Professional Documents
Culture Documents
istoria 11
istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis
11 istoria moswavlis wigni
istoria
sarCevi
33
Zveli msoflio
II 5.
saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Teoriebi
saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb 26 45
6. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi 31
7. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. egvipte 36
8. uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi.
41
9.
Sumeri da babiloni
asureTi, xeTebi, urartu 44
61
10. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
erTeulebi ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSi 52
11. saxmeleTo imperia. aqemenianTa irani
(Zv.w. VI-IV ss.) 58 70
12. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. finikiuri
qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizacia 66
13. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
berZnuli polisebi, saxelmwifos
mmarTvelobis formebi 69 79
14. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. didi
berZnuli kolonizacia da misi Sedegebi 76
15. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
16.
berZen-sparselTa omebi 84
84
sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
aTenis kavSiri - pirveli sazRvao `imperiis~
Seqmnis mcdeloba 88
17. sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi.
peloponesis omi 92 92
4
18. aleqsandre makedonelis imperia, elinizmi da
elinisturi saxelmwifoebi 97
19. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSi 104
20.
97
romis warmoSoba; romauli sazogadoeba,
saxelmwifo wyoba - mefoba/respublika 109
21. romauli dapyrobebi. respublikis dacema 113
22. romi imperiis epoqaSi 120
23. romis imperia da saqarTvelo. romis urTier
112 Toba parTiasTan da sasanianTa iranTan 124
Sua saukuneebi
124 24.
romi da `barbarosuli samyaro~, cvlilebe
bi evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi 131
III
25. dasavleT romis imperiis dacema.
aRmosavleT romis imperia - bizantia 135
26.
145
qristianoba - msoflio religia.
qristianobis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba 145
27. qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi.
msoflio saeklesio krebebi da saqarTvelo 152
28. qarTli V saukuneSi. vaxtang gorgasali 158
149 29. bizantia da irani VI saukuneSi 165
30. saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi 170
31. feodalizmi evropaSi 176
32. papizmi. eklesia da Zalauflebis legitimacia 187
33. Sua saukuneebis evropis qalaqebi da
165 saqalaqo cxovreba 195
34. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi 203
35. ganaTleba da mecniereba. `universitetebis
xana~ evropaSi. ganaTleba da mecniereba
174 `oqros xanis~ saqarTveloSi 211
36. Sua saukuneebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlo
biTi organoebi 220
37. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul
samyaroSi. bizantia VII-XII saukuneebSi 225
218 38. brZola gavlenisTvis qristianul
samyaroSi Sua saukuneebSi. `imperiis
gadatana~ 231
230
5
saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi
VII-XV saukuneebSi
IV 39.
40.
arabebi da islamuri saxalifo
saxalifos kultura da socialur-
236
236
ekonomikuri ganviTareba 248
41. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi 255
42. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba da kultura VIII-IX saukuneebSi 259 249
43. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianeba 266
44. bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi 272
45. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifo 276
46. Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo 286
47. daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi 290 260
48. didgoris brZola 295
49. Tamar mefis epoqa 301
50. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba Tamar mefis epoqaSi 309 286
51. jvarosnuli epoqa 314
52. monRolTa dapyrobebi da misi Sedegebi 325
53. saqarTvelo XIII saukuneSi. monRolebi
saqarTveloSi 333
54. qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla 343 327
55. konstantinopolis dacema 349
398
69.
reJimis~ krizisi da agonia
safrangeTis didi revolucia. revoluciis
427
dasawyisi 434
70. safrangeTis didi revolucia. monarqiis
damxoba da pirveli respublika 444
411 71. industriuli revolucia 454
72.
brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg
evropasa da aRmosavleTSi 458
VI
459 73. sefianTa iranis saxelmwifo 464
74. ruseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da
reC-pospolita 468
75. petre I-is sagareo politika da reformebi 474
76. 478
475 77.
saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sah abas I-isa da misi
memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis dros 485
78. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs Soris XVII saukuneSi 493
489 79. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi 499
80. saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi 505
81. saqarTvelos urTierTobebi ruseTTan.
georgievskis traqtati 512
495
504
517
7
I uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili
sazogadoeba
26. Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi
27. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.
29 . Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac
ki dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni
sazrdo.
30. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicocxlis suli
udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase.
31. dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac gaaCina, da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo
dila _ meeqvse dRe.
