istoria 11

11
istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis
nino kiRuraZe, giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani,

11
lali fircxalava, revaz gaCeCilaZe, nodar asaTiani

istoria moswavlis wigni

grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012)
 sarCevi

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

I 1. Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

(kreaciuli da evoluciuri) 8
2. uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis
13
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvneloba) 12
3. socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.
27
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema 16
4. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi 21

33
Zveli msoflio

II 5. saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Teoriebi

saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb 26 45
6. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi 31
7. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. egvipte 36
8. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi.
Sumeri da babiloni 41
9. asureTi, xeTebi, urartu 44
61
10. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
erTeulebi ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi 52
11. saxmeleTo imperia. aqemenianTa irani
(Zv.w. VI-IV ss.) 58 70
12. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. finikiuri
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia 66
13. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZnuli polisebi, saxelmwifos
mmarTvelobis formebi 69 79
14. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. didi
berZnuli kolonizacia da misi Sedegebi 76
15. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZen-sparselTa omebi 84
16.
84
sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
aTenis kavSiri – pirveli sazRvao `imperiis~
Seqmnis mcdeloba 88
17. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
peloponesis omi 92 92
4
 18. aleqsandre makedonelis imperia, elinizmi da
elinisturi saxelmwifoebi 97
19. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi 104
20. romis warmoSoba; romauli sazogadoeba,
97 saxelmwifo wyoba – mefoba/respublika 109
21. romauli dapyrobebi. respublikis dacema 113
22. romi imperiis epoqaSi 120
23. romis imperia da saqarTvelo. romis urTier-
112 Toba parTiasTan da sasanianTa iranTan 124

Sua saukuneebi

124 24. romi da `barbarosuli samyaro~, cvlilebe-

bi evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi 131
III
25. dasavleT romis imperiis dacema.
aRmosavleT romis imperia – bizantia 135
26. qristianoba – msoflio religia.
145 qristianobis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba 145
27. qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi.
msoflio saeklesio krebebi da saqarTvelo 152
28. qarTli V saukuneSi. vaxtang gorgasali 158
149 29. bizantia da irani VI saukuneSi 165
30. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi 170
31. feodalizmi evropaSi 176
32. papizmi. eklesia da Zalauflebis legitimacia 187
33. Sua saukuneebis evropis qalaqebi da
165 saqalaqo cxovreba 195
34. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi 203
35. ganaTleba da mecniereba. `universitetebis
xana~ evropaSi 211
174 36. Sua saukuneebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlo-
biTi organoebi 220
37. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul
samyaroSi. bizantia VII-XII saukuneebSi 225
38. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul
218 samyaroSi Sua saukuneebSi. `imperiis
gadatana~ 231

230
5
 saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi
VII-XV saukuneebSi

IV 39.
40.
arabebi da islamuri saxalifo
saxalifos kultura da socialur-
236
236
ekonomikuri ganviTareba 248
41. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi 255
42. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba da kultura VIII-IX saukuneebSi 259 249
43. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianeba 266
44. bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi 272
45. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifo 276
46. Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo 286
47. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi 290 260
48. didgoris brZola 295
49. Tamar mefis epoqa 301
50. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba Tamar mefis epoqaSi 309 286
51. jvarosnuli epoqa 314
52. monRolTa dapyrobebi da misi Sedegebi 325
53. saqarTvelo XIII saukuneSi. monRolebi
saqarTveloSi 333
54. qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla 343 327
55. konstantinopolis dacema 349

evropa da amerika axal droSi

346
V 56. renesansi da humanizmi. aRorZinebis
evropuli centrebi 356
57. axali samimosvlo gzebisa da kontinentebis
aRmoCena 362 365
58. kolumbamdeli amerika 367
59. koloniuri epoqis dasawyisi 373
60. reformacia da kontrreformacia 378
61. religiuri omebi 384
62. holandiis revolucia da misi mniSvneloba 392
371
63. XVII saukunis inglisis revolucia 395
64. absolutizmi 402
65. Svidwliani omi evropaSi 410
382
6
 66. ganmanaTlebloba 415
67. amerikis kolonizacia da aSS-is Seqmna 422
68. safrangeTis didi revolucia. `Zveli
reJimis~ krizisi da agonia 427
398 69. safrangeTis didi revolucia. revoluciis
dasawyisi 434
70. safrangeTis didi revolucia. monarqiis
damxoba da pirveli respublika 444
411 71. industriuli revolucia 454

saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi

72. brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg

evropasa da aRmosavleTSi 458
VI
459 73. sefianTa iranis saxelmwifo 464
74. ruseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da
reC-pospolita 468
75. petre I-is sagareo politika da reformebi 474
76. saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi 478
475 77. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sah abas I-isa da misi
memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis dros 485
78. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs Soris XVII saukuneSi 493
489 79. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi 499
80. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi 505
81. saqarTvelos urTierTobebi ruseTTan.
georgievskis traqtati 512
495

