ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

Tbilisi. 2011

nino silagaZe

moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da

qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

moqvis sakaTedro taZars gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi. igi mravalmxriv
gamorCeuli Zeglia – rogorc arqiteqturulikompoziciis ori-
ginalobiT, aseve istoriuli TvalsazrisiTac. Tumca moqvis ta-
Zars ar aqvs saaRmSeneblo warwera, istoriuli wyaroebis mi-
xedviT igi sakmaod zustad TariRdeba. rogorc `qarTlis cxov-
reba~ gvauwyebs, kaxeTSi laSqrobisa da kvirike II-sTan zavis da-
debis Semdeg Sin mobrunebulma afxazTa mefe leon III_m (957-
967) `aRaSena eklesia moqvisa da Seqmna saydari
saepiskoposod~. 1 leon III-is masStaburi saaRmSenoblo
moRvaweoba cdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos farglebs: 964 wels
misi da misi dis guranduxtis TaosnobiT aigo qarTuli
monumenturi arqiteqturis kidev erTi RirSesaniSnavi Zegli _
kumurdos taZari. misi mefobis dros aqtiurad mimdinareobs
umniSvnelovanesi procesi _ axali saepiskoposo kaTedrebis
daarseba, romelic kidev ufro amtkicebs dasavleT saqarTvelos
eklesiis damoukideblobas konstantinopolisagan.
yovelive es dasavleT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis tradi-
ciuli politikis gagrZelebaa. jer kidev leon II (786-798)
iRebs `afxazTa mefis~ tituls Tavisi winamorbedebisgan gans-

1 matiane qarTlisa. qarTlis cxovreba. red. s. yauxCiSvili. Tb.

1955. t. I, gv. 268-269.

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 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

xvavebiT, romlebic `mTavris~ da `patrikiosis~ ufro mokrZale-

bul titulebs atarebdnen. 2 amrigad, leon II-s mefobis period-
Si dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianebulia da damoukidebelia bi-
zantiisgan miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantielebi ar aRiareben da-
savleT saqarTvelos xelisufalT mefeebad da `arxonts~ an `eq-
sisuasts~ uwodeben maT.
aseve aqtiuria afxazTa mefeebis saeklesio politika, ro-
melic, rogorc cnoblia, mimarTulia dasavlurqarTuli ekle-
siis gaTavisuflebisaken bizantiurisagan. Tumca es procesi di-
di xania dawyebulia: jer kidev IX s-is dasawyisSi afxazTa
mTavrebi jer aerTianeben dasaleT saqarTvelos eklesias, Semdeg
ki xdeba misi gamoyofa konstantinopolos samwyosasagan. leon
II-s dros es reforma praqtikulad sruldeba da afxazTa kaTa-
likosi mcxeTis taxts eqvemdebareba `ufrosobis wesiT~. am pe-
riodis bizantiur eqtezisebSi (820/829 _ 901/907) aRaraa mox-
seniebuli aRarc erTi dasavlur qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTed-
ra. X saukuneSi arsdeba moqvis, Wyondidis, bediis kaTedrebi. 3
moqvi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, 957-967 wlebSi aigo da
Tavidanve saepiskoposo taZari iyo. igi oCamCiredan ociode km-is
daSorebiT, moqvis-wyalis da dvabis-wyalis SeerTebaze arcTu
farTo adgilas mdebareobs. mSeneblobis droindeli warwera Tu
arsebobda, araa SemorCenili, samagierod, d. baqraZes dadasture-
buli aqvs warwera, romelic gvauwyebs, rom taZari moixata im-
perator aleqsi komnenosis da afxazTa mefe daviTis dros 4 _
sainteresoa, rom zustad am TanmimdevrobiT. amasve adasturebs
konstantinopolis patriarqis dosiTeosis cnoba imis Sesaxeb,

2 `mouZlurdes berZenni, gadga maTgan erisTavi afxazTa, saxeliT

leon... romlisad mieca samkÂidrod afxazeTi. ese meore leon asu-
lis wuli iyo xazarTa mefisa, da ZaliTa maTiTa gaadga berZenTa.
daipyra afxazeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxaz-
Ta.~ matiane qarTlisa, gv. 251.
3 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. II, gv. 420-426.
4 Д. Бакрадзе. Кавказ в древних памятниках христианства. Тб.. 1875, gv. 103.

