sarCevi

naira bepievi
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konis~ osi gadamwerni

TinaTin bolqvaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sulxan-sabas leqsikonis semiozisi

SoTa bostanaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sabalogia

levan bregaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
tradiciuli fabula _ axali Sinaarsi

giorgi gaCeCilaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sulxan saba orbeliani, rogorc qarTuli barokos enciklopedia

qeTevan elaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
simboluri Tvalsawieri da sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~ anu
`sityvis kona~

vaJa kiknaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
axali Srtixebi saqarTvelosa da evropis urTierTobis istoriidan XIII-XIV
saukuneebSi

goCa kuWuxiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
arabulidan momdinare sityvebi da sulxan-sabas leqsikoni

malxaz macaberiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis evropeizacia

darejan menabde
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sulxan-saba orbeliani frangul enaze

nana mrevliSvili
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
gramatikuli sqesis sakiTxi sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi

irina nacvliSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sulxan-saba orbeliani Tanamedrove qarTul skolaSi

murman papaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
saqarTvelos orientacia dasavleT evropaze da sulxan- saba orbeliani

nino popiaSvili

1
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
ganmanaTlebloba da sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~

nestan ratiani
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
erTi botanikuri terminis gamo

marine turaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
sulxan-saba orbeliani da qarTuli folklori

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
fantastikuri zRapris funqciuri mravalferovneba `sibrZne sicruisaSi~

merab RaRaniZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
`samoTxis karis~ redaqciaTa gamo

medea Rlonti
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
uflis igavTa Txrobis saxarebiseuli wesisaTvis `sibrZne sicruisaSi~

eka CikvaiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
ca, cani caTani da varskvlavTa sistema (kosmografiuli suraTi) sulxan-
sabasTan da misi urTierTmimarTeba ioane damaskelis `gardamocemasTan~

lia wereTeli
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
mefeTa Sesamoseli da misi simbolika sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~

dodo WumburiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
qarTlis samefos urTierToba ruseTTan XVIIIs.-i s I meoTxedSi da sulxan–
saba orbeliani

maia jaliaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
`sibrZne sicruisas~ naratiuli mravalferovneba

oTar janeliZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
dasavleTis faqtori XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTveloSi da sulxan-
saba orbelianis ` mogzauroba evropaSi~

paata jafariZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi
`qilila da damana~ burzoedan sulxan-sabamde

2
naira bepievi
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konis~

osi gadamwerni
sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmedeba mravalmxrivi da farToa. mraval Janrs
Soris udavod gamorCeulia sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikoni „sityvis kona“,
romelic Rrma analizisa da enciklopediuri dakvirveba-ganmartebebis Sedegia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `sityvis kona~ imTaviTve iqca sazogadoebis interesis sagnad.
rogorc cnobilia, vaxtang VI-m sulxanis xelidan gamosul leqsikons siyvaruliT
uwoda `sityvis kona~. daintereseba imdenad didi iyo, rom maleve aucilebeli
gamxdara misi gadawera.
sainteresoa, rom `sityvis kona~ gadauweria erovnebiT os gadamwers
(gadamwerebs). prof. al. Rlontis cnobiT, sulxan-saba orbelianis 1760 wlis erT
nusxaze miTiTebulia, rom leqsikonis pirveli gadamweri yofila gvriviZe baxTa,
yofili bagrati. `leqsikonisa amisa pirvelad gadmomwereli osis Svili gvriviZe
baxTa yofili, bagrat, gevedrebi mxurvaliTa guliTa ufalno: ukeTu SecTomili rame
ixiloT, nu mwyevT, da ukeTu Tqvenda arsad dasaklisi iyos, Semdgomis wyalobas
viTxov~.
saanderZo leqsSi ki vkiTxulobT:

mamaman paxum aRmzarda, suliT ars ganaTlulia,

osni miwoden baxTasa, bagrat var monaTlulia,
bazazaSvili, gvriviZe sofliT var qurTaulia,
wigni da kiTxva maswavla, wera Tan SenarTulia.
leqsikons xelvyav aRwerad, eniT ars es qarTulia,
amas vSromobdi viRvwodi, mdioda Tvalsa lulia,
ra srulvyav ese davide TaviTa sarTaulia,
nu mwyevT, mkiTxvelno amisno, Tuc naxoT umarTulia~.
(Rlonti 1955, gv. 130-131).

bagrat (baxTa) gvriviZe dabadebuli da aRzrdili yofila qarTlSi, mas kargad

scodnia qarTuli mwignobroba. misi gvarisa da warmomavlobis Sesaxeb azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa. n. Zasoxovs miaCnia, rom es aris bazazaSvili _ bazizaTi (`lit.
saqarTvelo~, 1967, agvisto).
prof. t. gurievis azriT ki, gvriviZe gvarad gurievi unda yofiliyo. aq saqme
gvaqvs fonetikur SecdomasTan. osurSi у da уы kompleqsi zogjer в _ asoTi
gadmoicema. aman ganapiroba gvaris ZirSi v-s gaCena da nacvlad gur- Zirisa, miviReT
gvr-Ziri, rac Secdomad miaCnia mkvlevars. xolo misi saxeli, mkvlevaris azriT, aris
baxta/bagrat/pankrat. mamis saxeli baziza. mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom es aris erT-erTi
im or mcirewlovan os mowafeTagan, romlebic arqimandrit paxoms aRuzrdia da
romelTaTvisac Tavisi xarjiT uswavlebia (gurievi 2005: 40-40; 11-12, g.-vi 1997: 44-46).
rogorc istoriuli dokumentebidan irkveva, arqimandriti paxomi XIII saukunis
Sua wlebidan rusuli eklesiis samsaxerSi gadauyvaniaT. bunebrivia, misi aRzrdilic
masTan erTadaa da swored maSin moxdeboda misi saxelis cvlileba bagrat/pankrat,
rogorc is moixsenieba. Secvlili Cans gvaric. prof. t. gurievi fiqrobs, rom bagrat
gurievi da pankrat paxomovi erTi da igive pirovnebaa (gurievi 2005: 45).
Cven ar viciT, Tu sad gadawera es wigni kaligrafma, magram erT-erTi
dokumentidan irkveva, rom is gadamwers mudmivad Tan hqonia. umTavresi ki isaa, rom
`sityvis konis~ pirveli osi gadamweri Tavis droze didad ganaTlebuli pirovneba
yofila. mas kargi aRzrda miuRia da Tavisi wvlili Seutania osuri wignebis Targmnis
saqmeSic. is cnobilia aseve, rogorc leqsTa avtori.
sulxan-sabas `sityvis kona~ gadauweria ioane ialRuziZes (gabaraevs). akad. g.
axvledianisa da akad. a. SaniZis cnobiT, osma mweralma ioane ialRuziZem, poema
`ialRuzianis~ avtorma, Tavisi moRvaweoba qarTuli wignebis gadaweriT daiwyo. ioane
ialRuziZes gadauweria SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ (romelic a. xaxanaSvilis
cnobiT, inaxeba parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSi), xolo sulxan-saba orbelianis
`sityvis kona~ gadauweria oTxjer (1807 wels gadauweria TavisTvis, 1808 wels,

3
garkveuli CamatebebiT, qeTevan wereTlis asulisaTvis, gadauweria 1812 welsac,
xolo pirveli nusxa, uTariRo da anderZdakarguli, ar Cans romel welsaa
gadawerili. ioanes sxva wignebic gadauweria (`davriSiani~, `miriani~, Teimuraz II-is
`sarke TqmulTa~ da sxv.).
ioane ialRuziZe dabadebula 1775 wels javis raionSi. igi mefe erekles karze
izrdeboda da ganaTlebac aqve miuRia. TviTon i. ialRuziZe gadmogvcems: mefe
ereklem `brZana micema Cemi mamisa arximandritisadmi naTlis mcemlis monastrisa,
saswavleblad kiTxvisa saeklesioTa wignTasa qarTulsa enasa zeda, romlisadmi
ganviswavlneca masTana~ (saq. centr. arqivi, f. 488, saqme 488, gv. 109).
Semdeg mis ganaTlebaze ukve daviT garejis monasterSi uzruniaT. mas daviT
garejis monasterSi mRvdel ioane qarumiZis daxmarebiT Seuswavlia filosofia da
qarTuli mwignobroba.
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg ioane ialRuziZe miuwveviaT rogorc
wignTa mcodne moxele. mas avalebdnen sxvadasxva dokumentTa Targmnas, Tarjimnobas
da rogorc saqmis keTilsindisierad Semsrulebeli, igi oqros medliT
daujildoebiaT (Tedeevi 1985: gv.5).
1820 wlidan ioane ialRuziZe muSaobda Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi
qarTuli da osuri enebis maswavleblad.
ioane ialRuziZem qarTuli grafikis safuZvelze Seqmna osuri anbani, es anbani
daibeWda q. TbilisSi 1821 wels. es qarTul-osuri wignia, xucuri SriftiT dabeWdili.
masve uTargmnia saeklesio Txzulebani qarTuli enidan, aRsaniSnavia, rom manve
Targmna qarTuli enidan oTxTavi.
ioane ialRuziZes qarTul literaturaSi icnoben rogorc poets. mas dauweria
poema `alRuziani~ . karga xans am poemis avtori ucnobi iyo. poemis avtori rom ioane
ialRuziZea, es akad. k. kekeliZem daadgina (kekeliZe 1926: 246). (qarTulidan osur
enaze am poemis Targmani ekuTvnis giorgi besTauTs). igi qarTul enaze werda
leqsebsac. mas leqsi miuZRvnia qeTevan wereTlis asulisadmi (ruxaZe 1939: 45).
ioane ialRuziZe cnobilia rogorc mTargmneli. pirveli misi xelnaweri es aris
sofel vanaTSi sasamarTlos dawesebis Sesaxeb (axvlediani 19: gv. 91-106). es teqsti
sam enazea Sedgenili (qarTul, rusul da osur enebze). osuri teqsti qarTuli
asoebiTaa dawerili. 1820-24 wlebSi daibeWda ioane ialRuziZis mier Targmnili
saeklesio wignebi: locvani (saciskroni da samwuxroni, katexizmosi da mokle
qristianebri zneobiTi swavla). daibeWda TbilisSi 1820w. saRmrTo liturRia _
daibeWda TbilisSi 1821 wels. gamokrebili kurTxevani (wesi wmidisa naTlisRebisa),
windobisa, qorwinebisa da daflvisa _ daibeWda moskovSi 1824 wels.
yvela CamoTvlili wigni orenovania, qarTul-osuri. dabeWdilia qarTuli
(xucuri) asoebiT.
ioane ialRuziZes uTargmnia qarTulidan osurad oTxTavi, romelic daculia
sami xelnaweris saxiT. es xelnawerebi daculia TbilisSi (pirveli varianti),
peterburgsa (Casworebuli) da moskovSi (sastambod gamzadebuli) ( Tedeevi 1985: gv.
9).
ioane ialRuziZe gardacvlila 1830 wels, 5 agvistos, TbilisSi qoleris
epidemiis dros.
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konis~ osi gadamwerebis moRvaweoba udavod
adasturebs, rom osi erovnebis mwignobrebi aramxolod Targmnidnen qarTuli enidan
osurze da piriqiT, aramed isini xels uwyobdnen qarTuli mwignobrobis gavrceleba-
ganviTarebas. rac mezobel xalxTa Soris kulturuli kavSirebis ganmtkicebis erT-
erTi gza iyo.

damowmebani:

arqivi: saq. centr. arqivi, f. 488, saqme 488, gv. 109.

axvlediani 1960: Ахвледиани Г. Сборник избранных работ по осетинскому языку. Тб.: 1960.
gurievi 1997: Алманах «Горный ветер». Владикавказ: 1997.
gurievi 2005: Алманах «Горный ветер». 8. Владикавказ: 2005.
Tedeevi 1985: Tedeevi o. pirveli qarTuli xelnawerebis ena. Tb.: 1985.
kekeliZe 1926: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II, Tb.: 1926.
lit. saqarTvelo 1967: `lit. saqarTvelo~, agvisto, 1967.
ruxaZe 1939: ruxaZe t. qarTuli eposi gardamavali xanis literaturaSi”. Tb.: 1939.
Rlonti 1955: Rlonti al. narkvevebi. staliniri: 1955.

4
TinaTin bolqvaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

sulxan-sabas leqsikonis semiozisi

enobrivi dagegmvis umTavresi mizania gavlenis moxdena oficialur stilze mis

werilobiT formaSi cvlilebis SetaniT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, enobrivi dagegmvis
mizani standartizaciaa. igi saliteraturo enis umTavresi atributia, rac niSnavs am
enis iseTi kodificirebuli normebis arsebobas, romelic aRiarebulia enobrivi
koleqtivis mier da gamodis arbitris rolSi. swored es mizani hqonda sulxan-saba
orbelians, roca leqsikons qmnida.
swored enis waxdenis Sesakaveblad, erTi mxriT, da misi mdidari maragis
marTebuli codnisa da gamoyenebis mizniT, meore mxriT, miuyvia xeli sabas `qarTuli
leqsikonis~ SedgenisaTvis. magram rogorc `anderZnamagSi~ mocemuli cnobebi
cxadyofen, es mxolod sulxan-sabas survili rodi iyo. leqsikoni imdroindeli
samefo karis enobrivi politikis Sedegia.
leqsikonis bolo redaqciis erT-erTi nusxis zogi minaweris xasiaTi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom maTi avtori leqsikonis kritikuli TvaliT wamkiTxveli vaxtang
mefe unda iyos. igi sabas mier auxsnel sityvebs ganmartavs, zogs urTavs axal
mniSvnelobas da iZleva damatebiT axsnasac, rasac axali wyaroTi amagrebs. roca
leqsikonSi mocemuli ganmartebebi mwignobar mefes ar akmayofilebs, avsebs da
amartivebs maT. zogierT sityvas urTavs SeniSvnas aRmosavluri warmoSobis gamo da
ganmartebasac uwers. vaxtangi zogjer ekamaTeba sabas, orbeliani ki mefis yvela
masalas erTgvarad ar eqceva. vaxtang VI ara marto kiTxulobda da Tavisi
Sexedulebisamebr asworebda `sityvis konas~, aramed am leqsikonis gadamweradac
gvevlineba.
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis avtoritetulobas ganapirobebs is faqti,
rom man enis kodificirebis principad efeqturobisa da adekvaturobis kriteriumebi
airCia. efeqturia is forma, romelic advilad Seiswavleba da advilad gamoiyeneba.
xolo adekvaturoba aris enis unari, daakmayofilos masze molaparake koleqtivis
moTxovnebi. `qarTul leqsikonSi~ asormocze meti wyaroa dasaxelebuli, maT Sorisaa
rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni literatura. orbeliani `anderZnamagSi~
xazgasmiT wers: `saadvilo vpove da saadviloni aRvwere~, an kidev: `sacilobeli ar
davwere~.
literaturuli tradicia qmnis sakuTar kods, romelsac SeuZlia gavlena
moaxdinos enobrivi koleqtivis metyvelebaze. amitom sulxan-saba sityvas Zveli
werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT ganmartavs da es ganmarteba yovelTvis martivi da
gasagebia, rac mkiTxvels misi mSobliuri enis homogenurobaSi arwmunebs. swored amas
daayrdno orbelianma enobrivi dagegmvis umTavresi mizani - erTi enobrivi
koleqtivis wevrebs Soris komunikaciis ganxorcieleba da amiTve moaxdina gavlena
maT arCevanze.
sagulisxmoa erTi momenti. sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi qarTuli enis monaTesave
enebis masalac gvxvdeba. marTalia, im dros enaTa genealogiuri klasifikaciis
principebisTvis lingvisturi azri jer kidev arc erT qveyanaSi ar iyo momwifebuli
da orbelianic, mravalTa msgavsad, magaliTad, megruls "mrud qarTulad" miiCnevs,
magram imdenad Zlieria sakuTriv qarTulisa da megrul-Wanuris siaxlovis, maTi
erTianobis SegrZneba da Tavad `sityvis konis~ saswavlo-praqtikuli daniSnuleba,
rom sxva qarTvelur enaTa masalac bunebrivad xvdeba leqsikografis TvalTaxedvis
areSi.
enis referenciuli Zalis kvleva gulisxmobs imis garkvevas, ratom da ramdenad
monawileobs ena sagnobrivi cnobierebisa da kulturis agebaSi. enis referenciuli
funqciis saSualebiT ixsneba ara mxolod komunikaciisa da saganTa aRniSvnis faqti,
aramed enis monawileoba sagnobrivi cnobierebis Seqmnasa da kulturis agebaSi,
romlis rezonansuli efeqti enaze daSenebul, e.w. meoreul niSanTa sistemebSi
dasturdeba.
metalingvisturi funqcia orientirebulia komunikaciis aqtis sayrden
faqtorze - kodze. SeiZleba iTqvas, es aris ganmartebiTi, axsniTi funqcia.

5
metalingvisturi funqciis yvelaze aSkara gamoxatulebaa ganmartebiTi (erTenovani)
leqsikoni, radgan masSi erTi enis niSani / elementi ixsneba, ganimarteba amave
sistemis (enis) sxva elementebiT.
anbanze dalagebuli enobrivi niSnebiT ganmartebiT leqsikonSi aisaxeba ama Tu
im enis mier danawevrebuli garesamyaro (referencia), xolo maTze darTuli
ganmartebebi (amave sistemis sxva elementebiT gadmocemuli igive Sinaarsi -
metalingvisturi funqcia) aris niSnebze dakvirveba, riTac sulxan-saba orbeliani
cdilobs, mivides saganTa arsamde.
`sityvis kona~, rogorc saerTod yvela ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, asaxavs
semioziss anu iseT process, romelSic leqsema funqcionirebs rogorc niSani. am
procesSi gamoiyofa ramdenime faqtori:
1. niSani,
2. is, razec niSani miuTiTebs,
3. interpretatori - enobriv niSanTa sistemis momxmareblebi, farTo gagebiT,
enobrivi koleqtivi,
4. zemoqmedeba anu interpretanta - mosalodneli reaqcia, romelic SeiZleba
mohyves niSans,
5. konteqsti, romelSic gvxvdeba niSani.

imaze dakvirvebiT, ras miiCnevs sulxan-saba orbeliani enobriv niSnad, rogor

alagebs da ganmartavs maT, SeiZleba warmodgena SeviqmnaT imis Sesaxeb, "leqsikoni
qarTuli" ramdenad asaxavs qarTuli enobrivi sistemis semantikur, sintaqtikur da
pragmatul wesebs.
semantikuri kvleva gulisxmobs sityvis mniSvnelobis Semqmneli elementaruli
Sinaarsebis gamovlenas. sityva unda daiSalos elementarul Sinaarsebad, romelTa
kombinacia sityvis mniSvnelobas gvaZlevs. a. veJbickam SeimuSava agreT wodebuli
`bunebrivi semantikuri metaena~, romelsac qmnis elementaruli Sinaarsebi. maTi
verbalizeba xdeba nebismier bunebriv enaSi.
sulxan-saba orbeliani sityvaTa ganmartebisas yvelaze xSirad taqsonomiisa da
cnebis (mTelis) saxeebad (nawilebad) dayofis princips iyenebs. koncepti `saxe, tipi~
adamianuri kategorizaciis safuZvelia. lingvisturi kvlevebi adasturebs, rom saxe
(saxeebi) leqsikuri universaliaa. yvelaze xSirad aseTi kiTxvebi Cndeba: `X -is saxea?~
an `-is ramdeni saxe arsebobs?~.
adamianis winaSe yovelTvis idga garesamyarosa da sakuTari grZnobebis
sistematizaciis urTulesi amocana. garemomcveli da socialuri universis
Sesacnobad ZiriTadad saklasifikacio sqemebi gamoiyeneba. ganviTarebis adreul
safexurze klasifikaciis umartivesi forma albaT binaruli iyo. binaruli
opoziciebis konceptualuri qselis Semadgeneli zogierTi an yoveli opoziciis
TandaTanobiTi dayofiT miiReba binaruli xe:
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi sityvaTa ganmartebebze dakvirveba naTels
xdis, rom leqsikografs ena warmoudgenia ara izolirebul sityvaTa ubralo jamad,
aramed danawevrebul urTierTdamokidebulebaTa mTlianobad. sulxan-sabam saganTa
samyaros wvdomis am wess, romelic universaluri xasiaTisaa, intuiciiT miagno.
orbelianis leqsikonSi sityva sxva sityvaTa raRac grovidan amokveTili erTeuli ki
ar aris, aramed sasicocxlo kavSirebidan iseTnairad aris amotanili, rom misi
warmoTqma da ganmeoreba mTeli enis eqos gadmoscems.
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis ZiriTadi principi ganmartebisas sityvaTa
Soris gvar-saxeobiTi mimarTebebis dadgenaa. m. qavTarias dakvirvebiT, saxeobrivi
ganmartebisaTvis, e.i. iseTisaTvis, sadac SemokrebiT da saTanado axsna-ganmartebiT
warmogvidgens ama Tu im zogadi saxelis sxvadasxva saxeobas, sulxan-sabas hqonda
specialuri niSani - s. am niSniani ganmartebebis ricxvi yovel axal redaqciaSi
izrdeba. i. abulaZis azriT, `s~ (EDC xelnawerebSi) da `sa~ (a xelnawerebSi) sulxan-
saba orbelianis saxelis dasawyisia (inicialia). `s~ da `sa~ sityvis sakuTriv sabaseul
ganmartebas aRniSnavs.
niSnidan axali niSnis, an niSanTa amosavali sistemebidan axali simravlis miReba
yovelTvis xdeba iseTi niSnebiT, romelTa designati TviT enaSia da niSanTa Soris
mimarTebebze miuTiTeben. aseTi niSnebi sulxan-saba orbelians `sityvis konaSi~
calke saleqsikono erTeulebad aqvs gatanili da ZiriTadad arTronSi aerTianebs.

6
sulxan-saba arTrons nacvalsaxelebs da nawilakebsac uwodebs, magram, Tanamedrove
lingvisturi terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, orbelianisTvis arTroni ZiriTadad
fleqsia da warmomqmneli afiqsebia.
`sityvis konaSi~ zmnis forma ZiriTadad damokidebulia arTronze. zmnis
formaTa dalagebaSic Cans, ra Sexedulebebi aqvs sulxan-saba orbelians arTronis
(afiqsis /morfemis) Sesaxeb. bevri afiqsi arasworadaa daSlili, zogjer ramdenime
afiqsi erT mTlianobadaa warmodgenili. amaze miuTiTebs zmnebis dalageba mi-ze,
sadac erTad aris mocemuli mi-zmniswiniT dawyebuli zmnebi da m-i I da sasxviso qcevis
niSniT dawyebuli zmnebi. asevea zmnis mo-i, mo-u, mu-a-ze dawyebuli formebic. aseT
formebSi mo- zmniswinia (mu da mo- zmniswinis dialeqturi formebia), u- da a-
Sesabamisad sasxviso da saarviso qcevis niSnebi.
sulxan-saba orbeliani ama Tu im saleqsikono erTeulis ganmartebisas, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, iZleva masTan semantikurad axlos mdgom sityvebs, Tumca
leqsikologi iqve miuTiTebs, rom Sinaarsobrivi erTianobis miuxedavad, yvelas
erTsa da imave konteqstSi ver gamoviyenebT, saWiroa TiToeulis sintagmatikuri
SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba. swored ase unda gavigoT sabaseuli minaweri:
`romelica sityvas(a) gaewyos, ig(i) CaurTe ZA~ (I: 54) an `romelica qarTulman
sityvama(n) gaiwyos, igi xams mosabmelad Cab" (I: 54). Tanamedrove terminologiiT Tu
vityviT, gawyobasa da sityvaze mobmaSi leqsemis distribuciazea miTiTeba, xolo
paradigmatulad igi gaerTiandeba im sityvebSi, romlebic `erT(i) da igive arian~. Tu
sityvaTa Tematuri jgufebi gareenobrivi faqtebis sistematizaciaa, erTi
semantikuri velis sityvebi Sidaenobriv niadagzea gamoyofili (paradigmatuli
erTianoba), Tumca TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul konteqstSi gamoiyeneba
(sintagmatika).
`sityvis konis~ adreul redaqciebSi (E-sa da D-Si) ucxouri leqsikuri
erTeulebis, anu, rogorc TviTon uwodebs, "sxvaTa enis" sityvebi, kerZod ki
sazogado saxelebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebda e.w. Citis Tvals. es niSani redaqciaSi
Zalian bevr gansamartav sityvas aqvs miwerili. D-Si ki aseTi sityvebis raodenoba
klebulobs, rac i. abulaZis azriT, imaze miuTiTebs, rom leqsikologi axal etapze
amnairniSnian sityvebs qarTuli enobrivi maragis kuTvnilebad Tvlis. mermindel
redaqciebSi ucxo warmoSobis sazogado saxelebi axla marto mikvleul ganmartebebs
inarCuneben. maTi mxlebeli Citis Tvali amieridan ukve ucxo warmoSobis pirTa da
geografiul sakuTar saxelebs aqvT miwerili.
ucxoenovan leqsemebze darTuli komentarebi SeiZleba ase davajgufoT.
I. [sityva] qarTuli ar aris / sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad hqvian / uwodeben;
II. miTiTebulia ucxouri sityvis warmomavloba;
III. ucxo sityva gamoyenebulia mniSvnelobis dasadgen sakontrolo saSualebad;
IV. sityva ucxouria, magram ganmartebaSi es miTiTebuli ar aris;
V. `uÃmari~ sityvebi.
enis kodificirebis erT-erTi mizani enobrivi koleqtivis TviTdamkvidreba da
stabilurobaa. swored es ganapirobebs sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi sxvaTa
anu ucxo enidan Semosul sityvebze darTul komentarebsa da maTTvis qarTuli
Sesatyvisebis Ziebas. aseTi damokidebuleba ucxouri warmomavlobis sityvebisadmi
gamowveulia mravalricxovan agresorTa politikuri da kulturuli ZaladobiT.
qarTuli enis siwmindis dacvisTvis saba meTodurad da dabejiTebiT akeTebda amas.
orbeliani Tavis leqsikons, pirvel rigSi, saswavlo miznebs usaxavda. Tvlida, rom
aucilebeli iyo enis saxelmZRvanelo upirvelesad leqsikonis saxiT, uromlisodac
ena iryvneba, fuWdeba.
ama Tu im sityvis `uÃmarad~ anu usargeblod Sefaseba aCvenebs, rogor uyurebs,
ra warmodgenebi aqvs interpretators, am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli enis leqsikis
kodifikators — sulxan-saba orbelians — qarTuli enis leqsikuri erTeulebis
mimarT. misTvis enobrivi niSani aramc da aramc ar aris nebismieri, igi aucileblad
ganpirobebulia. emil benvenistis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sulxan-sabasTvis qarTuli
ena da garesamyaro mTlianad adekvaturia. rodesac ama Tu im sityvas mosdevs
komentari `sxvaTa enaa, uÃmari da cudi~, aq imaze ki ar aris miTiTeba, rom garkveuli
bgeraTkompleqsi, magaliTad, SaRavaTi cudad asaxavs am cnebis (`SeRavaTi~) arss,
aramed igi cudia (uÃmaria) imis gamo, rom sxvaTa enaa, `JamTa viTarebiT SemoRebulia~,
rogorc amas aRniSnavs, magaliTad, qaravanis ganmartebisas: `arabTa enaa, JamTa

7
viTarebiT SemoRebulia, qarTulad mogzauri ewodebis~. TavisTavad aRmniSvnelebi
`qaravani~ da mogzauri (`akustikuri xatebi~, rogorc ferdinand de sosiuri
uwodebda) erTnairad nebismieria cnebis (aRsaniSnis) mimarT, magram qarTul enaze
metyvelisaTvis mogzauri kargia da `saÃmari~, qaravani ki cudia da `uÃmari~. es aris
enobrivi niSnis mimarT momxmareblis pragmatuli damokidebuleba. misTvis mogzaur
bgeraTkompleqssa da aRsaniSn cnebas Soris ganpirobebuli urTierTobaa. aseTi
urTierToba ar aris qaravansa da imave cnebas Soris.
Zveli qarTuli leqsikidan aRebuli sityvebisTvis axali sicocxlis SeZena
Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebaSi erTgvar modad iqca. amas ver vityviT XIX
saukuneSi rafiel erisTavis iniciativiT `sityvis konis~ gamocemaze, radgan erT-erT
mizezad dasaxelebulia is faqti, rom `zogierTi literatorebis nawerebSi
Semosulia ucxo enis sityvebi, romlebis samagieroni da ufro namdvilni moipovebian
sulxan orbelianis leqsikonSi. maSasadame, es leqsikoni rom yofiliyo aqnobamdis
dabeWdili da gavrcelebuli, maSin ucxo sityvebi aRar SeamRvrevda qarTuls enas,
radganac TÂT am enazed moipoebian jerovanni da ufro marjve saxelwodebani. iqneba
sTqvan, rom zogi qarTuli sityvebi daZvelebulan da gaugebarni ariano, magram, Cemis
azriT, sjobs, rom isev is Zveli sityvebi ganvaaxloT da SemovitanoT literaturaSi
saxmareblaT, vidre sxva enas davesesxoT: xom imasac xel-axla Seswavla da SeCveva
dasWirdeba da amasac, da Tu ki ucxo enebidgan im gvari sityvebis Semotana dagvWirda,
romlebic qarTulSi sruliad ar moipoebian, maSin Cvenc visargebloT im sityvebiT,
romlebis sesxobasac ar Takiloben Cvenzed ufro dawinaurebulni da ganaTlebulni
xalxni~. rafiel erisTavi, iseve rogorc orbeliani, sityvaTa sesxebis winaaRmdegi ar
aris, magram es ar niSnavs Zvel qarTul leqsikaze uaris Tqmas. piriqiT, misi
gaaqtiurebaa saWiro. aseTi damokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ucxoenovani leqsikisa da,
meore mxriv, Zveli qarTuli leqsikis mimarT XIX saukuneSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo.
sainteresoa, rom dRes sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonidan irCeven
ZiriTadad iseT sityvebs, romelTac ucxouri JReradoba da qarTuli warmomavloba
aqvT. esec metyveli koleqtivis enobrivi niSnisadmi damokidebulebis maCvenebelia.
pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT metyveli koleqtivisTvis erTi enis leqsikuri erTeuli
(resp. enobrivi niSani) sxva enis erTeuls sjobs. rogorc sosiuri ambobda, ena Tavisi
bunebiT Tavsmoxveulia sazogadoebaze, magram imavdroulad ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba, romelic kmayofili ar iyos Tavisi eniT. ufro metic, ena badebs
siamayis grZnobas masze metyvel koleqtivSi. es grZnoba gansakuTrebiT gamZafrebuli
aqvs enis kodifikators. amitom daujerebeli Cans mtkiceba, TiTqos sulxan-saba
orbelianma `leqsikoni qarTuli~ yrmaTaTvis araqarTuli enebis swavlebis mizniT
Seqmna.

