriisaTvis (So 1990: 29).
qadagebis avtori axalgazrda qalwulis mSoblebs mimarTavs, da Tuki
sxva qristian mSoblebTan erTad Cven am qadagebis adresatebad
zabilonsa da susanasac warmovidgenT, ninos adreuli asakisa da
cxovrebis suraTis aRdgenasac SevZlebT, radgan cxadia, rom ninoc im
qristian qalwulTa rigebSi iyo, romlebzec qadagebis ucnobi avtori
saubrobs. am qadagebis teqsti nikeamdeli qristianuli Temis
mikroorganizms - qristianul ojaxs (Cven SemTxvevaSi wminda ninos
ojaxs) aRgviwers, sadac axalgazrda gogo qalwulebrivi cxovrebisa da
sulieri moRvaweobisaTvis emzadeboda. mkvlevrebi qadagebis arqaulobas
imiTac amtkiceben, rom avtori arsad axsenebs udabnoSi moRvawe
monazvnebs an dedaTa monastrebs, arc qalwulebis aRTqmis sazeimod
dadebas an mRvdelmTavrisagan qalwulad dadginebas. saubari saxlis

75
farglebs ar scildeba. qalwuli aRTqmas, savarudod, ojaxis
garemocvaSi debda da iqve agrZelebda moRvaweobas (So 1990: 30).
IV saukunisTvis qalwulebrivma cxovrebam ufro daxvewili da
instituciuri saxe miiRo. sainteresoa rom qalwulTa Temebi episkoposTa
gavlenisa da Zalauflebis aucilebel atributad iqca (brauni 2008: 259-
260). aRTqmis dadebis Semdeg es axalgazrda qalebi ukve aRar iyvnen
Cveulebrivi qristianebi, aramed TiToeuli maTgani RvTisaTvis miZRvnil
gansakuTrebul wminda WurWels warmoadgenda (brauni 2008: 260), romelic
cxovrebas adgilobrivi episkoposisa da mSoblebis meTvalyureobis qveS
agrZelebda da sulier moRvaweobas 15.
Tormet wels miRweuli nino mSoblebma ierusalimSi waiyvanes. swored
am asakSi debdnen gogonebi qalwulebis aRTqmas (quni 1997: 86) da
vfiqrobT, wminda ninoc ar unda yofiliyo gamonaklisi. am mniSvnelovan
movlenas unda ukavSirdebodes misi ierusalimSi wayvana (rogorc Cans,
nino ukve qalwulTa mwyobrSi iyo ,,aRracxuli’’). zabilonma da susanam
TavianTi didi xnis survili aisrules: mTeli qoneba gayides da
glaxakebs dauriges. zabilonma patriarqisagan ,,jvari daiwera’’ (anu
kurTxeva aiRo) da iordanes udabnoSi wavida ,,kacTa maT Tanave velurTa
romeli raÁ yofa misi icis ufalman iesu’’ (gigineiSvili... 1979: 330) 16.
ninos garemocvaSi, ZiriTadad, qalebi arian. pirvel yovlisa deda -
susana. ,,xolo dedai Cemi misca patrearqman dedaTa uZlurTa msaxurad’’, -
igonebda nino sikvdilis win (gigineiSvili...1979: 333). susana qmarTan
nebayoflobiTi dacilebis Semdeg cxovrebas gansakuTrebuli
wesiTYagrZelebs. is aRar aris daojaxebuli, daqorwinebuli qali,

15
sxvaTa Soris aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad qaliSvilebi sakuTari mSoblebis
xelSi finansur-materialuri gamorCenis iarRebadac iqceodnen, rogorc basili didi
gvauwyebs, xSiri iyo SemTxveva, rodesac mSoblebi an Zmebi an naTesavebi ZaliT
aRebinebdnen gogoebs qalwulebis aTqmas, raTa mziTevTan dakavSirebuli xarjebisaTvis
Tavi aeridebinaT (brauni 2008: 260-261).
16
ninos cxovreba aqac realur istoriul cnobebs gvawvdis. cnobilia rom palestinaSi
organizebuli samonastro cxovrebis dawyebamde, iudas udabnoSi martomyofeli
moRvaweni, gandegili meudabnoeni mosagreobdnen. IV saukunis dasawyisis gandegilis
xaritonis (palestinuri bermonazvnobis erT-erTi mamamTavris) cxovrebaSi ixseniebian
meudabnoe mamebi, romlebic udabnoSi xaritonamde ,,sagrobdnen’’: ,,da mas Jamsa friad
mcire iyvnes mamani udabnos da ivltodes pirisagan uRmrToTaჲsa da iyofodes quabTa
kalamonisaTa aqa da iqi’’ (imnaiSvili 1975: 131; di seni 1990: 394-395)

76
qmarTan erTad susana ninosac Sordeba da mTlianad ,,uZlur dedaTa
msaxurebaSi’’ erTveba, Tumca arsen iyalToelis gadmocemiT, misi
movaleoba mxolod amiT ar amoiwureboda. arsenis cnobiT, mas Semdeg
rac iubenali da susana ierusalimSi Cavidnen (arseni maT saxelebs ar
gadmogvcems) iubenali ierusalimis patriarqi gaxda, xolo susana
,,hmsaxurebda wmidasa aRdgomasa da hmorCilobda dedakacsa Rirssa da
warCinebulsa sarras beTlemelsa” (abulaZe 1963: 11). es mcire pasaJi
,,ninos cxovrebis’’ arqaulobis kidev erT Zalze cxad dadasturebas
warmoadgens da qvemoT SevecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu - ratom.
zemoTqmulTan kavSirSi aucileblad unda SevexoT Zvel eklesiaSi
arsebul diakonisobis, anu dedaTdiakvnobis instituts. adreul
eklesiaSi dedaTdiakvnobis msaxurebis warmoSobaze saubrisas mkvlevrebi
im mizezebsa da faqtorebs exebian, ramac qalTa msaxurebis amgvari
formis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. eme JorJ martimorma (Aimé Georges
Martimort) Tavis mniSvnelovan monografiaSi dedaTdiakvnobis Sesaxeb
safuZvlianad mimoixila aRniSnuli saeklesio instituciis genezisi da
ganviTareba aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebSi. rogorc
martimorma gaarkvia, pirvelad dedaTdiakvnebis msaxurebis xsenebas
didaskaliaSi vxvdebiT (Seqmnili unda iyos III saukunis I naxevarSi da
Cvenamde moRweulia siriul enaze), aseve iseT ZeglebSi, rogorebicaa
samociqulo ganwesebani, aRTqma uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da a. S.17
ra iyo dedaTdiakvanTa upirvelesi movaleoba? amis Sesaxeb didaskaliaSi
pirdapiraa saubari, sadac diakvanTa da dedaTdiakvanTa 18 dadginebis

17
ufro adre dedaTdiakvnebis xseneba ar gvxvdeba, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom es wodeba
eklesiaSi manamade arc arsebobda. zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, pirveli diakonisa fibe
unda yofliyo, romelsac mociquli pavle axsenebs, Tumca sakiTxis ufro siRmiseulad
Seswavla cxadyofs, rom fibes dedaTdiakvnobis msaxurebasTan saerTo araferi hqonda,
radgan fibesTan mimarTebiT pavle mociqulis mier gamoyenebuli termini ,,διακονία’’
zogadad msaxurebas niSnavs da ara specifikurad dedaTdiakvnis msaxurebas (martimori
1986: 18-20).
18
aqve xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT, rom xSirad Tanamedrove feministi istorikosebi,
romelic qalebis xelTdasxmisaTvis Teologiuri argumentaciis ZiebiT arian
gatacebuli, pirvelwyaroebSi uSedego kirkitis Semdeg, fantazias farTo gasaqans
aZleven da amtkiceben, rom adreul qristianobaSi dedaTdiakvnobis instituti qalTa
mRvdelmsaxurebis forma iyo, gaTanabrebuli diakvnobis saeklesio xarisxTan. unda
iTqvas, rom am Sexedulebas raime istoriuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. dedaTdiakvnoba
saeklesio xarisxi ar yofila, rac Zalian cxadadaa naTqvami dedaTdiakvanTa dadginebis

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wesia mocemuli. pirvel rigSi dedaTdiakvanebs movaleoba iyo
episkoposebsa da mRvdlebs qalebis naTlobaSi daxmarebodnen. saqme isaa
rom naTlobisas yvelas, maT Soris qalebsac, gaSiSvleba uwevdaT.
didaskaliis Tanaxmad (da zogadad qristianuli mosazrebebidan
gamomdinare), ar iyo sasurveli, mRvdelmsaxurs qalis SiSiSvle exila,
amitom saidumlos garkveuli nawilis SesrulebaSi mas dedaTdiakvani
unda daxmareboda. meore mizezi Tu ratom gaxda saWiro Zvel eklesiaSi
dedaTdiakvanTa msaxureba am teqstis mixedviT Semdegia:
cxadia, rom dedaTdiakvnebi saWiro arian warmarTTa im saxlebSi
misasvlelad, sadac qristiani qalebi cxovroben. dedaTdiakvnebs
SeuZliaT iq misvla da maTi monaxuleba, vinc uZlurebaSia, raTa
emsaxuron maT yovelgvar saWiroebaSi da ganbanon isini, vinc
gamojanmrTelebis gzas adgas (citirebulia martimoris mixedviT,
martimori 1986: 39).
paralelebi ninos cxovrebasTan Zalian TvalsaCinoa. susanac xom
,,uZlur dedebs’’ emsaxureboda. TxzulebaSi Zalze zustad da naTlad
aisaxa imdroindeli (III-V ss.) saeklesio msaxurebis erT-erTi Taviseburi
elementi. magram Cvens SemTxvevaSi kidev sxva ramaa saintereso. saqme isaa,
rom ninos cxovrebis teqstis oTxi uZvelesi redaqciidan susana
,,dedaTdiakvnad’’ arc erTSi araa moxseniebuli. es garemoeba am teqstTa
ZiriTadi fenis arqaulobis damadasturebeli kidev erTi unikaluri
faqtia. saqme isaa, rom ierusalimis eklesiaSi VI saukunemde
dedaTdiakvnebi saerTod ar ixseniebian, 19 maT Soris arc IV saukunis
piligrimi qalis egerias TxzulebaSi, sadac ierusalimuri liturgiis
uaRresad Zveli formebia aRwerili (ix. uilson-kasneri... 1981: 71-158),
ierusalimis eklesiis saRvTismsaxuro teqstebSi (mag., wm. iakobis
liturgiaSi) ki dedaTdiakonTa xseneba mxolod X-XI saukuneebSi iwyeba
(martimori 1986: 122). ierusalimSi dedaTdiakvnebis movaleobas qalwulebi

locvaTa uZveles teqstebSi (martimori 1986: 156) anu diakvnoba samRvdelo msaxureba
iyo, diakvani saRmrTo msxverplSewirvis – evqaristiis aRsrulebaSi monawileobda,
xolo dedaTdiakvans msgavsi msaxureba akrZaluli hqonda, es msaxureba Tanamedrove
stiqarosanTa msaxurebas ufro mogvagonebs. xolo zogierT eklesiaSi amgvari msaxureba
saerTod arc arsebobda, rogorc magaliTad koptur, eTiopiur da, garkveuli periodi,
ierusalimur eklesiebSi (martimori 1986: 76-100; 122).
19 VI saukunidan gvaqvs ramdenime epigrafikuli warwera, sadac dedaTdiakvnebi arian

naxsenebi (martimori 1986: 122)

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asrulebdnen (uilson-kasneri… 1981: 74) anu ,,ninos cxovrebis’’ werisas
ierusalimSi dedaTdiakvnebi ar yofilan, amitomac ar ixsenieba susana
dedaTdiakvanad, maSin roca sruliad aSkaraa, rom is uSualod
dedaTdiakvnis movaleobas asrulebda.
meore argumenti Cveni Sexedulebis dasamtkiceblad: rogorc zemoT
davimowmeT, arseni gadmogvcems, rom ierusalimSi Casuli susana ,,wmidasa
aRdgomasa hmsaxurebda’’ anu ierusalimis wminda aRdgomis saxelobis
taZars emsaxureboda. rogorc Cans, arseni an moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ-s
CvenTvis cnobil redaqciebTan axlos mdgomi, magram informaciulad
ufro mdidari redaqciiT sargeblobda, an raime sxva damatebiT cnobebs
iyenebda, radgan susanas msaxureba wminda aRdgomis taZrisadmi sxva arc
erT redaqciaSi ar ixsenieba, maSin roca es cnoba ninos cxovrebis
genezisis kvlevisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. Cven zemoT vaxseneT IV
saukunis piligrimi qalis egerias Txzuleba, sadac is ierusalimiuri
liturgiis arqaul formas aRwers. egerias gadmocemiT ierusalimis
taZars swored qalwulebi emsaxurebidnen (uilson-kasneri... 1981: 108-109).
es qalwulebi ixseniebian, rogorc Apotacticoi, rac wuTisoflisgan
gandgomilT niSnavs. qristianTa es kategoria uars ambobda saero
cxovrebaze da Tavs mTlianad glaxakTa msaxurebasa da wm. aRdgomis
eklesiis msaxurebas swiravdnen. ase rom, ninos cxovrebis
avTenturobisaTvis es kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria, Tumca, aq erTi
seriozuli dabrkolebaa. Tuki vigulisxmebT, rom nino IV saukunis
dasawyisSi daibada, maSin bavSvobisa da axalgazrdobis periodSi
SeuZlebelia visaubroT ierusalimis aRdgomis taZarze, radgan es taZari
im dros saerTod ar arsebobda (ninom ierusalimSi 312-314 wlebi gaatara
(ix. nikoloziSvili 2003: 55), aRdgomis taZari aigo daax. 326 wels). maSin
sad msaxurobda susana? SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom arqetipul
redaqciaSi saubari palestinis saerTod sxva qalaqze iyo, radgan
cxadia, rom ninos biZis ierusalimis patriarqad yofnac gvian
Camatebulia. aSkaraa rom es qronologiuri Seusabamoba Semdgom kvlevas
moiTxovs.
qarTlis moqcevis Tanaxmad, axalgazrdobaSi, susana ierusalimSi
mcxovrebi somexi qalis - (romelic warmoSobiT dvinidan yofila) saras

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- mowafe iyo. ninos ierusalimSi Casvlisa da mSobelTagan moRvaweobiTi
cxovrebis gzis arCevisas, sara ukve moxuci iyo, amitom moqcevaჲ mas
,,dedabrad’’ moixseniebs. patriarqma nino saras Caabara, nino mas ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxura. arsen iyalToeli saras damowafebuli
ninos saxes gansakuTrebulad asketur ferebSi warmoaCens. ninoc dedis
msgavsad ,,maradis hmsaxurebda wmidasa aRsadgomelsa macxovrisa Cuenisa
iesu qristessa’’ (abulaZe 1967: 14). ninos RvTismSoblis ,,xati moego
surviliT da winaSe missa mdgomare senaksa Sina Tჳssa maradis
gankrZalul iyo locvasa da vedrebasa’’ (iqve: 15). arseni gadmogvcems
ninos xilvasa da RvTismSoblis mier misTvis vazis jvris gadacemas
(iqve: 16-17). bunebrivia, arseni metafrasulad aRwers ninos cxovrebas da
Zvel, lakonur cnobebs sakuTari fantaziiT avsebs, Tumca Zveli
wyaroebis msgavsad xazs usvams, rom sara ninos sulieri aRzrdiTa da
xelmZRvanelobiT iyo dakavebuli.
vin iyo sara miafori (niafori)? ninos cxovrebaSi masze mcire, Tumca
mravlismetyveli cnobebia daculi.
ninos cxovrebis am, marTalia, epizodur, Tumca ki Zalian
mniSvnelovan figuraSi, Cven qarizmatul qals vxedavT, romlis sulierma
moZRvrobamac ninos momaval moRvaweobaSi bevri ram (SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom mTeli misi moRvaweoba) gansazRvra. saraSi qalwulis (da amasTanave
qvrivis), moZRvrisa da winaswarmetyvelis saxeebi erTiandeba. swored
sarasgan Seityobs nino ,,CrdiloeTis qveynis’’, anu qarTlis, Sesaxeb. sara
ninos qristianul moZRvrebis safuZvlebSi ganswavlida. Zvel eklesiaSi
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli axalgazrda qalwulTa mxcovani,
ganswavluli qalwulebisa da qvrivebisaTvis aRsazrdelad Cabarebis
praqtika. marTalia, qals eklesiaSi qadageba da maswavlebloba
ekrZaleboda, magram zemoxsenebuli praqtika maTTvis qristianTa
momavali Taobebis aRzrdisa da damoZRvris alternatiul gzas
warmoadgenda. amasTan dakavSirebiT wyaroebSi araerTi sayuradRebo
cnobaa daculi. mag. IV saukunis II naxevris erT-erT papirusSi
moixsenieba qali, romelsac ,,didaskali’’ anu moZRvari, maswavlebeli
ewodeba: ,,Κυρίαν τήν διδάσκαλον’’ (teqstSi akuzativis brunviTaa mocemuli)
(elmi 1994: 246). marTalia, CvenTvis cnobilia ,,didaskalis’’ Tanamdeboba
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aleqsandriis katexezisis skolidan, romelic pantenoss, klimentisa da
origenes, mogvianebiT ki iSviaTi gamonaklisis gareSe, saeklesio
ierarqiis warmomadgenlebs ekavaT (anu mxolod mamakacebs), isic viciT,
rom pavle mociqulis Tanaxmad qalebs eklesiaSi moZRvroba da
maswavlebloba ekrZalebodaT (1tim. 2 : 11-14), magram - saqme isaa - rom
pavle mociquli qalebs kacebis damoZRvras ukrZalavas sajaro
adgilebSi, pirvel yovlisa, SesakrebelSi anu - taZarSi, magram qalebs
SeeZloT TavianTi sqesis axalgazrda warmomadgenlebi ganeswavlaT, rac
qvrivebis erT-erTi movaleoba da Zvel eklesiaSi gavrcelebuli praqtika
iyo, sarac swored amgvari ,,Κύρια ἡ διδάσκαλος’’ unda yofiliyo. rogorc
vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSic ninos cxovrebaSi adreuli eklesiis cxovrebis
kidev erTi arqauli elementia daculi da bunebrivia misi gvian, VII an IX
saukuneSi Camateba TiTqmis gamoricxulia (maSin roca am arqauli
formebis rekonstruqcia xSirad Tanamedrove istorikosebisTvisac ki
rTulia).
nino saras ,,vnebaTa maTTvis qristesTa, juar-cumisa da samoslisa
misisa da juarTa da tiloTasa da sudarisasa yovelsa miwyebiT’’
hkiTxavda, ,,rameTu aravin yofil iyo, arc iyo Soris ierusalems zomi
misi mecnierebaTa Sjulsa gzasa Zuelsa da axalsa’’. sainteresoa, rom
wyaro saras, ganswavlulobiT, araTu qalebs Soris, aramed mTel
ierusalimSi gamoarCevs. es SemTxveviTi araa, radgan saerTod
qristianul literaturaSi naklebad aRniSnavdnen xolme qalis
RvTismetyvelebaSi ganswavlulobas (klarki 1993: 130-138). saras erT-erTi
movaleoba axalgazrda qalwulebis aRzrda iyo, rac ierusalimis
eklesiaSi mis gansakuTrebul statusze metyvelebs. amgvari statusi mas,
Cans, didi xania, rac hqonda, radgan sara ninomde susanasac moZRvravda.
am ramdenime aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT Zneli araa mivxvdeT, rom
keTilmsaxuri somexi ,,dedaberi’’ adreuli asakidanve qristes iyo
damowafebuli da misTvis, rogorc ,,sasZlo’’, qalwulebrivad cxovrobda
da mdidari sulieri gamocdilebisa da codnis qristian qalwulTa
axali TaobebisaTvis gadacemiT iyo dakavebuli.

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 magram qalwulisa da qristianuli cxovrebis maswavleblis garda
sara niaforSi, adreul qristianobaSi qalebisaTvis ase damaxasiaTebel
winaswarmetyvelis saxesac vxedavT.
adreul qristianobaSi suliwminda mudmivmoqmed, cxovelmyofel
sulad aRiqmeboda (da ase aRiqmeba dRemde), romelic maradJams myofobda
ra eklesiaSi, misi moxveWa nebismier qristians SeeZlo, magram
amavdroulad RvTis suli qristianTa Soris TavisTvis gansakuTrebul
WurWelsac gamoarCevda, romlis meSveobiTac morwmuneTa krebuls
esaubreboda. qristianobam sxeulis mimarT gansakuTrebuli, da
elinistur da gvianantikur samyaroSi manamde arsebul religiur-
filosofiur mimdinareobaTagan gansxvavebuli, damokidebuleba moitana.
marTlmadidebeli eklesia, zogierTi gnostikuri mimdinareobis
sapirispirod, ara sxeulis, rogorc borotebis uaryofas, aramed mis
gardaqmnas da Tavdapirvel samoTxisebur mdgomareobaSi dabrunebas (da
ufro metic ganRmrTobas) qadagebda, asketizms - qalwulebas am
transformaciaSi mniSvnelovani roli hqonda, radgan qristians Tavisi
sxeuli RvTis taZrad unda eqcia, amitom winaswarmetyveleba da
qalwuleba (asketizmi) Tavidanve mtkiced daukavSirda erTmaneTs (brauni
2008: 68-69).
rogorc cnobilia, Zvel eklesiaSi qalebs pirveli qristianuli Temis
Camoyalibebis droidanve ar eZleodaT ierarqiuli msaxurebis
(mRvdelsaxurebis) neba, amitom adamianTa sulieri winamZRolebi isini
piradi qarizmisa da madlmosilebis safuZvelze xdebodnen (ruTeri... 1979:
19). qristianis siwminde moizidavda suliwmindas, romelic morwmuneSi
mkvidrdeboda da winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT ajildoebda mas. adreul
eklesiaSi winaswarmetyveli qalebi gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT
gamoirCeodnen (ruTeri... 1979 : 21). maTi roli ara marto marTlmadidebel
eklesiaSi, aramed sxvadasxva heterodoqsul jgufebSic didi iyo, am
faqtis warmosaCenad montanizmis gaxsenebac sakmarisia. II saukunis Sua
xanebSi frigiaSi warmoqmnili montanisturi moZraobaSi am moZRvrebis
damfuZnebelTan montanTan erTad misi TanamoRvawe winaswarmetyveli
qalebi priskila da maqsimilac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen, aseve
gamorCeuli roli eniWebodaT qalebs markionelebTan, karpokratelebTan

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da sxva eretikul jgufebSi, qalebisaTvis msaxurebis amgvari
alternativa marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, qvrivoba
(qalwuleba) da dedaTdiakvnoba iyo (klarki 1990: 23).
sara, rogorc winaswarmetyveli, warmoCinda sityvebiT, romlebiTac
man ninos mimarTa, sanam es ukanaskneli misionerul mogzaurobaSi
gaemarTeboda:
vxedav Svilo Zalsa Sensa viTarca Zalsa lomisa Zuvisasa, romeli
izaxebn yovelsa zeda oTxferჴsa, gina viTarca orbi dedali, romeli
aRvidis ufroჲs mamlisa da yoveli queyanaჲ gugasa Tualisa misisa,
mciresa margalitis sworsa, Seayenis da ganixilis saWmeli misi,
cecxlebr dainaxis, miutevis frTeni Srialebad da mimarTis mis zeda.
egreT iyos cxorebaჲ Seni winamZRvrebiTa sulisa wmidisaჲTa
(gigineiSvili... 1979: 333).
zemodamowmebuli sityvebi cxadhyofs, rom Txzulebis avtors
(redaqtors) sara winaswarmetyvel qalad warmoudgenia, Tumca ninosadmi
misi es mimarTva ara mxolod saras winaswarmetyvelebis unars usvams
xazs. is gacilebiT mets gveubneba ara marto sarasa da ninoze, aramed
mTlianad ninos cxovrebis xasiaTze. sara ninos araTu mamakacTa
Tanasworad, aramed maTze aRmatebuladac acxadebs (,,viTarca orbi
dedali, romeli aRvidis ufrois mamlisa’’). aq kidev aucileblad unda
avRniSnoT, rom gvianantikurobis Semdeg qalis, rogorc
winaswarmetyvelis, aRqma daikarga, qalTa am qarizmatul msaxurebas
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba swored adreul qristianobaSi eniWeboda
(reideri 1981: 3), risi gaTvaliswinebac wminda ninos cxovrebis
Seswavlisas Zalian mniSvnelovania.
eklesiis mamaTa TxzulebebSi qalebis mimarT erTob ambivalenturi
damokidebuleba gvxvdeba (quni... 1990: 4). Tuki zogierT TxzulebaSi
qristiani avtorebi qalebs mravali codvis (pirvel yovlisa evas
Secodebis) gamo mouwodeben ra qmrebisadmi morCilebasa da
Tavmdablobas, sxvagan qalebs mamakacebze sulierad aRmatebulebadac ki
warmoaCenen (quni 1983: 27-76). saerTod antikur da gvianantikur
sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli iyo qalis, rogorc ,,damcrobili
mamakacis’’, susti da kaprizuli arsebis gageba. warmarT da qristian

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avtorebTan qaluroba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, vnebebTan da
iracionalurobasTan (am sityvis uaryofiTi gagebiT) asocirdeboda
(klarki 1993: 119), amitom TviT qristiani moRvawe qalebic ki amgvarad
gagebuli ,,qalurobis’’, gadalaxvas cdilobdnen, rCebodnen ra sxeuliT
qalebi, maTi goneba asketuri moRvaweobis Sedegad ,,mamakacebrivi’’
xdeboda, magaliTad, rodesac orma monazonma cnobili egvipteli
gandegilis amma saras TavmdablobaSi gamocda moisurves, masTan mividnen
da uTxres, rom ar gaampartvanebuliyo imaze fiqriT, rom masTan,
ubralo qalTan, TviT meudabnoe anaqoretebi modiodnen, razec amma saram
upasuxa: ,,bunebiTad dedakaci var, magram Cemi azrebis mixedviT me
mamakaci var, xolo Tqven dedakacebi” (klarki 1993: 129). sainteresoa, rom
swored aseTi damokidebulebis erTgvar gamoZaxils vpovebT ninos
cxovrebaSic, rodesac ninos Rvawls avtori mamakacisas adarebs:
netarman da sanatrelman nino, romeli gveqmna maxarebel gulTa
CvenTa da embaz sulTa da xorcTa CvenTa, gvauwya Cven mamakacebr
erTarsebaჲ wmidisa samebisaჲ, romeli ara daayena dedobrivman
bunebaman da arca uZlurebaman xorcTaman daabrkola gzaTa ZnelTa
da ficxelTa (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (gigineiSvili... 1979 : 330).
e. i. aqac ,,dedakacuri buneba’’, garkveulwilad, arasrulyofilad,
,,ficxeli da Zneli gzebisaTvis’’, mZime RvawlisaTvis Seufereblad, xolo
,,mamakacebr’’ moqmedeba idealur, misabaZ magaliTad iTvleba, magram am
SemTxvevaSi qristianuli moZRvrebis erTi sayuradRebo garemoebaa
gasaTvaliswinebeli: eklesiis swavlebis Tanaxmad, esqatologiur
perspeqtivaSi sqesobrivi gansxvaveba qreba. qristeSi gaerTianebul
adamianebSi ukve aRaraa ,,arc mamakaceba, arc dedakaceba’’, rac yvelaze
TvalnaTliv maSin gamoCnda, rodesac kapadokielma qalwulma qarTlis
sazRvrebi gadmolaxa da sakuTari uZlurebiT SeSinebuls, CaZinebuls
xilva hqonda. javaxeTSi mcxeTisken momaval gzaze nanax xilvas,
qarTlis moqcevis Tanaxmad, nino Tavad igonebs:
mivxeden mTaTa CrdiloჲsaTa, rameTu dReTa zafxulisaTa savseni
Cndes hiririTa da TovliTa sastikiTa. da SevZrwundi friad da vTqu:
,,ufalo, ufalo, mimiRe suli Cemi Cemgan’’. da moviRe lodi erTi da
davidev sasTunalad Tavsa, da gardasadinelsa mis tbisasa daviZine.

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 da movida CuenebiT kaci erTi hasakiTa zomieri, TmiTa naxevar-
Tmosani. da momca me wigni dabeWduli da mrqua me: ,,aRdeg da swrafiT
miarTvi ese mcxeTas mefesa warmarTTasa’’. da viwye tiriliT vedrebad
missa da varqu: ,,ufalo, dedakaci var ucxoჲ da umecari, viTar mivide
me, arca enaჲ vici, Tu raჲ vTqua ucxoTa naTesavTa Tana?’’ maSin
ganxsna wigni igi da momca me kiTxvad. daweril iyo hromaulebr da
dabeWduli iyo iesuჲsi. dawerilni iyvnes aTni sityuani, viTarca
pirvel ficarTa qvisaTa. pirveli sityuaჲ: ,,sadaca iqadagos saxarebaჲ
ese, munca iTqumodis dedakaci ese. b. arca mamkacebaჲ, arca
dedakacebaჲ, aramed Tquen yovelni erT xarT. g. warvediT da
moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni da naTels-scemdiT saxeliTa
mamisaჲTa da ZisaჲTa da sulisa wmidisaჲTa. d. naTeli
gamobrwyinvebad warmarTTa didebad erisa Senisa israelisa. e. sadaca
iqadagos saxarebaჲ ese sasufevelsa, yovelsa sofelsa iTqumodes. v.
romelman Tquen Segiwynares, me Semiwynarebs, da romelman me
Semiwynaros, Seiwynarebs momavlinebelsa Cemsa. z. friad uyuarda
mariam ufalsa, rameTu maradis ismenn sibrZnesa WeSmaritsa. e. nu
geSinin maTgan romelTa moswyvidnen xorcni Tquenni, xolo sulsa
ver SemZlebel arian mowyuedad. T. hrqua mariam magdalinelsa iesu:
,,warved dedakaco da axare ZmaTa CemTa. i. sadac hqadagebdeT
saxeliTa mamisaჲTa da ZisaჲTa da sulisa wmidisaჲTa; da viTarca ese
wavikiTxe, viwye vedrebai RmrTisa mimarT da gulisxma-vyav, viTarmed
zeciT iyo Cuenebai ese. da aRvixilen Tualni Cemni zecad da maRali
vakurTxe da misgan viTxove Sewevnaჲ Cemi WirTa Sina. da
gardasamodinelsa tbisasa mivhyev da warvemarTe (gigineiSvili... 1979:
333).
am pasaJSi gvianantikurobaSi qalebTan dakavSirebul umTavres
stereotips (romelic orive samyaroSi, warmarTulSic da qristianulSic
mkvidrad iyo fexmokidebuli) Zalian kargad gamoxatavs SeSinebuli ninos
sityvebi: ,,ufalo, dedakaci var ucxoÁ da umecari...’’. nino qalia – susti
arseba, amasTan sruliad ucxo qveyanaSi myofi, ar icis am qveynis arc ena
da arc wes-Cveulebebi. nino saerTodaa amovardnili gvianantikurobisa
da Sua saukuneebis tradiciuli kulturis konteqstidan. axalgzarda
ucnobi qali ucxo qveyanaSia mamis, qmris, Zmis an sxva Zlieri naTesavis

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(ra Tqma unda, mamakaci naTesavis) mfarvelobis gareSe, magram ninos
cxovrebis, iseve rogorc apokrifuli saqmeebis mTeli laitmotivic esaa
– mariamma Tavisi morCilebiT evas urCoba gamoisyida, RvTisagan
wamosuli kurTxevis Seusrulebloba qaluri sisustiTa da morCilebiT
ver gamarTldeba, radgan qristianul msaxurebaSi sqesobriv gansaxvavebas
mniSvneloba aRar eniWeba (,,hasakiTa zomieri, naxevarTmosani kaci’’ ninos
pavle mociqulis sityvebiT mimarTavs: ,,ara ars arca mamakaceba, arca
dedakaceba, aramed Tquen yovelni erTni xarT’’). unda aRiniSnos, rom
asketuri cxovrebis wesi Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi (gansakuTrebiT
feminist istorikosebs Soris) xSirad gaigeba, rogorc gvianantikurobis
qalebisaTvis gaTavisuflebis (emansipaciis) gza, radgan maT aRar
uwevdaT sazogadoebisa da kulturisagan dadgenili tradiciuli
rolebis morgeba da SeTavseba, qarizmatuli sulieri winamZRoloba,
mowameoba da asketizmi maT mamakacebis gverdiT ayenebda (klarki 1990: 20-
24), rac adreul eklesiaSi qalTa asketuri cxovrebis xasiaTis,
erTmniSvnelovnad, mcdari aRqmaa. susan eSbruk harvis (Susan Eshbrook
Harvey) saintereso dakvirvebiT:
...wminda qalebi, romlebsac Cven vicnobT, ar cdilobdnen socialuri
an kulturuli wnexis moSorebas, rogorc maTi qmedebebidan
gamomdinare SeiZleboda gvefiqra. grZnoba, romelic maT tradiciuli
CarCoebis garRvevisken ubiZgebda, ar iyo egoizmi an pativmoyvareoba,
ufro piriqiT. es iyo imis SegrZneba, rom RmerTi maT gansakuTrebuli
Rvawlis aRsrulebisken mouwodebda. amitom maT unda aResrulebinaT
es Rvawli. es iyo sakuTari Tavis gadalaxva, anu sakuTari Tavis arad
Cagdeba (harvi 1990: 39).
es aris maradqalwuli mariamis morCilebis mibaZva, mariam
magdalinelis misiis gagrZeleba, Teklasa da sxva didmowame qalwulTa
Tanamosagreobis gza, romelic ninom itvirTa. aSkaraa, rom miuxedavad
zogierTi Tanamedrove avtoris mosazrebisa, romelic asketur,
qalwulebriv cxovrebas imdroindeli qalebisaTvis (rodesac gaTxovebis
garda sxva arCevani ar iyo) cxovrebis alternatiul (erTgvari
gaTavisuflebis, ,,emansipaciis’’) gzad saxavs, mkvlevris
zemoTdamowmebuli sityvebi ninos SemTxvevaSi absoloturad

86
relevanturia. 20 nino ar cdilobs qalis tradiciuli movaleobebisa da
ojaxuri Tanacxovrebisagan gaqcevas, is qalis ,,tradiciul rolze’’
swored saRvTo misiis – qarTvelTa moqcevis aRsrulebis gamo ambobs
uars. ,,hasakiTa zomieri da TmiTa naxevar-Tmosani kaci’’, romelic ninom
CvenebaSi ixila, apokalifsuri saxea. ninosTvis ,,esqatoni’’ ukve mosulia,
qarTlis erisTvis caTa sasufeveli axlovdeba da ninos wminda
mowodeba, sulieri TvalsazrisiT, sacicocxlo mniSvnelobas iZens.
aqve ramdenime sityva unda vTvqaT ninos cxovrebaSi damowmebul
bibliur arqetipebze. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, srulaid
samarTliania m. surgulaZis Sefaseba imis Sesaxeb, rom ,,ninos cxovreba”
mdidaria bibliuri citatebiT, oRond es citatebi, xSirad, ara teqstis
pirdapir citirebas, aramed paradigmis Seqmnas gulisxmobs:
saswaulebiT, situaciiT, sityvieri simboloTi an personaJis qmedebiT.
am gziT xdeba Zvelis ganmeoreba, pirvelsawyisTan mibruneba iseve,
rogorc es xdeba miTosSi. aseT pasaJebSi dro kargavs dinamiurobas,
igi gaCerebulia da mxolod sakralur maradisobaSi iZens
Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas. TxzulebaSi ase Warbad arsebuli
paradigmatuli saxeebisa da qmedebebis mimarTeba bibliur
arqetipebTan damyarebulia miTis teqstur konstruqciaze da swored
es uCvenebs avtoris azrovnebis arqaulobas, mis saazrovno meqnizms –
igi aris matarebeli socialuri mexsierebisa, Tumca cnobier doneze
misi kulturuli orientirebi mTlianad axali rwmenis
msoflmxedvelobriv niadagzea aRmocenebuli (surgulaZe 2001: 317).
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebSi ukeT gasarkvevad aucilbelia imis
aRniSvna, rom qristianuli hagiografia mTlianad bibliur narativsa da
Zvel da axal aRTqmiseul literaturul 21 modelebs emyareba. wmindanebi
bibliur gmirTa nakvalevze dadian da RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris
Suamavlebad gvevlinebian. elia da elise winaswarmetyvelebi, ioane

20
Tumca aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom didi albaTobiT qalebis mravalricxovani
nawilisaTvis ,,qalwulebis’’ an ,,qvrivobis’’ gza marTlac ,,emansipaciis’’ saSualeba
iqneboda, radgan qristianobis mier motanili rigi Tavisuflebebisa da iuridiuli
garantiebis miuxedavad, qalebi mainc daqvmedebarebuli, mamisa da qmris
morCilebisaTvis mowodebulni, maTi brZanebebis usityvod Semsrulebelni unda
yofiliyvnen (klarki 1993: 6-62), am SemTxvevaSi ki asketuri cxovreba gacilebiT met
Tavisuflebas iZleoda (Tumca esec ara yvela SemTxvevaSi).
21
aq termin ,,literaturas’’ vxmarobT ara maincdamainc mxatvruli gagebiT.

87
naTlismcemeli da sxva bibliuri saxeebi qristian wmindanTaTvis da maT
,,cxovrebaTa’’ aRmwerelTaTvis sanimuSo magaliTebad (role models)
gvevlinebian, wmindanTa cxovrebis aRweriT hagiografi gvauwyebs, rom
bibliuri epoqis msgavsad RmerTi kvlavac agrZelebs kacobriobis
istoriaSi aqtiur Carevas (quni 1997: 1-2). hagiografiis universalurobis
umTavresi gasaRebic es aris: bibliuri ,,ena’’ xom mTeli qristianuli (da
ara mxolod qristianuli) samyarosaTvis iyo gasagebi.
mariam magdalineli 22 qristianobaSi arsebuli umniSvnelovanesi
bibliuri ,,qaluri’’ arqetipia (riTac kidev erTxel dasturdeba ninos
cxovrebis mtkice kavSiri gvianantikur qristianul litaraturasTan),
romelic ninos cxovrebaSi yvelaze xSirad ixsenieba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom ninosTvis mariam magdalineli uSualo da yvelaze axlo magaliTia,
radgan ninos msgavsad mariamic qali mociquli da qristianobis
gamavrcelebeli iyo (haskinsi 1993: 11; sineki 1988: 148). mariam magdalineli
qristianobaSi ,,qaluri msaxurebis’’ uZlieresi pirvelxatia. saxarebaSi
misi saxe Zalian kargad warmoaCens qristianobis damokidebulebas qalis
mimarT, rac siaxles warmoadgenda da qalisadmi Zvelebrauli (iudauri)
tradiciuli midgomisagan gansxvavdeboda (haskinsi 1993: 10-11; quni 1997: 14-
15). mariamma sxva menelsacxeble dedebTan erTad, bolomde uerTgula
macxovars, macxovris aRdgomac xom pirvelad mariamsa da sxva
menelsacxeble dedebs euwyaT (haskinsi 1993: 11). bibliuri

22
mariam magdalinelis moxsenieba oTxTavSi epizodur xasiaTs atarebs. is ZiriTadad
macxovris aRdgomasTan dakavSirebul pasaJebSi ixsenieba (haskinsi 1993: 3-9), aseve
moxseniebulia marTasTan erTad da lazares aRdginebis Txrobisas (haskinsi: 18-29).
mariami gviandel egzegetikur tradiciaSi xSirad asocirdeboda im monanul meZavTan,
romelmac macxovars cremliT ferxni dabana da TmebiT SeumSrala (luka 7 : 36-39), aseve
im qalTan, romelmac qristes Tavze nelsacxebeli scxo, ris gamoc iudas sayveduri
daimsaxura (ioane 12 : 1-8), Tumca mkvlevarTa TqmiT, amgvari gaigivebani
safuZvelsmoklebulia (haskinsi 1993: 14-29), mariam magdalineli Zalzed popularuli
saxea apokriful da gnostikur saxarebebSi, sadac is TviT mociqulebze upiratesadac
kia warmoCenili. sinoptikur kanonikur saxarebaTagan gansxvavebiT am saxarebebSi
qalebis roli gacilebiT didia da maTi msaxurebis xasiaTi ar gansxvavdeba danarCen
mociqulTa msaxurebisagan (iqve: 31), gnostikur mariamis saxarebaSi (romelic 1947 wels
nag-hamadSi sxva gnostikur TxzulebebTan erTad iqna aRmoCenili) petre mociquli
mariams ase mimarTavs: ,,dao, vuwyiT Cven, rameTu macxovars uyvardi sxva dedebze
umetesad’’ (iqve: 36), riTac xazgasmulia saRvTo misiaSi mariamis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba da es sityvebi aseve gamoxatavs qalTa msaxurebis dawinaurebas im
sinkretul mimdinareobebSi, romlebsac pirobiT gamaerTianebel saxelad ,,gnostikurs’’
vuwodebT.

88
(axalaRTqmiseuli) Txroba xSirad usvams xazs qalTa gulwrfel da
ubralo rwmenas, romelic mamakacTa civ da racionalur gonebasTanaa
Sepirispirebuli (quni 1997: 44). mociqulebs mudmivad kiTxvebi da eWvebi
awuxebT, zogjer (Toma mociqulis SemTxvevaSi) sakuTari rwmenis
gansamtkiceblad saswaulebriv niSnebsac iTxoven, maSin, roca qalebi
yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mihyvebian qristes. linda qunis (Lynda Coon)
TqmiT,
saxarebaTa avtorebi xSirad mimarTaven inverciis ritorikas, raTa
mamakac mkiTxvels Seaxsenon, rom sarwmunoeba damyarebulia
morCilebasa da sinanulze, anu im Tvisebebze, romelic mtkicedaa
dakavSirebuli qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel rwmenasTan (quni 1997: 47).
ninoc RvTis sityvis morCilad Semsrulebelia, is Tavs swiravs im
RvTaebrivi misiis aRsasruleblad, romelic mas adreuli asakidanve
hqonda gacnobierebuli.
aSkara bibliuri paralelia ninos aristokrati mowafe qalis –
peroJavri sivnielis mier mtkvris saswaulebrivad gadalaxvis epizodi,
romelic mosesa da ebraelTa mier wiTeli zRvis gadalaxvis istorias
miemsgavsa. am epizodiT xazgasmulia axladmoqceuli peroJavri sivnielis
rwmenis saswaulebrivi Zala (ninos cxovrebaSi bibliuri xatebis Sesaxeb
ix. siraZe 1987: 80-128).
mariam magdalinelisa da sxva bibliur saxe-xatTa garda ninos
moRvaweobas qristianul literaturaSi sxva mravali modeli Tu
paraleli moepoveba. pirvel yovlisa, albaT, Tekla unda vaxsenoT.
Teklas martvilobaze Cven zemoTac gvqonda saubari. Tekla iyo pavle
mociqulis legendaruli mowafe, romelmac qalwulebrivi cxovreba,
saxarebis qadageba da qristesTvis tanjva airCia. nino rogorc
mqadagebeli da mociquli Zlier emsgavseba Teklas (Sterki 2010: 23).
Teklas martviloba 23 adreul qristianobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze

23 nagzauras VI saukunis samonastro kompleqsis teritoriaze sxva umniSvnelovanes

artefaqtebTan erTad arqeologebma ipoves qvajvaris fragmenti VII saukunis warweriT
,,pirvelmowame’’, romelic g. oTxmezuris varaudiT ,,Tekle’’ unda yofiliyo, radgan
qvajvaris VIII saukuniT daTariRebul erT piligrimul grafitoSi ikiTxeba ,,qriste
Seiwyale Tekle’’ (oTxmezuri 2016: 11-12), rac saqarTveloSi pirvelmowame Teklas
kultis Zalze adreul gavrcelebaze unda miuTiTebdes. SemTxveviTi ar aris is
garemoebac, rom es warwerebi erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli monastris teritoriaze
aRmoCnda

89
popularuli Zegli iyo, mogvianebiT is qarTuladac iTargmna. 24 Teklas
martvilobis Tanaxmad axalgazrda qalwuli pavle mociqulis qadagebas
mousmens da qristianul cxovrebas gadawyvets. martvilobas radikaluri
asketuri suliskveTeba axasiaTebs, risi gamoxatulebacaa pavle
mociqulis sityvebi, romelTac is qadagebisas warmoTqvams:
netar iyvnen, romelTa daimarxnen Ãorcni TÂsni siwmidniT, rameTu
igini taZar RmrTisa iTqunen. netar iyvnen, romelTa daitanjnen Tavni
TÂsni siwmindisaTÂs, rameTu maT RmerTi ixilon. netar iyvnen,
romelTa Seuracx yon gulisTqumaÁ amis soflisaÁ, rameTu igini
saTno eyvnen RmerTsa. netar iyvnen, romelTa esxnen col da reca ara
esxnen, rameTu maT daimkvidron qveyana” (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)
(abulaZe 1975b: 47).
pavles qadagebis mosmenis Semdeg Tekla, romelic gavleniani ikonieli
aristokratis Temerozis sacole iyo, qalwulebriv cxovrebas gadawyvets
da Temerozze daqorwinebas gadaifiqrebs. Temerozi Civis:
...vin ars kaci ege, romeli Tquen Tana Sina ars, romeli esera
Seityuebs WabukTa da qalwulTa da amcnebs, raÁTa raÁTurT yovlad
ara iyos qorwili, aramed dadgromad igini siwmindiT” (xazgasma Cemia
– S. m.) (abulaZe 1975b: 49).
Tekla sapyrobileSi myof pavlesTan Sevida da ,,dajda igi ferÃTa
Tana pavlÀsTa da ismenda igi didTa maT sakÂrvelebaTa RmrTisaTa”
(abulaZe 1975b: 55). 25 Teklas warmarTebi mowameobrivad sikvdiliT dasjas
gadauwyveten, is ki, mowameobisa da sikvdilisagan saswaulebrivad
Tavdaxsnili, pavle mociquls mimarTavs: ,,Sevikueco TmaÁ Cemi da Segidge
Sen, vidreca xvidodi Sen” (enkratizmis aSkara niSnebi) (abulaZe 1975b:
61). antioqiaSi saqadageblad Casuli Tekla qorwinebaze uars eubneba
iqaur gavlenian moxeles aleqsandresac, ris gamoc kvlav mowameobis
daTmena uwevs (abulaZe 1975b: 62). TeatronSi myofi mxecebiT
garSemortymuli Tekla iqve maxloblad wyals (,,tbas’’ rogorc

24
martvilobaÁ TeklaÁsi apokrifuli Zeglia, uZvelesi qarTuli nusxa XI s. xelnawerSia
daculi da gadawerili unda iyos ufro Zveli nusxidan (abulaZe 1975b : 25), arsebobs
aseve gviandeli redaqciac (iqve : 29). rogorc ilia abulaZem gamoarkvia Teklas
martviloba somxuridan unda iyos naTargmni (iqve : 30-32).
25
aq kargad Cans paraleli mariam magdalinelTan, romelic aseve macxovris ,,ferÃTa
Tana’ dajda da mis sityvebs ismenda

90
,,martvilobaSia’’ moxseniebuli) ixilavs. ,,da ixila mun tbaÁ erTi savse
wyliTa da Tqua:
amieriTgan Jami ars naTlisRebisaÁ’’ da aRipyrna Ãelni TÂsni zecad
da Tqua: ,,saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristÀsiTa aRsrulebisa
Cemisa dRes, naTels viReb” (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (abulaZe 1975b: 69-70).
Tekla wyalSi myof mxecebs ar SeuSindeba da ,,tbaSi’’ Sedis: ,,hfarvida
Rrubeli brwyinvalÀ igi naTlisaÁ, romliTa ara Cnda SiSulebaÁ igi
TeklaÁsi” (abulaZe 1975b: 70). qalwulmowame yvelanair gansacdels
gadaurCa, pavles sanaxavad romSi Cavida, Semdeg ikoniaSi mibrunda da aq
qadagebda, Semdeg ki selevkiaSi, sadac aResrula kidevac (abulaZe 1975b:
71-78). Teklas martviloba SesaniSnavad warmoadgens qali misioneris
samagaliTo saxes da es Txzuleba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
emsaxureboda qristian qalTa aRzrdasa da qristianul moZRvrebaSi
ganswavlas, magram aqve xazi unda gavusvaT erT mniSvnelovan faqtors:
Teklas martviloba bolomde ar Seesatyviseba marTlamdideblur
moZRvrebas. rogorc Cans am popularul nawarmoebSi ,,gaparuli’’
aramarTlmadidebluri elementebi Semdgomdroindel gadamwerebs da
mTargmnelebs mxedvelobidan gamorCaT. es elementebi gamorCenia qarTvel
mTargmnelsac. saqme isaa, rom Teklas martvilobas aSkarad
enkratistuli niSnebi aqvs (am moZrvrebaze Cven zemoT ukve gvqonda
saubari). TxzulebaSi (pavle mociqulis qadagebaSi, dermisa da ermogenes
pasuxSi, Temerozis sityvebSi da a.S.) aSkaradaa xazgasmuli, rom
qristianebi sasufevels ver daimkvidreben, Tuki sabolood ar ityvian
uars qorwinebasa da seqsualur cxovrebaze, anu vinc srul ubiwoebas ar
daicavs, is mkvdreTiT ver aRsdegba, ver cxondeba. amasTan, rogorc
davinaxeT, Tekla sakuTar Tavs inaTlavs, sakuTari Tavis monaTvla da
miTumetes qalis mier, marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis Tanaxmad
sruli nonsensia da ucnauria, ratom ar ,,gaaswores’’ gviandelma
redaqtor-mTargmnelebma es paradoqsi.
Teklas martvilobis msgavsad gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiTa da
moSurneobiT gamoirCevian apokrifuli saqmeTa gmirebi qsanTipe,
poliqsena da rebeka, isini erTad mcxovrebi qristiani qalwulebi da
misionerebi arian (devisi 2012: 64). warmarTobidan moqcevis Semdeg

91
aqtiurad Seudgebian qristianobisa da uqorwinebeli cxovrebis qadagebas
da mravali dabrkolebisda miuxedavad (maT xSirad Teklas, rifsimesa da
sxva qalwulTa msgavsad maTze qorwinebis mosurne mamakacTagan
,,ltolva’’ anu gaqcevac uwevT), sulieri brZolidan gamarjvebulebi
gamodian.
maS ase, Cven davinaxeT rom ninos cxovrebas bevri paraleli moepoveba
apokriful TxzulebebTan. ninos Rrma sulieri kavSiri da naTesaoba
hqonda sara niaforTan – erT im qvrivTaganTan, romlebic didi
albaTobiT, qmnidnen mociquli da misioneri qalebis saxeebs. nino mariam
magdalinelis, Teklas, qsanTipes, poliqsenas, rebekasa da sxvaTa msgavsad
misioneri da mqadagebeli qalia, magram erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba,
rac ninos cxovrebas zemoTaRweril qal misionerTa cxovrebaTagan
ganasxvavebs, is aris, rom es Txzuleba arasdros tovebs
marTlmadideblobis sazRvrebs. ninos qaluri msaxurebis aRmatebulebac
ki mxolod mtkice orTodoqsiis farglebSia warmodgenili. gavixsenoT,
rom nino rodesac mirian mefesa da nana dedofals moaqcves, eubneba, rom
TviTon ,,uZluri dedakacia’’ da eris naTlobisaTvis mRvdlebisa da
mRvdelmTavrebis Camoyvanaa aucilebeli. axla danamdvilebiT Znelia imis
Tqma ninos vrcel cxovrebaSi iyo apokrifebis gavleniT Sesuli raime
heterodoqsuli (Tundac enkratistuli) elementebi da Txzuleba am
elementTagan Semdeg ,,gaiwminda’’ Tu ninos cxovreba Tavidanve mtkice
marTlmadidebluri msoflxedviT daiwera, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi amas
CvenTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvs, asea Tu ise, ninos cxovreba
zustad Tavsdeba gvianantkur xemlTaSuazRvispireTSi Seqmnili
literaturis wreSi.
wminda nino asketur Rvawls qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdegac agrZelebs.
is jer ,,brinjTa xis’’ qveS daeyudeba, misi qalwulebrivi Rvawli, sxva
qalebis damowafebisas, kidev ufro warmoCndeba. mayvlovani ninosaTvis
dasayudebel adgilad iqceva, sadac dReebs locvasa da mistikur
WvretaSi atarebs da qarTlis miwaze monazvnuri (am sityvis farTo
mniSvnelobiT) cxovrebis pirvel damnergavad da mqadageblad
mogvevelineba. amitom axla saWiroa, ninos moRvaweoba adreul eklesiaSi

92
qalwulebrivi cxovrebis organizebisa da institucionalizaciis
konteqstSi ganvixiloT.