87
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

rom moqvis taZari moixata daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros.

mTeli Sua saukuneebi manZilze moqvis taZari inarCunebda
Tavis, rogorc kulturul-religiuri centris, mniSvnelobas
(sakmarisia gavixsenoT 1300 wels Seqmnili moqvis saxareba), XV
s-Si mas moqveli arqiepiskoposis grigol managaZis TaosnobiT
miuSenda samreklo. XVI-XVII ss-Si es meore saepiskoposo ka-
Tedraa Tavisi mniSvnelobiT drandas Semdeg. 5 1659 mas ewvia
konstantinopolis patriarqi, romelmac dagvitova Zvirfasi
cnobebi taZris Sesaxeb, xolo vaxuStis mixedviT, XVIII s-Si aq
isev episkoposis samyofelia, romlis samwysoSic Sedis kodoris
gaRma mosaxleoba md. RaliZgamde. 6 zustad ucnobia, rodis moi-
Sala moqvis saepiskoposo kaTedra, magram XIX s-is 30-ian wleb-
Si taZari ukve mitovebulia. 7 1838 w. aq jer kidev yofila fe-
radi marmarilos mozaikuri iataki, 1848 wels ki nageboba m.
broses ukve gapartaxebuli daxvda. d. baqraZem aseve mZime mdgo-
mareobaSi ixila taZari 1859 wels, 8 ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki
mixeil ServaSiZem ganaaxla igi da sagvareulo saZvaled aqcia.
am ukanasknelma SekeTebam sakmaod daaziana taZris pirvandeli
saxe.
moqvis taZari saqarvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis iSviaT, metic
_ unikalur arqiteqturul tips ganekuTvneba, romelic sxvadas-
xva mkvlevaris mier Sefasebulia rogorc Cawerili jvris gar-
Tulebuli varianti da rogorc e. w. xuTnaviani jvargumbaTovani
eklesia. tipologiuri definiciebis miuxedavad, taZars, marT-
lac ar moepoveba zusti paralelebi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi,
samagierod, mis rTul arqiteqturul formasTan SedarebiT ax-
5 ix. evdemon CxetiZis dros (1543-1578) moqvSi gadawerili ioane qsi-
filines cxovreba. k. kekeliZe. axlad aRmoCenili agiografiuli
Txzuleba. etiudebi, III. Tb. 1955.
6 vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. qarTlis
cxovreba. t. IV, Tb. 1979, gv. 781.
7 Д. Бакрадзе. Кавказ в древних памятниках христианства, gv. 103
8 Д. Бакрадзе. Кавказ в древних памятниках христианства, gv. 103

88
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

los mdgom Zeglebad SeiZleba dasaxeldes ramdenime magaliTi

bizantiidan, kerZod, konstantinopolidan, da Zveli ruseTidan.
Cveni naSromis SezRuduli formati amjerad ar iZleva saSuale-
bas kvleva gavafarTovoT am aspeqtiT da movicvaT sxva aRmosav-
lurqristianuli regionebis arqiteqtura, kerZod, balkaneTis
qveynebi. es momavali naSromebis Temaa. amjerad Cven ganvixilavT
moqvis taZris zogierT arqiteqturul Taviseburebas bizantiu-
ri da Zveli rusuli Zeglebis erT jgufTan momarTebaSi. esenia
kalender-jami, lipsis monastris CrdiloeTi eklesia (fenari-
isa), ana dalasinas mier agebuli eklesia qriste yovlismxedve-
lis monasterSi (eski-imareTi) konstantonopolSi, kievis, nov-
gorodis, polockis sofias taZrebi da sxv.
moqvis taZris gare masebis danawevreba sakmaod gansxvavdeba
amave epoqis sxva qarTul Zeglebisagan: arastandartulia nagebo-
bis ZiriTadi masivis da jvris mklavebis, aseve dasavleTis por-
tikis proporciuli Tanafardoba. es ukanaskneli Zalian pataraa
da Tanac or mrgval kolonas eyrdnoba. portiks kidev patara
oTxkoloniani kioski hqonda saxuravze. 9 mTlianobaSi jvris
mklavebi Zalian mciredaa daSorebuli korpusis simaRles, por-
tiki ki uwono, TiTqos saTamaSo gveCveneba, rac agreTve uCveu-
loa qarTuli Zeglebis karibWeebis arqiteqturisTvis. damaxasia-
Tebel, mxolod am ZeglisTvis Cveul siluets aniWebs nagebobas
kidev erTi momenti _ jvris mklavebis, gverdiTi navebisa da qo-
roebis gadaxurvebs Soris Zalian mcire manZili. ufro metad
TvalSisacemia es grZiv fasadebze, Tumca dasavleT da aRmosav-
leT fasadebzec ikveTeba garkveuli disonansi. sworkuTxa masebi
aq, rogorc afxazeTis sxva ZeglebSi, garTulebulia sami afsi-
diT: maTgan erTi waxnagaa, ori _ wriuli (ix. tab. 2-3). 10

9
Л. Рчеулишвили. Купольная архитектура VIII-X веков в Абхазии. Тб. 1988, gv. 49.
10SedarebisaTvis mogvyavs lixnis taZris gare masebis wyoba, rom-
lis proporciebi aseve uCveuloa saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebisa-
Tvis da amis gamo mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (mag., m. brose, p. uvaro-