8
SoTa bostanaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

sabalogia

`azrovnebis ZeglTa saxiT civilizaciebi da xalxebi gvitoveben ara

imdenad teqstebs, ramdenadac leqsikonebsa da sintaqsebs; umal TavianTi
enebis fonetikas, vidre sityvebs, romelTac isini warmoTqvamdnen;
naklebad TavianT sajarod warmoTqmul sityvebs, vidre imas, ramac am
ukanasknelTa gamoTqma gaxada SesaZlo, e. i. TviT enis diskursiulobas.
“nebismieri erTi romelime xalxis ena qmnis Tavis leqsikons; xolo misi
leqsikoni aris sakmaod erTguli biblia amave xalxis mTeli Semecnebisa;
sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT erTi romelime xalxis mxolod leqsikonis
Sedarebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iyo warmodgenis Seqmna mis
warmatebul yofaze~1 ...~ (fuko, 2004: 127).

sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~ mraval sikeTeTa Soris erT

paradoqsul sikeTesac flobs - is `daviwyebuli enis (codnis)` wyaroa.
Tanamedrove literatura aqtiurad awarmoebs `siaxleebs~ daviwyebuli da jer
kidev ardaviwyebuli `Zvelis~ gadamuSavebiT, gadamontaJebiT. montaJi ki Cveni drois
niSania. enis `daviwyeba~ saukeTeso pirobaa aRmniSvnelTa Tavisufali TamaSisTvis _
poeziisaTvis. am `saukeTeso pirobebis~ Seqmnas sami saukune dasWirda.
dRes, jer isev, dasasrulis (endizmi) epoqaSi teqstis cnebam filosofia, istoria
da leqsikuri ganmartebebic (mag.: paviCis `xazaruli leqsikoni~) literaturul
JanrebSi gaaerTiana da poeziis (poiesis _ keTeba, qmnadoba, sadac poezia
ontologiur safuZvels moiZiebs) fundamentaluri SeuZleblobis atmosfero
daamkvidra, poeturi maragi amowura, sityvis erTmniSvnelovneba eWvqveS daayena,
ramdenime da zogjer urTierTgamomricxavi kodiT aRWurva _ dakoda da mis
interpretaciebs gauxsna gza. pluralizmis afeTqebiT dakodili sityva, rogorc
samyaros aRweris instrumenti uZluria samyaro “daweros”. is mxolod sakuTar Tavs
aRwers da xSirad sxvadasxva Cvenebas iZleva. sabas enaze rom vTqvaT, maragiT-
zraxvani ganavrco `maragiT-zraxua ars sityva esre gvaraT sTqva, advil sacnaur ar
iyos, aramed viTarca Rrubeli ram(e) emosos, anu or-sam rigad gaisinjos~ (saba 1991:
438).
aseTi gasinjvis (ormagi kodirebis) poeturi teqstebia Cemi `laparakebi~ _
`wyalwyala laparaki~ (mnaTobi 2004: 61-78), `gacecxlebuli laparaki~ (afra 2007: 227-
248) da `haerze laparaki~ _ prologi (Cveni mwerloba, 2008: 23). amasTan erTad
teqstebSi aqtiuri moZraobaa poetsa da kritikoss Soris. es momenti xom saerTod
axasiaTebs Tanamedrove literaturas. kritikosma da Teoretikosma gadmoinacvla
poetis adgilze, an, piriqiT _ poetma gadainacvla da sakuTari teqstebis
Teoretikosad mogvevlina. erTi sityviT, sakuTari teqstebis kritikosoba ar aris
axali ambavi, `ambavi~ ki axalia: `laparakebi~ erTgvari dialogia sabas leqsikonTan _
enasTan, romelsac davSordiT, romelic dagvaviwyda da vixsenebT. poezia aseTi
daSorebis gzacaa.
`laparakebis~ sxvadasxva fragmenti, sxvadasxva reJimSia dawerili, _ dawyebuli
prozauli Canawerebidan, emociuri nakadidan, akviatebuli frazebidan da
bgerweriTi gatacebebidan, damTavrebuli analitikuri muSaobiT, sityvis gawewva-
daSliT da SerTviT, misi orazrovnebis ZiebiT, evfoniuri da grafikuli
kombinaciebiT; rac mTavaria, iseTi mimarTebiT, roca sityva samyaros modelia da,
amave dros, misi sxvaa, _ roca araferi esaqmebaT erTmaneTTan sityvebs da sagnebs.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi swored es Tavisufali da cocxali urTierTobaa
teqstTan, romelSic mZlavradaa SemoWrili marginaliebi (idiomebi, andazebi,
xalxuri gamoTqmebi), aluziebi, aliteraciebi da daviwyebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.
maT JReradobis energia aerTianebT.
`laparakebi~ xetialia Janrebs Soris moSlil sazRvrebze. ufro leqsebiao, Tu
vityviT, isic gavixsenoT, rom garkveul etapze swored lirizacia gaxda aucilebeli

1
Diderot, Article “Encyclopedie” de l’Encyclopedie.m.t.V. p. 637.

9
poemis statusisaTvis. a. axmatovas `reqviemic~ xom liriuli leqsebis ciklia,
romlebic amave dros, epikuri suliskveTebis poemas qmnian.
fragmenti wyalwyala `laparakidan~:

`Sen xar wyali, niadag moxetiale.

wyali poetia, _ xan miwisaa, xan cisa _
_ RrubelaSlili _ criati, ca _ ca moxetiale, anu ialtiali.
xan cvaria _ niJi, Rvafi _ Tvalwyala, ro gixaria;
xan Sxapuna, xan JuJuna,
Tqori, TqeSi, fruti,
JRmurtli da isxaria;
xan ki Tavsac moiZulebs _ sityvebs setyvavs cofiT:
koxi, delgma, Tavsxma,
wvima kokispiruli,
Rlofo da Rvarcofi.
albaT moawva qaosis sevda, fiqri Savi da avi
da wyals mobezrda sicocxle, unda daixrCos Tavi,
(wyals wyali Semoepara; wyalsac Seudga wyali; ra qnas da, ra wyals mieces
anda ra wyalSi Cavardes,) _ unda daixrCos Tavi.
bevri iavdra, bevri idarda. . .
Tavze daeca broweulis baRs,
mocakvda, gasisxlmdinarda,
wavida wa, warmdinarda,
jurRmulSi gauCinarda. . . (vieTTa jurRmulica wyarod aRuweriad _ saba)~.

rac Seexeba siuJets: miuxedavad imisa, rom siuJetis uaryofis da misi

dabrunebis ideac ZvelTa-Zvelia, `jgufi-63~ siuJets siaxled gvTavazobda (1965 w.),
Tumca es ukve sul sxva siuJeti iyo _ miznis gareSe. Cvenc am versiaze SevCerdeT.
`laparakebi~ montaJis xelovnebas mogvagonebs _ wyalTan, cecxlTan da
haerTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebiT da frazeologiiT awyobil da
wylisadmi, cecxlisadmi da haerisadmi miZRvnil himns. asec iqneboda, Cemi poemis
wyali, mxolod nivTiereba rom iyos, cecxli da haeri ki `erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani~
(saba), an mxolod metaforebi (miTumetes, rom metafora ar aris Cemi teqstebis
prioriteti). `laparakebi~ dawerilia ara imdenad wyalze, cecxlze da haerze,
ramdenadac `wyliT~, `cecxliT~ da `haeriT~; `laparakebs~ saqme aqvT ara imdenad
nivTierebebTan, an stiqiebTan, ramdenadac kulturis niSnur sistemasTan: wyali,
rogorc sinkretuloba; `dasawyisis~ _ `Tavdapirvelis~ pirveli da erTaderTi
damswre - personificirebuli auditoria; wyali - pirveli msmeneli da Semsmeneli (es
Tviseba miwa - adams ar aRmoaCnda); wyali, _ yuris da niJaris arqetipi; aseve cecxli -
`... pirvelsa dResa dabadebuli Semoqmedisa mier~ (saba) da haeric - `suli RmrTisa
iZvroda...~ (Sesaqme 1:2), rogorc samyaros saSeni masalebi, erTdroulad, teqstis
saSeni masalebia _ `is~ masalebi, romlebic pirvel teqstze (Sesaqmeze) daixarja.
`laparakebis~ mSeneblobaze daxarjulma wyalma, cecxlma da haerma `is~ garja
qarTul enobriv faqtad aqcia.
rac `laparakebSi~ cocxlobs, is aRaraa ara marto nivTiereba, stiqia an
metafora, fonemaTa, morfemaTa Tu grafemaTa sintaqsuri erTianoba, aramed teqstis
sxeulia, `yofierebis saxlia~, `qalaqia~, `...gabmuli grZeli RiRini, (Civili, CiCini)-
didi Cinuri kedeli~_ ontologiuri paradizis Robe da meseri. aq yoveli saxe
saxelia _ sityvaa Tavis usxeulo simartoveSi _ is laparakobs. laparakobs ara
vinme, aramed sityva-laparaki laparakobs laparakis Sesaxeb.
fragmenti `wyalwyala laparakidan~:

`da rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT - xidi meTqi da mdinare. . .

amitom. . , maSasadame. . , da radgan. . , da vinaidan. . ,

aqedan gamomdinare unda aRvniSno, rom daerRva drosac druso _ / _ zRude.

drois drama didi / poeturi avdaria. daria, / roca ena laparakobs (rogorc ena) / da
kalami muSaobs (da muSaiTobs) / iq avtori aRar ari (mkvdaria).

ukdavebis wyali Sesvi, / aRsdeq wyalo sawyalo! ~

10
 karga xania `avtoris sikvdiliT~ (r. barti) waxalisebuli, Tu Segulianebuli
kargi ~mkiTxvelic mokvda~, vinc adreve `iyida~ savonarolas `kargad sikvdilis
xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ (ra Tqma unda postmodernistul `bazarSi~). `wyalwyala
laparaki~ am bazarSic iWreba da mgoni ar `iWreba~.
vfiqrob `mkvdar avtorsac~ bevri saqme aqvs gasakeTebeli. mas SeuZlia
narativTa nairsaxeoba erTian eqspoziciad, an speqtaklad warmoadginos, amave
sivrceSi avtoris niRbiT Semovides da `sakuTar sikvdilsac~ daeswros. am ritmSi
CarTuls, Janrze sazrunavad droc aRar darCeba. ritmTan dakavSirebiT: avtoris (da
mkiTxvelisac) eqsistenciuri ritmi ise irjeboda, rom kosmosis ritms damTxveoda.
`mkvdari avtoris~ miswrafebam ki lingvistikis sivrceSi gadmoinacvla da Tavisi
avtoritaruli Tavisufleba gramatikis Tavneba kanonebs daumorCila. Cemi
dakvirvebiT adamianic kosmosis naTesavi ufro aRmoCnda, vidre enis, romlis
ormoebSic xSirad uvardeba fexi. paradoqsic is aris, rom enis am xarvezsac Tavadve
warmoadgens. xo, adamians sakuTari Tavis ormoSi uvardeba fexi. axla is adgili
gamaxsenda: `orni kacni midiodnen, sadaurni sadme gzasa...~ aq naxsenebi ormoc Tavad
adamianSia, gaorebul adamianSi. `adamiani ormoSi~ da `ormo adamianSi~ _ identobaa.
`wyalwyala laparakis~ poetikac Tavaxdil (Tavxed) `me~-Si, danawevrebul `me~-Si
`Cavardnebis~ Sedegia. am recidivebma sxva `laparakebi~ gamoiwvia, im sxvam kidev sxva -
teqstma TavisiT daiwyo moqmedeba, `moqmedi pirnic da Semsrulebelnic~ Tavadve
SeiZina. mgoni Cemgan damoukideblad miiwevs eposisaken, magram ar vici ras moiniSnavs,
Tumca `is ar unda niSnavdes rames-is unda iyos~. am azrs ki `axali kritikis~
warmomadgenlebi nawarmoebze ambobdnen. iqneb SesaZlebelia nawarmoebis
reabilitacia?, ra Tqma unda imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom XX saukune ukve moxda.
`laparakebis” calkeuli saTaurebi teqstis anareklia, anu parateqstualuria.
`wyalwyala laparaki~, aseve `gacecxlebuli laparaki” da `haerze laparaki~, rogorc
mogexsenebaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebia, cnobili idiomebia.
erTis mxriv, sityva `wyalwyala~ uazros, tyuilis msgavsia (tyuili supi). sabas
`sibrZne sicruisas~ kvalobaze sicruea, aranamdvilia, gamonagonia, xelovnuria,
bunebrivisagan da bunebisagan gansxvavebulia _ misi sxvaa, zogadad ki kulturis
sinonimia.
meores mxriv, `wyalwyala” uaryofiTi maxasiaTebelia _ aramkvrivis, aramyaris,
u(si)myarobis _ u(sa)myaro(o)bis semantikuri mwkrivis wevria da am niSniT eWvis,
undoblobis gaugebrobisa da absurdis sivrces ukavSirdeba. es `absurduli~ da
grZeli laparaki Cveni drois nervozuli sindromia, _ enis moqavebis qronikuli
daavadeba, enad gakrefa (da teqstad akrefa).
wyalwyala, rogorc aramyari, arakonstruqciuli, formas rom icvlis
WurWelTa kvalobaze, aRvsilia dekonstruqciis potencialiT. ufro metic,
`wyalwyala laparaki~, rogorc diskursi, meoce saukunis dasasrulis `dasasrulis~
denotaciuri kodis matarebelia. dasasrulis (endizmis) filosofia filosofiis
dasasruliT dasrulda.
aRniSnuli pozicia asec SeiZleba gamovTqvaT: erTaderTze da mis simravleze
laparaks daemata laparaki simravleze sxvadasxva erTiT (wyliT, cecxliT, haeriT da
a. S.).
`wylis~ dekonstruqciebi da `mravalSvilianobac~ pluralistuli niSania. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas poemis mravlobiT dasawyisze da dasasrulze.
fragmenti “wyalwyala laparakidan” (dasawyisi):

`mravalSviliani sityvaa wyali:

merwyulia wyalmzidi;
wyliani - (m)Svenieri da moxdomili;
uwylo, urwyo da urwyuli udabnoTa gamgebelni arian;
wyaluxvi - mdinareTa, tbaTa, zRvaTa da maT naSier oazisTa;
sawyali - sawyalobeli, mowyvladi, wyalwaRebuli,
mowyale, enawyliani da wyalSi mdgomi - wylieri,
dawyevlili_wyeli da Seuwyalebeli, - mTeli kacobriobaa.
(ramdenma wyalmac ar unda Caiaros maTi wyali ar daiwmindeba)
wylis metaforaTa saTaveSi RmerTia — mwyalobeli~.

11
 is literaturuli opusebi, sadac sityva aRar aris samyaros aRweris garantia,
groteskiT da TviTironiiTac gamovlinda. `wyalwyala laparaki~ dasawyisSive (da
teqstSic garkveulwilad) swored am niSnis matarebelia:

`da wavedi me Cems TavSi (ki, _ es rusuli kalkia),

ufro metic _ qariSxalSi (es sxva laparakidan aris),
baybayiT ro avamRvrie,
amovagde Wiqa wyalSi.”

poeturi `uamindobis~ sxva niSani gauqmebuli sazRvaria sityvakazmul

xelovnebasa da yofiT saubars Soris, poeziis baRsa da laparakis quCabandebsa Tu
orRobeebs Soris. es rac Seexeba uaryofiT konotaciebs.
wyalwyala, meore, diametralurad gansxvavebuli kodis Semcvelia. `wyalwyala
_ frinvelia~, saba brZanebs. am kodiT “wyalwyala” gamodis profanuli sivrcidan da
frTian laparakad, mxatvrul sityvad ikiTxeba. wyalwyala _ frinveli, absurdis da
dasasrulis esTetikis sapirispirod, ueWvelobis, garkveulobis, sinaTlisa da
sicocxlis, Tavisufali navardis atmosferos amkvidrebs. wyalwyalas es ori
mniSvneloba erTmaneTTan araviTar winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis, piriqiT
dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da yavlgasul brZolis kanons gansxvavebulTa
ukonfliqto TanaarsebobiT Caanacvlebs. es ki aRmniSvnelTa is TamaSia, sadac ar
arsebobs cru da marTali. teqstis es privatuli pozicia, zogjer poziciaa samyaros
mimarTac, romelic daiRala opoziciaTa uwesrigo xm/auriT. teqsti unda
da(m)unjdes, raTa kvlav aRadginos wesrigi. es pozicia sxva problemur velSia - sxva
caze da sxva miwaze.
swored sakomunikacio teqnologiebis aRzevebis droSi, roca warmoudgenelia
gaaoco adamiani komunikaciis yvelaze ufro Zveli, marginaluri formiT _
laparakiT, swored axla, xelaxla aRmoaCen laparaks da gancvifrebuli laparakob: ra
saocaria, rom vlaparakob(T). TvaliT da yuriT vRebulobT samyaros da laparakiT
gavcemT, vexmianebiT, ganuwyvetliv vcvliT da vTamaSobT. ai, es TamaSia laparaki.
laparaki TamaSia _ saqmec amaSia.
`samyaroc gauTavebeli laparakia, _ poetis laparaki...~
adamiani laparakSia SemorCenili. didxans, Zalian didxans laparakobda adamiani.
`istoriis dasasrulis~ da `ukanaskneli adamianis~ droSi, laparaki-Ra adamianobs,
adamianis droSiT.
fragmenti `haerze laparakidan~:
`qaris dro dadga, _ qarebis.., / qaris Jami _ qarJami, / qaris xana _qarxana, /
qaravanic iqidan modis, / qarmavalic, / qar-mavanic / da qar-avan-Cavanic; / qargvac
maSin SemoiRes _ / qarsaridic, qarsafaric, / qardamcavic, qarsacavic _ / _ bevri
qari ro dagrovda, / qarbandic, qariylapiac, / qarifantias mantiac~.
mcire komentars gavakeTeb metaforasTan da sistemasTan dakavSirebiT.
`dasasrulis~ kultura upirveles yovlisa metaforaTa sistemis dasasruls unda
niSnavdes. metafora _ gadasvla sityvebisa da sagnebis urTierTmimarTebebs
awesrigebs da orientirebulia imaze, rom moixelTos samyaro, gadmotvirTos,
SemoaTrios saxelebis sawyobebSi, _ leqsikonebSi daabinadros. magram am
dasawyobebul samyaros, _ leqsikonebis mobinadreebs ukve sxva ganagebs, ara
gravitaciuli Zala, an/da saerTod bunebis kanonebi, aramed gramatikis wesebi da
kanonebi. swored es gramatologiuri sawarmo gadaiqceva poeziis sivrced. sxva
saqmea, Tu ramdenad inarCunebs igi garesamyarosTan kavSirs, roca aseT mizans aRarc
ki isaxavs, roca sityva aRar aris aRweris instrumenti, is TavisTavadobaa.
tradiciis kvalobaze ori mimarTeba gvaqvs - sityvisken moZraoba, roca sagnebi
da movlenebi eZeben Sesaferis sityvebs, an moZraoba sityvidan sagnisken
(sxeulisaken), roca isini asocirdebian sagnebTan da movlenebTan. orive SemTxvevaSi
dasadgurebulia logocentrizmis atmosfero, romelSic ibadeba didi Tu patara
naracia da metaTxzuleba, romlis bazazec aRmocenda modernizmis kultura. ai, es
suraTia Secvlili. ufro kategoriulad Tu vityviT, sityvebs da sagnebs araferi
aqvT saerTo, an: sityvebs da sagnebs saerTo `arara~ aqvT.

„...saxe ver agnebs saxels,

12
 ise daSorda _ ipovis sacaa...~.
(„wyalwyala laparakidan“)

sityva aRar aris gzavnili, sityva aRar aris mimRebi. Tu dostoevskis enaze
vityviT, sityva Tavis TavSi midis, sakuTar Tavs aRwers. sityvis es TviTkmaroba,
miusafroba da usxeulo simartove mniSvnelobs da laparakobs, maT Soris
`adamiansac~ laparakobs, ukve dakargul adamians, vinc `aago Tavisi saxe sityvis
fragmentebs Soris~. fukos es mxatvruli fraza warmogvidgens enis _ `yofierebis
saxlis~ _ xuroTmoZRvrebas. ai, am xuroTmoZRvrebazea laparaki poemis dasawyisSi.
kulturis ori mniSvnelovani fenomenic _ sityva da qalaqi - teqstis teritoriaze
xvdebian erTmaneTs. poemis dasawyisSi naxsenebi ~Cinuri kedeli~ swored am niSniT
aris moxmobili.
sityva, rogorc kedeli icavs da inaxavs qalaq-Sinaarss, romelic ar arsebobs. is
Cinuri (aq_ gaugebari) kedelia, _ gabmuli, grZeli RiRini, romelic sxvis smenamde
arc aRwevs, mxolod TviTon esmis, mxolod Tavis Tavs aRwers.
epistemelogiuri krizisi Cveni sinamdvilea. poemis teqstic swored aseTi
krizisis sivrceSi aRmoCnda, magram is ar aRwers krizisis parametrebs, aramed Tavad
ganicdis mas da misive daZlevas cdilobs, rasac poemis boloSi vadevnebT Tvals.
`wyalwyala laparaki~ literaturuli terminiT Taviseburi centonia.
Tavisebureba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ufro rTulia da gama/rTulia ara sxvaTa
leqsebiT, aramed leqsikonuri ganmartebebiT aris ga/rTuli da mo/rTuli.
rogorc iTqva, teqstis udidesi nawili dialogia sulxan-sabas ortomeulTan
`leqsikoni qarTuli~, aq `miZinebuli~ sityvebis didi nawilis Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba
dakargulia da roca maT ganmartavs saba, zogjer is ganmartebac ganmartebas
saWiroebs.

`Suqi!, Suqi!
vis uqia muqi,
Sewydes muqis baqi-buqi!
adges da dadges daduqi _
narini da naruqi!
(pirvelqmnili naTeli gamefdeso)~.

es sityvebi, ukve denotaciuri aRmniSvnelebi, romlebic samkaulebad da

simulakrebad iqcnen, mxolod sakuTar Tavs aRweren da warmogvidgenen, axal
konotaciebs eZeben. sityvis Sinaarsis `daviwyeba~, sityvasTan gaucxoeba TavisTavad
mxatruli meTodia. erTi mxriv, sabas leqsikoni aseTi meTodis gamoyenebis mza
SesaZleblobebis saunjea (es ukve poeziis sivrcea) da sxva mxriv sabac ar aris
`mSrali~ leqsikografi. mis ganmartebebSi emociuri, poeturi muxtia. ai es
miCumebuli muxtia amoqmedebuli Cems poemaSi. xandaxan ki sakmarisia sabas leqsikonis
romelime fragments SevxedoT rogorc poezias da mxolod SevexmianoT.
fragmenti `gacecxlebuli laparakidan~:

`. . . rameTu Saravandedi mzisani

aRiRebian orTqlsa qveyanaTagan
da aRixvams haerTa Sina,
eTerisa da mzisa sicxeTa mier
orTqli igi Segvamdebis
da Seiqmnebis viTarca cecxli . . ,
xolo ra ganZlierdebis kveTeba qarTa,
gansqdebian orTqli igi gancecxlebuli
da mis mier gamovlen, xmani quxilisani;
ukeTu qarni sastikni ekveTes kidesa erTsa
da ganxeTqa gvamqmnili igi cecxli,
ganvlis sivrced haerisasa
da gamohkrTebian misgan elvani; saba

is, sxva cecxli Segvamdeba;

is, sxva qrolaa _ sxva qarTa. . ,
sxva napewkali gakrTeba
da sxva elvani TvalTa.