$3. wminda nino – qristian qalwulTa asketuri Temis

winamZRvari

davubrundeT im moments, rodesac ierusalimSi Casuli ,,vinme efeseli

dedakaci’’ ninosa da saras saimperatoro ojaxis monaTvlis survilis
Sesaxeb axarebs. ninom konstantinesa da misi ojaxis mosaqcevad wasvla
gadawyvita da am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb saras auwya: ,,xolo me varqu
miaforsa: ,,warmavline da warvide winaSe helene dedoflisa, nuukue
mimiaxlos sityvisgebad winaSe qristesaTvis’’ (gigineiSvili... 1979: 331).
niaforma ninos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb patriarqs Seatyobina, am
ukanasknelma Tavis disSvils samociqulo Rvawlis aRebaze kurTxeva
misca. e. sinekis azriT, patriarqs nino dedaTdiakvnad unda daedgina,
radgan patriarqis dalocvis teqsti Zlier mogvagonebs dedaTdiakvnad
dadginebis wess (sineki 1988: 144). sinekis SexedulebiT, mRvdelmTavris es
ganzraxva qalis samociqulo misiisaTvis sulieri nebarTvisa da
kurTxevis gacema iyo (sineki 1988: 145). nino efesel qalTan erTad
misonerul mogzaurobaSi gaemarTa. efesoSi Casuli nino iq rifsimes
Sexvda.
odes mivediT saxid misa, mun vpoveT dedufali vinme mefeTa avadagi
saxeliT rifsime, romel eloda ierusalemiT naTlisRebasa da
qristes aRsaarebisaTvis suroda (gigineiSvili... 1979: 332).
nino rifsimesTan darCa, naTeli sca rifsimesa da ,,ormeocsa sulsa
mis Tana saxlisa misisaTa. da warvediT saxid misda da viyveniT mun or
wel’’ (gigineiSvili... 1979: 332).
nino efesoSive Seityobs konstantinesa da misi ojaxis mier
naTlisRebis Sesaxeb, amitom iqve, rifsimianelebTan darCeba da asketur

93
cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas maTTan erTad gaagrZelebs. 26 Cveni azriT,
aSkaraa, rom ninos dakavSireba saimperatoro karis moqcevasTan
gviandeli gazviadebaa. qarTveli hagiografebi ninos misionerul
moRvaweobas imdroindeli qristianuli samyaros centralur movlenebs
ukavSireben, rac arafriT (sxva, araqarTuli wyaroebiT) dasturdeba. ra
iyo Tavdapirvel teqtstSi ninos mier ierusalimis datovebis mizezi,
ucnobia.
ninos rifsimianelebTan urTierToba mniSvnelovani aspeqtia misi
moRvaweobis warmosaCenad. bunebrivia moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ ZiriTadi
aqcentebi ninoze gadaaqvs, misi yuradReba ninozea koncentrirebuli, misi
roli gazrdilia da nino kapadokieli rifsimesa da ,,mis Tana myof
sulTa’’ naTliad, Sesabamisad erTgvar sulier winamZRoladaa
warmoCenili. rifsimianelTa istoria wmida nonos moRvaweobis fonia,
maSin roca somxuri wyaroebi umTavresi rakursiT rifsimianelebs
warmogvidgenen, rogorc somxeTis moqcevis umniSvnelovanes monawileT.
wmida nino, anu nune, rogorc mas somxuri wyaroebi moixsenieben, mxolod
erTi rifsimianelTagania, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi sxva ramaa mniSvnelovani:
ninos cxovrebisa da rifsimianelTa wamebaze dayrdnobiT Cven vxedavT
Tu rogor yalibdeba rifsimes, ninosa da gaianes garSemo gvianantikuri
qristianuli samyarosaTvis ase tipiuri qalwulTa Temi. nino
rifsimesTan da misgan monaTlul ormoc sulTan erTad ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi erTad cxovrobs, savaraudod erT WerqveS, erT saxlSi (,,da
warvediT saxid misa da viyveniT mun or wel’’). ratom cxovroben erTad
nino da sxva rifsimianelebi? ras akeTebdnen isini am ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi? amis gamosarkvevad gvianantikur xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
gavrcelebuli asketuri Tanacxovrebis sxvadasxva formaTa mimoxilva
mogviwevs.

26
moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ-Si daculi wm. ninos cxovrebis mokle redaqciis mixedviT elene
dedoflis mier cxovelmyofeli jvris aRmoCenidan meToTxmete wels (TariRi
arazustia) rifsime ,,romlisame mizezisaTჳs’’ iltvoda deda-mZuZeebTan erTad. ,,da iyo
mis Tana tyue erTi dedakaci Suenieri saxeliT nino, romlisa saqmჱ gamoiZia helene
dedofalman. da iyo igi hromi mTavari, da TჳT moevlo gzaჲ Tჳsi da eqmnnes kurnebani.
da mowevnul iyo saberZneTa da hmoZRurida mTavarsa mas rifsimes’’ (abulaZe 1963: 83-84).

94
 rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, qristian qalwulTa erTad cxovrebisa
da moRvaweobis praqtika uaRresad gavrcelebuli iyo gvianantikur
samyaroSi. istorikosebi asket qalwulTa Temebis genezisis mimoxilvisas
yuradRebas amaxvileben saojaxo modelze, romelic Zalian xSirad
gamoiyeneboda amgvari Temebis Camoyalibebisas. qristian mosagreTa Temi
axali ojaxia, misi wevrebi erTmaneTTan SeiZleba sisxliT naTesaobiTac
yofiliyvnen dakavSirebulni, magram axla maT urTierTobaSi sulieri
naTesaoba ufro mniSvnelovania. aseTi ,,saojaxo asketuri Temebi’’ Zalian
xSirad gvxvdeba III-IV saukuneebis mcire aziasa da egvipteSi.
mamakacTa asketizmisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac ukidegano udabnoebi
moicva da iqauroba ,,qalaqebad’’ aqcia, qalTa asketizmi, rogorc Zvelad,
axlac (anu ukve IV saukuneSi), adgilobriv taZrebTan, an ojaxur
garemocvaSi agrZelebda ganviTarebas (brauni 2008: 262). IV saukunis
ganmavlobaSi qalTa mosagre cxovreba paxomi didis, basili didis,
melania ufrosis, olimpiasa da sxva mniSvnelovan asketTa RvawliT
eklesiis normatiul kanonikur CarCoebSi moeqca da ase Camoyalibda
dedaTa monastrebi, magram es procesi ar unda warmovidginoT raRac
erTbaSad momxdar movlenad, ramdenime weliwadSi aRsrulebul faqtad,
piriqiT, procesi mTeli IV saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda, da
mravalferovnebiTa da kompleqsurobiT xasiaTdeboda. Cven zemoTac
vambobdiT, rom qal asketebs ar hyavdaT iseTi grandiozuli figurebi,
rogorebic iyvnen pavle Tebeli, antoni didi an makari egvipteli, wminda
saba ganwmendili, an basili didi, rogorc erTgvari wyalgamyofebi,
qristianuli asketizmis istoriaSi. qalebis moRvaweobiTi cxovreba,
piter braunis sityvebiT rom vTvaqT, ,,Zveleburi RvTismosaobis’’ (old-
fashioned piety) wesze rCeboda. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qal asketTa
Temebis Camoyalibeba ar iyo dakavSirebuli raime formalobebTan da
wesdebebis SeqmnasTan, RvTismosavi cxovrebis mosurne uqorwinebeli
qalebi xSirad sulierebiTa da gavleniT gamorCeul pirovnebaTa garSemo
erTiandebodnen, romlebsac Sesabamisi materialuri SesaZleblobebic
gaaCndaT (rogorc magaliTad es moxda melania umcrosisa da olimpias
SemTxvevaSi), amgvari kvazi-monastruli Temebis CamoyalibebisaTvis
sulac ar iyo saWiro romelime mRvdelmTavris kurTxeva, an oficialuri

95
piris nebarTva, qalebi yvelafers sakuTari iniciativiT akeTebdnen. isini
ikribebodnen da erT WerqveS cxovrobdnen. es faqtori, anu erT saxlSi,
erT WerqveS cxovreba (sadme qalaqSi an sofelSi an qalaqisa da soflis
maxloblad) qalTa asketizmis Zalian specifikuri maxasiaTebeli iyo.
marTalia, sulier moRvaweobaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris arsebiTi
gansxvaveba ar yofila, magram wyaroebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom
hagiografebi qal wmindanebs mainc gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmogvidgenen.
qalebi yvelaze metad saxlis saqmianobasTan, diasaxlisobasTan,
keriasTan, rTvasTan da qsovasTan asocirdebodnen (quni 1997: 76), maSin,
roca mamakacebi qadagebiT, moZRvrebiTa da misionerobiT arian
dakavebulni, magram rogorc zemoTac avRniSneT (da amaSi mdgomareobs
qristianuli hagiografiis qalebisadmi damokidebulebis paradoqsi), qali
wmindanebi xSirad amsxvreven am stereotips, xolo wminda ninos cxovreba
amgvar warmodgenebs saerTod Tavdayira ayenebs. nino erTdroulad
misoneri da mqadagebelia, is araTu calkeul Temebs, aramed mTel ers
moZRvravs da qristianul sarwmunoebaze moaqcevs.
1901 wels italielma mkvlevarma pio franCi de kavalierim (Pio Franchi
de Cavalieri) ori mcireazieli martvilis wm. Teodote ankvirelisa da wm.
ariadnes martviloba gamoaqveyna (elmi 1994: 52). 27 Txzulebis
avTenturobaSi gamoqveynebisTanave cota vinmes Tu epareboda eWvi, Tumca
wm. Teodotes samlocvelos aRmoCenis Semdeg misi istoriuli
Rirebuleba saboloood dadasturda. TxzulebaSi saubaria Teodotesa
da Svid qalwulze, romlebic qalaq ankviriaSi cxovrobdnen. susana elmi
(Susanna Elm) yuradRebas aqcevs im Svid qalwuls, romlebic gmirulad
ewinaaRmdgegebian warmarTi tiranis Zaladobas da TavianT rwmenas icaven.
isini saxelebiT ar moixsenebian erTi mxcovani qalwulis garda,
romelsac ,,πρεσβυτέρα τέκουσα’’ anu ,,uxucesi tekuza’’ ewodeba. saqme isaa,
rom ,,uxucesi’’ am SemTxvevaSi mxolod mis asaks ar gamoxatavs,
martvilobis avtori am sityvas ufro Rrma, sulieri mniSvnelobiT

27
SemorCenilia Teodotes martvilobis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebic. Teodote
ankvirelis wamebis svinaqsari Sesulia giorgi mTawmindelis did svinaqsarSi, xolo
calkea Semonaxuli Teodoti ankvirelisa da Svidi qalwulis wameba (gabiZaSvili 2004:
219).

96
iyenebs (elmi 1994: 55). sainteresoa rom ,,uxucesad’’ moixsenieba febronias
wamebaSi (misi Zveli qarTuli Targmani gamouqveynebelia) febronias
qalwulTa Temis winamZRvari brenic: ,,iyo mas qalaqsa Sina monasteri,
romelsa Sina iyo ocdaaTi qalwuli da maT zeda uxucesi breni...” (xec.
A-382: 15v). febronias wameba VI saukuneSia dawerili, Tumca IV saukunis
dasawyisis viTarebas aRwers. bunebrivia, gviandeli avtori ,,qalwulTa
Tems’’ monastrad aRiqvams, Tumca mniSvnelovania TxzulebaSi ,,uxucesis’’
moxsenieba, rac hagiografis wyaros avTenturobis niSani unda iyos,
radgan rogorc Cans, ase moixseniebdnen III-IV saukuneebSi qalwulTa
Temebis winamZRolebs. rac Seexeba sityvas ,,Τέκουσα’’, s. elmis dakvirvebiT
niSnavs ,,deda’’-s (sityva Τίκτω-s (vSob) aoristis mimReoba anu ,,mSobeli’’)
e. i. ,,tekuza’’ qalwulTa Temis sulieri deda iyo. tekuza sulieri
avtoritetia ara mxolod danarCeni eqvsi qalwulisaTvis, aramed
TeodotesTvisac, romelic axalgazrdobidan sulieri cxovreba swored
tekuzas rCeviTa da gavleniT daiwyo. rac CvenTvis yvelaze saintereso
da mniSvnelovania es Svidi qalwuli ankviriaSi daax. 312-313 ww. unda
aRsrulebuliyvnen (im dros rodesac nino ierusalimSi cxovrobda), maTi
moRvaweobis dro efesoSi ninosa da danarCen rifsimianelTa mosagreobis
periods emTxveva. Svidi ankvireli qalwuli da efesoSi damkvidrebuli
rifsimianeli qalwulebic qristianul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli erTi da
igive asketuri praqtikis mimdevrebi arian.
axla ninosa da sxva rifsimianelTa cxovrebis wesis ukeT
warmosaCenad iseT Zvelsa da sando wyaroebs mivmarToT, rogoric
papirusebia. mSrali klimatis gamo papirusebi yvelaze ukeT egviptem
Semoinaxa. III-IV saukuneTa papirusebSi asaxuli qristianuli mosagreobis
tipi ara mxolod egvipteSi, aramed mTel qristianul aRmosavleTSi
gavrcelebul sulieri moRvaweobis saxeebs warmogvidgens (vfiqrob amas
zemoT damowmebul masalasTan Sedarebac dagvarwmunebs).
sadac kanonebi normatiuli konceptis gatarebas cdilobs da, aqedan
gamomdinare winaswar gansazRvruli da stilizebulia, papirusebSi
umeteswilad SemTxveviTi informaciaa daculi, umTavresad,
yoveldRiur aqtivobaTa fragmentebi (elmi 1994: 234).

97
 papirusebSi Zalian saintereso suraTs vxvdebiT. aq asketurad
mcxovrebi qalebi sxvadasxva terminebiT moixseniebian, TiTqos
papirusebze SemorCenili teqstebis (romelTa umetesoba piradi werilebi
an samarTlebrivi aqtebia) avtorebi, cnobierad Tu aracnobierad,
qalwulTa dasSi diferenciacias akeTeben. ase magaliTad, erT-erT
yvelaze adreul (sadac qristian qalebzea saubari), III saukunis
papirusSi moixsenieba ,,amma Taubariane da appa diosi da Zmebi...’’ (elmi
1994: 237). ,,ἀμμά’’ an ,,ἀμμάς’’, rogorc wesi, ,,dedas’’ an ,,ZiZas/aRmzrdels’’
aRniSnavda da II an III saukuneebis papirusebSi gvxvdeba. mogvianebiT IV
saukunisaTvis am sityvam sulieri mniSvneloba SeiZina da ,,sulieri
dedis’’ aRmniSvnelad iqca (elmi 1994: 245-246). mkvlevris azriT,
zemoxsenebul papirusSi termini ,,amma’’ SeiZleba ukve religiuri
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebodes da asketTa Temis winamZRols niSnavdes
(elmi 1994: 246), rac (Tu elmis mosazreba sworia) am sityvis erT-erTi
yvelaze adreuli gamoyenebis SemTxveva iqneba.
sainteresoa, rom IV saukunis dasawyisiTa da I naxevriT daTariRebul
papirusebSi asketi qalebi TiTqmis ar ixseniebian, rogorc ,,monazvnebi’’
(μονάχαι). am periodidan moRweul wyaroebSi maT ,,ἀειπάρθενοι’’ anu
,,maradqalwulebi’’ ewodebaT. mag. oqsirinqusis erT-erT papirusSi,
romelic 371 wlamde unda daweriliyo, aRwerilia memkvidreobis gayofa,
aqve naxsenebia vinme Taesisi, qonebis erT-erTi memkvidre, romelsac
qonebis samarTlianad gadanawilebamde, wignebis mitacebaSi edeboda
brali. is ixsenieba rogorc ,,Θαήσιος ἀειπάρθενου’’ anu ,,Taesi
maradqalwulisa’’ (berZnul dedanSi mocemulia genetivis brunviT). 371
wliT daTariRebul papirusSi panapolisis ori mcxovrebia naxsenebi,
erT-erTi maTgania ,,ἀδελφή Διδύμη ἀειπάρθενος’’ anu ,,da didime
maradqalwuli’’ (elmi 1994: 236).
magram CvenTvis kidev ufro sainteresoa IV saukunis dasawyisidan (anu
ninosa da rifsimianelTa moRvaweobis droidan) SemorCenili ori
papirusi. orives teqsti werilia. pirvel werils ,,didime da debi’’ weren
,,sayvarel das sofias’’ (geringi... 1990: 462). pirvel werilSi moxseniebuli
arian valeriana, ,,sxva valeriana’’, romelTac werilis avtori ,,Κύρια’’-d

98
anu ,,qalbatonod/dedoflad’’ ixseniebs, iseve rogorc meore werilSi
aTienaTeias, romelic ,,Κύρια αδέλφη’’-δd moixseniebs, iseve rogorc vinme
asusas (geringi... 1990: 463; elmi 1994: 236-237).
391/392 wlis 24 ianvriT daTariRebul oqsirinqusis 28 papirusSi
memkvidreobis gayofaa aRwerili. papirusSi ixsenieba vinme ,,Ἀνν... μοναχή’’,
romelic gamomcemelTa Tanaxmad unda aRdges, rogorc ,,anistosi’’, qalis
sakuTari saxelis naTesaobiT brunvaSia, xolo ,,μοναχός’’ Cveulebisamebr
,,martomyofels’’ niSnavs (elmi 1994: 234-235). ,,monazvnebad’’ asketi qalebi
400 wliT daTariRebul papirusSic ixseniebian. es papirusic qonebasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxs Seexeba. egviptis qalaq oqsirinqusis mcxovreblebi
aurelia Teodora da aurelia taurisi TavianTi saxlis pirvel
sarTulze mdebare erT-erT oTaxs aqiraveben vinme ebraels saxelad
osias, iudas Zes. sainteresoa, rom saxlis patronebi ixseniebian, rogorc
,,μονάχαις ‘αποτάκτικαις’’. IV saukunis miwuruliT daTariRebul erT-erT
papirusSi naxsenebia sami qali, romelTac ,,μοναχή’’ ewodebaT, ori da
moxseniebulia, rogorc ,,αποτάκτικοι’’, xolo sami qali aRwerilia, rogorc
,,ἀειπάθηενοι’’. ,,apotaktikosebi’’ Cven zemoT vaxseneT ninos dedis, susanas
ierusalimis taZarSi msaxurebasTan dakavSirebiT. gavixsenoT, rom
qristian qalwulTa am kategorias IV saukunis piligrimi qali egeriac
ixseniebs.
papirusebi cxadyofs, rom asketi qalebi, erTmniSvnelovnad,
gamoirCeodnen sazogadoebaSi. samarTlebriv dokumentebsa Tu
epistolarul memkvidreobaSi isini sxvadasxva wodebiT moixseniebian
(rac qalwulTa dasSi erTgvar diferneciaciaze unda metyvelebdes),
magram sazogadoebaSi maT myofobas da samarTlebriv aqtebSi
monawileobas uCveulod aravin aRiqvamda, rogorc Cans es monastruli
tipis erTobani, Tu individualri asketuri moRvaweoba ukve karga xnis
istoriis mqone movlena iyo IV saukunis egviptur (da ara marto
egviptur) sazogadoebaSi (elmi 1994: 240), amitom maT titulebsa da
wodebebs sagangebo ganmarteba ar sWirdeba. es qalebi ar arin meudabnoe
gandegilebi, isini qalaqebsa da soflebSi ewevian mosagre cxovrebas,

28
Zveli qalaqi egvipteSi.

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marTalia floben sakuTrebas, Tumca xorciel naTesavebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, moSorebuli arian. am asketur erTobebSi garkveuli
ierarqiuli struqturac ikveTeba (rogorc zemoT ukve vaxseneT didimes
SemTxvevaSi) (elmi 1994: 243).
vfiqrobT, sainteresoa, da Cveni sakiTxisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania,
ninosa da rifsimianelTa Sexvedris agaTangelosiseuli da leonti
mroveliseuli gadmocema. agaTangelosis Tanaxmad, rifsime da gaiane
qalwulTa monasterSi cxovrobdnen (oRond agaTangelosi roms
miuTiTebs). agaTangelosis cnobiT, am ,,monastris’’ winamZRvari gaiane iyo,
iqve cxovrobda rifsime, RvTismosav mSobelTa Svili da samefo gvaris
Camomavali (Tomsoni 1976: 147-149). leontis 29 mixedviT,
da viTar miiwivnes samefosa hroms saxid dedakacisa, romlisa-igi
Tanamogzaur iqmna, poves mun dedofali vinme mefeTa naTesavi,
saxeliT rifsime, da dedamZuZe misi gaiane, monastersa Sina
qalwulTasa, romelTa qristes aRsarebisaTჳs suroda da elodes
ierusalimiT naTlisRebasa (xazgasma Cemia S. m.) (yauxCiSvili 1955: 80).
anu agaTangelosisa da leonti mrovelisaTvis rifsime, gaiane da
maTTan mcxovrebni erTmniSvnelovnad moRvawe, asketi dedebi iyvnen, xolo
maTi erToba monasters warmoadgenda. marTalia, IV saukunis
dasawyisisaTvis sityva ,,monastris’’ xmareba (am sityvis klasikuri, Sua
saukuneobrivi gagebiT) anaqronizmia, magram rogorc Cans, leonti
mrovels (iseve rogorc agaTangeloss) savsebiT realuri da istoriuli
cnobebi hqonda rifsimianelTa erTobis xasiaTis Sesaxeb.
axla, vfiqrob, gasagebi unda iyos ninos cxovrebis cnoba: ,,da
warvediT saxid misa da viyveniT mun or wel’’ (gigineiSvili... 1979: 332) da
am winadadebis mTeli konteqsti. ninosa da rifsimes efesoSi (an
SesaZloa romSi) swored amgvari asketuri Temi unda CamoeyalibebinaT. am
pasaJSi Cven pirvelad vxedavT ninos sxva qalwulebTan erTad, rogorc
asketuri Temis wevrs. sayuradReboa, rom nino rifismesTan erTad
naTlavs swored ,,ormeocsa sulsa saxlisa misisasa’’ anu rifismesa da
mis saxleuls. saxleulSi ki axlo naTesavebis, msaxurebisa da monebis

29 leonti an agaTangeloss eyrdnoba, an orive (lonti da agaTangelosi) saerTo wyaros

iyeneben, radgan qarTveli mematianec agaTangelosis msgavsad rifsminianelTa
sacxovrebel qalaqd roms asaxelebs da ara efesos (rogorc qarTlis moqceva).

100
erToba igulisxmeba (mamulia 1979: 42-92). amJamad mniSvnelovani araa maTi
ricxvi, aramed Tavad es faqti dafiqsirebuli ninos cxovrebaSi, faqti,
romlis avTenturoba eWvs ar iwvevs da kargad gamoxatavs ninos
moRvaweobisdroindel istoriul realobas. es realoba ki tipiuria III-IV
saukuneebisaTvis. mogvianebiT aseTi ,,eqsperimentuli praqtika’’ nel-nela
qreba, asketTa moRvaweoba sul ufro metad eqceva saeklesio kanonTa
mier gansazRvrul CarCoebSi.
nino da rifsimianelebi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi efesoSi cxovrobdnen
da CvenTvis ucnobia apirebdnen Tu ara isini saerTod am qalaqis
datovebas, rom ara ,,romelime mizezi’’. mizezis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben
agaTangelosi (am wyaros cnobiT, keisari dioklitianea), xolo qarTul
wyaroebSi leonti mroveli (romelic keisris saxels ar axsenebs), arsen
iyalToeli (romlis Tanaxmadac, imperatori maqsimianea) da arseniseuli
ninos cxovrebis perifrazis avtoric, romelic keisrad aseve
dioklitianes asaxelebs. am wyaroTa Tanaxmad, imperators mTel
imperiaSi mxatvrebi daugzavnia, raTa misTvis sacole moenaxaT. keisars
rifsime moswonebia da misi colad moyvana ganuzraxavs. amis gamo
rifsime ninosTan da gaianesTan erTad somxeTSi gaqceula. aqac msgavsi
ambavi datrialebula. imperatorma rifsimes somxeTSi yofnis ambavi
Seityo, Trdats misi romSi gagzavna sTxova, magram isic SeuTvala, Tu
Zalian mogewonos, SenTvis daitoveo. Trdatic dioklitianes msgavsad
rifsimes colad moyvanas gadawyvets, razec rifsime upasuxebs: ,,uwyaloo
msajulo, me zecisa sasZlosa miTxovil var da Sen viTar ikadniereb
amas’’ (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (abulaZe 1963: 58). marTalia, mTeli es ambavi
rifsimes colad moyvanis Sesaxeb legendaruli xasiaTisaa da kargad
cnobili motivia qristianul hagiografiaSi, magram CvenTvis am
SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa sityvebi, romelebsac ucnobi avtori rifsimes
miawers. avtoris TvalTaxedviT, mas qalwulebis aRTqma aqvs dadebuli
da igi ,,zeciur sasZlozea miTxovili’’. igives gvamcnobs agaTangelosic
(Tomsoni 1976: 159). aqve Zalian sainteresoa leonti mrovelis cnobebic:
xolo ixiles ra netarman rifsime, gaiane da sxuaTa maT wmidaTa da
yovlad qebulTa dedaTa gansacdeli maT zeda mowevnulad, maSin
moiჴsenes maT ubiwo igi aRTqma da Rirsi qebisa martoebiT cxovreba,

101
 romelsa-igi iyvnes ganswavlul, da godebiT tirodes gamoxatviT
Seswavebisa misTჳs winaSe mefisa usjulosa Suenerebisa wmidisa
rifsimesa, romeli igi gamoexata da wargzavnes (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 81-82).
aranakleb mniSvnelovania leonti mrovelis cnoba somxeTSi
qalwulebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb:
da movides ltolvilni areTa somxiTisaTa, adgilsa mas, romelsa
hrqჳan axalqalaqi, uaRres Senebulsa, romel ars dvini, sayofeli
somexTa mefisa. da Sevides mun sawnaxelTa venaჴisaTa, 30 romeli
Senebul ars CrdiloT kerZ da aRmosavaliT, da izardebodes mun Sina
ჴelTsaqmrisagan vaWrobi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 82).
vfiqrobT, leonti mrovelis cnobebsa da papirusebSi dacul
informacias Soris paralelebi Zalian aSkaraa. zemoTdamowmebuli
papirusebidan Cven SevityveT, rom asketi qalebi qalaqebsa da soflebSi
cxovrobdnen da Zalian aqtiuradac iyvnen CarTuli ,,amqveyniur
saqmianobaSi’’. erTaderTi logikuri axsna isaa, rom leonti (da sxva
mematianeni) rifsimianleTa cxovrebis aRwerisas iseTi avTenturi
wyaroebiT sargeblobda, romlebSic rifsimesa da ninos moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb savsebiT realuri cnobebi iqneboda daculi.
rifsime da danarCeni qalwulebi somexTa mefisagan mowameobrivad
aResrulnen, ninom ki Tavi qarTls Seafara. swored aq, javaxeTSi,
Semosulma ixila mTebze Tovli da SeeSinda, aq qvaze miZinebuls eCvena
kaci ,,hasakiTa zomier da TmiTa naxevar-Tmosan’’, razec zemoT ukve
gvqonda saubari. rodesac wyalma (anu mtkvarma) aRmosavleTiT iwyo
dineba ,,mieriTgan iyo lxinebaჲ Cemi’’, rogorc amas, ninos cxovrebis
Tanxamad, Tavad nino gadmogvcems. axalgazrda qalwuli javaxeTSi
mwyemsebs Sexvda, romlebmac mas mcxeTisken mimavali gza miaswavles.
mxceTaSi Casuli aq qarTvelTa uZvelesi kerpebis Tayvaniscema ixila da
qarTvelTa kerpTmsaxurebiT SeZrwunebuli armazi, gaci da gaimi locviT
daamxo.

30venaxsa da sawnaxels patristikul mwerlobaSi sombluri datvirTva hqonda da

macxovris jvarcmasa da aRgdomas aRniSnavda (Sterki 2010: 17)

102
 viTarca dascxra risxvaჲ igi, gamoved kldisa misgan napralisa da
vpove Tuali bivriti (romelic armazis kerps ekeTa - S.m.), aRviRe da
warmoved wina kerZo dasasrulsa mis kldisasa, sada Zueli qalaqi
yofil iyo da mis adgilsa yofil ars cixe; da mun dga xe mSuenieri
brinjisai maRali da rto-mravali. moved queSe xesa mas da gamoviniSe
niSi igi qristesi juarisaჲ da vilocevdi mun equs dRe
(gigineiSvili... 1979: 336).
am ,,brinjis xesTan’’ eyreba safuZveli ninos garSemo qalwulTa axali
Temis Camoyalibebas. ninos cxovrebis mixedviT, Tavad, kapadokieli
qalwuli sikvdilis win igonebda:
maSin movida daჲ ese Cemi SroSana, sefeqali, mixila da moiyvana
berZlmetyveli dedakaci da mkiTxa yoveli gzaჲ Cemi. maSin vxedevd me
TualTa misTa cremlTa dinebasa ucxovebisa CemisaTvis. odes cna
yoveli saqme Cemi, maiZula waryvanebaჲ Cemi sefed, xolo me ara vanebe.
da igi warvida, da mesamesa dResa Camoved qalaqad mcxeTad da
mivmarTe samoTxesa mefisasa (gigineiSvili... 1979: 336).
samefo baRSi misulma ninom iqve mcire saxlakSi mcxovrebi mebaRis
coli anastosi gaicno. anastosma nino, rogorc axlobeli, ise ,,Seitkbo’’.
wmindani masTan cxra Tve darCa da mebaRe da misi meuRle uSvilobisgan
gankurna. mebaReebTan cxovrebis Semdeg ninom qalaqis zRudis gareT,
mayvlis buCqTan daido bina. mokle redaqciis mixedviT,
...iyo sam wel egreT ilocvida farulad adgilsa erTsa Seburvilsa
brZamliTa mayulisaჲTa; da Seqmna saxჱ juarisaჲ nasaxlevisaჲ da mun
daadgra da ilocvida. da adgili iyo zRudisa garegan’’
(gigineiSvili... 1979: 332).
leonti mrovelis gadmocemiT,
maSin wmindaman nino qalaqisa zRudeTa garegan pova qoCi erTi brwami
mayulisa, sada aw ars sakurTxeveli zemo eklesiisa saepiskoposo, da
igi Seqmna sayofelad Tჳsa. da Seqmna juari nasxlevisa da aRmarTa
qoCsa mas queSe, da maradis ilocavn dRe da Rame daucxromlad, da
msaxurebdes col-qmarni igi, da iyvnes dakჳrvebul RuawlTa misTa,
marxvasa, da locvasa, da mRviZarebasa (yauxCiSvili 1955: 94).
arseni iyalToeli ninos adgilsamyofels Semdegnairad aRwers: nino

103
 warvida sayofelad Tჳsad, Soris mayualTa maT, romelni mdgomare
iyvnes samoTxesa mis maxlobelad, kჳparozTa maT sakჳrvelTa, romelni
saxed talavrisa gardaTxmul iyvnes da dahfarvides mas (abulaZe 1967:
25).
arseni Zalian naTlad da xatovnad gvixatavs wm. ninos moRvaweobis
saxes:
xolo moqalaqobaჲ misi da moRuawebaჲ friadi da cremliTa da
locviTa samaradisoჲTa savse da sawadel saSuebel missa – simravle
marxvisaჲ da keTil samosel misa – samoseli balnisaჲ da cxedar da
sarecel gansasuenebel missa - ZaZaჲ miwasa zeda darecil (abulaZe
1967: 25).
XIII saukunis arseniseuli ninos cxovrebis perifrazis ucnobi avtori
ninos sulieri mosagrebis gadmocemisas TiTqmis arsenis miyveba
...iyo moqalaqobaჲ misi da moRuawebaჲ cremliTa locvaჲ da sawadel
da saSuebel marxvaჲ, da samoseli misi dabebkuli miwasa zeda.
eseviTariTa moRuawebiTa daadgra mayualTa maT Sina equs wel 31 da
hkurnebda sneulT (abulaZe 1967: 67).
axla vnaxoT, rogor warmogvidgenen bizantieli avtorebi ninos
asketur saxes. gelasi kesarielis aRweriT, ninom
saTno cxovrebas miaRwia da Tavisi krZalulebiTa da sxva keTili
saqmeebiT mas aRtacebaSi mohyavda yvela. rodesac mas ekiTxebodnen
aseTi gandegilobis mizezis Sesaxeb, is wminda dedakaci martivad
upasuxebda xolme, qristes mizezisaTvis, Zisa RmrTisao (gamyreliZe...
1961: 186).
gelasi ninos axasiaTebs sityvebiT ,,ἐνκρατεία’’ αanu ,,krZaluleba’’ da
,,ασκήσεως’’ anu ,,gandegiloba’’ (gandegilurad) (Tumca am ukanaskneli
sityvis ,,moRvaweobad’’ Targmna ufro mizanSewonili iqneba). gelasis
gadmocemiT gankurnebuli nana dedofali eubneba mirians ninoze, rom
,,misTvis mTeli sicocxle marxva da gandegilobaa” (,,Ἡ γὰρ ὁ πᾶς βίος νηστεία
καὶ ἐνκράτεια’’) (gamyreliZe... 1961: 188). rufunisic xazs usvams ninos
31
ninos cxovrebis mokle redaqcia ninos mayvlovanSi dayudebis xangrZlivobad sam
wels uTiTebs, rac ninos farulad moRvaweobis dros unda gulisxmobdes, radgan
vrceli redaqciebis (Satberdul-WeliSuri da sinuri) Tanaxmad ninom meoTxe wels
,,arwmuna nana dedofalsa’’, xolo meeqvse wels miriani moaqcia, amitom sxva redaqciebSi
ninos mayvlovanSi moRvaweobis periods eqvsi wliT gansazRvraven.

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asketuri moRvaweobis xasiaTs: ,,is maTTan moxvda tyved da eweoda saTno
da sakmaod fxizel da umanko cxovrebas, mTeli dReebi da Rameebi
daucxromlad loculobda RmrTisa mimarT” (gamyreliZe... 1961: 201).
sainteresoa, rom rufinusi gvamcnobs: ,, ...TviT am medgrobam tyve-
qalisam erTgvari cnobismoyvareoba aRZra qalebSi, Tu ra sargebloba
miiReboda aseTi didi Tavganwirvisgan” (gamyreliZe... 1961: 201). aseve
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom rufinusi xazs usvams im ambavs, rom nino
qalia, ,,modis tyve-qali da moZRvravs mefes qriste RmerTis Sesaxeb da
umartvas mas, ramdenadac amis Sesaxeb SeeZlo qals ganmartebebis
micema...’’ (gamyreliZe... 1961: 204). aq kargad Cans bizantieli avtorisaTvis
ninos moRvaweobis erTgvari aranormatiuloba. qali sarwmunoebas
qadagebs da xalxs moZRvravs, rac romaelisaTvis namdvilad uCveulo
iyo. ninos mosagreobis aRwera mogvepoveba aRmosavluri asketizmis iseT
did mematianesTan, rogoric iyo Teodorite kvireli. Teodorites
gadmocemiT nino
Tavis dros gamudmebul locvaSi atarebda; sawolad da rbil
loginad mas hqonda tomara, iatakze dagebuli, xolo umwvervales
fufunebad marxvas Tvlida. am damaSvralobam moapovebina mas niWi
mociqulobisa (gamyreliZe... 1961: 210).
sokrate sqolastikosis sityvebiT ki,
...tyve qali barbarosebs Soris iyo da sibrZnismoyvarul cxovrebas
eweoda; umankoebis dacvasTan erTad igi marxvasac zedmiwevniT
inaxavda da gulmodgine locvebsac eZleoda (gamyreliZe... 1961: 230).
ermia soZomenes aRweriT,
is uaRersad morwmune iyo da RvTismosavi, arc ucxo tomTa Soris
gaaneba Tavi Tavis Cveulebriv cxovrebas. Zalian uyvarda mas marxva,
RamiT da dRisiT locva da RmerTis dideba (gamyreliZe 1961... : 236).
rogorc zemoTdamowmebuli qarTuli da bizantiuri wyaroebi
gvauwyeben, cixe-simagresTan da Semdeg ,,brinjis xis’’ qveS myofi nino
SeumCneveli ar darCenila. sidonias mogonebidan irkveva, rom pirvelad
nino man swored ,,brinjis xis’’ qveS dainaxa. sidonias Tanaxmad, man
qarTlSi qristianobis gancxadebulad qadagebamde (raSic qarTlis
samefo karis oficialurad moqceva igulisxmeba) eqvsi weli gaatara. ,,da
odesme Svidni dedani dagvimowafna Sjulsa missa, rameTu hyofda

105
farulad kurnebaTa mravalTa’’ e.i. am eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi ninom
Svidi qali daimowafa da maT Soris - sidonia. isini arian qarTlSi
mosuli ninos pirveli ,,debi’’, maTgan daiwyo qalwulTa Temis
Camoyalibeba, rogorc Cans es ,,dedebi’’ ebrauli Temidan unda
yofiliyvnen, radgan nino saqadageblad pirvelad ebraul TemSi movida,
rogorc es mociqulTa droidan xdeboda.
sidonias roli qarTlis moqcevis istoriaSi gansakuTrebulia. mis
monaTxrobSi ninosTan pirveli Sexvedris Semdgom aRsrulebul
saswaulTa uSualo, cocxali STabeWdilebebia daculi. qristianobaze
moqceuli es ebraeli qalwuli ninos cxovrebaSi kidev erT
RvTismetyvelebaSi ganswavlul da winaswarmetyvelebis niWiT
dajildoebul qalad gvevlineba. arsenis gadmocemiT, ,,ese sidonia
swavlul iyo sjulsa mosesa da winaswarmetyuelTasa da keTilad da
RirsebiT mecnier...” (abulaZe 1967: 24). sayuradRebo faqtia sidonias mier
ninos xilvis ganmarteba. xilva ninos cxovrebaSi Zalian mxatvrulad da
cocxladaa aRwerili da SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove mkiTxveli
gakvirvebuli ar darCes am mcire epizodis mxatvruli
cxovelmyofelobiT:
vixile Cuenebasa Sina mciredsa mas mirulebasa Cemsa muჴlTa zeda:
movidian mfrinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daibannian da
movidian samoTxesa mas, babilosa mas moisTulebdian da yuavilsa mas
Zovdian, da mowled Cemdamo RaRadebed, reca Cemi ars samoTxჱ igi,
gare momadgian JRaviliT da ჴmobed Cemda momarT; mravalferad da
Suenierad iyo xilvaჲ igi maTi. da mravalgzis iyo ese. da uTxar ese
dasa Cemsa, asulsa abiaTarissa... da momeqca da mrqua: ,,Cuenebaჲ Seni
ars ese, rameTu adgili ese samoTxisaჲ Sen mier iqmnes samoTxჱ
sadidebelad RmrTisa, romlisaჲ ars didebaჲ aw da maradis da
ukuniTi ukunisamde, amin (gigineiSvili... 1975: 336).
aq sidonia ninoze upiratesadac ki moCans. nino sakuTari xilvis
Sinaarss ver swvdeba da misi axsnisaTvis sidonias, Tavis sulier das,
mimarTavs, romelic ninos xilvasac ganumartavs da mis momaval
moRvaweobasac uwinaswarmetyvelebs. sidonia Rrmad ganswavlulia
sakuTari eris istoriaSi.

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 Tavis monaTxrobSi sidonia amJRavnebs Zveli aRTqmis (sakuTari
xalxis) ara mxolod faqtobriv codnas (igi sagangebod aRniSnavs
Tavis nakiTxobas), aramed ganicdis mTeli Zveli aRTqmis istoriis
Sinagan da providenciul logikas da, rac mTavaria, profetuli
naTelxilvis ZaliT swvdeba kavSirs Zvelsa da axal aRTqmebs (axal
Jams) Soris, is realoba, rac bundovnad iyo gamoTqmuli Zveli
aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa mier, mis bageebSi sruli sicxadiT aris
verbalizebuli (kiknaZe 2009: 41-42).
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom sidonia uSualod moqcevis monawilea.
salome ujarmeli ninos monaTxrobs gadmoscems, sidonia, rogorc
monawile, sakuTari TvaliT nanaxs da gancdils gviziarebs. igi ara
mxolod aRwers faqtebs da xdomilebebs... sidonia ara mxolod Zveli
aRTqmis kvalificiuri egzegetia, aramed faqtebis hermenevtikosi,
romelic isev da isev Zveli aRTqmis Suqze amxels maT sazriss
(kiknaZe 2009: 43).
sidonia Rrmad ganswavluli ebraeli qalia. amgvari ebraeli qalis
saxe kargad aris cnobili gvianantikurobis qristianul da ebraul
literaturaSi. I-II saukuneebis ebrauli apokrifebidan CvenTvis cnobilia
ramdenime qali personaJi, romlebic TavianTi ganswavlulobiT,
winaswarmetyvelebis unariTa da RmerTTan gansakuTrebuli siaxloviT
yvela sxva danarCen morwmunes aRematebian. ebraul apokrifSi iubileeTa
wignSi (am wigns xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc mcire Sesaqmes, eTiopiuri
eklesiis mier is kanonikuradaa miCneuli, danarCen eklesiaTa mier ki -
arakanonikur apokrifad) isaakis coli rebeka gansakuTrebul ferebSia
daxatuli. swored rebeka da ara isaakia, am Txzulebis mixedviT, xidi
abraamsa da iakobs Soris, RmerTi rebekas meSveobiT ucxadebs sakuTar
nebas Tavis rCeulT, is ZvelaRqTmiseuli rwmenis gansaxireba da saRvTo
codnis mimRebelia (CesnuTi 1991: 120). igive rols asrulebs asineTi
iosebisa da asineTis apokrifSi. is WeSmarit rwmenaze moeqceva, amitom
iudaizmze moqceul prozelitTTvis asineTa arqetipul saxed iqca. misi
rwmena da madlmosileba arafriT Camouvardeba iosebisas (iqve). Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli RvTismosaobiT rebekasa da asineTas emsgavsebian iobis

107
asulebi apokrifuli iobis aRTqmidan (CesnuTi 1991: 120). 32 SegviZlia,
sidoniac rebekas, asineTasa da iobis asulTa rigSi CavayenoT, radgan
aSkaraa rom ninos cxovrebaSi aRwerili sidonias saxe aSkarad
gansxvavdeba qalis tradiciuli ebrauli (iudauri) xedvisgan. es kidev
erTi mxarea, riTac ninos cxovreba xmelTaSuazRvispirul qristianul
da ebraul kulturebsa da am kulturebSi gavrcelebul literaturul
modelebs ukavSirdeba.
sparsi mogvis xuaras (is nana dedoflis biZad moixsenieba)
gankurnebis Semdeg kapadokielma qalwulma mZimed dasneulebuli
dedofalic gamoixsna avadmyofobisgan da mirian mefes qristes Sjuli
uqadaga. sainteresoa, rom Tavdapirvelad mirianma ninos SesTavaza
,,yofiliyo erTi mawovnebelTagani pativcemul queyanasa amas’’ anu miriani
miiCnevs rom nino saswaulebs armazisa da zadenis ZaliT sCadis (kiknaZe
2009: 55), miriani ninos ,,armazis mxevlobas hpirdeba’’, rac erTgvari
paraleli unda iyos Zvel aRmosavleTsa da romSi gavrcelebul
qalwulTa kultTan (kiknaZe 2009: 56). misi azriT nino qarTvelTa
uZvelesi RmerTebisagan saswaulebrivi unarebiT iyo dajildovebuli,
mirianisaTvis ninos Zala da funqcia nayofierebasTan asocirdeba
(yofiliyo erTi mawovnebelTagani), rac namdvilad araa gasakviri, radgan
Zveli qalRmerTebi TavianT Zalmosilebas, upirveles yovlisa, swored
nayofierebasa da SobadobaSi avlendnen (balardi 2013: 8-9). nayofiereba
qalis socialuri statusisaTvis aucilebeli iyo, misi mniSvneloba
izrdeboda, Tuki am nayofierebas sakraluri datvirTva eniWeboda. qalis
sxeuli (romelsac Zveli aRmosavleTis warmarTul kultebSi didi
adgili ekava) imTaviTve nayofierebasTan igivdeboda, mag, apuleiusi
qalRmerT isidas erT-erT dResaswauls aRwers. sadResaswaulo
procesiis dros gamodioda qurumi, romelsac qalis mkerdis formis
WurWeli ekava da rZes Rvrida (balardi 2013: 12), amitom mirianis
SeTavazeba sulac araa gasakviri, Tumca mirian mefe maleve gamovida
warmarTuli kultebis gavlenidan.

32
aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom iobis asulebi gamorCeuli sulieri unarebiT
aRniSnuli Txzulebis interpolaciaSi arian warmodgenilni, romelic 46-53-e Tavebs
moicavs (CesnuTi 1991: 120).

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 moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ-is gadmocemiT, qarTlis mmarTveli
saswaulebrivad moeqca qristianobaze (mzis dabneleba TxoTis mTaze),
qalaqisaken momavals gaxarebuli mosaxleoba qinZarsa da RarTTan
xvdeboda. miriani ninos qarTlSi mosvlas axali Jamis dadgomas,
qarTvelTa qveynis feriscvalebas ukavSirebs, ixsenebs ra Tavis anderZSi
sakuTar moqcevasa da mistikur gamocdilebas: ,,Suva Rames oden meCuena
mzჱ brwyinvalჱ, qriste RmerTi Cueni’’. SeiZleba am sityvebis
avTenturobaSi, z. kiknaZis SeniSvniT, eWvi SevitanoT, ,,magram udavoa, rom
raRac msgavsi xati unda gaCeniliyo mis cnobierebaSi” (kiknaZe 2009: 59).
,,xolo netari nino dadgromil iyo locvasa mwuxrisas Cveulebisamebr
mayvlovansa Sina da Cuen mis Tana ormeoc da aTi asuli” (gigineiSvili...
1979: 342) e. i. ninos garSemo Semokrebil dedaTa raodenoba (Tu
gadamweris, an gviandeli redaqtoris SecdomasTan ar gvaqvs saqme)
ormocdaaTamde gaizarda.
aqve gvinda xazi gavusvaT ninos cxovrebaSi asaxul kidev erT
mniSvnelovan detals (romelic aseve gamodgeba am hagiografiuli
Txzulebis siZvelisa da avTenturobis dasadastureblad). Cven zemoT
SevexeT ninos ,,tyveobis’’ sakiTxs. qarTuli, somxuri da bizantiuri
wyaroebi ninos erTxmad aRiareben tyved. r. siraZis saintereso
dakvirvebiT,
ninos saxe mravalmxrivia. esaa ,,gardamavali’’ saxe warmarTobidan
qristianobisaken, ufro zustad, igi sinTezuri saxea warmarTulisa
da qristianulisa, nimuSia warmarTuli idealebis qristianuli
modificirebisa. amis gamomxatvelia masSi ori niSanTvisebis Serwyma,
rom is aris ,,dedufali’’, da amave dros ,,tyvec’’. ,,dedufali’’ aq
warmarTobidan momdinare maxasiaTebeli unda iyos, xolo ,,tyve’’ –
qristianuli idealebis gamomxatvel (siraZe 1987: 98).
r. siraZe Zalian kargad aCvenebs ninos cxovrebaSi daleqil uZveles
warmarTul plastebs. Cven zemoT vaxseneT, rom ninos ,,tyved’’ moxseniebac
didi albaTobiT qristianuli idealebis gamomxatveli unda iyos, Cans
qarTlSi axladSemosuli nino iqaurebs Tavs ubralo ,,tyved’’ acnobda,
malavda ra amiT sakuTar warmomavlobas, amasTan ,,tyveSi’’ ukve TviTonve
debda Rrma sulier da saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarss. r. siraZis azriT,

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 ...qristologiuri TvalsazrisiT nino sulieri meufe ,,monacaa’’, aseTia
qriste da aseTive azriT unda ewodebodes ninos ,,dedufalica’’ da
,,tyvec’’... rogorc unda iyos, ninos tyveobas imTaviTve simboluri
mniSvneloba unda miscemoda (siraZe 1987: 101-102).
rac Seexeba ,,dedufals’’, aq pativcemul mkvlevarTan daTanxmeba
gagviWirdeba (Tumca, bunebrivia, r. siraZis argumentacias Tavisi logika
aqvs), savaraudod, ninos ,,deduflad’’ moxsenieba misi adreul qristianul
asketizmTan da qalwulTa TemebTan kavSiris kidev erTi cxadi dasturia.
saqme isaa, rom rogorc papirusebidan da sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidan,
SevityveT qalwulTa Temis winamZRolebs ,,κύρια’’-d anu ,,dedoflad”
moixseniebdnen. r. siraZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, ,, ...nino dedoflad
ixsenieba ara warmoSobis gamo, aramed qarTlis winaSe misi damsaxurebis
gamo’’, anu ,,dedufali’’, am SemTxvevaSi, ninos aristokratiuli
warmomavlobis aRmniSvneli aSkarad ar aris. ninos es wodeba, pirvel
yovlisa, rogorc qalwulTa Temis winamZRols, ekuTvnoda. rodesac
mowafeebi ninos ,,deduflad’’ moixsenieben, maT jer kidev ar uwyian ninos
aristokratiuli warmomavloba.
mirian mefis moqcevas mohyveba qarTlSi imperator konstantinesTan
mociqulebis gagzavna, eklesiaTa mSenebloba da xalxis monaTvla, rac
vrcladaa moTxrobili ninos cxovrebis yvela redaqciaSi. sveticxovlis
mSeneblobis erT-erT epizodSi nino kvlav qalwulTa Temis wevrebTan
erTad Cans. rodesac mSeneblebma svetis aRmarTva ver SeZles da mefe da
eri damwuxrebulni daiSalnen, ,,netari nino daSTa adgilsave, da
aTormetni dedani sxuani’’ (gigineiSvili... 1979: 344; abulaZe 1963: 138). am
cnobas Satberdulica da WeliSuri redaqciebic gvawvdis. rogorc Cans,
es Tormeti qalwuli ninosTan gansakuTrebulad iyo daaxloebuli.
ninos mowafeebSi ara mxolod ubralo qalebi – dabali socialuri
fenis warmomadgenlebi, aramed aristokratebic iyvnen, kerZod ki nana
dedofali, salome ujarmeli da peroJavri sivnieli. es ori ukanaskneli
misi Tavgadasavlis aRmwerelad iqca. salome ujarmeli ninos cxovrebis
erT-erTi Semoqmedi da qarTlis gaqristianebis gamorCeuli monawilea.
misi saxeli ,,salome’’ (bibliuri saxeli) ebraul gavlenas unda
ukavSirdebodes” (kiknaZe 2009: 65-66), Tumca ufro savaraudoa, rom salome

110
misi naTlobis saxeli iyos. sikvdilis win ninom helene dedoflis mier
gamogzavnili werili salome ujarmels gadasca (amis Sesaxeb WeliSuri
redaqcia gvauwyebs (abulaZe 1963: 90)).
salome ujarmelis gavlena da avtoriteti faravs da afremkrTalebs
misi meuRlis, mefe mirianis Zis, revis saxes. z. kiknaZis azriT,
,,ufliswuli revi aris imis cocxali magaliTi, Tu rogor upiratesoben
qalebi moqcevaჲ-Si da sZleven mamakacTa iniciativas mis yvela etapze,
yvela saqmianobaSi” (kiknaZe 2009: 60). revi qarTlis moqcevaSi naklebad
figurirebs, rogorc Cans is ufro individualur doneze moRvaweobda.
salome ujarmelis fonze is marTlac ukana planze dgas.
qarTlis moqcevaSi mniSvnelovani piria ninos cxovrebis Tanaxmad,
ninos cxovrebis meore aRmwereli da avtori peroJavri sivnieli.
peroJavris Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs imdeni informacia, ramdenic salomes
Sesaxeb, Tumca ninos cxovrebis dasawyisidan Cans, rom peroJavri
ninosTan daaxloebuli unda yofiliyo.
qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli mcxeTaSi moRvaweobis Semdeg mTielebTan
saqadageblad gaemarTa. Semdeg kaxeTs Camovida da iqaurebi moaqcia.
kaxeTSi yofnisas nino dasneulda da mcxeTisken wamoemarTa, Tumca gzaze
,,sneuleba daumZimda’’ da daba bods 33 gaCerda. aqedan man werilebi
gaugzavna mefe miriansa da nanas. nino bodSi gardaicvala, 34 mefem misi
wasveneba mcxeTaSi isurva, Tumca misi cxedari ver daZres, amitom iqve
dakrZales.
ninos mier Camoyalibebuli qalwulTa Temis Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.
zemoT damowmebuli wyaroebidan Cven davinaxeT rom qalwulebi mudmivad
ninosTan iyvnen da masTan erTad mayvlovanSi moRvaweobdnen. ninos
cxovrebidan ar Cans, gayvnen Tu ara isini qarTlis ganmanaTlebels
mTianeTsa da kaxeTSi misioneruli mogzaurobisas. SesaZlebelia maTi
nawili qadagebisas Tan axlda ninos, xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

33
ninos gardacvalebisa da gansasveneblis adgili wyaroebSi mravalnairad formiT
gvxvdeba: bodi/budi/bodini/bodisi, Cven am SemTxvevaSi Satberdiseuli redaqciis
variants vaniWebT upiratesobas, radgan es redaqcia ufro zustad gadmogvcems kerZo
pirTa da geografiul saxelebs.
34 rogorc ninos cxovrebis sinuri redaciebidan irkveva, nino romeliRac infeqciuri
daavadebiT, kerZod ki malariiT, unda gardacvliliyo daax. 331 wels (nikoloziSvili
2006b: 57-60).

111
bodSi, mis gansasvnebleTan darCenen da aq gaagrZeles moRvaweoba, risi
varaudic yvelaze logikuri iqneboda, Tumca amis damadasturebeli raime
xelSesaxebi cnoba Cven amJamad ar gagvaCnia.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nino ganmanaTlebeli
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad asketuri, monazvnuri
cxovrebis pirvelmqadagabelic iyo. ninosa da mis garSemo myof qalTa
saxeebSi Cven mowameebs, misionerebs, saswaulmoqmedebs,
winaswarmetyvelbsa da mociqulebs vxedavT. nino adreul qristianobaSi
Camoyalibebul qalwulTa dasis (qalwulTa mwyobris) tipiuri
warmomadgenelia. qristianuli asketizmis es erTgavarad gardamavali
forma, I-III saukuneebis (SeiZleba iTqvas, jer kidev Camouyalibebeli,
gauformebeli, ,,eqsperimentuli’’) asketuri praqtikidan IV-V saukuneebis
institucionalizebul samonastro cxovrebaze, kargad aisaxa ninos
cxovrebaSi, romlis ZiriTadi avTenturi nawili 362 wlamde unda
Seqmniliyo. ninos cxovreba Zalian aSkarad gamoxatavs imdroindel
qristianul xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gavrclebul ,,suliskveTebebs’’, am
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel religiur, politikur, socialur, genderul
da eTnikur kodebs, rac am wyaros ZiriTadi plastis avTenturobaze
naTlad mianiSnebs. Txzulebas aSkarad etyoba qal avtorTa xeli, qalTa
avtoroba ki araTu gvianantikuri, aramed mTlianad qristianuli
hagiografiis istoriisaTvis Zalze uCveulo da iSviaTia, es ki kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani garemoebaa, riTac ninos cxovrebis mniSvneloba da
unikaluroba dasturdeba zogadad da, konkretulad, qarTuli asketuri
tradiciis istoriaSi.

$4. evstaTi sebastieli

Cveni dakvirvebiT, IV saukunis I naxevarSi saqarTveloSi (mis dasavleT

da samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi) bermonazvnuri cxovrebis wesis
pirvelgamavrcelebeli evstaTi sebastieli (evstaTize Cven zemoT
gvqonda saubari). unda yofiliyo. ris safuZvelze gamogvaqvs amgvari
daskvna?