89
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

taZris gare mopirkeTeba kargadaa Semonaxuli, yovel SemT-

xvevaSi, aseTi iyo im bolo periodisaTvis. risi moZiebac SevZe-
liT rusul veb-gverdebze, isaa, rom taZari 2002 wlidan funq-
cionirebs, xolo rogorc fotoebidan Cans, misi mdgomareoba
damakmayofilebeli iyo (2008-2011 wlis fotomasalis da
Google Earth-is monacemebis mixedviT)(ix. tab. 1). samwuxarod,
ukanaskneli restavraciis fotomasalebis mopoveba ver SevZeliT.
rogorc sityvieri aRweriT cnobilia, dagegmilia taZris gumba-
Tis gadakeTeba da garedan SeTeTreba.
safasado morTulobidan unda aRiniSnos sada lilvebi,
romlebic taZris sarkmlebs da gumbaTis yels Semouyveba, da
gumbaTis 12 da afsidebis 5 sarkmlis gadabmuli TavsarTebi. sam-
xreT da CrdiloeT karebs CaWrili portalebi aqvs, Tanac lu-
netebi calkea, dasavleT Sesasavlels ki maRali TaRovani mo-
CarCoeba aqvs mcenareuli ornamentiT. aqvea korinTul svetebiani
portiki. TaRis zenitSi ayvavebuli jvris gamosaxulebaa, xolo
timpanSi _ sworkuTxa CarCo (SesaZlebelia, warwerisTvis).
kidev ufro uCveuloa nagebobis gare masebisa da Sida
sivrcis urTierTmimarTeba: igi ar eqvemdebareba im koncefcias,
romelic ase tipiuria saqarTvelosTvis da romlis mixedviTac
fasadebze asaxeba interieris xasiaTi. Zeglis gare masebis mono-
liTuroba da simZime ar exameba mis Tavisufal, msubuq, naTel
Sida sivrces, romelic ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia svetebis da
maTze gadasuli TaRebis ritmiT. es ritmi grZeldeba pilastre-
biT danawevrebul bemazec. aseTive ritmuladaa agebuli gverdi-
Ti navebi (igive, Sesabamisi ritmuli monakveTebi iqmneba burje-

va da sxv.) mas bizantiur Zeglad miiCnevs da X_XI s-iT. aTariRebs,

xolo meoreni ki qarTul nimuSad miiCneven da IX_Xss-iT aTariRe-
ben. ix. Л. Рчеулишвили. Купольная архитектура VIII-X веков в Абхазии, gv. 43-
44: marTlac, lixnis taZars gamoarCevs rogorc gumbaTis da kor-
pusis `araqarTuli~ proporciebi, aseve Tavad gumbaTis Sida `nek-
nisebri~ konstruqcia, rac arcerT qarTul Zeglze ar gvxvdeba,
samagierod, xSiria Suabizantiuri xanis nagebobebSi.

90
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

biTa da TaRebiT), romlebic sruldeba afsidebiT. aq, isev tra-

diciuli gadawyvetisagan gansxvavebiT, araa izolirebuli monak-
veTebi, romlebic SeiZleboda pastoforiebad mogveCnia (ix. tab.
3). xsenebul monakveTebs arc gadakeTebis kvali etyoba, amdenad,
aqve dgeba taZris pastoforiebis problema, romelzec qvemoT
visaubrebT.
Cawerili jvris formis birTvi gafarToebulia, gaxsnilia
orsarTuliani qoroebis Tu damatebiTi navebis xarjze. es dama-
tebiTi sivrciTi sartyeli gars uvlis taZars sami mxridan: me-
same, dasavleTis mxares igi narteqsis saxiTaa gadawyvetili. igi
SedarebiT viwroa da dabalia, vidre mklavTaSorisi monakveTebi
da, amdenad, qmnis garkveul daqvemdebarebul, TiTqos SedarebiT
meorexarisxovan, elements interierSi, rac xels uwyobs swo-
red imas, rom centraluri, jvargumbaTiani birTvi ar `ikarge-
ba~, mainc ikveTeba interieris wyobaSi. SigniT qoroebis orive
sarTuli gaxsnilia TaRebis rigiT, garedan ki sami mxridan uv-
lis taZars sworkuTxa masivis saxiT. 11
meore iarusis qoroebi daunawevrebelia, erTian TiTqos ga-
lereas warmoadgens, qveda airusze ki gamoiyofa damoukidebeli
kapelebi. aqedan or-ori kidura _ dasavleT da aRmosavleT bo-
loebSi _ izolirebulia. aRmosavleTis wyvils aqvs patara af-
sidisebri niSebi konqisebri gadaxurviT da sarkmliT _ savarau-
dod, swored esaa pastoforiebi. qoroebis Sua monakveTebi taZ-
ris centralur sivrces TaRebis malebis saSualebiT ukavSirde-
ba, anu araa izolirebuli. orive sarTulze erTnairi gadawyve-
taa _ gverdiTa qoroebidan jvris mklavebSi sam-sami TaRi gamo-
dis, dasavleT nawilSi _ or-ori. dasavleTi mklavs narteqsi
erTi farTo TaRiT uerTdeba. magram sainteresoa, rom swored
aq Cans naTlad gadakeTebis kvali _ TaRebs, romlebic gadmoyva-
nilia dasavleTidan pilastrebze, aRmosavleT mxares sayrdeni