13
 Sa ba~

`laparakebi~, rogorc dialogebi sabas leqsikonTan, _ enasTan, romelsac

ixseneb, da saerTod, enis (`yofierebis saxlis~) mogoneba, platonis `daviwyebuli
codnis~ paradigmatulia. am konteqstSi Tavad leqsikonia samyaros dedani, `ideaTa
samefo~ da `ca~. reprezentirebuli leqsikonis am paradigmaSi `laparakebi~ aCrdilia
da anareklia.
fragmenti `wyalwyala laparakidan:

`an mowanwkarebs
anda ankarebs,
an ankarebs an ar-
eklis gvirgvins irgebs...~

`laparakebSi~ sakuTari mniSvnelobisagan sityvis gaucxoebis mravali

magaliTia, roca sityvebi xelaxla aRmoaCenen mniSvnelobebs gansxvavebuli niSniT _
evfoniiT.
Cven xom mzamzareuli saxelebis sivrceSi movxvdiT; Zalian davSordiT im dros,
rodesac saxeebma pirvelad SeiZines saxelebi; ise davSordiT saxeebs, TiTqos wreze
unda SemovuaroT, rom mere xelaxla aRmovaCinoT myari samyaro. poezia aseTi
daSorebis gzacaa. istoriuli sityvebis gaRviZebiT (Sdr. lazare) sityvis istoria
warmodgeba da Cvenc maTi reprezentaciis damswreni vxdebiT. iyo ki rodisme pirveli
prezentacia? es is SemTxvevaa, roca prezentacia da reprezentacia erTmaneTs
emTxveva.
`laparakebis~ warmmarTveli Zalisxmeva _ teqstis fonetikuri, vizualuri da
akustikuri opusebi: holsemantikuri da asemantikuri TamaSebi mas roforc
tradiciul, ise avangardul JanrebTan (mag.: konkretuli) aaxlovebenm da
ganasxvaveben kidec. rac mTavaria teqsti rames ki ar unda niSnavdes, aramed unda
mniSvnelobdes kulturis sivrceSi. damatebiTi ganmartebebisaTvis epigrafi
mTlianad movixmoT:
`_ ra xdeba, / ra ambavia, / ra laparakis bumi? / _ es ambavi Cinuria, / kedelia
Cinuri, / Cinebuli, saCino, / uCinmaCiniani, / Cemi Cami-Cumi~.
pirveli fraza replikaa postmodernistul ganurCevlobaze _ roca raRac
xdeba, roca ambavs Caenacvleba informacia ambavze, sxvadasxva da xSirad
urTierTsapirispiroc; roca saqme gvaqvs ara buneba-movlenasTan, ara kultura-
ambavTan da arc laparakTan raime ambis Sesaxeb, aramed saqme gvaqvs laparakTan
laparakis Sesaxeb, romelic, bolos da bolos, arc arafers gvavalebs, maT Soris
mosmenasac ki.
meore frazas, vfiqrob, komentaric ar sWirdeba. igi erTgvari paradigmaa
strofebisa: `ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi, viT margaliti oboli,
xelis-xel sagogmanebi~. aseTi totaluri metalaparaki samyaros pirvelqmnadobasTan
asocirdeba.
rac Seexeba sityvas “uCinmaCiniani” _ dafarulis, damalulis semantikuri
rigidan moxmobili sinonimia, zRapruli an ironiuli niSniT.
`Cemi Cami-Cumi~ da `ra xdeba ra ambavia~ erTgvari opoziciaa, binarizmia.
sayovelTao laparakis bumSi romelime gatrunul (CamiCumian) adamiansac ki aRaravin
ekiTxeba: `sada xar~. daviwyebuli adamiani isev gaZevebulia, axla ukve, poeziis
baRidan da TviTonve kiTxulobs: `ra xdeba, ra ambavia?~.
didi da grZeli `Cinuri kedeli~ ki rogorc Semoraguli toposis sazRvari
(tyavi, WurWeli) laparakis sinonimia da masTan erTad “SefuTvis” (dacvis,
rezervaciis) nairsaxeobaa, romelic gars artyia poetur getos an samoTxes. am
paradizSi mosaxvedrad gadasalaxia sityva-kedeli (sityva-Robe, sityva-meseri),
romelic aRarafers icavs Tavisi Tavis garda. `laparakebi~ aseTi gadalaxvis
mcdelobaa.
axla rac Seexeba postmodernistul asociaciebs da sabas religiurobas:
postmodernizmi aravis da arafers ar ebrZvis, misTvis ucxoa ierarqiebi _ mTavari
da aramTavari; masSi moxsnilia agresiuloba. vfiqrob es momenti religiur
suliskveTebas exmianeba _ `arawinaaRdgomad borotisa~. saerTod rac ar unda
ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, postmoderns da religias saerTo Sexebebi da gadakveTebi meti

14
aqvT, vidre acdenebi da gansxvavebebi. jer erTi, postmodernistuli pluralizmi da
misi eqspozicia iseve moicavs religiur xatebs, rogorc sxva msoflmxedvelobriv
suraTebs. ufro metic `postmodernistuli mgrZnobelobis~ garda arc arsebobs sxva,
ufro liberaluri Rirebulebebi, romlebic gansxvavebulTa urTierSeguebasa da maT
mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas ganixilavs, rogorc samyaros interpretaciuli wakiTxvis
formas. bunebrivia, mravalmxrivi interpretaciebis pirobebSi centraluri (an:
centris) diskursi erT-erTia da rogorc `... samyaro, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~,
postmodernistuli samyaroc aseve gvaqvs uTvalavi wakiTxviTa.
Jak derida dekonstruqcias ganmartavs, rogorc kiTxvis Tanmdev Sedegs. etyoba
mec ase wavikiTxe Tavad derida. `wyalwyala laparaki~ postmodernistul-
dekonstruqtivistuli literaturis kritikuli wakiTxvisa da “sityvis konis”
ukritiko (sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa `arcodnis~ gamo) wakiTxvis Sedegia, enis
ganaxlebisa da misi axali SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis formaa. am gancdis sivrce
SeiZleba erTad-erTia, sadac gadaikveTebian WeSmariteba da sainteresooba.
laparaki, rogorc siRrmis diskursi, pirvelsawyisebs gamoixmobs laparakiT
Seqmnili samyaros Sesaxeb _ iqmnas naTeli! _ da yvela laparaki im laparakis
memkvidre xdeba, misi eqo da gamoZaxili. adam sada xar! da adamianic isev damalulia,
magram ukve ara samoTxis baRSi, an TavSesafar qalaqSi, aramed enis fragmentebs
Soris. diax, TavSesafari qalaqis msgavsad adamianma enas Seafara Tavi. `laparakebi~,
rogorc zedapiris diskursi erTi aseTi TavSesafaria.
meore mxriv, enis samalavebic icvleba. `sityvis konis~ Cemi egzemplaris mravali
striqoni yviTeli markeriT aris CaniSnuli. es is sityvebia, romlebsac ucxo enasaviT
vswavlob. ai, am dros aRmovaCine arcodnis xibli. es is arcodnaa, poeziisken rom
gibiZgebs, rom swored codnebis da naxevarcodnebis nayofia Cvens droSi poeziis
fundamenturi SeuZlebloba. arcodnis es poeturi paTosi midrekilia xelaxla
gadmoweros samyaro, samyaro xelaxla gaiTamaSos da yoveli gaTamaSeba Tavis mTavar
aqciad aqcios.

P.S. am teqstze muSaobisas is azric gamiCnda, rac saTauradac gavitane. iqneb

daarsdes sabalogia.

damowmebani:

afra 2007: Jurn. “afra”, № 13, Tb.: “kavkasiuri saxli”, 2007.

leqsikoni qarTuli 1991: leqsikoni qarTuli. or tomad. Tb.: merani, 1991.
mnaTobi 2004: Jurn. “mnaTobi” 7/8, Tb.: gamomcemloba “sani”, 2004.
fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba “diogene”, 2004.
Cveni mwerloba 2008: Jurn. `Cveni mwerloba~, № 10(62), Tb.: 2008.

15
levan bregaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

tradiciuli fabula _ axali Sinaarsi

sulxan-saba orbelianis mxatvruli ostatoba da originaluroba gansakuTrebiT

kargad Cans maSin, roca cnobili fabulebis damuSavebiT Seqmnil mis igav-arakebs sxva
avtorTa versiebs vadarebT (am TvalsazrisiT friad sagulisxmoa aleqsandre
baramiZis mier Catarebuli SedarebiTi analizi arakisa `glaxaki da qila erbo~ da
imave fabulis mqone arakebisa, romlebic `panCatantraSi~, `hitopadeSaSi~ da
`qililasa da damanas~ arabulsa da sparsul versiebSi gvxvdeba. _ baramiZe 1959: 42-
45).
amjerad Cveni kvlevis sagania sabas `soflis maSenebelni~ da am arakis mimarTeba
berZnul (ezope; vimowmebT ioanes irmSeris germanul Targmans), somxur (vardani, XII
s.; vimowmebT niko maris rusul Targmans) da laTinurenovan (gabriel ferne [Faërne],
XVI s-is italieli poeti; vimowmebT Sarl peros frangul Targmans) versiebTan (es
ukanaskneli paraleli `sibrZne sicruisas~ mkvlevarT gamoyenebuli ar aqvT).
korneli kekeliZis azriT, `soflis maSenebeli `ZaRlisa da mamlis~ araki
mTavari motiviT uaxlovdeba ezopes amave saTauris araks, gansxvaveba mxolod
detalebSia~ (kekeliZe 1981: 457; Sdr. leoniZe 1928: CXC). gansxvavebul detalebs k.
kekeliZe ar asaxelebs, da, saerTodac, citirebuli SeniSvniT amoiwureba misi
msjeloba am igavze.
gansxvavebul detalTagan or umTavress gamovyofT:
1) soflis kuriozuli xerxiT (yefiTa da yiviliT) aSenebis ganzraxvaze ezopes
(ezope 1978: 133), vardanis (mari 1899: 494-495; Sdr.: qrestomaTia 1949: 335) da
ferne//peros versiebSi (pero interneti) araferia naTqvami.
SevadaroT erTmaneTs arakis versiaTa dasawyisebi:
a) ezope:
`ZaRli da mamali daZmobildnen da samogzaurod gaeSurnen~ (ezope 1978: 133);
b) vardani:
`ZaRli da mamali daZmobildnen da gaudgnen gzas~ (mari 1899: 495);
g) ferne//pero:
`ZaRli, mamalTan erTad, samogzaurod gaeSura~ (pero interneti);
d) saba:
`erTi ZaRli da erTi mamali daZmobildnen: sofeli avaSenoTo!
ZaRlman uTxra: rogor avaSenoTo?
mamalman uTxra: Sen iyefe, me viyivleb da aSendebao~ (orbeliani 1959: 28).
ukve sawyisi frazebis SedarebiTac SeiZleba mivxvdeT, rom sabas igavis saxiT
manamde arsebul versiaTagan sruliad gansxvavebul nawarmoebTan gveqneba saqme.
sityvis didostatis da amavdroulad didi satirikosis xelwerac mkafiod igrZnoba
pirvelsave winadadebebSi.
2) ezopesTan (vardanTan, ferne//perosTan) ar gvaqvs motyuebuli melas
saboloo replika. berZnul, somxur da laTinur//frangul versiebSi ZaRli klavs
melas (ezope: `[der Hund] zerriß ihn~; vardani: `А собака не оставила лисы, пока не задушила ее~;
ferne//pero: `...le chien le prit et l’étrangla sur l’heure~); saba ki, finaluri replikis
gulisTvis, cocxals tovebs mas:
`wamodga ZaRli, mels gamoudga, daCeCqva da kudi moswyvita. dakodili wavida.
gaglejili, naTrevi goraze wamodga da dauZaxa: me xom Cemi Wkuisa damemarTao da, Tu
Tqven mag saqmiT sofeli aaSenoT, Tqvenc SeityobTo!~ (orbeliani 1959: 29).
es gansxvavebebi arsebiTad cvlis arakis personaJTa xasiaTebs, nawarmoebis
mxatvrul ideas, _ cvlis ise, rom imave fabulis miuxedavad Tvisebrivad sxva
nawarmoebs vRebulobT.
zurab avaliSvilis sityviT, `marma mravali magaliTis moxmobiT warmoaCina, Tu
rogor Rebulobdnen somxur niadagze berZnuli igavebi Tavisebur Seferilobas
xalxur yaidaze. igive unda momxdariyo saqarTveloSic. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im
igavebs, romlebSic ezopeseuli birTvi mxolod amosaval punqts qmnis, rogorc,
magaliTad, `soflis maSenebelnSi~. Tuki berZnul versias jer saeklesio

16
Seferilobis mqone somxur igavs SevadarebT (vardanis variants gulisxmobs. _ l. b.)
da Semdeg pawia qarTul moTxrobas, romelic JRers, rogorc politikuri satira
(sabas versias gulisxmobs. _ l. b.), Tvalwin gveqneba uZvelesi masalis ganviTarebis
sami stadia~ (avaliSvili 1933: 21-22).
am msjelobidan is azri unda gamovitanoT, rom, tradiciuli fabulis
miuxedavad, zurab avaliSvils mxatvruli ideis doneze sulxan-saba orbelianis
`soflis maSenebelni~ adrindeli versiebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul nawarmoebad
miaCnia. (samwuxarod, msgavsi viTareba z. avaliSvilma ver SeniSna sabas `usamarTlo
Sirvan-Sahisa~ da me-13 saukunis sirieli mwerlis grigol-ioane abul-faraj bar-
hebraias `ori Wotis saubris~ urTierTSedarebisas. misi azriT, sabasa da sirieli
mwerlis arakebs Soris marto Tematuri msgavseba ki ar SeiniSneba, aramed `es,
ubralod, igive arakia~, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba. amis Sesaxeb ix. bregaZe 1989: 13;
bregaZe 2008: 158-163).
Sefaseba, rom sabas `soflis maSenebelni~ `JRers, rogorc politikuri satira~,
Semdgom solomon iordaniSvilmac gaimeora (iordaniSvili 1939: 201).
ufro dawvrilebiT am sakiTxze arc z. avaliSvili, arc s. iordaniSvili arafers
gveubnebian. amitom gavarkvioT, ra mxatvruli Sedegi gamoiRo zemoaRniSnulma
cvlilebebma sabas versiaSi.
ezopes igavisa da masTan axlomdgomi versiebisgan gansxvavebiT, sabas ZaRli da
mamali Sarlatanebi Canan: surT saqmiani xalxis `imiji~ Seiqmnan, soflis maSeneblis
saxeli daigdon, Tumca yefisa da yivilis garda saamisod arafris maqnisni ar arian.
eseni saqmis keTebas propagandistuli xmauriT, dRevandeli termini rom vixmaroT,
`piariT~ anacvleben.
sagrZnobi cvlileba ganicada sabasTan melis saxemac. zemoT citirebuli
RirsSesaniSnavi replikidan, romelic Cinebulad gamoxatavs motyuebuli matyuaras
boRma-gamwarebas, isic kargad Cans, rom sabas mela TviTkritikulic aris da
SarlatanTa mamxilebladac gvevlineba, ris gamoc is, am arakis sxva versiaTa
meliebisagan gansxvavebiT, erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiTi personaJi aRar aris.
TviTkritikac (TviTironiac) da SarlatanTa mxilebac melis xasiaTs dadebiTi
StrixebiT amdidrebs, ris Sedegadac garkveuli simpaTia aRgveZvris mis mimarT.
(sabasTvis tipobrivia, roca personaJi, mas Semdeg, rac WkuaSi waagebs, TviTonve
kicxavs Tavis Tavs, TviTironias mimarTavs. gavixsenoT dasasruli arakisa `nalbandi
mgeli~: `mamaCemi xarazi iyo, me nalbandobas ra mrjidao?~ [orbeliani 1959: 46],
agreTve melas saboloo TviTironiuli replika arakidan `moZRvari meli~: `rasac
moZRvars aRsareba samowmod gauxdia, uaresimc daemarTebao~ [iqve, 27] da amisive
msgavsi _ `rasac kacs mamis anderZi ar dauswavlia, uaresimc daemarTebao~ _
igavidan `mefis anderZi~ [iqve, 142]).
mokled, Tu ezopesTan, vardanTan, ferne//perosTan mamali da ZaRli pirwmindad
ucodvelni arian, xolo mela pirwmindad borotganmzraxvelia (amgvari ram
sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia igavis Janris nawarmoebisTvis), qarTvel mweralTan
daZleulia es sqematuroba, rac am mcire teqsts didi literaturis nimuSTa Soris
miuCens adgils.
am igavis arcerT sxva CvenTvis cnobil versiaze ar SeiZleba iTqvas, politikuri
satiraao, razedac naTlad metyvelebs maTi finaluri nawili, romelSic igavis
moralia gadmocemuli:
1) ezope:
`igavi amtkicebs, rom Wkviani adamianebic aseve iqcevian. roca boroteba
emuqrebaT, isini iolad axerxeben TavianT mtrebs sakadrisi miuzRon~ (ezope 1978:
133);
2) vardani (ZiriTadi versiis morali):
`igavi gviCvenebs: cbier, muxanaT, qurd da yvela sxva borot adamians
gaafTrebuli xalxi Sexvedrisas klavs da gudavs (умерщвляют и душат) msgavsad imisa,
rogorc ZaRli ar SeeSva melas, vidre ar gaguda is~ (mari 1899: 495);
vardani (ZiriTadi versiisagan gansxvavebuli variantis morali):
`igavi gviCvenebs: vinc Seecdeba mzakvrulad moeqces Tavis amxanags, TviTon
gaebmeba Tavis dagebul maxeSi, rogorc qriste ambobs da agreTve daviTi da
solomoni~ (mari 1899: 494);
Sdr. Zveli qarTuli Targmani:

17
 `romelic amxanagis zakvari aris, TiTon Cavardes ormoSi, rogorca brZanebs
qriste da solomon, vinc ormo gaTxaroso~ (qrestomaTia 1949: 335);
3) ferne//pero:
`samarTliania motyueba matyuarasi~ (`C’est le vrai droit du jeu de tromper le trompeur~)
(pero interneti).
saba igavebs moralis Semcvel ganmartebebs ar urTavs. monaTxrobidan moralis
gamotana `sibrZne sicruisas~ mkiTxvelma TviTon unda moaxerxos igavis
warmomTqmeli personaJis komentarebis an konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT (z.
avaliSvilis sityviT, `Zalze Taviseburia is, rom am krebulis igavebs moraluri
Wkuis darigeba [`moralische Belehrung~] sruliad ar axlavs. igavis moralis amocnobas da
nawarmoebis mTlianobidan mis gamocalkevebas avtori mkiTxvels andobs~. _
avaliSvili 1933: 25). Cven mier gansaxilav araks ruqa hyveba, soflis cru maSeneblebSi
igi leonsa da sedraq vazirs gulisxmobs, Sarlatanebad miiCnevs maT _ mefis Zis
aRzrdas lamoben, magram am saqmisa araferi gaegebaT; me ki, maT mamxilebels, maxes
migeben da, vatyob, raRacas cuds SemamTxveveno (`Sen da mas [sedraq vazirs mimarTavs;
`mas~-Si leons gulisxmobs. _ l. b.] piri SegikravsT, me wauxdenels, vici, ar
gamiSvebT; Tu mefis Ze kargad gazardoT, me Ture ara vici rao~. _ orbeliani 1959: 29).
mokled, TviT ruqas aRiarebiT, igi pedagogikis principul problemebze saxifaTo
polemikas eweva samefo karis maRali rangis moxeleebTan, romlebic, misi azriT,
arasworad uZRvebian ufliswulis swavla-aRzrdis umniSvnelovanes,
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmes.
amrigad, sabas versia, romelic genetikurad ezopes igavs enaTesaveba,
amavdroulad Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba misgan (da masTan axlo mdgom sxva
variantTagan) mxatvruli ideiTac da am ideis xorcSesxmis maRalmxatvruli
formiTac.

damowmebani:

avaliSvili 1933: Surab Awalischwili. Einleitung. wignSi: Sulchan-Saba Orbeliani. Die Weisheit der Lüge. Artschil Metreweli,
Berlin-Wilmersdorf, [1933].
baramiZe 1959: al. baramiZe. sibrZne sicruisa. krebulSi: sulxan-saba orbeliani. saiubileo krebuli. Tb.:
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba. 1959.
bregaZe 1989: l. bregaZe. paralelebi. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 14. 07. 1989, № 28.
bregaZe 2008: l. bregaZe. moTxrobebi literaturaze. Tb.: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2008.
ezope 1978: Antike Fabeln. Aus dem griechischen und lateinischen übersetzt von Johannes Irmscher. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin und
Weimar, 1978.
iordaniSvili 1939: С. Иорданишвили. Примечания к тексту. wignSi: Сулхан Саба Орбелиани. Мудрость Лжи. Тбилиси:
Издательство `Заря Востока~, 1939.
kekeliZe 1981: k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,
1981.
leoniZe 1928: giorgi leoniZe. sulxan-saba orbeliani. wignSi: sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa.
giorgi leoniZis redaqciiT. tf.: gamomcemloba Sroma, 1928.
mari 1899: Н. Марр. Сборники притч Вардана. Материалы для истории средневековой армянской литературы, часть I,
Исследование. Санктпетербург: типография Императорской Академии Наук, 1899.
orbeliani 1959: sulxan-saba orbeliani. Txzulebani, I. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.
pero interneti: http://ecole.onsevoitdemainalors.org/article.php3?id_article=1137
qrestomaTia 1949: Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, II, Sedgenili solomon yubaneiSvilis mier.
Tb.: stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1949.

18
giorgi gaCeCilaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

sulxan saba orbeliani, rogorc qarTuli

barokos enciklopedia

enciklopediuroba is erTaderTi sityvaa, romelic srulfasovnad asaxavs

barokos esTetikuri kriteriumebis momcvelobas sulxan saba orbelianis
SemoqmedebaSi.
rogorc cnobilia, barokos stilis zeamocanad iqca renesansuli stilisa da
utopiuri konceptebis ara mxolod interpretacia, aramed dekonstruqcia.
vefxistyaosnis barokul-manieristuli dekonstruirebis mizani qarTyl barokoSi
kulturologiuri diskursis sibrtyezea gadatanili. dawyebuli vefxistyaosnis
pirveli gamgrZeleblebidan damTavrebuli arCilis moTxovnis _ `rusTvels rad ver
mibaZesa?” _mimdevrebiT, rusTaveli iqca XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTvel `mamaTa da
SvilTa~ diskursis qvakuTxedad.
am diskursis monawileni arian: Teimuraz I, arCili, vaxtang VI, daviT
guramiSvili, iakob Semoqmedeli, qaixosro ColoyaSvili, besiki, rusTavelis `ese
ambavi sparsulis~ gavleniT sparsulidan `rostomianis~ qarTuli versiebis
Semqmnelebi, vefxistyaosnis pirveli qarTveli ilustratori mamuka TavaqalaSvili
da ra Tqma unda, anton kaTalikosi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sulxan saba orbelians rusTavelis mimarT Tavisi pozicia
deklaraciuli formiT ar gamouxatavs, konceptualur pasuxs koTxvaze: ratom gaxda
barokos epoqa iZulebuli daewyo vefxistyaosnis dekonstuirebuli interpretacia,
ara naklebi mWermetyvelebiT iZleva `sibrZne-sicrusa~, vidre imave epoqis
parodiul-manieristuli interpretaciebi vefxistyaosnisa.
qarTuli cnobierebis dinamikaSi barokos kulturam da `sibrZne-sicruisam~
Seasrula igive funqcia, rac espanur da evropuli renesansis krizisis daZlevaSi _
servantesis `don kixotma~.
naTqvamis verifikaciis optimaluri forma vefxistyaosnisa da `sibrZne-
sicruisas~ paradigmaTa SedarebiTi analizia.
orive nawarmoebi filosofiur-didaqtikuri xasiaTisaa. orsave nawarmoebSi
gamoyenebulia diskursis sagnad qceuli kiTxvebis deteritorializirebul
sibrtyeze gadatanis meTodi. orive nawarmoebis qronotipi mowyvetilia diskursSi
monawileTa biografiuli yofis garemos, adgils, toponims. aseT viTarebaSi dro da
sivrce xdeba adamianis (gmiris) gamocdis, testirebis, verifikaciis instrumenti.
vefxistyaosnis siuJeti gamarTulia avantiuristuli romanis poetikuri
principiT. avantiuristuli siuJeti aris deteqtivis saxeoba. avantiuristuli
romanis qronotipSi gmiri gayvanilia biografiuli garemodan da gadanacvlebulia
ucxo qveynis garemoSi.
vefxistyaosnis gmirTa moqmedebis asparezi aris planeta.
avTandilSi dublirebulia ulises (odisevsis) kolumbamdeli avantiurizmi.
avTandilSi SiSveli nerviviT feTqavs kontinetebis aRmoCenaTa kolumbamdeli
proeqtebis eqo. `sibrZne-sicruis~ fabula da siuJeti organizebulia
avantiuristuli romanis qronotipis principiT.
rogorc vefxistyaosanSi, ise `sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ saqme gvaqvs biografiuli
garemodan gmiris `gasvlisa da dabrunebis~ paradigmasTan. vefxistyaosnis gmirebi
gadian biografiuli garemodan, Tavisufldebian biografiuli garemos socialuri
da moralisturi kontrolidan, gadawyvetilebebs iReben da moqmedeben
mizanSewonilebis safuZvelze. amaSia gmiris testirebis, adamianis verifikaciis,
filosofiuri konceptis deteritorizaciis arsi. es aris safuZveli, ris gamoc
filosofiuri literatura prioritets aniWebs avantiuristul da ara biografiul
siuJets.
miTologiuri gmirebis msgavsad, avantiuristuli siuJetis biografiuli
garemodan gasuli gmirebi axali codniT, gamocdilebiT, cxovrebis xis nayofTan
ziarebulni da dabrZenebulni brundebian TavianT garemoSi. `sibrZne-sicruisaSic~
`unaRvloTa mZebneli~ mefe gadis biografiuli garemodan da axali codniT
gamdidrebuli brundeba Tavis samefoSi.

19
 am siuJetis arqetipi qarTul kulturaSi xorcSesxmulia amiranis miTsa da vaJa-
fSavelas `gvelismWamelSi~. (Sdr. amiranis gasvla samyaros erTi sknelidan meore
sknelSi da dabruneba yamariT da cxovrebis xis nayofiT. mindias Casvla qvesknelSi da
gamecnierebulad dabruneba Tavis samkvidroSi).
unda gvaxsovdes, rom triada: teritorizacia_ deteritorizacia _
reteritorizacia _ geofilosofiis fundamenturi konceptebia.
esaa koncepti, romelic arakalendarul droSi sibrZnis (sofia) da siyvarulis
(filia) safuZvelze rusTaveli da sulxan-saba orbeliani megobrdebian (amigo).
rusTavelTan deteritorizaciiis proeqti mTavrdeba `vefxistyaosnis~, xolo
sulxan-saba orbelianTan `sibrZne-sicruis~ reteritorializebuli proeqtis saxiT.
orive SemTxvevaSi qarTulma kulturam miiRo aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
saazrovno situaciaTa globaluri sinTezi.
rogorc galaktioni ityoda, `vefxistyaosanSi~ _

Srialebs frTebi eladaTa sibrZnis demonis,

Zveli egviptis aq Srialebs mZlavri genia.

`sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ `Srialebs frTebi eladaTa sibrZnis demonis~. gavixsenoT

`lodis damgorebeli~ (sizife), `mocinari da motirali~ (heraklite da empedokle),
aseve `italieli mxatvrebi~ da `unaRvloTa mZebneli~, rogorc realobisa da
moCvenebiTobis dasavluri pragmatobiT gamijvnis nimuSebi. amave dros “sibrZne-
sicruisaSi” “Srialebs frTebi” aRmosavleTis (indoeTi, CineTi, arabeTi, sparseTi)
“mZlavri geniisa.”
orsave SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturaTa dialogis
proeqti win uswrebs goeTes “dasavlur-aRmosavluri divanis” proeqts.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom geofilosofiaSi pirovnebis deteritorizaciis
mniSvneloba ar Semoifargleba deteritoriaciis meqanikuri gagebiT.
deteritorizaciis mniSvneloba Seicavs erTi qveynidan individTa an “SemoqmedebiTi
umciresobis” sxva qveynebSi (miTis mixedviT, sxva sknelebSi) ara mxolod fizikur
gadanacvlebas, aramed ideaTa, codnaTa, politikuri miznebis, konceptTa,
produqciaTa cirkulacias.
magram vefxistyaosansa da `sibrZne-sicruisas~ Soris gansxvaveba imaSia, rom
biografiuli garemodan avTandiliviT gasuli leonis TavgadasavalSi
dublirebulia ara renesansis monumentur-maqsimalist gmirTa, aramed baroko-
manierizmis gmirTa, marTalia, didaqtizmTan dakavSirebuli, magram damiwebuli,
pikareskuli (TaRliTuri), gangvirgvinebuli proeqtebi.
baroko-manierizmma daiwyo raindul-avantiuristuli romanis
heroikuli gmirebis Canacvleba yofiTi, miwieri proeqtebis mqone gmirebiT.
pikarom Canacvla raindi. `sibrZne-sicruisas~ protagonisti leonis mogzaurobiT da
avantiuristuli TavgadasavliT qarTul prozaSi sulxan saba orbelianma saTave
daudo pikareskuli romanis diskurss.
qarTul prozaSi am diskursis pirveli gamoZaxilia ioane
batoniSvilis `kalmasoba~, XIX saukunis `mogzaurobani~ XX saukuneSi am diskursis
Janruli gafarToebis Sedevria javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~. XX saukunis 70-iani
wlebidan am diskursis daRiTaa aRbeWdili: o. CxeiZis “boriayi”, W. amirejibis `daTa
TuTaSxia~ da `gora mborgali~, T. WilaZis “gzaze erTi kaci midioda”, g. doCanaSvilis
`samoseli pirveli~, a. morCilaZis `mogzauroba yarabaxSi~.
renesansma da gansakuTrebiT rusTavelma adamiani dasva anTropocentrizmis
piedestalze. barokoSi es koncepti Sefasebul iqna utopiuri Teoriis produqtad.
anTropocentrizmis laitmotivi gasdevs barokosac, magram es aris negatiuri
anTropocentrizmi. `sibrZne-sicruis~ personaJebs araferi aqvT saerTo rusTavelis
gmirebTan. barokuli `negatiuri anTropocentrizmi~ aris damarcxebuli,
SeWirvebuli, sasowarkveTili, Tavzardacemuli, unugeSo, samoTxidan jojoxeTur
realobaSi gadmotyorcnili adamianis anTropocentrizmi.
baroko asaxavs amgvar realobaSi moxvedrili adamianis brZolas
TviTgadarCenisaTvis. am brZolaSi renesansul-rusTveluri konceptebi gzis
gamkvlevi orientirebi ki ar xdebian, aramed madezorientirebeli Suqurebi. ar aris
marTali:

20
 rom `borotsa sZlia keTilman~;
rom `RmerTi kargsa moavlinebs da borotsa ar dabadebs~;
rom `maT samTa gmirTa mnaTobTa sWirT erTmaneTis moneba~.
cxovreba da istoria ar wavida im gziT, rogorc rusTavels warmoedgina. axal
gamowvevebze axali pasuxebi iyo gasacemi!
ai, ras mixvda barokos epoqis qarTuli kultura da ver mixvdnen da ver gaiazres
literaturis istoriis im eqspertebma, romelTac am procesebis analizis misia
ekisraT.
`sibrZne-sicruis~ saTaurSive moxazul iqna koncepti, romelic saTaved daedo
barokul cnobierebas, rogorc antinomiurobiT aRbeWdili realobis kodi. barokom
urTierT gamomricxavi sawyisebis dialeqtikuri Tanafardobis es mniSvneloba
rogorc movlenaTa Sefasebis, ise poetikis kriteriumad aqcia.
rodesac laparakia Tavisi drois saazrovno situaciaSi sulxan saba orbelianis
moRvaweobis mniSvnelobaze, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is kriteriumebi, romlebic man
renesansis utopiuri konceptebis gasaneitraleblad gamoiyena.
raki renesansis raindul-avantiuristuli romanis heroikuli gmiris barokuli
pikareskuli gmiriT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda saubari, amjerad kidev or
koncepts SevexebiT:
rusTvelisTvis `msgavsi yoveli msgavssa Sobs~. Sesabamisad, raki qarTul enaSi
sparsulidan Semosuli “CiS mariT” (TvaliT nanaxi) aris WeSmariteba, TvaliT danaxva
aris sagnis realobis da verifikaciis instrumenti.
gavixsenoT rostevan-avTandilis mier ucxo moymis naxvis epizodi: naxes ucxo
moyme vinme, romelic ki ar naxes, aramed dainaxes, radganac ucxo moymem ar isurva
maTTan Sexvedra da gaqusla. miuxedavad amisa, ucxo moymis danaxva sakmarisi
aRmoCnda mis mimarT, rogorc swored ucxo moymis mimarT da ara yaCaRis,
avantiuristis, sxva qveynis `moyuriadis~ (vaJa) mimarT interesis aRZrvisaTvis. `naxes
da naxva moundaT ucxosa sanaxavisa~ _
barokosaTvis es koncepti miuRebelia. `sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ am konceptis
konkretuli dekodirebis mizans emsaxureba ori didi pasaJi. erTi gaerTianebulia
`italieli mxatvrebis~, ,meore _ `unaRvloTa mZebnelis~ ciklSi. orive pasaJidan
gamotanilia erTi daskvna: msgavsebis paradigmis rwmunebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi
sagnis arc danaxva, arc sagnis saxeli. Tvali macduria, realoba da movlena, sibrZne
da sicrue antinomuri wyvilebia.
rogorc aRiniSna, vefxistyaosnis gagrZelebebSi ganxorcielebuli
dekonstruqciis formatsa da `sibrZne-sicruisas~ formats Soris gansxvavebaa.
vefxistyaosnis gagrZelebebis barokul-manieristul formatSi dekonstruqcia
xorcieldeba rusTavelis leqsis (katrenis) sazeimo, ceremonialuri stilis
realobasTan Sejaxebis warmoCeniT.

tariel da coli misi dabrmes, dadrkes, dacaberdes,

siyvaruli gaacives, erTmaneTsa ukugrildes.

es aris koncepti, romelsac dasavluri barokos literaturaSi dantes

motivebisa da gmirTa qcevis dekonstuqciisaTvis ixmoben taso da ariosto. xolo
renesansuli mxatvrobis dekonstruqciisaTvis _ karavajo. “sibrZne-sicruisaSi” es
mizani miRweulia sxva formatiT. sulxan-saba diskursis sagnad irCevs ara
vefxistyaosnis katrens, aramed vefxistyaosnis calkeul pasaJebSi asaxul
konceptebs.
`siyvaruli agvamaRlebs~, _ wers rusTaveli. misTvis, platonis mgavsad,
siyvaruli aris fragmentebad daSlili samyaros gamaerTianebeli energia, romlis
saxelia erosi.
raki filosofia aris sibrZnis siyvaruli, megobroba, Tanamoazreoba,
solidaroba sibrZnis ZiebaSi xorcieldeba ara mxolod `maT samTa gmirTa mnaTobTa
sWirT erTmaneTis monebiT~, rogorc es aris vefxistyaosanSi, aramed sibrZnis ZiebaSi
megobarTa metoqeobis WrilSi.
renesansul da raindul kurtuazul kulturaSi siyvaruli miCneulia wodebrivi
privilegiis atributad. `sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ siyvaruli ar aris miCneuli
sazogadoebis sulier-gonebriv maorganizebel faqtorad. daujerebelia, magram

21
sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi erotika aRqmulia `kacTagan qalTa damdablebis~ aqtad.
vefxistyaosnis renesansuli maqsimalizmiT gamsWvaluli gmirebisaTvis siyvarulSi
Ralati aris maqsimalisturi SurisZiebis stimuli, `sibrZne-sicruisas~ jizi-
gurgenisTvis maqsimalisturi cinizmis sagani. aseTia diskursis stili, romelsac
`sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ sulxan-saba orbeliani ixmobs renesansuli (rusTveluri)
konceptebis dekonstruirebis mizniT.
`glaxis naambobis~ mixedviT, XIX saukunis qarTvelTa kulturaSi ilia WavWavaZem
avTandil-Sermadinis wyvilis daTiko-gabroTi Canacvlebis suraTi dainaxa.
es iyo afeTqeba qarTuli kulturis sistemaSi, romlis gamayruebeli eqoc
daiwyo barokoSi.
arada, qarTul barokoSi es procesi ori saukuniT adre iyo dawyebuli.
ganurCevlad imisa, hqonda Tu ara es ilia WavWavaZes gacnobierebuli, faqtia, rom
`sibrZne-sicruisaSi~ avTandili Canacvlebulia jizi gurgeniT.
davubrundeT `vefxistyaosnisa~ da `sibrZne-sicruisas~ SedarebiTi analizis
proceduras. avTandilisa da fatmanis romanis Sesaxeb vefxistyaosanSi vkiTxulobT:

erTgan dasxdnen da daiwyes kocna, laRoba wyliani;

Semodga karsa yma vinme kekluci, tan-nakvTiani,
Semovlo axlos, Semoyva mona xmal-darakiani,
dahkrTa, ra naxa avTandil: hgavso, Tu gzaa kldiani.
fatman ra naxa, SeSinda, Zrwis da mieca Zrwolasa,
man gakvirvebiT uWvrita maTsa laRoba-wolasa;
uTxra: “ar giSli, diaco, ferTa midamo krTolasa,
gamiTendebis, gananeb maga moymisa yolasa!
gamkicxe, bozo diaco, da damdev gasaTrevelad,
magra scnob xvale pasuxsa maga saqmisa mzRvevelad:
var SenTa SvilTa SeniTa kbiliTa damaWmevelad,
davSalo, wverTa fu miyav, xeliRa vrbode me velad!

Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi, vefxisatyaosnis mkiTxvelTaTvis cnobilia.

avTandilma jer WaSnagiris ori mcveli mokla

TviTo xeli yelsa mihyo, munve misca sulTa xdasa,

Tavi svetsa Seutaka, gauria tvini Tmasa.
amis mere avTandili hklavs mZinare WaSnagirs.
igi yma sawols marto wva guliTa javrianiTa;
xel-sisxliani avTandil Sedga taniTa janiTa
veRar aeswra, idumal mokla, verca Tu vcaniTa,
xeli mohkida, miwasa daaskvna, dakla daniTa.
mWvretelTa mze da mebrZoli mxeci da viTa zaria
beWdiTurT TiTi mohkveTa, qvesknels miwaTa garia,
zRvisken sarkmeliT gastyorca, zRvisa qviSaTa daria,
misTvis arcaRa samare, arca saTxarad baria.

aseTia renesansuli maqsimalizmis stili.

axla vnaxoT rogor iqceva imave situaciaSi `sibrZne-sicruisas~ qebuli gmiri
jizi gurgeni.
jizi gurgenma leoni saxlSi miiwvia.
`muniT Semiyvana, erTi mSvenieri saxli iyo, damsva. uxma, erTi mwyazari qali
gamovida, misTana ara minaxavs ra. dia, lamazi iyo da tanadac saros hgvanda. mravali
Tvali da margalitis samkauli aqvnda. Tavze erTi oqros wvlili mavTuliT mobmuli,
mrgvali raRac eba, Tval-margalitiT Semkuli, da adgilze miaTrevda, igi ara vkiTxe,
Sevigen - misi ram iyo. man miTxra:
- es Cemi coliao da igi kacis Tavi misTrevso.
me vkiTxe:
- rad misTrevs-meTqi?
man mipasuxa:
- erTs dRes amis ucnaurad Semovel, mas kacsa exveoda, da egre uTxra: netamc
Sens Tavs aravin gamyrideso. me ese sasikvdilod ver gavimete, siturfes hxedav da
buneba ukeTesi aqvs, da codna da rigi imisebri ar egebis, da amas davuTme. mas kacsa

22
Tavi movsWer, oqroTi Sevamkev da zed mivabi, natvra ar gavuqarve. RmerTma nu
gahyaros! mis sicocxleSi zed ebas da iyoso.
is, rac renesansisaTvis aris sakraluri, barokosaTvis aris profanuli.
barokos kultura aris renesansuli kulturis katastrofaze reaqciis Sedegi.
qarTul barokoSi rom renesansuli konceptebis dekonstruqciis procesi
mimdinareobs, niSnavs qarTuli cnobierebis (kulturis) ara degradaciasa da
ukusvlas, aramed qarTuli kulturisa da erovnuli energiis cxovelmyofelobas. am
konteqstSi barokos reaqcia renesansul ideologiaze aris pirdapiri analogi
winamorbedi filosofiis stilze Tanamedrove postmodernizmis reaqciisa.

23
qeTevan elaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

simboluri Tvalsawieri da sulxan-saba orbelianis

`leqsikoni qarTuli~ anu `sityvis kona~

sulxan-saba orbeliani imgvarad gamorCeuli da masStaburi moRvawe iyo, rom misi

fenomeni dRemde amoucnobia... is iyo daxvewili didgvarovani _ samefo karis `rCeuli
sisxlTagani~ (biZaSvili, biZa da aRmzrdeli mefeTa) da friad ganswavluli _ SemoqmedebiTad
moazrovne sasuliero piri.
amitomac, yovlad warmoudgenelia raime saxis sulieri faseulobis Seqmna, Tu ar
gaviTvaliswinebT sulxan-sabas universalur `sityvis konas~, sadac gamosWvivis qarTul
metyvelebaSi damkvidrebuli sityvis ara marto semantikuri Sinaarsi, aramed
Rrmafilosofiuri Sreebis gaazrebis tendencia.
leqsikonis Sedgenisas sulxan-saba orbelians usargeblia sxvadasxva enaze arsebuli
leqsikoniT, magaliTad, somxuriT da, bolo xans, berZnul-laTinuriT. am SemTxvevaSi is
iyenebda, rasakvirvelia, ucxo leqsikonebis garegnul, teqnikur mxares. Sinaarsis saxiT mas
gamouyenebia, rogorc TviTon ambobs, yvelaferi, rac `werilTa Sina unaxavs~. garda
werilobiTi Zeglebisa mas usargeblia agreTve Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gagonili
gamoTqmebiT da sityvebiT (dialeqtizmebiT) da cocxali metyvelebis nimuSebiT. werilobiTi
Zeglebidan mas gamoyenebuli aqvs sasuliero, filosofiuri da mxatvruli mwerlobis Zeglebi.
sasulierodan: bibliuri, agiografiuli (zogadi da qarTuli) da patrologiuri Txzulebebi.
filosofiuridan: Txzulebani nemesios emeselisa, ioane damaskelisa, fsevdo-dionise
areopagelisa, `kavSirni~ prokle diadoxosisa, kaTigoriebi aristotelisa da porfirisa da
sxv. sagmiro mxatvruli literaturidan gamoyenebulia: `vefxistyaosani~,
`amirandarejaniani~, `visramiani~, `rostomiania~, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da sxv. leqsikonSi
gamoyenebul wyaroTa simdidresa da nairnairobaze TviT sulxani ambobs: `raoden Zalmedva,
vecade elenTa, laTinTa, somxurTa, rusTa da arabTa wignebisagan da miT gadmoviRe... ama enaTa
romelnica swored Tqves, gina romelmac damajeria, igi davwere~. es enebi, yvela mainc, sabam ar
icoda, magram, Cans, is iyenebda saTanado literaturas sxvebis daxmarebiT~ (kekeliZe 1966:
482).
am universaluri leqsikografiuli Txzulebis Sinagani siRrme da masStabi sruliad
esityveba Tanamedrove enciklopediur naSromebs, amitomac misi martooden ganmartebiTi
leqsikonis TvalTaxedviT gaSinaarseba qarTul sityvas ukargavs sawyis arqetips, axSobs mis
mxatvrul Tu filosofiur diapazons...
da kidev erTi, `simboloTa ilustrirebul enciklopediaze~ (zaza abzianiZe, qeTevan
elaSvili, `simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia~, ortomeuli, 2006-2007 ww., gamomc.
`bakmi~) muSaobisas, gamoikveTa sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTulis~ sruliad
gansxvavebuli aspeqtic; zogierTi simbolos saxismetyvelebiT Tvalsawiers kidev ufro
sacnaurs xdis sityvis arsSi wvdomis universalizmi, ris gamoc Cven mogvixda sulxan-sabas
ganmartebaTa araerTgzis moxmoba _ iqneboda es `avgarozi~, `aqlemi~, `broli~, `zari~,
`marao~, `niangi~, `oboba~ Tu sxva... sagulisxmoa, rom mxolod sityvis WeSmariti da
fundamenturi gacnobierebiTaa SesaZlebeli warmosaxviT-asociaciuri azrovnebis srulyofa
da, bunebrivia, `simboloTa enis~ jerovani dauflebac.
Tu raoden Tanamedrove da yovlismomcvelia dResdReobiTTac `sityvis kona~, amis
sailustraciod gTavazobT mxolod oriode nimuSs `simboloTa ilustrirebuli
enciklopediidan~...
`sulxan-sabasTan `zari~ amgvaradaa ganmartebuli: `rvalis didi sarekeli; zari _
sazarelisagan SiSi~ (orbeliani 1991: 276). amjerad, Cven swored `rvalis didi sarekelis~
simbolika gvainteresebs... zaris simbolika moicavs `SiSis zarsac~, glovis zarsac da,
sazogadod yvela am mistikur elements, romliTac miTopoeturma warmosaxvam daajildova
casa da miwas Soris `gamokiduli~ sagnebi~ (z. abzianiZe, q. elaSvili 2006: 78). sabaseuli
saocrad zusti, asociaciurad absoluturad swori migneba da, rac mTavaria, emociuri muxtis
gamZafreba xdeba SiSis, sazarelisa da zaris TanaSewyvilebiT. amiT ki, savsebiT damajerebeli
xdeba, Cvens mier zaris `mistikuri elferis~ win wamoweva da warmosaxviT zarTan mimarTebaSi
idumalebis irealuri gancda...
simbolologiaSi friad sainteresoa obobas saxismetyveleba; `miTopoetur tradiciaSi
obobas ukavSirdeba SemoqmedebiTi energia, xelosnuri ostatoba, Sromismoyvareoba, magram
amasTanave _ gamiznuli sisastike, sixarbe, ukeTureba da jadosnobis niWi~ (z. abzianiZe, q.
elaSvili 2007: 10). unda iTqvas, rom isev da isev, obobas `saxismetyvelebiT labirinTSi~
sulxan-sabas SevyavarT; `oboba _ babaWua~ (orbeliani 1991: 600). `babaWua~ es saxeldeba
gacilebiT ufro badebs im idumalebis iluzias, rasac qmnis es uCveulo mweri Tavisi iSviaTi

24
virtuozobiT _ am asociacias, upirveles yovlisa, _ `babaWuas bude~ (orbeliani 1991: 37) anu
misi gansacvifrebeli qseli aRZravs xolme...
aranakleb sainteresoa Zalauflebis simboloebis gaSinaarsebisas kvlav sulxan-sabas
moxmoba: `gvirgvini (`samefo saxuravi~ _ orbeliani 1991: 180) is Tavsamkaulia, romelmac
gareSeTa TvalSi gvirgvinosani unda aamaRlos (pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT), raTa
`RmerTebis rCeuli~ gansakuTrebulobis xilul simbolos warmoadgendes~ (z. abzianiZe, q.
elaSvili 2007: 125). CvenSi samefo karis orsaukunovanma vakuumma, bunebrivia, iluziuri
gaxada, samefo regaliebis Secnoba, miT ufro maTi simboluri gaazreba. amitomac sulxan-
sabas, rogorc samefo ojaxTan friad daaxloebuli didgvarovanis mier samefo gvirgvinis,
erTi SexedviT, saocrad Cveulebrivi da arakeTlSobiluri ganmarteba (misi, mxolod da
mxolod, saxuravTan gaigiveba), araTu amdablebs am umTavresi saxelisuflo regaliis arss,
aramed xazgasmiT amZafrebs mis upirvelesobas mefis Secnobisas; mefe iseTive wilnayaria
gvirgvinTan, rogorc saxli — saxuravTan _ `gvirgvinosani mefe~ iseTive srulyofilia da
absoluturi saxea saxelisuflo didebis, rogorc saxuravdadgmuli saxli...
anda Tundac `marao (`xelismosaqrolebeli~ _ orbeliani 1991: 438) qalur sinatifesa da
xiblTan aris asocirebuli, magram maraos simbolika, romelic warmomavlobas ukavSirdeba,
diametriulad sapirispiro momentsac moicavs _ Zalauflebas~ (z. abzianiZe, q. elaSvili 2006:
134). `sityvis konaSi~ marao Tavisi funqcionaluri mniSvnelobiTvea gaSinaarsebuli, risi
meSveobiTac zedmiwevniT iSifreba simboloogiaSi misi RvTaebrivi Tu kosmiuri sawyisi,
oRond `xelis dinamikis~ gaTvaliswinebiT. `xeli ganasaxierebs RvTaebriv aqtivobasa da
adamianis srulqmnilebas~ (z. abzianiZe, q. elaSvili 2006: 15). amitomac maraos idumali Tu
sakraluri speqtri friad gacxadebuli da gamWvirvalea simbolologiaSi.
amgvarad gaSinaarsebul da gacocxlebul qarTul sityvaSi gacilebiT saxieri xdeba
zogierTi simbolos `biografiuli detalebi~, anu zustad gaazrebuli sityva zogjer
`simbolologiuri labirinTebis~ erTgvar gzamkvlevadac ki gvevlineba; radganac simbolos
Seucnobel arsSi wvdoma, mxolod da mxolod, zustad aqcentirebuli arqetipebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. arada, arqetipTa sawyisi xom, isev da isev, sityvis magiaSia saZiebeli.
sabednierod, Cven gagvaCnia sulxan-sabas intersityvieri diapazonis mqone `leqsikoni
qarTuli~, romlis wyalobiTac dRemde SevigrZnobT sityvis arasacnaur `simbolur impulss~.
damowmebani:

abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. `simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia~. t. I,
gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2006.
abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. `simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia~. t. II,
gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2007.
kekeliZe 1996: kekeliZe k. sulxan-saba orbeliani. qarTuli literaturis istoria. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1966.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1991.

25
vaJa kiknaZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

axali Srtixebi saqarTvelosa da evropis urTierTobis istoriidan

XIII-XIV saukuneebSi
XIII s-is 30-iani wlebidan romis papis karma aRmosavleTis qveynebSi misioneruli
saqmianoba gaaZliera. amave periodSi daarsda TbilisSi pirveli kaTolikuri eklesia.
cnobilia romis papisa da rusudan dedoflis mimowera; aseve Semonaxulia romis papebis
werilebi demetre II-Tan, daviT narinTan, giorgi brwyinvalesTan, qarTvel didebulebTan da a.
S. (tabaRua 1987. tabaRua 1987. Golubovich 1919. TamaraSvili 1904.).
magram amJamad, yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT romis papebis monRolTa karTan da
saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis naklebad cnobil an sruliad ucnob faqtebze.
evropisa da romis papebis interesi aRmosavleTis qveynebisadmi da kerZod monRolTa
imperiisadmi, ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc prozelitizmis ideiT da wminda miwis kvlav
gamoxsnis mcdelobiT, ise savaWro-ekonomikuri interesebiT. Tavis mxriv, sarwmunoebrivad
met-naklebad tolerantulad ganwyobili monRoli yaenebi (islamis miRebamde)
dainteresebuli iyvnen evropis qristianuli qveynebis CarTviT maTi mudmivi mtrebis _
egviptis sulTnebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
monRolebTan urTierTobisas romis papebi cdilobdnen, Suamavlis roli maT imperiaSi
Semavali qarTvelebisaTvis daekisrebinaT. amave saqmeSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli sirieli
monifizitebic.
gansakuTrebiT intensiuri iyo ilxanTa imperiis warmomadgenlis arRun xanis (1284-1291)
urTierToba evropasTan da romis papebTan. es swored is arRunia, romelmac demetre II-s
sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana. amitomacaa, rom qarTveli mematiane, e. w. JamTaaRmwereli,
romelic demetres karTan Zalian daaxloebuli Cans, arRuns uaRresad uaryofiTad
axasiaTebs. qristianobasTan da romis papTan mis kontaqtebze, qarTvel mematianes miniSnebac
ki arsad aqvs. piriqiT, mas JamTaaRmwereli, qveteqstiT qristianobis borot mtrad saxavs,
radgan mematianis sityviT, arRunma qristes sagmobi saqme Caidina: `sacnaur iqmna, viTarmed
amisTvis moiwia seni boroti arRuns zeda, romel dasTxia sisxli ubralo mravali
(igulisxmeba qristianTa sisxli, v. k.) da ikadra cxebulsa RmrTisasa (e. i. demetre II-is; xazi
Cvenia, v. k.) xelis Sexebad. mokuda arRun da yovelni gamzraxni misni, romelni mefisa
sikudilsa TanaSemwe yofil iyvnes, yovelni moisrnes~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 283-294).
arRunma, pirveli elCoba romis pap honorius IV-s (papad airCies 1285 wlis 2 aprils) 1285
wels gaugzavna. am elCobas meTaurobda `isa (iza) Tarjimani~ (Abel-Remuzat 1824: 356-359). es
`iza~ unda iyos pizis moqalaqe `isa an pisoli~ (Cinur wyaroebSi `ai-se~), romelic minRolebTan
didi gavleniT sargeblobda da arRunis karze cxovrobda. cnobilia, rom man uamravi
aRmosavluri ena icoda (Бартольд 1968: 233-234). swored amitom SeirCa igi am mniSvnelovani
diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelad.
arRunis werilis dedani ar SemorCenila, magram arsebobs misi laTinuri bwkareduli
Targmani. arRuni honorius IV-s arwmunebda, rom monRolebi qristianebis mimarT
keTilganwyobilebi iyvnen. kerZod, is werda, rom misi winamorbedni: yaeni hulagu da misi Ze
abaRa qristianebs yovelmxriv mfarvelobdnen da gadasaxadsac ki ar axdevinebdneno. piradad
arRuni romis papis winaSe pirobas debda, rom `gaufrTxildeboda qristianebs.~ amave dros,
arRuni paps atyobinebda, rom masTan elCobis gagzavna gacilebiT adre surda, magram misma
winamorbedma, yaenma ahmedma (1282-1284) SeuSala xeli, vinaidan ahmedi musulmani iyo (Chabot
1895: 191n.3). yvelaze mTavari arRunis werilSi is iyo, rom igi paps sTavazobda erTad
dasxmodnen Tavs `sarkinozTa miwas,~ romelic maT erTmaneTisgan TiSavda (`Terram Scami... inter
nos et vos~). `sarkinozTa miwaSi~ arRuni gulisxmobda sirias (Sams), romlis dapyroba
monRolebma verafriT moaxerxes. arRuni dabejiTebiT sTavazobda evropasa da romis paps
sarkinozTa xelidan gamoeglijaT siria da gaenawilebinaT (Chabot 1895: 192). am werilSi arRuni
jer kidev ar asaxelebs wminda miwebs, rogorc Setevis obieqts, razedac apelirebas igi ukve
Semdeg werilebSi axdens. werili daTariRebulia `qaTmis wlis~ 18 maisiT, rac 1285 wels
Seesabameba.
1287 wels arRuni meore elCobas gzavnis evropaSi. am misiis xelmZRvanelad
nestorianeli beri, bar-sauma dainiSna. misi elCoba dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili unikalur
siriul wyaroSi _ `mar iabalaxasa da rabban saumas istoria~ (1317 w.). sxvaTaSoris, am
`istoriis~ anonimi, movlenaTa Tanamedrove avtori wers: `arRunma gadawyvita SeWriliyo,
daemorCilebina da daepyro palestinisa da siriis miwebi. [is ambobda]: `Tuki dasavleTis
mefeebi _ qristianebi ar damexmarebian, me (marto) ver SevZleb Cemi miznebis miRwevaso.~
amitomac sTxova man kaTalikoss (nestorianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa meTaurs, v. k.)
SeerCia brZeni, SemZle da Sesaferi piri elCobisaTvis~. swored maSin dainiSna elCobis
meTaurad nestorianeli rabban sauma. man da misma misiam mTeli dasavleT evropa moiara da