112
 Cveni yuradReba miiqcia ermia soZomenes erTma cnobam. eklesiis
istorikosis gadmocemiT: ,,Ἀρμενίοις δὲ καὶ παφλαγόσι, καί τοῖς τὸν Πόντον οἰκοῦσι,
λέγεται, Εὐσταθιος ὁ τής ἐν Σεβαστία τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐκκλησίαν ἐπιτροπεύσας, μοναχικῆς
πολιτείας ἂρξαι’’ anu, ,,amboben rom somxebSi, paflagonielebsa da pontos
mcxovreblebSi evstaTi, somxeTis sebastiis eklesiis winamZRoli,
qadagebda bermonazvnur cxovrebas’’ (xinTibiZe 1982: 179). es aris Patrologia
Gareca-s teqsti, romelic e. xinTibiZes aqvs damowmebuli, magram rogorc
cnobilia Patrologia Graeca-s gamomcemels abat Jan pol mins teqstebi
kritikulad ar daudgenia. damowmebul nawyvetSi CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa winadadeba: ,,Ἀρμενίοις δὲ καί Παφλαγόσι καί τοῖς πρός τόν Πόντον
οἰκοῦσι’’, anu ,,somxebSi, paflagonielebsa da pontos mcxovreblebSi’’. saqme
isaa, rom e. xinTibiZes ,,τοῖς πρὸς τὸν Πόντον οἰκοῦσι’’ naTargmni aqvs, rogorc
,,pontos piras mosaxleni’’ (xinTibiZe 1982: 179), Tumca nawilaki ,,πρός’’
akuzativusSi mdgar arsebiT saxelTan prepoziciur wyobaSi SeiZleba
niSnavdes, rogorc ,,Tan (piras)’’, aseve ,,Si’’. ufro logikuria, Tu am
pasaJs vTargmniT, rogorc ,,pontos mcxovreblebSi (mosaxleebSi)’’, da ara
,,pontos napiras (an pontosTan) mosaxleebSi’’. magram teqstSi, romelic
kritikuladaa dadgenili ,,ponto’’ micemiTSi dgas da ara akuzativSi:
,,Αρμενίοις δὲ καὶ Παφλαγόσι καὶ τοῖς πρὸς τᾠ Πόντῳ οἰκοῦσι’’ (elmi 1994: 107). am
SemTxvevaSi SeTanxmebis ,,πρὸς τᾠ Πόντῳ’’ yvelaze adekvaturi Targmani
iqneba ,,pontosTan’’ an ,,pontospireTSi’’ an ,,pontos maxloblad’’. aseve
aqvs naTargmni rus mTargmnelsac: ,,У Армянь, Пафлагонян и обителей
Припонтийских’’ (xazgasma Cvenia – S. m.) (soZomene 1851: 199). gansxvavebulad
Targmnis am pasaJs susana elmi: ,,It is said that Eustathius, who governed the church of
Sebaste in Armenia, founded a society of monks in Armenia, Paphlagonia and Pontus’’
(xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (elmi 1994: 107), rac ar aris zusti Targmani.
vin unda yofiliyvnen ,,pontos maxloblad mcxovrebni’’ somxebisa da
paflagonielebis garda? bunebrivia, ,,pontos maxloblad
mcxovreblebSi’’, romlebsac evstaTi samonazvno cxovrebas uqadagebda,
iberielebi da kolxebi unda vigulisxmoT. vfiqrobT, aq mcire eqskursi
iqneba saWiro, bizantiur mwerlobaSi, iberiisa da kolxeTis

113
geografiuli mdebareobis aRweris TvalsazirisiT, raTa ermia
soZomeniseul cnobas paraleli daeZebnos sxva avtorebTan.
Ase, magaliTad, Sesaqmis wignis laTinur redaqciaSi qarTveluri
modgmis xalxebi uSualod paflagonielebTan moixseniebian:
...da es iafetis tomebi midiidan okeanis dasavleT kidemde arian
gadaWimuli CrdiloeTisaken; eseni arian... paflagonielebi,
mariandelebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, mossÂnotebi, kolxebi, melankebi...
(gamyreliZe... 1961: 13).
kesarios nazianzeli (grigol RvTismetyvelis umcrosi Zma) ase aRwers
qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebas:
zemo sarmatiaSi da skviTiaSi da yvela im tomTebTan, romelnic
pontos gareTa mxares cxovroben, - versad ver naxav zarafs, verc
moqandakes an mxatvars, verc xuroTmoZRvars, verc aSursa da
msaxiobs, rogorc es CvenSia (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (gamyreliZe... 1961:
37).
cxadia, rom ,,yvela im tomebSi, romlebic pontos gareTa mxares
cxovroben’’ (καὶ πᾶσιν ἐν τοῖς ἐξωτικοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ Πόντου ἕθνεσιν) qarTveluri
tomebi unda igulisxmebodnen. filosofos Temistiosis erT-erT Tavis
werilSi ase aRwers kolxeTis mdebareobas:
mec Cemo kargo axalgazrdav, ritorikis nayofi movwyvite gacilebiT
ufro uCinar adgilas, vidre es Cveni adgilia, ara wynarsa da elinur
adgilas, aramed pontos boloSi, fazisis maxloblad, sadac argom
Tesaliidan wamosulma, daisadgura... da ai, aseTi barbarosuli
adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem da saTnoebam gaxades elinuri da aqcies
muzebis taZrad, im erTi kacis, romelic damkvidrda kolxebis da
armenielebis qveyanaSi... (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (gamyreliZe... 1961: 50).
IV saukunis cnobili mematiane amiane marceline qarTveluri modgmis
xalxebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebs ,,pontos ubeSi’’ mdebare qveynebad
Tvlida:
droa, rom, rogorc vfiqrob, raki didi xelmwifis mizeziT am
mxareebs mivadeqiT, mkafio sarwmunoebiT aRvwero, rac ki raime
naxuli an wakiTxuli maqvs Trakiis Soreuli [kuTxeebisa] da pontos
ubis mdebareobis Sesaxeb (gamyreliZe... 1961: 103).

114
 Trakiis aRweris Semdeg ki amiane swored qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis aRwerilobaze gadadis (gamyreliZe... 1961: 108-120). gelasi
kesarieli wers:
imave xanebSi RmrTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare
miwawyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac manamade ar
swamdaT (Κατὰ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον καὶ οἰ πρὸς τῇ κατά Πόντον γῇ Ἴβηρές τε καὶ
Λαζοὶ τόν τοῦ Θεοῦ ὲδέξαντο λόγον, μήπω πρὸ τοὺτου εἰς αὐτὸν πεπιστευκόντες)
(xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (gamyreliZe... 1961 : 186).
rufinusis gadmocemiT, ,,amave xanebSi iberTa tomma, romelic
cxovrobs pontos mxareSi, miiRo RmrTis mcnebis kanonebi da momavali
(saiqio) cxovrebis rwmena’’ (Per idem tempus Iberorum gens, quae sub axe Pontico
iacet, verbi Dei foedera et fidem future susceperat) (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)
(gamyreliZe... 1961: 201)).
zemoTdamowmebuli mcire, Tumca sxvadasxva periodis, masalidanac
vfiqrobT naTelia, rom berZnul-romauli wyaroebi ,,pontospireTSi’’
(vigulisxmebT ,,pontoSi’’ romis imperiis provinciasa Tu ubralod Sav
zRvas) mosaxle tomebad iberielebi da kolxebi miaCndaT, amitom
soZomene ,,pontospireTSi’’ mosaxle xalxebSi, romelTa Sorisac evstaTi
sebastieli bermonazvnuri cxovrebis wess nergavda, swored iberielebi
da kolxebi unda vigulisxmoT. maSasadame, evstaTi sebastielis qadageba
qarTlsac (albaT mis samxreT-dasavleT mxareebs) da egrissac miswvda. es
cnoba saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis dafuZnebisa da gavrclebeis
erT-erT uadres epizodad unda CavTvaloT. SesaZlebelia, am SemTxevvaSi,
iberiasa da kolxeTSi, garkveuli saxiT, arianelobis gavrcelebac
vivaraudoT, radgan am periodSi evstaTi arianuli moZRvrebis mxurvale
mqadagebelsa da mimdevars warmoadgenda.

115
 Tavi IV. qarTuli bermonazvnoba V saukuneSi

$1. wilknis monasteri

werilobiT da arqeologiur wyaroTa dakvirvebuli analizi

gviCvenebs, rom V saukunis qarTlSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebis
anaqoretuli (gandegiluri) da kvinoburi (zogadcxovrebuli anu asketTa
mWidro erToba) saxeebi unda gavrcelebuliyo. saubrobs ra
saqarTveloSi saeklesio wes-wyobilebis Sesaxeb, iv. javaxiSvili
SeniSnavs, rom saeklesio cxovrebis sxva formebTan erTad ,,V saukuneSi
Cndeba saqarTveloSi meudabneobac’’ (javaxiSvili 1980: 337), Tumca
aRniSnul Sexedulebas konkretuli wyaros dasaxelebis gareSe
gamoTqvams. arqimandriti grigol feraZec miuTiTebda, rom qarTuli
bermonazvnobis pirveldamwyebni da safuZvlisCamyrelni anaqoretebi –
martomyofeli monazvnebi unda yofiliyvnen (feraZe 2006: 126).
1978 wels s. wilkanTan axlos Tlili qvebiT naSenebi miwisqveSa
akldama aRmoCnda. arqeologebs akldamis SigniT kirxsnariT dafarul
dasavleT kedelze wiTeli da Savi asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli Zlier
dazianebuli oTxstriqoniani berZnuli warwera daxvdaT. rogorc Cans
warwera Tavdapirvelad wiTeli asoebiT unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli, Savi
saRebavi Semdeg gadausves. warwera qrizmebiTaa gaformebuli,
Tavdapirvelad sami striqoni unda waeweraT, IV mogvianebiTaa
mimatebuli, iseve rogorc warweris danarCeni nawili, romelmac Cvenamde
ver moaRwia. warwera ase ikiTxeba (vimowmebT T. yauxCiSviliseul
wakiTxvas): ,,ἐγώ Τικᾶς καὶ ἡσυ[χαστής ἀββ]α μου Φαρανούσης ἐποιήσαμην [β]ωμὸν τοῦτον
ἰσό[δ]ομ[ον ἑαυτοῖς] [Π]α[π]ριοῦπας (?) Ίσδ[ιγέρδης] (?) [πρὸς δε καὶ ἐνθάδεν κεῖνται]
(yauxCiSvili 2000: 213-214). warwera ase iTargmneba (T. yauxCiSviliseuli
Targmani): ,,me tikasma da berma Cemma amba faranusesma gavakeTeT es
akldama Tlili qvebisgan CvenTvis. papriupasi (?), isdigerdesi (?) aseve aq
ganisveneben’’ (yauxCiSvili 2000: 213-214). vimowmebTa aseve e. WeliZiseul
Targmans: ,,me tikasma da Cemma abbam, dayudebulma faranusem vqmeniT

116
CvenTvis samsxverplo (samartvile) Tanabrad Senebuli, papriupa da
isdigerde aseve aq mdebareoben’’ (nacvliSvili 2005: 363).
warweraSi CvenTvis Zalian sainteresoa sityva, romlis mxolod
pirveli sami aso ikiTxeba da T. yauxCiSvili savsebiT logikurad mas
,,ἡσυχαστής’’-d aRadgens. termini ,,ἡσυχία’’ ukve farTod gamoiyeneboda IV
saukunis asketur literaturaSi. misi qarTuli Sesatyvisi iyo
,,dayudebaჲ’’, ,,myudroebaჲ’’ (WeliZe 2013a: 373). ,,hesiqasti’’ garkveuli
periodi iTargmneboda, rogorc ,,dayudebuli’’, Tumca SemdgomSi,
gelaTuri mTargmnelobiTi skolis gavleniT, mis Targmanad ,,memyudrove’’
damkvidrda (WeliZe 2013a: 327, 273; WeliZe 2013b: 114). mas gandegilis,
martomyofelis mniSvnelobac aqvs (lampis TargmaniT solitary, distinct from
cenobite (lampi 1963: 609)). es sityva ukve gvxvdeba IV saukunis iseT
avtorebTan, rogorebic arian amoni – antonis mowafe da savarudod
qalaq oqsirinqusis episkoposi (sidorovi 2012: 39), esaia ganSorebuli
(WeliZe 2013a: 61), basili didi (qajaia 1992: 211), V saukuneSi nilos
sineli (WeliZe 2013b: 24) da sxv.
ra aris ,,dayudeba’’ da vin aris ,,memyudrove’’ (,,dayudebuli’’)? basili
Tavis me-2 epistoleSi grigol RvTismetyvels swers: ,, ...dayudebaჲ
dasabami ars sulisa ganwmendisaჲ’’ (qajaia 1992: 211) (,, Ἡσυχία ουν ἀρχή
καθάρσεως τῄ φύχῃ’’ (PG: 228)). dayudebaSi qristiani avtorebi vnebaTagan
ganSorebasa da RvTaebriv, Seuqmnel sinaTlesTan miaxlebas
gulisxmobdnen. memyudrove qristiani asketia, romelic sulieri
TviTCaRmavebiTa da gonieri locviT suls ganiwmends. basili didis
swavlebiT dayudebis safuZveli gonebis Semokrebaa.
rameTu gonebaჲ odes ara ganbneul iqmnes da ganscxrebodis
xedvaTagan, ara Seuჴdes sagrZnobelTa guamisaTa raჲme SfoTTagani
amis sawuTroჲsaჲ. Semokrbebis gonebaჲ Tavsa Sina Tჳssa da xedavn
gulissityuaTa saRmrToTa da ixarebn maSin da ganaTldebin
SuenierebiTa miT zeSTaeჲsiTa, vidremdis daaviwydis kacsa bunebaჲca
da ara guli uTquamn WamadTaTჳs da arca zrunavn samoslisaTჳs.
garna ganTavisuflebul iqmnis yovlisa zrunvisa amis queyanisa,
rameTu Rwolaჲ misi da zrunvaჲ ese ars, Tu viTar ukve moipovnes

117
 saqmeni igi keTilni da didebulni da viTar SeikrZalos siwmindჱ da
simჴniT moTminebaჲ, simarTlჱ da gonierebaჲ da yovelive, raჲca
iSvebis didebulisa misgan saTnoebisa (qajaia 1992: 211).
saTnoebebSi wvrTnisa da sulis dafarul sneulebaTagan ganwmendis
Semdeg ki mas RmerTis xilvis SesaZlebloba eZleva. ioane oqropiris
ganmartavs ra saxarebiseul sityvebs (,,netar arian wmidani guliTa,
rameTu maT RmerTi ixilon’’ (maTe 5 : 8)), ambobs:
aramed sxuasaca uaRressa rasme xilvasa netarebaჲ igi moaswavebs
damarxulsa wmidaTaTჳs guliTa, romel-igi bunebasa Sina kacobrivsa
SesaZlebel ars datevnad, romeli mas saukunesa ganmzadebul ars
wmidaTaTჳs, romelsa vhgoneb, Tu igi ars uaRresobaჲ yovelTa maT
keTilTa sasufevlisaTa, da ufroჲsRa vTqua, Tu igi ars sasufeveli
caTaჲ, xilvaჲ RmrTisaჲ, ravden-igi SesaZlebel ars, ara Tu raჲ igi
ars, aramed raჲ-igi icis man mxoloman, viTarmed Tavs-idebs bunebaჲ
Cueni xilvad (TvalTvaZe... 2014: 231).
ase rom, memyudrove gansakuTrebuli sulieri Rvawlis matarebeli
moRvawe, gandegilia, romelic uaryofs ra wuTisofels, monazvnebis
gzaze Semdgari sakuTari sulis ganwmendiTaa dakavebuli.
wilknis akldamis warweraSi daculia kidev erTi saintereso termini
,,άββα’’. es sityva siriuli warmoSobisaa da ,,mamas’’ niSnavs. qristianul
metyvelebaSi man ,,sulieri mamis’’ datvirTva SeiZina. 35 aqve SevniSnavT,
rom ,,abba’’ (amba) aucileblad monazons, bers ar gulisxmobs, is
presviterebsac da mRvdelmTavrebsac miemarTebodaT. 36 Cven SemTxvevaSi ki
,,abba’’ memyudrove bers faranusess ewodeba, rac SesaZlebelia imaze
mianiSnebs, rom faranusesi (farnavazi?) mcirericxovani saZmos
winamZRvari iyo (yauxCiSvili 2000: 214).

35
egviptur papirusebSi ,,άππα’’ (άππας) mSoblisadmi sapativcemulo mimarTva iyo, III
saukunis bolodan da IV saukunis dasawyisidan man ,,sulieri mamis’’ mniSvneloba SeiZina
(elmi 1994: 246).
36
mag. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebidan cnobilia urbnisis sionis V saukunis I
naxevris saamSeneblo warwera: ,,ufalo iesu qriste, kostanti, mamaჲ miqael Seiwyalen,
amis sionisa maSenebelni’’, sadac ,,mamaჲ’’ swored ,,abba’’-s eqvivalentia. warweraSi
moxseniebuli miqaelis epiteTi ,,mama’’ aucileblad mis monazvnobas ar niSnavs.

118
 d. xoStarias SeniSvniT, wilknis akldamasTan yvelaze met siaxloves
r. ramiSvilis mier aRmoCenili erwos sionis akldama avlens (xoStaria
2000: 50).
wilknis akldamis warwera qarTuli monasticizmis istoriis uadres
wyaros warmoadgens. is mowmobs rom wilkanSi adreqristianul xanaSi
arsebobda monasteri. ramdenadac ber-monazonTa saZvaleebi, rogorc
wesi, maTsave monastrebSi ewyoboda, unda vifiqroT, rom monasteri,
romlis beric iyo faranusesi, aqve mdebareobda, e. i. akldama gakeTda
monastris teritoriaze. am azrs ganamtkicebs akldamis dasavleTiT,
sul samiode metris moSorebiT gamovlenili eklesiis naSTi. eklesia
darbazulia, aqvs afsiduri sakurTxeveli. is sakmaod Zveli Cans,
magram dazustebiT dasaTariReblad xelmosaWidi araferi gvaqvs
(xoStaria 2009: 50).
d. xoStarias azriT, faranusesi qarTuli farnavazi unda iyos
(xoStaria 2009: 50).
n. nacvliSvilis SexedulebiT, warweraSi naxsenebi berebi eTnikurad
berZnebi unda yofiliyvnen. ,,warweraSi moxseniebul berZnebs hqoniaT
eklesia da akldama (igive sasaflao), romelTac Semovlebuli hqonia
zRude’’ (nacvliSvili 2005: 364). d. xoStarias kvladkaval n.
nacvliSvilic fiqrobs, rom akldama dayudebul berebs unda aeSenebinaT,
akldamis moSorebiT SemorCenili absidiani eklesiis naSTi
(nikoleiSvili 1986: 40), misi azriT, memyudrove berebis samlocvelo
egvteri unda yofiliyo, xolo akldama - maT samudamo gansasvenebeli
(nikoleiSvili 1986: 365). vfiqrobT d. xoStariasa da n. nacvilSvilis
amgvari varaudi safuZvliania. Cven saqme gvaqvs erT-erT uadres
monasterTan saqarTveloSi, romlis Zmobasac abba faranusesi
winamZRvrobda.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT n. nacvliSvils es berebi berZnebi hgonia.
naTelia isic, rom IV-V saukuneebSi wilkanSi ucxovriaT berZen
monazonsa da mis mowafes, Tumca saukuneTa gadasaxedidan Zneli
gasarkvevia, adgilobrivebi iyvnen, isini, Tu saberZneTidan
Camosulebi. rac Seexeba monasters, saepiskoposo ukve gulisxmobs iq,
Tundac erTi monazvnis, episkoposis cxovrebas, ase rom, rogorc Cans,

119
 wilkanSi berZeni beris misvlamde ukve arsebobda qarTuli monasteri
(nacvliSvili 2005: 368).
n. nacvliSvili cdilobs wilknis monastris istoria aRadginos
saeklesio kanonebze dayrdnobiT, misi azriT, ,,wilknis SemTxvevaSi
ucxoeli monazvnebi ,,Sewyanrebulni’’ arian adgilobrivi episkoposisa da
monastris mier (nacvliSvili 2005: 53) da Sesabamisad ,,berZeni berebi’’
qarTul monastersa da qarTvel episkoposs emorCilebodnen.
wilknis akldamis warweraSi moxseniebul pirTa elinizirebuli
saxelebi jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom es berebi aucileblad berZnebi
iyvnen. 37 berZnuli saxelebi gavrclebuli iyo eTnikurad uaRresad Wrel
da mravalferovan elinistur samyaroSi. meorec, am pirebis saxelebi
sulac araa berZnuli. T. yauxCiSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, warweraSi
moxseniebuli yvela sakuTari saxeli sparsulia (SesaZlebelia d.
xoStarias azri marTebulia da ,,faranusesi’’ qarTuli ,,farnavazis’’
elinizirebuli forma iyos, Tumca T. yauxCiSvili SeniSnavs, rom
saxelic (,,φαρανούσης/φαρναούσης’’) sparsulia (yauxCiSvili 2000: 214)), amitom
saxelebis mixedviT Cven namdvilad ver vimsjelebT warweraSi
moxseniebul pirTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, Tumca imis Tqma ki
danamdvilebiT SegviZlia rom isini berZnebi ar iyvnen, radgan gaugebaria,
ratom unda rqmeodaT berZnebs sparsuli saxelebi, rodesac qristianul
samyaroSi araberZnebsac ki berZnuli saxelebi erqvaT? ratom aris
warwera Sesrulebuli berZnulad da niSnavs Tu ara warweris
berZnulenovneba da sparsuli saxelebi imas, rom masSi moxseniebuli
pirebi qarTvelebi ar arian? erTi mxriv, berZnuli warwera da sparsuli
saxelebi maT ucilobel ucxoelobas ar niSnavs, meore mxriv, arc maTi
qarTvelobis damadasturebeli raime cnoba da sabuTi mogvepoveba. garda
amisa safuZvelsmoklebulad gveCveneba n. nacvliSvilis msjeloba imis
Sesaxeb, rom es ,,berZeni berebi’’ aq manamade arsebul qarTul monasters
eqvemdebarebodnen da am monastrisgan iyvnen ,,Sewynarebulni’’, radgan
aRniSnuli mosazrebebis dasamtkiceblad araviTari sabuTi ar gagvaCnia,
Tumca TiTqmis ueWvelia, rom es monasteri wilknel mRvdelmTavars

37 wilkanSi episkoposis yofna sulac ar niSnavs aq monastris arsebobas. CvenTvis

saintereso periodSi episkoposad xelTdasxmisaTvis monazvnad aRkveaca ar iyo
savaldebulo

120
emorCileboda, radgan aq, saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis
uadresi etapidanve, arsebobda saepiskoposo kaTedra. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom VI saukunis 40-ian wlebSi asurel mamebs wilkanSi monasteri ar
dauarsebiaT.
am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom warwera IV-V
saukuneebis (am saukuneTa mijnis) qarTlSi (warweris ufro zustad
daTariReba SeuZlebelia) mcxirericxovani samonastro Zmobis
(memyudrove moRvaweebis) arsebobas adasturebs.

$2. gandegilebi V saukunis qarTlSi

qarTlSi moRvawe sxva dayudebul gandegilTa Sesaxeb cnobas iakob

curtavelis TxzulebaSi vxvdebiT. SuSanikis martvilobaSi vkiTxulobT:
xolo episkoposi igi saxlisaჲ mis pitiaxSisaჲ, romelsa saxeli
erqua afoc, ara mun iyo, aramed kacisa visme wmidisa vanad misrul
iyo kiTxvad raჲsame sityჳsa. da meca xucesi dedoflisa SuSanikisi,
Tana vhyvandi episkopossa mas. da myis moiwia Cuenda diakoni SinaჲT
da gჳTxra Cuen ese yoveli: mosvlaჲ pitiaxSisaჲ da saqmeni
dedoflisani. xolo Cuen aRvivseniT mwuxarebiTa da didiTa
tiriliTa vtirodeT ganmwarebulni codvaTa CuenTa
warmoCinebisaTvis; xolo me vijmen adre da miviwie dabasa mas,
romelsaca iyo netari SuSanik’’ (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (abulaZe 1938:
8).
aq ramdenime garemoebaze unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba: episkoposi
afoci da mRvdeli iakobi rCevis sakiTxavad ,,vinme wmida kacTan’’ iyvnen
misulebi da rogorc Cans es wminda kaci ,,dabidan’’ Sors ar cxovrobda,
radgan diakvani SuSanikis ambis Sesatyobineblad afocsa da iakobs
maleve akiTxavs da iakobic im dResve brundeba dabaSi, sadac SuSanikis
tragikuli istoria daiwyo. a. jiqia SeniSnavs, rom ,,wminda kaci’’
yovelgvari saeklesio xarisxis gareSea moxseniebuli. saeklesio
xarisxis qonis SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, iakobi mas Sesabamisad axsenebda,
rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi sCvevia, magram ucnobi ubralod ,,wminda kacad”

121
iwodeba (jiqia 2010: 159-162). sainteresoa, rom es moRvawe imdenad didi
avtoritetiT gamoirCeva, rom masTan sulieri darigebisaTvis
samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi midian.
a. jiqia yuradRebas amaxvilebs am wminda kacis samyofelze, romelic
,,vanad” iwodeba (iqve). sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT ,,vani’’ sadgomia
(orbeliani 1991: 253). il. abulaZe ,,van’’-s sadgomis, dabis, sacxovrebelis,
samyofelis, bunagis garda ,,monastris’’ mniSvnelobiTac ganmartavs
(abulaZe 1973: 153). ,,movane’’ Zvel qarTulSi dayudebul bers, moweses
aRniSnavda (abulaZe: 262), mag. dedaTa monastris winamZRvars
,,vanisdedaჲc’’ ewodeboda (sarjvelaZe 1995: 80). ,,vani’’ asketis, beris
sacxovreblis, sadayudeblos mniSvnelobiT sxvaganac gvxvdeba. mag.,
rodesac antoni didi sxva moRvaweTa saTnoebebs akvirdeboda da
swavlobda, ,,yovelsave erTbamad qristჱs msaxurebasa da urTierTas
siyuarulsa mas maTsa Seiswavebn da esrჱT savsჱ miiqcis Tჳssa mas vansa’’
(xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (imnaiSvili 1975: 11). wminda evfTჳmes cxovrebaSi
aRwerilia ierusalimis patriarqisa da wmindanis dialogi. moxucebuli
beri patriarqs mimarTavs:
Semindev me, mamo patiosano. me gevedrebi, raჲTa zrunvide vanisa
(saubaria wmindanis mier daarsebul monasterze – S. m.) amisTჳs. miugo
patreaqman da hrqua mas: odes wmidaჲ Teoktiste cocxal iyo, Sen
ganagebdi vansa amas da Sen aRaSჱne da hyav siwmindis adgil qristჱsa
ZaliTa sulisaჲTa, romel ars Sen Tana’’ (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)
(imnaiSvili 1975: 167).
ase rom danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom iakob curtavelis mier
naxsenebi ,,vani’’ asketis samyofelia. sruliad logikurad a. jiqia wminda
kacs monazvnad miiCnevs.
WeSmaritebaa isic, rom ,,wminda kacis” saxe ar aris kodirebuli, misi
moxsenieba mxolod sxva detalis dasazusteblad dasWirda avtors e.
i. misi arseboba ar aris xazgasasmeli, ,,wminda kacis” arseboba
Cveulebrivobaa, radgan etyoba sxva msgavs savaneebSic arian ,,wminda
kacebi (jiqia 2010: 61-62).
,,wminda kaci’’ dayudebuli beri, anaqoretia. bunebrivia episkoposi
afoci da iakob curtaveli masTan sulieri rCevis sakiTxavad midian. es

122
movlena sruliad bunebrivi ambavi iyo, ara mxolod qarTlisaTvis,
aramed sruliad qristianuli xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis. SuSanikis
martvilobaSi naxseneb ,,wmida kacs’’ im epoqis anaqoretisa da
qarizmatuli sulieri moZRvris damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani aqvs: is
did sulier avtoritets flobs, dasaxlebuli adgilidan arcTu ise
Sors cxovrobs da sulier rCevebs aZlevs adamianebs, TviT maRali
rangis sasuliero pirebsac ki. ,,wminda kacebi’’ toveben wuTisofels anu
uars amboben vnebebsa da miwier siamovnebebze, Tumca ar toveben
wuTisofelSi mcxovreb adamianebs da maT sulierad exmarebian.

$3. opizis monastris daarseba

opiza erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli monasteria, romelic vaxtang

gorgasalma da misma ZuZumtem artavazma klarjeTSi V saukunis Sua
xanebSi (daax. 456 wels) daarses. vaxtang gorgasalma opizis
monastrisaTvis mezobel ponto-kapadokiaSi arsebuli samonastro
cxovrebis modeli aiRo. saerTod vaxtang gorgaslis moRvaweobasTan
dakavSirebuli wyaroebis avTenturoba Cvens istoriografiaSi, Zvel
SexedulebaTa gadafasebis miuxedavad, kvlavac didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dgas, amitom pirvel yovlisa, im TxzulebaTa sandoobas SevexebiT, sadac
gvxvdeba cnoba opizis monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb.
T. Jordania erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevari iyo, vinc juanSer
juanSerianis vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba mecnierulad ganixila da is
avTentur da sando nawarmoebad miiCnia (Jordania 2004: XXXIV-XXXV),
Tumca XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul wyaroTa mimarT Camoyalibebuli
hiperkritikuli damokidebuleba am Txzulebasac ar ascdenia (goilaZe
1991: 20) da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze metad es kritika swored mas
Seexo, ris gamoc vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebam, rogorc istoriulma
wyarom, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi Zalian izarala. iv.
javaxiSvilma es nawarmoebi ,,TiTqmis gamoudegarad’’ miiCnia. misi TqmiT,

123
 juanSeris mier dawerili ,,cxovreba vaxtang gorgasrisa’’ iseTi kiloTi
aris gamsWvaluli da imgvar daujerebel cnobebiT aris aRsavse, rom
zRapars ufro miagavs, vidre namdvil istorias’’ (javaxiSvili 1916: 129).
s. kakabaZe ,,vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebas’’ ,,naxevrad epikur’’
nawarmoebad miiCnevda (kakabaZe 1924: 17), mwvaved akritikebda am Txzulebas
k. kekeliZec (kekeliZe 1923: 4). istorikosebi da filologebi juanSeris
moRvaweobis drozec daobdnen. iv. javaxiSvili misi moRvaweobis dros
daax. X-XI saukuneebs miakuTvnebda (javaxiSvili 1916: 128), k. kekeliZe
saerTod uaryofda mis avtorobas da vaxtangis cxovrebas leonti
mrovelis Semoqmedebis nayofad miiCnevda (kekeliZe 1957: 188), T. Jordanias
azriT ki juanSeri VIII s. mematiane iyo (Jordania 2004: XXXIV-XXXV).
XX saukunis miwuruls v. goilaZe Seecada juanSeris Txzulebis
mimarT es zedmetad mkacri damokidebuleba gadaesinja da misi cnobebis
sandooba daemtkicebina, Tumca man am kuTxiT, Cveni SexedulebiT,
garkveulwilad gadaaWarba, wyaros mimarT zedmeti ndoba gamoavlina da
juanSeri vaxtang gorgaslis Tanamedroved miiCnia (goilaZe 1991: 42-61),
rac, vfiqrobT, moklebulia safuZvlian argumenatcias (ix. Aa. bogveraZis
recenzia v. goilaZis naSromze, bogveraZe 1999).
vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba qarTlis cxovrebis yvela redaqciis
erT-erTi umTavres TxzulebaTagania. swored masSi daculi cnobebis
mixedviT vaxerxebT V saukunis yvelaze cnobili qarTveli mefis
moRvaweobis ZiriTad movlenaTa rekonstruqcias. wyaroTmcodneobiT-
kritikuli ganxilvis Sedegad SesaZlebelia am nawarmoebSi realurisa
da istoriulis gancalkeveba ararealurisa da miTiurisagan.
v. goilaZe samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom juanSeris Txzuleba Cvenamde
Tavdapirveli saxiT araa moRweuli, is eTanxmeba k. kekeliZis azrs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovrebas da vaxtang
gorgaslis cxovrebas erTi redaqtoris xelSi unda gaevlo, magram
redaqtoris vinaoba da redqatirebis dro ucnobia (goilaZe 1991: 61),
Tumca, unda vivaraudoT, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianebis epoqaSi qarTuli
religiuri da eTnikuri identobisaTvis vaxtang gorgaslis mniSvneloba
erT-orad gaizrdeboda, amitom es gadakeTeba-redaqtireba XI saukuneSi
unda momxdariyo (goilaZe 1991: 65). istoriuli piridan gorgasali

124
xalxuri Tqmulebebis heroikul gmirad gadaiqca, redaqtorma uxvad
gamoiyena folkloruli wyaroebi da uSreti xalxuri fantazia,38 ris
Sedegadac istoriuli qronika (rac unda yofiliyo Tavis droze
juanSeris Txzuleba) epikur nawarmoebad gadaiqca. 39 Tuki v. goilaZis
daveTanxmebiT da juanSers vaxtang gorgaslis Tanamedroved miviCnevT
(rac Zalian saeWvoa 40), an mas VIII saukunis avtorad CavTvliT, maSin XI
saukuneSi misi Txzuleba ucnobi redaqtoris gadakeTebuli unda iyos,
magram Tu iv. javaxiSvilis kvladakval juanSers X-XI ss. avtorad
vaRiarebT (javaxiSvili 1916: 128), am SemTxvevaSi gorgaslis Sesaxeb
arsebuli istoriuli xasiaTis cnobebi Tavad juanSers unda Seemosa
folkloruli saburveliT. saqme isaa, rom juanSeris moRvaweobis
TariRi sabolood dadgenili araa da am sakiTxs aucileblad Wirdeba
Semdgomi kvleva-Zieba.
Cveni azriT v. goilaZis mier vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebasTan
dakavSirebiT wamoyenebuli mosazrebebi gansakuTrebuli simyariT vaxtang
mefis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis qronologiis dadgenis sakiTxSi
gamoirCeva. juanSeris Txzulebis dakvirvebulma kvlevam da analizma,
ucxour wyaroebTan misma Sedarebam v. goilaZes vaxtang gorgaslis
cxovrebisa da zusti qronologiis gamorkvevis SesaZleblobac misca.41

38
juanSers an vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis redaqtors RvTaeba varaTrangis Sesaxeb
arsebuli gadmocemebiT unda esargebla, romlis kulti somxeTis msgavsad
saqarTveloSic iyo gavrcelebuli. g. axvledianis marTebuli SeniSvniT, juanSeris
cxovrebis erT-erTi wyaro xalxuri eposia, Txzulebas ueWvelad xalxurobis daRi
azis, masSi vpoulobT iseT motivebs, romelTa uSualo wyaro zepirmetyvelebaa
(axvlediani 1979: 126). amave mkvlevris azriT ,,juanSeris cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa’’,
romelic saintereso istoriuli Txzulebaa, amave dros aris mxatvruli nawarmoebi
mTlianad. mematianis Txrobis maRali kultura, moqmed pirTa Tu xasiaTTa gamokveTis
ostatoba, movlenaTa aRweris SesaniSnavi unari juanSeris ,,istorias’’ mxatvruli
prozis nimuSad xdis (axvlediani 1979: 130).
39
vaxtang gorgaslis istoriuli saxe somxur mwerlobaSicaa daculi, sadac misi
pirovneba da moqmedeba ufro realistur ferebSia gadmocemuli, vidre qarTul
wyaroebSi (janaSia 1962: 243-268).
40
amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. bogveraZe 1999: 83.
41
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi istorikosebs sruliad sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi hqondaT
vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis wlebze. dReisaTvis yvelaze miRebuli qronologia 442-
502 wlebia. pirvelad s. gorgaZem mefis daRupva berZen-sparselTa omis droiT (502-507
ww.), 503 wliT daaTariRa, iv. javaxiSvilma mefis daRupva am omis dros damajereblad
miiCnia, ubralod misi gardacvalebis TariRi 502 welze gadmoswia (javaxiSvili 1979:

125
mecnierma yuradReba miaqcia siriul enaze daweril erT-erTi
martvilobis (sadac qarTl-albaneTis marzpan firan-guSnaspis
mowameobriv aRsasrulzea saubari) pasaJs. teqtsSi vkiTxulobT: ,,roca
sparselebsa da romaelebs Soris gurzanisa da aranis mxareSi omi
daiwyo... [zavis dadebis] meormoce wels taxtze avida xosro’’ (goilaZe
1991: 70). cnobilia, rom sparseTis saxelganTqmuli mbrZanebeli xosro
anuSirvani taxtze 531 wels avida e. i. zavi ,,gurzanisa da aranis
mxareSi’’ momxdari omis Semdeg 491 wels unda dadebuliyo.
saTanado masalis gaanalizebis Sedegad gairkva, rom juanSeris mier
aRwerili bizantia-iranis omi, romelSic vaxtangi sasikvdilod
daiWra ...igive siriul ZeglSi miTiTebuli iran-bizantiis 491 wlis
omia. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare vaxtangis gardacvaleba 491 wliT
unda daTariRdes. radgan gardacvalebisas vaxtangi samoci wlis iyo,
misi dabadebis TariRi 431 welze mova (goilaZe 1991: 71).
am omis mimdinareoba sxva siriuli wyaroTic dasturdeba, kerZod
ieSua stilitis qronikiT (goilaZe 1991: 75). juanSeris Txrobis
realurobas amtkicebs misive cnoba bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze imave
491 wels momxdari cvlilebis Sesaxeb, rodesac bizantiis imperatori
zenoni 42 gardaicvala da taxtze anastasi avida. aRniSnuli masala
kargad adasturebs, rom juanSeris cnobebi arc ise zRapruli da
ararealuri Sinaarsisa unda iyos, 43 rogorc amas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
fiqrobdnen.
juanSeri opizis monastris daarsebas vaxtang gorgaslis bizantiaSi
laSqrobas ukavSirebs. qarTveli mematianis Tanaxmad, vaxtangi am
laSqrobis dasawyisSi ocdaori wlis iyo, anu, savaraudod, samxedro
eqspedicia 453 wels unda dawyebuliyo. laSqrobis marSruti juanSers

329), qarTul istoriografiaSi am Sexedulebis farTod gavrcelebis miuxedavad, l.

janaSias samarTliani SeniSvniT, aseTi daTariReba Zalian saeWvoa (janaSia 1962: 162-165).
42
juanSers SecdomiT leoni (457-474) hyavs dasaxelebuli, magram aSkaraa, rom vaxtang
gorgaslis cxovrebis Tavdapirvel variantSi zenoni ewereboda (goilaZe 1991: 72-73)
43
aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom amas aramarto zemoT damowmebuli masala, aramed juanSeris
TxzulebaSi motanili mravali cnoba adasturebs. rogorc gamoirkva, vaxtang
gorgaslis cxovrebaSi aRweril movlenaTa did nawils garkveuli istoriuli
safuZveli aqvs, rasac jer kidev mari brose miuTiTebda (brose 1849: 189 SeniSvna 2),
iqneba es qarTlSi ,,osTa’’ laSqroba, vaxtangis mier sapasuxo samxedro eqspedicia, omi
bizantiasTan, perozTan erTad aRmosavleTSi sparseTis dampyroblur laSqrobebSi
monawileoba quSanTa, abaSTa da sxva xalxTa winaaRmdeg, Tu vaxtangis ukanaskneli omi.

126
sakmao sizustiT aaqvs aRwerili da mis mier gadmocemul geografiuli
toponimebi avTentur xasiaTs atarebs. 44
warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoÃrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi,
ekleci da steri. da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa
zRÂskidesa; da brZodes sam Tue, da miuwia laSqarman vidre qalaqisa
mis konstantinisa (yauxCiSvili 1955: 160).
,,ekleci’’ cnobilia qarTuli wyaroebiT, es geografiuli punqti md.
evfratis gayolebaze Tanamedrove q. erzinjanTan mdebaroebda,
,,anZoreTi’’ q. neokesaria unda iyos, xolo ,,steri’’ – q. amasia. rac Seexeba
,,pontosa didsa qalaqsa’’, v. goilaZis azriT, es qalaqi sinopia, pontos
samefos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi.
marTalia, vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi laSqroba sakmaod vrcladaa
aRwerili da cnobebi laSqrobis Sesaxeb mraval avTentur elements
Seicavs, Cven mainc vamjobinebT, rom juanSeris cnobebs, aRniSnuli
samxedro eqspediciis Sesaxeb, sifrTxiliT movepyroT. Zneli
warmosadgenia samwliani laSqroba imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi,
bizantiuri wyaroebisaTvis SeumCneveli darCeniliyo. v. goilaZe am
laSqrobis gamoZaxilad hidatiusis cnobas Tvlis, romlis mixedviTac
,,lazebi iqnen amoJletili markianes jaris mier’’ (gamyreliZe... 1961: 277-
278), magram cnobilia, rom damowmebul pasaJSi, dazianebuli sityva
,,lazebad’’ Teodor momzenis mieraa aRdgenili (gamyreliZe... 1961: 277),
marTalia, v. goilaZe am aRdgenas samarTlianad miiCnevs, Tumca
gaugebaria, ratomaa bizantiur wyaroSi naxsenebi ,,lazebi’’, rodesac
juanSeris cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel rigSi, ,,sparselebi da
iberielebi’’ unda yofiliyvnen moxseniebulni (Tumca gamoricxuli araa

44
Mag., juanSeri gadmogvcems: ,,waremarTa vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad. da miiwivnes
somxiTs, da moerTnes peroJa-kafas, sada-igi cixe aego pirvelÃsenebulsa ferozs...’’
(SoSiaSvili... 1996 : 147), rogorc v. goilaZe aRniSavs ,,peroJa-kafa’’ igive peroJ-kavtia
unda iyos, romelic albaneTis mefeTa sazamTro rezidencias warmodgenda da albaneTis
dedaqalis bardas damcavi funqcia ekisra, rogorc Tbilisis cixes mcxeTisa (goilaZe
1991: 119). misi azriT, varaz-bakuris bizantiisken mimaval laSqars adarbadaganis, anu
ranis, gza unda gaevlo (iqve), rac kargad esadageba imdroindel istoriul realobas.
mkvlevris aRniSvniT, ,,juanSeris cnoba mirianis siZis ferozis mier albaneTis
teritoriaze cixis agebis Sesaxeb uZvelesia da kargad asaxavs im drois istoriul
viTarebas’’ (goilaZe 1991: 123),

127
vaxtangis jarSi lazebic yofiliyvnen). nuTu aseTi masStaburi laSqroba
arc erT bizantiur, siriul an somxur wyaroSi ar asaxula?
wyarosadmi frTxili damokidebulebisda miuxedavad, Cveni azriT,
garkveuli saxis samxedro, albaT gacilebiT mcire masStabebis,
eqspedicias pontoSi marTlac hqonda adgili,45 Tumca es laSqroba
aSkarad ar iyo im mniSvnelobisa, rogorc juanSers aqvs warmodgenili
Tavis TxzulebaSi. cxadia, rom Txzulebis avtors (an redaqtors) mefe
vaxtangis msoflio mniSvnelobis politikur moRvawed gamoyvana
dausaxavs miznad, romelic mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs agvarebs sparseTis
SahanSahsa da aRmosavleT romis imperators Soris, rac bunebrivia
mxolod misi fantaziis nayofia da ara istoriuli realoba, magram isic
unda iTqvas, rom juanSeri (avtori/redaqtori) raRac istoriul cnobebs
iyenebda da mTlianad cariel safuZvelze ar agebda vaxtangisa da
sparselebis mier romis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi saxelovan
laSqrobas, radgan geografiul marSrutTa da adgilTa aRwerisas, misi
cnobebi, savsebiT adekvaturia im epoqisa, rodesac vaxtangi moRvaweobda.
sainteresoa, rom juanSeris mixedviT vaxtangis pirveli Sexvedra
pontoel moweseebTan swored am laSqrobis dros moxda. laSqarSi
myofma sparselebma qristiani monazvnebisa da mRvdelmsaxurebis xocva
daiwyes. vaxtang gorgasalma
amcno spaTa somxiTisaTa da yovelTa sparsTa, raTa aravin hklviden
moweseTagansa, aramed tyue hyofden, da hrqua maT: mamismama Cemi
mirian odes Semohyva mefesa sparsTasa, Zmiswulsa TÂssa, brZolad
berZenTa zeda, eseviTarsa uyofdes moweseTa da eklesiis msaxurTa,
da iZlivnes ZleviTa borotiTa uricxuni spani mcireTa laSqarTagan
(yauxCiSvili 1955: 160).
vaxtangma vrceli sityviT mimarTa molaSqreebs, ris Semdegac
ganavlina qadagi, raTa yovelni moweseni gamoviden samalavTagan
maTTa, da tyueni ganutevnen, da sadaca enebos waviden. da gamovida
simravle mRdelTa da diakonTa, moweseTa monazonTa da

45
am laSqrobis realurobas aRiarebda m. van esbrokic. mas es azri Tavis
gamouqveynebel naSromSi aqvs gamoTqmuli, amasTan dakavSirebiT cnoba b-n d. xoStarias
miawoda q-nma T. mgalobliSvilma (xoStaria 2009: 34).

128
 enkratisTa, quabebiT da mTaTagan, da umravlesni ponto qalaqiT,
rameTu Seiwrebul iyo qalaqi oTx Tue oden (yauxCiSvili 1955: 163).
pontoSi yofnisas vaxtangi petre mRvdelsa da samoel monazons
gaicnobs, maTi locviT vaxtangi RamiT CvenebaSi grigol RvTismetyvels,
keisarsa da wminda ninos ixilavs. juanSeri am xilvas gadmogvcems,
rogorc gardamtex moments qarTlisa da bizantiis urTierTobaSi.
bizantiaSi laSqrobidan vaxtangi klarjeTis gavliT mcxeTaSi
dabrunda. 46
swored laSqrobidan dabrunebis aRwerisas gadmogvcems juanSeri
cnobas, romlis mixedviTac vaxtangma artavazs opizis monastris
daarseba ubrZana. 47
juanSeris gadmocemiT ,,saberZneTSi” anu bizantiaSi laSqrobidan
dabrunebulma vaxtang gorgasalma
ixila klde Sua klarjeTsa, romelsa erqva artanuji. da mouwoda
artavazs, ZuZumtesa missa, da daadgina igi erisTavad; ubrZana, raTa
gamonaxos xevsa Sina adgili samonastre da aRaSenos eklesia, da
qmnes monastrad, viTarca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani. da rqua
artavazs: ukeTu ganZlierdes sparsni Cven zeda, sayudeli Cveni aqa
yofad ars; xolo artavaz aRaSena cixe artanujisa, da monasteri,
romel ars opiza, da samni eklesiani: daba merisa, Sendobisa da
axizisa. da ganaaxla cixe axizisa, da qmna igi quabad (yauxCiSvili
1955: 177-178). 48

46
klarjeTSi yofnisas vaxtangma Tuxarisis cixe ixila. juanSeri gadmogvcems: ,,da
viTar moiwia Tuxarisad, mixedna da Seuyuarda cixe, da Tqua: ,,WeSmaritad Tu xar Sen
cixe’’ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 177). CvenTvis sainteresoa legenda, romelic am cixesa da masSi
arsebul eklesias ukavSirdeba. berTis saxarebis erTi minaweri gadmogvcems iordanis
napiras mcxovrebi qarTveli beris Sesaxeb, romelic konstantinopolSi wasula, iq ki
mas xilva hqonda, ris Semdegac sxva or monazonTan, andriasa da ilarionTan erTad wm.
giorgi xatiT saqarTveloSi, salijvars mosula, mtris Semosevis Semdeg es xati
berebma Woroxis piras kldeze daasvenes, vaxtang gorgasals ki am xatisTvis ,,TuxarTa
mTavarmowame’’ uwodebia (xoStaria 2009: 26)
47
juanSeris gadmocemiT, bizantiaSi wasvlamde vaxtangi ocdaori wlis iyo anu
laSqroba 453 wels daiwyo da Sesabamisad 456 wels damTvarda. am SemTxvevaSi,
juanSeriseuli qronologiisadmi arsebuli eWvis miuxedavad, opizis monastris
daarsebis miaxloebiT TariRad 456 weli unda miviCnioT.
44variantuli gansxvavebebiT es pasaJi gvxdeba uZveles e. w. anaseul qarTlis
cxovrebaSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom ,,artavaz aRaSena cixe artanujisa da monasterni...
(yauxCiSvili... 1942: 119-120). iqmneba StbeWdileba, TiTqos artavazma ramdenime monasteri
daarsa, Tumca es gadamweris an redaqtoris Secdoma unda iyos, radgan qarTlis

129
 XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi am cnobas eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. eWvis
mTavari mizezi qarTvelologiaSi ori mtkiced damkvidrebuli tradicia
iqca: juanSeris Txzuleba ar aris sando da monastruli cxovreba
saqarTveloSi maincdamainc asurel mamebs unda daewyoT, miuxedavad
imisa, rom am ukanasknel Sexedulebas ar iziarebdnen iv. javaxiSvili, gr.
feraZe, m. TarxniSvili da sxv. da miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos
mezobel ponto-kapadokiasa da somxeTSi samonastro cxovreba ukve
yvaoda da saerTodac qarTlSi asureli mamebis Semosvlamde mezobel
qristianul da araqristianul (mag. sparseTSi) qveynebSi bermonazvnoba
ukve or saukuneze mets iTvlida! Zneli warmosadgenia saqarTvelo ase
yofiliyo amovardnili imdroindel saeklesio samyaroSi mimdinare aseTi
didmniSvnelovani procesebidan.
pirveli mizezi ki, rogorc vaxseneT, qarTul istoriografiaSi
juanSeris Txzulebisadmi gamefebuli sayovelTao undobloba iyo. am
undoblobidan gamomdinare vaxtang gorgaslis mier klarjeTSi
monastris daarsebas specialistTa nawili ararealurad miiCnevda.
Tvalsazriss opizis monastris V saukuneSi dafuZnebis Sesaxeb ar
iziarebda iv. javaxiSvili (miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi
meudabnoebis dasawyiss is V saukuneSi varaudobda). misi azriT,
samonastro cxovreba tao-klarjeTSi pirvelad grigol xanZTels unda
daewyo (javaxiSvili 1916: 48-49), k. kekeliZec im safuZvelze, rom
monastris dasaxeleba mxolod erT nusxaSi moipoveba, cnobas gviandel
glosad Tvlida da klarjeTSi vaxtang gorgaslis mier monastris
daarsebas uaryofda (kekeliZe 1962: 147). l. menabdeც k. kekeliZis azrs

cxovrebis yvela sxva redaqciaSi mxolod erT monasterzea laparaki (TayaiSvili 1906:
157-158; brose 1923: 132 da sxv.). unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxtang gorgaslisa da artavazis
mier monastris daarseba qarTlis cxovrebis yvela nusxaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca monastris
dasaxeleba ,,opiza’’ mxolod erT, WalaSviliseul nusxaSia daculi: ..xolo artvaz
aRaSena cixe artanujisa da monasteri, romel ars opizisa, da samni eklesiani:
babamerisa (unda iyos ,,daba merisa’’ – S. m.), Sendobisa da axizisa’’. amasTan dakavSirebiT
s. yauxCiSvili SeniSnavs: ,,konteqstidan cxadia, rom ,,romel ars opizisa’’ swori
varianti unda iyos. ,,qarTlis cxovrebis’’ yvela nusxaSi moxsenebulia, rom artavazma
aaSena: 1. cixe, 2. monasteri da 3. samni eklesiani. cixisa da sami eklesiis
saxelwodebebi moyvanilia, xolo Tu romeli monasteri aaSena – es gamotovebulia.
Cxadia, monastris saxelwodebac unda yofiliyo moyvanili da is Semounaxavs C (anu
WalaSviliseul – S. m.) xelnawers’’ (yauxCiSvili 1942: XXXIII, SeniSvna 1)

130
iziarebda (menabde 1962: 385), im ,,argumentze’’ dayrdnobiT, rac zemoTac
avRniSneT: revoluciamdel da sabWoTa qarTul istoriografiaSi
saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis dawyeba aucileblad asurel mamebs
ukavSirdebodaT. aseve eWvis TvaliT uyurebda vaxtang gorgaslis mier
opizis monastris daarsebis realurobas vaxtang jobaZec (jobaZe 1992: 15-
16).
zemoaRniSnuli undoblobis miuxedavad, mecnierTa meore nawili
juanSeris am cnobas mainc damajereblad miiCnevda. vaxtang gorgaslis
mier opizis darsebis istoriulobas aRiareben s. yauxCiSvili
(yauxCiSvili 1942: XXXIII), p. ingoroyva (ingoroyva 1954: 324), mixeil
TarxniSvili (TarxniSvili 1958: 132), S. mesxia (mesxia 1986: 220), d.
xoStaria (xoStaria 2009: 33), m. CxartiSvili (CxartiSvili 1994: 67).
vinaidan serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, opizis daarsebis
Semdgom aq miqael parexeli damkvidrda, amitom a. bogveraZes azriT,
opiza da parexi sinqronulad VI saukuneSi unda daarsebuliyo
(mkvlevari serapion zarzmels VI-VII ss. moRvawed miiCnevda, ix. bogveraZe
1964: 51).49 rogorc aRvniSneT juanSeris cnobis ugulvebelyofis erT-erT
mTavar argumentad is Sexeduleba iTvleboda, romlis Tanaxmadac
samonastro cxovreba saqarTveloSi asurelma mamebma daiwyes.
es Sexeduleba didi xnis manZilze dominirebda qarTvelologiur
mecnierebaSi. bolo aTwleulebSi gamovlenili masalebi sxvagvarad
warmoaCens qarTuli monasticizmis istoriis adreul etaps da,
vfiqrob, am TvalsazrisiT safuZveli aRar gvaqvs eWvi SevitanoT
juanSeris cnobis sisworeSi (xoStaria 2009: 33).
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad gaaCnia istoriuli xasiaTi juanSeris
mier aRweril vaxtang gorgaslis laSqrobas pontoSi, 50 klarjeTSi

49
m. CxartiSvili iziarebs azrs, romlis mixedviTac opiza da parexi Tanadroulad unda
daarsebuliyo, magram am movlenebs V saukuneSi aTavsebs (CxartiSvili 1994: 60-61). misi
azriT, serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi saxelis gareSe moxseniebuli ucnobi beri,
romelmac parexSi egvteri aaSena, parexis monastris damaarsebeli unda yofiliyo
opizis monastris daarsebidan mcire xnis Semdeg anu imave V saukuneSi.
50
d. xoStarias safuZvliani SeniSvniT, saqarTveloSi adreuli (IV-V ss.) monastrebis
,,daarsebis iniciatorebi, albaT, upiratesad iyvnen qarTlis eklesiis berZeni
mRvdelmTavrebi da TviT monastrebic berZnuli tipisa iyo. am TvalsazrisiT
niSandoblivia, rom vaxtang mefem sagangebod miuTiTa artavazs opizisaTvis nimuSad
aeRo ,,monasterni saberZneTisani’’. vaxtangsa da artavazs Tavadac, rom arasodes enaxaT

131
monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb dacul cnobaSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli
namdvilad ar gvaqvs (CxartiSvili 1994: 67). Cven am cnobis damoukideblad
ganxilvac SegviZlia, rogorc ponto-kapadokiis saeklesio cxovrebis
gavlenis dadastureba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloze. am gavlenas
odiTganve hqonda adgili da juanSeris TxzulebaSi Sesabamisi asaxvac
hpova. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveli (da albaT erTaderTi) mkvlevari,
romelmac qarTlze mcireaziuri bermonazvnobis es gavlena SeniSna,
miqel TarxniSvili iyo (TarxniSvili 2014: 377).
aq Cven yuradReba erT garemoebaze unda gavamaxviloT: vaxtang
gorgasali, bizantiaSi miRebuli jer kidev cocxali STabeWdilebebis
qveS myofi, Tavis ZuZumtes iseTi monastris aSenebas ubrZanebs, rogori
monastrebic ,,saberZneTSi’’ naxa, anu rogorc juanSeri gadmogvcems:
,,viTarca exilvnes monasterni saberZneTisani’’ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 178).
swored aRniSnuli winadadeba sZens yvelaze met damajereblobas
juanSeris Txrobas. mematianis Tanaxmad, monasteri klarjeTSi swored
,,saberZneTis’’ anu pontos monastrebis magaliTze dafuZnda. calke
aRebuli es informacia Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan rogorc zemoT
aRvniSnavdiT, swored pontoSi Caisaxa monastruli cxovrebis is wesi,
romelic SemdgomSi bizantiuri bermonazvnobis klasikur modelad
iqceva (TalboTi 2009: 257). basiliseul monastrebze Cven zemoT gvqonda
saubari. IV saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis (daax. 358 w.) basili didis mier
pontosa da kapadokiaSi dawyebulma samonastro cxovrebam namdvil
ayvavebas miaRwia da wyaroebidan CvenTvis isic cnobilia, rom V saukunis
Sua xanebisaTvis monastruli cxovreba aq namdvilad aRmavlobis gzaze
iyo. basili didma monazvnuri moRvaweoba pontoSi md. irisis piras
daiwyo. rogorc ermia soZomene gadmogvcems, basili ,,pontoSi
ganmartovda da iq sibrZnismoyvareobda monazvnebTan erTad’’ (,,…καὶ πρός
τόν πόντον ὑπεχώρησε, καί τοῖς ἐνθάδε φιλοσοφοῦσι μοναχοῖς συνῆν’’) (PG: 1329), 51 basili
didis mier saxarebiseuli cxovrebis wesis daucxromeli da dauRalavi
qadagebiT bermonazvnuri moRvaweoba male mTeli diocezis teritoriaze

es monastrebi, iolad SeeZloT mieRoT cnobebi maTs Sesaxeb qarTlSi myofi berZeni
mRvdlebisagan’’ (xoStaria 2001: 54-55).
51 Targmani Cemia.