504

517
7
 I uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili
sazogadoeba

1. Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb

(kreaciuli da evoluciuri)

adamians yvela religia RmerTis qmnilebad miiCnevs. Zvel samyaros mraval

religiaSi adamiani RmerTma (an RmerTebma) Seqmna Tavis damxmared da msaxurad.
`Zveli aRTqma~ da is msoflio religiebi, romlebic mas efuZnebian, adamians
RmerTis xatad, msgavsad miiCneven.
`Zveli aRTqmiseuli~ samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnis ambavi jer kidev Zveli
drois mecnierTa diskusiis sagnad iqca. cxadia, yvela droSi arsebobdnen
teqstis sityvasityviT gagebis momxreebi. ax.w. I saukunis moRvawem, filon
aleqsandrielma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom
`bibliis~ zogi pasaJi amgvarad esmis im wyaro 1
mkiTxvels, visac uWirs ufro Rrma arsis
wvdoma. magaliTad mas mohyavs moses sityve- Zvelegvipturi teqstidan sam-
bi imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTma samyaro eqvs yaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb:
dReSi Seqmna, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, `warmoiSva guliT da eniT
rom Txroba gasagebi da mowesrigebuli yo- atumis saxe. didia ptaxi, rome-
filiyo, xolo realurad es aRniSnavda Se-
Tavi pirveli

lic qmnis RmerTebs da maT kas

saqmis erTdroul da yovlismomcvel aqts.
aqedan moyolebuli, saeklesio moRva-
weebSi ar aris erTsulovneba Sesaqmis in-
terpretaciisas. marTalia, isini aRiare-
ben samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnas Rmer-
Tis mier, magram RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis
Tanmimdevrobas da eqvs dReze ganawilebas
mravali maTgani, magaliTad origene (III s.)
da basili didi (IV s.), erTgvar alegoriad
miiCnevda. am pasaJis sityvasityviTi gage-
bis momxreTa Soris iyvnen, magaliTad, re-
formaciis mamebi – martin luTeri da Jan
kalvini.
axali drois geografiulma aRmoCene-
bma, agreTve codnam, romelic sabunebis-
metyvelo mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi
dagrovda, am Temebze diskusias axali suli
STabera. Tumca, TiTqmis sayovelTaod iyo
gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom RmerTma saTi-
Taod Seqmna cocxal arsebaTa TiToeuli
saxeoba. 1605 wels frensis bekonma gamo-
Tqva azri, rom RmerTis qmnilebebi bunebaSi
gvaswavlis `bibliaSi~ RmerTis sityvis ga-
gebas, rac ganmsazRvrel meTodad iqca mis
8
(= RmerTebisa da adamianebis
sulieri oreuli) am eniT, am
guliT. warmoiSva xori misgan
– ptaxisgan, warmoiSva Toti
misgan – ptaxisgan, guli da ena
batonoben yvelaferze, radgan
ptaxi aris yovel sxeulSi, yo-
vel RvTaebaSi, yovel adamian-
Si, yovel mwerSi, romlebic
cocxloben misi ideiT da brZa-
nebiT... ptaxi yoveli gadawyve-
tilebis mizezs warmoadgens...
ena imeorebs gulis azrs. ase
Seiqmna yvela RvTaeba... ase mie-
ca sicocxle keTils da miezRo
sikvdili damnaSaves, ase Seiqm-
na samuSaoebi da xelovneba, xe-
lis Sroma, fexis siaruli... man
Seqmna RmerTebi, Seqmna qala-
qebi, daaarsa nomebi, gaanawila
RmerTebi TavianT sakulto ad-
gilebSi, daawesa maTi Sesawi-
ravi, daaarsa maTi taZrebi~.
 wyaro 2

biblia. dabadeba 1. 26-31.

26. Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze
daxoxavs.

27. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.

28. akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa,

daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki
dedamiwaze daxoxavs.

29 . Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac
ki dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni
sazrdo.

30. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicocxlis suli
udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase.

31. dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac gaaCina, da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo
dila _ meeqvse dRe.

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi. mecnierebi bunebasa Tu warsulis naSTebSi eZebdnen

`bibliaSi~ aRweril movlenaTa, pirvel rigSi, warRvnisa da noes kidobanis
dadasturebas.
XIX saukunis dasawyisidan Cndeba ideebi saxeobaTa cvlilebis Sesaxeb. Carlz
darvinma Camoayaliba Tavisi Teoria bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb. mis publika-
ciebs 30-ian da 40-ian wlebSi didi gamoxmaureba, magram amasTanave samecniero
wreebis kritika mohyva. 1859 wels man gamoaqveyna wigni `saxeobaTa warmoSobis
Sesaxeb~, sadac sakmaod didi masala da argumentacia hqonda motanili
saxeobaTa bunebrivi gadarCevis, evoluciuri gziT warmoSobis
dasadastureblad. naSromma mniSvnelovani Zvra gamoiwvia
sazogadoebriv azrSi da safuZveli Cauyara Widils
evoluciur da kreaciul (an kreacionistur) Teo-
riebs Soris.
uxeSad rom iTqvas, dava daiyvaneba kiTxva-
mde: `adamiani Seqmna RmerTma (zebunebrivma
Zalam), Tu igi warmoiqmna maimunisagan, Ta-
visiT, met-naklebad SemTxveviTi mizeziT
gamowveuli cvlilebebis Sedegad?~
dRemde arsebobs orive ukidure-
si poziciis mimdevrebi. magram ukve
XIX saukunis II naxevarSi mecnierebi
dafiqrdnen maT erTgvar morigebaze.

9
 evolucionistTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom RvTaebriv nebas SeiZleboda mieca
biZgi im procesebisaTvis, rac samyaroSi ganviTarda da ris aRwerac mecniere-
bam moaxerxa, maT Soris, adamianis warmoSobisTvisac. maTTvis es rCeba rwmenis
sakiTxad, radganac ver gaizomeba mecnierisaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT.
saerTod, is dapirispireba, erTi mxriv, racionalur azrovnebas, mecnierebasa
da, meore mxriv, religias, eklesias Soris, romelic XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ar-
sebobda da evropaSi revoluciuri xanis aTeizmis erT-erTi masazrdoebeli
gaxda, dRevandel civilizebul msoflioSi daZleulia da rwmena da azrovneba
aramcTu uSlian xels erTmaneTs, aramed erTgvarad avseben kidec, rogorc es,
magaliTad, Tundac qristianobis gariJraJze iyo.
agreTve maTTvisac, vinc uciloblad miiCnevs RvTaebriv Semoqmedebas,
dRes mTlianad ugulebelyofili ar aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
saSualebebiT dagrovili codna. ase magaliTad, kreacionistTa calkeuli
skolis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben samyarosa da dedamiwis warmoSobas ramde-
nime miliardi wlis win, agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da, maT Soris, adamianis
garkveul evolucias.
dRes kreacionistTa mravali skola arsebobs. isini gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisagan met-naklebad principuli sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebiT. ase
magaliTad, `axalgazrda dedamiwis kreacionistebi~ faqtobrivad `bibliis~
sityvasityviTi gagebis poziciaze dganan. maT sapirispirod, `Teisturi evo-
Tavi pirveli

luciis~ mimdevrebi, faqtobrivad, srulad iziareben dRevandeli sabunebisme-

tyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs da RmerTis rols samyaros Seqmnis inicirebaSi
(gamowvevaSi) xedaven. maT Soris aris kidev mravali Sualeduri mimdinareoba,
romelic `bibliis~ calkeuli pasaJisaTvis Tu bunebis ama Tu im movlenisaTvis
gansxvavebul interpretacias gvTavazobs. mag., erTni Sesaqmis `erT dRes~ erT
epoqad iazreben, ris saSualebasac iZleva ebrauli originalis Sesabamisi si-
tyva; meoreni calkeuli saxeobis warmoSobas `gonivruli Canafiqris~ Sedegad
warmoadgenen da Aase Semdeg.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi am TeoriaTa miReba-gaziareba araTanabradaa gada-
nawilebuli. yvelaze meti momxre evolucionistebs – sxvadasxva gamokiTxviT,
mosaxleobis 70-80% dasavleT evropis qveynebSi hyavs. dasavlur civilizacia-
Tagan yvelaze meti dasayrdeni kreacionistul mimdinareobebs aqvs amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, im qveynebSic, sadac `biblia~ ar warmoadgens Zi-
riTad religiur wigns, agreTve vxvdebiT Widils evolucionistur Teoriasa
da adgilobrivi religiis Sesabamis kreacionistul Teoriebs Soris.
aSS didi xnis manZilze iyo am Teoriebs Soris mZafri brZolis arena, pirvel
rigSi, skolaSi maTi swavlebis gamo. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zalze
gaxmaurda e. w. `maimunis procesi~, romelzec sasamarTlo arkvevda, hqonda
Tu ara axalgazrda bunebismetyvels skolaSi darvinis moZRvrebis swavlebis
neba. arcTu Soreul warsulSi agreTve sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani gaxda
sxvadasxva kreacionistuli moZRvrebis mecnieruloba da, Sesabamisad, misi
skolaSi swavlebis ufleba.