26
dawvrilebiT aRwera, rac naxa. saintereso detalia, rom saumasa da mis elCobas romis wm.
petres taZarSi unaxavT sufTa tilo, romelzedac macxovari iyo gamosaxuli. SesaZloa, es
iyos turinis sudaris pirveli xseneba (Пигулевская 1958: 85).
rogorc Cans, elCobas realuri Sedegi ar moyolia, magram axalma papma nikoloz IV-m
saumas monRolebTan mravali werili gaatana. aseve werilebi gaegzavnaT nestorianel
kaTalikoss, qristian monRol dedoflebs, kerZod, dedofal eleRaRs, igive oljeTei xaTuns
da dedofal Tuktans, igive nuktan xaTuns. pirveli arRunis meuRle iyo (aseve erqva mis
qaliSvilsac); meore ki, abaRa yaenis meuRle, anu arRunis deda iyo (Рашид ад-Дин 1957: 113).
papma werili gaugzavna TviT arRunsac. amJamad es werili or nawiladaa gaxleCili da
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ori cal-calke werilia; Tumca savaraudoa, rom saqme gvaqvs
erTi werilis or nawilTan (Пигулевская 1958: 44). Tavis epistoleSi papi urCevs arRuns,
ierusalimis aRebas ar daelodos (rogorc es mis werilSi iyo naTqvami) da moinaTlos.
marTlac, arRuni Tavis erT werilSi paps pirdeboda, rom ierusalimis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, iq
moinaTleboda (D`Ohsson 1835: 188). rogorc Cans, orive mxridan, es iyo diplomatiuri TamaSi.
papi cdilobs qristianobaze miaqcios arRuni da amiT masze gavlena moipovos; arRuni ki,
qristianobis miRebas maSin apirebs, Tu papi da evropa daexmareba mas ierusalimisa da siriis
dapyrobaSi.
1289-1290 w.w. arRuni mesame elCobas agzavnis papTan da evropis qveynebis meTaurebTan.
manamde, man kidev erTi werili miiRo pap nikoloz IV-gan; am werilSi papi arRuns sTxovda
gansakuTrebuli mfarveloba aRmoeCina papis wargzavnili Rvawlmosili misioneris, ioane
montekorvinosaTvis (D`Ohsson 1835: 69). mesame elCobas xelmZRvanelobda genueli warmoSobis
didvaWari buskarel de gizulfi (Buscarellus de Gisulfo). am piris elCobis meTaurad ganweseba
ganapiroba iman, rom genua gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli aRmosavleTTan savaWro
urTierTobebiT. genuis udides savaWro korporacias ki, im periodSi saTaveSi edga iakob de
gizulfi, Cans buskarelis naTesavi. papis garda, buskarels da mis elCobas unda
moenaxulebinaT safrangeTis mefe filipe IV lamazi da inglisis mefe eduard I. am elCobis
oficialuri mizani iyo axali jvarosnuli laSqrobis organizeba wminda miwis sarkinozTagan
dasaxsnelad. Semonaxulia arRunis werili safrangeTis uZlieresi mefis, filipe IV
lamazisadmi. werili uiRuruli anbaniTaa naweri. pergamentis sigrZe 1 m da 83 sm-s, xolo
sigane 25 sm-s udris. igi inaxeba parizis nacionalur arqivSi (D`Ohsson 1835: 69).
am werilSi arRuni konkretul vadebsac asaxelebda, rodis unda dawyebuliyo
erToblivi laSqroba. yaeni werda: `RmerTs mindobilni gavemgzavroT zamTris bolo TveSi,
panteris wels (igulisxmeba 1291 wlis ianvari, v. k.) da damaskosTan davibanakoT gazafxulis
pirveli Tvis 15 ricxvSi~ (daaxloebiT 20 Tebervals, v. k.). arRuni dabejiTebiT moiTxovda
evropis qveynebis monawileobas am laSqrobaSi da gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, filipes pirdeboda
yvela qristianisaTvis wminda qalaq ierusalimis gadacemas (D`Ohsson 1835: 71-72; Haenisch 1949:
220).
sayuradRebo faqtia, rom am werilTan erTad, buskarelma safrangeTis mefes erTgvari
diplomatiuri nota gadasca, romelic Zvel frangul enaze iyo dawerli. masSi, kidev erTxel,
ganmartebuli iyo arRunis miznebi. ganmartebebs darTuli hqonda buskarelis sakuTari
komentarebi. kerZod, iq naTqvami iyo, rom Tu mefe (filipe) TviT Caudgeboda saTaveSi Tavis
jars, samagierod arRuni `Tan waiyvanda saqarTvelos or qristian mefes, romlebic misi
vasalebi arian da romelTac 20 000 cxenosnis da metis gamoyvanac SeuZliaT~ (xazi Cvenia, v. k.)
(D`Ohsson 1835: 75). es cnoba sruliad ucnobia qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis. rogorc Cans,
qarTvel mefeebSi arRuni gulisxmobda axlad gamefebul vaxtang II-s (1289-1292) da dasavleT
saqarTvelos mefes, daviT narins. marTalia, daviT narini monRolebs faqtobrivad ar
emorCileba, magram aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom jer erTi, saqme exeba qristes
saflavisa da wminda miwis gamoxsnas, rac yvela qarTvelisa da miT ufro mefisTvis sanukvari
ocneba iyo da meorec, vaxtangi narinis Ze iyo da amitom maTi SeTanxmeba am laSqrobasTan
dakavSirebiT, gacilebiT advili iqneboda (sxvaTaSoris, vaxtangs colad SerTes oljaTai,
arRunis da).
buskareli arwmunebs evropel xelmwifeebs, rom arRuni iTvaliswinebs ra wminda miwamde
gasavleli gzis sirTuleebs da zRvaze (xmelTaSua zRvaze) cxenebis gadayvanis sirTules,
mzad aris safrangeTis mefes da mis didebulebs, zRvis aqeT 20 an 30 aTasi cxeni daaxvedros.
amasTan, igi mzad aris gadasces mas `saCuqris ufleba~ (anu alafis aRebis ufleba), an TviTon
gadauxados didi Tanxa. amasTanave, arRuni pirobas debs, rom evropelebs daaxvedrebs
msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonels, burRuleuls, fqvils, sxva sursaTsa da aqlemebs (D`Ohsson
1835: 76). dokumenturad mtkicdeba, rom werili adresats namdvilad gadaeca da am saqmeSi didi
wvlili miuZRvis nestorianel bers, saumas. rogorc aRiniSna, arsebobs am nestorianeli beris
da imdroindeli nestorianeli kaTalikosis, iabalaxas anonimuri istoria, sadac es ambavicaa
aRwerili. kerZod, istoriaSi naTqvamia: `rodesac is (sauma) Sevida (sasaxleSi), is (safrangeTis
mefe, v. k.) wamodga mis Sesaxvedrad, miesalma da uTxra: `risTvis moxvel Sen? da vin
gamoggzavna?~ man (saumam) upasuxa: `mefe arRunma da aRmosavleTis kaTalikosma (anu

27
nestorianelTa meTaurma, v. k.), gamomgzavnes me, ierusalimTan dakavSirebiT.~ man (saumam)
auxsna mas (mefes) yvelaferi, rac ki icoda am saqmis Sesaxeb da gadasca werilebi, romlebic mas
Tan hqonda da ZRveni da saCuqrebi, rac motanili hqonda~ (xazi Cvenia, v. k.) (Пигулевская 1958:
87). rogorc vxedavT, wyaroSi pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom werilebi safrangeTis mefes
nestorianelma saumam piradad gadasca.
romis papma saWirod CaTvala buskarelis misia inglisis mefe eduard I-ac gaegzavna.
misias papma sakuTari sarekomendacio werilic daurTo. 1290 wlis 10 dekembriT daTariRebul
werilSi papi eduards amcnobda, rom masTan agzavnida arRun yaenis elCebs da sakuTar
wargzavnilebs. kerZod, papi werda: `rodesac Cveni Zvirfasi Svilebi, warCinebulebi: andre,
romelsac adre (kaTolikobis miRebamde, v. k.) Zagani (Zagan) erqva, RmerTisgan Segonebuli,
axlaxan mionaTla Cvens samociqulo karze ostiis episkoposis xeliT, Tavis ZmisSvil
dominikTan erTad, romelsac adre (kaTolikobis miRebamde, v. k.) gorgi (giorgi, v. k.) erqva; da
baskarelus gizulfi (anu igive buskareli, arRunis elCi, v. k.) genuis moqalaqe... arRunis,
monRolTa saxelganTqmuli mefis despanebi saCuqrebiT Camovlen Tqvens samefo karze;
gTxovT, kargad miiRoT da yuradRebiT mousminoT (maT) da rac SeiZleba swrafad
gamoistumroT ukan~ (xazi Cvenia, v. k.) (D`Ohsson 1835: 76).
motanili cnoba unikaluria, radgan saukuneTa siRrmidan ori ucnobi qarTvelis
misionerul saqmianobas gvisuraTebs. SesaZleblad migvaCnia gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom Zagani
da giorgi abuleTisZeTa sagvareulos ekuTvnodnen. amas gvafiqrebinebs papis werilSi
dafiqsirebuli ganmarteba, rom isini `warCinebulebi~ anu maRali socialuri fenis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. didi feodalebis, abuleTisZeTa gvarSi ki, es saxelebi (Zagani da
giorgi) gavrcelebuli iyo. amaze metyvelebs daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZSi moxseniebuli Zagan
abuleTisZe (kldiaSvili... 1991: 65) da aseve 1260 wels SiomRvimis lavris mier gacemul sigelSi
moxseniebuli `Zagan abuleTisZe da misi biZa giorgi~ (kldiaSvili... 1991: 66).
SesaZloa, rom papis mier dasaxelebuli abuleTisZeTa warmomadgenlebis romaul-
kaTolikur sarwmunoebaze gadasvla imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom maT konfliqti hqondaT
rogorc saqarTvelos samefo karTan (gavixsenoT daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa), ise monRolebTan.
magaliTad, qarTveli mematiane, `JamTaaRmwereli~ wers, rom 1282 wlisaTvis sadun
mankaberdelis Zem, xutlubuRam ori Zma abuleTisZe (saxelebi ar aris dasaxelebuli)
`moakudina~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 281-282).
1291 wlis 21 agvistos romis papi sapasuxo werils ugzavnis arRuns da acnobebs, rom misi
werili, sakuTari despanis _ Zaganis xeliT, inglisis mefes gadaugzavna (sainteresoa, rom
papi kvlav Zveli saxeliT (`Zagani~) moixseniebs despans da ara monaTvlis Semdgomi saxeliT,
`andre~!). am werilSi papi dabejiTebiT urCevda arRuns daeCqarebina qristianobis miReba,
yovelgvari winapirobis gareSe. ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 23 agvistos romis papma saWirod
CaTvala damatebiT gaegzavna werili arRunisaTvis. es imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom papma
Seityo wminda miwaze jvarosanTa ukanaskneli simagreebis: akrisa da tvirosis dacema. papi
arRuns arwmunebda, rom inglisis mefem `aiRo jvari (anu Seudga qristes saqmis aRsrulebas, v.
k.) da male zRvas gadmokveTs STambeWdav (samxedro, v. k.) ZalasTan erTad.~ papi arRuns
acnobebda agreTve, rom TviT man yvela qristianul qveyanas mouwoda momzadebuliyvnen
sarkinozebTan sabrZolvelad. sakuTriv arRuns, papi kvlav mouwodebda mieRo qristianoba.
papma werilebi gaugzavna sxva monRol warCinebulebsac. magaliTad, erT-erT monRol
dedofals _ uruq-xaTuns, ufliswul yazans (SemdgomSi cnobili yazan-yaeni (1295-1304),
yazanis erT-erT vaJs, romelic monaTluli iyo, magram 1304 wels, taxtze asvlis Semdeg
qristianoba uaryo da oljaiTu dairqva. papma werili miswera did noin ToRaCarsac (igive
JamTaaRmwerlis taCars, romelsac wvlili miuZRvis daviT ufliswulis gadarCenaSi).
rogorc Cans, monRolTa da evropis monarqebis erToblivi laSqroba, miuxedavad romis
papis didi mcdelobisa, mainc ver ganxorcielda. amis mizezi safrangeTisa da inglisis
pozicia iyo, romlebic axali, seriozuli laSqrobisaTvis mzad ar iyvnen.
buskarel gizulfi ki, kvlav ganagrZobs diplomatiur moRvaweobas. SemorCenilia 1303
wlis yazan-yaenis werili, romelSic is iuwyeba, rom romis papis, bonifacius VIII-gan epistole
miiRo `biskarunis xeliT~ (aq udavod igive buskarel gizulfi igulisxmeba) (Spuler 1955: 102),
magram es buskarelis bolo xsenebaa. amis mizezi isic iyo, rom diplomatiuri urTierTobani
ilxanebsa da evropas Soris TiTqmis Sewyda.
Tumca wminda miwis urwmunoTagan gamoxsnis idea kvlavac cocxlobs. axla ukve romis
papis kari aqtiurobs. axali jvarosnuli laSqrobis idea mTel XIV saukunes gahyveba. es azri
TvalnaTliv gamosWvivis 1330 wlis sebastopolis (soxumis) kaTolike episkoposis, petre
geraldis unikalur werilSi, romelic kenterberis arqiepiskoposs gaegzavna (kiknaZe 1983: 95-
104).
papi ioane XXII agrZelebs kaTolicizmis propagandas da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi axal da
axal misiebs gzavnis (ZiriTadad eseni iyvnen franciskelebi da domienikelebi).
1333 wels paps sulTanieSi (samxreT zerbaijani) da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gaugzavnia
ori misioneri: franCesko de kamerino da riCard ingliseli. maT davalebuli hqondaT
saqarTvelos mefec moenaxulebinaT.

28
 unikaluri, magram fragmentuli cnobaa Semonaxuli imis Sesaxeb, rom avinionSi, 1333-1334
wlebSi, romis papis imdroindel rezidenciaSi imyofeboda misioneri `ioane (Jak) qarTveli.~
man sxva misionerebTan erTad, dawvrilebiTi instruqciebi miiRo da kaTolikuri doqtrina
ganixila. ioane (Jak) qarTvelis saxeli Semonaxulia papis kuriis mier gamoyofili samogzauro
Tanxebis nusxaSi (Richard 1977: 178n. 41).
evropul wyaroebSi saintereso da qarTuli istoriografiisTvis dRemde ucnobi
cnobebia Semonaxuli 1329 wlidan Tbilisis kaTolikuri misiis meTaurad daniSnul ioane
florencielze. is Tbilisis misiis meTaurad dainiSna mas Semdeg, rac papis miTiTebiT smirnis
(izmiris) saepiskoposo kaTedra 1329 wlis 9 agvistos TbilisSi gadmoitanes. uSualod
Tbilisis kaTolikur misias ioane florencieli 1330 wlis 7 Tebervlidan xelmZRvanelobda,
manamde ki is sulTanies arqiepiskoposi iyo. 1333 wlidan, Cans SeTavsebiT, is somxeTis
kaTolikur misiasac xelmZRvanelobs. frangi mkvlevaris, Jan riSaris cnobiT, naxWevanSi XVII
s-mde inaxeboda mis mier Targmnili raRac Sroma (Richard 1977: 179). 1343-1345 w.w. ioane
florencieli evropaSi gaemgzavra misiis saqmeebis mosawesrigeblad. am periodSi, romis papi
mas inglisis mefesTan gamgzavrebasac ki avalebs da amisaTvis 120 florins uxdis. Tumca,
bolo momentSi, raRac mizeziT, papma viziti gaauqma (Richard 1977: 179-180).
SemorCenilia misi Txovna romis papisadmi, neba daerTos gaemgzavros palestinaSi. es
Txovna 1345 wliTaa daTariRebuli. ioane florencieli 1347 wels peras monasterSi
gardaicvala. Jan riSaris cnobiT, aRmoCnda misi saflavis filac, romelic stambolis
muzeumSi inaxeba (Richard 1977: 180-181).
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelosa da qarTvelTa roli XIII-XIV saukuneebis diplomatiur
saqmianobaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovania.
vimedovnebT, am periodis ucxouri arqivebisa da wyaroebis kvleva damatebiT masalas
gamoavlens.

damowmebani:

Abel-Remuzat 1824: Abel-Remuzat M. Memoires Sur les relations politiques des princes chretiens et particulierment des rois de France
avec les empereurs mongoles... Memoires de l`institute Roial de France. Academie des inscriptions et Belles Lettres vol.
VII. Paris, 1824
Бартольд 1968: Бартольд В. В. Пизанец Исол. Сочинения. Издательство «Наука». Москва, 1968
D`Ohsson 1835: Histoire des Mongols depuis Tchinguiz-khaen jusqu’ à Timour bay ou Tamerlan par C. D`Ohsson vol. IV La Haye et
Amsterdam (Les frères van cleef). 1835
TamaraSvili 1904: istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. tf.: 1904.
kiknaZe 1983: kiknaZe v. laTinuri wyaro XIV s. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi
(istoria, xelovnebaTmcodneoba, eTnografia). t. 243. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. Tb.:
1983.
kldiaSvili...1991: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVIIss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT t. I.
gamosacemad moamzades d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, e. cagareiSvilma, g. jandierma.
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~. Tb.: 1991.
Golubovich 1919: Golubovich J. Bibliotheca Bio-Bibliographica. vol. II. Guaraqi, 1919.
Пигулевская 1958: История мар Ябалахи III и раббан Саумы. Исследование, перевод с сирийского и примечания Н. В.
Пигулевской. Издательство Восточной литературы. Москва, 1958.
Рашид ад-Дин 1957: Рашид ад-Дин Фазуллах. Сборник Летописей Т. III. перевод с персидского языка А. К. Арендса.
Издательство Академии Наук Азербайджана. Баку, 1957.
Richard 1977: Richard J. Papaute et les Missions d`Orient au Moyen Age (XIII-XV s.). Rome, 1977.
Spuler 1955: Spuler B. Die Mongolen in Iran. Berlin, 1955.
tabaRua 1985: tabaRua i. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi.t. II. gamomcemloba `mecniereba~.
Tbilisi, 1985
tabaRua 1987: tabaRua i. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi. t. III. gamomcemloba `mecniereba~. Tb.:
1987.
yauxCiSvili 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelmaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier. t. II. gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~. Tb.: 1959.
Chabot 1895: Histoire de mar Iabalaha III patriarche des Nestoriens (1280-1317) et du moine rabban Çauma ambassadeur du Roi Argoun en
Occident (1287), traduit et annotée par J. B. Chabot. Paris, 1895.
Haenisch 1949: Haenisch E. Zu den Briefen der Mongolishen Il-Khane Argun und Öljeitu an den König Philipp den Schönen von Frankreich
(1289 u. 1305). “Oriens” vol. 2 #2. 1949.

29
goCa kuWuxiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

arabulidan momdinare sityvebi da sulxan-sabas leqsikoni

sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ aris qarTulSi arabuli enidan
Semosuli sityvebi. zogierTi maTgani dRevandel saliteraturo qarTulsa da
sasaubro metyvelebaSi aRar gvxvdeba.
saintereso suraTs iZleva arabul sityvaTa leqsikografiuli monacemebis
arabuli sityvebis im gaqarTulebul formebTan Sedareba, romlebic sulxan-sabas
leqsikonSi da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tanamedrove metyvelebaSi aris Semonaxuli; Cven
saSualeba gveZleva, davinaxoT, Tu rogori cvlileba ganucdia ama Tu im sityvas,
rogori mniSvneloba miuRia mas XVII s-Si da Semdgom.
mag. leqsikuri erTeuli `varayi~ sulxan-sabas ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc
`qanda~ (saba I); arabuli sityva `varak~-is qarTuli mniSvnelobaa _ `furceli,
foToli~; es arabuli sityva qarTulSi Tavdapirvelad pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
Semovidoda, SesaZloa, arabuli eqspansiis dros, an _ mogvianebiT, XVII s-is qarTulSi
mas ukve sxva mniSvneloba hqonia SeZenili...
leqsema `mutribi~ sulxan-sabasTan ase aris ganmartebuli _ `meCange qali~; am
arabulidan Semosuli sityvis mniSvnelobebia: 1. `gamamxiarulebeli~ 2. `momRerali,
musikosi~ (baranovi 1977)... xsenebuli sityva qarTul enaSi, sulxan-sabas dros,
mxolod qal musikoss aRniSnavs, Tanac, sabasTan Cangis dakvrazea yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli. es saintereso sakiTxia, _ ratom mainca da mainc Cangze damkvrels da
ratom mxolod qals uwodes qarTvelebma `mutribi~? SesaZloa, xsenebulma arabulma
sityvam saqarTvelos im regionSi moikida fexi, sadac Cangze dakvra iyo
gavrcelebuli, Cans, masze qalebi ukravdnen, romlebisTvisac mutribebi
SeurqmeviaT... isic SesaZloa, rom `mutribma~ `Cangze damkvreli qalis~ mniSvneloba
Semdeg SeiZina da sulxan-saba swored mogviano mniSvnelobiT ganmartavs am sityvas...
TiToeul niuansze dakvirvebam, SesaZloa, sakmaod saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis
saSualeba mogvces.
leqsema _ `oÃer~ sulxan-sabas ganmartebuli aqvs ase: `Senoba, sada uSeno qmnil
iyos da ukacur, oÃer ewodebis~; arabuli leqsemis _ `’uxraÑ~-s mniSvnelobaa _
`sxva~ (baranovi 1977); dRevandeli mniSvneloba am sityvisa aris `1. visac aravin ar
hyavs... 2. mitovebuli... 3. moxerxebuli, TaRliTi~ (qegli)... sulxan-sabas leqsikoni
saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT, Tu ra ZiriTadi mniSvneloba miuRia arabulidan
Semosul am sityvas XVII s-Si, SemdgomSi ki mas ufro mravalferovani mniSvnelobebi
SeuZenia... qarTul enaSi Semosvlis dros, albaT, igive mniSvneloba eqneboda, rac
arabulSi aqvs.
arabulidan Semosuli sityva `magida~ sulxan-sabasTan ganmartebulia rogorc
_ `maRali sufra, feÃiani~; _ am arabul sityvas qarTulSi mniSvneloba ar Seucvlia;
sulxan-saba gvafiqrebinebs, rom XVII s-is qarTul enaSi sityva `sufra~ ixmareboda
rogorc sinonimi sityvisa _ `magida~; `sufrisagan~ gansxvavebiT, `magida~ maRalia,
fexebiani... sityva `tabla~, aseve, arabulia, sulxan-sabas igi ganmartebuli aqvs
rogorc `ficris sufra feÃedi~ (`tabla ars sufra da yoveli feÃedi ficari win
dasadgmeli~); leqsema `magida~, rogorc iTqva, arabulidan aris Semosuli, _ ras
uwodebdnen qarTvelebi am sagans sxvagvarad? radgan sulxan-saba `magidas~
ganmartavs rogorc `maRal, fexian sufras~, Cans, am sagnis aRsaniSnavad, magidis
garda, sufrac ixmareboda, oRond, `sufra~ erqva, rogorc fexebian, aseve _ ufexo
magidas, rasac dRes `xonCas~ uwodeben xolme... `tabla~ arabulSi patara magidas
niSnavs, qarTulSi igi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT Semosula, Tumc, sulxan-saba mis
patara zomaze ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
yovelive zemoTqmuli, cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom `magidis~ qarTuli ekvivalenti _
es aris `sufra~, _ `sufrac~ arabuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs `sasadilo
magidas~, swored aqedan unda momdinareobdes magidis gadasafareblis aRsaniSnavad
sityva `sufra~.
mainc ras uwodebdnen qarTvelebi magidas, sanam qarTulSi arabulidan esa Tu is
sityva Semovidoda?

30
 sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, `xonCa _ sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad sifli da tabaki
hqvian~; `tabakac~ arabuli sityvaa, misi mniSvnelobaa `TefSi~; qarTuli enis
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi es sityva axsnilia rogorc `TefSi~ da rogorc _ `igive, rac
`tabla~; CamoTvlilia misi sxva mniSvnelobebic, romlebic qarTulSi SeuZenia: `varia,
flavi, xorci...; Tumc, aqve imis sailustraciod, rom `tabakas~ erT-erTi mniSvneloba
`TefSia~, rafiel erisTavis erTi leqsidan es sityvebia moyvanili: `Telis tabaka
miWiravs, sanTlebiT gaCaRebuli, zed xorbalia, pur-Rvino, oqro da vercxli qebuli~
(qegli); dameTanxmebiT, amdeni nivTi mxolod TefSze, albaT, ar daeteoda da rafiel
erisTavi xelSi daWeril `tabakaSi~, Cans, aseve, xonCis msgavs dafas, ase vTqvaT, _
ufexo magidas unda gulisxmobdes... rogorc iTqva, `xonCas~ ganmartebisas, sulxan-
saba wers, rom es `sxvaTa enaa~ da qarTulad `tabaka~ da `sifli~ hqvia; Tavad sityva
`sifli~ ganmartebulia rogorc `mogrZo tabaka~; qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonSi `siflTan~ erTad naxsenebia `sefila~; jerjerobiT gadaWriT ver vityviT,
rom esec sxva enidan Semosuli leqsema ar aris, magram varaudad imis daSveba
SeiZleba, rom `sefila~, romelic, sabas ganmartebiT, _ `mogrZo tabaki~, yofila,
SesaZloa, qarTuli warmoSobis sityvac iyos; Cven TiTqmis ueWveli gvgonia, rom es
leqsema `sefasTan~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli; sefa, vfiqrobT, unda gavigoT im
adgilad, romelSic mogrZo magidebi, anu `sefilebi~ idga (e. i. dRevandeli
mniSvnelobiT); sefilebis TavSi, albaT, ara _ `sefila~, aramed sefe magida idga...
adre, SesaZloa, `sefilas~ ufexo magidas uwodebdnen, Semdeg ki fexianis
mniSvnelobac SeiZina... gasarkvevia, ra urTierTmimarTebaa `siflsa~ da `sefilas~
Soris... es sakvlevi sakiTxebia... vimeorebT, jerjerobiT Znelia imis gadaWriT Tqmac,
sefa, sefe, an sefila qarTuli sityvebia Tu Semosuli... Cans, yovelive zemoTqmuls
ukavSirdeba leqsikuri erTeuli _ `sefiskveri~...
ar aris SeuZlebeli arc is, rom `mTavari, didi magidis~ aRmniSvneli sityva erT-
erT periodSi `sefa~ iyo, rom es aris `magidis~ qarTuli Sesatyvisi (Tu ki `sefac~
Semosuli sityva araa), sefilas ki, sefasTan SedarebiT, patara magidas uwodebdnen.
sulxan-sabas `sefiskveri~ ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc _ `didebulT kveri~ (saba II).
dasaSvebad migvaCnia varaudi, rom es sityva `mTavar, gansakuTrebul magidaze~
dasadebad gankuTvnil kversac niSnavdes, SesaZloa, saeklesio mniSvnelobac imis
gamo aqvs am sityvas, rom mlocvelTaTvis gankuTvnili kveri calke, _
gansakuTrebul magidaze (sefaze) lagdeboda...
aqve yuradRebas imsaxurebs sityvebi, romlebic `leqsikonis~ danarTSi aris
gatanili: `sufrayaSuRi~ (ganmartebulia rogorc _ `laferi~); `sufraqeSi”
(ganmartebulia rogorc _ `metabake~); boloSi gatanili sityvebi sulxan-sabasTan
moixseniebulia rogorc `gardacvlilebi~... TiTqos maT gacocxlebas cdilobs saba...
sulxan-sabas dros qarTulSi cnobili leqsema `ajabTa~ `sityvis konaSi~ asea
ganmartebuli: `arabTa enaÁ ars, sakvirvels hqvian~; arabuli sityva `‘ajiba~ niSnavs _
`saswauls~, `sakvirvelebas~; Cven vxedavT, rom qarTul enaSi arabulidan Secvlili
formiT Sesul am sityvas sulxan-sabas dros arabuli mniSvneloba dakarguli ar
hqonia, _ Cans, sulxan-sabas dromde ixmareboda arabulidan Semosuli es sityva,
magram qarTul metyvelebas ar SemorCa da arc saliteraturo qarTulSi
damkvidrebula. am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul enaSi sityvis Semosvlis, Cans, metyvelebaSi
erTxans damkvidrebisa da Semdeg gaqrobis TiTqmis mTeli istoria warmoCnda Cvens
Tvalwin.
sityvebi mniSvnelobebs, cxadia, xSir SemTxvevaSi icvlis. sulxan-saba
orbelianis leqsikoni saSualebas gvaZlevs advilad gavadevnoT Tvali am
cvlilebebs. enaSi sityvis cvlilebebis suraTi gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT maSin
vlindeba, roca es sityva ucxo enidan aris Semosuli, amitom sulxan-saba orbelianis
leqsikonze am aspeqtidan dakvirveba momavalSi aucileblad unda gagrZeldes.
damowmebani:
baranovi1977: Баранов Х. К Арабско-русский словарь, Москва, 1977.
saba I: sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti,
avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva, ganmarteba da leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo
ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1991.
saba II: sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti,
avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva, ganmarteba da leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo
ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1993.
qegli: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (rva tomeuli).