132
gaavrcela (PG: 1329-1336). basiliseuli wesis samonastro cxovreba male
gascda pontos farglebs da mTeli imperiis masStabiT daiwyo
gavrceleba. amas mowmobs Tundac basili didis asketikonis
Camoyalibebis Zalze xangrZlivi da saintereso istoria (xinTibiZe 1982:
41-44; qajaia 1992: 60-65),52 Tumca V saukuneSi basiliseuli monastruli
cxovrebis ayvavebis yvelaze naTeli dadastureba palestinuri
bermonazvnobaa. Cven zemoTac vambobdiT, rom palestinaSi samonastro
cxovrebis namdvili aRmavloba kapadokiidan gamosul pirebs
ukavSirdebaT, romlebmac pontosa da kapadokiaSi gavrcelebuli, basili
didis mier danergili samonastro tradicia farTod gaavrceles mTeli
palestinis masStabiT (patriki 1995: 28) 53. VI saukuneSi imperatorma
iustinianem Tavisi novelebiT mTel imperiaSi daakanona basili
didiseuli principebi, rogorc samonastro cxovrebis standarti (freizi
1982: 272). basili didis mier Camoyalibebuli samonastro cxovrebis wesi
bizantiuri bermonazvnobis klasikur modelad iqca (TalboTi 2009: 257).
juanSeris cnoba, romlis Tanxmadac, vaxtangma artavazs monastris
daarseba ,,saberZneTis’’ magaliTis mixedviT miuTiTa, imas niSnavs, rom
opiza basiliseuli wesis monasteri iyo da misma gavlenam, rogorc Cans,
somxeTis msgavsad (ix. zemoT) qarTlSic SemoaRwia, rac namdvilad araa
gasakviri, radgan qarTli da somxeTi ponto-kapadokiis uSualo
mezoblebi iyvnen.
opizis monastris daarseba vaxtangis farTo saeklesio
aRmSeneblobisa da reformis erTi epizodi iyo. cnobilia, rom vaxtangma
qarTlSi axali saepiskoposoebi daaarsa. isic cnobilia, rom bizantiis
imperiaSi ukve IV saukunidan daiwyo bermonazvnobis – qristianuli
cxovrebis am SedarebiT axali, magram Zalian gavleniani fenomenis,
saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT daregulireba. jer kidev arianelma

52
pontoSi md. irisTan ganmartoebulma axalgazrda basili didma moraluri wesebi
Seadgina, momdevno periodis ganmavlobaSi am Txzulebas moRvaweobiTi xasiaTis Tavisi
sxva naSromebic daumata da sicocxlis bolos pontos monastrebs ramdenime asketuri
Sinaarsis nawarmoebis gaerTianebiT Seqmnili krebuli, anu asketikonis sruli versia
gaugzavna, romelic samecniero literaturaSi hitotoposad iwodeba (qajaia 1992: 61).
53
rodesac samonastro cxovrebis kapadokiuri tradicia farTo gavrcelebas hpovebs
Soreul palestinaSi, amis Semdeg raRa gasakviria, Tuki es tradicia mezobel
klarjeTze raRac formiT mainc aisaxeboda

133
imperatorma valensma daamtkica kanoni berebisa da monastrebis Sesaxeb
370 wels, xolo 390 wlis 2 seqtembers imperatorma Teodosi didma
gamosca ediqti, romelic berebs aqeT-iqiT wanwalsa da qalaqebSi
xetials ukrZalavda. qristianuli bermonazvnobas ganviTarebis adreul
etapze axasiaTebda qaoturoba da anarqiisaken midrekileba, fanatikosi
berebis dajgufebebi xSirad xdebodnen fizikuri Zaladobis
iniciatorebi, 54 amitom samonastro cxovrebis moqceva samoqalaqo da
saeklesio kanonebis CarCoebSi aucilebeli gaxda, rac sabolood
qalkedonis krebaze aRsrulda (freizi 1982: 268-269). qalkedonis krebis
me-4 kanoni gvauwyebs:
...jer-gÂCnda ukue, raÁTa aravin arasada aRaSenos monasteri anu saxli
salocveli TÂnier TanajerCinebiTa episkoposisa mis qalaqisa, xolo
TiToeulisa qalaqisa da queyanisa monazonni daemorCilnen
episkopossa maTsa da myudroebaÁ Seitkbon... (gabiZaSvili... 1975: 270).
yvela monasteri episkoposis kontrols daeqvemdebara. bunebrivia, ase
unda yofiliyo saqarTveloSic. romeli episkoposis gamgeblobaSi unda
moqceuliyo opizis monasteri? albaT usafuZvlo ar iqneba imis varaudi,
rom opizis monasteri vaxtang gorgaslisgan axladdaarsebul axizis
episkoposs meTvalyureobas unda daqvemdebareboda, radgan es kaTedra
opizasTan yvelaze axlos iyo, Tan wyaros miTiTebiT, artavazi axizis
eklesias opizis monastris paralelurad aSenebs.
arqeologiurad opiza Seswavlili ar aris. bunebrivia, gaTxrebiT
monastris cxovrebis uZvelesi plastebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani
informaciis miReba SegviZlia. uSualod opizasTan dakavSirebuli
arqeologiuri monacemebis ararsebobis gamo sakontrolo wyaros roli,
am SemTxvevaSi, axizis eklesias SeuZlia itvirTos. juanSeris gadmocemiT
xom artavazma opizis monasterTan erTad axizis eklesiac aaSena. axizis
taZris afsidSi aRmoCnda orantis tipis RmrTismSoblis mozaika.
axizidan SemorCenilia aseve ori antifeqsi: erTze ori ganadlebuli
jvaria gamosaxuli, xolo meoreze - iremi, rac adreuli Sua
saukuneebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT V-VI ss.) Zalze damaxasiaTebelia

54
aq SeiZleba warmarTi filosofosi qali hipatia gavixsenoT, romelic fanatikosTa
brbom daundoblad mokla aleqsandriaSi.

134
(sxirtlaZe 1991: 155-156; xoStaria 2009: 30-31). amis mixedviT imis varaudis
saSualeba gveZleva, rom wesiT, opizis Seswavlis SemTxvevaSic, axizis
msgavsad aqac adreuli xanis masala unda gamovlindes.
axla gamosarkvevi dagvrCa kidev erTi sakiTxi. cnobilia Tu ara
CvenTvis im monazonTa anu, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ,,pirveli qarTveli
berebis’’ vinaoba? maTi vinaoba, vinc pirvelad daemkvidra samoRvaweod
opizaSi?
serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi daculi cnobis Tanaxmad
saxelganTqmuli beris miqael parexelis mowafe serapion zarzmeli
Tavdapirvelad opizaSi moRvaweobda. aq cxovrebis avtori basili
zarzmeli gvatyobinebs opizis ,,aRmSenebelTa’’ saxelebs: amoni, andria,
petre da makari. es monazvnebi opizis ,,maSeneblebi’’ yofilan, xolo maT
Semdeg movida miqael parexeli da parexSi daemkvidra (janaSvili 1909: 5;
vaCnaZe 1975: 153-154) e. i. opiza miqael parexelis mosvlamde auSenebia am
oTx bers, amitom imis dasadgenad, Tu rodis moRvaweobda es oTxi beri,
jer Tavad didi qarTveli asketisa da wmindanis miqel parexelisa da
misi mowafis, aseve didi qarTveli wmindanisa da moRvawis - serapion
zarzmelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis dro unda gamovarkvioT, rac
TavisTavad, qarTul istoriografiaSi, calke arsebuli problemaa. Cven
istoriografiaSi dRemde mimdinareobs diskusia imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
romeli saukunis moRvawea serapion zarzmeli. XX saukunis mkvlevarTa
umetesoba, saTanado argumentebze dayrdnobiT, serapion zarzmelis
moRvaweobas IX saukunes miakuTvnebda (ix. vaCnaZe 1975: 27-30), 55 magram wm.
serapionis cxovrebaSi aris iseTi mniSvnelovani detalebi da
garemoebani, ris safuZvelzec zogierTi mkvlevari Txzulebis IX
saukuniT daTariRebas uaryofs da VI-VII saukuneebiT aTariRebs. 56
dResac, qarTul istoriografiaSi, serapion zarzmelis moRvaweobis
drod zemoT aRniSnuli ori savaraudo TariRi rCeba – VI-VII saukuneebi

55
serapion zarzmeli IX saukunis moRvawed miaCndaT iv. javaxiSvils (javaxiSvili 1916:
61-72), l. menabdes (menabde 1962: 489-494), e. TayaiSvils (TayaiSvili 1919: 124-134)
56
serapion zarzmelis cxovrebas VIII saukuniT, arCilis epoqiT, aTariRebda misi
pirvelgamomcemeli m. janaSvilic (janaSvili 1909 LI), a. bogveraZem da m. CxartiSvilma
rigi argumentebi wamoayenes serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis gadaTariRebisaTvis (ix.
bogveraZe 1964; bogveraZe 1986; CxartiSvili 1994)

135
da IX-X saukuneebi. serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis pirvelgamomceli mose
janaSvili serapionis moRvaweobas VII-VIII saukuneebiT aTariRebda
(janaSvili 1909: LI), Tumca adreuli daTariRebis momxreTa umravlesobam
igi VI-VII ss. moRvawed miiCnia. am ori, erTmaneTis sapirispiro,
Sexedulebis momxreebs TavianTi myari argumentebi gaaCniaT. mainc rodis
moRvaweobda serapion zarzmeli da rodis dawera basili zarzmelma misi
cxovreba? mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi, romlebic serapionis cxovrebasa da
moRvaweobas adreuli xaniT aTariReben, Semdeg argumentebs eyrdnobian:
TxzulebaSi naTqvamia, rom serapion zarzmeli iyo miqael parexelis
mowafe, es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv, Sio mRvimelis (VI s.) aRzrdili
yofila (janaSvili 1909: LI; peetersi 1923: 165; ingoroyva 1954: 324-339;
CubinaSvili 1959: 29-31; bogveraZe 1964: 51; CxartiSvili 1994: 56), es miqael
parexeli araa grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi miqael parexeli,
radgan giorgi merCulesgan moxseniebuli miqael parexeli miZnaZoridan
modis berTaSi, xolo basili zarzmelisagan naxsenebi miqaeli Sio
sakvirvelTmoqmedis mowafea, Semdeg is opizaSi mkvidrdeba, aqedan ki –
parexSi, garda amisa, v. beriZis SexedulebiT, saeWvo basiliseuli giorgi
mawyverelis da giorgi merCuleseuli giorgi mawyverelis gaigiveba
(beriZe 1955: 121) (giorgi mawyvereli basilisaTvis, serapionis cxovrebis
Sesaxeb, erT-erT mTavar informators warmoadgenda), amasTan, il.
abulaZis SeniSvniT, giorgi merCulis TxzulebaSi aRniSnuli ,,parexTa’’
geografiuli saxelwodebaa (giorgi merCules miqaeli kldovan adgilas,
bunebriv pirobebSi cxovrobs), xolo basili zarzmelis ,,parexi’’ zogadi
saxelia kldovani adgilisa (Tan basili zarzmelis miqaeli egvters
aSenebs da iq daeyudeba) (abulaZe 1943: 938-939) Txzuleba ar ixseniebs
bagrationebs (CubinaSvili 1959: 30), ar ixseniebs arabobas, aseve arsadaa
naxsenebi grigol xanZTelis xelmZRvanelobiT dawyebuli samonastro
kolonizacia qarTlSi (janaSvili 1909: LV; ingoroyva 1954: 149; bogveraZe
1964: 60-62).
gviandeli daTariRebis (IX s.) momxreTa argumentebi Semdegia: basili
zarzmelisa da giorgi merCulesagan naxsenebi miqael parexeli
(serapionis moZRvari) da giorgi mawyvereli aSkarad erTi da igive pirebi
arian, radgan basili zarzmeli da giorgi merCule mas erTnairad

136
axasiaTeben (javaxiSvili 1916: 62-65), zarzmis feriscavlebis xatis I
warweraSi (romelic 886 wliT TariRdeba) moxseniebuli pavle
mamasaxlisi aris serapionidan meoTxe winamZRvari zarzmisa: serapioni,
giorgi, miqaeli, pavle da swored es ukanaskneli mamasaxlisobda
zarzmaSi 886 wels, amitomac serapionis moRvaweoba mova IX saukunis I
naxevarze, xolo misi mowafeebisa - IX saukunis II naxevarze (TayaiSvili
1919: 110), TxzulebaSi aRwerili feodalizmis suraTi IX-X saukuneebs
Seesatyviseba da ara VI_VII saukuneebs (vaCnaZe 1975: 51-92), cnoba, miqaelis
wm. Sios mowafeTa rigSi Caricxvis Sesaxeb, XI s. metafrasts ekuTvnis
(kekeliZe 1980: 147), sintaqsuri da morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT teqsti
X-XI saukuneebis TxzulebaTa rigs miekuTvneba (goguaZe 1964: 22; vaCnaZe
1975: 27),57 leqsikuri masalac amas miuTiTebs (sakuTari saxelebi: beSqeni,
amaspo, latavri, garbaneli, qurd, aseve gvari ,,bahlaundi”, romelic ,,d’’
daboloebiT axal sparsuls uaxlovdeba (vaCnaZe 1975: 27-28; 92-127)),
TxzulebaSi moxseniebulia feriscvalebis dResaswauli, romelic
sayovelTaod mxolod VIII saukunidan vrceldeba (vaCnaZe 1975: 28),
cxovrebaSi aseve mocemulia SedarebiT gviandeli (IX-X ss.) socialuri
terminologia, nawarmoebSi aRwerili awyuris episkoposis gavlena da
Zalaufleba ufro gviandel epoqas Seefereba, vidre VI-VII saukuneebs
(kekeliZe 1980: 148-149), termini ,,queyana” da ,,sofeli” damowmebulia axali
(IX-X saukuneTa) mniSvnelobiT, bahlaundTa gvarisagan warmoqmnili
gvarebi – laklakebi da axali CorCanelebi pirvelad X-XI saukuneTa
wyaroebSi ixseniebian (vaCnaZe 1975: 9). n. vaCnaZis TqmiT,
sruliad gamoricxulia, rom laklak bahlaundi, moxseniebuli
,,serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi’’, yofiliyo VI saukunis moRvawe,
xolo laklakTa gvari warmoqmniliyo X-XI saukuneSi. aseve
gamoricxulia, rom pirvel CorCanelTa sagvareulo, moxseniebuli
,,serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi”, gadaSenebuliyo VI saukuneSi,

57 rac Seexeba cxovrebis teqsts: cxovrebidan Cven, sul mcire, sami avtoris xma gvesmis:
basili zarzmelisa, romelic kimenuri cxovrebis avtoria, metafrastis, romelmac XI
saukuneSi Txzulebas redaqtireba gaukeTa da serapion zarzmelis TanamoRvawe da
Tanamgzavri monazvnisa, romelic serapion zarzmelis saqmeTa da RvawlTa
TviTmxilveli iyo - is TxzulebaSi pirvel pirSi saubrobs (goguaZe 1964: 9;
CxartiSvili 1994: 69-83). n. goguaZis TqmiT, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla cxovrebis
ena: ,,erTi Txzulebis farglebSi Tavsdeba basili zarzmelis ena, serapionis Tanmxlebi
piris Txroba, metafrastis ena, plus me-16 saukuneSi gadawerili nusxis zogierTi
fonetikuri da morfologiuri Taviseburebani’’ (goguaZe 1964: 11)

137
 CorCanis memamuleebi gamxdariyvnen imave saukuneSi, xolo CorCanelebi
maT swodebodaT X-XI saukunidan (vaCnaZe 1975: 29).
rogorc aRvniSnavdiT, orive, zemoT damowmebuli mosazrebis
momxreebs TavianTi damajarebeli argumentebi gaaCniaT. wyaroTa
aRniSnul monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT uaRresad rTuldeba serapion
zarzmelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis qronologiis gansazRvra, amitom
iZulebuli varT, es sakiTxi Riad davtovoT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven
ver daviwyebT romelime am zemoT aRniSnuli Sexedulebis damajerebel
mtkicebas, mainc vfiqrobT, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi tradiciulad
damkvidrebul Sexedulebas, serapion zarzmelis IX saukuneSi
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, ufro wonadi argumentebi gaaCnia. marTalac, Znelia
Tvali daxuWo cxovrebaSi damowmebul im leqsikur masalaze, romelic
IX-X saukuneebze adre qarTul wyaroebSi arsad gvxdeba (beSqeni,
latavri, garbaneli, qurdi da a.S. aseve ,,soflisa” da ,,queyanis” axali
mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba). garda amisa, vfiqrobT, Zalian damajerebelia n.
vaCnaZis zemoT citirebuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxamdac SeuZlebelia
serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi naxseneb didebuls laklak bahlaunds VI
saukuneSi ecxovra, xolo misgan warmoqnili sagvareuloebis xseneba
(laklakebi da bahlaundebi), raRac sakvirveli mizeziT, mxolod oTxasi
wlis Semdeg dawyebuliyo. rogorc vTqviT, serapion zarzmelis
cxovrebis VII saukuniT daTariRebis momxreTaTvis yvelaze Zlier
arguments is cnoba warmoadgens, romlis Tanaxmadac, serapionis
moZRvari - miqael parexeli ,, ...iyo mowafe didisa Sioჲsi
sakჳrvelTmoqmedisaჲ, romeli, viTarca mTiebi ganTiadisaჲ, brwyinvida
queyanasa qarTlisasa...” (vaCnaZe 1975: 153-154), magram aq, SesaZlebelia, ara
uSualod Sio mRvimelisadmi damowafeba, aramed Sio- mRvimis monasterSi
moRvaweoba igulisxmebodes. qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi, romlebic Sio-
mRvimis monasters exeba, xSirad gvxdeba Sio mRvimelisadmi (romelic
simbolurad Sio-mRvimis mTel monasters ganasaxierebs) individualuri
mimarTvisa da damokidebulebis magaliTebi. wmindani, qristianuli
moZRvrebiT, yovelTvis cocxalia, xorcieli sikvdilis Semdegac, amitom
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomdgenlebi, Sio-mRvimis
monastrisadmi gakeTebuli Sewiurulobisa Tu sxva raime socialuri Tu

138
ekonomikuri aqtisas, xSirad, uSualod Sio mRvimels mimarTvadnen, da
mas, rogorc cocxals, ise moixseniebdnen. mag., VII saukunis dasawyisSi,
stefanoz erismTavarsa da Sio-mRvimes Soris warmoqnil davisas,
hagiografis Tanaxmad, stefanozs saswaulebrivi gamocxadebiT, uSualod
SiosTan uwevs urTierToba da im or urCeules samefo dabas, romelic
stefanozma Sio-mRvimis monasters ,,mistaca’’, swored, wmida Sios uwers
da am dawerilobis damamtkicebel qartas wm. Sios saflavze debs
(abulaZe 1955: 205). giorgi I-is Sio-mRvimisadmi boZebul Seuvalobisa da
Tavisuflebis sigelSi weria: ,,da sigeli ese simtkicisaTvis daguiweria
da moguiჴsenebia wmidisa mamisa Siosda... (enuqiZe... 1984: 47). giorgi III-is
1170 wlis sigelSi ixsenieba ,,wmida Sios oqroTi da vercxliT’’
Sesyidueli soflebi – cxeveri da gavazelni (enuqiZe... 1984: 68) anu Sio-
mRvimis monastrisadmi kuTvnili qoneba uSualod wm. Sios sakuTrebad
iTvleboda. 1189/1200 wlebSi Sio-mRvimis monastris mier toxaჲsZeebisadmi
gacemul dawerilSi aRniSnulia, rom kvirike kaxTa mefes, Tavisi
moZRvris, basili toxaჲsZis rCeviT ,, ...Semoewirvina wmidisa SioჲsTჳs...
mTaTa Sina daoTi da barTa Sina rueTi’’ (enuqiZe... 1984: 83). yvelaze
cxadad is garemoeba, rom SesaZlebelia ,,Sios mowafeobaSi’’ basili
zarzmeli (ufro XI saukunis metafrasti) miqael parexelis Sio- mRvimeSi
moRvaweobas (da ara uSualod Sio mRvimelisadmi damowafebas)
gulisxmobda, Cans daax. 1200 wlisaTvis Sio-mRvimis monastris mier vinme
zosimesadmi dawerilSi. aq monasteri zosimes kvirike kaxTa mefis
samwirvelos umtkicebs: ,, ...ese dawerili dagiwereT Cuen, mRჳmelTa
erTobiT srulad krebulTa, wmidisa mamisa Sioჲs SvilTa da mowafeTa,
Sen, zosimes...” (xazi Cemia – S. m.), (enuqiZe... 1984: 89) e. i. monastris Zmobis
(krebulis) yvela wevri uSualod wmida Sios mowafed aRiqmeboda.
dawerilis bolos Sio-mRvimis monazvnebi kvlav wmida Sios mowafeebad
da Svilebad ixseniebian: ,,aw, amas dawerilsa Cuensa mowameni varT amas
udabnosa Sina myofni Zmani da mowafeni da Svilni wmidisa mamisa
Sioჲsni...” (xazgasma Cemia – S. m.) (enuqiZe... 1984: 90), aqedan cxadia, rom Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, wm. Sio mTel monasters ganasaxierebda da
monasterSi moRvawe monazoni, TavisTavad, Sio mRvimelis mowafed

139
iTvleboda, rac kidev ufro zrdis imis SesaZleblobas, rom IX
saukuneSi Sio-mRvimis lavraSi moRvawe miqael parexeli Sio
sakvirvelTmoqmedis mowafed CaeTvlaT (miTumetes ase SeeZlo gaego es
gviandel metafrasts).
garda amisa, vfiqrobT, damajerebelia serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi
aRwerili socialuri suraTis IX-X saukuneebiT daTariReba. aq, Cven
winaSea, ukve garTulebuli, mkveTrad ierarqiuli, feodaluri
sazogadoebis suraTi (Tumca am sazogadoebis gverdiT Canan, jer kidev
SemorCenili, Tavisufali meTemeebi) damaxasiaTebeli socialuri
terminologiiTa da leqsikiT, rac ufro gviandel periods Seesatyviseba,
vidre VI-VII saukuneebs.
amrigad, Cven ufro im varaudisaken vixrebiT, rom serapion zarzmeli
IX saukunis mowafea. serapion zarzmelis moRvaweobis k. kekeliZiseuli
qronologia amgvaria: serapionma moRvaweoba daiwyo daax. 850 wels,
zarzma aaSena daax. 861-868 wlebSi, xolo gardaicvala daax. 900 wels.
serapionis ZmisSvilma – basilma, romelmac monastris winamZRvroba
pavles Semdeg gadaibara (daax. 916-926 ww.), biZis cxovreba aRwera X
saukunis 20-iani miwuruls (kekeliZe 1980: 150), Tumca e. TayaiSvilis
mosazreba, am SemTxvevaSi, ufro swori unda iyos. 886 wels zarzmis
mamasaxlisi pavlea, rac imas niSnavs, rom serapioni, am droisaTvis, ukve
karga xnis gardacvlilia. e. TayaiSvilis Tanaxmad, serapion zarzmels IX
saukuneSi unda emoRvaweva, xolo basili zarzmels misi cxovreba da
moRvaweoba X saukunis dasawyisSi unda aRewera (TayaiSvili 1919: 110-111),
rac, vfiqrobT, yvelaze axlos unda iyos istoriul realobasTan.
miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc Tavs vikavebT serapion zarzmelis
cxovrebis gviandelobis mkacri mtkicebisagan da am sakiTxs Riad
vtovebT, radgan, vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli problemis saboloo gadawyveta,
damatebiTi wyaroebisa da cnobebis moZiebisa da aRmoCenis gareSe,
SeuZlebelia.
davubrundeT Cvengan zemoxsenebuli oTxi beris (opizis aRmSenebelTa)
sakiTxs: e. i. Tuki serapion zarmzeli cxovrebas VII saukuniT
davaTariRebT, maSin amoni, andria, petre da makari V saukuneSi
moRvaweebad, vaxtang gorgaslis Tanamedroveebad gamodian (da asec

140
Tvlida pavle ingoroyva (ingoroyva 1954: 340)). arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg
opizis ganmaaxlebelad p. ingoroyva amba samoels miiCnevda (ingoroyva
1954: 341), radgan grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi opizis monastris mesame
winamZRvari giorgi ixsenieba, romlis drosac grigoli opizaSi mivida,
xolo pirvel winamZRvrad samoeli (,,da iyo winamZRurisa maTisa saxeli
amba giorgi, rameTu mesame mamaÁ iyo opizisaÁ, raÁTgan samoel da andria
gardacvalebul iyvnes” (mari 1911: 9)). p. ingoroyva opizis seminariisa da
taZarSi SemorCenili freskuli warwrebis mixedviT opizis meored
restavratorad, anu ,,meored aRmSeneblad’’ aSot kurapalats miiCnevda
(ingoroyva 1954: 342) e. i. Tu pavle ingoroyvasgan wamoyenebul da Semdeg
sxva mecnierTagan aRiarebul Sexedulebas gaviziarebT, basili
zarzmelisgan naxsenebi oTxi beri (amoni, petre, andria da makari) V
saukuneSi moRvawe, vaxtang gorgaslis Tanamedrove sasuliero pirebi
arian. mogvianebiT VI saukuneSi aq Sio mRvimelis mowafe miqael parexeli
mkvidrdeba. miqael parexelis Semdeg daax. VII saukunis I naxevarSi
opizaSi serapion zarzmeli daeyudeba. VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi opiza
arabTa Semosevebis Sedegad daingra da daax. amave saukunis Sua xanebSi
monasteri samoel monazons unda ganeaxlebina. samoelis Semdeg
monasters saTaveSi andria Caudga, xolo Semdeg - giorgi, romelic aq
winamZRvrad 780 wels grigol xanZTelis mosvlisas yofila. IX saukunis
60-ian wlebSi opizas xelmeored Cautarda restavracia. ,,meored
maSenebeli’’ guaram mamfali iyo, aSot didi kurapalatis Ze. 58 matiane
qarTlisaÁ-s gadmocemiT ,,da mokuda guaram Ze aSotisi, da damarxes
opizas, meored misgan aRSenebulsa” (yauxCiSvili 1955: 260). 59
magram kidev erTxel: mTeli es qronologia, ase mwyobrad, im
SemTxvevaSi dalagdeba, Tuki serapion zarzmels VII saukunis moRvawed
CavTvliT, magram Tu mas, qarTul istoriografiaSi XX saukuneSi
damkvidrebuli tradiciisamebr, IX saukuneSi mcxovreb berad miviCnevT
(rac, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ufro damajereblad gamoiyureba)? maSin
opizis monastris qronologia Semdgenairi iqneba: opiza pirvelad

58
opizis taZris freskul warwerasa da saostigneSi SemorCenil warweraSi opizis
maSeneblad aSotic isxenieba, romlis vinaoba bolomde garkveuli ar aris.
59
vaxuSti opizis ,,meored maSeneneblad’’ SecdomiT gurgens miiCnevda (lomouri... 1941:
135).

141
samoel monazonis mier amave saukunis Sua wlebSi ganaxlda, xolo
xelmeored restavracia IX saukuneSi guaram mamfalma Cautara, magram
maSin es zemoxsenebuli oTxi beri vin aris? ra periodSi SeiZleba maTi
moRvaweobis moTavseba? rogorc jer kidev a. bogveraZe aRniSnavda,
samoel monazonis TanamoRvaweebad isini ar Canan (bogveraZe 1964: 62), arc
grigol xanZTelTan gvxvdeba maTi xseneba, serapion zarzmelis
cxovrebis cnobiT ki isini serapionis moZRvris miqael parexelis iq
misvlamde moRvaweobdnen da opizis ,,aRmSeneblebi’’ iyvnen. faqtia, rom am
SemTxvevaSi opizis monastris istoriis qronologiaSi maTi moTavseba
Zalian garTuldeba, amasTan ar SeiZleba am cnobis, rogorc raime
anaqronizmis, gamonagonis an gadamweris Secdomis gamocxadeba Sesabamisi
argumentaciis gareSe. maTi moRvaweobis qronologiis garkveva momavlis
saqmea.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom opiza erT-erTi uZvelesi
qarTuli monasteria daarsebuli vaxtang gorgaslisa da misi ZuZumtis,
artavazis, mier V saukunis Sua xanebSi (daax. 456 w.) basiliseuli
monastrebis nimuSisa da wes-gangebis mixedviT. SemTxveviTi araa, rom
opiza swored ponto-kapadokiuri bermonazvnobis gavlenis Sedegad
daarsda da basiliseuli wesis monastrad iqca. istoriografiaSi
cnobilia dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mWidro, eTnikuri
da kulturuli kavSiri pontosTan da kapadokiasTan moyolebuli
uZvelesi droidan. juanSeris Txzulebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom am
kavSirma am ori mxaris qristianul cxovrebaSic hpova gamovlineba.

$4. petre iberieli

palestinaSi qarTulma bermonazvnobam Zalze adre moikida fexi.60

qarTul wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi (romelTa miRebac ukritikod ar

60 nazareTSi, sadac saeklesio gardamocemis Tanaxmad, yovladwminda qalwuli

cxovrobda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, agebdnen taZrebs. 1959 wels axali franciskanuli
taZris aSenebis win arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Catarda, romelmac IV-V saukuneebis
bizantiuri bazilika gamoavlina. bazilikis nangrevebSi, baTqaSian qvebze berZnuli,
siriuli, somxuri da qarTuli grafitebi aRmoCnda (aleqsiZe 2011: 20). taZari IV

142
SeiZleba) qarTvelTa moRvaweobas wm. miwaze Zalze adreul xanas
ukavSirebs. mefe mirianis mier jvris monastrisaTvis miwis Sesyidvisa da
vaxtang gorgaslis mier am miwaze jvris monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb
gvawvdis informacias Teimuraz bagrationi (bagrationi 1848). ra wyaroebs
eyrdnoba avtori, CvenTvis ucnobia, amitom am cnobis sandoobis
mtkicebisagan Tavs SevikavebT, Tumca faqtia, rom qarTuli tradicia
palestinaSi qarTuli bermonazvnobis gavrcelebas ase adreul epoqas
miawerda (feraZe 1995: 97; mgalobliSvili 2003: 21). gr. feraZe ratomRac
ukritikod endoba am qarTul gardamocemas da acxadebs, rom ,,jvris
monasteri aSenda IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, xolo SemdgomSi XI s-Si
(1038 wels) aRadgina qarTvelma berma proxorem’’ (feraZe 1995: 97). raime
sando wyaros moZiebamde es mosazreba mxolod varaudad SeiZleba
darCes.
Tumca palestinaSi qarTuli monastrebis aRmocenebasTan
dakavSirebiT, upirveles yovlisa, petre iberi gvaxsendeba. petre
(eriskacobaSi nabarnugi), Tavisi drois saxelganTqmuli beri, mravali
aRmosavleli qristianis sulier liderad iqca. petre iberielis saxels
ukavSirdeba palestinasa da egvipteSi antiqalkedonuri
(monofizituri/miafizituri) moZraobis aRmavloba, petre namdvilad iqca
araqalkedonur aRmosavlur eklesiaTa erT-erT sulier mesaZirkvled.
petre qarTveli Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli bermonazvnobis
konteqstSi, gvainteresebs. ramdenad iyo mis mier daarsebuli monastrebi
qarTuli da ra gavlena hqonda mis asketur cxovrebaze im religiur
atmosferos, romelSic is qarTlis samefo karze izrdeboda?
magram sanam uSualod petres biografiaze gadavidodeT, aucilebelia
mokled SevexoT im ramdenime Zireul sakiTxs, romelic petre iberielis

saukunis dasawyisSi unda aSenebuliyo, xolo V saukunis DSua xanebisaTvis is ukve

dangreuli iyo, rac qarTul grafitebs V saukunis I naxevriT an ufro adre, IV
saukuniT aTariRebs (aleqsiZe 2011: 23-24), Tumca TviT qarTul asomTavrul asoTa
moxazuloba, paleografiuli da qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT, anaqronizmad
gamoiyureba (aleqsiZe 2011: 25). marTalia, CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu vis ekuTvnis warwerebi
(qarTvel berebs? ubralo saero piligrimebs, romlebic palestinaSi droebiT
Cerdebodnen?), magram sanam sakiTxi bolomde gairkveva, varaudis saxiT, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom nazareTis warwerebi qarTvelTa palestinaSi yofnis uZvelesi
arqeologiuri mowmoba unda iyos.

143
cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas Seexeba, qarTvelologiaSi iyo da, garkveul
wreebSi, kvlavac aqtualuria.
DmecnierebaSi petre iberielTan dakavSirebulia dionise areopagelis
korpusis avtorobis problema. areopagituli korpusis avtori fsevdo-
dionise areopagelis saxeliTaa cnobili, anu gaurkvevelia misi namdvili
avtori, romelic I saukunis moRvawes, dionise areopagelis saxelqveS
imaleba. 61
1942 wels qarTvelma filosofosma S. nucubiZem da 1952 wels
belgielma filologma e. honigmanma (da es ukanaskneli S. nucubiZes
imowmebs, isini erTi da igive daskvnamde damoukideblad ar misulan)
gamoTqves mosazreba fsevdo-dionisesa da petre iberielis igiveobis
Sesaxeb (honigmani 1955: 51-78), S. nucubiZe darwmunebuli iyo (am
mosazrebas honigmanis naSromis rusuli Targmanis Sesaval sityvaSi
gamoTqvamda), rom maTi identuroba damtkicebuli iyo (honigmani 1955: 4).
cota mogvianebiT S. nucubiZisa da e. honigmanis mier wamoyenebuli
debulebebi irene hauSerma (Irénée Hausherr), hieronimus engberdigma
(Hieronymus Engberding) da rene roqma (René Roques) gaakritikes. petre
iberielis avtorobas, am argumentebiT, TiTqos safuZveli gamoecala,
Tumca petre qarTvelis mier areopagitikis SeTxzvis Teorias miSel van
esbroki (Michel van Esbroek) da basili lurie (Basil Lurié) miubrundnen
(lurie 2010: 143-144). es ukanaskneli dRemde petre qarTvelis avtorobas
emxroba.
dReis mdgomareobiT, akademiur sivrceSi, fsevdo-dionises vinaobis
problema kvlav dauZlevel sirTuled rCeba (qorigani... 2004; louTi 2004:
2), zogierTi mecnieri imasac fiqrobs, rom araviTari fsevdo-dionise
areopageli ar arsebobs da Corpus Areopagiticum realurad I saukuneSi

61 areopagituli korpusi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dionise areopagelis SeTxzulad

miaCndaT. avtori Tavis Tavs im dionised warmogvidgens, romelic pavle mociqulma
aTenis areopagSi qadagebisas moaqcia da romelic mogvianebiT aTenis episkoposad iqca.
misi epistoleebis adresatebSi ixseniebian ioane RvTismetyveli, tite da timoTe.
avtori mogviTxrobs, rom is yovladwminda RvTismSoblis miZinebasac
daeswro.Eevropulma tradiciam dionise parizis pirvel episkoposad da sen-denis (Saint-
Denis) saabatos mfarvelad aqcia, Tumca Sua saukuneebis (mag. pier abeliari) da
renesansis avtorTa mier gairkva, rom dionise areopageli mxolod fsevdonimi iyo
savaraudod V saukunis avtorisaTvis, vis kalamsac realurad ekuTvnis areopagituli
korpusi (louTi 2004: 1-2).

144
mcxovreb dionise areopagels miekuTvneba (parkeri... 2015; WeliZe), Tumca
istorikosTa da filologTa umetesoba am azrs ar iziarebs.
meore sakiTxi, romelic petre iberiels ukavSirdeba, ara imdenad
dasavluri, aramed konkretulad qarTuli mecnierebisaTvis iqca
aqtualur problemad (ufro ukanasknel xanebSi). esaa petre qarTvelis
aRmsarebloba. Cven arc am sakiTxs mimovixilavT vrclad. dasavlur
istoriografiaSi petre qarTveli erTbunebianTa (igive monofizitTa an,
ufro zustad Tu vityviT, miafizitTa 62) erT-erT gamorCeul
winamZRoladaa aRiarebuli. monofizitobis cnobili istorikosis u. h. s.
frendis (W. H. C. Frend) aRniSvniT, ,,mTeli TaobisaTvis petres monasteri,
maiumas maxloblad, antiqalkeduri winaaRmdegobis umTavres centrad
iqceva’’ (frendi 2008: 153), Tumca, kacma rom Tqvas, amas dasavluri
mecnierebis aRiareba sulac ar sWirdeba, faqti aSkaraa: petres
cxovrebis aRmwerelni ioane rufusi da zaqaria ritori (ix. qvemoT)
mgznebare monofizitebi iyvnen, petre qarTveli ki Teodosi
ierusalimelTan, timoTe kvernasTan (igive timoTe kata anu
aleqsandrieli), petre mongTan, esaia gandegilTan da petre fulonTan
erTad monofizituri moZraobis sulier mamaTa rigs miekuTvneboda,
amasTan zogi maTganisagan (mag. petre mongisa an petre fulonisagan)
gansxvavebiT petre monofizitTa radikalur frTas edga saTaveSi,
uaryofda ra zenonis henotikons. faqtia rom petre iberieli palestinasa
da egvipteSi monofizitTa erT-erTi yvelaze gavlenian winamZRolsa da
qalkedonis krebis Seurigebel mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda. aseve
faqtia isic, rom VIUmsoflio saeklesio krebam petre qarTveli anaTemas
gadasca, rogorc am swavlebis erT-erTi aqtiuri mqadagebeli. meeqvse
msoflio krebis ganCineba gvauwyebs am anaTemas:

62Tanamedrove Teologiur da istoriul literaturaSi monofizitebs xSirad

,,miafizitebad” moixsenieben, radgan termini ,,monofiziti” adeqvaturad ver gamoxatavs
araqalkedonur eklesiaTa moZRvrebis arss. RvTismetyvelTa nawilis azriT,
Tanamedrove etapze, gamorkveulia, rom qalkedonur da araqalkedonur eklesiaTa Soris
realuri Teologiur-doqtrinaluri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. Cveni eklesiebi iziareben
wm. kirile aleqsandrielis saRvTismetyvelo formulas RvTis erTi Sedgenili
hipostasis (romelsac araqalkedonelebi, am TeologTa azriT, ,,bunebas’’ uwodeben)
Sesaxeb. amitom Tanamedrove araqalkedoenelbi ,,miafizitebad” moixsenebian, radgan
,,mias’’ aRniSnavs ,,erTs’’, romelic sxvadaxva arsisgan Sedgeba, xolo ,,monos” ubralod
erTs, martivs, Seudgenels, radgan araqalkedonelebi macxovarSi realurad arsebul
adamianurobas aRiareben amitom maT dRes ,,miafizitebs” uwodeben.

145
 amrigad, samaradJamod anaTemasa da SeCvenabaSi iyos wminda da
Tanaarsi da Tayvansacemi samebis, - mamis, da Zis, da suliwmindis, -
mier: pirvelad simon mogvi, ... mis Semdeg, agreTve, klebeosi, menandre,
... evtiqi, dioskore – evtiqis damcveli da Tanamosajuli, barsuma,
zoora, timoTe, ,,katad’’ wodebuli, petre mongosi da akaki, romlebmac
zenonis ,,kenotikoni’’ (henotikonis damamcirebeli saxelwodeba
marTlmadideblebSi – S. m.) ixelovnes, ... petre mkawvreli, romelmac
samwmidaobis locvisadmi jvris darTva gabeda, sxva petre, iberieli
da goneba-veluri wyluli (teqsti citirebulia e. WeliZis mixedviT,
WeliZe 2016: 74).
sruliad samarTliania petres religiuri msoflmxedvelobis m.
TarxniSviliseuli daxasiaTeba:
dRidan misi mwyemsmTavrad dadgenisa, petre gvevlineba, rogorc
udreki mimdgomi da meqomage monofizitobisa. am erTxel aTvisebul
moZRvrebas igi sikvdilamdis aRar gadasdgomia (TarxniSvili 2014: 383).
axla uSualod petre qarTvelis cxovreba mimovixiloT, romlis
Sesaswavlad ramdenime wyaro gagvaCnia. upirvelesi mniSvneloba ioane
rufusis petre iberis cxovrebas gaaCnia. es brwyinvale hagiografiuli
Zegli, Tavdapirvelad, berZnulad unda daweriliyo daax. 500 wels, xolo
Semdeg siriulad unda eTargmnaT (horni 2006: 10). siriuli teqsti
germanulad Targmna da gamoaqveyna rixard raabem (Richard Raabe) 1895 wels.
pirvelad inglisurad es Txzuleba qristianuli bermonazvnobis
saxelganTqmulma mkvlevarma, anglikanma mRvdelma da istoriokosma,
Cvengan ukve zemoxsenebulma dervas CiTim Targmna. Targmani mas daax. 1967
wlisaTvis daumTavrebia, magram ratomRac misi gamoqveyneba veRar
moxerxda (es Targmani dRemde gamouqveynebelia). 2008 wels kornelia
hornma (Cornelia Horn) da robert feniqsma (Robert Phenix) ioane rufusis
Txzulebis inglisuri Targmani gamosces (horni... 2008).
Ppetre iberis cxovreba qarTulad XIII saukuneSi Targmna vinme makari
mRvdelma, xolo am Targmans redaqtireba gaukeTa XV saukuneSi moRvawe
pavle dekanozma. petre iberielis qarTuli cxovreba Targmans ar
warmoadgens am sityvis Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT. makari mRvdelma
Targmans anderZic daurTo, sadac petre iberis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis aRwera vinme ,,zaqaria qarTvels’’ miawera. mTargmnelma (an

146
Targmanis redaqtorma) seriozulad gadaamuSava siriuli originali da
monofizitobis medroSe petre marTlmorwmune qalkedonelad aqcia.
pavle dekanozi Tavis anderZSi gvauwyebs, rom man Txzuleba ,,Semateba-
daklebis’’ principiT ,,Seaswora’’, dazianebul qarTul Targmans Sesavali
daurTo da misi ,,keTilad dasrulebac’’ ar daviwyebia (lolaSvili 1972:
97; lolaSvili 1988: 64). 63
1988 wels iv. lolaSvilma petre iberis cxovrebis r. raabeseuli
germanuli Targmanis qarTuli Targmani gamoaqveyna (lolaSvili 1988).
1912 wels gamoqveynebul Tavis mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaSi (Johannes
Rufus – ein monophysitische schriftseller (ioane rufusi – monofiziti mwerali)),
petre iberis Sesaxeb, cnobilma germanelma filologma e. Svarcma
daasabuTa, rom petre iberis cxovrebis avtori petres ganuyreli mowafe
da megobari ioane rufusia (ix. Svarci 1912: 1-28). rogorc avRniSneT ioane
rufusma es Txzuleba berZnulad dawera, berZnuli dedani dakargulia
da SemorCenilia mxolod misi siriuli Targmani. siriuli (asuruli) ena
monofizituri eklesiis saRvTismetyvelo da saRvTismsaxuro enad iqca,
amitom gasakviri araa, rom monofizitobis saxelganTqmuli moRvawis
cxovreba swored am enaze SemogvrCa. petre iberis cxovrebas Zalian didi
mniSvneloba qonda, ara marto wminda Teologiuri an liturgikuli (am
Txzulebas xmamaRla kiTxulobdnen monofizitur eklesiebSi petres
xsenebisas (horni 2006: 17-18)), aramed ,,monofizituri identobisis’’
TvalsazrisiTac. monofiziturma religiurma TviTSegnebam qalkedonis
krebis Semdeg sakmaod swrafad iwyo Camoyalibeba, xolo VI saukunis 40-
iani wlebidan, rodesac iakob baradeosis wyalobiT, qalkedonuris
paraleluri antiqalkedonuri ierarqiac aRmocenda, monofizitobam
(miafizitobam) aRmosavleTis xalxebSi (sirielebSi, somxebSi,
egviptelebSi, eTiopielebsa da indoelebSi) umyaresi niadagi hpova.
monofizituri hagiografia ki, bunebrivia, xels uwyobda am process.
ioane rufussve ekuTvnis (ufro sworad is, am SemTxvevaSi, ufro
redaqtorad gvevlineba, vidre uSualo avtorad) pleroforiebi, romelic
monofizitur paterikebs warmoadgens, aq Sekrebilia sxvadasxva
63miqel TarxniSvils qarTuli cxovrebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazreba
hqonda. misi azriT, asurulidan petres cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli Txzuleba
ara XIII saukuneSi, aramed VIII saukuneSi iTargmna (TarxniSvili 2014: 379).

147
moRvaweebTan dakavSirebuli swavlebani da saswaulTa Txrobani,
romelic ioanes Tavad petresgan mousmenia (horni 2006: 10-11).
1972 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi areopagitikis problemebi iv.
lolaSvilma petres cxovrebis ioane rufusisadmi kuTvnileba uaryo da
Txzulebis avtorad qarTuli Targmanis anderZSi moxseniebuli vinme
zaqaria qarTveli gamoacxada (lolaSvili 1972: 97-102). iv. lolaSvilis
mier gamoTqmul Sexedulebas mwvave kritikiT gamoexmaura a. gawerelia.
kamaTi iv. lolaSvilsa da a. gawerelias Soris TiTqmis mTeli 70-80-iani
wlebis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. a. gawereliam samarTlianad aRniSna,
rom es ,,zaqaria qarTveli’’ XV saukunis qarTuli Targmanis redaqtoris
pavle dekanozis mogonilia (sxvagan arsad, arc erT wyaroSi, am zaqaria
qarTvelis xsenebac ki ar aris) da zaqaria qarTvels ,,folologiuri
miraJi’’ uwoda (gawerelia 1977: 284-285). 80-iani wlebis bolos iv.
lolaSvili kvlavac Tavis azrze rCeboda. misi TqmiT,
arsebobs mosazreba, rom zaqaria qarTveli fiqtiuri piria, aRreulia
zaqaria ritorSi, romelsac TiTqos SeuTxzavs petres cxovrebis
vrceli sakiTxavi, an, ubralod, pirveli zaqaria meore zaqarias
Txzulebis mimTvisebelia, xolo is anderZi, romelic qarTul
redaqcias erTvis, falsifikaciaa da SeTxzulia pavle dekanozis mier
sakmaod mogvianebiT. me amgvari skepsisi... kategoriulad uarvyav da
mas verc axla gaviziareb, radgan ZvelqarTuli bibliografiuli
cnobisadmi amgvari undoblobiTi damokidebuleba filologiur
kvlevaSi yvelaze ioli gamosavalia nebsiTi hipoTezis SesaTxzvelad
(lolaSvili 1988: 62).
magram ,,nebsiTi hipoTeza’’ petres cxovrebis avtorad sxva wyaroebiT
absoluturad ucnobi zaqaria qarTvelis gamocxadebas ufro eTqmis,
vidre mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod gaziarebul Sexedulebas, romelic e.
Svarcma Sesabamisi argumentebiT gaamyara. a. gawerelia kvlav gamoexmaura
iv. lolaSvilis mosazrebas da isev damajereblad uaryo zaqaria
qarTvelis arseboba (gawerelia 1988: 87-103). Cven axla SegviZlia
danamdvilebiT vTqvaT, rom zaqaria qarTveli XV saukunis qarTveli
dekanozis mdidari fantaziis nayofia da meti araferi.
meore avtori, romelic petre qarTvelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis, aris cnobili monofiziti

148
mematiane zaqaria ritori, igive zaqaria mitileneli (SesaZlebelia
swored es zaqaria aqcia Txzulebis qarTvelma mTargmnelma Tu
redaqtorma zaqaria qarTvelad), romelic Tavis TxzulebebSi saeklesio
istoriaSi, severos antioqielis cxovrebasa da esaia asektis cxovrebaSi
petres Sesaxeb vrclad saubrobs. zaqaria Razeli iyo, misi mama-
papiseuli saxli, sadac patara zaqaria izrdeboda, petres mier
daarsebuli maiumas monastris siaxloves mdebareobda (horni 2006: 45).
petre qarTvelis masStabur religiur figuras, romelsac uzarmazari
gavlena hqonda aRmosavleTis monofizitur wreebSi, Rrma kvali unda
daemCnia zaqarias pirovnebasa da msoflmxedvelobaze. zaqaria severos
antioqiels, esaia asketsa da petre qarTvels monofizitur moZraobis sam
gamoCenil winamZRvrad Tvlida (horni 2006: 45). mecnierTa nawilis azriT,
zaqarias petres cxovrebac unda aRewera. am varaudis warmoqnas xeli
Seuwyo Sahau 321 siriul xelnawerSi (sadac zaqarias naSromebia daculi)
Semonaxulma fragmentma, romelic TiTqos petre iberis dakarguli
cxovrebis nawils unda warmoadgendes. k. hornis azriT es fragmenti
arafers amtkicebs da zaqaria ritoris mier petres cxovrebis aRwera
kvlav hipoTezad rCeba (horni 2006: 46).
ioane rufusis Tanaxmad, petre qarTlis samefo ojaxSi daibada.
petres dabadebis TariRad mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva dros miiCnevdnen 409
wels (horni 2006: 52), 411 wels (lolaSvili 1988: 9), 412 wels (devo 1968:
337-350), 417 wels (horni 2006: 52). k. horni am ukanasknels uWers mxars
(horni 2006: 52) da Cvenc es weli yvelaze damajereblad gveCveneba.
saamiso argumenti Semdegia: petre Tormeti wlis iyo, rodesac
konstantinepolis mTavarepiskoposma nestorma RvTismSoblis Sesaxeb
sakuTari swavlebis warmoTqma daiwyo (429 w.), erT-erT amgvar qadagebas
petrec eswreboda (is nestors piradad icnobda), amitom logikuria
vivaraudoT, rom petre swored 417 wels daibada.
,,netari petres samSoblo iyo iberTa ganTqmuli qveyana, im
CrdiloelTa [qveyana], romelnic mzis aRmosavalTan binadroben’’, -
gvauwyebs rufusi (lolaSvili 1988: 80). petres eriskacobaSi nabarnugi
erqva da ara murvani, rogorc es, misi qarTuli cxovrebis wyalobiT,

149
Cvens istoriografiaSi SecdomiT garvcelda. a. gawerelias marTebuli
SeniSvniT, es saxeli
berZnulidan siriulSi gadasuli iberieli ufliswulis namdvili
saxelis qarTuli modifikaciaa ,,murvanosis’’ saxiT. ueWvelia: radgan
XIII-XIV ss-Si ,,nabarnugiosi” araqarTulad JRerda (gawerelia 1990: 90).
nabarnugad ixsenieba petre eriskacobaSi pleroforiebSi, oRond aq
misi saxeli kidev ufro zustad, berZnuli daboloeba ,,os’’-is gareSe
weria (gawerelia 1990: 90).
nabarnugis mama qarTlis mefe bozmari (buzmihri) iyo, 64 mamis mamasac
aseve bozmari erqva. nabarnugis dedis saxeli iyo bakurduxtia, xolo
dedis dedisa duxtia, romelmac Tavisi siwmindiT gaiTqva saxeli.
rufusis gadmocemiT, nabarnugis
papa dedis mxridan gaxldaT didi bakuri, duxtias meuRle. es bakuri
am qveynis mmarTvelTagan pirveli qristiani mefe iyo, romelmac mTeli
xalxi RvTismoSiSebamde miiyvana (lolaSvili 1988: 81).
am bakuris Sesaxeb, romelic ioane rufuss ratomRac qarTlis pirvel
qristian mefed miaCnia, Cven qvemoT visaubrebT. 65 nabarnugis wminda da
RvTismoSiS winaparTa da naTesavTa ricxvi amiT ar amoiwureba. rufusis
gadmocemiT, petres babuas bakurs hyavda Zma – arCili, romelic mravals
aRemata asketuri cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT.
igi bakurTan da buzmarTan erTad Rrma moxucebulobaSi iberias
marTavda, iberTa mefeTmonacvleobis wesis Tanaxmad, da Tavisi
cxovreba qalwulebasa da RvTismosaobaSi daasrula (lolaSvili
1988:L 81).