9
biZgi im procesebisaTvis, rac samyaroSi ganviTarda da risi aRwerac mecniere-
bam moaxerxa, maT Soris, adamianis warmoSobisTvisac. maTTvis es rCeba rwmenis
sakiTxad, radganac ver gaizomeba mecnierisaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT.
saerTod, is dapirispireba, erTi mxriv, racionalur azrovnebas, mecnierebasa
da, meore mxriv, religias, eklesias Soris, romelic XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ar-
sebobda da evropaSi revoluciuri xanis aTeizmis erTerTi masazrdovebeli
gaxda, dRevandel civilizebul msoflioSi daZleulia da rwmena da azrovneba
aramc Tu ar uSlian xels erTmaneTs, aramed erTgvarad avseben kidec, rogorc
es, magaliTad, Tundac qristianobis gariJraJze iyo.
agreTve maTTvisac, vinc uciloblad miiCnevs RvTaebriv Semoqmedebas,
dRes mTlianad ugulebelyofili ar aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
saSualebebiT dagrovili codna. ase magaliTad, kreacionistTa calkeuli
skolis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben samyarosa da dedamiwis warmoSobas ramde-
nime miliardi wlis win, agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da, maT Soris, adamianis
garkveul evolucias.
dRes kreacionistTa mravali skola arsebobs. isini gansxvavdebian erTmane-
Tisagan met-naklebad principuli sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebiT. ase maga-
liTad, `axalgazrda dedamiwis kreacionistebi~ faqtobrivad `bibliis~ sityva-
sityviTi gagebis poziciaze dganan. maT sapirispirod, `Teisturi evoluciis~
mimdevrebi, faqtobrivad, srulad iziareben dRevandeli sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis miRwevebs da RmerTis rols samyaros Seqmnis iniciirebaSi xeda-
Tavi pirveli
ven. maT Soris aris kidev mravali Sualeduri mimdinareoba, romelic `bibliis~
calkeuli pasaJisaTvis Tu bunebis ama Tu im movlenisaTvis gansxvavebul in-
terpretacias gvTavazobs. mag., erTni Sesaqmis `erT dRes~ erT epoqad iazre-
ben, ris saSualebasac iZleva ebrauli originalis Sesabamisi sityva; meoreni
calkeuli saxeobis warmoSobas `gonivruli Canafiqris~ Sedegad warmoadgenen
da Aase Semdeg.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi am TeoriaTa miReba-gaziareba araTanabradaa gada-
nawilebuli. yvelaze meti momxre evolucionistebs – sxvadasxva gamokiTxviT,
mosaxleobis 70-80% dasavleT evropis qveynebSi hyavs. dasavlur civilizacia-
Tagan yvelaze meti dasayrdeni kreacionistul mimdinareobebs aqvs amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, im qveynebSic, sadac `biblia~ ar warmoadgens Zi-
riTad religiur wigns, agreTve vxvdebiT Widils evolucionistur Teoriasa
da adgilobrivi religiis Sesabamis kreacionistul Teoriebs Soris.
aSS didi xnis manZilze iyo am Teoriebs Soris mZafri brZolis arena, pirvel
rigSi, skolaSi maTi swavlebis gamo. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zalze
gaxmaurda e.w. `maimunis procesi~, romelzec sasamarTlo arkvevda, hqonda
Tu ara axalgazrda bunebismetyvels skolaSi darvinis moZRvrebis swavlebis
neba. arc Tu Soreul warsulSi agreTve sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani gaxda
sxvadasxva kreacionistuli moZRvrebis mecnieruloba da, Sesabamisad, misi
skolaSi swavlebis ufleba.
10
klasSi samuSao
saSinao davaleba
11
2. uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba)
pirveli `adamianebi~
leqsikoni
evoluciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, rasac
kreacionistTa zogi mimdinareobac izia- r ekosistema – cocxali orga-
homo sapiensi
homo sapiensi daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win gaCnda da daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis
win man sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo (homo sapiensis ganviTarebis
Sedegad Camoyalibebul Tanamedrove adamians homo sapiens sapiensadac moixse-
14
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba
homo sapiensi
klasSi samuSao
saSinao davaleba
15
3. socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema
pirvelyofili jogi
Tavdapirvelad adamiani mcire jogebad cxovrobda. am jogSi, iseve, rogorc
sxva cocxal arsebaTa nebismier erTad mcxovreb jgufSi, arsebobda garkveuli
socialuri organizacia, ierarqia da funqciaTa danawileba. mecnierebs ar
aqvT zusti warmodgena am urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb da maT Seswavlas sxvadasxva
saSualebiT cdiloben: dRes arsebuli primitiuli tomebis, cxovelTa, pirvel
rigSi, primatebis sociumebis, arqeologiuri masalis SeswavliT da am monace-
mTa urTierTSepirispirebiT. cxadia, ikveTeba garkveuli kanonzomierebebi,
romlebic adamianTa nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo Cans, magram agreTve
sakmao gansxvavebebic, romlebic ganpirobebulia garemo pirobebiTa Tu sxva
racionaluri an jerac amoucnobi mizezebiT.