31
malxaz macaberiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis evropeizacia

qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis evropeizaciaSi igulisxmeba im politikuri

faseulobebis, ideebis, Teoriebis da terminologiis gavrceleba, rac XVII-XVIII
saukuneebidan yalibdeboda evropaSi. am movlenas, romelic gansakuTrebiT
intensiurad warimarTa XVIII saukunis bolodan, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba qonda
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos formirebis procesSi.
`evropeizacia~ qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis Cixidan gamosvlis,
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis gzas warmoadgenda. Tumca, sanam evropeizaciis
ideamde mividoda, qarTuli politikuri azri krizisuli viTarebidan gamosavals
adgilobriv niadagze eZebda.
Tavidan qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis gamosavali `warsuli didebis
dabruneba~ iyo. XIII saukunis Semdgomi xanis qarTvelobisTvis warsuli sul ufro
sanatreli da mimzidveli xdeboda. `qveynis politikuri Zliereba, ekonomikuri
morWmuloba, kulturuli miRwevani _ sul yvelaferi warsulSi iyris Tavs _
`Tamaris~ garSemo (berZeniSvili 1966: 320). Tamaris xana politikur ideals
warmoadgenda XIV-XV saukuneebis yvela didi moRvawisaTvis, rogoric iyvnen giorgi V
brwyinvale da aleqsandre I didi (anTelava 1980: gv.231). swored am ori mefis
moRvaweobaSi TiTqosda moxerxda dasaxuli miznis miRweva. giorgi V dros aRdga
erTiani qveyana, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT Tamaris saxelmwifos xelmeore
gamocema giorgi brwyinvalis redaqciiT (tuxaSvili 1994: 267). Tumca, araTu Tamaris
xanis saqarTvelos aRdgena ver moxerxda, aramed XV saukunis meore naxevarSi
saqarTvelos erTianobac ki ver SenarCunda.
XVI-XVII saukuneebis moRvaweebisaTvisac idealia daviTisa da Tamaris
saqarTvelo, magram wina periodisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac saqarTveloSi jer kidev
fiqrobdnen Tamaris saqarTvelos aRdgenaze, axla ukve qveyana imdenadaa
dauZlurebuli, rom amgvari amocanis dasaxva gamoricxulia. Tamaris epoqaze
mxolod ocneba SeiZleba, romlis fonzec kidev ufro mwared Cans qveynis savalalo
awmyo. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviSvelioT arCilis `Teimurazisa da rusTvelis
gabaaseba~, romelSic, Teimurazis epoqis saqarTvelos dakninebuli mdgomareobis
sapirispirod, naCvenebia Tamaris drois gamarjvebebiT Zlevamosili erTiani
saqarTvelo.
am epoqis progresul qarTvel moazrovneTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina `marTlis Tqmis~ principma. realurad, es imdroindeli qarTuli
sazogadoebis maxinji mxareebis mxilebas niSnavda, im mxareebisa, romlebic
ganapirobebdnen qveynis savalalo mdgomareobas. `marTlis Tqma~ mWidrod
ukavSirdeboda mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis gzebis dasaxvasac. es gza saqarTveloSi
im dros arsebuli batonymuri urTierTobebis harmonizacias gulisxmobda. aseTi
pozicia hqonda sulxan-saba orbeliansac (1658-1725). feodalTa moqmedebis
uaryofiTi mxareebis daundobel mxilebasTan erTad, sulxan-saba orbelianis
naazrevis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom aRdgeniliyo batonymuri urTierTobis
norma _ batonymuri rigi. `udebis dadebis~ moSla, glexis iseT pirobebSi Cayeneba,
rom masSi ar Camkvdariyo intensiuri meurneobis warmoebis xalisi da qveynis dacvis
stimuli, mefis xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba, qveynis gaerTianeba, socialuri
urTierTobebis normalur pirobebSi Cayeneba, mtruli garemocvisgan Tavis daxsna
aucilebeli piroba iyo qveynis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis (gvritiSvili 1968: 53).
imdroindel progresul moazrovneTa Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebi iyo
Sesatani, ideali gakeTilSobileburi batonymuri urTierTobani da mis safuZvelze
agebuli feodaluri monarqi iyo. mdgomareobis gamosworebis gza yvelas mier Tavis
movaleobaTa pirnaTlad Sesrulebaa, rac qveynisadmi erTgulebas da wodebaTa Soris
harmoniis da samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas niSnavs. yvela socialuri fena Tavis
wilxvdomils unda dasjerdes da Tavisi moRvaweobis safuZvlad keTili saqme
gaixados. samarTlianoba sazogadoebis simtkicis safuZvlad miiCneoda.
epoqis mowinave moazrovneTa azriT, mefis xelisuflebis siZlierezea
damokidebuli qveynis bedi. amitom samefo xelisuflebis uflebaTa dacvas

32
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva. es iqneboda samarTlianobis aRdgenis da mankieri
mxareebisgan qveynis gaTavisuflebis safuZveli. mefis xelisuflebis dasustebas,
mefis waxdenas, vaxtangVI-is azriT, qveynis daZabuneba mosdevda: `mefeT waxdena
miagavs xomaldsa zRvaSi mRelavsa, ra is gatydeba, mravali dainTqmis, daiqelavsa,
agrev maTive qveyanas gaawlobs, gaawvelavsa~ (vaxtang VI 1947: 89).
rogori unda iyos mefe? idealuri mefis warmoCena kvlav erT-erTi
centraluria qarTuli politikuri azrisaTvis. am sakiTxs sulxan-saba orbelianma
"sibrZne-sicruisaSi", CanarTis saxiT, mcire politikuri traqtatic miuZRvna.
sulxan-saba orbelianis am doqtrinam praqtikuli ganxorcieleba hpova vaxtang VI-sa
da erekle II-is moRvaweobaSi (gvritiSvili 1968: 69).
mdgomareobis gamosworebis, samarTlianobis damyarebis saqmeSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda swavla-ganaTlebas. arCilma (1647-1713) codna, ganaTleba
gamoacxada im saSualebad, romelmac unda gardaqmnas qveyana. arCilis mier
dayenebuli problema ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Semdeg ganaviTares misive
aRzrdilma sulxan-saba orbelianma (1658-1725) da, gansakuTrebiT, daviT
guramiSvilma (1705-1792).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sazogadoebis gajansaReba garedan motanili `cudi
gavlenisagan~ gaTavisuflebas niSnavda. vaxuSti batoniSvilis (1698-1767) Tanaxmad,
yovelive, rac qarTvelobas cudi axasiaTebs, mterma, dampyrobelma moaxvia Tavs.
sanam qarTvelebi Tavisufalni iyvnen, manam `zneni aqundaT pirmtkicoba, mterTa zeda
erToba, TavisuflebisaTvis mxned brZola, magrad dgoma misTvis, cixe-simagreTa da
qalaqTa Seneba, magreba qveynisa...~. vaxuSti aRniSnavs, rom Tuki adre qarTvelebi
`ganuxeTqelobisaTvis samefosa mcdelobdnen da... mefeTa TvisTa midrekelad
erTgulebdnen~, ucxoelTa gavleniT Seqmnili `Sereuli wesis~ dros qarTveli
feodalebi aRar Takilobdnen "mefeTa winaaRmdegobasa da gandgomilebasa~. mtris
gavleniT Tu zemoqmedebiT inergeboda iseTi wesebi, rac SeuTavsebeli iyo
qarTvelobasTan. an ase gagrZeldeboda da saqarTvelo gadagvardeboda, an qveyana
normaluri ganviTarebis gzas daadgeboda da saqme gamoswordeboda.
Tumca, garedan Tavsmoxveuli `cudi gavlenis~ daZlevis saqmeSi saqarTvelos
garedan daxmarebis imedic qonda da mas qarTveli moRvaweebi evropaSi xedavdnen. XVII-
XVIII saukuneebis manZilze `evropa~ ganaTlebuli qarTvelis cnobierebaSi
dawinaurebulis, mowinavis, ganviTarebulis cnebis aRmniSvneli iyo. evropas
asxvavebdnen aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebisgan, romelTa gavlena an batonoba
`qarTvelobas~ (saqristiano qveynis xalxs) momavlis gzas uxSobda da abrkolebda mis
Semdgom ganviTarebas. es azri safuZvlad udevs sulxan-saba orbelianis moRvaweobas
da, kerZod, mis elCobas lui XIV karze (gabaSvili 1969 :39-40).
mtrul garemocvaSi moqceuli saqarTvelosTvis qristianuli evropa
warmodgeboda SesaZlo mokavSirisa da damxmaris saxiT, magram, garda amisa, evropa
iyo im codnisa da ganaTlebis matarebeli, romlis naklebobac saqarTveloSi
igrZnoboda. sulxan-saba safrangeTis politikur wreebs arwmunebda, rom
saqarTvelos Wirdeboda mxolod erTjeradi (da ara permanentuli) daxmareba, raTa
igi gaerTianebuliyo da gaTavisuflebuliyo. gaweuli daxmarebis sanacvlod
pirdebodnen mTeli saqarTvelosa da mezobeli provinciebis kaTolikur
sarwmunoebaze moqcevas da Savi zRvidan sparseTamde saqarTveloze gavliT
safrangeTisaTvis savaWro gzis gaxsnas (samsonaZe1988: 41-42).
qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi XVIII saukunis Suaxanebidan SesamCnevia metad
mniSvnelovani gardatexis dasawyisi. manamde qveyanaSi arsebuli krizisuli viTarebis
da mankierebebis daZleva esaxebodaT rogorc Zveli, mtrebis da Znelbedobis Sedegad
Selaxuli wyobilebis da socialuri urTierTobebis dacva-aRdgena.
miuxedavad garkveuli warmatebebisa, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTl-
kaxeTis saxelmwifos politikur-ekonomikuri da finansuri mdgomareoba ar iyo
myari. erekle II-s garSemo Semokrebil progresul dass kargad esmoda, rom
miRweuliT dakmayofileba ar SeiZleboda da saWiro iyo qveynis Zireuli ganaxlebis
gzebis Zieba. isini kargad xedavdnen, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli feodaluri
mmarTveloba CamorCenili iyo da axali drois moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebda
(saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1973: 529). Zlierdeba miswrafeba qarTuli
cxovrebis evropeizaciisaken. feodaluri daCixulobidan Tavis daRweva da evropuli

33
gziT wasvla saxelmwifo wyobilebis gardaqmnis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo (cqitiSvili
1982: 18).
cdiloben saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gadaxalisebas, centraluri mmarTvelobis
ganmtkicebas. saxelmwifo sabWo (darbazi) erekle II-is dros mudmivmoqmed saTaTbiro
organod iqca (surgulaZe 1952: 152-154). gadaidga nabijebi mudmivi jaris Sesaqmnelad
(`morige jari~) da evropul yaidaze gasawvrTnelad. erekle II xels uwyobda vaWrobis
ganviTarebas, yovel Rones xmarobda saqarTveloSi kapitalist wamomwyebTa
Camosayvanad. didi yuradReba eTmoboda msxvili sarewaoebis gaxsnas, romlebsac
imdroindel wyaroebSi `fabrikebsa~ da `qarxnebs~ uwodebdnen (cqitiSvili1982: 24-25
).
am da sxva msgavsi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT, mefe erekle da misi Tanamoazreebi
cdilobdnen, saqarTvelo evropis imdroindel sinamdvilesTan daeaxlovebinaT.
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis `evropeizacia~ ganaTlebuli absoluturi monarqiis
Camoyalibebad esaxebodaT, magram imasac kargad xedavdnen, rom amisaTvis
aucilebeli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da politikuri pirobebi qveyanaSi naklebad
arsebobda.
XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTul politikur azrze ukve uSualo zegavlenas
axdens evropuli politikuri azri. aleqsandre amilaxvaris `brZeni aRmosavleTisa~
(1780 w.) evropel ganmanaTlebelTa uSualo gavleniT aris dawerili. a.amilaxvari
pirveli qarTveli moRvawea, romlis politikuri Sexedulebebi dasavleTis
azrovnebis niadags emyareba
evropuli ideebi saqarTveloSi umeteswilad ruseTis gavliT Semodioda.
swored aseTi gziT XVIII saukunis qarTul literaturaSi Cndeba politikasTan
dakavSirebuli mravali termini. magaliTad, sityva `politikas~ iyeneben da cdiloben
mis ganmartebas ioane batoniSvili da aleqsandre amilaxvari, sityva `partia~
pirvelad ixsenieba 1756 wlis dokumentSi, Cndeba revoluciuri terminologiac,
magaliTad, sityva `masoni~ (frangmasoni anu farmazoni) `luTerani~ (`lutrani~,
`loTrangi~), `bonaparteloba~ da sxv (ruxaZe 1960: 82.).
evropis ideebis qarTul niadagze gadmotanis Sesaxeb roca vsaubrobT,
mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes is garemoebac, rom evropa mTeli epoqiT uswrebda
saqarTvelos. frangi ganmanaTleblebi absolutizmis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen da
xalxis suverenitets icavdnen. isini progresisaTvis iRvwodnen. aleqsandre
amilaxvari ki, am ideebis qarTul niadagze momarjvebiT da mefis xelisuflebis
SezRudvis moTxovniT, mefe erekles winaaRmdeg agrZelebda brZolas da mefis
uflebebs TavadTa sasargeblod kvecavda. maTTan mimarTebaSi swored mefe erekle
ganasaxierebda saqarTvelos winsvlisa da progresis gzas.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da damoukideblobis dakargva didi
tragedia iyo qveynisaTvis, magram, amave dros, marTalia, damaxinjebuli formiT,
magram kidev ufro daCqarda qarTuli sazogadoebis evropeizacia. 1832 wels,
ruseTisagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT mowyobili SeTqmulebis monawileebs
saqarTvelo esaxebodaT konstituciur monarqiad an respublikad, romelic
mowyobili iqneboda imdroindeli dasavluri nimuSebis Sesabamisad. XIX saukunis
meore naxevridan ki qarTuli politikuri azrovneba ukve mTlianad trialebs
evropuli ideebisa da moZRvrebebis farglebSi.
damowmebani:
anTelava 1980: anTelava i. XI-XV saukuneebis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi.
Tb.:1980.
anTelava 1991: anTelava i. daviTisa da Tamaris saxelmwifo, Tb.: 1991.
baramiZe 1999: baramiZe r. erovnuli cnobierebis sakiTxi giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebaSi~ _ literaturuli Ziebani (SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis
instituti), XX, Tb.: 1999.
berZeniSvili 1966: berZeniSvili n. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. III. Tb.: 1966.
vaxtang VI. 1947: vaxtang VI. TxzulebaTa krebuli. Tb.: 1947.
gabaSvili 1969: gabaSvili v. vaxuSti bagrationi. Tb.: 1969.
gvritiSvili 1968: gvritiSvili d. narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan. t.3, Tb.: 1968.
ruxaZe 1960: ruxaZe t. qarTul-rusuli literaturuli urTierTobis istoriidan (XVI-XVIII ss.). Tb.: 1960.
saqarTvelos 1973: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.IV., Tb.: 1973.
surgulaZe 1952: surgulaZe iv. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria. I, Tb.: 1952.
surgulaZe 1985: surgulaZe iv. saqarTvelos politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan. Tb.: 1985.
tuxaSvili 1994: tuxaSvili l. narkvevebi qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan. wigni I. Tb.: 1994.
cqitiSvili 1982: cqitiSvili z. garsevan WavWavaZis saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweoba. Tb.: 1982.

34
darejan menabde
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

sulxan-saba orbeliani frangul enaze

frangulenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis sulxan-saba orbelianis saxeli cnobili gaxda

e. bolxovitinovis wignis ([Болховитинов Е.] Историческое изображение Грузии в
политическом церковном и учебном ее состоянии. – СПБ., 1802) (bolxovitinovi 1802)
gamosvlis Semdeg, romelic maleve iTargmna germanul enaze, frangulad ki
gamoqveynda am wignis malt-brenis mier Sesrulebuli mimoxilva, romelSic
ixsenieboda sulxan-saba orbeliani da mis mier Sedgenili leqsikoni (`Analyse...~ 1810).
pirveli gamokvleva frangul enaze sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis Sesaxeb
gamoaqveyna cnobilma qarTvelologma mari brosem (1802-1880). imxanad parizis samefo
biblioTekam SeiZina qarTuli xelnaweri — ioane ialRuziZis mier gadawerili sulxan-
saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~. m. brose aRfrTovanebuli darCa am wignis gacnobiT da
specialuri statia uZRvna mas: `Notice sur le dictionnaire géorgien de Soulkhan-Saba Orbeliani,
récemment acquis par Bibliothèque Royale de Paris~ (`SeniSvna parizis samefo biblioTekis mier
axlaxan SeZenili sulxan-saba orbelianis qarTuli leqsikonis Sesaxeb~) (brose 1834:
171-187), mogvianebiT ki `sityvis kona~ Targmna kidec frangul enaze. aRniSnul
sakiTxs Seexnen m. broses mecnieruli memkvidreobis mkvlevarni: r. dodaSvili
(dodaSvili 1959; 1962), S. xanTaZe (xanTaZe 1966: 173), m. buaCiZe (buaCiZe 1983: 47-70) da
sxv.
r. dodaSvilis mixedviT, `sityvis konisadmi~ miZRvnili `werilis dasawyisSi
brose iZleoda orbelianis vrcel biografias. Semdeg ki, mimoixilavda ra leqsikons,
aRniSnavda: _ Cans, saqarTveloSi am leqsikonze adre arsebobda sxva leqsikonic,
romelic dakarguli iyo im dros, roca sulxan-saba Seudga Tavisi Txzulebis
Sedgenas. brose dasZenda, rom avtors `sityvis konis~ Sedgenisas usargeblia rogorc
qarTuli, ise somxuri da sxva enebidan Targmnili avtorebis SromebiT. brose
aRniSnavda daaxloebiT 26 avtors, romelTa nawarmoebebiTac sargebloda qarTveli
leqsikografi...
brose dawvrilebiT ganixilavda `sityvis konas~ da aRniSnavda: leqsikoni 15004
sityvas Seicavs, magram iq imdeni ganmartebaa mocemuli, rom orjer metad izrdeba
sityvaTa raodenoba. brose xazs usvamda sulxanis mier sinonimTa uxvad da
dawvrilebiT gadmocemas... igi metad daainteresa am SesaniSnavma leqsikonma, ara
erTxel daubrunda mas sxva naSromebSiac, sadac sulxan-saba orbelianis niWs maRal
Sefasebas aZlevda da Tvlida Rirsad im mowonebisa, romelsac imsaxurebda Tavis
samSobloSi. brose ambobda: `qarTuli ena leqsikiT metad mdidaria da raoden vrceli
iqneboda is leqsikoni, romelSic amJamad xmarebuli yvela sityva Sevidoda~
(dodaSvili 1962: 47-48). xolo g. buCiZis SefasebiT: `Словарь этот на всю жизнь станет для
Броссе настольной книгой, своеобразным компасом, по которому он будет сверять свои знания,
понимание того или иного слова, выраженя~ (buaCiZe 1983: 47).
sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis franguli Targmani m. broses ar daubeWdavs.
mis arqivSi daculia `sityvis kona~ frangul enaze vrceli axsna-ganmartebebiT.
aRniSnul Targmans maSinve gamoexmaura Teimuraz bagrationi, romelic m.
broses swerda: `sulxanis leqsikonis Targmani diax miama, ucxo saqme giqmnia da rac
gasamarTavi iqneba, me ar dagzardebi da gulsmodginebiT gagimarTav. ecade, yovels
werilebSi, yovelTvis kargaT wakiTxvas, rom sworeT gamoicna da mixvde, romelsac
ver mixvde, mkiTxe, rom tyuilebi ar Cagviwero, Torem sircxvili iqneba, merme
qarTvelebi me damcineben, ai amisTana Sagirdi gyavso~ (Teimuraz bagrationis
werilebi 1964: 31). sxvaTa Soris, germaniaSi yofnis dros Teimuraz bagrations
fridrix vilhelm mesamisaTvis (1786-1840) miuZRvnia sulxan-saba orbelianis
leqsikoni Semdegi warweriT: Его величеству корола прусскаго Фридерих Велгелм третию для
Его Величеству с библиотеки сей лексикон грузинской диалекта, сочиненой княза Сулхана Саба
Орбелиани и писанной гражданского буквами нижейще преданностию грузинский царевич
Теймураз Георгиевич. Sevswire leqsikoni ese maTs didebulebas, prusiis korolsa
friderikos velRelm mesamesa, maTis didebulebis biblioTekisaTvis umonaebrivisis

35
simdabliT 1836 г., октября 22 (ноября 4), в Берлине (Teimuraz bagrationis werilebi 1964:
116).
m. broses yuradRebas ipyrobda aRorZinebis xanis TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani
Zegli: `rostomiani~, `rusudaniani~, `miriani~, `arCiliani~, `qilila da damana~,
`sibrZne sicruisa~ da sxv. `sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikografiulsa da politikur
moRvaweobas gacnobil broses ar SeiZleboda TvalTaxedvidan gamorCenoda misi
mxatvruli Semoqmedeba: `qilila da damanas~ qarTuli variantis CamoyalibebaSi
vaxtang VI da sulxanis TanamSromloba cnobili iyo misTvis, xolo `sibrZne-
sicruisa~, rogorc mis arqivSi daculi xelnawerebi mowmoben, uTargmnia mTlianad.
xelnaweris Savi daTariRebulia 1841 wliT, gadaTeTrebuli — 1846 wliT. broses xelT
hqonda `qilila da damanas~ vaxtang VI Targmanis avtografi, romelic `saazio
mezeumisaTvis~ gadaucia petre qebaZes saqarTveloSi yofnis dros, daviT dadianis
biblioTekaSi brose gaecno sulxanis `mogzaurobas evropaSi~ (dodaSvili 1962: 94).
samwuxarod, `sibrZne sicruisas~ broseseuli sruli franguli Targmani,
romelic 1840-1850 wlebSi peterburgSi Sesrulda, ratomRac aRar daibeWda.
xelnaweri Seicavs 134 gverds da daculia sanqt-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis
institutis biblioTekaSi, mari broses arqivSi (Turnava 1979). m. broses amave arqivSi
inaxeba sulxan-saba orbelianis TxzulebaTa (`mogzauroba evropaSi~, `qarTuli
leqsikoni~) xelnawerebi da umSvenieresi ilustraciebiT Semkuli `qilila da damana~.
am xelnawerTa Sesaxeb jer kidev 1904 wels werda k. zalemani werilSi `Manuscrits,
Correspondence et Ouvrages de feu Mr. M. Brosset~ (`gansvenebuli mari broses xelnawerebi,
korespondenciebi da nawerebi~) (zalemani 1904: 013-040).
1885 wels `droeba~ iuwyeboda: `b-n muries gadauTargmnia ramdenime zRapari
`sibrZne-sicruidam~ francuzul enazed da am dReebSi gamoscems maT saTauriT `Les
Contes géorgiens~ (`droeba~ 1885).
Jiul murie iyo frangi orientalisti, romelic XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
Camovida saqarTveloSi. igi dainteresebuli iyo kavkasiis xalxTa kulturiT,
istoriiT, eTnografiiT, xelovnebiTa da literaturiT. 1885 wels J. muriem TbilisSi
marTlac gamosca wignaki: `Les Contes géorgiens~ (murie 1885: IV-35), romelSic Seitana mis
mierve frangul enaze gadaTargmnili sulxan-saba orbelianis aTi igavi. es wignaki J.
muriem miuZRvna Tavad (Prince) giorgi orbelians. mokle SesavalSi mTargmneli
mkiTxvels acnobs sulxan-saba orbelians, gadmoscems misi biografiis ZiriTad
momentebs, axasiaTebs mas rogorc ganaTlebul moRvawesa da SesaniSnav mwerals. iqve
aRniSnulia, rom am aTi igavis Targmani Sesrulebulia `sibrZne sicurisas~ al.
cagareliseuli rusuli Targmanis safuZvelze. es igavebia: `Le roi Khorassan et le joif de
Tchinet~ (`mefe xorasanisa~); `Le vieux vizir et le bûcher~ (`indoT mefe da vazirni~); `Les deux
Mollahs~ (`ori mola~); `Le Calife de Bagdad et le pauvre Arabe~ (`xalifa da arabi~); `Le renard se
rendant à Jérusalem~ (`moZRvari meli~), `Le roi de Laodicée et le peintre~ (`mefe da mxatvari~),
`Les sourds~ (`oTxi yru~); `Le seigneur de Betcha et le duc~ (`duka da aznauri~); `L'âne, le chien et
la fourmi~ (`viri, ZaRli da WianWvela~)∗; `Le roi à la recherche de l'homme sans chagrin~
(`unaRvloTa mZebneli~).
1889-1892 da 1899-1902 wlebSi TbilisSi J. muries redaqtorobiT gamodioda
kavkasiaSi erTaderTi franguli Jurnali `Le Caucase Illustré~ (`le kokaz ilustre~),
romelSic xSirad ibeWdeboda frangul enaze Targmnili mxatvruli nawarmoebebi.
Jurnalis nomrebSi J. muriem gadmobeWda sulxan-sabas eqvsi igavi: `Le roi Khorassan et le
joif de Tchinet~ (`mefe xorasanisa~); `Le vieux vizir et le bûcher~ (`indoT mefe da vazirni~); `Le
Calife de Bagdad et le pauvre Arabe~ (`xalifa da arabi~); `Le renard se rendant à Jérusalem~
(`moZRvari meli~), `Le roi de Laodicée et le peintre~ (`mefe da mxatvari~), `Les sourds~ (`oTxi
yru~).
1888 wels J. muriem parizSi gamosca wigni `Contes et légendes du Caucase~ (`kavkasiuri
zRaprebi da legendebi~) (murie 1888), romelSic CarTo mis mierve Targmnili cxra
igavi. J. muries Targmanebs Seexnen l. bregaZe (bregaZe 1977: 142-146) da g. buaCiZe
(buaCiZe 1978: 12-14). l. bregaZis azriT, TargmanebSi `mravali nakli SeiniSneba,
zogjer murie TviTneburad avrcobs igavis teqsts... gvxvdeba gamotovebuli

∗
am sakiTxze ix. buaCiZe 1978: 14-15.