64 petre iberis qarTuli cxovreba petres dabadebis gansxvavebul versias gvTavazobs:

am nawarmoebis Tanaxmad, Teodosi imperatoris mmarTvelobis Jams, qarTvelTa mefe iyo
keTilmorwmune varaz-bakuri, ,,marTlmadidebeli da didad RmrTismsaxuri” (abulaZe 1967:
215). mefes Ze ar esva, amitom RmerTs dRe da Ram vaJis moniWebas evedreboda. erTxelac
mcxeTisaken mimavals, dauRamda da mtkvris piras CaeZina. aq mas angelozi gamoecxada,
romelmac Zis dabadeba uwinisaswarmetyvela. ,,da Semdgomad dReTa ravodenTame miudga
coli mefisa da uSva mas Ze... uwodes saxeli murvanos” (abulaZe 1967: 216-217). aRniSnuli
Txroba ar dasturdeba berZnul-siriul wyaroebSi, Sesabamisad, didi albaTobiT es
istoria qarTuli cxovrebis avtoris (an redaqtoris) mdidari fantaziis nayofs unda
warmoadgendes.
65 Cven uSualod bakuris istoriuli identifikaciis sakiTxs ar SevexebiT. amis Sesaxeb
qarTvelologiaSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli, radgan es
problema Cveni sakvlevi Temis farglebs scdeba, masze msjelobas aRar gavagrZelebT.
bakuris identifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT ix. gozaliSvili 1974; CxartiSvili 2013.

150
 patara nabarnugi ZiZasTan izrdeboda. am RvTismoSiSi qalis saxeli
ZuZo iyo, is ufliswuls sparselTagan malavda da RvTismosaobiT
zrdida. nabarnugis aRzrdaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda ZuZos
qaliSvili ota, romelic aseve dedobilad da aRmzrdelad eqca qarTlis
samefo taxtis memkvidres (lolaSvili 1988: 81-81).
rogorc ioane rufusi gadmogvcems, nabarnugi Tavidanve uCveulod
asketur garemoSi izrdeboda. is garemoculi iyo qristianuli
moRvaweobis suliT. rufusis TqmiT
didi bakuri – iberTa pirveli qristiani mefe – da misi meuRle
duxtia qristes mimarT RvTismoSiSebis iseT simaRleze avidnen, iseTi
saTnoeba da saqcieli gamoavlines, rom Tumca mefuri Camomavlobisa
iyvnen, mainc TavianTi mmarTvelobis dros monazonur-asketur
cxovrebas misdevdnen da [am cxovrebiT] arsebobdnen (xazgasma Cemia –
S. m.) (lolaSvili 1988: 82).
petres bebiam da babuam qristianTa Soris ZvelTaganve gavrcelebul
praqtikas mimarTes da, mas Semdeg, rac Svilebi SeeZinaT, xorcieli
urTierToba Sewyvites. rufusi suraTs ise xatavs, TiTqos qarTlis
mTeli samefo kari erT did monastrad gadaiqca. bakuri mkacrad
marxulobda, loculobda, mowyalebas arigebda da qalaqis (igulisxmeba
albaT mcxeTa) eklesias kviraSi samjer sakuTari xeliT hgvida
(lolaSvili 1988: 82). Tavmdablobis garda bakuri glaxakTa
siyvaruliTac gamoirCeoda:
Tavis Rirsebis damcirebad ar miaCnda, roca Tavis sasaxleSi maTTvis
sxvadaxsxvanair saWmelebs amzadebidebda; Semdeg es saWmelebi
kalaTebiT TviTve mihqonda Ram-RamobiT mis mierve glaxakTaTvis
agebul TavSesafarSi, da vinc iq iwvnen, maT Tavisi xeliT aWmevda
(lolaSvili 1988: 82-83).
rufusis gadmocemiT, bakuri qristes aRsarebiTac gamobrwyinda.
hagiografi mogviTxrobs im SemTxvevas, romelic bakurs sparseTis mefis
jarSi msaxurebisas SeemTxva. laSqrobisas mefesa da mis mxleblebs (maT
Soris bakurs) Tavze daaTendaT. mzis amosvlisas sparseTis SahanSahi da
misi msaxurni cxenebidan Camocvivdnen, Zirs daemxnen da mzes, rogorc
RvTaebas, Tayvani sces. bakuri, Zirs damxoba ki ara, cxenidanac ar

151
Camosula, rac msaxurebma umal mefes moaxsenes. am ukanasknelma bakurs
hkiTxa, marTali iyo Tu ara, rom man mzis Tayvaniscemaze uari Tqva.
bakurma, danielisa da sami Wabuki megobris WeSmaritma mimbaZvelma,
mTeli jaris winaSe gulwrfelad wamoiZaxa: ,,me qristiani var da ara
maqvs ufleba uarvyo erTaderTi WeSmariti RmerTi, yovelTa
Semoqmedi, da Tayvani vsce mis mier gaCenils [mzes], romelic
dabadebulia Cemi da yvela adamianis samsaxureblad da gasanaTeblad
(lolaSvili 1988: 83-84).
sparseTis mbrZanebeli iZulebuli gaxda, pragmatuli, samxedro-
politikuri mosazrebebis gamo, bakurisTvis angariSi gaewia:
ase rom mefe Tumca gancvifrda da mis gulaxdilobaze gawiTlda
kidec, magram miubrunda Tavisianebs da Cumad uTxra: ,,is bakuria da
Cven gvWirdeba. ra unda vuqnaT mas? (lolaSvili 1988: 84).
bakurs misi meuRle, nabarnugis bebiac, ar CamorCeboda RvTismosaobasa
da moRvaweobaSi. duxtia mTel dros locvaSi, marxvaSi da mowyalebis
gaRebaSi atarebda. man sadedoflo Sesamoselis magivrad ZaZa Seimosa. aq
ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes SuSaniki, romelsac antioqiuri palekartis
qveS, ZaZa emosa. ZaZiT Semosva qristianebSi sinanuls ganasaxierebda,
gavixsenoT, rom monanuli meZavi, pelagia antioqielic ZaZiT Seimosa
(horni 2006: 116), ZaZiT Semosva moaswavebda moRvaweobas, sinanulsa da
Tavmdablobas. rogorc Cans, amgvari praqtika sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo
IV-V ss. qarTlis qristianul aristokratiaSi.
raRa unda iTqvas nabarnugis did biZaze, arCilze, romelic qarTlSi
V saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mefobda. arCili TiTqmis yvelas Crdilavda
sakuTari siwmindiTa da umankoebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTlis es
mefe erSi monazvnad iqca. marTalia, arCili samefo taxtis memkvidreobis
gasagrZeleblad daaqorwines, magram mas meuRlesTan saerTod ar hqonia
xorcieli kavSiri da ,,mis mimarT... qalwulad darCa’’ (lolaSvili 1988:
84). moxda ise, rom arCil mefis meuRle mruSobis codvaSi Cavarda, ris
gamoc arCilma coli amxila. dedofalma ar Seinana da rodesac mefem mas
mruSobisas waaswro, kacs romelTanac dedofali mruSobda, uTxra:
miCuqebia SenTvis sicocxle da sisxli. aha, sagzali da samgzavro
fuli! saswrafod momSordi da am qveyanaSi nuRar gaCerdebi, rom

152
 raime ubedureba ar SegemTxves da Seni sisxli valad ar momeTvalos
(iqve).
arCili cols saRvTo sasjeliT daumuqra da marTlac, qali sastikad
daisaja: mas ,,qveda tanis is adgili matlebma daulpes da misi sicocxle
da sxeuli tkivilebiT waxda’’ (lolaSvili 1988: 84-85). dedofals
mxolod Rrma sinanulis Semdeg eSvela, amis Semdeg isic mkacri
moRvaweobis gzas daadga (lolaSvili 1988: 85).
mefe arCilma ,,saTno yofa-qceviT RvTisagan iseTi didi mowyaleba da
sasixarulo ndoba moipova, rom Tavisi locva-vedrebiT saswaulebs
axdenda”, rogorc amas mogvianebiT Tavad petre hyveboda (lolaSvili
1988: 85).
gamoxda xani da arCilma ierusalimSi Tavisi Zmis Svilis Svilis,
nabarnugis monazvnad aRkveca Seityo. arCilma axla ukve axladaRkvecil
petres werili miswera, sadac TavisTvis locvas iTxovda (lolaSvili
1988: 85-86).
mefe arCilTan dakavSirebiT ioane rufusi kidev erT Zalze
saintereso detals gvawvdis, rac Zalian sayuradReboa, ara mxolod
petresa da misi axloblebis cxovrebis, aramed zogadad, qarTlis
imdroindeli yofa-cxovrebis aRsawerad.
xolo vinaiTgan ama qveynis warCinebulT, garTobis mosurneTa da
uzrunvelT, romelTac Cveulebad aqvT moiwvion mgosan-momReralni
qalni da kacni, ama qveynis araraobani, raTa imReron maTi
siamovnebisa da warmavali garTobis mosagvrelad, manac daviT mefis
msgavsad TavisTan daiyena wmida galobaTa mTqmelni, romelnic
purisWamisa Tu yovel dros RmrTis wminda himnebs galobdnen. ase
rom, misi sasaxle arafriT gamoirCeoda eklesiisagan’’ (xazgasma Cemia
– S. m.) (lolaSvili 1988: 86).
aq ramdenime garemoebaa sayuradRebo: eTnofsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovania qarTveli aristokratiis daxasiaTeba, romlebic
,,garTobis mosurneni da uzrunvelni’’ yofilan da, vfiqrob, qarTuli
kulturis kargad mcodnisaTvis, aq saocari araferia, eTnografiis (da
eTnomusikis) kuTxiT sainteresoa cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac, samefo
karze saero (savaraudod xalxur) simRerebs mamakacTa da qalTa
specialuri gundebi asrulebednen, da aseve aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom

153
ioane rufusTan, albaT, pirveli cnoba gagvaCnia qarTuli saeklesio
galobis Sesaxeb, romelic maSin Camoyalibebis stadiaSi unda yofiliyo.
Cven zemoT vaxseneT nabarnugis aRmzrdeli ZuZo. Zalian mniSvnelovan
cnobas gvawvdis ioane rufusi am ZuZosa da patara nabarnuguis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb:
xolo cxonebuli ZuZo, romelmac cxonebuli [petre] aRzarda, iseTi
wmindani iyo, rom rodesac yrmas masTan eZina, [mZinares] bevrjer
apkurebda cremlebs, RamiT dgeboda da qarTul enaze ambobda Semdegs:
,,ufalo ieso, RmerTo Cemo da dambadebelo Cemo, Semibrale me!”
(lolaSvili 1988: 86).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioane rufusis TxzulebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
Zveli cnoba gvaqvs iesos locvis Sesaxeb e. i. qarTul asketur wreebSi
ukve V saukunis damdegs gavrcelebuli yofila monazvnuri moRvaweobis
erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli – gonieri (mouklebeli) locva,
romelic erT-erT yvelaze Zlier iaraRad iTvleba asketur tradiciaSi.
iberiis mefe bakurs arc misi asuli, nabarnugis deda bakurduxtia,
CamorCeboda sulier Rvawlsa da moTminebaSi. bozmaris gardacvalebis
Semdeg man qvrivis qalwulebrivi cxovreba airCia (romlis Sesaxebac
zemoT sakmarisad visaubreT) da memyudrove cxovrebas Seudga.
vinaidan is ukve veRar itanda qalaqSi cxovrebas, aramed amjobinebda
Tavis soflebSi Sesdgomoda gandegilur cxovrebas. is yovel
sofelSi agebda ucxoTa TavSesafarsa da sasneulos. rodesac
cxonebulma petrem Seityo, rom dedamiss unda masTan misvla da naxva,
igi kviprze (qarTulad mTargmnels ,,kviprosad’’ unda gadmoeRo – S. m.)
gaiqca, raTa misi saxe pirdapir ar exila. xolo roca es dedam gaigo,
SvilTan aRar wavida. mas Semdeg, rac petrem, monazonis Coxa Caicva,
saerTod aRar hsurda TavisianebisaTvis odesme werili miewera an
maTgan mieRo. es TviTon mas CvenTvis xSirad uTqvams (lolaSvili 1988:
87).
aq erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas unda mivaqcioT yuradReba. ioane
rufusis Txzuleba hagiografiuli Janris nawarmoebia da misTvis
arsebiTia wmindanTan dakavSirebul movlenaTa ikonografiuli aRqma.
hagiorgafisaTvis naklebmniSvnelovania istoriul movlenaTa zusti
aRweriloba, iseve rogorc xatmwerisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs suraTis

154
realistur ferebSi gadmocemas anu sxeulTa simetriebs, mxatvrul
perspeqtivas da a.S. amitom istorikoss didi yuradReba marTebs gaarCios,
sad aris istoriuli realoba, sad hagiografiuli fiqcia, xSirad amis
garkveva Zalian rTulia, xSirad SeuZlebelic. k. hornis Tanaxmad, petres
adreuli wlebis asketizmis warmoCena ioane rufusisaTvis ramdenime
mizans emsaxureboda: petres Rirseul winaparTa CvenebiT petres sulieri
avtoritetis gamyareba da asketuri cxovrebis magaliTebis moxmoba
romis imperiis farglebs gareT arsebuli qristianuli kulturidan, im
eklesiis wiaRidan, romelic k. hornis SexedulebiT, SesaZlebelia,
qalkedonuri samyaros farglebs gareTac iyo (rac ar Seesabameba
istoriul realobas, radgan qarTlis eklesias arasdros uaruyvia
qalkedonis aRsareba, ar arsebobs qarTlis eklesiis mier monofizitobis
miRebis damadasturebeli raime umniSvnelo cnobac ki (ix. aleqsiZe 2010:
124-144; aleqsiZe 2010: 145-158).
rufusisaTvis petres axlobelTagan yvela wmindani da RvTismosaobis
sanimuSo magaliTia, rac, bunebrivia, hagiorgafebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
idealizacia, gadaWarbebaa, magram, vfiqrobT, petres asketuri ojaxis
mTlianad fiqciad gamocxadeba swori namdvilad ar iqneba. bunebrivia,
rufusi, garkveulwilad, aWarbebs, magram is petres ojaxis samarcxvino
laqebsac ar malavs. ai, magaliTad:
xolo farsmani iyo osduxtias, mamis mxridan misi bebiis, Zma,
romelic romaelTa mefe arkadisTan didi pativiT iyo miRebuli,
jaris sardlis Tanamdeboba hqonda da [samefo karze] pirveli adgili
ekava, magram bolos, rodesac arkadis meuRle evduqsiasTan mruSobis
gamomJRavnebis gamo man, [romidan] gaqceva da damalva moaxerxa,
saswrafod wavida Tavis qveyanaSi; iq iberebze uflobis dros
TavisTan miiyvana TeTri hunebi – iberTa mezoblebi, da vinc ki
romaelTa qveSevrdomni iyvnen, maTTvis mravali uberdurebis mizezi
gaxda (lolaSvili 1988: 81).
Cven petre iberis cxovreba da moRvaweoba am kuTxiT, asketizmis
TvalsazrisiT, gvainteresebs. swored ojaxuri aRzrdaa is Zafi, riTac
petres moRvawobis qarTuli bermonazvnobis konteqstSi ganxilva
SegviZlia. petrem qarTul niadagze SeiTvisa qristianuli bermonazvnobis

155
moRvaweobiTi idealebi da konstantinepolSi, palestinasa da egvipteSi
mosagreobisas srulyo es saTnoebiTi cxovreba.
kidev erTi mizezi, Tu risTvis gviyveba rufusi petres ojaxis
vinaobas, Camomavlobas da am ojaxis wevrTa saTno cxovrebas:
hagiografebi xom xSirad gaurbian wmindanis miwier vinaobaze saubars.
maTTvis Zvirfasi mxolod ,,qristianis’’ wodebaa da ara adamianis
socialuri Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba, magram amgvari, hagiografis
kvalobaze, vrceli aRwerilobis mizezebs Tavad ioane gvimxels:
xolo nuravin gamoiCens sulmokleobas da am saxelebis CamoTvlas nu
miiCnevs zedmetad, radganac es Cven usafuZvlod ar vaxseneT, aramed
imitom, rom WeSmaritad mosiyvarule da RvTsimosavma mamam yvela es
[xsenebuli] saxeli gaaerTiana wlis erT dRes... saxeldobr,
didmarxvis oTxSabaTs, da maT matarebel pirTa xseneba daawesa. amiT
Tavisianebs miuzRo samagiero jildo im mSvidobisaTvis, romelic maT
mas mianiWes, da rac TviTon airCia am qveynis uaryofis mizniT
(lolaSvili 1988: 82)
anu monazvnad aRkvecil nabarnugs ar daukargavs siyvaruli da
madliereba sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis imarT, magram maT xilvas
erideboda, sulieri myudroebis darRvevis SiSiT, rac Zalian
gavrcelebuli motivia qristianul hagiografiasa da asketur
mwerlobaSi.
rufusis Tanaxmad, daax. 429 wels bozmarma imperator Teodosi II-is
mravalgzisi daJinebuli moTxovnis Semdeg nabarnugi konstantinepolis
saimperatoro karze gagzavna, rogorc politikuri mZevali, ,,radganac is
qristian romaelebTan megobrobas ufro didad afasebda, vidre uRvTo
sparsTa [daxmarebasa da] mxardaWeras” da amitomac nabarnugi imperiis
dedaqalaqSi wargzavna, sadac ioane rufusis gadmocemiT nabarnugi
saimperatoro karze SviliviT miiRes da siyvaruliT aRzardes
(lolaSvili 1988: 91).
nabarnugi qarTlSic asketurad cxovrobda, konstantinepolSi kidev
ufro moumata moRvaweobas. SigniT tanze ZaZa emosa, xolo garedan
Zvirfasi Sesamoseli, sakvebs Zalze mcire raodenobiT iRebda, mxolod
sam-oTx dReSi erTxel, xandaxan kviraSic erTxel, sawolis magivrad

156
iatakze eZina da ,,urigo aRtyinebis dasaTrgunavad uyvarda sxeulis gvema
(sakanonos dadeba)’’ (lolaSvili 1988: 92).
nabarnugma qarTlidan spars mowameTa nawilebi wamoiRo, romlebic
saimperatoro karze, Tavis oTaxSi, zandukSi hqonda Senaxuli. nabarnugi
iatakze am zandukis win iZinebda. axalgazrda ufliswuli
RvTismsaxurebasac TviTon asrulebda:
sanTel-sakmevliT, galobiTa da locvebiT. da ai, roca maT (anu spars
mowameT – S. m.) aseT did pativsa da sixarulsa hgvrida, bevrjer
aSkarad hxedavda, Tu es nawilebi... rogor galobdnen, mRviZarebdnen
da loculobdnen (lolaSvili 1988: 92; horni 2006: 66-67).
qarTlis samefo taxtis axalgazrda memkvidre Tavisi asketuri
cxovrebiT yvelas akvirvebda. ioanes rufusis gadmocemiT, ukve am asakSi,
nabarnugis rwmena da locva saswaulebs aRasrulebda (mag. kandelTa
uzeTod danTeba, macxovris xilva nazirevelis SesamoselSi da a. S.).
rufusis TqmiT, mis mier moTxrobili, ,,metismetad mcireodenia’’ im
mravalricxovan saswaulTagan, rac axalgazrda qarTveli ufliswulis
saxels daukavSirda konstantinepolis saimperatoro karze (lolaSvili
1988: 94). petres qarTuli cxovrebis cnobiT petres ,,emosa flasi
ficxeli queSe kerZo sameufosa SesamoselTa da imarxavn igi or-oriT da
sam-samiT da odesme kჳriakiTi-kჳriaked, viTarca daniel da samni yrmani.
da amiT dascemda igi ჴorcTa simჴurvalesa da cecxlsa mas sulisasa
ganaZlierebda” (abulaZe 1967: 219).
rodesac nabarnugma zrdasrul asaks miaRwia, mas wmida miwaze
wasvlis dauZleveli survili gauCnda. rufusi nabarnugis survilsa da
am survilis ganxorcielebas bibliuri aluziebiT gadatvirTuli
frazebiT aRwers, radgan mas TviT is miuZRoda wmida miwisken, vinc
ebraeli eri egvipturi monobisagan ixsna (lolaSvili 1988: 94-95).
marTalia a. kofskis (A. Kofsky) azriT, ucnobia, apirebda Tu ara
sabolood wmida miwaze darCenas nabarnugi (kofski 1997: 211), magram
rufusiseuli Txrobidan aSkaraa, rom wmida miwisken gamgzavrebisas
nabarnugs, swored, monazvnobis (anu iq darCenis) survili amoZravebda. es
ganzraxva mas konstantneoplSi yofnisas gauCnda da am saRvTo zraxvis
warmoqnaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena 437 wels konstantinepolSi

157
dasavleT romis imperator valentiniane III-sa da Teodosi II-is qaliSvil
likinia evdoqsias dawindvisaTvis Casulma saxelganTqmulma melania
umcrosma (483-439) (aseve saxelganTqmuli moRvawis melania ufrosis (325-
417) SviliSvilma) moaxdina (horni 2006: 67). nabarnugi dedaqalaqidan
gaqcevas mravalgzis Seecada, bunebrivia am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas,
upirveles yovlisa, win Tavad imperatori eRobeboda, romelsac qarTlis
samefosTan urTierTobis gafuWeba ar surda, aseve, is monebi da
Subosnebi, romlebic mis mcvelebad iyvnen dadgenilni da romlebic
nabarnugs, gaqcevis peramanentuli mcdelobebiT, ise hyavda gamwarebuli,
rom axalgazrda ufliswulis mokvlac ki scades, magram rufusis
Tanaxmad, axalgazrda moRvawe zeciurma mfarvelobam gadaarCina.
nabarnugis survili imperatormac gaigo, ,,amitomac Teodosim ufliswuli
TavisTan ixmo, datuqsa da masze mkacri meTvalyureoba daadgina, raTa
farulad ar gaqceuliyo’’ (lolaSvili 1988: 95), magram nabarnugi mainc
gaiqca.
ufliswulma saimperatoro karze miTridate gaicno, warmoSobiT
lazikidan (bunebrivia, maT daaxloebaze zegavlenas maTi warmoSobac
iqoniebda), romelsac aseve surda wmida miwaze wasvla da iq asketuri
cxovreba. nabarnugi da miTridate gaqcevaze SeTanxmdnen (horni 2006: 68)
da erT bnel Rames spars mowameTa wm. nawilebTan erTad imperiis
dedaqalaqi datoves. rufusis TqmiT, mogvianebiT, ukve moxuci petre
ixsenebda, Tu rogor miuZRodaT mas da miTridates Rrubeli da
cecxlovani sveti ukun RameSi, ,,rogorc gzis maCvenebelni’’ (lolaSvili
1988: 96). maTi gaqceva daax. 437 wels unda momxdariyo (horni 2006: 68).
axalgazrda nabarnugma da miTridatem mTeli mcire azia fexiT gaiares
da es mogzauroba, rufusis aRweriT, savse iyo saswaulebiTa da
moulodnelobebiT. xalxi ise, rom, nabarnugi da miTridate aravis
arafers eubnebodnen, soflebisa da qalaqebis SesasvlelebTan rtoebiTa
da sanTlebiT egebeboda maT da wmida mowameTa nawilebs. erT-erT
didmoxeles isini gaqceuli monebi egona da axalgazrdebi daatyveva,
Tumca saswaulebrivi Carevis Semdeg, orive gaaTavisufla da maT miwis
specialurad gamoyofil nakveTze monastris aSeneba SesTavaza, Tumca

158
nabarnugi da miTridate ar daTanxmden. maTi mizani xom wmida qalaqi,
ierusalimi, iyo (lolaSvili 1988: 99).
da TiTqos mcire gza yofiliyos, ise sixarulsa da netarebaSi
miemgzavrdebodnen axali romidan ierusalimamde, maSin rodesac
yovel Jams erT ucxoels meoreSi urevdnen da ucnobebs – ucnobebSi,
da es xdeboda [RvTaebrivi] siyvarulis Sedegad, romelic maT
gulebSi Rvioda da xetialiT dauZlurebulT maradJams amxnevebda
idumal (lolaSvili 1988: 100).
xangrZlivi mogzaurobis Semdeg, albaT, 437 wels, nabarnugi da
miTridate ierisalimSi Cavidnen da zeTisxilis mTaze melania umcrosis
mier daarsebul mamaTa monasterSi gaCerdnen. monastris winamZRvari
saxelganTqmuli asketi (da momavalSi monofizitobis moSurne damcveli)
geronti iyo (horni 2006: 71). axalgazrdebi sulierad ukve srulebiT
iyvnen momzadebuli samonazvno aRTqmisa da moRvaweobisaTvis, amitom
gerontim nabarnugi da miTridate monazvnebad aRkveca. aRkvecisas maT
axali saxelebi daerqvaT, nabarnugs – petre, xolo miTridates – ioane
(lolaSvili 1988: 105).
axalgazrda monazvnebi didi mondomebiT DSeudgenen ,,angelozebriv
cxovrebas’’. petrem gaagrZela da srulyo Tavisi asketuri cxovrebis
wesi (marxva, locva, miwaze wola, mRviZareba, xSirad SimSilobda) da am
mkacri moRvaweobiT sxeuli daadno da daauZlura ,,ise, rom Tu winaT
janmrTeli iyo da tanadobiT gamoirCeoda, axla ukve bevri gvemulobisa
da gauTavebeli asketobis gamo moiRunda da moixara’’ (lolaSvili 1988:
107).
petres aRkvecidan erTi wlis Semdeg, 438 wels, dedofalma evdokiam
saxelganTqmuli kirile aleqsandrieli palestinaSi wm. stefane
pirvelmowamis eklesiis sakurTxeblad moiwvia. kirile palestinaSi
egviptel mRvdelmTavarTa da mravalricxovani amalis TanxlebiT
Camovida da wm. stefane pirvelmowamis taZari didi zeimiT akurTxa.
kurTxevis meore rituali kirile aleqsandrielma, melania umcrosis,
TxovniT zeTisxilis mTaze aRasrula, sadac melanias mier agebul
samartvileSi wm. ormoc sebastiel mowameTa da petres mier qarTlidan
CamobrZanebul spars mowameTa nawilebi mdebareobda (horni 2006: 76;

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lolaSvili 1988: 106). savardaudod, am msaxurebisas petres piradad unda
gaecno qristianuli eklesiis erT-erT yvelaze didi RvTismetyveli
(sainteresoa rom petre imdroindeli qristianuli samyaros or umTavres,
erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul moRvawes – nestorsa da kiriles, piradad
icnobda).
petrem ukve Tavisi monazvnuri moRvaweobis dasawyisSive gadawyvita
monastris daarseba. am monastris daarseba swored is movlenaa petres
cxovrebidan, romelic petres moRvaweobidan Cveni kvlevis yuradRebis
centrSi eqceva. es monasteri, rogorc amas rufusi gadmogvcems,
momavalSi ,,iberTa monastris’’ saxeliT gaxda cnobili (lolaSvili 1988:
116). petrem monastris dafuZneba imdroindeli cnobili asketis –
pasarionis - moRvaweobis magaliTis mixedviT gadawyvita:
saxeldobr, rodesac man [netarma petrem] dainaxa, rom netarma
pasarionma glaxakTa da ucxoTa didma megobarma, Tavis adrindel,
RvTisagan boZebul saTnoebaTa da keTil saqmeTa garda, qalaqis
karibWis gareT aaSena glaxakTa TavSesafari saxli imaT mosavlelad
da sanugeSeblad (lolaSvili 1988: 107-108).
petrem TviTonac ganizraxa moRvaweTa Sesakrebelis ageba, romelsac
asketuris garda, Zalze aqtiuri saqvelmoqmedo funqcia eqneboda. amis
Semdeg rufusi mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seecada eSmaki petres am keTili
wamowyebis CaSlas da rogor gaamxneva petre macxovris gamocxadebam, ris
Sedegadac sionis mTaze, daviTis koSkis maxloblad, qarTvelTa
monasteri daarsda.
vfiqrobT SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom wm. miwaze daarsebuli pirveli
qarTuli monasteri basili didisa da paxomi didis tipikonebis mixedviT
moewyo (horni 2006: 198-199). Cven am tipikonebisa da maT mixedviT
dafuZnebul monasterTa Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari. Cven imazec
visaubreT, Tu ra saxis paradoqsi axasiaTebdaT amgvar monastrebs: isini
asketurad mcxovreb qristianTa erTobebs warmodgendnen, aq qristianebi
gandegiluri da dayudebuli cxovrebisaTvis modiodnen, Sordebodnen ra
wuTisofelsa da amqveyniurobas, saero cxovrebisaTvis kvdebodnen,
magram amave dros, sakvirvelia, magram paxomiseul da basiliseul
monastrebs uaRresad aqtiuri socialuri Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuleba

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gamoarCevdaT. es monastrebi (gandegilTa Temebi!), filanTropiuli
TvalsazrisiT, albaT yvelaze aqtiur da nayofier institutebs
warmoadgendnen, araTu mxolod berZnul-romauli antikurobis, aramed
mTeli Zveli samyaros istoriaSi (modernul epoqaSi saavadmyofoebisa da
sxvadasxva saqvemoqmedo fondebisa da organizaciebis daarsebamde).
CvenTvis cnobili erT-erTi pirveli qarTuli monasteri (opiza),
rogorc zemoT gamovarkvieT, swored aseTi asketuri Temi iyo. aq
mxolod varaudis saxiT gamovTqvamT, rom SesaZlebelia petre ukve
qarTlSi yofnisas gacnoboda basiliseuli wesis qarTul monastrebs
(opizis garda albaT sxvaganac iqneboda aseTi samonastro erTobebi).
amitom namdvilad araa SemTxveviTi, rom petre swored basili didis
tipikons irCevs. Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom basili didis
tipikoni, erTmniSvnelovnad, ara mxolod qarTul, aramed zogadad,
qristianul samyaroSi Zalian popularuli iyo, ase rom petres arCevani,
pirvel yovlisa, am sayovelTao popularobas unda ganesazRvra, da
SesaZloa mis gadawyvetilebaze qarTulma gamocdilebamac iqonia
zegavlena.
magram upirvelesi mizani, Tu ratom SearCia petrem palestinis
pirveli qarTuli monastrisaTvis paxomi didisa da basili didis
tipikonebi, aris petres saqvelmoqmedo miznebi. cxadia petresTvis (iseve
rogorc paxomisa da basilisaTvis, an petres uSualo magaliTis,
pasarionisaTvis) monasters namdvilad ar hqonda mxolod locvisa da
metaniebis keTebis daniSnuleba, aramed monasteri, saqvemoqmedo
organizacia iyo, sadac glaxakebs, sneulebsa da arafrismoqneT
apurebdnen, arwyulebdnen da mkurnalobdnen. glaxakaTmowyaleba rom
petresa da ioanes upirvelesi mizani iyo, imiTac Cans, rom axalgazrda
monazvnebi imdenad CarTnen glaxakTmsaxurebaSi, rom maTi samonazvno
aRTqma, SedarebiT, CrdilqveS moeqca.
petres monasteri daaxloebiT 430-iani wlebis miwuruls (albaT 438-440
ww.) unda daearsebina. daaxloebiT asi wlis Semdeg ukve dangreuli
,,iberTa monasteri’’ imperatorma iustiniane didma ganaaxla (horni 2006:
201-202). qarTvelTa monasterSi ZmaTa ricxvi swrafad izrdeboda da
monastris daarsebidan daax. eqvsi wlis Semdeg, 444 wels, rodesac petre

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ierusalimidan RazaSi, maiumaSi wavida, monasters ukve mravalricxovani
Zmoba hyavda.
daax. 442 wels palestinaSi (amjerad ukve sabolood) dedofali
evdokia Camovida da petres xilva moisurva, riTac am ukanasknelis
myudroebas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra. Tavidan petrem Sexvedraze
uari uTxra, Tumca evdokia petresTan Tavad mivida da axalgazrda
moRvawec iZulebuli gaxda dedofals Sexvedroda (lolaSvili 1988: 119),
magram imis SiSiT, rom dedofali Tavs ar daanebebda da isev mosTxovda
Sexvedrebs, 444 w. petrem ioane lazTan erTad, saxelganTqmuli asketis,
zenonis, rCeviT, ierusalimi datova da RazaSi wavida. aq igi Razasa da
maiums Soris mdebare monasterSi damkvidrda (lolaSvili 1988: 120).
magram aq petres qarTuli cxovreba saintereso cnobas gvawvdis
petres, ioanesa da misi TanamoRvaweebis mier iordanes udabnoSi
monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac maT ierusalimis, daviTis
koSkTan mdebare, qarTvelTa monastreSi RvTsimSoblis saxelze eklesia
aages (abulaZe 1967: 229), maT udabnos miaSures:
amisa Semdgomad gamovides mier wmidaჲ petre, iovane, netarni mamani,
da warvides iordanisa pirsa adgilsa udabnosa. da iSenes monasteri.
da mravalni saswaulni iqmnes monastersa mas RmrTisa madliTa..
(abulaZe 1967: 231).
cnoba petres mier iordanes piras monastris daarsebis Sesaxeb
rufusiseul TxrobaSi ar gvxdeba. ucnobia, romeli monasteri unda
igulismxebodes am SemTxvevaSi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aq avtori
gvawvdis cnobas iudas udabnoSi aRmoCenili romelime qarTuli
monastris Sesaxeb (bir el-katis an um-leisunis Sesaxeb (ix. qvemoT)),
Tumca raime pirdapiri miniSnebis gareSe am mosazrebas mxolod varaudis
saxe qneba.
petres memyudrove cxovrebas sxva kuTxiTac eqmneboda safrTxe.
ierusalimis mTavarepiskoposi iubenali petres mRvdlad xelTdasxmas
cdilobda, rasac es ukanaskneli cecxliviT gaurboda. RazaSi gaqceuli
petres mRvdlad kurTxevas axla aqauri episkoposi, iubenalis Zmiswuli,
pavle Seecada. petrem mRvdelmTavars piroba daadebina, rom mRvdlobis
tvirTs ar daakisrebda, Tumca pavlem piroba ar Seasrula da, daax. 446

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w. wm. viqtoris xsenebis dRes, petresa da ioanes ZaldatanebiTi
xelTdasxma aRasrula. xelTdasxmis miuxedavad petre mRvdelmsaxurebas
jiutad ar asrulebda mTeli Svidi wlis (446-452 ww.) ganmavlobaSi
(lolaSvili 1988: 122; horni 2006: 90). RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba man
mxolod qalkedonis krebis Semdeg daiwyo, rodesac misi mRvdelmTavrad
xelTdasxma aResrula.
451 wels konstantinepolis gareubanSi, qalkedonSi gamarTulma
msoflio saeklesio krebam (romelSic monawileobas eqvsasze meti
episkoposi iRebda) miiRo pap leonis tomosi da daadgina macxovris erTi
hipostasisa da ori bunebis aRsareba. Tavdapirvelad qalkedonis kreba
ar apirebda rwmenis axali formulis SemuSavebas, Tumca imperator
markianes mxridan zewolis Sedegad, krebis mamebma Camoayalibes swavleba
qristeSi erTi hipostasisa da ori bunebis Sesaxeb (grilmaieri 1975: 543).
,,ori buneba’’ kirile aleqsandrielis RvTismetyvelebis mimdevarTaTvis
srulebiT Tavzardamcemad JRerda. ,,ori buneba’’ maTTvis or qristes anu
nestorianobas niSnavda, rameTu maTi azriT, ar aris buneba hipostasis
gareSe e. i. gamodioda, rom ori qriste arsebobda, erTi Seuqmneli –
logosi da meore kaci, romelsac es uqmneli logosi SeuerTda.
kirileseuli RvTisetyvelebisa da terminologiis momxreTaTvis
qalkedonis kreba imTaviTve iqca ,,nestorianelobad”, “huriaebad” da a. S.
qristianTa is nawili, romelic kiriles sityvebs ,,ganxorcielebuli
RvTis sityvis erTi buneba’’ da aleqsandriis taxtze kiriles memkvidres,
dioskores emxroboda, Tavidanve mZafri protestiT Sexvdnen qalkedonis
krebaze pap leon didis tomosis (romelic ukve cnobili iyo da
nestorianulad miiCnevdnen) miRebasa da dioskores gasamarTlebas.
mdgomareobas is arTulebda, rom qalkedonis krebis aRsareba mTeli
imperiisaTvis savaldebulod gamocxadda (frendi 2008: 143). ase daiwyo
qristianuli aRmosavleTis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi tragedia,
romlis aqtiur monawiledac iqca petre iberi. saboloo jamSi, rogorc
aloiz grilmaieri (Aloys Grillmeier) SeniSnavs, qalkedonis kreba srulad
Seiwynara laTinurma dasavleTma, konstantinepolis sapatriarqom,
antioqiis samwysos naxevarma, ierusalimis samRvdeloebisa da mrevlis

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umravlesobam, xolo aleqsandriis samwysos mxolod mciredma nawilma
(grilmaieri 1995: 1), raSic aseve didi damsaxurebma miuZRoda petre ibers.
ierusalimis mTavarepiskoposma iubenalma palestinaSi dioskores
momxreebs piroba misca, rom qalkedonis aRsarebas xels ar moawerda,
magram konstantinepoSi Casulma krebis dadgenilebebs xeli mainc
moawera. misma dabrunebam palestinaSi dioskores momxreebs Soris
namdvili isteria gamoiwvia. iubenals gza gadauRobes da qalaqSi ar
SeuSves, mRvdelmTavari ,,iudad’’ gamoacxades (frendi 2008: 149). iubenalma
konstantinepolSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. ierusalimSi Zalaufleba xelT
antiqalkedonelebma Caigdes, romlebmac ierusalimis mRvdelmTavrad
cnobili antiqalkedoneli moRvawe Teodosi gamoarCies da misi
xelTdasxmac aRasrules, xolo Teodosim Tavis mxriv, petres
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, am ukanasknels daasxa xeli 452 wlis 7
agvistos (frendi 2008: 149).
Tumca imperator markianes (450-457) ZalisxmeviT palestinaSi wesrigi
maleve aRdga, patriarqi iubenali ierusalimSi dabrunda da imperatoris
gankargulebas TviT Teodosi ierusalimelic daemorCila, mSvidoba da
kompromosebi, am SemTxvevaSi, mainc xanmokle aRmoCnda. centralurma
xelisuflebma antiqalkedonelTa winaaRmdeg aqtiuri represiebi
wamoiwyo da is mRvdelmTavrebi, romlebic qalkedonis aRiarebaze uars
ambobdnen, gadaasaxla. xeli mxolod petres ver axles, radgan am
ukanasknels misi aRmzrdeli evdokia mfarvelobda, Tumca mdgomareoba am
kuTxiTac maleve Seicvala. dedofali Tavdapirvelad mxars
monofizitobas uWerda, magram 455 wels vandalTa mefe genzerixma
(gaizerixi/geizerixi) romi aiRo da evdokias qaliSvili (dasavleT romis
imperator valentiniane III-is meuRle) tyved Caigdo. evdokia iZulebuli
gaxda saimperatoro karisTvis miemarTa (sadac realuri Zalaufleba mis
Zmis cols, pulqerias epyra). pulqeriam da markianem daxmarebis
sanacvlod evdokias iubenalTan Serigeba da qalkedonis krebis aRiareba
mosTxoves, miTumetes, amasve sTxovdnen iseTi didi sulieri
avtoritetebi, rogorebic iyvnen svimeon mesvete da eqvTime didi. evdokiam
fsiqologiur zewolas veRar gauZlo da qalkedonis kreba aRiara. petre
iberieli palestinaSi gavleniani mokavSiris gareSe darCa, amitom

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egviptes miaSura (frendi 2008: 153-154), sadac monofizituri moZraoba did
imedebs iZleoda (da momavalma gaamarTla kidevac es imedebi).
yvela Cven xelT arsebuli wyaros Tanaxmad, petre antiqalkedonuri
moZraobis dasawyisSive iqca monofizituri moZRvrebis daucxromel
mqadagebelad. egvipteSi Casuli, is dauRalavad exmareboda aqaur,
sakmaod mravalricxovan antoqalkedonur Tems gavlenisa da
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebaSi. rogorc qristofer haasi (Christopher Haas)
aRniSnavs, ukve dioskores aleqsandriis sapatriarqo taxtidan
damxobisTanave (451 weli, is mcire aziis qalaq RangraSi gadaasaxles)
egvipteSi erTmaneTTan mkveTrad dapirispirebuli qalkedonuri da
monofizituri banakebi aRmocenda (haasi 1993: 299). aleqsandriis taxtze
dioskores Semcvleli proteriusi (451-457) xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda (monofiziti mwerlebi gadaWarbebulad Sav ferebSi xataven
mis moRvaweobas (mag. igive ioane rufusi (lolaSvili 1988: 133)), ris
gamoc dioskores damxobis Semdgom periodSi antiqalkedonelebs qalaqSi
susti poziciebi hqondaT, amitom petrec oqsirinqusSi imaleboda
(lolaSvili 1988: 133). proteriusi Tavdapirvelad mdgomareobis
damSvidebas cdilobda, magram amaod. 454 wels RangraSi dioskores
gardacvalebis cnobam antiqalkedonur banakSi kidev ufro didi zizRi
da agresia gamoiwvia, amitom markianem monofizitTa winaaRmdeg
represiebi daiwyo (frendi 2008: 154). petrec cecxlze navTs asxamda da
yvelanairad cdilobda proteriusis Zalauflebis moryevas. man
oqsirinqusidan maleve miaSura aleqsandrias, raTa iq darCenili
antiqalkedonuri mrevli enugeSebina. rodesac 457 wels aleqsandriaSi
qalkedonel imperator ,,markianes... sisaZagleTa moTavis, damwyebisa da
damcvelis sikvdilis cnobam miaRwia’’, monofizituri banaki uceb
gamococxlda (lolaSvili 1988: 134). petre ukve qalaqSi iyo. man qmediTi
monawileoba miiRo aleqsandriis monofiziti patriarqis gamorCevis
saqmeSi. antiqalkedonurma banakma patriarqad episkoposi timoTe eluri
anu timoTe kverni (kata) gamoarCia (lolaSvili 1988: 134; haasi 1993: 299-
300; frendi 2008: 155). timoTes xelTdasxmidan maleve qalkedoneli
patriarqi proteriusi erT-erTma jariskacma mokla, Semdeg mokluli
patriarqis cxedari mTel qalaqSi aTries, nawilebad daglijes, bolos

165
ki agoraze koconze dawves (haasi 1993: 299). proteriusis mkvleloba iseTi
sazareli formiT moxda, rom TviT ioane rufusic ki erideba detalebze
saubars:
rac am ambavs (anu proteriusis maxviliT gangmirvas – S. m.) mohyva,
gamovtoveb, radganac es agvacdens imas, rom RvTismoSiSebma gaigon
raime da sxvebs uambon an aRweron, rameTu rac mas gardaxda,
daimsaxura kidec, magram msgavsi ram arc mosasmenad gvekadreba da
arc mosayolad (lolaSvili 1988: 137).
timoTe eluri kaTedras 459 wlamde ikavebda.
459 wels 165-e epistoleSi papma leonma kidev erTxel ganmarta
qalkedonis krebis aRsarebis arsi. timoTe mzad iyo paps evtiqianelobis
gansjaSi daTanxmeboda, magram jiutad iTxovda papis adrineli tomosisa
da qalkedonis krebis dagmobas. sapasuxod timoTe imperator leonis
(457-474) brZanebiT yirimSi (xersonesSi) gadaasaxles. xelisuflebam
gamZvinvarebul antiqalkedonur fanatizms veraferi mouxerxa, timoTes
momxreebi ,,samRvdelo pirebi, berebi da eriskacni yovel dRe aSkarad
swyevlidnen qlakedonis uRvTo krebas” (lolaSvili 1988: 138). timoTe
eluris magivrad aleqsandriis taxztze 460 wels, xelisuflebis
daxmarebiT, timoTe salofakialosi avida (haasi 1993: 300; frendi 2008: 162-
163). mTavroba antiqalkednuri banakis ,,morjulebas’’ represiebiT Seecada,
magram araferi gamovida.
rodesac petrem, im RvTismsaxurma da didi moses msgavsad
Tavgamodebulma, naxa, rom morwmune (anu monofizit – S. m.) Zmebs
sCagravdnen, radganac isini sikvdilis saxlSi darCnen da maT
waarTves is, rac SeeZloT aeSenebinaT da daecvaT, da emuqrebodaT
safrTxe, rom rwmenis WeSmaritebaSi meryevni gaxdebodnen, gamoiCina
RvTaebrivi gulmodgineba iqamde, rom sikvdilis garduvalobasac ar
SeuSinda... uaryo Tavisi sayvareli simSvide, rogorc udro-udroo, da
wavida aleqsandrielTa qalaqSi da mis garSemo mdebare monastrebSi,
egviptis sxva mraval qalaqsa da sofelSi. igi farulad mimodioda
yvelgan, marTlmadidebelTa (anu antiqalkedonelTa – S. m.) brboebs
amaRlebda sulierad da amtkicebda, rogorc meore mociquli pavle,
iyo yovelTa Soris yoveli (lolaSvili 1988: 139).

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 timoTe salofakialosis mcdelobebi, ramenairad mSvidoba daecva da
antiqalkedonelni miemxro, amao gamodga. qalkedonis mowinaaRmdegeni
timoTe eluris erTgulebas inarCunebdnen. timoTe salofakialosi
diplomati iyo, frTxili da rbili moqmedebebiT gamoirCeoda,
protesiusis mxecuri mkvlelobiT damfrTxali, qalaqSi dacvis gareSe
ar gamodioda. diplomatiis gamo man liturgikul mosaxsenebelSi
(diptiqSi) dioskores saxeli aRadgina, marTalia amiT antiqalkedonelni
odnav moalbo, samagierod pap leonis risxva daimsaxura (haasi 1993: 301).
daax. 455-475 wlebSi petre Zalian aqtiurad misionerobda mTel
egvipteSi, mtkiced uWerda ra mxars antiqalkedonuri banakis poziciaTa
ganmtkicebas. petre qarTvelis biografiis ,,egvipturi periodis”
aRwerisas ioane rufusi ramdenime saswauls gadmogvcems (petres mier
axalgazrda qalis gankurneba, demonuri zmanebis ganqarveba da a. S.),
rufusis TqmiT, petrem egvipteSi
RvTaebrivi wyalobiTa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZaliT ramdeni
saswauli da xilva, ramdeni kurneba da Zleva ganaxorciela, maTi
amomwuravad aRwera Cvens uZlurebas ar ZaluZs (lolaSvili 1988: 139-
140).
magram kurnebebisa da saswaulebis garda, biografis Tanaxmad, petrem
Tavi dogmatur wiaRvslebSic gamoiCina. proteriusis dros, monofizitTa
winaaRmdeg dawyebuli devnisas, petrem Tavis mowafeebTan erTad Tebaidis
mTian mxares miaSura da oqsirinqusSi gaCerda. petres oqsirinqusSi
yofnis dros egvipteSi proteriusis mier dawerili epistole gavrcelda,
romelSic avtorma ,,macdurad da farulad Seuria qalkedonis krebis
uRvTo moZRvreba da friad cbieruli borotebiTa da TvalTmaqcobiT
iqadaga’’ (lolaSvili 1988: 131). adgilobrivma episkoposma oqsirinqusis
mosaxleobas es epistole waukiTxa, mrevlma ,,TaflSi gareuli Sxami’’
(rufusis sityvebi) ver SeamCnia, amitom qalaqis Tavkacebma petres
epistoles WeSmariti Sinaarsis ganmarteba Txoves. petre Tavidan
uarobda, radgan ,,xalxis winaSe gulaxdili sityvis warmoTqmis
gamocdileba ara hqonda’’ (lolaSvili 1988: 132), Tumca bolos iZulebuli
gaxda, daTanxmeboda. petre im svetis kvarcxlbekze avida, romelzec
imperatoris qandakeba idga da proteriusis epistoles gansaqiqeblad

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brwyinvale sityva warmoTqva. rufusis gadmocemiT, TiTqos petres
Teodosi ierusalimeli (vinc petre mRvdelmTavrad akurTxa) gamoecxada
da epistoles im adgilebze miuTiTa, romlebic ,,sacduris’’ Semcveli iyo.
petrem xalxi epistoles mxilebiT damoZRvra.
rodesac man [petrem] xalxi ase daarwmuna da ganamtkica, igi yvelas
mier angelozad iqna warmosaxuli da gandidebuli. amiT man isini
gamoixsna cTunebis bedisagan (lolaSvili 1988: 132).
aq Zalian sainteresoa zemoT damowmebul pasaJis erTi detali: iseTi
STabeWdileba rCeba, rom TiTqos petres, epistoles gasakritikeblad da
misi dogmaturi ,,cdomilebis’’ gamosamJRavneblad, sakmarisi
saRvTismetyvelo codna ar gaaCnda. amitom saWiro gaxda Teodosis
gamocxadeba da mis mier petresaTvis ,,cTomili’’ adgilebis sagangebo
miTiTeba. sainteresoa ratom ,,gaipara’’ aseTi saCoTiro detali
rufusiseul TxrobaSi? rufusis Txzulebis mizani xom petres
yovelmxrivi Sesxma da gandidebaa, viTarca qalkedonis krebis
mamxileblisa da antiqalkedonuri moZRvrebis erT-erTi mewinamZRvrisa?
magram, aSkaraa, rom petres proteriusis epistolis Sinaarsis gasagebad
Teologiuri codna ar eyo da amitom aucilebeli gaxda Teodosi
ierusalimelis saswaulebrivi Careva. saerTodac, petre rufuss ufro
metad daxatuli hyavs, rogorc asketi, praqtikosi qristiani moRvawe.
marTalia, petre qalkedonis krebis sawinaaRmdegod dauRalavad qadagebs,
magram arsaidan Cans, rom mas fundamenturi Teologiuri da
filosofiuri ganaTleba hqondes da seriozulad iyos Cabmuli
antoqalkedonuri banakis dogmatur muSaobaSi, rogorc, magaliTad,
mogvianebiT severos antioqieli (yvelaze saxelganTqmuli monofiziti
RvTismetyveli, antioqiis patriarqi 512-518 wlebSi) iyo dakavebuli
saRvTismetyvelo naSromebis weriTa da antiqalkedonuri moZRvrebis
Teoriuli dafuZnebiT. petres epistoleebic ki ar gvaqvs SemorCenili,
sadac dogmaturi xasiaTis sakiTxebze iqneboda msjeloba. vfiqrobT
aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev ufro amcirebs areopagituli korpusis
petreseuli avtorobis SesaZleblobas, radgan es ukanaskneli (rogorc
wyaroebidan Cans) RvTismetyveli (am sityvis inteleqtualuri SinaarsiT,

168
anu RvTismetyveli, romelic uSualod rTuli dogmaturi sakiTxebis
gadaWriTa da Teologiuri traqtatebi weriT iyo dakavebuli) ar yofila.
asea Tu ise, V saukunis Sua xanebSi egviptis eklesiaSi mimdinare
movlenebis ganxilvisas, Znelia gadaWarbebiT iqnas Sefasebuli petres
roli egviptis monofizituri eklesiis dafuZnebis saqmeSi.
aqve unda ganvixiloT cnoba petres mier egvipteSi eklesiis agebis
Sesaxeb. egvipteSi petre da misi TanamoRvaweebi
surviel iqmnes udabnosa mas, da gamoarCies adgili da aRaSenes
eklesiaჲ da garemoჲs monasteri. da moiyvanes episkoposi da akurTxes
eklesiaჲ. da viTar akurTxevdes, ixiles, rameTu wmidaჲ markoz
maxarebeli scxebda nelsacxebelsa eklesiasa Sina da akurTxevda
(abulaZe 1967: 235).
daax. 475 wels, TiTqmis ocwliani egvipturi misiis Semdeg, petre
palestinaSi dabrunda. wm. miwaze dabrunebulma igive saqmianoba ganagrZo:
dadioda da yvelgan qalkedonis sawinaaRmdego moZRvrebas qadagebda.
petre askalonis maxloblad gaCerda da qadageba aqedan daiwyo. misi
qadageba mxolod specifikurad antiqalkedonuri SinaarsiT ar
amoiwureboda, is monazvnuri cxovrebis upiratesobis Sesaxebac
aswavlida, mis moZRvrebas mravalma miapyro yuri da bevri Semonazvnda
kidevac (ioane rufusi zogierT maTgans axsenebs, mag. prokofi, kirile
da Teodore sqolastikosi (lolaSvili 1988: 145)), petre moZRvravda maT
,,uqorwineblobis nazi uReli kiserze daedgaT’’ (lolaSvili 1988: 145).
am mizniT igi xSirad daexeteboda erTi adgilidan meoreSi. xan
midioda Razas axlo-maxlo soflebSi da maiumad wodebul qalaqSi,
xan kaesariasa (kesaria – S. m. iv. lolaSvili SecdomiT laTinur
Caesarea-Si aso ,,a’’-sac kiTxulobs) da ierusalimTan mdebare
soflebSi, arabeTis qveynamde” (lolaSvili 1988: 145).
474 wels imperator leonis sikvdilis Semdeg aleqsandriis
sapatriarqo taxtze timoTe eluri dabrunda (haasi 1993: 302) da petres
aleqsandriaSi Casvla Txova, Tumca petrem palestinaSi darCena arCia,
rogorc Cans, petre fiqrobda (da sinamdvileSi asec iyo), rom
qalkedonis winaaRmdeg brZola palestinaSi ufro iyo saWiro. amave dros
antioqiaSi 475 wels sapatriarqo taxtze monofizitobis mgznebare

169
mqadagebeli petre fuloni anu petre mkawvreli avida (romelsac Cveni
istorikosebi ratomRac, yovelgvari seriozuli argumentaciis gareSe,
qarTlis eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebas miaweren, maSin roca
vaxtang gorgaslis dros qarTlis eklesias saerTod ar miuRia
avtokefalia da romc mieRo, petre fulonisagan moniWebuli
avtokefalia, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonikuri samarTlis
TvalsazrisiT, amgvari avtokefalia ver iqneboda (da ver iqneba)
legitimuri (ix. maTiTaSvili 2017)). aRmosavleTSi antiqalkedonurma
banakma, TiTqos, gadamwyveti upiratesoba moipova: aleqsandriis taxtze
timoTe ijda, antioqiaSi - petre fuloni, xolo palestinaSi qalkedonis
winaaRmdeg dauRalavad qadagebda petre iberi. qalkedonis
mowinaaRmdegeTa sixaruli xanmokle aRmoCnda. marTalia 474 wels taxtze
asuli zenoni 475 wels monofizitebis mimarT keTilganwyobilma
basiliskom daamxo, Tumca mmarTvelobis bolos TviT basiliskomac
(konstantinepolSi dawyebuli mRelvarebis gamo) proqalkedonuri
pozicia daikava, magram basiliskos dReebi isedac daTvlili iyo: 476
wels is daamxes da taxti zenonma daibruna. imperatorma petre fuloni
gadaayena. timoTe eluri 477 wels gardaicvala. antiqalkedonelTaTvis
am mZime Jams petre qarTveli
palestinaSi cxovrobda da yvelasaTvis sayrdeni iyo, radganac is,
rogorc mzis Saravandi, marTlmorwmune (anu monofizit – S. m.)
xalxTa sulebs anaTlebda ara mxolod palestinaSi, aramed
egvipteSic da yvela mxareSi da ar dauSvebda, rom maT Tavgza
ahbneodaT da uRvToebis burusSi gaxveuliyvnen (lolaSvili 1988: 148).
petre qalkedonis mimarT yovelTvis radikalurad iyo ganwyobili.
marTalia patriarq martviris (478-486) dros palestinaSi
antiqalkedonurma moZraobam iklo (horni 2006: 203) da 482 wels
imperator zenonisa da patriarq akakis mier monofizitebisadmi
Semrigebluri sarwmunoebrivi aRsareba henotikoni iqna SeTavazebuli
(romelic 506 wlis dvinis krebaze qarTlis, somxeTisa da albaneTis
eklesiebmac miiRes (ix. aleqsiZe 2010: 124-144)), magram petre iberieli
winaaRmdegobas ar asustebda, ufro metic, petre qarTveli, rogorc
zaqaria ritori gadmogvcems, erT-erTi monawile iyo im sasamarTlosi,

170
romelic aleqsandriis monofizit patriarq petre mongs mouwyves
henotikonis miRebis gamo (horni 2006: 105). petres radikaluri poziciis
maCvenebelia is faqti, rom man (isaia asketTan erTad) uari Tqva
imperator zenonis mier dedaqalaqSi mowvevaze (horni 2006: 105).
amis Semdeg ioane rufusi im xilvebisa da saswaulebis Sesaxeb yveba,
romelic petres cxovrebaSi aRsrulda. petre aRmosavleT romis imperiis
Palestina-s, Arabia-sa da Phoenicia-s provinciaTa mosaxleobaSi ganuwyvetliv
dadioda da qalkedonis sawinaaRmdegod dauRalavad qadagebda. petres
qarTuli cxovreba petres mier palestinaSi kidev erTi monastris
daarsebis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs:
maSin miiqca wmidaჲ petre Tჳssa saydarsa da samwysosa da hmwysida
maT qristes RmrTisa mier. da gareSe qalaqsa aRaSena monasteri da
eklesiaჲ Suenieri, da Sekribna Zmani mravalni da ganuwesa maT wesi da
kanoni sulieri da saRmrToჲ (abulaZe 1967: 247).
uwyveti asketuri RvawliTa da misionerobiT damaSvrali 491 wels
askalonis maxloblad gardaicvala (horni 2006: 106), misi cxedari
locviTa da galobiT maiumis monasterSi waasvenes da iq dakrZales.
petres asketuri saxis warmosadgenad da warmosaCenad ramdenime
mniSvnelovani faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli. marTalia, petre (ufro ki
misi hagiografiul-literaturuli saxe) aerTianebda ra sakuTar TavSi,
manamde qristianul warmosaxvaSi arsebul asketuri cxovrebis tipiur
Tvisebebs (es Tvisebani iseTi arqetipuli magaliTebidan momdinareobda,
rogorebic iyo wm. antonis cxovreba, egvipturi paterikebi, efrem asuris
Txzulebani da a.S.), magram, amave dros petres saxiT axali,
siriulenovani antiqalkedonuri auditoriis winaSe rufusma
,,monofizituri asketizmis’’ specifikuri sanimuSo magaliTic (Role Model)
waradgina. ueWvelia erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi (V saukunis Sua
xanebidan VI saukunis Sua xanebamde) sul ufro mzard, da aRmosavleTis
xalxTa cnobierebaSi, aw ukve mkvidrad fesvgadgmul, monofizitur
identobas sakuTari wmindanebi sWirdeboda da monofiziti hagiografebi
am identobis Camosayalibeblad aqtiurad zrunavdnen (rogorc,
magaliTad, - ioane efeseli). ioane rufusi ki, am saqmeSi, erT-erTi
pirvelTagani iyo.