10
 klasSi samuSao

uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba

1. SeadareT wyaroebi erTmaneTs. ipoveT gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi.
2. rogori axsna mouZebna samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb bibliidan pasaJs filon
aleqsandrielma da ra saxis dava wamoiSva Semdgom saeklesio moRvaweebs
Soris? daaxasiaTeT ori mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi.
3. ra aris evolucionizmi da rogor Caeyara mas safuZveli? romel sasamarT-
lo davas ewoda `maimunis procesi~ da ratom?

RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmna. miqelanjelos freska

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZieT damatebiTi masala da werilobiT CamoayalibeT adamianis

warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.

11
 2. uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba)

pirveli `adamianebi~
leqsikoni
evoluciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, rasac
kreacionistTa zogi mimdinareobac izia- r ekosistema – cocxali or-

rebs, adamiani biologiurad primatebis ganizmebiTa da maTi sabina-

rigs ganekuTvneba. misi uaxloesi naTe- dro garemoTi warmoqmnili
bunebrivi kompleqsi
savebi arian adamianismagvari maimunebi,
romlebic, adamianTan erTad dRes homi- r universaluri – sayovel-
nidebis ojaxSi erTiandebian. am ojaxis Tao, yvelgan miRebuli
SigniT klasifikacia ukanasknel aTwleu- r diferenciacia – ca-
lebSi araerTxel Seicvala. es arcaa ga- lkeuli nawilebis gamoyofa,
sakviri, radganac mecnierebs xelT aqvT danawevreba
mxolod umniSvnelo naSTebi, romelTa r rekonstruqcia – aRdgena
Seswavla da erTmaneTTan Sedareba Zalze
r proto – wina, Zveli
garTulebulia.
Tavi pirveli

tradiciulad, hominidebs uwodebdnen r genetikAADFGHa – mecniereba orga-

Tanamedrove adamianis uSualo winapre- nizmTa memkvidreobiTobisa
bs da maT monaTesave saxeobebs. yvela es da cvalebadobis kanonebis
saxeoba, Tanamedrove adamianis garda, ga- Sesaxeb
daSenebulia. r komponenti – Semadgeneli
adamianis msgavsi arsebebi – hominide- nawili
bi – afrikaSi ramdenime milioni wlis win
r kombinirebuli – sxvadasx-
gaCndnen. va nawilebis gaerTianebiT
uZveles naSTad dRes zogierTi mec- Seqmnili
nieri miiCnevs 2001 wels CadSi, afrikaSi
aRmoCenil, 7 milioni wlis winandel `Ca-
dis sahelanTropuss~, romelsac zedmet-
saxeli `tumai~ misces. man CamoarTva pirveloba masze 3-4 milioni wliT ufro
axalgazrda avstralopiTeks, zedmetsaxelad `liusis~.
2,5 milioni wlisaa homo habilisi – `marjve adamiani~, adamianTa (homo) gvaris
CvenTvis cnobilTagan yvelaze adreuli warmomadgeneli, romelic adamianis
uSualo winaprad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas adamianismagvari sxva arsebebisgan
gamoarCevda, pirvel rigSi, tvinis zoma. igi ara marto iyenebda sxvadasxva
sagnebs iaraRad, rasac zogi cxovelic axerxebs, aramed TviTon amzadebda qvis
primitiul iaraRs. amitomac ewoda `marjve~.
misi savaraudo STamomavali, homo ereqtusi – `gamarTulad mosiarule
adamiani~ daaxl. 2-1,8 milioni wlis win gaCnda da man TandaTan aiTvisa evra-
zia. zogi mecnieri am saxeobis mravali variaciis arsebobas varaudobs, zogic

12