11 Л. Рчеулишвили. Купольная архитектура VIII-X веков в Абхазии, gv. 51.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

ar aqvs, amdenad isini `dakidebulia~ kamaraze. bunebrivia, Tavda-

pirvelad aq aRmosavleTis mxridanac iqneboda sayrdenebi. sava-
raudod, aqac sammagi TaRi iyo, rogorc samxreT da CrdiloeT
mklavebSi. l. rCeuliSvilis sityvebiT, taZris Seswavlis dros
ar iyo saSualeba gakeTebuliyo zondaJi meore iarusze, Tumca
aqac cxadad Cans gadakeTebis kvali. 12 narteqsis CrdiloeT mo-
nakveTSi ganlagebulia kibec romelic adis qoroebis meore ia-
rusze _ isic, rogorc Cans, araa Tavdapirveli. amdenad, Tu ga-
viTvaliswinebT am gadakeTebas, cxadi xdeba. rom narteqsis sivr-
ce ki ar gadaedineboda mklavSi, aramed sakmaod damoukidebel
elements warmoadgenda.
Cven aRar SevCerdebiT Cawerili jvris tipis am garTule-
buli variantis genezisis sakiTxze, romelic, rogorc cnobilia,
ganxiluli aqvs mraval avtoritetul mkvlevars _ g. CubinaSvi-
lis, 13 i. stJigovskis, 14 n. brunovs 15 da sxv. Cveni mizania ganvi-
xiloT qoroebis, gverdiTi navebis Tu galereebis gadawyvetis
variantebi sxvadasxva qveynis arqiteqturis magaliTze.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT msgavsi nagebobebi konstantino-
polis arqiteqturaSi. garTulebuli `Cawerili jvris~ uZveles
prototipad SeiZleba dasaxeldes e. w. axali eklesia _ nea
(880 w.). 16 es eklesia basil I-s dros aigo, Tumca misgan dRes
aRaraferia SemorCenili: osmalur xanaSi aq denTis sawyobi iyo,
romelic afeTqda da nageboba gaanadgura. aRwerilobis Tanaxmad,
es xuTgumbaTiani `Cawerili jvris~ tipis Senoba iyo, 17 romel-
mac daudo safuZveli eklesiaTa gansakuTrebul jgufs bizantia-

12 Л. Рчеулишвили. Купольная архитектура VIII-X веков в Абхазии, gv. 54.

13 Г. Чубинашвили. Цроми. М. 1988, gv. 80-84.
14 J. Strzygowski. Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa. B. I. Wien. 1918, gv. 177.
15 Н. Брунов. О некоторых связях русской архитектуры с зодчеством южных сла-

вян. Архитектурное наследство 2. 1952, gv. 23.

16 R. Krautheimer. Architettura paleocristiana e bizantina. Turin. 1986, gv. 388.
17 C. Mango. Nea Ekklesia. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford. 1991, gv. 1446.

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 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

Si, balkaneTsa da ruseTSi.

garTulebuli, e. w. xuTnaviani `Cawerili jvari~ TandaTan
wamyvan adgils ikavebs dedaqalaqis arqiteqturul skolaSi. am
tipis ZeglebSi gumbaTqveSa sivrce ormagi garSemosavleliTaa
garSemortymuli _ Sida da gare, romlebic TaRebis farTo ma-
lebiT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. aseTive TaRebia qoroebzec.
konstantinopolis erT-erTi pirveli aseTi Zeglia IX s-is
II naxevarSi agebuli kalender-jami. am nagebobis gansakuTrebuli
Tavisebureba isaa, rom mas hqonda mesame iarusi _ misi nawilebi
SemorCenilia jvris mklavebs Soris moqceul gverdiTi monakve-
Tebis Tavze, Tumca Tavdapirvelad mesame iarusi grZeldeboda
agreTve gverdiT navebzec. samive mklavi _ dasavleTi, samxreTi
da CrdiloeTi _ ixsneboda gverdiT navebSi da narteqsSi sammagi
farTo TaRiT. amrigad, gverdiTi navebi da narteqsi damatebiT
sartyels qmnida `Cawerili jvris~ formis birTvis garSemo (ix.
tab. 4).
amave jgufis CvenTvis yvelaze saintereso Zeglia lipsis
monastris CrdiloeTi eklesia, anu fenari isa, romelic 908
wels aigo, Tumca sagrZnobi cvlilebebi ganicada ukve 1282
wels, rodesac mas miuSenda amave monastris samxreTi eklesia.
amis gamo CrdiloeT eklesias moangries samxreTis gverdiTi na-
vi. Tumca arsebuli rekostruqciebis mixedviT cxadi xdeba, rom
lipsis monastris CrdiloeTi eklesia CvenTvis saintereso arqi-
teqturuli kompoziciis erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili varian-
tia: kalender-jamis masiuri, kedlebze midgmuli gumbaTqveSa
burjebis magier aq ukve saxezea Tavisufali burjebi. meore
iarusis qoroebi gars uvlida mTel nagebobas sakurTxevlis
gverdiTi saTavsebis, gverdiTi navebis da narteqsis Tavze. nar-
teqsi eklesias uerTdeboda ara sami TaRiT, aramed sami kariT,
amrigad, is ufro izolirebul sivrciT monakveTs warmoadgenda.
boloebSi narteqss aseve izolirebuli kvardatuli ujredebi