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 k. horni petres asketuri moRvaweobis sam aspeqtze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas: petre, rogorc eSmakTa ganmsxmeli (piter brauni
gvianantikuri epoqis ,,wminda kacisaTvis’’ erT-erT umTavres
maxasiaTeblad egzorcizmis unars miiCnevs, Tumca
aRmosavlurqristianul cnobierebaSi amgvari Tviseba wmindans yovelTvis
ganekuTvneba, da ara mxolod gviananatikur epoqaSi), petre, viTarca
bibliur gmirTa mimbaZveli da petre, rogorc nazireveli (kvlavac
ZvelaRTqmiseul-bibliuri aluzia), rac palestinis qristianuli
(romelsac fesvebi iudaur-qristianul tradiciaSi hqonda) garemosaTvis
didi mniSvneloba gaaCnda (horni 2006: 113-114). petres moRvaweobis
gansakuTrebul aspeqtad mis mier monasterTa daarseba unda gamovyoT
(horni 2006: 114).
petres cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaSi, mis mkacr asketizmSi, bibliuri
istoria cocxldeba. petre mxned itans eSmakis Semotevebs, ebrZvis
sakuTar dacemul bunebas, ar nebdeba da am brZolidan, rogorc antoni
didi, gamarjvebuli gamodis. petresTan kavSirSi Cven vxedavT ioane
naTlismcemels – qristianuli bermonazvnobis am ucvlel pirvelsaxes,
petre ioanes sakraluri geografiiTac ukavSirdeba – petrec
naTlismcemlis msagvsad iudas udabnoSi moRvaweobs (horni 2006: 173),
ioane rufusi petre qarTvels aseve adarebs mose winaswarmetyvelsa da
petre mociquls, aseve iakob mociquls (horni: 180-188): iakobi
nazirevelobis aRTqmas icavda da mkacri asketizmiT cxovrobda. petrec
nazirevelTa sulieri STamomavalia, is sulierad iakob mociquls
unaTesavdeba (rufusi petres megobarsa da sulier mentors, Teodosi
ierusalimels, ,,axal iakobs’’ uwodebs, gulisxmobs rom antiqalkedonuri
ierarqia WeSmariti samociqulo ierarqiis memkvidrea).
petre iberieli mniSvnelovan makavSireblad iqca qarTul qristianul
asketur garemosa da aRmosavleTis qristianul bermonazvnobas Soris.
man ierusalimSi, daviTis koSkTan, qarTvelTa monasteri daarsa. is rom
monasteri ,,iberTa’’ saxels atarebda, imis maniSnebelia, rom am monastris
Zmobis ZiriTadi wevrebi, V saukuneSi monazvnuri moRvaweobisaTvis
qarTlidan (SeiZleba egrisidanac) Casuli, qarTvelebi iyvnen. ,,iberTa
monasteri’’ qarTlidan palestinaSi da palestinidan qarTlSi

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qristianuli bermonazvnobis ideaTa generirebis erT-erT umTavres
centrad da, amave dros, wm. miwaze qarTuli bermonazvnobis gavrcelebis
pionerad unda qceuliyo.
saboloo jamSi petre qarTveli aRmosavleTis araqalkedonur
eklesiaTa kuTvnileba gaxda. qarTvelebma misi ,,dabruneba’’ XIII
saukunidan moisurves, XV da XVIII saukuneebSi es cdebi gaanaxles, Tumca
aRniSnuli mcdelobani Tavidanve warumateblobisaTvis iyo ganwiruli,
radgan petre iberieli, erTmniSvnelovnad, monofizitobis istorias
miekuTvneba da igi anaTemirebulia VI msoflio saeklesio krebis mier.

$5. beTlemis (bir el-katis) wm. Teodores saxelobis qarTuli

monasteri

pirvel yovlisa unda avRniSnoT, rom araviTari monacemiTa da

wyaroebiT virjilio korbos (Virgilio Corbo) mier beTlemis maxloblad
aRmoCenili qarTuli monastris (sadac oTxi, dRemde cnobili, yvelaze
Zveli qarTuli warwera aRmoCnda) kavSiri petre iberielTan ar
dasturdeba. SesaZlebelia, es monasteri V saukunis Sua xanebSi an amave
saukunis II naxevarSi palestinaSi petres moRvaweobis gavleniT
daarsebuliyo (arc amis damadasturebeli cnoba gagvaCnia), an SeiZleba,
mis arsebobas sruliad damoukidebeli wyaro hqonda, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
amis garkveva momaval kvleva-Ziebas unda mivandoT.
monastris gaTxrebi ierusalimis kaTolikeTa patriarqis alberto
moros iniciativiT daiwyo, romelic qarTvelTa Sesaxeb jvarosanTa
cnobebiT iyo dainteresebuli da romelsac konsultacias qarTveli
kaTolike mRvdeli da saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis gamoCenili
mkvlevari miqel TarxniSvili uwevda. alberto moros davalebiT
italielma mRvdelmonazonma da arqeologma virjilio korbom iudas
udabnoSi, beTlemis maxloblad, gaTxrebi daiwyo, sadac 1952 wlis
dekemberSi uZvelesi qarTuli monasteri gamovlinda (TarxniSvili 2014,
ix. n. papuaSvilis Sesavali werili, gv. 48-49). mRvdeli miqel

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TarxniSvili pirveli iyo, vinc bir el-katis qarTuli monastris
warwerebi paleografiulad Seiswavla da daaTariRa (TarxniSvili 2014:
49-50). TarxniSvilis Semdeg monastris kvlevas sxva qarTvelma
specialistebmac miyves xeli.
monasterSi oTxi qarTuli warwera gamovlinda, romelSic ixseniebian
maruani, burzeni, bakuri, abba antoni da sefis momsxmeli iosia
(warwerebis sruli asomTavruli teqstebi mxedruli transkrifciiT,
lingvisturi da paleografiuli analiziT ix. wereTeli 1960: 10-52).
warwerebis I jgufi, sadac maruani, burzeni da bakuri ixseniebian,
monastris arsebobis uadres periods ganekuTvneba, xolo warweraTa II
jgufi (sadac abba antonisa da iosias saxelebi gvxdeba) monastris
ganaxlebis Semdeg (VI s. 30-iani wlebi) unda iyo amokveTili.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, warwerebze yuradReba pirvelad m.
TarxniSvilma gaamaxvila (TarxniSvili 1954: 12-17). S. nucubiZem gamoTqva
azri, rom warwerebSi moxseniebuli ,,maruani’’ petre iberis saero saxeli
unda yofiliyo (nucubiZe 1959: 150), xolo s. yauxCiSvilma epigrafikul
ZeglSi naxsenebi ,,bakuri’’ petres babuad gamoacxada (yauxCiSvili 1959:
058-062). g. wereTelma gamoarkvia, rom warweraSi moxseniebuli ,,burzeni”
aris saxel ,,burzen/burzen-mi(h)r-“is pirveli nawili saxesxvaoba da is
petres mamis saxeli (,,bozmari/buzmiri”) unda yofiliyo, radgan saxeli
,,buz-mihri” ,,buz-mihr’’-isa da ,,burzen-mihr’’-isgan warmoiSva (wereTeli
1960: 19-23).
imis Semdeg, rac dadasturda, rom teqstSi moxsenebulia petre
qarTvelis eriskacobis saxeli maruan, agreTve saxeli mamisa da
papisa... burzen [-mi(h)r], eWvi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, rom warwera
marTlac petre qarTvels ekuTvnis (wereTeli 1960: 23).
S. nucubiZis, s. yauxCiSvilis, g. wereTlis da sxva mecnier-mkvlevarTa
gancxadebiT, petre ierusalimis maxloblad monasters aSenebs, am
monastris mozaikaSi sakuTar winaprebsa da sakuTar Tavs, eriskacobis
saxeliT, ,,murvaniT” (maruani) ixseniebs da swored es monasteria
virjilio korbos mier aRmoCenili SesaniSnavi nangrevebi. am mosazrebam
qarTvelologiaSi (gansakuTrebiT qarTvel mecnierTa Soris)

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araCveulebrivi popularoba moipova da saboloo jamSi gabatonebul
Sexedulebad gadaiqca.
magram aris erTi seriozuli problema: petres eriskacobaSi murvani
(maruani) ar erqva (da rogorc zemoTac avRniSnavdiT, amis Sesaxeb Zalian
garkveviT isaubra a. gawereliam Tavis mravalricxovan werilebsa da
gamokvlevebSi). maSin vin aris mozaikur warweraSi moxseniebuli es
,,maruani’’ Tu ara petre iberieli? yvelaze martivi da adekvaturi pasuxi,
albaT, iqneba: kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze misi vinaoba ucnobia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva saxelebi (burzeni da bakuri) petres ojaxis
wevrebis (mamisa da babuis) saxelebs emTxveva, mTavari saxeli ar
emTxveva, da gaugebaria, vinme maruani ratom unda ixseniebdes petre
iberielis mamasa da babuas? aRniSnuli lafsusi, monastris
daTariRebaSic erTgvar problemas qmnis. marTalia g. wereTeli warweras,
paleografiuli analiziT, V saukuniT aTariRebs, magram Tuki monasteri
petres mier ar aris daarsebuli, maSin qronologiuri CarCo sakmaod
gaurkveveli saxiT warmogvidgeba (monastris aRmSeneblad petres miCnevis
SemTxvevaSi bir el-katis wm. Tevdores monasteri V saukunis 40-iani
wlebiTa daTariRdeboda), yovel SemTxvevaSi, es sakiTxi
qarTvelologiur mecnierebaSi jerjerobiT Riad unda darCes, raime
damatebiTi informaciis moZiebamde.
rac Seexeba abba antonis (,,antoni abaÁ’’) warweras, g. wereTlis
Tanaxmad, es warwera 532-552 ww. unda iyos Sesrulebuli, anu monastris
ganaxlebis periodSi, da is saxelganTqmul qarTvel moRvawes, abba
antonis ekuTvnis, romelic aseve Zalze xSirad ixsenieba marTas
cxovrebaSi da romelic unda yofiliyo kidevac dangreuli monastris
(dangrevis mizezi ucnobia) ganmaaxlebeli (wereTeli 1960: 15-17).
virjilio korbos mier aRmoCenili qarTuli monasteri iudas udabnos
bizantiur monasterTa msgavsia. sainteresoa, rom eklesiisa da sxva
Senobebis garda, monastris teritoriaze zeTis saxdeli oTaxi da
marania Semonaxuli, rac mniSvnelovani wyaroa monastris sameurneo
saqmianobis Sesaswavlad. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, monasteri aRudgeniaT
meeqvse saukuneSi. virjilio korbos aRweriT:

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 adamians pirveli SexedvisTanave TvalSi ecema nagebobis kvadratuli
formis gegma, romlis CrdiloeT kedelze sworkuTxovani eklesiis
danamatia. monasteri harmoniuladaa ganlagebuli centraluri ezos
irgvliv, romelic aerTebs agreTve Sesavlis garegan nawils, ezosTan
pirdapir SeerTebuli vestibulis winakaris saSualebiT. Cven ar
vicnobT palestinaSi sxva monasters, romelsac msgavsi gegma hqondes
(CaCaniZe 1974: 61-62)
beTlemis qarTuli monastris SemTxvevaSi ori ram namdvilad cxadia:
monasteri aSkarad kvinoburi xasiaTisa iyo anu monazvnebi aq erTad
cxovrobdnen, erTi winamZRvris morCilebis qveS da erTi tipikoniT
xelmZRvanelobdnen. Cven mxolod VI saukuneSi ganaxlebul samonastro
cxovrebaze SegviZlia visaubroT, radgan abba antonis mier monastris
aRdgenas mniSvnelovanwilad unda Seecvala aq Tavdapirvelad arsebuli
monastris ier-saxe.
miuxedavad imisa petres daarsebulia Tu ara bir el-katis wm.
Tevdores monasteri, savsebiT cxadia, rom es SesaniSnavi kvinobi
palestinaSi qarTuli bermonazvnobis erT-erT yvelaze adreul da
mZlavr keras warmoadgenda.

§6. axladaRmoCenili qarTuli monasteri iudas udabnoSi

rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, petre da ioane aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni

qvelmoqmedebaSi. maT daviTis koSkTan mdebare iberTa monasterSi
sastumroc aaSenes, sadac piligrimebsa da glaxakebze zrunavdnen.
mudmivma sazrunavma petresa da ioanes sulier myudroebas safrTxe
Seuqmna, amitom amba zenonis rCeviT, maT sxva monasters miaSures da iq
ipoves ,,TavSesafari’’, Tumca garkveuli xnis Semdeg kvlav iberTa
monasterSi dabrundnen. k. horni varaudobs, rom es monasteri, romelsac
petre da ioane droebiT Seefarnen, SesaZlebelia iyos iudas udabnoSi,
ierusalimis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 1996 wels aRmoCenili qarTuli
monasteri xirbaT umm leisunis (Khirbat Umm-leisun) maxloblad, Tumca

176
bunebrivia es mxolod varaudia, radgan misi damadasturebeli wyaro ar
mogvepoveba (horni 2006: 72).
1996 wels ierusalimis Zveli nawilis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma bizantiuri periodis monasteri
gamoavlina samlocveloTi, senakebiTa da mozaikuri iatakiT (seligmani
2015: 145). Tavdapirvelad mkvlevrebma es nangrevebi wm. evstaTis bizantiur
monasters miakuTvnes, Tumca Semdgomma kvleva-Ziebam cxadyo, rom
axladaRmoCenili naSTebi wm. evstaTis monasters ar ekuTvnoda
(seligmani 2015: 145). arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 2002 da 2004 wlebSic
gagrZelda (seligmani 2014: 144). am eqspediciebma qarTuli
kulturisiaTvis umniSvnelovanesi masalebi gamoavlines.
monasteri iudas udabnoSi ierusalimsa da beTlems Soris
mdebareobda, wm. Teodosis didi kvinobi misgan mxolod 3 km-iT iyo
daSorebuli. gaTxrebma aCvena, rom monasteri aSkarad kvinobs
warmoadgenda. monazvnebi aq galavniT SemosazRvrul sivrceSi
cxovrobdnen.
monastris Senobebi da eklesia marTkuTxa formis dasaxlebas qmnida,
romelic aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken 65 m-ze iyo gadaWimuli, xolo
CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT – 40 m-ze (seligmani 2015: 145), Sesasavleli
monasters aRmosavleTidan hqonda, romelic Semsvlels Sida ezosken
miuZRoda (paralelebi bir-el katis qarTul monasterTan, Tumca Sida
ezo mxolod qarTuli monastrebisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli, es
palestinis bizantiuri kvinoburi monastrebisaTvis erT-erT umTavres
niSnad iqca (seligmani 2015: 148-150)), romlis farTobi daax. 30X40 metrs
warmoadgenda (seligmani 2015: 148-150).
monasteri gaSenebulia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken daqanebul
ferdobze, rac terasebis gakeTebis aucileblobas qmnida. monasterSi
kibeebi ar gvxdeba, mxolod Sesasvleli ezosTan SedarebiT erTi
safexuriTaa dadablebuli (seligmani 2015: 145).
monastris Sida ezos qviT mokirwylul iatakSi gamokveTili lakvebi
miwisqveSa rezervuarebis wyliT Sevsebas uzrunvelyofda (seligmani 2015:
145). damatebiTi cisterna moTavsebuli iyo monastris SesasvlelTan
(seligmani 2015: 146). monastris samxreTiT ucnobi daniSnulebis oTaxebi

177
gamovlinda, xolo CrdiloeTiT STambeWdavi akldama, romelic
savaraudod monastris damfuZnebels unda ekuTvnodes (seligmani 2015:
146). monastris dasavleT zRurblTan mdebareobda samlocvelo da
oTaxebi, romelTa iataki mozaikiT iyo gaformebuli. kvinobis
CrdiloeTiT kidev erTi wylis rezervuari aRmoCnda, rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom aqauri samonastro Temi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo da
monazvnebs wylis problema aSkarad mogvarebuli hqondaT (seligmani 2015:
147).
monastris akldama kldis qanSia gamokveTili, akldama ori TaRedi
ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba, saiTkenac Semsvlels kibeebi miuZRveba
(seligmani 2015: 150-152). kibe kldis kedlebSia moqceuli, romlebic
kirqvis baTqaSiTaa dafaruli (seligmani 2015: 152). akldamis samxreT
ganyofilebaSi aRmoCnda bizantiuri xanis keramika, kramiti, SuSis
WurWeli, marmarilos natexebi (seligmani 2015: 152). CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania akldamis meore ganyofileba, sadac
dasavleTis zRurblTan mdebare amaRlebuli saflavis qvis filaze
arqeologebs daxvdaT SesaniSnavad daculi xuTstriqoniani qarTuli
asomTavruli warwera (fotoebi ix. seligmani 2015: 155; mgalobliSvili
2003: 8), sadac furtavis episkoposi iohane qarTveli ixsenieba.
warweras ar axlavs daqaragmeba, Sesrulebulia amoRarviT, TiToeuli
aso imdenad kargad da garkveviTaa amokveTili, rom warwera Tavisuflad
ikiTxeba, aso-niSan ,,h”-s meore striqonSi (sityva ,,iohane’’-Si) TiTqos
mcire dazianeba etyoba, Tumca es mis amokiTxvas sulac ar uSlis xels.
warweris asoTa maqsimaluri zoma 9.7 sm. xolo minimaluri – 5.5 sm
(zomebi mocemuli gvaqvs g. gagoSiZis aRweris mixedviT, ix. gagoSiZe 2014:
124). warwera araviTari ornamentiT an niSniT araa Semkuli, mxolod
boloSi jvari aqvs dasmuli.
rac Seexeba paleografiul niSnebs, asoTa formebisa da
moxazulobis TvalsazrisiT uaxloes paralelebi mas, pirvel yovlisa,
bir el-katis wm. Teodores warwerasTan moeZebneba. bir el-katis garda
aRniSnul warwera, mTeli rigi niSnebiT, Zlier emsgavseba V-VII ss. iseTi
epigrafikul Zeglebs, rogorebicaa bolnisis, baliWis, qobul-
stefanozisa da sxva lapidaruli warwerebi (gagoSiZe 2014: 124), Tumca

178
paleografiuli niSnebiT warweris ufro konkretuli (da ufro
adreuli) daTariRebacaa SesaZlebeli. sxvadasxva asoebs yvelaze didi
msgavseba V-VI saukuneebis ZeglebTan, kerZod ki bolnisis, baliWisa da
bir el-katis warwerebTan moepovebaT (ix. vrclad gagoSiZe 2014: 124-127).
2001-2002 wlebSi israelSi myofma eqspedicam (g. gagoSiZem) warwera V
saukunis miwuruliTa da VI saukunis damdegiT daaTariRa
(mgalobliSvili 2014: 8). amis garda, saxel ,,iohanes’’ amgvari formiT
daweriloba Cven mxolod V-VII saukuneebis xanmet ZeglebSi gvxdeba. VII
saukunis miwurulidan am saxels ,,ioanes” formiT weren, aso-niSan ,,h’’-s
gareSe (mgalobliSvili 2014: 117-118).
vin aris warweraSi moxseniebuli iohane furtavel episkoposi,
CvenTvis ucnobia. romeli geografiuli punqti unda igulisxmebodes
,,furtavSi”? SesaZlebelia ,,furtavSi’’ curtavis variantuli saxesxvaoba
an ,,curtavis” damaxinjebuli forma gvevaraudebina (Tumca es
ukanaskneli axsna yvelaze nakleb damajerebelia). arada Znelia
mkvlevarma, am varaudisgan, gaiTavisuflo Tavi, ,,furtavisa’’ da
,,curtavis’’ didi msgavsebis gamo.
,,furtavis” geografiuli mdebareobisa da etimologiis axsnas
ramdenime mkvlevari Seecada. albaT T. mgalobliSvilma kvlevis sawyis
etapze yvelaze damajerebeli (Tumca savaraudo) mosazreba SemogvTavaza.
mecnieri am georgafiul saxels siriuli enebis meSveobiT xsnis da mas
adgilobriv, palestinur toponimad miiCnevs (mgalobliSvili 2014: 118-119).
T. mgalobliSvilis Tanaxmad am toponimis etimologia aseTia: ebraulad
,,fura’’ (pura) niSnavs ,,sawnaxels’’, xolo arameuli ,,furTa” (purta)
aRniSnavs ,,pataras’’, ,,mcires’’, raime didis mcire nawils (mgalobliSvili
2014: 119-120). Tuki Cven ,,furtavis’’ ebrauli eniT axsnas vendobiT, maSin
toponimis meore nawilic (Tavi (tavi)) unda ganvmartoT. tav arameulidan
iTargmneba, rogorc ,,keTili, wmida, kurTxeuli” e. i. gveqneba pura+tav,
sadac ,,a’’ Seikveca, sityvas boloSi qarTuli enaSi saxelobiTi brunvis
niSani ,,i’’ daemata da miviReT ,,furtavi” (ebraul-arameulad ,,wmida
sawnaxeli’’) (mgalobliSvili 2014: 120), magram Tuki toponimis
etimologiis axsnisas mxolod arameuls moviSveliebT, maSin es toponimi

179
TargmanSi iqneba ,,mcire monasteri” (,,furTa’’ anu mcire) (mgalobliSvili
2014: 120-121).
mgalobliSviliseuli ganmartebebi logikuria, Tumca mainc
hipoTeturi. toponim ,,furtavis’’ ukeTesi axsna jerjerobiT ar
mogvepoveba. Zalian aradamajereblad gamoiyureba am georgafiuli
saxelis Cexanoveciseuli da xurcilavaseuli mosazrebebi (miT.). TviT
,,furtavis’’ etimologiis zusti dadgena gamoarkvevs, es iohane
adgilobrivi qarTuli monastris (Tu monastrebis) episkoposi iyo Tu
erT-erTi qarTuli eparqiis meTauri, romelmac miatova samRvdelmTavro
msaxureba da wminda miwas miaSura samoRvaweod, sadac aResrula kidevac.
CvenTvis xom palestinis X saukunemdeli qarTveli moRvaweebi TiTqmis
ucnobia (ramdenimes, mag., petre iberisa da ioane lazis gamoklebiT), maTi
saxelebi arc erTma qarTulma Tu ucxourma wyarom ar Semoinaxa.
arqeologiurma gaTxrebma sul ramdenime saxeli gaxada CvenTvis
cnobili (bir el-katisa da um-leizunis warwerebi). aseTia, magaliTad,
vinme ,,samuel qarTveli episkoposi’’, romelic berZnul warweraSi
ixsenieba da romelsac petre iberis mier daviTis koSkTan daarsebul
qarTul monasterSi unda emoRvaweva (misi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
qronologiuri CarCo V-VII saukuneebia) (feraZe 1995: 135-136;
mgalobliSvili 2014: 116). imedi viqonioT, rom momavali kvleva-Zieba
bizantiuri da adrearabuli xanis palestinis kidev ufro meti qarTveli
moRvawis saxels gaxdis CvenTvis cnobils.
faqtia, rom bizantiuri xanis palestinaSi qarTul bermonazvnobas
mniSvnelovani da SesamCnevi adgili ekava. nazaraTeis warweraTa
daTariRebas Tu vendobiT (da jerjerobiT safuZveli ar gvaqvs, rom ar
vendoT), qarTvel berebs moRvaweoba aq Zalian adre, V saukunis damdegs
unda daewyoT, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs (petre qarTvelis
cxovrebasTan erTad) imdroindel qarTlSi asketizmis idealTa
popularobas.
israeleli arqeologi jon zeligmani (Jon Seligman) Zalian kargad
aRwers palestinis adreul qarTul monasterTa xasiaTs da ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebs. misi TqmiT, qarTuli monastrebi mcire kvinobebia,
romlebic palestinis bizantiur kvinobTa modelebs TiTqmis srulebiT

180
imeoreben da romlTa tipiuri saxe amgvarad warmogvidgeba: mcire
eklesia (samartvilo-samlocvelo), mis garSemo mdebare sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis oTaxebi da senakebi da wylis rezervuarebi, romlebSic
wyali lakvebiT grovdeboda.
es kvinobebi, romelTa ekonomikac mimdebare miwebis kultivaciaze iyo
dafuZnebuli, winamorbedi romauli periodis saglexo meurneobaTa
funqciur memkvidreebs warmoadgendnen da xSirad imave adgilebze
arsebobdnen (seligmani 2014: 145).
zeligmani imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTul monasterTa geografiaSi
aSkarad SeimCneva erT geografiul arealSi Tavmoyris tendencia
(zeligmani 2014: 144-145). petrem V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, qarTuli
monasteri ierusalimSi, daviTis koSkTan aaSena, ierusalimis maxloblad
ki, iudas udabnoSi, sul sami-oTxi kilometris siSoreze, ganlagebuli
iyo bir el-katis wm. Teodores (V-VI ss.) da um-leizunis (V-VI ss.)
qarTuli monastrebi.

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 Tavi V. asureli mamebi

§1. asurel mamaTa cxorebani

vaxtang gorgaslis sikvdilis Semdeg sparseTis Semoteva qarTlze

gaZlierda. am Semotevas, samxedro-politikuris garda, religiuri
xasiaTic hqonda. marTalia qarTli VI saukunis 70-ian wlebamde
inarCunebda poltikur avtonomias (am periodis ganmavlobaSi qarTlSi
jer kidev arsebobda mefobis instituti (Tumanovi 1963: 381)), magram
sasanuri iranis Zlieri wnexis qveS.
swored am aramdgrad da mRelvare epoqaSi movida saqarTveloSi
cameti sirieli beri. marTalia maTi Semosvlis TariRi zustad
garkveuli araa (maTi Semosvlis TariRTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli
istoriografiis farTo mimoxilva ix. merkvilaZe 2006: 41-84), magram
dReisaTvis yvelaze miRebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qarTlSi isini VI
saukunis I naxevarSi unda mosuliyvnen (kekeliZe 1926: 101-105; merkvilaZe
2006: 41-84). aqve vityviT, rom Cven naSromSi mxolod asurel mamaTa
moRvaweobis asketur mxares vexebiT (monasterTa daarseba, maTi tipebi,
organizacia da a.S). siriel berTa qarTlSi mosvlis problemis
masStaburobis gamo Cven miznad ar visaxavT am sakiTxTis yvela aspeqtis
vrclad mimoxilvas, zogierT maTgans mxolod mokled SevexebiT.
asurelma berebma didi misioneruli samuSao gaswies da gardamtexi
cvlileba Seitanes qarTuli bermonazvnobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
maTi moRvaweobis Sedegad ,,wminda kacTa’’ roli ganuzomlad gaizarda
gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos kulturul da
politikur cxovrebaSi (maTiTaSvili 2018: 4-39).
asureli mamebis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze cnobebs maT Sesaxeb
dawerili hagiografiuli Txzulebebidan viRebT. adreuli qarTuli
bermonazvnobis istoriis rekonstruqciisaTvis CvenTvis Zalian
mniSvnelovania am hagiografiul naSromTa wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazisi.
saWiroa am TxzulebaTa warmomavlobis, redaqtirebis istoriisa da,
Sesabamisad, wyaroTmcodneobiTi ,,tevadobis’’, informaciulobis

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Seswavla, radgan istorikosi (wyaroTmcodne) istoriul Zegls, pirvel
rigSi, istoriul wyarod aRiqvams (CxartiSvili 1996: 4).
am TxzulebaTa Seqmnis drois, teqstologiur urTierTmimarTebaTa da
xasiaTis Sesaxeb mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba gamoiTqva (kakabaZe
1928: 1-18; abulaZe 1955: IX-XXXII; merkvilaZe 2006: 9-12). XIX saukuneSi
asurel mamaTa cxovrebebis mxolod metafrasuli da svinaqsaruli
redaqciebi iyo xelmisawvdomi (merkvilaZe 2006: 9-10), XIX saukunis
cnobilma qarTvelma moRvawem da saeklesio istoriis mkvlevarma mixeil-
gobron sabininma es redaqciebi Sekriba da 1882 wels saqarTvelos
samoTxeSi gamoaqveyna. 1928 wels s. kakabaZem asureli mamebis cxovrebani
gamoaqveyna Tavis naSromSi asurel mamaTa cxovrebaTa arqetipebi, xolo
1955 wels il. abulaZem asurel mamaTa cxovrebis kritikulad dadgenili
teqstebi gamosca.
dReisaTvis CvenTvis cnobilia, rom X saukuneSi asurel mamaTa
cxovrebis ramdenime redaqcia arsebobda. ioane zedaznelis cxovreba
(romelic Sio mRvimelis, evagresa da ise wilknelis cxovrebebsac
moicavda) X saukunis gamoCenilma qarTvelma hagiografma da
RvTismetyvelma arsen II kaTalikosma (955-980) Seqmna (abulaZe 1955: XVIII-
XXI).
sinas mTaze aRmoCenilma xelnawerebma axali Suqi mohfina asurel
mamebTan dakavSirebul hagiorgafiul cikls. gairkva, rom X saukuneSi
arsebobda sxva, CvenTvis aqamde ucnobi Txzuleba saxelwodebiT saqmeni
wmidisa ioane zeda zadnelisani, romeli movida Sova mdinariTa
asureTisaÁTa Semdgomad qarTlis moqceviTgan meorasaesa welsa, igi da
mowafeni misni. aqvea daculi abibosis martvilobac Semdegi saTauriT:
cxorebaÁ da wamebaÁ wmidisa abiboz nekresel qalaqisa ebiskopozisaÁ
(aleqsiZe 1999: 20-22). z. aleqsiZis azriT, es redaqcia asurel mamaTa
cxovrebisa yvelaze Zvelia SemorCenil redaqciaTa Soris, amasTanave
sinuri xelnaweri qarTlSi mosul siriel misionerTa Sesaxeb axal
cnobebsac gvawvdis (aleqsiZe 2011: 170).
magram Sio mRvimelis XII saukunis metafrasul cxovrebaSi daculi
cnobis Tanaxmad vgebulobT, rom asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis
protografiuli versia jer kidev VI saukuneSi, asurel mamaTa

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moRvaweobis Jams Seiqmna. CvenTvis cnobilia am Tavdapirveli Txzulebis
avtoric – vinme ioane-martviri (CxartiSvili 1996: 139). m. CxartiSvilis
TqmiT ,,SegviZlia darwmunebiT vTqvaT, rom saerTod ciklis
Camoyalibebis istoria ukavSirdeba martviris saxels’’ (CxartiSvili 1996:
139). aRniSnul informacias specialistebi, rogorc wesi, ar Tvlidnen
yuradRebis Rirsad. k. kekeliZis azriT es cnoba fsevdo-epigrafikuli
xasiaTisa iyo da Sesabamisad ar hqonda istoriuli Rirebuleba (kekeliZe
1926: 20). m. CxartiSvili SexedulebiT aSkaraa, rom Txzulebani siriel
berTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvelad, swored ioane-martvirs unda
daewera (CxartiSvili 1996: 141), magram vin iyo es ioane-martviri?
radganac istorikosebi da filologebi Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi
dacul cnobas ioanes Sesaxeb yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, amitom misi
vinaobis irgvliv msjelobas adgili ar hqonia. XII saukunis Sio
mRvimelis cxovrebis metafrasul redaqcias amgvari saTauri aqvs:
cxorebaÁ da sakÂrvelebani wmidisa da netarisa SioÁsni, romeli iyo
antioqiaÁT SuamdinarisaÁT. xolo moiwia queyanad qarTlisa da
daemkÂdra sarkinisa mRÂmesa, romeli-ese aRwera Rirsman martÂri, pirvel
romelsa ewoda ioane, romeli iyo mowafeTagani wmidisa ioanesTa
konstantinepoliT (abulaZe 1955: 69). aqedan gamomdinare m. CxartiSvili
foqrobs, rom ioane zedazneli konstantinepoleli unda yofiliyo
(radaganac saTaurSi gvxvdeba sityvebi ,,romeli-ese aRwera Rirsman
martÂri, pirvel romelsa ewoda ioane, romeli iyo mowafeTagani wmidisa
ioanesTa konstantinepoliT’’) da Semdeg ,,gamosuliyo’’ siriaSi, roca Sio
oci wlis Sesrulda (da rodesac ioanes daemowafa), amitom pativcemuli
mecnieris azriT, ioane-martviri, swored, ioane zedaznelis mowafea,
magram Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis metafrasuli saTauri uciloblad
amgvari daskvnis gakeTebas ar gvaiZulebs. asurel mamaTa cxorebaTa arc
erT redaqciaSi ar gvxdeba cnoba an raime miniSnebac ki ioane
zedaznelis ,,konstantinepolelobis’’ Sesaxeb. saqme isaa rom sityva
,,konstantinepoliT’’ ara ioane zedaznels, aramed ioane-martvirs unda
ekuTvnodes, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom ioane-martviri iyo swored
konstantinepoleli da konstantinepolidan Camosuli unda damowafeboda
ioane zedaznels, rac sruliad dasaSvebia. aseve sruliad reluria imis

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SesaZlebloba, rom asurel mamaTa cxovrebani Tavdapirvelad swored
ioane-martvirs daewera, miTumetes, Cven gvaqvs arseni kaTalikosis cnoba,
rom amgvari nawarmoebebi ZvelTaganve arsebobda. arseni aseT rames
amcnobs zedaznis monastris winamZRvarsa da ZmaTa krebuls ioane
zedaznelis Sesaxeb:
amas raÁ vityÂ, ara Tu mun romelTame saqmeTa da cxorebasa missa
gauwyeb Tquen, Zmano, aramed romliTa mizeziTa moiwia sofelsa amas
Cuensa mogiTxrob, xolo pirveli igi cxorebaÁ da saqmeni igi amis
netarisani weril arian pirvelsa mas wignsa da Cuenda netar ars
meored aRwerad (abulaZe 1955: 18, xazgasma Cvenia – S. m.)
anu arsenis sityvebi ramdenime garemoebas cxadyofs: arseni
sargeblobda ,,pirveli wigniT’’ anu ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis
Sesaxeb dawerili Tavdapirveli TxzulebiT da arsenis samwerlobo
moRvaweobis mizani, am SemTxvevaSi, saRvTismetyvelo xasiaTisaa da ara
istoriuli, razec miuTiTebs misi sityvebi, romlis Tanaxmadac misi
Txzulebis mizani iyo zedazneli berebisaTvis ganecxadebina is ,,mizezi’’,
ris gamoc sirieli mamebi qarTlSi movidnen. es mizani ki providenciuli,
saRvTo Sinaarsisa iyo.
m. CxartiSvili ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaTa redaqciebs Semdegi
indeqsebiT aRniSanvs: vrceli redaqcia – Z1, arseniseuli redaqcia – Z2,
metafrasuli – Z3, xolo svinaqsaruli – Z4. misi SexedulebiT,
Z2 (anu arseniseli – S. m.) redaqciis daxvewiloba da stilisturi
sisadavec Sedegi unda iyos imisa, rom misi Semqmneli redaqciul
samuSaos ukve arsebuli Zeglis mimarT eweva, masalis Sekrebisa Tu
TxzulebaSi misi racionaluri ganawilebis simZime mas ar awevs
(CxartiSvili 1996: 129).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare ar SevcdebiT Tuki vityviT, rom es
,,pirveli cxovrebani’’ swored ioane-martvirs unda aRewera da es
,,cxovrebani’’ ufro metad iyo datvirTuli istoriuli xasiaTis
cnobebiT. m. CxartiSvils amis Sesaxeb savsebiT marTebulad msjelobs:
rogor asaxavs ciklis arseniseuli versia protoZeglebs? upirveles
yovlisa, aSkaraa, rom protografuli versiis redaqciebi gacilebiT
vrceli da faqtebiT mdidari Txzulebebi iyo. arseni arc malavs, rom
amoklebs. Cans mas surda moeca kompaqturi Txroba, warmoedgina

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 erTiani istoriuli paronama... es iyo adaptirebuli didaqtikuri
suliskveTebis teqstebi, SedarebiT SezRuduli faqtobrivi
monacemebiT da vrceli msjelobebiT eTikur Temebze. maT xmarebidan
gamodevnes istoriografiuli mizandasaxulobis vrceli redaqciebi
da sabolood, Cans, am ukanasknelTa dakargvis mizezadac iqcnen
(Cxartisvili 1996: 134).
Tumca ioane-martviris mier dawerili Txzulebebi sabolood
dakargulad mainc ver CaiTvleba. savaraudod ioane-martviris
TxzulebaTa gviandeli (IX-X ss.) redaqcia unda iyos sinur xelnawerebSi
daculi ,,ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis cxovrebac’’, romelic
savsebiT axal cnobebs gvawvdis da es cnobebi swored biografiuli,
istoriuli xasiaTisa (ix. qvemoT).
ioane zedaznelis cxovreba xuTi redaqciiTaa moRweuli. vrceli
uZvelesi redaqcia X saukunis arsen II (955-980) ekuTvnis da nakluli
saxiTaa SemorCenili (Txzuleba ioanesagan zedazenze ganrRveulis
gankurnebaze wydeba), meore redaqcia arseniseuli nawarmoebis
Semoklebuli variantia, xolo mesame – am Semoklebul versiaze
aRmocenebuli metafrasuli (vrceli) redaqciaa (abulaZe 1955: IX-XXIII),
meoTxea svinaqsaruli (CxartiSvili 1996: 128-129), xolo mexuTe – sinuri
(aleqsiZe 2016: 29).
Siosa da evagres cxovrebis mxolod orma redaqciam moaRwia Cvenamde
– moklem da am mokle redaqciis gadamuSavebis Sedegad aRmocenebulma
vrcelma. abulaZis Tanaxmad, Siosa da evagres cxovreba Tavidan ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis nawili, misi gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo (abulaZe
1955: VII).
daviT garejelis cxovrebac ori redaqciiT gvaqvs: mokleTi da
metafrasuliT (romelic XII saukuneSi unda Seqmniliyo) (abulaZe 1955:
VIII)
sami redaqciiTaa (mokle, vrceli da sinuri) daculi abibos
nekreselis wameba. k. kekeliZis azriT abibos nekreselis wamebis
kimenuri (mokle) redaqcia IX arsen I dids unda Seeqmna, xolo vrceli
redaqcia XII saukuneSi unda SeeTxzaT (kekeliZe 1980: 537). kimenis (mokle
redaqciis) arqetipulobas uWerda mxars b. martin-izaric (martin-izari

186
1985: 159-165). il abulaZisa da z. aleqsiZis Tanaxmad, uZvelesia vrceli
da ara mokle redaqcia (abulaZe 1955: VIII; aleqsiZe 1999: 28). martviloba
(SemorCenil redaqciaTa arqetipi) unda daewera nekresis ucnob
episkoposs, maSin rodesac kaxeTi ,,Ãevia’’ (ase moixsenieba teqstSi) da ara
damoukidebeli samTavro (am damoukidebel politikur erTeulad is VIII
saukuneSi iqca), amitom Txzuleba dawerili unda uyos VI saukunis
miwuruls an VII saukunis damdegs (aleqsiZe 1999: 28).
danarCen asurel mamaTa cxovrebani gviandeli, metafrasuli da
svianaqsaruli redaqciebiTaa SemorCenili. siriel berTa moRvaweobis
aRweris xelaxali wamowyeba XVIII saukuneSi garejis literaturul
skolas ukavSirdeba (gabiZaSvili 1968: 226).

§2. asureli mamebi _ asketebi da misionerebi

qarTvelologiaSi asureli mamebis moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT

yuradRebas yovelTvis maT mier daarsebul monastrebze amaxvilebdnen da
maT upirveles damsaxurebad swored qarTuli bermonazvnobisaTvis
safuZvlis dadebas Tvlidnen. am mosazrebasTan erTad XX saukunis I
naxevarSi asurel mamebs sxva ,,damsaxurebac’’ aRmouCines. mecnierTa
nawilis Tanaxmad maTi moRvaweoba specifikurad konfesiur xasiaTs
atarebda. 1926 wels k. kekeliZem gamoTqva Sexeduleba maTi monofizituri
aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb (kekeliZe 1926: 96), romelic gaiziara l. menabdem
(menabde 1962: 179, 269, 274), Sesabamisad am mecnierebma asurel mamebs erT-
erT mizandasaxulobad qarTlSi monofizitobis qadagebac CaTvales,
Tumca specialistTa nawilma maTi monofizitoba aradamajereblad
miiCnia da asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis umTavres motivad, piriqiT,
monofizitobis winaaRmdeg diofizitobis gavrceleba miiCnia
(javaxiSvili 1979: 411).
Cven ar gvaqvs araviTari mtkicebuleba im mosazrebis samtkiceblad,
romlis Tanaxmadac asureli mamebis moRvaweobis umTavres mizans
qarTlSi samonastro cxovrebis daarseba an konfesiuri antagonizmi
warmoadgenda. maS risTvis movida es cameti sirieli asketi

187
saqarTveloSi? wyaroTa mixedviT pasuxi calsaxaa: maTi movaleoba
misioneruli saqme anu qarTuli warmarTobisa da sparsuli
zoroastrizmis winaaRmdeg qadageba iyo. asureli mamaTa cxovrebani xazs
usvams, rom isini qarTlSi wm. ninos saqmis gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen.
cxovrebebSi maTi sulieri kavSiri da erTgvari legitimacia wm. ninosgan
Zalian aSkaraa. marTalia qarTli qristianobaze ukve orasi wlis
moqceuli iyo, magram qarTuli warmarToba jer kidev mZlavrobda
(gansakuTrebiT mTianeTSi), xolo cecxlTayvanismcemlobas iberiaSi,
somxeTsa da albaneTSi sparseTis imperia avrcelebda, romelic
amierkavkasiis qveynebze mudmivad acxadebda pretenzias da amis gamo
romis imperiasTan mudmiv dapirispirebaSi imyofeboda (Tumanovi 1963: 360-
361). zoroastrizmi qarTlSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, rasac
naratiuli wyaroebi (qarTuli istoriuli qronikebi da hagiografiuli
Zeglebi), arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili zoroastruli
taZrebi da TviT XX saukunemde qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi daculi
Cveulebani adasturebs (javaxiSvili 1979: 324; makalaTia 1927: 179-196;
kekeliZe 1945: 342-353; WilaSvili 2000: 44-59; iongi: 2015: 126-127).
asuruli bermonazvnobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo mkacri asketizmisa
da amave dros aqtiuri misioneruli saqmianobis SeTavseba. cxadia rom
asureli mamebi mSobliuri tradiciis gamagrZeleblebi iyvnen da maT
saRvTo mowodebas iberiaSi asketur moRvaweobasTan erTad qristianuli
sarwmunoebis ganmtkiceba warmoadgenda. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom siriel
asketTa da misionerTa qadagebas mxolod qarTlSi ar hqonia adgili. mag.
somxeTSi daniel taroneli da misi mowafeebi aqtiurad qadagebdnen da
aarsebdnen monastrebs V saukunis dasawyisSi (haasi 2009: 96), aseTive
asket misionerTa jgufi Cavida albaneTSi daaxloebiT amave xanebSi (VI
saukunis Sua wlebSi), petre glaxakTmoyvaris monastridan (javaxiSvili
1979: 414), qarTlsa da albaneTSi moRvawe siriel mamaTa Tanamedrove iyo
cxra asureli mama, romelic CrdiloeT eTiopiasa da eriTriaSi (aqsumis
samefoSi) moRvaweobda qaristianobisa da bermonazvnuri cxovrebis
gasavrceleblad (haasi 2009: 96).
Sua saukuneebis qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis
Tanaxmad asurel mamaTa ricxvi cameti iyo (rac upirveles yovlisa

188
simboluria, magram es simboluroba maTi raodenobis istoriulobas ar
gamoricxavs). eseni iyvnen (maTi zedwodebebi saqarTveloSi maTi
moRvaweobis adgilebs aRniSnavs): berebis jgufis winamZRoli ioane
zedazneli da misi mowafeebi - Sio mRvimeli, daviT garejeli, abibos
nekreseli, ise wilkneli, ioseb alaverdeli, isidore samTavneli,
stefane xirseli, zenon iyalToeli, Tadeoz stefanwmindeli, piros
breTeli, miqael ulumboeli da elia diakoni. maTi raodenoba 15 iqneba,
Tuki maT ricxvs anton martyofelsa (romelic mogvianebiT, 545 wels
SeuerTda ioane zedaznelis gunds) da Teodosi mrexels mivumatebT
(aleqsiZe 2016: 29). berebis ricxvTan dakavSirebiT istoriografiaSi
gaurkvevloba iyo da zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlida rom maTi raodenoba
17-s aRwevda (kekeliZe 1926: 87-88), Tumca es gaugebroba gamowveuli iyo
asurel mamaTa or sias Soris arsebuli gansxvavebiT. erTi sia daculia
Sio mRvimelis metafrasul cxovrebaSi, xolo meore ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebaSi. saqme isaa rom asurel mamaTa CamonaTvali ukeTaa daculi
ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi, xolo Sio mRvimelis metafrasul
cxovrebaSi axali saxelebia Camatebuli, rac cxovrebis avtorma saxelTa
arasworad gagebis Sedegad miiRo (merkvilaZe 2005: 189-204). aqve unda
SevniSnoT rom asurel mamaTa ricxvs axal saxelebs umatebs asurel
mamaTa cxovrebis sinuri redaqciac. sinuri xelnaweris mixedviT maTi
saxelebia: Sio, daviTi, iosebi, zenoni, Tevdosiosi, ezdriosi, solomoz,
TaTa, proboz, vaTa, pimen, naTan (aleqsiZe 2011: 170). aqedan solomozi,
vaTa, pimeni da naTani ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi daculi siisaTvis
ucnobia (rTulia araa imis gamocnoba, rom probozi igive piros
breTelia), Tumca z. aleqsiZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, es ukanasknelni
ioane zedaznelis sxva, qarTveli mowafeebi unda yofiliyvnen (aleqsiZe
2011: 172). igives ver vityviT Tevdosiosze, romelic sinuri redaqciis
Tanaxmad, ioanes isidoresTan (isidore samTavneli) erTad edesaSi
Sexvedria. Tevdosiosi edesaSi daculi macxovris xelTuqmneli xatis
(mandilonis) winaSe msaxuri, berdiakvani iyo, qalaqis msajulis vaJi (anu
aristokratiuli ojaxidan) (aleqsiZe 2011: 170). sinuri redaqcia mas
Teodosi mrexelad ixseniebs, qarTlSi mosuli is rexis qvabSi daeyuda

189
da aqve aRaSena monasteri. is sxva asurel mamebTan erTad movida
iberiaSi.
qarTuli wyaroebi yvelgan xazgasmiT aRniSnaven maT siriul
warmomavlobas. XIX saukunis isrtoriografiaSi sxvadasxva mwerlisa da
publicistis warmosaxvaSi, isini qarTvelebad iqcnen, bolo dros
zogierTma mkvlevarmac gaiziara azri maTi qarTuli warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb (goilaZe 2002: 144), Tumca es Sexeduleba moklebulia
damajerebel argumentacias da arc erT wyaroSi ar poulobs dasturs. k.
kekeliZe maTi eTnikurad qarTvelobis dasamtkiceblad ioane zedaznelis
qarTulad ametyvelebis pasaJs imowmebda (kekeliZe 1926: 96), magram
aRniSnuli pasaJi tipiuria hagiografiisaTvis: wminda kaci moulodnelad
iwyebs ucxo enaze saubars. es narativi genetikurad saqme mociqulTaSi
moTxrobil sulTmofenobis saswauls ukavSirdeba, rodesac mociqulebma,
romlebsac xalxTa moqcevis misia ekisraT, maTTvis ucxo enebze daiwyes
metyveleba. aseTive misia hqondaT siriel berebsac da amitomac maTi
winamZRoli moulodnelad qarTulad iwyebs saubars. maT siriul
warmomavlobas adasturebs maTi cxovrebis uZvelesi sinuri redaqciac
(aleqsiZe 2011: 170-173), sadac, sxvaTa Soris, zemoxsenebuli epizodi ar
gvxdeba. sinur redaqciebze dayrdnobiT z. aleqsiZem cxadad aCvena maTi
qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb arsebuli azris usafuZvloba (aleqsiZe
2016: 28-32).
siriel mamaTa moRvaweoba bizantiur hagiografiaSi Teodorite
kvirelisa da kirile skviTopolelis mier dasaxul klasikur xazs
mihyveba. X saukunis avtori arsen kaTalikosic qarTlSi Semosuli
asureli mamebis cxovrebis aRwerisas saxelganTqmuli sirieli da
palestineli berebis cxovrebaTa modelebs eyrdnoba. arsen II pirdapir
imowmebs saba ganwmendilis cxovrebas, adarebs ra ioane zedaznelis
brZolas dacemul angelozTa winaaRmdeg saba ganwmendilis imave saxis
moRvaweobas (abulaZe 1955: 28). kaTalikosi arsen II vrceli da
originaluri saRvTismetyvelo Sesavlis Semdeg ase iwyebs ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis aRweras:
ese netari iovane iyo queyaniT SuamdinariT da winamZRurebiTa sulisa
wmidisaÁTa moiwia queyanasa qarTlisasa, maxlobelad deda-qalaqsa