36
adgilebic... J. murie ramdenjerme uyuradRebod ekideba swored im adgilebis
Targmnas, romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT moqmedebis motivaciis
TvalsazrisiT...~, Tumca mkvlevari iqve wers, rom `SedarebiT ukeTaa Targmnili `mefe
da mxatvari~ da `oTxi yru~ da, miuxedavad seriozuli naklovanebebisa, s.s.
orbelianis igavTa gamoqveyneba JurnalSi mainc sasiamovno movlenad unda
CaiTvalos. sabas arakebi, Tundac amgvarad Targmnilni, ucxoel mkiTxvels
gulgrilad ar datovebdnen~ (bregaZe 1977: 142-143).
J. muries Targmanebi dawvrilebiT ganixila g. buaCiZem mis mier frangulad
Targmnili `sibrZne sicruisas~ winasityvaobaSi. g. buaCiZis azriT, J. muriem
TargmanebSi bevri cvlileba Seitana; igavTa saTaurebi Secvala Sinaarsis mixedviT,
CaurTo mravali epiTeti, zogjer igavis siuJetic ki Secvala (`mefe xorasanisa~),
igavebs ufro aRmosavluri elferi mianiWa da sxv. (buaCiZe 1978: 12-14).
miuxedavad aRniSnuli naklovanebebisa, J. muries Targmanebs im droisaTvis
garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli mwerlobis popularizaciisaTvis.
1978 wels, TbilisSi, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirTan arsebulma mxatvruli
Targmanisa da literaturul urTierTobaTa mTavarma saredaqcio kolegiam gamosca
`sibrZne sicruisas~ franguli Targmani, Sesrulebuli gaston buaCiZis mier (Soulkhan-
Saba Orbeliani. La sagesse du mensonge. Traduir du géorgien et présenté par Gaston Buachidze) (buaCiZe
1978). redaqtoria frangi filologi bernar demandri (romelic erTxans Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetSi aswavlida frangul enas). wigns amSvenebs l. gudiaSvilis
mier 1930-ian wlebSi Seqmnili ilustraciebi. anotaciaSi aRniSnulia, rom es aris
`sibrZne sicruisas~ pirveli sruli Targmani frangul enaze. wigns axlavs vrceli
winasityvaoba (buaCiZe 1978: 5-38) da leqsikoni (buaCiZe 1978: 328-339).
`Saba le Sage~ (`brZeni saba~) — ase uwoda mTargmnelma narkvevs sulxan-saba
orbelianis Sesaxeb, romelSic mimoxilulia mwerlis epoqa, vaxtang VI-is moRvaweoba,
sabas cxovrebis gza da Semoqmedeba. mTargmneli vrclad exeba igavarakuli Janris
istorias ezopedan lafontenamde da `sibrZne-sicruisas~ ganixilavs msoflios
udides klasikosTa Semoqmedebis konteqstSi. aqve axsenebs im mecnierTa (al.
xaxanaSvili, al. cagareli, k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe, g. leoniZe da sxv.) naSromebs,
romlebic exebodnen `sibrZne-sicruisas~. mkiTxveli ecnoba Txzulebis siuJetur
qargas, personaJebs, Temasa da ideas. g. buaCiZe exeba Txzulebis sxva enebze (rusuli,
inglisuri, germanuli) Targmnis istorias, calke gamoyofs `sibrZne sicruisas~
frangul Targmanebs (m. brose, J. murie). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi dakvirveba
J. muries Targmanze. g. buaCiZe dawvrilebiT ganixilavs J. muries mier Targmnil
igavebs, udarebs originals da sayuradRebo daskvnebs gvTavazobs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, g. buaCiZis winasityvaoba sakmaod vrcelia da
frangulenovan mkiTxvels warmodgenas uqmnis sulxan-saba orbeliansa da mis
Txzulebaze. gaston buaCiZis Targmani (buaCiZe 1978: 39-327) gamoirCeva ara marto
sisruliTa da sizustiT, aramed imiTac, rom mTargmnels kargad aqvs gaazrebuli
avtoris msoflmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebi da yvelanairad cdilobs, Targmans
SeunarCunos originalis Rirsebebi.
ucxoeli literatorebi da mecnierebi farTod gamoexmaurnen am gamocemas.
italiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis Jurnal `oriente modernoSi~ daibeWda
cnobili mTargmnelis luiji magarotos recenzia, belgiis JurnalSi `reviu de pei de
lest~ ki _ briuselis universitetis profesor Jan blankofisa, luqsemburgSi
gamomaval JurnalSi `nuvel europ~ daibeWda rozmari kiferis werili, romelSic
naTqvamia: `orbelians bevri ufiqria Tavisi qveynis politikur viTarebaze: igi
momxre iyo Zlieri da gonieri centraluri Zalauflebisa, romelsac unari Seswevda
daecva saqarTvelos interesebi. es sazrunavi `sibrZne sicruisas~ striqonTa
Sorisac ikiTxeba~. belgiur JurnalSi `belJik-iurs magazin~ gamoqveynda JorJ
buionis saintereso recenzia, romelSic igi maRal Sefasebas aZlevs g. buaCiZis
Targmans da aRniSnavs: `es gaxlavT met-naklebad lakoniuri ambebis krebuli,
ambebisa, xalxTa mravalsaukunovan saunjes rom ganekuTvneba da romelTa wyaros
ZebnaSi zogjer TviT ezopes unda davubrundeT xolme, wigni `aTas erT Ramesac~
gvagonebs da monteskies `sparsul werilebsac~, volteris moTxrobebsa da
`dekamerons~, TviT sviftsac, da, raRa Tqma unda, lafontens. rogor, ratom, ra
gansxvavebiTa Tu ranairi msgavsebiT moxda es? gaston buaCiZe Tavis winasityvaobaSi
`brZeni saba~, warmoaCens yovelive amas. mas savsebiT veTanxmebiT, rodesac erTmaneTs

37
aaxlovebs s.s. orbelianisa da erazm roterdamelis moRvaweobasa da ideebs. TviT am
garemoebidanac sakmaod gamosWvivis ganaTlebul qarTvelTaTvis ukve ori saukunis
manZilze esoden saamayo nawarmoebis literaturuli da dokumenturi Rirebuleba.
krebulis igavebi Zafze asxmuli margalitebis mZivebi gegonebaT (am kompozicias
diaxac rom sityva `Zafi~ uxdeba). erTmaneTs TiTqmis fexdafex mihyveba sxvadasxva
gamocdilebisa Tu msoflmxedvelobis mqone mTavar personaJTa naambobi, xolo
moqmedeba sparseTis erT momijnave samefoSi iSleba~ (Turnava 1980).
g. buaCiZis Targmans gamoexmaurnen agreTve cnobili qarTvelologebi hans
fogti da robert stivensoni, frangi poeti filip diumeni, mwerali rene etiambli da
sxv. (Turnava 1979).
saqarTveloSic araerTi recenzia Tu gamoxmaureba mohyva g. buaCiZis Targmans
(maliugina 1979; Turnava 1979; 1980; 1999).
1982 wels TbilisSi frangul enaze gamoica qarTuli poeziis anTologia `La
poésie géorgienne~, romelic Seadgina, Targmna da komentarebi daurTo sergi wulaZem
(wulaZe 1982). anTologiaSi warmodgenilia V-XX saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis
nimuSTa franguli Targmanebi. am wignis gamocemas gamoexmaurnen r. stivensoni, q.
viviani, r. kiferi, J. buioni da sxvebi (Turnava 1984). aRorZinebis xanis qarTvel
poetTa (Teimuraz I, arCili, d. guramiSvili...) gverdiT wignSi CarTulia sulxan-saba
orbelianis mokle biografiuli cnobebi da erTi igavi _ `soflis maSenebelni~ (`La
fable des constructeurs du monde~) (wulaZe 1982: 36-37).

damowmebani:

Analyse... 1810: Analyse du tableau historique, politique, ecclésiastique et littéraire de la Géorgie, écrit en russe par l'archimandrite
Eugénius: "Annales des voyages", t. 12, Paris, 1810.
bolxovitinovi 1802: [Болховитинов Е.] Историческое изображение Грузии в политическом, церковном и учебном ее
состoянии. – СПБ., 1802.
bregaZe 1977: bregaZe l. qarTveli avtorebi `le kokaz ilustres~ furclebze, `ciskari~, 1977, 11.
brose 1834: Brosset M. Notice sur le dictionnaire géorgien de Soulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, récemment acquis parla Bibliothèque
Royale de Paris: Nouv. Journal Asiatique, février, t. XIII, 1834.
buaCiZe 1978: Soulkhan-Saba Orbeliani. La sagesse du Mensonge. Traduit du géorgien et présenté par Gaston Buatchidze.
Illustrations de Lado Gudiashvili. Editions "Ganatleba", Tb.: 1978.
buaCiZe 1983: Буачидзе Г. Мари Броссе (Страницы жизни). ТБ.: `Мерани~. 1983.
dodaSvili 1959: dodaSvili r. sulxan-saba orbeliani da mari brose. literaturuli gazeTi, 44, 30. X.
Tb.: 1959.
dodaSvili 1962: dodaSvili r. mari brose _ qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1962.
`droeba~ 1885: gaz. `droeba~. Sinauri qronika. 48, 5. III, 1885
Teimuraz bagrationis werilebi 1964: Teimuraz bagrationis werilebi akad. mari brosesadmi. teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo s. yubaneiSvilma. Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1964.
Turnava 1979: Turnava s. `sibrZne sicruisa~ frangulad. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 6.IV. 14, 1979.
Turnava 1980: Turnava s. `sibrZne sicruisa~ ucxoeTSi. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 18.VII. 29, 1980.
Turnava 1984: Turnava r. qarTuli poeziis anTologia. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 6. I. 2, 1984.
maliugina 1979: Малюгина А. "Мудрость вымысла" на языке Лафонтена. "Заря Востока", № 53, 3. III. 1979.
murie 1885: Mourier J. Prince Saba Sulkhan Orbeliani. Contes georgiens du XXII-éme et XVIII-éme siècles. D'après le texte de
Tsagarelli, Professeur à la Faculté des Langues orientales à Saint-Petersbourg; par J. Mourier, Officier de
J'Instruction publique, Tbilissi: 1885.
murie 1888: Mourier J. Contes et Légendes du Caucase (Contes géorgiens, contes mingréliens), [traduit par J. Mourier], Paris:
1888.
zalemani 1904: Salemann, C. Manuscrits, Correspodence et Ouvrages de feu Mr. M. Brosset. wignSi: Известия императорской
Академии наук, 1904, июнь, т. XXI, N 1.
wulaZe 1982: `La poésie géorgienne~. Ve–XXe siécles. Traduction et commentaires de Serge Tsouladze. Editions "Ganatleba",
Tb.: 1982.
xanTaZe 1966: xanTaZe S. mari brose (istoriografiuli narkvevi), Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.

38
nana mrevliSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

gramatikuli sqesis sakiTxi sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi

saliteraturo enaSi sqesis kategoriis gamoxatvis orgvari meTodologiuri

saSualeba arsebobs: 1. sqesis gamoxatva leqsikuri erTeulebis gamoyenebiTa da 2.
sqesis gamoxatva artiklebis, sufiqsebisa da mawarmoeblebis meSveobiT. pirveli
kategoria damaxasiaTebelia yvela enisaTvis, im enebisTvisac, romlebic warmoebis
meore xerxsac aqtiurad iyeneben. warmoebis pirveli meTodi gulisxmobs konkretuli
leqsikuri erTeulebiT, antonimuri wyvilebiT gadmocemul sqess (qali-kaci, deda-
mama, Ze-asuli...), xolo meore SemTxveva aris wminda gramatikuli kategoria, romelic
sqess ganarCevs ara calkeuli formebis, aramed artiklebisa da mawarmoeblebis
meSveobiT. Tanamedrove qarTulSi miTiTebuli ori saSualebidan mxolod pirveli
gvxvdeba, TumcaRa gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis SemTxvevebi dasturdeba Zvel
qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi. ra safuZveli hqonda qarTvel mTargmnel-moRvaweTa
amgvar mcdelobas?
SeniSnulia, rom adreul TargmanebSi, bibliuri wignebis Zvel qarTul
redaqciebSi gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis arc erTi SemTxveva ar gvxvdeba (danelia
1998: 95). TavisTavad am garemoebis axsna ar gaWirdeba, Tu Tvals gavadevnebT qarTuli
Targmanis istorias. cnobilia, rom adreuli periodis Targmanebi ZiriTadad
warmoadgenen modalur-adapturi tipis Targmanebs, rac niSnavs Tavisufal,
parafrazirebul, tendenciur, igive ganmartebiTi tipis Targmans. amgvari
mTargmnelobiTi praqtika gulisxmobda orientirebas ara formaze, aramed _
Sinaarsze da cxadia, es garemoeba Tanabrad aisaxeboda samwerlobo enis
morfologiur, sintaqsur, stilistur Tu terminologiur-leqsikur aspeqtebze.
viTareba icvleba XI saukunidan, rodesac xdeba qarTuli saazrovno sistemis mkveTri
orientireba bizantiur kulturul procesebze, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi axal,
elinofilur mimarTulebas udebs safuZvels. epoqis xasiaTisa da moTxovnilebebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi ixveweba mTargmnelobiTi koncefciac.
am periodisaTvis ukve mkvidrdeba formaluri ekvivalentis (anu semantikuri da
formaluri) tipis Targmani (verbum e verbo), romelic zedmiwevniTi, sityvasityviTi,
struqturuli Targmania (danelia 1998:95). amgvari mTargmnelobiTi koncefciis
Sesabamisad mTargmnelebi cdiloben Targmanis dedanTan zedmiwevniT, niuansobriv
daaxloebas, berZnuli terminebis struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTuli afiqsebiTa
da mawarmoeblebiT terminTa Seqmnas. amgvar viTarebaSi, TavisTavad cxadia, qarTveli
mTargmnel-moRvaweebi gverds ar auvlidnen berZnulis gavleniT qarTulSi sqesis
gamoxatvis mcdelobas. es procesi, rogorc miTiTebulia samecniero literaturaSi,
petriwamde gacilebiT adre dawyebula (danelia 1998: 95-107). gramatikuli sqesis
gamoxatvis mcdelobas vxvdebiT efrem mciresTan, romelic —a sufiqsis (miiCneven,
rom mdedrobiTi sqesis —a sufiqsi qarTulSi berZnulis gavleniT gaCnda) darTviT
cdilobs mdedrobiTi sqesis formirebas: `mdidaraÁ moiRebn WiWnaursa, xolo qurivi
matylsa SeRebulsa.~ iqve efremi SeniSnavs: `Seiswave, mdidaraÁ axalmopovebulad
dedalad sityuad, rameTu dedakaci ars, momRebeli WiWnaurisaÁ, xolo WiWnauri
mamasa efTÂmes abreSumisa saxelad moupovebia~(danelia 1998:95). aseve, SeniSnulia,
(danelia 1998:102), rom mdedrobiTi sqesis —a sufiqsis uZvelesi saxea —al sufiqsi,
romelic dasturdeba giorgi monazonis `xronigrafis~ gelaTuri stiliT
Sesrulebul TargmanSi. aq moyvanilia citata `eklesiastedan~ (92,78), romelSic
gvxvdeba forma momReralebni momRernis sapirispirod: `movignen monani da mÃevalni,
da saxlis-wulni iqmnnes Cemda mraval ufroÁs yovelTa yofilTasa uwinares Cemda
ierusalÀms. da Sevkribe vecxlica da oqroÁ da simdidre mefeTaÁ da yanaTaÁ da
ganvawyven momRerni da momReralebni da saSuebelni Zisa kacisani, mwdeni da mwdeani.~
aq formebi momRerni (momReri _ mamr. sqesi) da momReralebni (Tavdapirvel formad
moiazreba momReraÁ _ mdedr. sqesi) erTmaneTisagan sqesiT ganirCevian.1 eklesiastes
ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi igive muxlebSi (II Tavis 8-9 muxli) sqesis garCeva

1
vrclad ix. k. danelia, miTiTebuli gamocema. gv. 102-103

39
xdeba ara afiqsuri warmoebiT, aramed _ leqsikuri erTeulebiT: `vyven Cemdad
memRerni mamani da dedani saSuebelad Zisa kacisa, mewdieni mamani da dedani. da
ganvdiden da SevsZine ufroÁs yovelTa pirvelTa CemTa ierusalims Sina~ [48. I].
rogorc vxedavT, aq dakonkretebulia rogorc memRerni, ise mewdieni sqesis
gamomxatveli konkretuli sityvebiT _ mamani da dedani.
gelaTis bibliaSi, konkretulad _ ieremias winaswar-metyvelebaSi, dasturdeba
formebi, romlebsac erTvis mdedrobiTi sqesis —a mawarmoebeli: da moaq[c]ies
Semdgomad gavlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnes yrmani da yrmaani, romelni ganevlinnes
Tavisuflad da dautevebdes maT yrmebad da yrmaebad 34,11. ierusalimuri nusxiis (J)
Sesabamis monakveTSi sqesis garCeva leqsikuri erTeulebiT xdeba: `da moiqces
Semdgomad ganvlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnnes monani da mÃevalni, romelni-igi
ganavlines Tavisuflebad da Seidgenebdes maT monad da mÃevlad~ 34,11; gelaTis
biblia: daimorCileniT igini yofad Tquenda yrmebad da yrmaaebad. 34,16. 34,11. Sdr. J:
daimorCileT igini, raÁTa iyvnen Tquenda monad da mÃevlad. 34,16 (danelia 1998:102-
103).
citirebul monakveTebSi yrma, fuZekvecadi saxeli, Sekvecili saxiTaa
warmodgenili -ebiani mravlobiTis sufiqsis darTvisas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi — yrm-eb-
ad (mamr. sq. — ara aqvs mawarmoebeli), meore SemTxvevaSi — yrm-a-eb-ad — dakargulia
fuZiseuli —a, xolo md. sqesis gamomxatveli —a SenarCunebulia. meore citatSi,
rogorc vnaxeT, fuZec sruladaa warmodgenili da darTulia sqesis mawarmoebeli
sufiqsic - yrma-a-eb-ad. gelaTis bibliaSi —a sufiqsian warmoebasTan erTad (ebraela
— ier. 34,10; ufala — es. 24,2; moxucebula — zaq. 8,4) gvaqvs —id sufiqsiani mdedrobiTi
sqesis saxelebi: Wabukidi (ara ipoos qalwulebaÁ Wabukidisa,~ II Sj. 22,21), yrmidi
(hrqua: romeli ars yrmidi ese,~ ruT. 2.5) da a. S.
amgvarad, saliteraturo Zeglebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom qarTulSi
gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvas intensiuri saxe arc elinofiluri mimarTulebis
dros hqonda. sqesis gamoxatva ZiriTadad leqsikuri erTeulebis saSualebiT
xdeboda. xolo mogvianebiT afiqsebiTa da mawarmoeblebiT sqesis gamoxatva saerTod
aRar dastureba.
ra viTarebaa am TvalsazrisiT sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi da riTia
ganpirobebuli es viTareba?
am kiTxvaze sapasuxod saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT rogor da ra mizniT Seiqmna
`leqsikoni qarTuli.~ anderZnamagSi, romelic wamZRvarebuli aqvs sulxan-sabas
leqsikons, avtori gvamcnobs: `me, sulxan-saba orbeliansa, Wabukobisa Jamsa da
siyrmesa friadi Sroma damics ama wignsa zeda, rameTu JamTa viTarebiTa uCino qmnil
iyo, romelsa mexuTe vaxtang mefeman qarTulad `sityvis kona~ uwoda, vinaÁTgan
patiosani wigni ese dahkargodaT, ena qarTuli TvisTa nebazed gaeryvnaT~ (orbeliani
1993:27). sulxan-sabasaTvis vaxtang mefis biZas, giorgi mefes ubrZanebia leqsikonis
`Ãelyofa,~ anu Sedgena. nimuSad avtors erTi momcro somxuri leqsikoni, bargirqi
gamouyenebia. umTavresi principi, romliTac sulxan-saba xelmZRvanelobda
leqsikonis Sedgenisas, iyo im leqsikuri erTeulebis aRdgena da sametyvelo enis
fondSi dabruneba, romlebic am droisaTvis miviwyebuli da zogic dakarguli iyo. am
Zireuli qarTuli leqsikuri erTeulebis adgils ucxo enidan nasesxebi formebi
ikavebdnen, rac TavisTavad enis `garyvnasa~ da SebRalvas iwvevda. formaTa moZiebisas
sulxan-saba uZveles, originalur qarTul Tu naTargmn werilobiT Zeglebs
eyrdnoboda. formaTa sametyvelo fondSi dabrunebis procesSi sulxan-sabasTvis
amosavali cneba-terminTa ubraloeba da gamWvirvaleoba iyo. avtori Tavadve
SeniSnavs, rom wminda mamaTa naSromebidan `sityvis saqcevebi aRvwere, romelnime ara
maTebr RvarWnilad, aramed maTive wmidaTa mamaTagan saadvilo vpoe da saadviloni
aRvweren, raÁTa iswaon ena qarTuli, Sesrulebuli da gavrcelebuli farnavaz
qarTvelTa pirvelisa mefisa mier, brZnisa da gonierisa, romeli iyo ZeTgan
qarTlosianTa warmarTi~ (orbeliani 1993: 28). konkretulad romeli wminda mamebis
naSromebi warmoadgenen sulxan-sabas sityvis konis wyaros? avtoris miTiTebiT, es
Zeglebi saRmrTo werili da filosofosTa wignebia. `kavSirTa, prokles platonurTa
diodoxosTa, aristotelisa da forfiris kaTiRoriaTagan gamoviRe. nemesiosi da
ioane damaskelis platonuri sityvis saqcevebi aRvwere~ (orbeliani 1993: 28) garda
miTiTebulisa, leqsikonis wyarod mas gamouyenebia `vefxityaosani~, amiran-
darejaniani, `visramiani~, basili kesarielis `equaTa dReTa~ da a. S. magram yvelaze

40
xSirad igi sargeblobs ioane damaskelis dialeqtikis qarTuli TargmaniTa da ioane
petriwis kavSrnis ganmartebiT. amgvarad, sulxan-sabas leqsikologiuri muSaobis
principi, garda Tanadrouli sametyvelo formebis Tavmoyrisa, gulisxmobs uZvelesi
formebis moZieba-aRdgenasa da saliteraturo enaSi damkvidrebas. igi didi
gulmodginebiTa da rudunebiT ikvlevs da iZiebs amgvar formebs, yuradRebis miRma
ar tovebs aso-niSnebsac ki, leqsikonis Sesaval nawilSi saubrobs qaragmaTa saxeebze,
punqtuaciaze; alfabitis bolos aRadgens aso Φ-s, romelic, misive SeniSvniT, `Zvels
wignebSi ijda da mwerlebs ugulebels-eqmna(T). me axla Caumate... Cvens enaSi egoden
saÃmar ar aris, magram sxvaTa enis TargmanebisaTvis didad saÃmaria da amisis
ÃmarebiT dia gaSvenierdeba sityva~ (orbeliani 1993: 471). istoriuli samwerlobo
enisadmi sulxan-sabas amgvari damokidebulebis gaTvaliswineba gasagebs xdis, rom igi
gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis aspeqtebsa da Taviseburebebze msjelobas gverds ar
auvlida, miT ufro, rom gramatikuli sqesis kategoria yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba
swored gelaTuri saliteraturo skolis enobrivi normebiT Sesrulebul ZeglebSi,
romlebsac is yvelaze intensiurad iyenebs leqsikonis wyarod. leqsikonSi
dadasturebuli msjelobebi miuTiTebs avtoris pozitiur damokidebulebas qarTul
enaSi sqesis gramatikulad gamoxatvis tendenciebis damkvidrebisadmi. leqsikonis
dasawyisSive sulxan-saba gamokveTs —a sufiqsis, rogorc mdedrobiTi sqesis
mawarmoeblis funqcias (orbeliani 1993:36). amasTan dakavSirebiT igi ganixilavs man
da mana formebs da SeniSnavs: `filasofosTa sityviTa man mamlad iTqmis, xolo mana —
dedlad, masi1 _ mamakacisaTvis da masaÁ — dedakacisaTvis, amisTvis esreT jer-ars
Tqmad sityvaTa, raTa bolos(a) marcvalTa mier vicnaT ganyofaÁ mamakacTa da
dedakacTa, odes(ca) vTqviT: winaswarmetyveli, vaÃseneT mose, daviT, esaia da gina
sxva vinme mamaTagani, odes vTqvaT: winaswarmetyvela, gviTqvams mariam, debora, anna
da erTi dedaTagani; agreve mociquli da mociqula (+ mowame da mowama, monazoni da
monazona ZA).~ moxmobili msjelobis mixedviT, gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvisas
sulxan-saba umTavres funqcias —a nawilaks akisrebs. misi azriT, warmoebis amgvari
meTodi saWiroa da moqnili, radgan saSualebas iZleva erTnair fuZeebze
mawarmoeblTa sxvaobiT sqesis diferencirebisa, mag.: batona _ qali mepatrone,
batoni — vaJi mepatrone (orbeliani 1993:97), qalwula _ qali ubiwo; qalwuli _ vaJi
ubiwo.
sqesis gamosaxatavad sulxan-saba iyenebs Sesityvebas mamal-dedluri ena:
`mamal-dedluri eniTa monaTaTvis iTqmis yrma da mÃevlisTvis — yrmaa~ (orbeliani
1993: 271). amgvari terminologiuri gamoxatuleba dasturdeba Zveli qarTuli
werilobiTi Zeglebis amderZ-minawerebSi `berZnulni sityuani yovelni anu dedalni
arian, anu mamalni, anu araromelni~ (danelia 1992:100)
rogorc zemoT vuTiTebdiT, garda —a mawarmoeblisa, mdedrobiTi sqesis
gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba —id sufiqsi. amgvari warmoebis sailustraciod sulxan-
saba moixmobs Wabukid formas, romelic or nusxaSi A 1473-sa da H 1429-Si gvxvdeba.
saliteraturo qarTulSi mdedrobiTi sqesis warmoebisas gamoiyenebdenen -ina
sufiqssac (Tavadina, mTavrina...), romelic sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi amgvari funqciiT
ar dadasturda.
sqesis kategoriaze msjelobisas sulxan-saba ganarCevs zogadsa da kerZos;
zogadia kategoria, romlis sqesic ar konkretdeba da, romelic aerTianebs
sapirispiro sqesis arsebebs, kerZos. nimuSad ganxilulia kaci, rogorc gvareobiTi
cneba, romelic, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, `ars cxoeli sityvieri da aRmarTebiT
mavali~ (orbeliani 1993:362) da `zogad yovelTa ewodebis~ (orbeliani 1993:359). sqesis
kategoriebad diferencirebis am SemTxvevaSi avtori iyyenebs leqsikur erTeulebs _
`ese kaci ganiyofebis mamacad da diacad, romel ars mamakaci da dedakaci...~
(orbeliani 1993:359), xolo warmoebis gramatikul saSualebebs mimarTavs adamianis
asakobrivi safexurebis gamoxatvisas: CCvili da CCvila, usuari da usuara (aT
wlamde), ninveli da ninvela (aTidan TxuTmet wlamde), Wabuki da Wabuka (ocidan
ocdaaT wlamde), moxucebuli da moxucebula (ormocdaaTs zemoT). rogorc vxedavT,
mdedrobiTi sqesis —a mawarmoebeli fuZes erTvis, xolo mamrobiTSi gvaqvs
saxelobiTis brunvis niSniT warmodgenili forma, e. i. mamrobiT sqess sakuTriv
mawarmoebeli ar gaaCnia. amasTan, zogjer im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fuZis bolokidura

1
masi aris drois erTeulic. ix. wuTi sabas leqsikonSi.

41
—a xmovania, mdedrobiTi sqesis warmoebis funqcias —Á iTavsebs. mag.: yrma da yrmaÁ
(Tavis mxriv, es forma Zvel qarTulSi emTxveoda xmovanfuZian saxelTa saxelobiTi
brunvis formas, rac rasakvirvelia, gaurkvevlobas gamoiwvevda).
sulxan-saba ara mxolod saxelebis sqesis gamoxatvis momxrea, aramed Tvlis, rom
sqesis kategoriis formaluri gamovlena unda moxdes zmnis pirian formebTanac.
amgvari warmoebis funqcias igi -Á-s akisrebs. misi miTiTebiT, mamrobiTi sqesis
gamosaxatavad unda gamoiyenebodes forma movida, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesis
gamosaxatavad — movidaÁ: `xolo ukeTu vTqvaT, movida, vityviT mamakacisTvis da
ukueTu vTqvaT, movidaÁ — dedakacisaTvis. egreTve warvida vTqviT mamakaci da
warvidaÁ vTqviT dedaTagani~ (orbeliani 1993:432). rogorc vxedavT, am tipis
warmoebac aSkarad xelovnuria.
aqve leqsikografi miuTiTebs, rom sqesis gamoxatva unda moxdes yvela
gramatikul kategoriasTan (`egreTve yovelive sazogadod saTqmelni mamakacisa da
dedakacisa ganiyofebian sityvis bolosa nametavisa marcvalTaÁ — ini Sehgvandes anu
ani, romelic(a) mas sityvis(a) keTilad moezaos, anu sxva asoni, igi moazaon..~)
(orbeliani 1993:433) da mTargmnelebma dedniseuli enobrivi Taviseburebani
TargmanSi zedmiwevniT unda gadmoscen (amas yovelni Cvenni mTargmnelni ara
daemxarknen (ganemkacren Cq), ara Tu ara icodes, aramed raTa advilad gamoiRon
pirvel(i) Targmnilni wign(n)i uswavle(l)TaTvis (orbeliani 1993:432).
amdenad, miuxedavad sulxan-sabas mcdelobisa, aRedgina da daemkvidrebina
qarTulSi gramatikuli sqesis gageba, es ar moxerxda, radgan amgvar warmoebas
axasiaTebda rigi xarvezebi da sintaqsuri uzustobebi, ris gamoc igi miuRebeli
aRmoCnda qarTuli saliteraturo enisaTvis, xolo mTargmnel-redaqtorTa amgvari
mcdeloba — naZaladevi, sqesis gamomxatveli sufiqsebi ki, rogorc maT k. danelia
uwodebda — `gramatikuli barbarizmebi.~

damowmebani:

bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvli, q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis

TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: 2004.
danelia 1998: danelia k. gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis sakiTxisaTvis. narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo
enis istoriidan. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1998.
danelia 1992: danelia k. ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis Zveli qarTuli versiebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba,
1992.
orbeliani 1993: sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II., Tb.: 1993.