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

hqonda _ kibis koSkebi. sainteresoa am Zeglis originaluri,

oTxyura formis pastoforiebic. saerTod lipsis monastris
CrdiloeTi eklesia Sekruli, centruli Sida sivrciT gamoirCe-
va, sadac centralur birTvs ori sartyeli uvlis gars: jvris
mklavebi da maT Soris moqceuli sivrciTi monakveTebi da gver-
diTi navebi da narteqsi. am ukanasknel sartyels meore iarusic
aqvs qoroebis saxiT, sadac kidev erTi saintereso siaxlea _
izolirebuli kapelebi, rogorc moqvis taZarSi(ix. tab. 5).
xsenebuli jgufis Semdegi nimuSia eski imareTi, yofili
qriste yovlismxedvelis eklesia, XI s-is konstantinopolis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Zegli. 18 nageboba erT-erTi bor-
cvis wverze mdebareobs da oqros rqas gadahyurebs, saidanac
warmodga misi saxelwodeba. daaxloebiT 1087 wels ana dalasi-
nam, keisar aleqsi I komnenosis dedam, daaarsa aq dedaTa monas-
teri da aago es eklesia, sadac mogvianebiT Tavadac aRikveca
monazvnad saimperatoro ojaxebSi miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad. 1204
wels eklesia gadaeca benediqtel berebs, 1453 wlidan ki funq-
cionirebs rogorc meCeTi, ufro sworad iqve mdebare faTihis
didi meCeTis kompleqsis nawili (aq gaxsnes medrese da samza-
reulo, sadac mzaddeboda saWmeli RaribebisTvis _ aqedan war-
modga saxelwodebac, romelic daaxloebiT saqvelmoqmedo dawe-
sebulebas niSnavs). Zegli restavrirebulia 1970 wels.
eklesia, rogorc mravali sxva Zegli konstantinopolSi,
Zvel cisternazea agebuli, Suabizantiuri xanisTvis tipiuri
qvisa da aguris Sereuli wyobiT. magram dedaqalaqis sxva Zeg-
lebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi kramitiTaa daxuruli.
Zegls tipiuri garTulebuli “Cawerili jvaris” formis
gegma aqvs: gumbaTi, oTxi mklavi cilindruli kamarebiT, dasav-
leTiT ori koSki da eqsonarteqsi, romelic, rogorc Cans, mog-
vianebiT, paleologosTa xanaSi miuSenes originaluri portikis

18 A. Van Milligen. Byzantine Churches in Constantonople. London. 1912, gv. 214.

94
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

magier. Sida natreqsSi Sesasvleli gaformebulia sami TaRiT,

mas boloebSi naxevarwriuli niSebi aqvs. meore iarusis galerea
aqac, rogorc moqvSi, SedarebiT dabalWeriania da taZris Sida
sivrceSi sammagi TaRovani sarkmliT ixsneba. es paraduli
portiki da farTo dasavleTis qoro gamoarCevs xsenebul Zegls
lipsis monastris CrdiloeTi eklesiisgan.
galerea sami mxridan uvlis nagebobis centralur birTvs.
igi sammagi TaRebiTaa gaxsnili rogorc navSi, aseve mklavebSi. es
mwyobri samTaRiani sistema nawilobriv SemorCenilia interier-
Si. marmarilos svetebi msubuqi da wvrilia, rac damaxasiaTebel
iers aniWebs taZris Sida sivrces. rogorc Tomas meTiusi aR-
niSnavs, es galerea ana dalasinasTvis iyo gankuTvnili, 19 iseve,
rogorc bagratis taZris patronikeni gamoiyeneboda dedoflisT-
vis. isev meTiusis sityvebidan viciT,rom galereebs garedan Tav-
dapirvelad qanoba gadaxurva hqonda, 20 rogorc moqvis taZarSi.
savaraudod, is damaxasiaTebeli silueti, romelic aqvs moqvs,
aqac saxeze iyo, Tumca amJamad es daqanebuli saxuravi Secvli-
lia kramitis gadaxurviT, romelic rbilad miuyveba kamaris mrud-
xazovan formas, ramac erTgvarad Secvala Zeglis gare arqiteq-
turuli saxe. aqac, konstantinopolis sxva `xuTnaviani~ Zegle-
bis msgavsad, gverdiT navebs xis gadaxurva hqonda (ix. tab. 6).
dasavleTidan miSenebuli narteqsi sakmaod izolirebul
sivrciT monakveTad aRiqmeba. isic, lipsis monastris eklesiis
msgavsad, ori koSkiTaa flankirebuli, rac Zalze mogvagonebs
evropul vestverks. ufro sworad, savaraudoa, rom paraduli
vestverkis da samportaliani Sesasvlelis idea swored bizan-
tiidan gavrcelda dasavleT evropaSi.
mogvianebiT, XII s-Si, Cndeba Sebrunebuli tendencia _ cen-