190
 mcxeTas, romelman ganukuTvna Tavi TÂsi siyrmiTa TÂsiTgan qristesa
(abulaZe 1955: 12).
ioanem adreuli asakidanve daiwyo monazvnuri cxovreba da miiRo
saswaulTmoqmedebis unari, riTac saxeli ganiTqva (abulaZe 1955: 16),
magram ioane didebasa da am didebisagan gamowveul, asketur praqtikasa
da literaturaSi kargad cnobil yvelaze saSiS vnebas – ampartavnebas
gaurboda, amitom dayudebis Tavdapirveli adgili miatova da udabnos
miaSura. rogorc ioanes cxovreba gvauwyebs is udabnoSi erT-erT
gamoqvabulSi daeyuda Tavis mowafeebTan erTad e. i. mowafeebi mas jer
kidev moRvaweobis Tavdapirvel adgilas, udabnoSi gasvlamde
Semoukrebia. Txzulebis am pasaJSi Cven vxdebiT anaqoretTa anu
gandegilTa erTobas. es erToba yvelaze primitiuli, embrionuli Temia
momavali organizebuli monastrebisa, iseTi Temi rogorebic aRwerili
aqvs Teodorite kvirels. ase iwyebdnen moRvaweobas iuliane-saba,
markiane, evsebi teladeli, Teodosi da IV-V saukuneebis sxva
saxelganTqmuli sirieli asketebi (juReli 2011: 68-146). martomyofelTa
am erTobaSi ar aris raime mkacrad gawerili dRis reJimi, tipikoni, arc
sxva saxis raime ganawesi. moRvaweni qarizmatuli winamZRolis garSemo
arian Sekrebilebi. magram berebis ricxvis gamravlebasTan erTad Tavs
iCens hagiografiis maradiuli Tema da Tavsatexi: anaqoretobisken
dabruneba. nebismieri didi wmindani Tavisi moRvaweobis adreul
safexurze dabrunebas eltvis da amitom mudmivad ,,garbis’’. wmindani
saxels ganiTqvams saswaulmoqmedebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebis
madlmosili niWiT, mis garSemo mowafeTa mravalricxovani wre ikribeba
da sulieri da xorcieli kurnebis mosurne xalxi uxv nakadad awydeba,
Tavdapirveli myudroebis darRveviT Sewuxebuli asketi ki kvlav
martoebas eZebs. asea ioane zedaznelis SemTxvevaSic, ioane mowafeebTan
erTad udabnoSi mdebare qvabSi daeyudeba (rogorc siriuli samonastro
cxovrebis fuZemdebeli iuliane-saba (juReli 2011: 503)) da
sazrdelisaTvis romelime mowafes periodulad qalaqSi agzavnis, magram
ioanes Tavis sabolood dafarva mainc ar gamouvida, radgan saRmrTo
Cveulebis Tanaxmad, vinc Tavs daimdablebs, is amaRldeba. ase daemarTa
ioanesac da misi saxeli kvlav ganiTqva, miTumetes siriaSi zRvari

191
udabnosa da dasaxlebul samyaros Soris arc ise mkveTri iyo, amitom
ioanesTan wuTisofeli kvlav SemoiWra udabnoSi, ris Semdegac man siriis
sabolood mitoveba da ucxo qveyanaSi wasvla gadawyvita, Tumca am ucxo
qveyanaSi zRvari udabnosa da sofels Soris kidev ufro mowyvladi
aRmoCnda.
kaTalikosiAarsen II dawvrilebiT ar aRwers ioanes siriaSi
moRvaweobis periods, radgan misi TqmiT ioanes cxovrebis siriuli
periodi mis ,,pirvel cxovrebaSi’’Oiyo aRwerili (abulaZe 1955: 18),
romelmac Cvenamde ver moaRwia (da romlis avtoric ioane-martviri unda
yofiliyo). ioanes ucxoeTSi martod wasvla surda, magram mowafeebma
elise winaswarmetyvelis sityva gaixsenes da mis martod gaSvebaze uari
Tqves. ioane zedazneli elias emsgavseba, xolo mowafeebi – elises, rac
ase tipiuria qristianuli hagiografiisaTvis. istoriuli Txroba
bibliur yalibSi eqceva da wminda weriliseuli pasaJebi wmindanTa
cxovrebis TiToeul epizodSi pouloben gamoZaxils. arsen II TqmiT
asureli mamebi qarTlSi ,,uxilavi Zalis winamZRurobiT’’ movidnen, im
uxilavi Zalisa, romelic odesRac mogvebs mouZRveboda beTlemSi
axalSobili yrmis sanaxavad (abulaZe 1955: 22), xolo ioane zedaznelis
metafrasuli cxovrebis ucnobi avtoris aRweriT ioane qarTlSi
wamovida ,,damtevebeli queyanisa da mamulisa TÂsisa, viTar sxuaÁ vinme
abraham, saufloÁsa Ãmisa mier wodebuli...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 23). ase movidnen
asureli mamebi qarTlSi. kaTalikoss evlalioss saRmrTo CvenebiT euwya
qarTlSi wminda mamebis mosvlis Sesaxeb (abulaZe 1955: 81) da berebs
mcxeTaSi Seegeba. aq hagiografi cota xniT Cerdeba da imis Sesaxeb yveba,
Tu rogor ametyvelda qarTulad ioane kaTalikosTan Sexvedrisas da am
epizods sulTmofenobis saswauls adarebs. ioanem mowafeebTan erTad
sveticxovels Tayvani sca da RmerTs samoRvaweo adgilis Cvenebas
Seevedra (abulaZe 1955: 24). hagiografis aRweriT, saRvTo uwyebiT, ioanem
zedaznis mTas miaSura, romelic jer kidev imyofeboda
winareqristianuli kultebis gavlenis qveS, da aq daemkvidra ,,udabnos
moyuare ese guriti’’ (abulaZe 1955: 27), Tumca sinuri redaqciis cnobiT
zedaznis mTaze asvlamde, mowafeebTan erTad, mTeli qarTlis samefo
moiara qadagebiT (aleqsiZe 2011: 172). Siosa da evgares cxovrebis

192
gadmocema ioanes cxovrebis cnobebs avsebs: erT dResac ioanem zedaznis
mTaze eSmakTa simravle ixila, amitom maTTan sabrZolvelad swored am
mTaze damkvidreba da dacemul angelozTa gandevna gadawyvita (abulaZe
1955: 84), miuxedavad imisa rom kaTalikosma es ar urCia, ioanem
mowafeebTan erTad zedaznis mTas miaSura, maisis TveSi adidebuli
aragvi saswaulebrivad gadalaxa da mTaze erT-erT qvabSi daeyuda, xolo
mowafeebma ,,iqmnes mciredi raÁme talavrebi da iRwuides Zlierad...’’
(abulaZe 1955: 86).
rogorc avRniSneT siriul asketur tradiciaSi pirveli aseTi
primitiuli samonastro Temis Camoyalibeba iuliane sabas ukavSirdeba. IV
saukunis dasawyisSi iuliane sabam udabnoSi moRvaweoba daiwyo, droTa
ganmavlobaSi mis garSemo asketuri moRvaweobis msurvelebi Semoikribnen
(juReli 2011: 501-502). asketebi iuliane-sabas sulieri xelmZRvanelobis
qveS cxovrobdnen da maT saerTod ar hqondaT organizebuli samonastro
cxovrebis wesi. Tavdapirvelad swored amgvari formis iyo ioane
zedaznelisa da mis mowafeTa mier Camoyalibebuli erToba zedaznis
mTaze.
magram ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, ioanes ganmartoebis
survili ar tovebda, amitom mowafeebs qarTlis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
saqadageblad wasvla daavala (abulaZe 1955: 29-30), Tumca Siosa da
evagres cxovrebis cnobiT, es mxolod ioanes ganmartoebis surviliT ar
yofila gamowveuli. ioanem erT Rames CvenebaSi yovladwminda
RvTismSobeli da wminda nino ixila, romlebmac ioanes mowafeebis
sxvadasxva adgilas ,,ganTesva’’ ubrZanes qristianobis saqadageblad. aq
isev cxadad Cans qarTul hagiografiaSi gatarebuli azri wminda ninosa
da asureli mamebis Rrma providenciuli da sulieri kavSiris Sesaxeb:
asureli mamebi wminda ninosagan dawyebul saqmes agrZeleben (abulaZe
1955: 91; siraZe 1987 : 51). igive motivi gvxdeba asurel mamaTa cxovrebis
sinur redaqciaSi (aleqsiZe 2016: 30-32).
saqadageblad gagzavnis win ioanem mowafeebi damoZRvra. ioanes
darigebas r. siraZe calke Txzulebad Tvlis, romelsac igi ioanes
swavlebebs uwodebs (siraZe 1992: gv.). marTlac ioanes es swavleba
mowafeebisadmi calke saRvTismetyvelo-homiletikuri nawarmoebis

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STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca axla Znelia imis Tqma Tavidan calke
nawarmoebi iyo Tu ara is. mowafeTa darigebis Semdeg ioanem isini
qarTlis samefos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi dagzavna (abulaZe 1955: 38-39).
ioanes mier mowafeTa saqadageblad gagzavna simbolurad aSkarad
ukavSirdeba macxovris mier Tavis mowafeTa wagzavnas saxarebis
sauwyeblad palestinis sxvadasxva mxareebSi. metafrasuli ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis avtori asurel mamebs mociqulebs adarebs (rac
kidev erTxel mianiSnebs maT umTavres misiaze), axasiaTebs ra siriel
berebs pavle mociqulis sityvebiT, aRwers maTi asketuri cxovrebis
sirTuleebs. sainteresoa, rom metafrasis TvalTaxedviT asurelma mamebi
mociqulebsac miemsgavsnen da ,,pirvel mamebsac’’ – did meudabnoebs,
romlebic ,,uxelovno da martiv’’ cxovrebas misdevnen. aTcameti sirieli
beris msaxurebaSi mociqulebrivi da monazvnuri idealebi erTmaneTs
Seerwya, ramac qarTlisaTvis da misi eklesiisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi
Sedegebi gamoiRo.
ioanem anaqoretuli moRvaweoba elia diakonTan erTad zedaznis mTaze
gaagrZela. hagiografi maRalmxatvrulad aRwers Tu rogor ebrZoda
ioane dacemul Zalas. Tavisi sulieri RvawliT zedaznis mTaze
kerpTmsaxurebis droidan dabudebuli boroti sulebi gandevna. eSmakebma
CrdiloeTiT gadainacvles. qarTuli hagiografiis (da ara marto
qarTuli hagiografiis) Tanaxmad CrdiloeTi codvisa da sibnelis
adgilia, qarTlis moqcevaSic xom warmarTuli qarTli CrdiloeTis anu
,,kedaris qveynad’’ moixsenieba (lerneri 2004: 139). ioanem ganwminda Tavisi
samkvidrebeli da ase gaagrZela moRvaweoba.
ioane zedaznelis saxels hagiografi ramdenime saswauls ukavSirebs,
maT Soris zedaznis mTaze wyaros aRmocenebas da daTvis moTvinierebas,
rac hagiografiaSi erT-erTi umTavresi motivis - wmindanebsa da bunabas
Soris arsebuli harmoniis (rac wminda moRvawis adamis pirvandel,
ucodvel mdgomareobaSi dabrunebas asaxavs (merkvilaZe 2005: 44)) tipiuri
gamoxatulebaa. buneba sirieli asketisaTvis mSobliuri saxli da
RvTisagan boZebuli gadaSlili wignia diad RvTaebriv saqmeTa
Sesamecneblad.

194
 ioane zedazneli bolomde mkacri siriuli anaqoretizmis erTguli
darCa. arsen kaTalikosis TqmiT,
xolo SenebaÁ ara ineba mas adgilsa, aramed viTarca ars wesi martod
myofobisaÁ, iyofvoda; napralsa mas kldisasa epovna quabi mcire,
romelsa Sina aRasrula mwirobaÁ sarwmunoÁsa amis cxorebisaÁ...
(abulaZe 1955: 52).
sikvdilis moaxloebisas ioanem mowafeebs mouwoda da sulieri
darigebani misca, ris Semdegac gardaicvala. marTalia ioanem Tavis
gansasveneblad Tavisive samoRvaweo adgili airCia, elia diakonma da
Tadeozma, romelsac zedaznis mTis ZirSi monasteri hqonda aSenebuli,
misi wminda nawilebis monasterSi gadasveneba gadawyvites, asec moiqcnen
da misi wminda cxedari luskumaSi Caasvenes, magram miwisZvris Semdgom
misi neSti kvlav misi dayudebis daabrunes, sadac mogvianebiT
kaTalikosma klimentim eklesia aaSena. g. CubinaSvilis dakvirvebiT,
pirveli eklesia zedazenze ioanes moRvaweobis adgilze VI saukunis
bolos an VII saukunis dasawyisSi aSenda ioanes mowafeTa mier. swored
am eklesiaSi daasvenes wm. ioanes wmida nawilebi, romelic g.
CubinaSvilis daskvniT, Tavdapirvelad, xis luskumaSi unda yofiliyo
moTavsebuli. es eklesia darbazulia da marTkuTxa formis
sakurTxeveliT gamoirCeva. VIII saukuneSi qarTlis kaTalikosma
klimentim aq sameklesiani bazilika aaSena da es taZaric am sameklesian
bazilikaSi CarTo (CubinaSvili 1971: 31-38).
Sio mRvimeli ioane zedaznelis gamorCeuli mowafe da erT-erTi didi
qarTuli monastris damaarsebeli iyo. Sioc eTnikurad sirielia, is ,,iyo
queyaniT asureTisaÁT, didiT miT RmrTis qalaqiT antioqiaÁT’’, morwmune
aristokrati mSoblebis Svili. Siom adreuli asakidanve daiswavla
wminda werili da qristianuli RvTismetyveleba.
iqmna raÁ wlisa aTequsmetisa, iwyo gamoZiebad sityuaTa wmidaTa
wignisa, da zin da ikiTxavn ganusuenebelad dRe da Rame... (abulaZe
1955 : 71).
Siom mSoblebis Semonazvnebis Semdeg qoneba gayida, glaxakebs
dauriga da TviTon im droisaTvis saxelganTqmul moRvawes ioanes
daemowafa, es moxda rodesac ,,Rirsi Sio iqmna ocisa wlisa’’ (abulaZe

195
1955: 72). rogorc zemoT avRniSneT sirieli berebi Tavdapirvelad
zedaznis mTaze damkvidrdnen da aq oTxi weli gaatares. radganac Sio
dayudebis moyvare iyo, ,,evedreboda ioanes, raTa ubrZanos mas dayudebiT
yofaÁ’’ (abulaZe 1955: 91). ioanem da qarTlis kaTalikosma Sios
dayudebaze kurTxeva misces da Sioc daemkvidra ,,kacTagan yovlad
uvalTa maRnarTa da kldeTa saSinelTa’’, mcxeTis dasavleTiT mdebare
xevSi. 66 xevi iyo
RrmaÁ unugeSiscemoÁ, urwyuli, savse mÃecTa mier da quewarmavalTa
geslianTa, romeli-igi mixedviT oden SeaZrwundebda kacobrivsa
bunebasa (abulaZe 1955: 92).
Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Siom sulieri mamebisgan – ioanesa da
kaTalikosisgan gansakuTrebuli kurTxeva aiRo gansakuTrebul Rvawlze
– memyudrove cxovrebaze anu hesiqastur moRvaweobaze. rogorc zemoT
gvqonda aRniSnuli monastris winamZRvrebi monazvnebs amgvari Rvawlis
aRebaze ar akurTxebdnen, Tuki monazons Sesabamisi momzadeba ar gaevlo
kvinobSi anu sxva ZmebTan erTad. mxolod amis Semdeg gadioda monazoni
udabnoSi marto samoRvaweod. hagiografi gvamcnobs rom siriaSi Sio
ioanesTan oci weli cxovrobda, xolo zedazenze – oTxi, ris Semdegac
sTxova Siom sulier moZRvars – ber ioanes dayudebl cxovrebaze
nebarTvis miReba da am SemTxvevaSic ki ioanes marto ar miuRia
gadawyvetileba, aramed Sio qarTlis kaTalikosTan gaagzavna da mxolod
misi Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg misca nebarTva marto myofs dayudebaSi
emoRvaweva. Siomac daiwyo moRvaweobis es Zneli da ,,ficxeli’’ gza
sruliad ,,unugeSo udabnoSi’’. Txzulebis Tanaxmad dayudebis pirveli
samoci dRe Sios sakvebi saerTod ar miuRia: ,,da ganasrula Rirsman Sio
sameoci dRe yovlad miuRebelman sazrdelisa da sasumelisaman’’ (abulaZe
1955: 92-93).
rogorc cnobilia hesiqasturi moRvaweobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
nayofi Seuqmneli naTlis xilvaa. hagiografi logikurad akavSirebs Sios
umkacres memyudrove mosagreobasa da am naTlis xilvas. mas Semdeg rac
Siom morigi Rame locvaSi gaatara ,,da viTarca moeaxla ciskari, ixila

66 n. andRulaZis azriT, Sio ioanesTan erTad zedaznis mTaze 543-547 wlebSi

moRvaweobda, xolo individualuri gandegiloba 547 wels daiwyo (andRulaZe 1972: 7)

196
quabsa mas Sina TÂssa naTeli miuTxrobeli, romlisa gancdad ver
SeuZlebda’’ (abulaZe 1955: 94). amis Semdeg aRwerilia RvTismSoblisa da
ioane naTlismcemlis gamocxadeba. r. siraZe aRniSnavda, rom qarTul
hagiografiaSi saxeTa esTeturoba maT simbolizmSi vlindeba (siraZe 1987:
3). asea am pasaJSic: RvTismSobeli rogorc yovelTa qristianTa deda da
Semwe da qarTlis gamorCeuli mfarveli (gavixsenoT rom swored
RvTismSobeli ecxadeba wminda ninosa da asurel mamebs (Tan araerTgzis)
da qarTlis gaqristianebas avalebs) da ioane naTlsimcemeli – qristian
meudabnoeTa ucvleli da upirvelesi arqetipi, qristianuli monazvnobis
maradiuli winaresaxe, romelsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen
qristiani hagiografebi, rogorc meudabnoebis klasikur bibliur nimuSs
(elia winaswarmetyvelTan erTad). RvTismSobeli Sios udabnos ayvavebasa
da monazonTa gamravlebas uwinaswarmetyvelebs: ,,...iqmnes udabnoÁ ese
aRsavse kacTa mier RmerT-SemosilTa, romelni mobaZav iyvnen cxovrebasa
Sensa...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 95). RvTismSoblis winaswarmetyveleba axdeba da
Sios Tavdapirvelad didi mTavari evagre daemowafeba, romelic farsman
mefesTan daaxloebuli piria, xolo Semdeg sxvebic SemouerTdebian, sanam
monazonTa ricxvi ori aTasamde ar gaizrdeba.
Sio-mRvimis monasteri am adreul periodSi (VI saukunis Sua xanebi)
ubralo anaqoretTa martivi erToba iyo. Sios maleve daemowafa
adgilobrivi aristokrati evagre. Sio Tavis gamoqvabulSi agrZelebda
dayudebas, evagre calke qvabSi moRvaweobda, iseve rogorc danarCeni
Zmebi. sawyis etapze Zmobas eklesiac ki ar hqonda. es aris Cveulebriv
anaqoretTa araorganizebuli erTobidan lavris klasikur modelze
gardamavali samonastro tipi. TemSi maleve dadga eklesiis saWiroeba.
Semdgomad amisa iwyes ganmravlebad ZmaTa da uRono iyvnes, rameTu
ara iyo maTda eklesia, romelsaca Sina Sekrebul iyvnes didebulsa
dResa wmidasa kÂriakesa, da amisTÂs etyodes netarsa Sios, raTa
ubrZanos maT aRSenebad wmidaÁ eklesiaÁ (abulaZe 1955: 106).
Sio RvTis saswaulebrivi miniSnebiT eklesiisaTvis Sesaferisi adgili
monaxa da Zmebmac aq daiwyes taZris mSenebloba.
amis Semdeg hagiografi mefe farsmanisa da Sio mRvimelis Sexvedris
saintereso epizods mogviTxrobs. es epizodi kargad gamoxatavs

197
feodalizaciis gzaze mdgari qarTlis sazogadoebas monastrebis adgils
feodalizaciis am adreul procesSi. F
evagre, romelic Sios mier monazvnad aRikveca didad daaxloebuli
yofila mefesTan. Siosa da evagres cxovrebis ucnobi avtori
mogviTxrobs, rom mefe farsmanma evagre qarTlis mmarTvelad datova,
rodesac TviTon imperator iustinianesTan erTad taskunebTan saomrad
iyo wasuli. qarTlSi dabrunebulma mefem gaigo rom evagre monazvnad
aRkvecila, ramac mefe farsmani Zalian daamwuxra, amitom is evagresTan
mivida da erSi dabruneba Txova.
xolo hrqua mas Rirsman evagri: Ä mefeo, rad mawuxeb dabadebulsa
RmrTisasa, raTa Seviracxo msgavsad ZaRlTa kualad miqceviTa
naTxevarsave. da daarwmunebda mravliTa sityÂTa, raTa kualad araraÁ
hrquas eseviTari (abulaZe 1955: 109).
aq farsmani Sios Sexvda da
ixila raÁ xati misi, zari ganÃda, rameTu madli raÁme RmrTisaÁ
ixila mis zeda saSineli da myis daagdo queyanad Saravandi mefobisaÁ
da ganiÃsna sartyeli da miiswrafa da davarda ferÃTa Tana berisaTa
(abulaZe 1955: 109-110).
da wmindanisagan Sendoba iTxova. Siom mefe wamoayena, gvirgvini
daubruna da daloca. am dros aResrula saswauli da erT-erTi
mTavarTagani, romelsac cali Tvali isrisgan hqonda dazianebuli, am
Wrilobisgan ganikurna. ,,esre ra sakvirvelebaÁ ixiles, yovelni
adidebdes RmerTsa’’ (abulaZe 1955: 111). mefem
mianiWa ukue monastersa mas oTxni rCeulni samefoTa dabaTagan da
dawera ÃeliTa TÂsiTa TavisuflebaÁ maTi da misca evagris ocdaaTi
litra oqroÁ eklesiaTa maTTÂs saÃmrad, barZimi oqroÁsaÁ da feSxumi
da sxuaÁ yoveli samsaxurebeli vecxlisa, juari didi oqroÁsaÁ da
saxarebaÁ, friad Suenierad Semkobili sanatrelisa mefisa vaxtangis
mier. da ganaCinna zeda-mdgomelni saqmisani, raTa swrafiT yon
aRSenebaÁ eklesiaTa maT (abulaZe 1955: 111-112).
wminda Sios mier daarsebuli samonastro erToba swrafad gadaiqca
mravalricxovan lavrad.
da ganmravlda ricx SekrebulTa ZmaTaÁ ori aTasad da ganiTqua
saxeli wmidisa amis yovelsa Sina qarTlsa, da yovliT kerZo

198
 movidodes yovelni da verRara uZlebdes. da iwyes mieriTgan sxuaTa
adgilTa Senebad, rameTu romelnime kodmanisa kerZo warvides da
qmnes munca lavraÁ didi, xolo romelnime sarkinisa (abulaZe 1955: 113).
b. lominaZe sruliad samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom Sio-mRvimis
monasteri ukve Sios winamZRvrobaSive iqca organizaciulad
dasrulebul da Camoyalibebul erTobad: monasters hyavda mamasaxlisi,
hqonda wesdeba da gaaCnda vrceli mamulebi (gorovani da sxaltba is
soflebia, romlebic Sio-mRvimes ukve VI saukuneSi ekuTvnoda da
romelTa saxelebi gviandel wyaroebSia SemorCenili) (lominaZe 1949: 14).
ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesia, xelovnebaTmcodenobiTi
analiziT, VI saukunes miekuTvneba, rac adasturebs hagiorgafiul
tradicias mTavari taZris Sios winamZRvrobaSi aSenebis Sesaxeb
(CubinaSvili 1925: 246-253)
qarTveli arqeologebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi awarmoebdnen
gaTxrebs mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi, maT Soris kodmansa da sarkinis
teritoriebze, sadac didZali arqeologiuri masalaa aRmoCenili.
arqeologiuri wyaroebi adasturebs am adgilTa farTo gansaxlebasa da
ganviTarebas uZvelesi periodidan moyolebuli, mag. sarkineSi arsebobda
elinisturi xanis dasaxleba, 1980 wlis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
aq kramitisa da galavnis naSTebi aRmoCnda, romelic sarkinis
dasaxlebas Crdilo-dasavleTidan icavda (afaqiZe... 1989: 24-26). ase rom
asurel mamaTa cxovrebaSi monastrebis kodmanisa da sarkines midamoebSi
mSenebeloba (misioneruli TvalsazrisiT) sruliad logikuria.
cxovrebis avtori gamoarCevs Sio mRvimelis mier wyaros aRmocenebisa
da mglis moTvinierebis ambavs, rac agreTve erTi tipiuri epizodia
bunebisa da wmindanis harmoniul urTierTobaTa Zalze mravalricxovani
istoriebidan.
ioane zedaznelma sikvdilis win Tavisi mowafeebi moixmo da sulieri
darigebani misca maT. Siom amjerad xelmeored Txova ioanes nebarTva
dayudebaze, oRond am SemTxvevaSi misi dayudebis saxe ufro mkacri
iqneboda. is miwis siRrmeSi, mRvimeSi unda Casuliyo. ioanem misca
kurTxeva am mkacr moRvaweobaze da Sioc daemSvidoba ra Tavis
mowafeebs, mRvimeSi Cavida, sadac umkacres mosagreobas Seudga.

199
hagiografi aRgviwers rom nestisa da haeris SexuTulobisgan Sios kani
gaSavda, umkacresi marxvisgan ki misi sxeuli Camodna, Tumca Siom,
metafrasuli cxovrebis ucnobi avtoris TqmiT, Rrma miwisqveSa mRvime
zecasTan damakavSirebel kibed aqcia (abulaZe 1955: 140-141). aseTi praqtika
tipiuri iyo siriuli asketizmisaTvis. Cven viciT rom sirieli asketebi
samoRvaweod ormoebsa da mRvimeebSic Cadiodnen. mag. Teodorite kvireli
gvamcnobs sodomis udabnoSi moRvawe beris Sesaxeb, romelic ormoSi
cxovrobda (juReli 2011: 134), aseve cnobilia, rom svimeon mesvete,
garkveuli periodi, ormoSi moRvaweobda, saidanac berebma TokebiT
amoiyvanes (juReli 2011: 195), ase rom Sios moRvaweoba sruliad
bunebrivad gamoiyureboda siriuli asketizmisaTvis. am mRvimeSive
aResrula wmindani da aqve dakrZales misi wminda nawilebi.
Sio-mRvimis lavra swrafad agrZelebda ganviTarebas: VI saukunis
miwuruls is ukve mZlavr feodalur organizaciadaa gadaqceuli
(lominaZe 1953: 34-36). rogor Seicvala Sio-mRvimis monastris xasiaTi am
drois ganmavlobaSi? wyaroebi bevrs arafers gveubnebian amis Sesaxeb,
Tumca didi albaTobiT, rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Sio-mRvimec
lavridan kvinobad unda qceuliyo, romelsac Tavisi tipikoni da
ganawesi eqneboda, Tumca Tanadroulad individualuri gandegilebic
agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas, gansakuTrebiT sxaltbis qedis qvabovan
monastrebSi, romlebic qedze 3-3,5 km-is manZilzea gamokveTili (am
gamoqvabulTa arqeologiuri Seswavla ramdenimegzis ganxorcielda (1948,
1954 da 1957 wlebSi)). qvebebSi gamovlinda sameurneo daniSnulebis
ormoebi da merxebiT gawyobili interieri, horizontalurad qvabebi
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyo Ria koridorebiT, xolo vertikalurad
gadaadgileba TokebiT iyo SesaZlebeli (gafrindaSvili 1962: 41-43).
Cven davinaxeT, rom mefe farsmani myisve daemorCila Sio mRvimelis
avtoritets, aseve moxdeba stefanoz erismTavris SemTxvevaSic VII
saukunis dasawyisSi (ix. qvemoT). Sio-mRvimis msgavsi monastrebi gaxdebian
mcxeTis sakaTalikosos damoukidebeli da gavleniani politikis
umTavresi dasayrdeni.
VI aswleulidan moyolebuli, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, daviT-
garejis udabno umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebda saqarTvelos

200
religiur, politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. CvenTvis kargadaa
cnobili misi damaarsebeli – daviT garejeli, ione zedaznelis erT-
erTi gamorCeuli mowafe, romelic aseve eTnikuri sirieli iyo:
,,gamomRebeli vidreme mamuli amis Rirsisa da sakÂrvelT moqmedisa mamisa
Suamdinare Relisa asureTisa iyofebis...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 146). XII saukunis
hagiografis (metafrasuli cxovrebis avtoris) onofres gadmocemiT,
daviTis mSobelTa vinaoba da warmomavloba ucnobi darCa, is ar ewera
daviT garejelis uZveles cxovrebaSic. ,, ...rameTu arcaRa TÂT
pirveliTganve aRmwerelsa cxovrebisa misisasa daeteva aRweriT vinaobaÁ
da vieTgan yofaÁ amis wmidisa...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 147-148), Tumca sinuri
redaqcia gvawvdis cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom daviTic ioane zedaznelis
msgavsad warmoSobiT antioqiis sanaxebidan iyo (aleqsiZe 2011: 172). Cans,
daviTi adreuli asakidanve damowafebia ioane zedaznels da garkveuli
periodi gautarebia masTan, ganiswavla ra sakuTari moZRvrisgan asketur
cxovrebasa da yovelgvar saTnoebaSi. daviTi im mowafeTa ricxvSi iyo,
romlebic ioanes qarTlSi Tan wahyvnen. qarTlSi mosuli daviTs
ioanesTan erTad zedaznis mTaze unda ecxovra oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
Semdeg ki igi wavida da ,,urwyul da udabno adgilas’’ daemkvidra Tavis
mowafesTan lukianesTan erTad, metafrasuli cxovrebis avtoris TqmiT ,,
...sakÂrveli da sanatreli mama daviT, viTar sxuÁ vinme elia udabnoÁs
moyuare, garesjisa udabnod moiwia...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 151).67
garejis udabnoSi mosuli daviTi da lukiane gamoqvabulebSi
daemkvidrnen. es gamoqvabulebi dRemde ixilveba garejis monasterSi. es
aris daviTis lavris (garejis Tormeti monastridan uZvelesis) qveda
ezoSi mdebare ovaluri, iregularuli formis ori qvabi, romlebsac
odnav etyobaT xelovnuri damuSaveba (CubinaSvili 1948: 27). marTalia
Cvenamde moRweulia arqauli formis es da sxva gamoqvabulebi, Tumca
kulturuli fenebi am gamoqvabulebSi ar SemorCenila, rac imiT unda

67 daviTis moRvaweoba Tbilissa da qvemo qarTlSi, maSaveras xeobaSi (vaxuSti wers,

rom kuCuTis mTaSi ,, ...ars udabno kldisa gamokveTili, eklesia-senakni wmidis daviT
garejelisagan qmnuli da aw carieli, lomouri...1941: 39) mTlianad zepirsityvier
gadmocemebs emyareba, amitom maTi sandooba didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. daviTis
moRvaweobis mkvlevrebi sandod Tvlian am gadmocemebs (cincaZe 1994: 9-12; merkvilaZe
2012: 5-52), rac Cveni azriT, sxva raime damatebiTi (werilobiTi an arqeologiuri)
wyaros aRmoCenamde, gamarTlebuli araa

201
aixsnas, rom aq cxovreba momdevno saukuneebSic grZeldeboda (baxtaZe
2007: 95; TvlaWreliZe 2011: 29). gareja mTlianad dafarulia qvabovani
sistemiT, romelzec (kapadokiisgan gansxvavebiT) SeiZleba danamdvilebiT
iTqvas, rom monastruli cxovrebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili (isTmondi 2001:
221).
udabno sadac daviT garejeli da misi mowafe daemkvidrnen
yovliTurT unugeSo iyo. sakvebi TiTqmis arsad moipoveboda, ris gamoc
daviTis mowafe lukiane mwuxarebaSi Cavarda, Tumca aq hagiografiisaTvis
tipiuri suraTi ixateba: sulmokleobiTa da mciredmorwmuneobiT
Sepyrobil mowafes RvTivgabrZnobili moZRvari amxnevebs da RvTis
gangebisadmi mindobisken mouwodebs. daviTi da lukiane Tavdapirvelad
garejis udabnoSi gazafxulze amosuli mcenareulobiT irCendnen Tavs,
Tumca Semdeg zafxulSi Zlieri sicxeebi daiwyo da balaxeuli mTlianad
gadaxma, ramac lukiane kidev ufro met sasowarkveTilebaSi Caagdo. aq
kvlav tipiuri hagiografiuli narativi: wmindans Tavad buneba exmareba.
daviTTan da lukianesTan irmebi da maTi nukrebi modian, daviTma
lukianes irmis mowvelva ubrZana, Semdeg daviTma rZes jvari gadasaxa da
xaWod aqcia (es mokle cxovrebis cnobiT, xolo vrceli cxovrebis
gadmocemiT yvelad), maSin lukianem adida RmerTi da sulmokleobisaTvis
moZRvars Sendoba sTxova (abulaZe 1955: 153-157). irmebi daviTTan da
lukianesTan yovel dRe modiodnen oTxSabaT-paraskevis garda (abulaZe
1955: 158). daviT garejelis cxovrebis aRniSnuli da sxva epizodebi
mogvianebiT vrclad aisaxa garejis monasterTa moxatulobaSi (isTmondi
2001: 220-221).
amis Semdeg Txroba kvlav tradiciuli hagiografiuli narativiT
midis: daviTis Sesaxeb adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi Seityoben da masTan
darCenas iTxoven, razec daviTi uars eubneba, Tumca Semonazvnebis
msurvelebi mainc modian da droTa ganmavlobaSi garejis udabnoSi
moRvaweTa ricxvi izrdeba. daviTTan modis Rirsi mama dodo, romelic
manamade unda yofiliyo monazoni (abulaZe 1955: 166). mas Semdeg rac ZmaTa
ricxvi gamravlda, daviTma dodos kurTxeva misca daviTis sacxovrebeli
gamoqvabulis mopirdapire kldeze asuliyo da ZmebTan erTad iq
dayudebuliyo. dodomac Seasrula moZRvris kurTxeva da ZmebTan erTad

202
daviTis qvabis mopirdapire kldeze daemkvidra (sadac mogvianebiT calke
monasteri Camoyalibda). daviTi drogamoSvebiT midioda maTTan da kldis
Ziras loculobda. daviT garejelTan dakavSirebul saswaulTagan
aRsaniSnavia mis mier udabnoSi damkvidrebuli gvelis gaZeveba,
ierusalimSi gamgzavreba da iqidan qvebis wamoReba, bubaqaris moqceva,
mware wylis datkboba da a. S.
daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi sayuradRebo cnoba moipoveba daviT-
garejis monastrebis Tavdapirveli tipisa da xasiaTis Sesaxeb. mokle
cxovrebis avtori gadmogvcems:
maSin wmidaÁ mama da mwyemsi keTili wmidaÁ daviT dRiTi-dRe ganvidis
mokiTxvad ZmaTa maT ganSorebulTa da yovelTa nugeSinis-scemda,
ganamtkicebda da ganaZlierebda da axarebda maTTÂs ganmzadebulsa
sasufevelsa caTasa (abulaZe 1955 : 183).
e. i. daviTi anaqoretebTan (ganSorebulebTan) midioda da maT
amxnevebda da moZRvravda. metafrasuli cxovrebis avtori ufro
dawvrilebiT aRwers:
...da dRiTi-dRe friadi simravle moiweoda udabnosa amas Sina,
romlisa ZliT aRsavse iqmna kacTa mier saTnoTa da RirsTa yoveli
igi adgili. da romelnime maTganni martoebiT iyofebodes napralTa
Sina kldisaTa damkÂdrebulni, xolo sxuani krebulsa Tana ZmaTasa
daewesebodes da yovliT kerZo gandidnebodes sadidebelni RmrTisani;
xolo didi igi mwyemsi da mama Cueni daviT moxaruli esreT
aRorZinebasa zeda samwysoTasa dRiTi-dRe ganvidodis moxilvad ZmaTa
ganSorebulTa da martoebiT myofTa moRuaweTa da yovelTave
nugeniSin-scemn da ganamÃnobn da ganaZlierebn maT keTilisa mimarT
sargosa... (abulaZe 1955: 183).
hagiografTa es aRweriloba SeiZleba unikalur cnobad CavTvaloT
daviT-garejis samonastro cxovrebis genezisisa da ganviTarebis uadresi
etapis Sesaxeb. am aRweridan Cans rom daviTisa da lukianes mier
daarsebuli monasteri naxevradkvinoburi xasiaTisa iyo. Zmebis nawili
,,krebulsa Tana iyvnen dawesebulni’’ anu sxva monazvnebTan erTad
cxovrobdnen. es erTi tipikonis arsebobas gvavaraudebines am
krebulisaTvis, xolo monazonTa nawili ganmartoebiT cxovrobda,

203
eweoda ra anaqoretul moRvaweobas, Tumca amave dros daviTis sulier
winamZRvrobas emorCilebodnen, ar wyvetdnen kavSirs kvinobTan.
saukuneebis manZilze, samonastro cxovrebis gafarToebis Sedegad,
garejSi Tormeti udabno anu Tormeti monasteri aRmocenda (rogorc
mogvianebiT samxreT saqarTveloSi - tao-klarjeTSi, sadac aseve
Tormeti cnobili monasteri arsebobda ,,klarjeTis Tormeti udabnos’’
saxeliT, Tumca sinamdvileSi garejaSic da klarjeTSic, monasterTa
raodenoba gacilebiT meti iyo). daviTis savanisagan moSorebiT, axali
monasteri daarsa daviTis mowafem dodom (es monasteri cnobili gaxda,
rogorc dodos-rqa), xolo sxva mowafem, lukianem, wm. ioane
naTlismcemlis monasteri daafuZna (lominaZe 1966: 11-13). mogvianebiT am
monastrebs sxva savaneebic daemata, rogorebicaa magaliTad berTubani,
udabno, wamebuli da sxv. (lominaZe 1966: 15-16).
garejis monastrebidan arqauli formis gamoqvabulTa garda
moRweulia adreuli cxovrebis sxva niSnebic. mag., VI-VII saukuneebis
warweriani stela naTlismcemlis monastridan, daviT garejelis
gansasvenebli qvis luskuma da mxatvrobis naSTebi, romlebic e. w. TeTr
udabnoSi aRmoCnda da VII-VIII saukuneebze gviandeli ar unda iyos
(TvalWreliZe 2011: 30-31).
iseve rogorc SiomRvime, daviT-garejis lavrac umniSvnelovanes
feodalur organizaciad iqca. daviT garejelis mier danergili mkacri
monazvnuri cxovreba aq didxans ar gagrZelebula. cnobilia rom
siriuli samonastro tradicia da misi warmomadgeneli asureli mamebi
mkacri asketizmiT gamoirCeodnen, rogorc b. lominaZe aRniSnavs: ,,es
mamebi fsiqologiurad Rrma religiuri egzaltaciiT xasiaTdebodnen’’
(lominaZe 1966: 38). istorikosis samarTliani SeniSvniT siriulma
asketizmma ver moipova Rrma gavlena qarTul bermonazvnobaze, rac
kargad Cans im hagiografiuli Txzulebebidan, romlebic qarTuli
bermonazvnobis istorias gadmogvcemen, rogorebicaa magaliTad, grigol
xanZTelis cxovreba, serapion zarzmelis cxovreba da a. S. qarTuli
bermonazvnobisaTvis ucxod darCa siriuli asketizmisaTvis ase
damaxasiaTebeli radikaluri da ucnauri formebi. zomiereba qarTuli

204
asketuri tradiciisaTvis umTavres maxasiaTebel Tvisebad iqca
(nadiraZe... 2000: 16).
SiomRvimis msgavsad, garejam uaRresad did rols asrulebda Sua
saukuneebis saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi. b. lominaZis azriT, wyaroTa
cnobebi, romelTa mixedviTac SiomRvimesa da daviT-garejaSi samonastro
cxovrebis dawyebisas aTasobiT monazoni cxovrobda, istoriul
sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos (Tumca raodenoba, rogorc es Sua
saukuneebis avtorebs TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi sCveviaT, raTqmaunda
gadaWarbebulia). misi SexedulebiT, aq mniSvnelovania socialuri
faqtori. VI saukuneSi mimdinareobsa qarTlis (da egrisis) aqtiuri
feodalizaciis procesi (janaSia 1949: 1-127; bogveraZe 1973: 297-321).
monazonTa es masa Sedgeboda an Tavisufali mwarmoeblebisagan an
monayofilebisagan, romlebic, axali socialuri formaciis damkvidrebis
Sedegad, sazogadoebisagan gariyulebi aRmoCndenen. sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebidan gamoZvebuli mosaxleobis es ,,zedmeti’’ masa ki monastrebs
Seexizna, sanam am did qarTul monastrebSi fizikuri Sroma da
samonastro Temis demokratiuloba mniSvnelovani iyo, mosaxleobis
aRniSnuli fenebisaTvis monastris kari farTod iyo gaRebuli (lominaZe
1966: 39), swored esaa erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi, riTac unda avxsnaT
adreul qarTul monastrebSi monazvnobis msurvelTa didi nakadi.
anaqoretobisa da qarTuli bermonazvnobis erTi gamorCeuli
moRvaweTagani gaxda anton martyofeli. misi zedwodebac pirdapir
miuTiTebs antonis mosagreobis gamorCeulad anaqoretul, gandegilur
xasiaTze. samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
anton martyofeli qarTlSi 545 wels unda Semosuliyo macxovris
xelTuqmneli xatiT, romelic man edesidan nestorianTa eklesiidan
wamoiRo (merkvilaZe 2006: 63-67). gviandeli cxovrebis mixedviT, anton
martyofeli martyofis monastris damaarseblad iqca, mravali saswauli
aRasrula da dayudebaSi miicvala. mis Rvawls isic gamoarCevs rom is
svetze mosagreobda (abulaZe 1968: 396-396), Semoitana ra qarTlSi
siriuli asketizmis es tradiciuli saxe.

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 kaxeTSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebis erT-erT mesaZirkvled iqca ioseb
alaverdeli. XVIII saukuneSi monazon makrinas mier dawerili cxovrebis
mixedviT, ioseb alaverdeli
moiwia kaxeTad jer-CinebiTa RmrTisaTa da winamZRurobiTa cxovels-
myofeliTa jvrisaTa, romelsa zeda juars-ecua mÃsneli Cueni. TÂT
mis Zelisagani aqunda wmidasa amas siyrmiTanve sasod TÂsa da
Sesavedrebelad cxorebisa TÂsisa. da ese eqmna mogzaur sagrobasa
missa. da moiwia adgilTa amaT, romelsa ewodebis alaverdi, da
daemkÂdra mas Sina adgilTa udabnoTa, uSenTa da uvalT kacTagan da
unayofoTa da iqceoda mun mxolo mxolosa RmrTisa mzraxveli...
(abulaZe 1968: 405).
monazon makrinas gadmocemiT, iosebi, anton martyofelis msgavsad,
monadireebs Sexvda (abulaZe 1968: 405), iosebis moRvaweobis adgilas
saswaulebrivad varskvlavma daivana (abulaZe 1968: 405-406). adgilobrivi
aristokrati ioseb taZris aSenebas Sehpirda.
da mun aRuTqva aRSeneba taZrisa mis, romelsa Sin TÂTca mouwodes
netarsa amas ambas da neSti cxovrebisa TÂsisa monastersa amas Sina
arasrula ara garegan da kacTa Soris mkÂdrobiTa, aramed arca
ganSorebulTa mamaTa sazomTagan daklebul, nu iyofin. aramed
myudroT uxilavad erisagan Sinagan taZrisa amis bnelsa rasme
adgilsa Sina iwroebiTa marxviTa da ze-dgomiTa ganmkafvelman
ÃorcTa TÂsTaman da moRuawebasa da Zliersa Sromasa Sina esoden
mimdebad da daucxromlad swavliTa TÂsiTa mravalni moaqcivna
vidremdis urwmunoeba sruliad wardevna (abulaZe 1968: 406).
monazon makrinas warmodgeniT, iosebi taZris SigniT, ,,bnel adgilas’’
(albaT senakismagvar oTaxSi) iyo dayudebuli. Znelia imis Tqma, Seicavs
Tu ara makrinas monaTxrobi istoriuli sinamdvilis raime wils, Tu
iosebis gviandeli cxovreba mTlianad makrinas fantaziis nayofi an
zepirsityvier Tqmulebebze dafuZnebuli monaTxrobia. faqtia, rom
makrina uxvad iyenebs hagiografiul Sablons. marTalia, makrina iseT
gansxvavebul detalebsac hyveba, romelbsac SesaZlebelia raime
istoriuli safuZveli hqondeT (mag., iosebis mier cxovelsmyofeli jvris
nawilis mosveneba, senakSi dayudeba taZris SigniT). amasTan,

206
sakontrolo wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo, kvlevis am etapze,
danamdvilebiT verafers vityviT.
axla unda SevexoT ioane zedaznelis im or mowafes, romlebmac
asketur mosagreobas mRvdelmTavrobis msaxurebac SeuTavses.
ise wilkneli
ganTqmuli yovliTave saTnoebiTa, nergi igi samoTxisaÁ, yuavili
Suenieri da yovlisa keTilisa Ziri; ese netari Seipyra wmidaman mamaT-
mTavarman kaTalikozman da akurTxa igi ebiskopozad saydarsa zeda
wilknisasa. da daRacaTu igi ara Tavs-idebda saqmesa mas da
SevrdomiT iTxovda gantevebasa (abulaZe 1955 : 88; abulaZe 1968: 400).
ise wilknelma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula qarTvel mTielTa
gaqristianebis saqmeSi, aqac erTi asurel mamaTagani wm. ninos
mociqulebrivi Rvawlis pirdapiri gamagrZelebli aRmoCnda. qarTlis
moqcevidan cnoblia, rom wm. ninos dros bolomde mTiel qarTvelTa
gaqristianeba ver moxerxda, da isic aRniSnulia, rom maTi gaqristianeba
swored ise wilknlma daasrula. sagulisxmoa isic, rom ises wilkanSi
monasteri ar dauarsebia, radgan, rogorc zemoT visaubreT amis Sesaxeb,
wilkanSi monasteri ukve arsebobda.
meore gamorCeuli mowafe ioane zedaznelisa, romelmac episkoposobis
msaxureba SeiTavsa, aris abibos nekreseli. sainteresoa rom abibosis
cxovrebis siriul periods arc erTi hagiografi ar ixseniebs, maSin
roca yvela sxva danarCenis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnulia, rom maTi samSoblo
asureTia da rom isini ioane zedaznels siriaSive daemowafnen. metic,
wamebaSi isicaa naTqvami, rom abibosi svimeon mesvetes ar icnobda, maT
mxolod sulieri nacnoboba da siaxlove akavSirebdaT. arsenis
sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT maT
araTu xilviTa exilva sadame erTmaneTi, aramed sulieriTa miT
siyuaruliTa, romliTa ixilvebis Sorieli viTarca maxlobeli, da
kualad wigniTa da mociquliTa iyo maT Soris SeswavebaÁ (abulaZe
1955: 190).
abibos nekreseli aqtiur misonerul saqmianobas eweoda warmarTebisa
da mazdeanebis winaaRmdeg. abibosis moRvaweobis Jams nekresSi
cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZari idga, sadac ,,maradiuli cecxli’’ enTo.
,,abibosma ver Tavs idva ucxoÁsa mis samsaxurebelisa maxlobelad misa

207
yofad da daasxa mcired wyali xeneSi da daSrita igi’’ (abulaZe 1955: 189).
amis gamo sparselebma nekresis episkoposi marzpanTan waiyvanes. gzaSi
abibosi Sio mRvimelTan mivida da misgan sulierad ganmxnevda. Sio
mRvimelma abiboss uTxra:
vici mamao mflobelo, rameTu daSrite cecxli igi maTi sruliad,
romelsa esvides usjuloni igi, aramed mogmadlen ufalman, raTa
aRtyinebulica igi uCinoÁ cecxli, romel aRugzebies SenTÂs eSmaksa
gansacdelad, dahSrito adÂlad (abulaZe 1955:L 192).
sajaro gasamarTlebis Semdeg mRvdelmTavari ,,qÂTa gantvines’’ da misi
sxeuli Ria cis qveS datoves rexSi. qristianebma mowamis wminda
nawilebi waasvenes da axladaSenebuli rexis monasterSi dakrZales
(abulaZe 1955: 194), romelic rogorc sinuri redaqciiT irkveva ioane
zedaznelisa mowafisa da abibos nekreselis TanamoRvawisa Teodosi
mrexelis dafuZnebuli iyo (rexis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. merkvilaZe:
gv.).
asurelma mamebma umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSes saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoriaSi. maTma misionerulma da asketurma
Rvawlma mniSvnelovnad gaamyara mcxeTis sakaTalikosos poziciebi
qarTlSi tradiciuli qarTuli warmarTobisa da sparsuli
zoroastrizmis winaaRmdeg, amasTan ganviTarebis axal safexurze aiyvana
qarTuli samonastro cxovreba. maT mier daarsebuli monastrebi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kulturis umTavres kerebad iqcnen,
riTac am sirielma berebma didi wvlili Seitanes qarTuli Sua
saukuneebis CamoyalibebaSi.