adamianTa jogebSi maTi raodenobis zrda, iaraRis daxvewa, yoveldRiuri
saqmianobis gamravalferovneba iwvevda socialuri organizaciis, adamianebs
Soris urTierTobaTa sistemis garTulebas. ukve dmaniseli homo georgikusi,
Tavi pirveli
gvari da Temi
komunikaciis saSualebis, enis daxvewa-ganviTareba da sociumSi urTierTo-
baTa gaRrmaveba-garTuleba paraleluri procesebia, romlebsac mivyavarT
axlo naTesavTa myari gaerTianebis, gvaris warmoqmnisaken. erT teritoriaze
mcxovreb ramdenime gvars SeiZleba hqonoda erTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSirebi,
16
erToblivi interesebi: teritoriis ucxoTagan dacva, did cxovelebze erTo-
blivi nadiroba. binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlasTan erTad, izrdeba calkeul
sociums Soris mWidro TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, rogorc TavdacviTi,
aseve sameurneo mizniT. ramdenime monaTesave an mezobeli gvari qmnida Tems.
garemo pirobebisa da sxvadasxva mosazrebis gamo, Tems SeiZleboda erT mWi-
matriarqati da patriarqati
mecnierebi miiCnevdnen, rom “qalis batonobis” periodi, matriarqati kaco-
briobis ganviTarebis universaluri safexuri iyo, romelsac mosdevda aseve
universaluri safexuri “kacis batonobisa” – patriarqati. dRes es aRaraa
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli. marTalia, arsebobs calkeuli SemTxveva, sadac qa-
lis pirveloba met-naklebad dasturdeba, magram ZiriTadad sociumis lideri
kaci iyo. sxva sakiTxia, rom naTesaobis dadgena qalis xaziT ufro ioli iyo da,
Sesabamisad, pirveloba memkvidreobiT matrilinearulad, e.i. qalis meSveobiT
gadaecemoda. mamidan Svilze Zalauflebis gadacema mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda
SesaZlebeli, rac qorwinebasa da ojaxTan dakavSirebulma wesebma met-naklebad
ucilobeli gaxades mamobis dadgena.
odiTganve qalsa da kacs Soris funqciebi
danawilebuli iyo. kaci, ZiriTadad, nadirobda
da orfexa Tu oTxfexa mters igeriebda, qali ki
bavSvebs zrdida, mcenareul sakvebs agrovebda
da sxvadasxva Sinaur saqmes akeTebda.
binadar cxovrebasa da warmoebiT meurne-
obaze gadasvlasTan erTad kacma SeinarCuna
garesamyarosTan urTierTobis funqcia, xolo
meurneobaSi ZiriTadad iseT saqmes akeTebda,
rasac uxeSi fizikuri Zala metad sWirdeboda.
qali kidev ufro Caiketa saxlSi da Sinameur-
neobaSi.
soflis meurneobisa da xelosnobis dargebis
gaCenam gamoiwvia erTgvari specializacia gva-
risa Tu Temis wevrebs Soris, gaRrmavda Sromis
danawileba. Temsa da tomSi gaCnda fena, beladi
da uxucesebi, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoTavi-
sufldnen yoveldRiuri Sromisagan da sazoga-
doebis dacvisa da marTvis funqcia itvirTes. deda-RvTaeba
17
cxadia, rom Tavdapirvelad mterTan dapirispirebaSi Tu koleqtiur nadi-
robaSi Tavkacobas fizikuri ZaliTa da Wkua-gonebiT, gamocdilebiT gamor-
Ceul kacs andobdnen. qonebrivi diferenciaciis gaCenis Semdeg, mdidari da
warCinebuli gvarebi axerxebdnen Zalauflebis SedarebiT didi xniT, TaobaTa
manZilze dapatronebas, radgan maT hqondaT meti saSualeba, rom pirvelobis
pretendenti gamoewrToT da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisTvis moemzadebinaT.
TandaTanobiT xelisufleba memkvidreobiTad iqca, jer ojaxis farglebSi
gadadioda uxucesze, Semdeg ki mamidan ufros vaJze.
tomisa Tu Temis Tavkacsa da uxucesebs mravali funqcia hqondaT. garda
omSi winamZRolobisa, isini arCevdnen davebs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris,
aRasrulebdnen samarTals, maTve ekisrebodaT sxvadasxva ritualis Catareba.