19 T. F. Mathews. The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: a Photographic Survey. Penn-

sylvania University Press. 1976, gv. 59.
20 T. F. Mathews. The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul.., gv. 59.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

traluri birTvi maqsimalurad izolirdes gverdiTi, damatebiTi

navebisgan. konstantinopolis skolaSi SeiniSneba igive tenden-
cia, rac qarTul arqiteqturaSi _ patara, kompaqturi taZris,
intimuri Sida sivrcis Seqmnis survili. xSirad es gverdiTi na-
vebi saerTod gamoyofilia Senobidan da portikebis saxes iRebs.
vfiqrobT, am zogadi tenedenciiT aixseba swored is faqtic,
rom saqarTveloSic moqvis taZris sqema pirdapiri saxiT meti
aRar ganmeorebula.
ukve XII s-is II naxevaSi agebul mola-giuraniSi gverdiTi
navebi yru kedlebiTaa izolirebilia centraluri jvargumbaTia-
ni sivrcidan da Ria portikebis saxiT Senobis gareTaa gatani-
li. samagierod, portikebi farTo sammagi TaRiT ixsneba gareT.
amrigad, gverdiTi navebi damatebiT galereebad iqca, ramac sru-
liad Secvala nagebobis mxatvruli saxe.
konstantinopolis “xuTnavian” Tu garTulebul jvargumba-
Tian taZrebze saubrisas daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom es
Zeglebi Tavisi daniSnulebiT erTgvari paraduli stilis nage-
bobebia, romlebic gankuTvnilia imperiis metropolisis mkvidr-
TaTvis, saimperatoro ojaxebis wevrebiTvis, sazeimo liturgie-
bisTvis da sxv. Tavisi rTuli arqiteqturuli tipiT, formaTa
diferenciaciiT isini saukeTesod pasuxobs am moTxovnas. sul
sxva situaciaa imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi, sadac aseTi
sazeimo, naTeli, rTuli interierebis moTxovna araa da, buneb-
rivicaa, rom aq iSviaTad gvxvdeba `xuTnaviani,~ rTuli `Caweri-
li jvris~ tipis kompozicia. erT-erTi aseTi iSviaTi gamonakli-
sia maiarfakines eklesia mesopotamiaSi (IX s.). es nageboba for-
malurad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `xuTanaviani~ tipis taZrebs,
Tumca konstantinopolis eklesiebisgan gansxvavebiT, es ufro
mkacri, martivi, monoliTuri nagebobaa(ix. tab. 7).
`Cawerili jvris~ gegmis garSemo mocemuli gverdiTi nave-
bis, damatebiT galereebze Tu qoroebze saubrisas ar SeiZleba

96
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

ar vaxsenoT am arqiteqturuli formis erT-erTi yvelaze masS-

taburi da Camoyalibebuli magaliTebi: esaa Zveli rusuli xu-
roTmoZRvrebis nimuSebi _ kievis, novgorodis, polockis taZre-
bi (ix. tab. 8).
pirvel rigSi kievis sofias SevexebiT. sainteresia, rom am
TiTqos yovelmxriv Seswavlili Zeglis daTariReba dRemde sada-
vo sakiTxia. miRebul TariRs _ mSeneblobis dawyebas 1036 wels
_ bevri mecnieri ayenebs eWvqveS. aris azri, rom Zegli jer ki-
dev vladimiris dros aigo, iaroslavis dros ki dasrulda, ga-
keTda mozaikebi da sxv. aseve bolomde gaurkvevelia, romeli ek-
lesia iyo kievis mitropolitebis kaTedraluri taZari _ sofia
Tu e. w. Десятинная. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom ar aris erTiani
azri galereebis mSeneblobis TariRTan dakavSirebiTac: arsebobs
varaudi, rom taZari erTianad aigo, 21 da varaudi, rom galeree-
bi da koSkebi korpuss XI s-is bolos an XII s-is I naxevarSi
miuSenda. taZari berZeni ostatebis mieraa agebuli konstantino-
polSi arsebuli nimuSebis mixedviT: aq saxezea rogorc Suabi-
zantiur xanisTvis tipiuri gegma, aseve samSeneblo teqnika.
dasavleTidan taZars ebjineba ori kibis koSki, saidanac
asasvlelia mowyobili qoroebze. aqac, rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi,
qoroebi gankuTvnilia didi mTavrisa da misi ojaxis wevrebisT-
vis. Tumca kievis sofias aqvs erTi saintereso niSani _ rogorc
amas mravali mkvlevari aRniSnavs, qoroebzeve imarTeboda arare-
ligiuri ceremoniebic, magaliTad, elCebis miReba, rac, ra Tqma
unda, ar iyo praqtikaSi arc bizantiaSi da arc saqarTveloSi.
aqve iyo skriptoriumi da biblioTekac. rom es marTalac ase
iyo, amas adasturebs is saero xasiaTis mozaikebic, romlebic
qoroebSia SemorCenili: olgas viziti konstantinopolSi, kons-
tantinopolis ipodromi, musikosebi, akrobatebi, nadirobis sce-