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 Tavi VI. qarTuli bermonazvnoba asurel mamaTa Semdeg

§1. asurel mamaTa mier daarsebuli monastrebi asurel mamaTa

Semdeg

asurel mamaTa mier dafuZnebuli samonastro kerebi ganagrZoben

ganviTarebas, mas Semdeg rac sirielma berebma daasrules TavianTi
moRvaweoba. maTgan safuZvelCayrili TiToeuli asketuri Temi sul ufro
metad iZenda organizebul xasiaTs da monastruli cxovrebis namdvil
centrebad iqceodnen mTeli qarTlis samefos masStabiT. bunebrivia,
asurel mamaTagan dafuZnebuli yvela monasteri erTnairi mniSvnelobisa
da sididis ar yofila. maTgan gansakuTrebuli mravalricxovnebiT
gamoirCeodnen Sio-mRvimisa da daviT-garejis lavrebi.
siriel berTa moRvaweobis Tavdapirveli adgili - zedazeni - didxans
inarCunebda lavris xasiaTs. eklesia aq VI saukunis bolosa da VII
saukunis dasawyisSi aSenda ioane zedaznelis mowafeebis mier. rogorc
Cans ioanes mowafeebi ganagrZobdnen memyudrove anaqoretul cxovrebas
ioanes gansasveneblis maxloblad mdebare gamoqvabul senakebSi.
SesaZlebelia ioanes saflavze raime mcire zomis samlocvelo (egvteri)
arsebobda, eklesiis aSenebis Semdeg ki ioane zedaznelis gansasvenebeli
am eklesiaSi moeqca (CubinaSvili 1971: 31; VI-VII saukuneebSi samonastro
cxovrebis aq arsebobas arqeologiuri monacemebic adasturebs (mag.
zedaznis VI-VII saukuneebis fila, ix. volskaia 1979: 91-105). eklesias
marTkuTxa konqi gamoarCevs. es arqauli, marTukTxa sakurTxevliani
taZari SemdgomSi, VIII saukuneSi, CarTul iqna kaTalikos klimentis mier
aSenebul sameklesian bazilikaSi (CubinaSvili 1979: 31). es yovelive ki
imis dasturia, rom zedaznis monasteri VII saukunis dasawyisSic
ganagrZobda arsebobas (CubinaSvili 1971: 38), Tumca gadaWriT sxva raimes
Tqma (magaliTad samonastro cxovrebis tipis Sesaxeb) arqeologiur da
naratiul wyaroTa naklebobis gamo rTulia.
jer kidev XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi aRniSnavda g. CubinaSvili daviT-
garejis samonastro kompleqsSi kvinoburi da anaqoretuli cxovrebis

209
paralelurad ganviTarebas (CubinaSvili 1948: 30), rac imis mauwyebelia,
rom bermonazvnuri cxovreba aq sul ufro metad daxvewil fromebs
iRebda. ukve VI-VII saukuneebSi unda qceuliyvnen dodo-rqa da
naTlismcemeli damoukidebel monastrebad (CubinaSvili 1948: 31).
naTlismcemlis monastridan SemorCenilia qvis stela warweriT. warwera
iuwyeba: ,,ese joÂari me marvoÂvo avmarTe salocvelad Cemda da colisa
da SvilTaTÂs’’. stelaze wm. evstaTia gamosaxuli, romelic iremze
nadirobs. g. CubinaSvili asoTa moxazulobiTa da siuJetiT stelas VI-VII
saukuneebiT aTariRebs (CubinaSvili 1948: 31-32; TvalWreliZe 2001: 30).
aRniSnuli warwera b. lominaZes imis dasturad miaCnia, rom daviT-gareja
sakuTari arsebobis ukve am adreul etapzeve flobda vrcel mamulebs
(lominaZe 1966: 38). marTalia daviT-garejaSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi
kulturuli fena IX saukunes ganekuTvneba, Tumca garejis monastrebTan
dakavSirebul ivrispira qvabebSi VI-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli
arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda, xolo TeTr udabnoSi VII-VIII
saukuneebis moxatuloba (erT-erTi uZvelesi saqarTveloSi) (nadiraZe...
2001: 47; TvalWreliZe 2001: 30), xolo naTlismcemlis udabnos dasavleTiT
SemorCenilia arqauli formis senakebi, romelic VI-VII saukuneebs unda
miekuTvnebodes, Tumca aq Semdgom saukuneebSic grZeldeboda cxovreba,
amitom senakebi VI-VII saukuneebis kulturul fenas ar Seicavs
(TvalWreliZe 2011: 30), rac imas niSnavs, rom VI-VII saukuneebSi
samonastro cxovreba garejSi daubrkoleblad viTardeboda da garejis
,,Tormet udabnosac’’ swored am periodSi eyreba safuZveli. droTa
ganmavlobaSi daviT-garejis, dodos-rqisa da naTlismcemlis monastrebs
sxva savaneebic daemata: wamebuli, udabno, berTubani, romlebic b.
lominaZis SeniSvniT garejis samonastro centrebis ,,axali ganStoebani
iyvnen’’ (lominaZe 1966: 15-16).
Sio-mRvime daarsebidan maleve iqca mZlavr samonastro organizaciad
da msxvil feodalur miwaTmflobelad (lominaZe 1949: 14). rogorc
zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, aq ukve mis
siocxleSive cxovrobda ramdenime aTasi monazoni, rac istoriul
sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos (ufro vrclad ix. qvemoT). pirveli
eklesiac (ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis) Sio mRvimelis sicocxleSive

210
aigo, VI saukunis II naxevarSi (CubinaSvili 1925: 246-253; CubinaSvili 1936:
62-63; lominaZe 1949: 6-7; lominaZe 1953: 8-9).
rogorc CvenTvis Sio mRvimelis cxovrebidanaa cnobili monazvnebi,
Tavdapirvelad, qvabebSi daeyudnen. am qvabebSi cxovreba mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze grZeldeboda. Sio-mRvimis monastris gamoqvabulTa
dasazvrvad da Sesaswavlad sami eqspedicia moewyo 1948, 1954 da 1957
wlebSi. gamoqvabulebi sxaltbis qedis samxreT kalTaze 3-3.5 km-is
manZilzea gamokveTili (sxaltbis qedi pirdapir akravs Sio-mRvimes
CrdiloeTis mxridan, xolo qedis Tavidan pirdapir iSleba monastris
xedi). bunebrivia qvabebSi monazvnebi Sio mRvimelis gardacvalebis
Semdegac agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas. monastris saZmos SedarebiT gvian,
VIII-IX saukuneebSi, unda aeTvisebina sabero xevis gamoqvabulebi. sabero
xevis qvabTa Seswavlis Sedegad ramdenime saintereso faqti gamovlinda:
qvabebis interieri sameurneo ormoebiTa da, iSviaTad, qvis merxebiTaa
gawyobili. horizontalurad qvabebi erTmaneTs koridorebiT
ukavSirdeboda, xolo vertikalurad viwro xvrelebiT. am xvrelebis
saSualebiT monazvnebi zeviT mdebare sarTulbze Tokis daxmarebiT
adiodnen (gafrindaSvili 1962: 41-43).
im cnobebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic Cven SemogvrCa mefe farsmanis mier
Sio-mRvimisaTvis ,,oTxi rCeuli agarakis’’ Sewirvis, evagres mier ori
,,agarakis’’ SeZenis, stefanoz erismTavrisa da Sio mRvimis monastris
konfliqtis Sesaxeb, SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom ukve VI-VII saukuneebis
mijnaze Sio-mRvime saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani
feodaluri organizaciaa, romelsac erTi mamasaxlisi uZRveboda da
romelic, b. lominaZis daskvniT, qarTlis kaTalikosis sulieri
xelmZRvanelobis qveS myofi Tavisufali monasters warmoadgenda
(lominaZe 1949: 68; b. lominaZis azriT, is samefo monastrad mxolod
daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobisas unda qceuliyo).
CvenTvis cnobilia VI-VII saukuneebis Sio-mRvimis monastris zogierTi
mamasaxlisis saxelebic. eseni iyvnen, pirvel rigSi, Tavad monastris
damaarsebeli Sio mRvimeli, Semdeg misi mowafe evagre (VI s. II naxevari),
ilarioni – episkopos neofite urbnelis Tanamedrove (VII-VIII ss.)
(lominaZe 1949: 57). sainteresoa iv. javaxisvilisa da b. lominaZis

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dakvirveba: wyaroebis analiziT gamoirkva, rom monastris mamasaxliss,
Tavdapirvelad, monaqriuli principiT niSnavdanen anu monastris
mamasaxlisi sakuTar memkvidres asaxelebda. Amgvari principi
SenarCunebul iqna XI saukunemde (javaxiSvili: qarT.samarT. lominaZe 1949:
57).
rogori iyo Sio-mRvimis monastris damokidebuleba mcxeTis
saydarTan? b. lominaZe mcxeTisa da Sio-mRvimis urTierTobaSi sam
periods gamohyofs: daarsebidan daviT aRmaSeneblamde (VI-XII ss.), daviT
aRmaSeneblidan XIV saukunis II naxevramde da XIV saukunis II naxevridan
XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulamde (lominaZe 1949: 67). mkvlevarma cxadad
aCvena, rom Sio-mRvime daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobamde sakaTalikoso
monasters warmoadgenda, romelic kaTalikosis uSualo mzrunvelobis
qveS imyofeboda (lominaZe 1949: 68), xolo daviT aRmaSeneblis periodSi,
misi samefo monastrad qceva kaTalikosisagan ekonomikur
damoukideblobas gulisxmobda da ara ierarqiuls (lominaZe 1949: 69-71).
adreuli feodaluri periodis msxvili samonastro
miwaTmflobelobis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvelaze meti cnoba Sio-mRvimis
monasters Seexeba. Sio-mRvime Sua sakuneebis saqarTvelos erT-erTi
umsxvilesi da uZlieresi feodaluri senioria iyo, romelic
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi mravlad flobda miwebs, soflebs,
glexebs, tyeebs, saZovrebs, zeTsaxelebsa da a. S (lominaZe 1953: 35).
hagiografiuli Txzulebidan cxorebaÁ SioÁsi da evagresi CvenTvis
cnobilia, rom Sio mRvimelis sulierebiTa da saswaulTmoqmedebis niWiT
moxiblulma mefe farsmanma monasters oTxi daba Seswira: ,,mianiWa ukue
monastersa mas oTxni rCeulni sameufoTa dabaTagan da dawera ÃeliTa
TÂsiTa TavisuflebaÁ maT...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 111). aq ramdenime momentia
sayuradRebo: pirvel rigSi is, rom axladdaarsebuli Siom-mRvimis
monasteri ukve poulobs Tavis adgils qarTlis adrefeodalur
sazogadoebaSi (qarTul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi SemuSavebuli
koncefciis Tanaxmad, es saukune adrefeodalur epoqas miekuTvneba
(janaSia 1949: gv; mesxia 1973: 21)), am dros ukve dasrulebulia e. w.
feodaluri revolucia da monastris mier napovni adgili
axladCamoyalibebul feodalur ierarqiaSi sruliad agamorCeulia.

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 mefe monasters oTx rCeul samefo dabas swiravs. daba dasaxlebul
adgilis garda yanas, agaraksac niSnavs (abulaZe 1973: 104). Znelia imis
Tqma am SemTxevaSi romeli mniSvnelobiTaa es sityva gamoyenebuli, Tuki
,,daba’’ dasaxlebul adgils niSnavs, maSin unda vifiqroT, rom monasterma
iqauri glexebic miiRo, romelTac bunebrivia garkveuli valdebulebebi
daekisrebodaT monastris mimarT, Tu ,,daba’’ ubralod dasamuSavebel
miwas, agaraks niSnavs, maSin am miwebze Tavad monazvnebs unda eSromaT
(rac Zalian gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo qristianul monastrebSi
adreul epoqaSi mainc). mamulebis Sewirva Sua saukuneebis qarTul
monasterTa Semosavlis umTavres wyaros warmoadgenda da amgvari
Semosavali, rogorc Cans, ukve Zalze adreuli periodidanve unda
gasCenodaT monastrebs. eklesiisa an monastrisadmi yma-mamulis Sewirva
eklesiis (monastris) mxridan Semwirvelisadmi garkveul valdebulebebs
gulisxmobda. rogorc wesi, feodali mamuls saaRaped swiravda,
sakuTari sulis (da axlobel adamianTa sulebis) mosaxsenieblad. amitom
Semwirveli Sewirul ymebs eklesiis (an monastris) msaxurTa materialur
uzrunvelyofas akisrebs (lominaZe 1949: 120) anu mamulze mcxovreb
glexebs saaRape begara edoT (Tumca monasters an eklesias SeeZlo
Sewiruli ymebisaTvis saaRape begara ar daekisrebina da sxva
valdebulebebiT daetvirTa (lominaZe 1949: 120-121)). rogorc Cans, ukve
adreuli periodidanve (VI-VII ss.), feodalebi, swored, amgvari
mizandasaxulobiT swiravdnen yma-mamuls Sio-mRvimes da, Sesabamisad,
monasters ukve VI saukuneSi unda gasCenoda ymebi, romlebic mis
materialur keTildReobas uzrunvelyofdnen.
meore momenti, romelzec damowmebul frazaSi unda gavamaxviloT
yuradReba, esaa am oTxi rCeuli samefo dabis ,,TavisuflebiT’’ Sewirva.
ras niSnavs es ,,Tavisufleba?’’ mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, es aris imuniteti,
Seuvaloba. imuniteti Sua saukuneebis feodaluri wes-wyobilebis erT-
erTi umTavres maxasiaTebelTagania. istorikosTa azriT, imuniteti is
uflebebia, romelic feodalebma moipoves glexTa ymebad gadaqcevis
procesSi (jamburia 2007: 37). imuniteti sxvadasxvagvari formisa iyo: is
SeiZleba mxolod samefo an mefis moxeleTa gadasaxadTagan
gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobdes, SeiZleba sagadasaxado Tavisuflebis

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garda, feodali Tavis mamulSi administraciul da samarTlebriv
uflebebsac iRebdes anu am SemTxvevaSi feodali sakuTari mamulis,
TiTqmis, srul baton-patronad iqceoda, Tumca saero feodalebis
SemTxvevaSi amgvari ram iSviaTad xdeboda. sruli imuniteti, ZiriTadad,
msxvil saeklesio senioriebs eniWebodaT.
unda aRiniSnos rom Siosa da evgres cxovrebis am pasaJSi ixsenieba
pirvelad imunitetis arseboba Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi (jamburia 2007:
36). axla gamosarkvevia Tu ras gulisxmobda fasrmanisagan miniWebuli es
,,Tavisufleba’’ – srul Tavisuflebas Tu mxolod nawilobrivs, davuSvaT
samefo gadasaxadTagan? Tuki samefo xelisuflebisa da Sio-mRvimis
urTierTobaTa gviandel tradicias gaviTvaliswinebT, unda vivaraudoT,
rom Sio-mRvimes Tavisi arsebobis, ukve, adreul etapzeve unda mieRo
mefisagan sruli imuniteti, miTumetes am drois qarTlSi yvela
feodaluri senioria swored amgvari Tavisuflebisaken miiltvoda. am
imunitetma Zalian gazarda Sio-mRvimis sulieri, politikuri, socialuri
da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. mefe giorgi III-is mier Sio-mRvimisadmi
gacemuli sigelidan Cvenamde im cnobamac moaRwia, rom evagres,
monastris winamZRvars wm. Sios Semdeg, monastrisaTvis sxva dabebica da
agarakebic SeuZenia: ,,sofeli sxaltbaჲ da maTi kerZi gorovani, wmidisa
evagresagan mosyiduli” (lominaZe 1949: 14; enuqiZe... 1984: 68). amgvarad, ukve
VI saukunis II naxevarSi Sio-mRvime mZlavr da damoukidebel feodalur
senioriad iqca, rac gamoCnda kidevac VII saukunis damdegs erismTavar
stefanozsa da Sio-mRvimes Soris momxdari konfliqtidan.
VI saukunis bolos qarTlSi xelisufleba gauqmda (Tumanovi 1963: 384;
CxartiSvili 1994: 34). feodalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebam gamoiwvia
mefis didmoxeleTa mier TavianT samflobeloTa ,,gamemkvidreba’’, ris
Sedegadac qarTli amgvar feodalur senioriaTa konglomeratad
gadaiqca, romlis seniorebic TavianT mamulebSi sajaro-samarTlebrivi
uflebebiTac iyvnen aRWurvilni (papuaSvili 1980: 90), magram, Cans,
qarTlis axladCamoyalibebulma feodalurma elitam ver SesZlo, aseT
daqsaqsul pirobebSi did xans gaZleba:
esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni
qarTlisani, zemoni da quemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe

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 berZenTa mefisa, da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTagan mefeTa
qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnen erisTavni igi Tჳs-Tჳssa saerisTosa
Seucvalebelad (yauxCiSvili 1955: 217).
qarTlSi erismTavris xelisufleba damyarda, romelic, rogorc
wyaroTa Cvenebidanac Cans (da asea miRebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi)
qarTlis did feodalTa Soris iyo ,,Primus inter pares”. is upirvelesi
mamfalia sxva mamfalTa Soris. S. badriZis SeniSvniT, erismTavroba iyo
,,sruliad axali instituti, romelic warmoadgenda gamarjvebuli
aznaur-warCinebulebis socialur-politikuri batonobis iaraRs”
(badriZe 1970: 151).
qarTlis kaTalikosi (eklesia) qveynis erT-erT udides feodalad iqca
(badriZe 1970: 148). Cans, monastrebi, ukve, adreuli periodidanve
gadaiqcnen, qarTlis eklesiis xelSi, saero xelisfulebasTan
dapirispirebis (Tavdacvis, Setevis) iaraRad da saeklesio politikis
mniSvnelovan aqtorebad. qarTlis gaRrmavebuli feodaluri
decentralizaciis pirobebSi am dapirispirebaSi eklesia imarjvebs saero
xelisuflebaze, warmoaCens ra sakuTari upiratesobis legitimaciis
sakralur, politikur da ekonomikur safuZvlebs.
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi wm. SiosTan dakavSirebuli hagiografiuli
ciklidan wm. Sios cxovrebis garda cnobilia Txzuleba Txrobaჲ
saswaulTaTჳs wmidisa da RmerT-Semosilisa mamisa SioჲsTaჲ, romeli-ese
sxuaTa mier aRwerili adgil-adgil erTad Semokriba basili
kaTalikosman, Zeman didisa patrikisa vaCesman, romelsac k. kekeliZe
kaTalikos basili III-s (daax. 1090-1110 ww.) miawers. am TxzulebaSi me-8
saswaulad aris Sesuli VII saukuneSi qarTlis erismTavar stefanozsa
da Sio-mRvimis monasters Soris momxdari dapirispireba. es konfliqti
Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTlis saero da
saeklesio wreebSi arsebuli Zalauflebis konceptis aRsaqmelad. faqtia,
rom qarTlis aristokratiaSi (samRvdeloTa da didaznaurTa Soris)
arsebobda Camoyalibebuli warmodgena Zalauflebis arsisa da
mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb, magram saero da saeklesio elita
gansxvavebul interpretaciebsa da legitimaciis sxvadasxva wyaroebs
mimarTavda Zalauflebis ideis ganmartebisas (SesaZlebelia bevri ram am

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TxrobaSi gviandeli Canamatia, magram TviT dapirispirebis xasiaTi
stefanozsa da monasters Soris kargad udgeba epoqis (VI-VII saukuneebs -
feodalur senioriebad daSlili qarTlis) suliskveTebas, amitom
aRniSnuli epizodi, didwilad, avTentur informacias unda Seicavdes.
stefanozisa da Sio-mRvimis monastris dapirispirebis (gansakuTrebiT
stefanozsa da monastris mamasaxliss Soris gamarTuli dialogis) dros
kargad gamovlinda saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
dapirispirebis Canasaxebi da am dapirispirebis ideologiuri safuZvlebi.
stefanozi ganrisxebuli im faqtiT, rom monasterSi stumrobisas
kaTalikos barTlomes ufro meti pativi miages, vidre mas, monasters or
vrcel mamuls arTmevs, xolo Sio-mRvimis winamZRvars ki mkacrad eubneba:
,,da umetes arsa saydarsa Cemsa episkopozisa, da rameTu me mefeTa
saydarTa vzi da igini arian nacvalni RmrTisa queyanasa zeda?“ am
sityvebidan Zalian cxadad Cans qarTlis erismTavarTa Zalauflebis
upiratesobis mTavari argumenti: qarTlis erismTavari ,,mefeTa saydarze
zis“, rac mas ganusazRvrel avtoritets aniWebs, radgan mefeebi ,,arian
nacvalni RmrTisa queyanasa zeda“. es kargad cnobili Sexedulebaa
bizantiasa da evropaSi. am sityvebiT adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTlis
xelisuflebac organulad erTveba gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua
saukuneebis qristianuli xmelTaSuazRvsipireTis samyaroSi, sadac
daaxloebiT erTnairi warmogena arsebobda samefo Zalauflebis Sesaxeb.
es idea SemdgomSi aqtiurad ganviTarda tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa
samefosa da gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirobebSi.
aranakleb mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis Sio-mRvimis
mamasaxlisis gabeduli pasuxi: eklesiis msaxurT ,,qristes msgavsad
upyriaT eklesiis mwyemsni“, xolo mefe mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
iyos qyvenad RmrTis monacvle, rodesac samarTlianobiTa da
gulmowyalebiT RmerTs emsgavseba da ar aris stefanoziviT ampartavani.
am pasuxiT ganrisxebulma stefanozma monasters ,,mistacna orni
agarakni“. amis Semdeg qarTlis erismTavars ZilSi Tavad wm. Sio ecxadeba
da erismTavars monastrisaTvis miwebis dabrunebas ubrZanebs. stefanozi
ar emorCileba, ris Semdegac igi da misi ojaxi sneulebiT isjebian.

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stefanozi am mZime gansacdelis Semdeg Seinanebs da monasters warTmeul
miwebs ubrunebs.
Txrobidan cxadia, rom am dapirispirebaSi gamarjvebuli eklesia
gamodis. cxadia isic, rom Sio-mRvimis monastris Zmobam kaTalikoss
ufro meti pativi miago, vidre erismTavars, rac saban iSxnelsa da
bagrat kurapalats Soris momxdar incidents gvagonebs (rodesac
grigol xanZTelis deidaSvili sabani qarTvelTa mefis daZaxilze ar
gamocxadda da es imiT gaamarTla, rom igi mxolod qristes
emorCileboda da ara miwier mefeebs). es garemoeba kargad mianiSnebs
qarTlis eklesiis mzard avtoritetsa da gavlenaze, romelic SemdgomSi,
IX-X saukuneebSi, mwvervals miaRwevs, aqve Cans saeklesio xelisuflebis
upiratesobis legitimaciis is ideologiuri safuZvlebi, romelic ase
mkafiod warmoCinda grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi.
GCven xelT arsebul werilobiT wyaroebze da arqeologiur masalaze
dayrdnobiT garkveuli suraTis rekonstruqcia SegviZlia ulumbosa da
breTis monastrebis Sesaxeb. miqael ulumboelis svinaqsaruli
cxovrebidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom am asurelma mamam Sida qarTlSi -
ulumboSi daarsa monasteri. ulumbo qarTlSi mniSvnelovan samonastro
centrs warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad is samefo monasteri iyo, xolo
Semdeg amirejibTa mflobelobaSi gadavida, taZaric maT mieraa
ganaxlebuli XV saukunis dasawyisSi. SemorCenilia aseve XI saukunis
warwera, sadac mefe giorgi ixsenieba (kiparoiZe 1974: 35-39).
breTis monastris daarseba wm. piross ukavSirdeba. breTis eklesia
VIII-IX saukuneebs miekuTvneba, xolo taZris CrdiloeT ekvderi VI
saukunis anu piros breTelis droindeli unda iyos (ioane zedaznelis
gansasvenebli egvteris msgavsad). sofelSi SemorCenilia saflavebis
naSTebi, romelsac xalxuri gadmocemiT ,,ZmaTa samarxi’’ ewodeba, rac aq
monastris arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes (sanikiZe 1974: 48-49). rogorc Cans
piros breTelis gardacvalebis Semdeg mis gansasvenebelze mcire zomis,
erTnaviani eklesia augiaT. droTa ganmavlobaSi es eklesia daingra.
dangreuli eklesia ganaaxles da ganaxlebuli organulad daukavSires
VIII-IX saukuneebSi aSenebul taZars (sanikiZe 1974: 49). aRniSnul
monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom breTSi monastruli

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cxovreba pirosis gardacvalebis Semdeg ar unda Sewyvetiliyo da is VIII
saukuneSic grZeldeboda. xalxuri gadmocemiT, taZris sakurTxevis win
Rrma xaro arsebobda, romelic qvis filiT iyo gadaxuruli (T. sanikiZis
varaudiT SesaZlebelia asureli mama swored am adgilas iyo
dakrZaluli) (sanikiZe 1974: 49).

§2. atenis monasteri

atenis monasteri ixsenieba beiT mar isaak gabulelis monastris

winamZRvar Tomas (moRvaweobda VI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi) mier
aRmosavleTSi Tavis momxreebisadmi gagzavnil epsitoleSi. aRniSnuli
epistole CarTulia antiiulianuri polemikis dokumentTa krebulis
mesame nawilSi. am nawilis avtorad specialistebi antioqiis monofizit
patriarq ioane I-s (antioqiis pirveli sirieli patriarqi) (630-648) Tvlian
(abramiSvili 1996: 65). patriarqi ioane TiTqmis erTi saukuniT adrindel
wyaroebs iyenebda iulianuri moZRvrebis gansaqiqeblad.
am sabuTebSi moxseniebulia episkoposi stefane, romelsac
severianelebi (antioqiis siriuli eklesia, romlis meTauric iyo ioane I)
iulianuri xelTdasxmis arakanonikurobis magaliTad moixmobdnen. saqme
isaa, rom stefanes mRvdelmTavrad xeldasxma arakanonikurad aResrula.
yvelaferi ki aqidan daiwyo: iulianuri moZRvrebis mimdevar episkopos
prokofis episkoposad ,,ukurTxebia’’ vinme evtropi, oRond es ,,kurTxeva’’
prokofis sikvdilis Semdeg aResrula. micvalebuli prokofis xeli
Tavze daades evtropis da es ukanaskneli ,,xelTdasxmulad’’ gamoacxades
(abramiSvili 1996: 66). am evtropim mRvdelmTavrebad xeli daasxa
romanozs, sergis da Teodosis, xolo romanozma xeli daasxa moses,
svimeonsa da im stefanes, romelzec patriarqi ioane saubrobs
(abramiSvili 1996: 66). Tomas epistole gvatyobinebs, rom stefane VI
saukuneSi saeklesio saqmeTa ,,gansamarTad’’ somxeTSi Casula, xolo
svimeoni qarTlSi, tanas xeobis monasterSi, romelsac g. abramiSvili
samarTlianad atenis monasterTan aigivebs.

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 svimeoni qarTlSi Camovida, raTa uRirsi episkoposebi anaTemas gadaeca.
g. abramiSvili r. drages mier dadgenili qronologiis Tanaxmad Tvlis,
rom episkoposebs svimeonsa da stefanes 548-584 wlebSi unda emoRvawevaT,
radgan evtropi 548 wels gardaicvala (romelmac stefanesa da svimeonis
xelTdamsxmel romanozs daasxa xeli), xolo epistoles avtori mar Toma
584 wlis Semdgom xanebSi moRvaweobda (abramiSvili 1996: 67). g.
abramiSvili tanas monasterSi svimeonis Casvlas VI saukunis 40-50-iani
wlebiT varaudobs (abramiSvili 1996: 67), rac imis dasturia, rom am
periodSi, xeobaSi, monasteri arsebobda, romelic aSkarad ar
ukavSirdeboda asurel mamaTa moRvaweobas (amis Sesaxeb raime
xelSesaxebi wyaro ar gagvaCnia), piriqiT, atenis monasteri asurel
mamaTa Camosvlamde gacilebiT adre unda iyos daarsebuli (Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom substruqciaSi CaSvebuli Tixis sarkofagi IV-V
saukuneebs miekuTvneba (abramiSvili 1996: 65) gamoricxuli ar aris aq
monastris daarseba V saukuneSi, Tumca VI saukunis Sua wlebSi atenis
monasteri danamdvilebiT arsebobs).
atenis monastris mniSvnelobas zrdida aq saepiskoposo kaTedris
arsebobac, romelic atenis sionis IX-X saukuneebis xucuri warweriTac
dasturdeba (abramiSvili 1996: 67-68), monastris xasiaTze (tipikonze)
msjelobisaTvis Cven raime sando wyaro ar gagvaCnia.

§3. nagzauras samonastro kompleqsi

qvemo qarTli qarTuli kulturis uZveles keras warmoadgens. es aris

regioni, sadac qristianobam yvelaze adre moikida fexi da qarTuli
qriatianuli kulturis SesaniSnavi Zeglebi mogvca, amitom namdvilad ar
aris SemTxveviTi is garemoeba, rom erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli
hagiografiuli Txzuleba SuSanikis martviloba da saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenili qarTuli damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSebi
swored qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze aRmoCnda.
adreve gavrcelda qvemo qarTlSi samonastro cxovrebac. qvemo
qarTlis monastrebis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovani kiTxva Cndeba:

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ukavSirdeba Tu ara aq farTo, organizebuli bermonazvnuri cxovrebis
gavrceleba asurel mamebs, Tu samonastro moZraoba qvemo qarTlSi
asurel mamaTagan damoukideblad, sxva wyaroebiT vrceldeboda?
qarTlis (da gansakuTrebiT qvemo qarTlis) adreuli kavSiri siriul
samyarosTan eWvs ar iwvevs (goilaZe 2000: 17-27). Cven zemoT gvqonda
saubari SuSanikis martvilobaSi moxseniebuli wminda kacis SesaZlo
kavSirze siriul anaqoretobasTan. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom qvemo
qarTli asurel mamebamdec ganicdida didi siriuli samonastro
tradiciis gavlenas, romelic sakuTriv siriis teritoriidan gacilebiT
Sors vrceldeboda. miTumetes Cven ar gagvCnia raime sando
(folkloruli gadmocemebis garda, romlis sandoobasac istorikosi ver
daeyrdnoba) asureli mamebis an maTi mowafeebis qvemo qarTlSi
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
arqeologiuri Zeglebi adasturebs qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze
monastrebis arsebobasa da maT mniSvnelovan kulturul da ekonomikur
gavlenas ukve VI saukunis I naxevridan.
1998 wels dmanisis raionSi, dmanisisaken mimavali trasis siaxloves
(soflebs tnussa da ganTiads Soris) 700 kv. m. farTobze gadaSlili
samonastro kompleqsis naSTebi aRmoCnda (kaxiani... 2012: 7). kompleqss
zRude hqonda Semovlebuli (SedarebiT gviandeli). monastris
teritoriaze gamovlinda oTxi eklesia da wiTeli tufisagan
damzadebuli artefaqtebi (qvajvarebi, qvajvaraTa kvarcxlbekebi,
grafitoebi da a.S.), aRniSnul artefaqtebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan
aRmoCenad specialistebma wiTeli tufisagan damzadebuli qvasveti
miiCnies yrmiani RvTismSoblisa da sxva figuruli gamosaxulebebiT
kapitelsa da waxnagebze (kaxiani... 2012: 7). gaTxrebisas aseve gamovlinda
V-VIII saukuneTa Tormeti epigrafikuli warwera (kaxiani... 2012: 83-87;
oTxmezuri 2016: 10). qvasvetis qtitorTa gamosaxulebiani waxnagis
marcxena aSiaze amokveTilia (reliefuri kveTa) warwera Sesaqmis
wignidan: ,,dRe a’’ anu dRe pirveli (Sesaqme : 5). warwera uZvelesi
periodiT (V saukune) TariRdeba, rac dmanisis warwerebs Soris
uZvelesia (oTxmezuri 2016: 10) da nagzauras kompleqsis mniSvnelobaze
miuTiTebs, Tumca SesaZloa samonastro kompleqsi ar iyos aRniSnuli

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warweris Tanadrouli. savaraudod, wiTeli tufisagan damzadebuli
qvasvetebi da qvajvarebi monastris teritoriaze mogvianebiT miitanes.
mkvlevarTa daskvniT, nagzauras kompleqsi aSkara paralelebs hpovebs
juanSer amiranaSvilis mier bolnisis raionSi ,,lamaz goraze”
aRmoCenil monasterTan (kaxiani... 2012: 88).
aq (e. i. nagzauras monasterSi – S. m.) Tavs iCens yvela is stilisturi
Tavisebureba, rac damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
ganviTarebis ganviTarebisaTvis da amasTan Seicavs iseT niSnebsac,
romlebic mxolod am regionis TviTmyofadi gamovlinebaa (kaxiani...
2012: 90).
rogorc aRvniSneT, monastris teritoriaze oTxi eklesia aRmoCnda.
eklesiaTa xuroTmoZRvruli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT mkvlevrebma
nagzauras kompleqsis qronologiuri CarCo gansazRvres – V-IX
saukuneebi. V-VI saukuneebSi unda aegoT pirveli eklesia, daaxloebiT
amave dros unda iyos agebuli meore eklesiac (kaxiani... 2012: 96). es meore
eklesia SesaZlebelia sanaTlavic yofiliyo, am ori eklesiis dangrevis
Semdeg unda aegoT mesame da meoTxe eklesiebi (kaxiani... 2012: 96).
Savaraudod, es ori ukanaskneli eklesia gardamaval, VII-VIII saukuneebs
miekuTvneba (mesame taZari meore eklesiis nangrevebzea daSenebuli).
kvlevis avtorTa Tanaxmad, aq monastruli cxovreba VI saukuneSi unda
dawyebuliyo da VIII-IX saukuneebSi unda Sewyvetiliyo arabTa
Semosevebis gamo. monastris ngreva SesaZloa VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
murvan yrus Semosevebs an 853 buRa Turqis Semosvlas mohyoloda.
aq aRmoCenili kulturuli fenebi VII-VIII saukuneebs (mesame da meoTxe
eklesiebis periodi) TariRdeba, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom monasteri
aqtiur saqmianobas swored am drois ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda, amasTan
rogorc arqeologiuri masalidan Cans, am monasters dasaxlebul
punqtSi unda earseba.
nagazura tipiuri kvinoburi monasteria. galavniT SemozRuduli
taZrebi, sameurneo da sayofacxovrebo nagebobani monastris wevrTa
mWidro erTobasa da erTian tipikonze miuTiTebs, samwuxarod Cven
gagviWirdeba aRniSnuli monastris cxovrebis wesdebis gamocnoba, am
SemTxvevaSi mxolod varaudebis sferoSi SeiZleba davrCeT.

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 §4. lamazi goris samonastro ansambli

bolnisis raionSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi gasuli saukunis 30-ian

wlebSi daiwyo iv. javaxiSvilisa da l. musxeliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT.
arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba kidev ufro farTod gaiSala XX saukunis 40-
ian wlebSi. 1959 wels ,,lamaz goraze’’ (mdebareobs bolnisis sionis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 800 metrSi) Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis
Sedegad aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis samonastro kompleqsi
(amiranaSvili 1968: 7-8).
gaTxrebis Sedegad, borcvis centrSi gamovlinda samnaviani bazilikis
naSTebi (amiranaSvili 1968: 9), xolo bazilikis samxreT-dasavleTiTa da
CrdiloeTiT sxvadasxva tipis nagebobani. mTeli samonastro ansambli
SemozRuduli iyo qvis galavniT (galavnis kedlebis nawili mxolod
samonastro kompleqsis dasavleT nawilSi gamovlinda). j. amiranaSvilis
dakvirvebiT,
gaTxrili taZrisa da masTan dakavSirebul nagebobaTa ganlageba da
urTierTkavSiri uflebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs
samonastro ansamblis naSTebTan (1968: 9).
taZari natexi da gaTlili qvis wyobiTaa amoyvanili, kiriT
SeduRabebuli, xolo senakebi da sameurneo daniSnulebis Senobebi
natexi qviTa da TixiTaa naSenebi (saSen masalad adgilobrivi jiSis
vulkanuri qanis, dacitis qvebi gamouyenebiaT (1968: 9)). nagzauras
kompleqsis msgavsad aqac, monastris teritoriaze sxvadasxva tipis qvis
Zeglebi aRmoCnda (qvajvarebi, kvarcxlbekebi, grafitoebi, sionis taZris
modeli da a.S.).
monasteri samnaviani bazilikisgan, 13 sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
nagebobisa da eklesiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT davakebuli adgilisagan
Sedgeba (amiranaSvili 1968: 10). lamazi goris eklesia V saukunes
miekuTvneba, razec taZris formaTa arqauloba, sakurTxevlis absidis
gauSleli naliseburi moyvaniloba da bolnuri jvrebiT dafaruli qvis
stelebis didi raodenoba mianiSnebs (amiranaSvili 1968: 26). j.
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amiranaSvils SesaZleblad miaCnia taZris kidev ufro adreuli epoqiT
(IV-V saukuneebis mijna) daTariReba (amiranaSvili 1968: 27). j.
amiranaSvilis daskvniT, V saukuneSi an ufro gvian Cans agebuli II, III da
XII senakebi. mkvlevari lamazi goris kompleqsis funqcionirebas
ramdenime periodad yofs: pirveli periodi, misi azriT, moicavs V-VI
saukuneebs, meore anu Sua periodi - VII-X saukuneebs (romelic sakuTriv
or qveperiodad – VII-VIII da IX-X saukuneebad iyofa), xolo ukanasknel
periodad mecnieri X-XIII saukuneebs Tvlis (romelic sakuTriv or
qveperiodad _ X-XI da XI-XIII saukuneebad iyofa) (amiranaSvili 1968: 56-57).
lamazi goris dasaxlebis meore anu Sua xanas miakuTvnebs j.
amiranaSvili monastruli cxovrebis dasawyis etaps (amiranaSvili 1968:
56) anu monasters, aq, funqcionireba VII-VIII saukuneebSi unda daewyo.
mkvlevari lamazi goris samonastro ansamblad gardaqmnas adgilobriv
feodalebisa (mamflebis) da episkoposebis iniciativas ukavSirebs
(amiranaSvili 1968: 60), rac am periodis qarTlisaTvis, sadac
feodalizaciis procesi ukve damTavrebulia (da eklesiac am feodaluri
sistemis nawiladaa gadaqceuli) sruliad logikuri daskvnaa.
nagzauras kompleqsis msgavsad lamazi goris monasteric kvinobi anu
zogadcxorebulTa asketuri krebuli unda yofiliyo, razec nagzauras
analogiiT, kompleqsisaTvis gars Semovlebuli galavani da samonastro
dasaxlebis simWidrove miuTiTebs.

§5. qasuris monasteri

asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis Semdeg qarTulma bermonazvnobam swrafi

ganviTareba daiwyo da maleve gadaiqca gavlenian Zalad qarTul
feodalur sazogadoebaSi (iyo ra amave dros ,,feodaluri revoluciis’’
(s. janaSia) aqtiuri da qmediTi monawile). ukve cameti sirieli beris
mosagreobis periodSive, maT mier daarsebul monastrebs etyobodaT
evoluciisa da transformaciis is niSnebi, romelic ase saxasiaTo iyo,
zogadad, aRmosavluri bermonazvnobisaTvis. VI-VIII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi qristianuli bermonazvnobis oTxive formas vxvdebiT:

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anaqoretebi (individualurad moRvaweni an maTi primitiuli erToba),
lavra (dayudebul monazonTa erToba saerTo taZriT), kvinobi
(,,zogadcxorebul’’ anu erTad mcxovreb ZmaTa krebuli) da lavrisa da
kvinobis sinTezi (saba palestinelis mier Camoyalibebuli modeli,
romelic Sio-mRvimisa da daviT garejelis monastrebSi gvxdeba). qvemoT
Cven im monastrebs mimovixilavT, romlebzec SedarebiT meti gvaqvs
naratiuli da arqeologiuri wyaroebi.
arsen kaTalikosi ioane zedaznelis mowafeebze Txrobisas, pirvel
rigSi mis sulier Svils TaTas ixseniebs:
xolo aw netarTa mowafeTaTÂs vityodiT, romelni ganaTldes
madliTa saRmrToÁTa da sxuanica gananaTlnes da monasterni
aRaSenes, romelni vidre aqamomde hgian da kurnebani iqmnebian,
romelTaÁ TiTouelad moTxrobaÁ ver Zal-gÂc. erTman moawafeTaganman,
saxeliTa TaTa, queSe Zirsa mis mTisasa aRaSena monasteri, romelsa
Sina ganmravldes monazonni da yovliTave wesierebiTa iqceodes...
(abulaZe 1955: 62).
ioane zedaznelis gardacvalebis Semdeg wm. TaTam misi cxedari ioanes
savanidan – qvabidan zedaznis mTis Ziras agebul monasterSi gadmoasvena,
Tumca zeciuri miniSnebis Semdeg, wminda cxedari kvlav Tavdapirvel
adgilas daabruna. rogorc Cans TaTas mier daarsebuli monasteri
kvinobi – ZmaTa krebuli iyo. monazvnebi erTad, wm. TaTa
stefanwmidnelis, sulieri xelmZRvanelobis qveS cxovrobdnen.
specialistTa dakvirvebiT qasuris wminda giorgis eklesia swored
wm. TaTa stefanwmindelisagan daarsebuli monastris taZari unda
yofiliyo. arsenic cnobiT TaTam ,,queSe Zirsa mis mTisasa aRaSena
monasteri...’’ (abulaZe 1955: 62). qasuris wm. giorgis eklesia swored
zedaznis mTis ZirSi mdebareobs, ferdobze, zedaznis monastrisaken
mimavali gzis marjvena mxares da VI saukuniT TariRdeba.
qasuris wm. giorgis eklesiis fasadis sqema pirvelad severovma
Seasrula 1922 wels (xvistani 2009: 94-95). taZari moinaxula da
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT Seiswavla g. CubinaSvilma da is
adreuli feodaluri xanis e. w. sameklesiani bazilikebis ricxvSi
Seiyvana da VI saukuniT daaTariRa (CubinaSvili 1959: 204).

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 taZars bolSevikuri antiqristianuli kampaniisas didi, lamazad
Tlili, kvadrebi Semoacales da mxolod duRabi datoves, restavracia
2008 wels Cautarda (xvistani 2009: 94-95). taZris mimdebare teritoriaze
ar Catarebula arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. gaTxrebis SemTxvevaSi didi
albaTobiT unda gamovlindes monastruli cxovrebis niSnebi.

§7. yvrilis xeobis monastrebi

yvrilis xeobis kldis qvabebiT dainteresabas sakmaod xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs. Tavdapirvelad maT safortifikacio daniSnulebis
gamoqvabulebad, saxizrebad miiCnevdnen (baxtaZe... 2012: 403). pirvelad am
qvabTa samonastro cxovrebasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb mosazreba 1968 wels
gamoTqves g. gafrindaSvilma da a. nemsiwveriZem (baxtaZe...2012: 403). 2011
wlis eqspediciis Semdeg ki sabolood gamoirkva, rom am qvabebs mxolod,
mtris Semosevisas, TavSesafareblad ar iyenebdnen. eqspediciis
monawileTa SeniSvniT,
saqme is aris, rom eqspediciis muSaobisas sul sxva, am regionisTvis
sruliad moulodnel istoriul movlenas aexada farda. kerZod,
gairkva, rom md. yvrilas auzis gamoqvabulTa mniSvnelovani nawili
sruliadac ar yofila Seqmnili mxolod TavdacviTi daniSnulebiT –
aq ramdenime, dRemde praqtikulad ucnobi da mecnierulad savsebiT
Seuswavleli, uZvelesi kldeSi nakveTi udabno-monasteri dadasturda;
ase gansajeT, vizualurad safortifikacio ieris mqone qvabnaSenebis
nawilic ki sruliad calsaxad, organulad aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli
qristianuli meudabnoebis Casaxva-ganviTarebis sawyis etapebTan
(baxtaZe... 2012: 405-406).
XIII saukuniT daTariRebuli mRvimevis monastris maxloblad
arsebuli kldeSi gamokveTili qvabebi, rogorc gairkva, gandegil
monazonTa sacxovrisi unda yofiliyo. specialistTa SefasebiT, am
qvabebSi arsebul ornaviani eklesiisa da senakebis mowyobaSi, dekorsa da
gegmarebaSi arqauli elementebi SeiniSneba, rac arqeologebs aq
bermonazvnuri cxovrebis adreul periodSi dawyebas avaraudebinebs. n.

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baxtaZisa da n. TuSabramiSvilis SeniSvniT, mRvimevis monastris
maxloblad mdebare qvabSi liTonis saWreTliT gamokveTili eklesiis
,,orive navis aRmosavleT nawilebs iseTi aRnagoba aqvs, ramac yvelaze
metad dagvafiqra eklesiis arqaulobaze’’ (baxtaZe... 2012: 408). am eklesiaSi
ar gvxdeba Camoyalibebuli formis sakurTxeveli, romelsac afsidis
gamokveTili saxe da sworkuTxa gegma axasiaTebs, amasTan eklesiis
CrdiloeT da samxreT kedlebze Camosajdomi merxebia gamokveTili, rac
adreuli Sua saukuneebis taZrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (baxtaZe... 2012:
408).
eklesiis aRnagobam, gansakuTrebiT aRwerilma embrionuli formis
sakurTxevelma, Tavidnave gansazRvra Cveni pozicia, rom es monasteri
mRvimevis samonastro kompleqsis daarsebisa da funqcionirebis
adreul fazebTan dagvekavSirebina... (baxtaZe... 2012: 408).
mkvlevarTa SeniSvniT, mRvimevis qvabovani struqtura yvelaze axlos
daviT-garejis samonastro kompleqsis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan dgas, iseve
rogorc aRmosavleTis qvabovan monasterTa tipebTan (baxtaZe... 2012: 409).
daviT-garejaSi samonastro cxovrebis pirvel etapze (VI-VII saukuneebSi)
primitiuli sakurTxevlebi arsebobda, monazvnebi zedmetad ar
amuSavebdnen bunebriv gamoqvabulebs, xolo VIII saukunidan aq ukve
ornaviani eklesiebis mSeneblobac daiwyes. n. baxtaZisa da n.
TuSabramiSvilis azriT, mRvimevis qvabovani monasteris arseboba
gardamaval periods unda daukavSirdes, rodesac ubralo
samlocveloebs ukve kanonikuri eklesiebis ier-saxes aZlevdnen da VII-
VIII saukuneebze gviandeli xaniT ar unda daTariRdes (baxtaZe... 2012: 410).
mkvlevarTa azriT, ,,es qvabovani eklesia mcire gamoqvabuli monastris an
lavris ,,filialis’’ centralur taZars warmoadgenda...’’ (baxtaZe... 2012:
411). aq cota gaugebaria romel ,,lavras’’ gulisxmoben mkvlevrebi,
romlis ,,filialic’’ unda yofiliyo kldeSi nakveTi monasteri, SeiZleba
mRvimevs, romelsac centraluri monastris funqcia unda Seesrulebina,
Tumca es danamdvilebiT ar viciT, SeiZleba kldeSi nakveTi monasteri
sruliad damoukideblad funqcionirebda da Tavad warmoadgenda lavras.

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 eqspediciis monawileTa dakvirvebiT, mRvimevis qvabovani samonastro
kompleqsi yvela niSniT bermonazvnuri cxovrebis adreuli etapiT
xasiaTdeba.
Sesabamisad, samonastro cxovrebas mRvimevSi, dRemde miRebulze (anu
XIII saukuneze – S. m.) daaxloebiT 7 saukuniT adre Cayria safuZveli –
aq asketuri moRvaweobis dasawyisad daax. VI saukune, e. i.
saqarTveloSi wm. asureli mamebis moRvaweobis epoqa unda vivaraudoT
(baxtaZe... 2012: 411).
garda amisa, arqeologebma yuradReba miaqcies mRvimevis Tanamedrove
monastris dasavleTiT, kldeSi nakveT sam qvabs, romelic aseve
monazonTa sacxovreblad miiCnies da isini soxasterebad, gandegil
berTa samoRvaweo senakebad CaTvales, romelic mTavar lavras
eqvemdebareboda (baxtaZe... 2012: 412-413), rac savsebiT logikuria.
eqspediciam adreuli bermonazvnuri cxovrebis damadasturebeli
niSnebi aRmoaCina Tiris eklesiasTan (mdebareobs WiaTurisken mimaval
gzaze), sadac dayudebeuli beris – hesiqastis sacxovrebeli aRmoCnda.
arqeologebma kldeSi nakveTi gamoqvabulis erT-erT nawilSi miwiT
amovsebuli ormos gawmendis Semdeg, iq adreuli, VIII-IX saukuneebiT
daTaraRebul sayofacxovrebo keramikas miakvlies. yvela niSnis mixedviT
(gamoqvabulSi gamokveTili niSa-sareceli, romelic micvalebulisaTvis
gamoiyeneboda, niSebi, romlebic SesaZloa sakurTxevlis funqciasac
asrulebda da Tavad ormos forma, romelic Sio mRvimelis
sadayudeblo-samoRavweo mRvimes miagavs da TviTon ormoSi aRmoCenili
masala), mkvlevarebma gamoitanes daskvna, rom es qvabi, da konkretulad
ormo, gandegili beris samyofeli-savane unda yofiliyo (baxtaZe... 2012:
413-422). masalas isini, ufro, VI-VIII saukuneebiT aTariReben.
meti sizustiT am masalis daTariReba SeuZlebelia. Tumca
warmodgenili artefaqtebi, gindac savaraudo qronologiuri
monakveTis zeda zRvarze, VIII-IX saukuneTa mijnaze iyos damzadebuli,
es sulac ar migvaniSnebs imaze, rom sadayudeblo saxeldobr am
xanaSia Seqmnili (baxtaZe... 2012: 422).
piriqiT, moRvawe monazoni aq adre unda damkvidrebuliyo:
...am sadayudeblo WaSi pirveli asketi beris davaneba SesaZloa VI
saukuneSive, saqarTveloSi aTcameti wm. asureli mamis da maTi

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 pirveli mimdevrobis moRvaweobis epoqaSi momxdariyo (baxtaZe 2012:
422).
Tiris eklesiasTan mdebare gamoqvabulSi aSkarad mkacri anaqoretuli
cxovrebis wesis mqone moRvawe iqneboda dayudebuli. axla Znelia imis
Tqma da varaudi, Tu romel monasters unda damorCileboda es anaqoreti
Tu is sruliad damoukideblad moRvaweobda. garda amisa, VI saukuneSi aq
beris damkvidrebac varaudis sferos ganekuTvneba (Tumca VII-VIII
saukuneebSi am gamoqvabulSi asketis yofnaze danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
saubari), Tumca sruliad SesaZlebelia asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis
gavlena argveTzec gavrcelebuliyo, romelic, rogorc cnobilia,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda
(janaSia 1949: 122-123), miTumetes asureli mamebi argveTidan arcTu ise
Sors, Sida qarTlSic moRvaweobdnen.
asea Tu ise, zemoT damowmebuli masala cxadyofs VI-VIII saukuneebSi
samonastro cxovrebos ganviTarebasa da gafarToebas saqarTvelos
masStabiT, rac didwilad asurel mamaTa moRvaweobas unda mivaweroT.
rogorc davinaxeT, pirvel etapze mainc, qarTuli bermonazvnobaSi
lavris tipis samonastro cxovrebis wesi dominirebs, romelic ase
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli egvipteSi, siriasa da gansakuTrebiT
palestinaSi. berebi sxvadasxva, individualur (sawyis etapze xelovnurad
cudad damuSavebul) senakebSi – gamoqvabulebSi cxovroben, droTa
ganmavlobaSi samonastro cxovreba ufro rTuldeba da ixveweba, Sendeba
sakrebulo taZrebi da lavraTa kvinobebad transformaciis neli da
Zalze saintereso procesi mimdinareobs.

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 daskvna

kvlevisas qarTuli bermonazvnobis uadresi istoriis ramdenime

aspeqti gamoikveTa: qarTuli samonastro cxovrebis istoriis uadresi
etapi Cven or nawilad gavyaviT – IV-V saukuneebi anu qarTuli
bermonazvnobis Casaxva da erTgavri embrionuli mdgomareoba da VI-VIII
saukuneebi, rodesac qarTuli bermonazvnoba ganviTarebis axal
safexurze gadadis da qveynis cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanes sulieri,
socialuri da ekonomikuri rolis Sesrulebas iwyebs.
qarTuli bermonazvnobis ganxilva SeuZlebelia aRmosavluri
samonazvno tradiciis gareSe. erTi konkretuli problemis
konteqstualizacia, am SemTxvevaSi, SesaniSnavi saSualebaa imisaTvis,
raTa mravali bundovani sakiTxi gadaiWras da wyaroTa monacemebi,
romelTa adekvaturad gageba aqamde ver xerxdeboda, naTeli gaxdes.
monazvnuri moRvaweoba, uaRresad mravalferovani formebisa da tipebis
miuxedavad, erTiani sulieri principebiTa da mizandasaxulobiT
moqmedbda. asketuri moRvaweobis msgavsi (an erTi da igive saxeebi)
moqmedebda xmelTaSuazRvispireTis uaRresad farTo georgrafiul da
kulturul arealSi. iberia da kolxeTi gvianantikuri
xmelTaSuazRvispiruli civilizaciis ganuyofeli nawilebi iyvnen, da am
civilizaciis religiur cxovrebasa da SemoqmdebaSic aqtiurad iyvnen
CarTulebi. SeuZlebelia qarTuli samonastro cxovrebis srulyofilad
gageba, Tuki Zvel eklesiaSi (adreul qristianobaSi) arsebul asketur
RvTismetyvelebasa da praqtikas ar gaviTvalisiwinebT. qarTul
bermonazvnobas arasdros uarsebia calke, karCaketili formiT, aramed
yovelTvis, arsebobis aTas Svidasi wlis manZilze yovelTvis aqtiur da
cxovelmyofel SexebaSi imyofeboda qristianuli bermonazvnobis
umniSvnelovanes centrebTan, sxvadasxva bermonazvnul (laTinur,
berZnul, siriul, somxur) tradiciebTan. amitomac Cven sadisertacio
naSromSi, SeZlebisdgavarad, vrclad mimovixileT adreqristianuli
asketuri cxovrebis saxvadasxva tipebi, qristianuli bermonazvnobis
warmoSoba da misi adreuli istoria.

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 qarTuli asketuri tradiciis fuZemdebeli wm. ninoa – qarTlis
ganmanaTlebeli kapadokieli qalwuli. misi moRvaweobis Sedegad
qarTlSi qristianuli asketizmis uZvelesi formebi garvcelda da ukve
am kuTxiTac iberia saerToqristianuli ,,oikumenes’’ nawilad gadaiqca.
ucnobia wm. ninos mier dafuZnebuli qalTa asketuri Temis Semdgomi
bedi. SesaZlebelia am Temma bodisSi wm. ninos saflavis maxloblad
gaagrZela arseboba da mogvianebiT dedaTa monastrad gardaiqmna,
rogorc es xdeoboda saerTod qristianul samyaroSi.
IV-V saukuneebSi qarTlSi ukve yalibdeba samonastro Temebi da
erTobebi. evstaTi sebastieli bermonazvnuri cxovrebis wess saqarTvelo
samxreT-dasavleT kuTxeebSi qadagebda, xolo droTa ganmavlobaSi
qarTlis samefoSi iseTi mniSvnelovani monastrebi aRmocenda, rogorebic
iyo wilkani, opiza da ateni. V-VI saukuneebs miekuTvnebaT iseTi
monastrebi, rogorebicaa nagzauras kompleqsi, j. amiranaSvilis mier
gaTxrili monasteri. am monasterTa daarseba asurel mamaTa saxels ar
ukavSirdeba. qarTuli monasteri ukve V saukunis Sua xanebSi daarsda
palestinis wmida miwaze, ierusalimis maxloblad da am monasters ukve
gamoarCevda Tavisi gansakuTrebuli specifikuri xasiaTi, rac am drois
qarTlSi ukve mtkice samonastro tradiciis arsebobaze unda
miuTiTebdes.
kvlevisas Cven wamovayeneT Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac asurel
mamaTa qarTlSi mosvla da maTi misioneruli da asketuri saqmianoba
qarTuli bermonazvnobis meore periodad unda ganvixiloT, rodesac
monastruli cxovreba saqarTveloSi ganviTarebis Tvisobrivad axal
safexurze avida. cametma sirielma berma qarTlis samefos sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi monastrebi daafuZna.
asurel mamaTa moRvaweobis umTavresi mizani misioneruli iyo.
qarTlis samefos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi wargzavnilebma maT monastrebi
daarses.Ees monastrebi qristianobis gavrcelebisa da ganmtkicebis
mniSvnelovan centrebad iqcnen. asurelma mamebma moitanes qarTlSi
siriuli asketizmis mkacri formebi (mesveteoba, mRvimeSi dayudeba da
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230
anaqoretebi – individualuri gandegilebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi
saxeli adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi ganiTqmeboda da berebTan mosagreobas
iwyebdnen monazvnuri cxovrebis msurvelebi. ase yalibdeboda jer kidev
mkacri organizaciis armqone primitiuli asketuri Temebi. droTa
ganmavlobaSi (sakmaod swrafad) es Temebi organizebuli monastrebis
saxes iZendnen da mnisvnelovan adgils ikavdebndnen feodaluri qarTlis
socialkur sxeulSi. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba Sio-mRvimisa da daviT-
garejis monasterTa magaliTze. am monastrebma didi sulieri da
ekonomikuri gavlena moipoves qarTlis feodalur sazogadoebaSi da
qarTlis eklesiis gavlenis zrdis umniSvnelovanes aqtorebad iqcnen.
VI-VIII saukuneebSi, asurel mamaTa Semdgom, aRmavali gziT grZeldeba
samonastro cxovrebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi da aq Cven
bermonazvnuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis yvela saxe gvxdeba. axali monastrebi
arsdeba sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, xolo asurel mamaTagan safuZvelCayrili
monastrebi sul ufro metad izrdebian da sul ufro did mniSvnelobas
iZenen saqarTvelos sulier, politikur, socialur, kulturul da
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.
qarTuli monasteri qarTuli feodaluri procesis erT-erT umTavres
monawiled da mZlavr feodalur organizaciad gardaiqmna, romelic
qarTlis erismTavis xelisuflebasTanac ar erideboda dapirispirebasa
da konfliqts da am konfliqtSi gamarjvebulic gamodis. swored am
dros eyreba safuZveli saqarTvelos eklesiaSi moZRvrebas saeklesio
xelisuflebis upiratesobis Sesaxeb, rac mTeli ZaliT ,,grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSi’’ gamovlinda. saeklesio piri aravis xelisuflebis
qveS araa, is mxolod qristes emorCileba, romelic zecisa da qveynis
waruvali da maradiuli xelmwife da meufea. Amgvarad samonastro kerebi
saqarTvelos eklesiis gavlenisa da Zlierebis umTavres matareblebad
da dasayrdenebad gadaiqca, ramac gansazRvra kidevac qarTuli
monastrebis udidesi roli saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis mTeli
istoriis manZilze.

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