18
miaCnia, rom es xdeba mxolod religiur warmodgenaTa SedarebiT gviandel
etapze, civilizaciis zRurblze. sxvani ki fiqroben, rom uZvelesi adamiani
ara mxolod icnobda am cnebas, aramed mas bevrad ufro uSualo kontaqti
hqonda RmerTTan da sulier samyarosTan, vidre es civilizaciis pirobebSia
da amis sabuTs Zvel religiur gadmocemebSi xedaven – adami da eva “bibliur”
19
damatebiTi cnoba
matriarqati
klasSi samuSao
20
4. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi
`neoliTuri revolucia~
“neoliTuri revolucia” aris erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi texili kaco-
briobis istoriaSi, rodesac adamiani nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas sakuTari
sakvebis warmoebiTa (miwismoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da binadari cxovrebiT
anacvlebs. sxvadasxva mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis kvali mecnierebs
msoflios mraval kuTxeSi aRmouCeniaT. axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebareobda
yvelaze Zveli (daaxl. 10 000 wlis winandeli) da mniSvnelovani kera, romelic
“nayofieri naxevarmTvaris” saxeliTaa cnobili.
miuxedavad saxelisa “revolucia”, rac Cven cnobierebaSi swraf da radika-
lur cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo
da aTaswleulebs moicavda.
21
Zvlis iaraRebi
revoluciis aRsaniSnavad.
mainc ram aiZula adamiani planetis sxvadasxva wertilSi sakvebis mopovebi-
dan mis warmoebaze gadasuliyo? am kiTxvaze mecnierebs ar aqvT erTi pasuxi.
Tavad gordon Caildi emxroboda `oazisis Teorias~, romlis Tanaxmadac
mSrali klimatis dasadgurebam gamoiwvia adamianebisa da cxovelebis didi
koncentracia sicocxlis momcemi wyaroebis garSemo, sadac moxda kidec cxo-
velebisa da mcenareebis moSinaureba. dRes neoliTis xanaSi amgvari klimaturi
cvlilebebi TiTqos ar dasturdeba. Tumca klimati ama Tu im formiT SeiZle-
ba am revoluciis faqtori yofiliyo. SesaZloa, gamyinvarebis Semdgom didi
cxovelebis gawyvetam aiZula adamiani, sakvebis axali wyaro eZebna. klimatis
cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli dRevandeli SiSis fonze gaCnda azri, rom neo-
liTis xanaSi stabilurma klimatma ganapiroba miwaTmoqmedebis gaCena.
mniSvnelovani faqtori unda yofiliyo demografiuli – adamianebis ricxvis
mkveTri zrda garkveul teritoriaze.
miwaTmoqmedeba SeiZleboda Casaxuliyo axlo aRmosavleTSi tavrosisa da
zagrosis mTebis nayofier ferdobebze, sadac mravlad iyo iolad moSinaure-
badi cxovelebi da mcenareebi. moSinaurebis procesi, SesaZloa, evoluciuric
(TandaTanobiTi, bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi) yofiliyo. nayofier adgileb-
Si sakvebad vargisi mcenareebis dacva da movla TandaTanobiT miwaTmoqmedebis
saxes iZenda. uZvelesi kulturuli mcenareebia xorbali da qeri. neoliTis
xanas ganekuTvneba vazis moSinaurebac. Sinauri yurZnis dReisaTvis cnobili
uZvelesi naSTebi samxreT saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili.
jer kidev mezoliTSi, daaxl. 15 aTasi wlis win unda damegobrebuliyvnen
adamiani da ZaRli – pirveli moSinaurebuli cxoveli.
22
ukanaskneli gamokvlevebis fonze ZaRlis gaCenis, anu mglis moSinaurebis
procesi mecnierebs amgvarad warmoudgeniaT:
adamianTa ricxvis zrda da met-naklebad stabiluri dasaxlebebis gaCena
gaxda nagavsayrelis warmoSobis mizezi. es ukanaskneli ki gareuli cxovele-
bisaTvis sakvebis SedarebiT iolad mopovebis saSualebas iZleoda da qmnida
23
adamianis
epoqa maxasiaTeblebi
saxeobebi
Zveli qvis xana, monadireTa da Semgrove- hominidebi: homo habilisi,
paleoliTi belTa xana. kaJisgan iaraRis homo ereqtusi, homo sapiensi.
damzadeba Sua paleoliTSi homo nean-
dertalensisi da homo sapiens
sapiensi
24
klasSi samuSao
saojaxo WurWeli
saSinao davaleba
25