21П. Раппопорт. Русская архитектура X-XIII вв. Каталог памятников. Л. 1982, gv.
13.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

nebi da sxv (ix. tab. 8-9).

taZari mravljeraa gadakeTebuli. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda
igi 1240 wels baTo yaenis Semosevisas, ramdenjerme gadaiwva,
XVII s-Si ki is gadaakeTes e. w. ukrainuli barokos stilSi _
SeaTeTres, xaxvisebri gumbaTebi daadges da sxv. holandieli
mxatvris abraham van versterfelidis naxatebze Zegli am bolo
rekonstruqciamdeli saxiT warmogvidgeba. sabednierod, interie-
ri naklebadaa Secvlili. oriarusiani galerea aqac gars uvlis
centralur birTvs sami mxridan. kidev erTi erTiarusiani gale-
rea uvlida taZars garedan. XVII s-Si am ukanasknels kidev er-
Ti iarusi da gumbaTebi daadges.
xuTnaviani gegma aq gansakuTrebiT kargadaa gamovlenili eq-
sterierSi _ yvela navi aRmosavleTiT Tavdeba afsidiT. kievis
sofias taZari yvelaze rTul struqturas warmogvidgens im
ZeglebTan SedarebiT, romlebic aqamde ganvixileT: is ufro mas-
Staburicaa da metadaa diferencirebuli, vidre qarTuli Tu bi-
zantiuri Zeglebi. eqsterierSic igi erTiani monoliTis STabeW-
dilebas ki ar axdens, aramed garkveuli aglomeraciis (calkeu-
li masivebis, gumbaTebis da sxv.). Sida birTvis xuTi navis gar-
da, taZars aqvs kidev erTi Ria galerea, romelic moedanze ga-
modis. interieric aseve dayofilia calkeul damoukidebel siv-
rciT elementebad: aq araa erTiani, Tavisufali sivrce, rogorc
moqvSi. zogjer es monakveTebi garkveul jgufebs qmnian _ maga-
liTad, qoroebze oTxi gumbaTi dajgufebulia erTi burjis
garSemo ise, rom oTxgumbaTiani darbazi gamodis(ix. tab. 9).
amasTan, aSkaraa saero arqiteqturis elementebi taZris struq-
turaSi: magaliTad, es oTxgumbaTiani darbazi sasaxlis arqiteq-
turas mogvagonebs, igi TiTqos taZrisgan damoukidebeli elemen-
tia. amasve mowmobs saero xasiaTis mozaikebi qoroebze da koS-
kebSi: amdenad, xsenebuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT kidev
ufro cxadi xdeba kievis sofias taZris qoroebis funqcia.

98
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

novgorodis wm. sofias taZari (1045-152) garTulebuli

anu xuTnaviani “Caxazuli jvris” arqiteqturuli tipis kidev
erTi SesaniSnavi nimuSia. kievis sofiasgan gansxvavebiT, am Zegls
sami afsidi aqvs, amdenad, gegmaSi kidev ufro TvalsaCinodaa ga-
mokveTili centraluri jvargumbaTiani birTvi da mis garSemo
ganlagebuli orsarTuliani galereebi. galereebi sakmaod far-
Toa _ daaxloebiT 7,5-8 m. aqac, rogorc kievis sofias SemTxve-
vaSi, sakamaToa am galereebis mSeneblobis TariRi, magram, sava-
raudod, isini TiTqmis taZris Tanadroulia. avtorTa umetesoba
ar ayenebs eWvqveS `xuTnaviani~ gegmis arsebobas Tavidanve,
mSeneblobis pirvelive etapebze. 22 Tumca Tavad am galereebis
Tavdapirveli saxe n. brunovs sami portikis formiT hqonda
warmodgenili (dasavleTidan, CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan). 23
aris mosazrebac, rom es galereebi Tavdapirvelad Ria iyo, aseve
hipoTezac, rom isini arkbutanebis rigs warmoadgenda maTze ga-
dayvanili cilindruli kamarebiT, Tanac mogvianebiT, XII s-Si
aigo. 24 ufro misaRebia azri, rom es galereebi Tavidanve orsar-
Tuliani da orive sarTulze daxuruli iyo (ix. tab. 10). inte-
rierSi amJamad galereebi centralur sivrces ormagi TaRiT
uerTdeba, rac gviani gadakeTebis Sedegia, Tavdapirvelad ki aq
iseve, rogorc bizantiur ZeglebSi da kievis sofias taZarSi,
sammagi TaRi iyo. 25
amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli jgufis Zeglebis magaliTze
vcadeT dagvexasiaTebina gverdiTi galereebis da qoroebis arqi-
teqturuli formebi da funqcia. savaraudod SeiZleba iTqvas,

22 Н. Брунов. Очерки по истории русской архитектуры. т. I. М-Л. 1935, gv. 523,

naxati 352.
23 Н. Брунов. О последних исследованиях архитектуры собора Софии в Новгоро-

де. т. I. М. 1946.
24 М. Каргер. Новгород Великий. М.1946, gv. 17-18.
25 Г. Штендер. К вопросу о галереях Софии Новгородской (по материалам архео-

логического исследования северо-западной части здания) OCR. Реставрация и

исследования памятников культуры. М. 1982. вып. 2, gv. 6 - 27.

99
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

rom, yovel SemTxvevaSi zogierT ZeglSi (mag., kievis sofias ta-

Zari, ana dalasinas mier agebuli eklesia da sxv.) qoroebi da
galereebi privilegirebuli pirebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. msgav-
si faqtebi dafiqsirebulia agreTve qarTul sinamdvileSi, Tumca
saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, meore iarusis qoroebsa da galere-
ebs arasdros ar hqonda ase mkafiod Camoyalibebuli funqcia.
zogadad sazogadoebis socialuri diferenciacia maincdamainc
mkafiod ar aisaxeba qarTuli taZrebis arqiteqturul formebSi.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv moqvis taZarsa da mis qoroebs, radganac
Cven ar mogvepoveba pirdapiri istoriuli monacemebi maTi daniS-
nulebis Sesaxeb, mxolod analogiebis mixedviT SegviZlia gamov-
TqvaT garkveuli varaudi: maTi funqcia, SesaZloa, axlos iyo
Tanadrouli konstantinopolis Tu kievis ruseTis taZrebis ga-
lereebisa.

100
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

tabula 1

moqvis taZari 2008-2010 ww.

101
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

tabula 2

moqvis taZari moqvis taZari

aRmosavleTi fasadi CrdiloeTi fasadi
l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT

moqvis taZari. Wrili samxreTze l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT

102
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

tabula 3

lixnis taZari
l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT

moqvis taZari
pirveli sarTulis gegma
l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT

moqvis taZari
meore sarTulis gegma
l. rCeuliSvilis mixedviT

103
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

tabula 4

kalender-jami. Tavdapirveli gegmis rekonstruqcia

104
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

tabula 5

lipsis monastris CrdiloeTi eklesia

Tavdapirveli gegmis rekonstruqcia
d. talbot-raisis mixedviT

105
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

tabula 6

eski imareTi, Tavdapirveli

gegmis rekonstruqcia

qoros TaRedi

106
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

tabula 7

maiarfakine, gegma

107
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

tabula 8

novgorodis, polockis da kievis taZrebis gegmebi

kievis sofias taZris rekonstruqcia g. Stenderis mixedviT

108
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

tabula 9

kievis sofias taZari kievis sofias taZari

rekonstruqcia aqsonometriuli Wrili
g. Stenderis mixedviT

kievis sofias taZris meore sarTulis gegma

109
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

tabula 10

novgorodis sofias taZari. novgorodis sofias taZari.

rekonstruqcia rekonstruqcia erTiarusiani
oriarusiani galereebiT galereebiT
n. travinis da r. kancel- k. afanasievis mixedviT
sonis mixedviT

novgorodis sofias taZari, Wrili CrdiloeTze

110
 nino silagaZe. moqvis taZris gverdiTi navebis da
qoroebis arqiteqturuli formis sakiTxisaTvis

Nino Silagadze

TOWARDS QUESTION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL FORMS OF

MOKVI CHURCH AISLES AND GALLERY

Summary

Mokvi Church in Georgia is very special monument for its origi-

nal architectural forms, and also – from the point of view of history. Built
in 957 - 967 as a seat for a bishop, it maintained its cultural and religious
significance through the Middle Ages. ex. Mokvi Gospel dates itself to
1300. The church is also famous because of visit of the Patriarch of Con-
stantinople in 1659; he left prominent information about it. According to
Vakhushti, the 18th c. Georgian historian and geographer, the church was
still the center of Trans-Codori (river in the Western Georgia) Bishoprics
by his times. But by the thirtieth of the 19th c. the church is already aban-
doned.
Complicated variation of “Cross-in-Square”, and five-nave cross-
cupola church – these are the labels for architectural type of the church,
quite rare in Georgia. Having no direct parallels in Georgia, it is mirrored
in Constantinople and Russia of the Middle Ages.
Next step of research could be broader comparative study includ-
ing the Balkans. But now Mokvi Church architectural pecularities are
studied in relation with certain group of the monuments. They are as fol-
lows: Nea, Kalender Camii, Northern Church of Lips Monastery (Fenari
Isa Camii), Eski Imaret Camii (Anna Dalassena Church) in Constanti-
nople, St. Sophia Churches in Kiev, Novgorod, Polotsk, etc.

111