42
irina nacvliSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

sulxan-saba orbeliani Tanamedrove qarTul skolaSi

sulxan-saba orbelianis Rvawli da mniSvneloba qarTul literaturul Tu

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, zogierTi usiamovno da uxerxuli faqtis miuxedavad,
saTanadod Seafases Tanamedroveebmac da istoriamac. `saba orbeliani, eris kacobasa
Sina sulxanad wodebuli, ese iyo qarTulsa filosofiasa Sina gamocdili da
saRmrToTa werilTa Sina. ese iyo ucxo piitikosi da qebuli, ZvelTa moSaireTa
Sesadari. es daSvra friad da Sekriba ganbneuli da dakarguli leqsikoni da iRvawa
amazed ocdaaT weli. aman qmna wigni zneTswavlulebisa, `sibrZne-sicrued~ wodebuli.
ese warvida romsa, miiRo papam keTilad da awvia Tvis Tana wirvad, da dabana ferxica,
misca niSnad Zeli cxovelis nawili da sxvani wmidaTa nawilebi da pativiTa
gamoistumra. ese friad daSvra mefeTa msaxurebisaTvis...~ _ gadmogvcems ioane
bagrationi (bagrationi 1982: 180-181). `igi mTel saqarTvelos mamad miaCniao~, _ wers
sabas Sesaxeb frangi misioneri riSari. mamobis pativs ki eri iSviaTad miagebs xolme
vinmes. saqme is gaxlavT, rom `friad damaSvrali~ saba ara mxolod mamasaviT zrunavda
Tavisi xalxis awmyosa da momavalze, aramed zneobrivadac wvrTnida mas. sazogadoebis
naklovanebaTa mxilebiT didgvarovani da ufliswulis aRmzrdeli sulxan
orbeliani, Semdeg ki beri saba, ers swor gzas usaxavda, sulier faseulobaTa
daunjebas qadagebda. am TvalsazrisiT misi naRvawi ver eteva erTi romelime
konkretuli epoqis farglebSi da Semdgomi TaobebisTvisac aqtualur Rirebulebas
inarCunebs. sainteresoa, amis kvalobaze ras gvTavazobs Tanamedrove qarTuli
skola?
faqtobrivad, dRes sulxan-saba orbelianis sibrZnesTan ziareba qarTuli enisa
da literaturis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi III klasidan iwyeba. Tumca v.
rodonaias jgufis mier Sedgenil II klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi Setanilia patara
moTxroba _ `sityvis kona~, romelSic sityvis kaci Tavis patara megobars sTavazobs
daxedos mamis sayvarel wigns da naxos, ra aweria mas. es wigni aRmoCndeba sulxan-saba
orbelianis `sityis kona~. vfiqrob, sakmaod kargi `Sesavalia~ imisaTvis, rom bavSvis
gonebaSi es mSvenieri wigni im aucilebel sazrdod warmoCndes, romelsac mudmivad,
mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, saWiroebs qarTveli kaci. magram sakiTxavia,
ramdenad Seesabameba saskolo ganaTlebis programa amgvar saWiroebas?!
v. rodonaias jgufis mierve mowodebul III klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi dabeWdilia
sulxan-saba orbelianis igav-araki `mTieli da kaklis xe~, xolo b. sulakauris
koncefciis mixedviT n. gordelaZisa da T. kuxianiZis mier Sedgenil amave klasis
saswavlo wignSi sxvadasxva Tematur rkalSi moqceulia sulxan-sabas 3 igavi: rkalSi
`Zala erTobaSia~ _ amave saTauris igavi da nakveTSi `kargi da cudi~ _ igavebi
`ormoSi Cagdebuli mefe~ ( ratomRac Secvlili saTauriT _ `dayvedreba tyveobaze
uaresia~) da `mefe da sami misi Ze~ (aseve Secvlili saTauriT _ `gulwrfeli pasuxi~).
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi igavebs axlavT sakmaod kargi da
moswavleTa asakisaTvis Sesaferisi kiTxvebi, gaugebari rCeba n. gordelaZisa da T.
kuxianiZis saxelmZRvaneloSi ori igavis saTauris amgvari feriscvaleba.
IV klasidan VII-mde Tanamedrove qarTuli skolebi mSobliur enasa da
literaturaSi ZiriTadad v. rodonaias jgufis mier Sedgenili saxelmZRvaneloebiT
sargebloben. unda aRvniSnoT, rom IV klasis saswavlo masalaSi sulxan-saba
orbeliani saerTod ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, magram V klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi,
nakveTSi, mJReri saTauriT: `SoTa da saba~, sulxan-sabas igavebi soliduri
raodenobiT aris warmodgenili, xolo maTTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi bavSvs
exmareba igavebis mTavari azris wvdomaSi. VI klasSi avtorebs mizanSewonilad
miuCneviaT moswavleTa Tvalsawieri ufro gaefarTovebinaT da saxelmZRvaneloSi
SeutaniaT mokle biografiuli cnobebi sulxan-sabas Sesaxeb, 4 igavi da Segoneba
`mterTaTvis~. am jgufis mier Sedgenil saxelmZRvaneloTa tradiciisamebr, teqstebs
axlavs saintereso da saWiro kiTxvebi, sqolioSi ganmartebulia rTulad gasagebi
sityvebic. VII klasSi TiTqosda izrdeba moTxovnebi igavis arsis wvdomisa. rubrikaSi
`sityviT saCvenebeli magaliTi~ motanilia igavis literaturaTmcodneobiTi da
sulxan-sabaseuli ganmarteba, TumcaRa Setanilia mxolod erTi igavi wignidan

43
`sibrZne sicruisa~ _ `soflis maSenebelni~, romelsac mosdevs ezopes igavi `ZaRli,
mela da mamali~. marTalia, amave rubrikaSi Setanilia sulxan-sabas 3 sxva igavic,
magram davaleba asea Camoyalibebuli: waikiTxeT da upasuxeT kiTxvas: SeiZleba maT
sityviT saCvenebeli magaliTi vuwodoT?~ erT-erTi maTgani ki SekveceT ise, rom
misgan mxolod bolo winadadeba darCes. am meTodiT Semdgenlebi cdiloben
moswavleebs ganumarton, Tu ratom `eZaxian andazas miniaturul igavs da imasac
amboben, rom is igavis `gacveTiT~ aris miRebuli~.
amiT sruldeba v. rodonaias jgufis mier Sedgenil saxelmZRvaneloebSi sulxan-
saba orbelianis literaturuli memkvidreobis swavleba. arc VIII da arc IX klasis
qarTuli literaturis wignebSi misi xsenebac ki ar aris, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom IX
klasis axali saxelmZRvanelos I Tavs ewodeba `saukuno sagzali~, romlis axsnisas
Semdgenlebi moixmoben `sagzlis~ sulxan-sabaseul ganmartebas, xolo wignis VI Tavs
hqvia `sibrZne sicilisa~, romelic, ueWvelia, sulxan-sabas Txzulebis saTauris
analogiiT aris miRebuli.
rogorc davinaxeT, v. rodonaias saavtoro jgufis mier Sedgenili
saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT sulxan-sabas swavleba, romelic faqtobrivad
ramdenime SiSveli igaviT amoiwureba, sruldeba VII klasSi. TiTqosda ukeTesi
mdgomareoba Cans alternatiul saxelmZRvaneloebSi. b. sulakaurisa da T.
qitoSvilis mier Sedgenil VII klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi VI Tavi mTlianad eTmoba
saerTod igavebs. aq rubrikaSi `cota ram Teoriidan~ motanilia igavis ganmarteba,
xolo literaturul nawilSi, saerTo konteqstSi Setanilia sulxan-sabas 5 igavic.
samwuxarod, kiTxva-davalebebi, romlebic am igavebs mosdevs, mxolod Sinaarsis
gagebazea orientirebuli, Tumca aris aseTi moTxovnac _ moswavleebma daweron
Segonebebi sulxan-sabas igavebisaTvis ( albaT ezopes analogiiT, vinaidan arc erTi
sulxaniseuli Segoneba wignSi mocemuli ar aris). cota ucnauradac meCveneba
`mwerlis saxelosnoSi~ Setanili davalebebic: aviRoT erT-erTi igavi da
gavaTanamedrovoT is ise, rom ambavi SevinarCunoT, an davweroT igavebi tomi da
jerize ( VII klasSi?). amave avtorebis VIII klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi sulxan-saba,
rogorc moazrovne da Semoqmedi, sxva WrilSia warmodgenili. kerZod, II Tavi _
`mogzauris TvaliT~ _ ixsneba nawyvetiT sulxan-saba orbelianis wignidan
`mogzauroba evropaSi~. es aris sakmaod mcire moculobis nawyveti `romSi~. aSiebze
ganmartebulia ucnobi sityvebi da VIII klasel moswavles moeTxoveba weriT
davalebad warmoadginos aseTi ram: `ipove is adgilebi, sadac avtori Sadrevnebs
aRwers, SeniT dawere da daarqvi romis Sadrevnebi~. gana es aris weriTi davaleba,
romelic ufro saazrovno konteqstze unda iyos orientirebuli da ara faqtobriv
Sinaarsze?
amave saxelmZRvanelos sxva TavSi _ `eqvsi tyuili~ _ saerTo konteqstSi
Setanilia sulxan-sabas igavi `virad cnobili yadi~. kiTxvebi am SemTxvevaSic
zedapiruli Sinaarsis gagebas moiTxovs da weriTi davalebac kvlav ucnauria _
`gadawere mTeli teqsti Tanamedrove qarTul enaze~.
sulxan-saba Setanilia am saxelmZRvanelos kidev ramdenime nakveTSi: V TavSi
`kamaTi,msjeloba da argumentebi~ sxva nawarmoebebis gverdiT aris patara nawyveti
wignidan `sibrZne sicruisa~, saTauriT `kamaTi igavebiT~. sulxan-sabaseul teqsts
uZRvis SemdgenelTagan mokle ganmarteba, xolo motanili epizodis farglebSi
Setanilia 3 igavi _ ori ruqas mier Tqmuli da erTic _ sedraqisa. teqstze darTuli
kiTxvebi isev Sinaarszea orientirebuli, weriT davalebad ki iTxoven Tanamedrove
qarTulze gadmotanas igavisa `oTxi yru~ ( RmerTo Cemo! gana sulxan-sabas ena,
romelic am nawarmoebSi sakmaod daaxlobulia xalxur metyvelebasTan, ise rTulad
gasagebia VIII klaselisaTvis, rom mudmivad viTxovT Tanamedrove qarTul enaze
gadmoRebas igavebisas?). TavSi `iumori~ Setanilia `anegdotebi umecar dalaqze~
(leonis monaTxrobidan). Cveni azriT, amjerad weriTi davaleba bevrad scildeba
mosalodnelsac ki: dawere es ambavi saliteraturo eniT (gana sulxan-saba
araliteraturuli eniT wers?) ise, rom mTxrobeli iyos dalaqi. TiToeuli amxanagis
Tavis gadaparsvis ambavi daasaTaure da dawere anekdotis (patara Sesavlisa da
dialogis saxiT). ise waikiTxe, rom acino Tanaklaselebi (etyoba, vTamaSobT!).
ufro seriozulia damokidebuleba sulxan-sabasadmi IX klasis
saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelic dalagebulia ara Tematuri, aramed qronologiuri
principiT. TavSi `XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba~ mocemulia sulxan-sabas

44
biografia, Tumca ramdenime uzustobiT (mag. qarTlis taxtze vaxtang VI-is daniSvnis
Semdeg saba saero cxovrebas daubrunda; sulxan-saba orbelianma vaxtang VI-is
TxovniT, sparsuli igavTa krebuli `qilila da damana~ Targmna). biografias mosdevs
nawyveti wignidan `sibrZne sicruisa~. mas uZRvis Semdgenlebisagan informaciuli
xasiaTis patara Sesavali, romelSic naTqvamia, rom amjerad moswavleebi Seiswavlian
ZiriTad siuJetur xazs ramdenime igavTan erTad. marTlac, SemoTavazebul siuJetur
teqstSi CarTulia zogierTi igavi. teqsti mTavrdeba mefis mier jumberis dalocviT
da misTvis mefobis micemiT.
sxva avtorTa (l. TuSuri, m. inasariZe, n. SaraSeniZe) mier Sedgenil alternatiul
saxelmZRvaneloebSi viTareba garkveulwilad Secvlilia. maT ufro mizanSewonilad
miuCneviaT VIII klasSi kvlav sulxan-sabas igavTa krebulis Seswavla, xolo evropaSi
mogzaurobis gacnoba IX klasSi gadautaniaT. es saxelmZRvaneloc Tematuri
rkalebisagan Sedgeba. VIII klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis wignSi, TavSi `is
urCevnia mamulsa~, saTauriT `ufliswulis sasaxleSi dabruneba~, mocemulia
nawyveti wignidan `sibrZne sicruisa~, romelsac uZRvis mcire winaTqma
SemdgenelTagan. sulxan-sabas teqstis es patara, Tumca mniSvnelovani nawili
mowodebulia TaobaTa urTierTobis konteqstSi. Cemi azriT, sainteresoa da
gamarTlebulic, rom saxelmZRvanelos Semdgenlebs yuradReba miuqceviaT ilia
WavWavaZis publicisturi werilisaTvis `Cveni axlandeli sibrZne sicrue~ da wignSi
misi nawyveti daubeWdavT, romelSic avtori SesaniSnavad msjelobs da ganixilavs
sulxan-sabas Txzulebis saTaurs _ `sicrue xatebaa, gansaxovneba sibrZnisa~.
saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi calke Seiswavleba igavi `ukan midevnebuli lampari~ da
rubrikiT `ostatobis skola~ dabeWdilia kideb ori igavi. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom
l. TuSuris, m. inasariZisa da n. SaraSeniZis saxelmZRvaneloebSi sulxan-sabas
teqstTan dakavSirebiT kiTxvebi profesionalur donezea dasmuli, rac moiTxovs
teqstis ara mxolod zedapirul codnas, aramed mis gaazrebas, siRrmeebis wvdomas. es
tendencia grZeldeba amave avtorTa IX klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic, romelSic
rubrikiT `gza evropisaken~ motanilia nawyveti sulxan-sabas memuaruli Janris
Txzulebidan `mogzauroba evropaSi~. kerZod es nawyvetia `francisidan wamosvla
sulxan-saba orbelianisa da italiaSi Sesvla~. teqsts uZRvis amonaridi geronti
qiqoZis werilidan, xolo mosdevs saazrovno kiTxvebi. seriozul dakvirvebasa da
literaturul gemovnebas moiTxovs `ostatobis skolis~ davalebac: SearCieT
sulxan-sabas `mogzaurobidan~ epizodi, romelSic warmodgenili problema dResac
inarCunebs aqtualobas da dawereT `Tanamedrove mogzauris STabeWdilebebi~.
aseTia sulxan-sabas literaturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba qarTul skolebSi. ramdenad damakmayofilebelia is da ramdenad
Seesatyviseba sulxan-sabas mwerlur Canafiqrs? vfiqrob, am kiTxvebze dadebiTi
pasuxis gacema gagviWirdeba. marTalia, saskolo ganaTlebis dawyebiT safexurze
mizanSewonilia calkeuli igavebis gacnoba da aTviseba (oRondac es igavebic
saguldagulod unda SeirCes da ara SemTxveviTobis principiT), magram mogvianebiT,
VIII-IX klasebSi, gaumarTleblad migvaCnia sulxan-sabas Txzulebis ucnaurad
daCexili teqstis swavleba. Tematur rkalebSi moqceva Txzulebis ama Tu im
epizodisa mxolod mas Semdeg SeiZleba iyos misaRebi, roca moswavlisaTvis nacnobia
nawarmoebis mTliani koncefcia, saTanadod amocnobilia mwerlis saTqmeli.
mogexsenebaT, `sibrZne sicruisa~ arc mxolod igavebia da arc mxolod siuJeti. is
kompoziciurad mTliani da Sinaarsoblibad Sekruli Zeglia. marTalia, teqstSi
TiTqos ori xazi viTardeba, romelTagan erTi, siuJeturi, wamoWris samarTliani
mefisa da ufliswulis aRzrdis problemas, xolo igavTa moSveliebiT avtori
saerTod adamianis bunebaze, misi qcevis zneobriobaze Cagvafiqrebs, magram es ori
eTikuri sakiTxi sinamdvileSi `mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli alegoriuli xerxiT da
maradiuli problemis _ keTilisa da borotis urTierTmimarTebis ~ (murRulia 2007:
239) xatovan suraTs warmoaCens. Sesabamisad, mefis sabaseuli idealis
gaTvalsaCinoebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi arc mxolod finez mefisa da arc mxolod
jumber ufliswulis saxeebi, Tundac orivesi erTadac. sasurveli mmarTvelis saxe,
siuJeturi gmirebis warmodgenis garda, ikveTeba im mefeTa saxeebis CvenebiTac,
romlebic arian sulxan-sabas igavebis moqmedi personaJebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi igavis
mxatvruli funqciac swored is gaxlavT, rom igi sibrZnes `aniWebs siRrmesac da
mimzidvelobasac. arakuloba sibrZnes sayovelTaod xdis~ (siraZe 2005: 196).

45
amasTanave, vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia igavTmetyvelebis sabaseuli
daniSnulebac. saxarebaSi ieso qriste mrevlis winaSe Tavis qadagebaTa Sesaxeb
mowafeebs ganumartavs: `amisaTvis igaviT vetyvi maT, rameTu hxedven da ara hxedven,
esmis da ara esmis, arca gulisxma-yvian~ (maT. 13, 10-13). es principi sayovelTaoa
sulxan-sabas igavurad gamJRavnebuli saTqmelisaTvis, vinaidan, marTalia,
TxzulebaSi moralis sakiTxebi sakmaod xSirad swored mefeTa qcevebs ukavSideba,
rac imis maniSnebelia, rom upirvelesad misi dacva qveynis mmarTvels evaleba, magram,
amasTanave, es morali sayovelTaoa, iseve rogorc qristianul eTikaze dafuZnebuli
aRzrdis sistema, romelic erTnairad saWiroa ufliswulisaTvisac da nebismieri
qarTvelisaTvis, romelmac aRzrdis procesSi ara mxolod wignuri, aramed, da ufro
metadac, cxovrebiseuli sibrZne unda SeiTvisos. am cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis
warmoCenisaTvis ki aucilebelia Txrobis sabaseuli Tanmimdevrobis dacva, radgan,
erTi mxriv, ruqasa, xolo meore mxriv, sedraqis, leonis, finezisa da jumberis kamaTi
urTierTsapirispiro argumentTa mTlianobaSia gasaazrebeli. mxolod aseT
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli saWurisiseuli (unayofo) da moraluri sibrZnis garCeva.
ruqa gonieri kacia, misi sibrZnec cxovrebiseulia, oRond _ ara moraluri. es is
sibrZnea, romelic ufro siverages emsgavseba. sulxan-saba Tavis `sityvis konaSi~
wers: `sibrZne da siverage emsgavsebian: sibrZne keTili, xolo siverage _ ara~.
sworad aris SeniSnuli, rom Txzulebis `sibrZne sicruisa~ swavlebisas aucileblad
unda gaviTvaliswinoT sabas `sityvis konaSi~ Sesuli ganmartebani (r.siraZe), Tumca
ase mxolod am teqstis swavlebisas ar unda moviqceT. `sityvis kona~ is unikaluri
qarTuli wignia, erTgvari enciklopediuri leqsikoni, romelic warmogvidgens ara
Tu qarTuli enis umdidres leqsikur marags, aramed saukeTesod avlens enis erovnul
fsiqologias, msoflxedvas. rogor fiqrobT, am wignTan ziareba, rac qarTuli enis
siRrmeebis wvdomasa da gaTavisebas niSnavs, saskolo asakSive ar aris saWiro? miT
umetes, axalgazrdobis metyvelebaSi ase moZalebuli barbarizmebisa da leqsikis
saerTo gaRaribebis fonze? ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi?
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom `sityvis kona~, rogorc qarTvelisTvis sasurveli wigni v.
rodonais jgufis mier Sedgenil II klasis saxelmZRvaneloSive Cndeba, Tumca mis
arsebobas III klasSi Semdgenlebi saerTod iviwyeben. IV klasis saxelmZRvanelo,
piriqiT, sakmaod datvirTulia sulxan-sabas leqsikonidan amoRebuli ganmartebebiT
(calkeuli sityvebisa Tu leqsikuri budeebis saxiT), romlebic Tavs iyris rubrikaSi
`es sainteresoa. sulxan-sabas saganZuri~. V klasidan qarTuli ena calke wignad aris
gamoyofili (`qarTuli enis samyaro~). IV klasTan SedarebiT naklebad, magram aqac
gvxvdeba ramdenime sityvis ganmarteba sulxan-sabas `sityvis konidan~ da rac yvelaze
metad sainteresoa, $-Si `sityva~ saubaria sulxan-sabas leqsikonze, motanilia
sayuradRebo nawyveti am wignis `anderZnamagidan~. VI klasis aseve literaturisagan
damoukidebel saxelmZRvaneloSi sabaseuli leqsikografiuli masala kidev ufro
iklebs (aq sul oriode ganmartebaa), xolo VII-VIII klasis qarTuli enisa da
literaturis saxelmZRvaneloebSi TiTqmis qreba. IX klasSi amgvari ganmartebebi
TiTqmis aRar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT zemoT ukve aRniSnul faqts, rom am wignis
pirvel Tavs ewodeba saukuno sagzali, romelic axsnilia `sagzlis~ sabaseuli
ganmartebis safuZvelze. rac Seexeba sxva, kerZod b. sulakauris jgufis mier
Sedgenil saxelmZRvaneloebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini am Cinebul ganZs aranair
mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben. mxolod is, rom 5-6 saxelmZRvanelodan III klasisaSi
sxvadasxva Tematikisa da daniSnulebis wignebis fotoebs Soris, leqsikonis saxed
dabeWdilia sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~ an IX klasis
saxelmZRvanelos im TavSi, sadac `sibrZne sicruisas~ nawyvetia moTavsebuli,
qarTuli enis nawilSi aris cnoba `sityvis konis~ Sesaxeb, am leqsikonis
mniSvnelobaze sulac ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
ukeTesi mdgomareoba Cans l. TuSuris, m. inasariZisa da n. SaraSeniZis mier
Sedgenil saxelmZRvaneloSi. Tumca VIII klasis qarTuli enisa da literaturis wignSi
aris oriode ganmarteba moxmobili sulxan-sabas leqsikonidan, magram am xarvezis
gamosworeba Semdgenlebs IX klasis saxelmZRvaneloSi ucdiaT. mas sistemurad
gasdevs rubrikebi `sityvis istoria~ da `Tvalsawieri~, romlebSic mowodebulia
sityvis Tanamedrove da Zveli (erTi mxriv, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis,
xolo meore mxriv, i. abulaZis Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonisa da sulxan-sabas
`sityvis konis~ mixedviT) ganmartebebi. amasTanave, sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, am

46
saxelmZRvaneloSi yvelaze metad eTmoba yuradReba sulxan-sabas leqsikonis
mniSvnelobas. paragrafSi `gza evropisaken~, sadac mocemulia nawyveti sulxan-sabas
memuaruli Txzulebidan `mogzauroba evropaSi~, rubrika `Tvalsawieri~ mTlianad
`sityvis konas~ eTmoba. aq motanilia aRniSnul leqsikonze darTuli anderZic da
dasmulia kiTxvebi teqstTan dakavSirebiT. aqve `sityvis konis~ leqsikur budeTa
nimuSad moxmobilia `wvimis~ leqsikuri bude da yovelive amis fonze moswavleebs
evalebaT imsjelon, ra mniSvneloba aqvs sulxan-sabas leqsikons qarTuli enisaTvis.
Tanamedrove qarTul skolebSi sulxan-saba orbelianis literaturul-
leqsikografiuli memkvidreobis swavlebis saerTo suraTs Tu gavaanalizebT,
vfiqrobT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom am TvalsazrisiT mdgomareoba arc Tu saxarbieloa.
marTalia, saxelmZRvaneloebSi mwirad, magram mainc gamoCnda epizodebi Txzulebidan
`mogzauroba evropaSi~, magram gaqra nawyvetebi `swavlanidan~, romelic k.kekeliZis
SeniSvniT, axlo kavSirSia wignTan `sibrZne sicruisa~ iqamde, rom orive imeorebs
erTsa da imave igavs. orives erTi da igive mizandasaxuloba aqvs, orive sazogadoebis
TiTqmis erTsa da imave nakls amxels. Tumca, ra vuqeniT Tavad `sicrueSi~ gacxadebul
sibrZnes? davanawevreT, Taviseburi feri da xibli davakargvineT. isRa dagvrCenia,
velodoT v. rodonaias jgufis mier Sedgenil X klasis saxelmZRvanelos, romelSic,
rogorc gvpirdebian, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriuli kursi iqneba
warmodgenili. iqneb iq mainc warmoCndes sulxan-saba orbeliani misTvis Sesaferisi
RirsebiT. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebiTi naRvawi
qarTuli mwerlobisa da azrovnebis klasikas miekuTvneba.

damowmebani:

bagrationi 1982: bagrationi i. mcire uwyeba qarTvelTa mweralTaTvis. mcire uwyebani qarTvelTa
mweralTaTvis (XVI-XIX ss.). gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, komentarebi da leqsikoni
daurTo i. lolaSvilma. Tb.:1982.
murRulia 2007: murRulia g., alibegaSvili g., maRlaferiZe v. saubrebi Zvel qarTul literaturaze.
Tb.,2007.
orbeliani 1993: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli. II. avtobiografiuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada,
gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem. Tb.: 1993.
siraZe 2005: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.: 2005.

47
murman papaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

saqarTvelos orientacia dasavleT evropaze da

sulxan- saba orbeliani

dasmuli problemis gasaSuqeblad amTaviTve unda SevexoT or sakiTxs: pirveli,

rodis da ra mizniT miiRo s. s. orbelianma kaTolikoba da meore, rodis da ratom aiRo
qarTlis janiSinma vaxtang VI- m orientacia safrangeTze.
dasmul kiTxvebze ar vapirebT vrcel msjelobas. Cvens naSromebSi
(`saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba VI_ XX ss.~, Tb., 1995, gv. 247- 258;” `kavkasiaSi
kaTolikobis gavrcelebis sakiTxi safrangeTis samefo karze s. s. orbelianis
diplomatiur molaparakebebSi~, Jurn. `saqarTvelo~, 1- 2, Tb., 1999, gv. 44- 49; `ratom
gaxda sulxan- saba orbeliani kaTolike?~, Jurn. `saba~, 7, Tb., 2003, gv. 5- 7; ,,ra mizniT
miiRo sulxan- saba orbelianma kaTolikoba? _ `eqvTime TayaiSvilis xsovnisadmi
miZRvnili samecniero sesia~, Tb., 2003, gv. 48- 52; `madmuazel mari peti lui XIV- is
TviTmarqvia elCi iranSi da misi stumroba saqarTveloSi~, kreb.: `Tsu zugdidis
filiali, Sromebi~, I, Tb., 2002, gv. 85- 98). aRniSnuli sakiTxebi, vfiqrobT,
damajerebladaa garkveuli, amitom orive kiTxvas daskvnis saxiT vpasuxobT:
s. s. orbelianma, romelic 1686- 1687 wlidan aSkara simpaTiebs atarebda
kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis mimarT, 1701 wels miiRo kaTolikoba. yovel SemTxvevaSi
udaoa, rom sulxan- saba 1709 wels ukve kaTolikea, magram amas mowinaaRmdege saero
da sasuliero mesveurebi (ra Tqma unda aseTebi iyvnen) ver SeamCnevdnen ratom?
imitom, rom sulxan- saba orbeliani iyo uniati kaTolike, anu basilianTa ordenis
mowese. meti albaTobaa, rom man saqarTveloSi moRvawe kapuCini mamebisagan kargad
icoda basilianTa ordenis wesdeba, struqtura da mizani. amitom sulxan- sabas
gakaTolikeba, anu uniatoba ar niSnavda marTmadideblobis Ralats, tipikonisa da
saeklesio wesebis Secvlas, winaparTa tradiciebis ugulebelyofas, radgan wm.
basilis ordenis wevroba, anu basilianeloba amas gamoricxavda. amdenad, sabas
gakaTolikeba ar niSnavda WeSmaritebis politikur amocanebze morgebas. ufro
gasagebad rom vTqvaT, sulxan- saba orbelianis upiratesobas politikuri mizani ki
ar edo safuZvlad, aramed is ZiriTadad eklesiaTa uniis ideebisadmi erTgulebiT iyo
nakarnakevi.
cxadia, safrangeTsa da romSi sulxan- sabas dasaxuli diplomatiuri elCobis
amocanebis WrilSi, misi basilianeloba politikur elfersac iZenda. es mas srul
saSualebas aZlevda, rom kaTolikur dasavleTTan gamoenaxa saerTo ena da amasTanave
daecva qarTuli marTmadidebluri eklesiis interesebic. misi warmodgeniT elesiaTa
unias saqarTvelosaTvis unda moetana Semdegi warmatebani: pirveli, unia realurad
daakavSirebda saqarTvelos romTan da misi meSveobiT kaTolikur evropasTan. amiT
saqarTveloSi gza gaexsneboda evropul kulturasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas,
romelic safuZvlad daedeboda qveynis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebas; meore, unia
xels Seuwyobda qarTveli marTmadidebeli samRvdeloebis kulturis donis
amaRlebas. amiT marTmadidebloba ki ar dakargavda Tavis wes- Cveulebebs, aramed
gamdidrdeboda da ganmtkicdeboda.
sulxan- sabam, rogorc uaresad ganaTlebulma da mowinave adamianma, Cinebulad
icoda, rom, miuxedavad eklesiaTa gaTiSvisa, qarTuli marTmadidebluri eklesia
gansakuTrebuli sixloviT iyo dakavSirebuli kaTolikur eklesiasTan.
basilianelobisaTvis savaldebulo papis primatis cnoba ki ar niSnavda sabas
kompromiss sarwmunoebis sferoSi, aramed igi aRiarebda papis, rogorc petre
mociqulis memkvidris msaxurebas msoflio eklesiaSi mis ganmsazRvrel rols.
misTvis papis primati ubralod saxarebiseul Zalauflebas warmoadgenda: `xolo me
var Tqvens Soris, rogorc msaxuri~ (lukas saxareba, 22, 27 ). ase rom, sabasaTvis
kaTolikoba progress niSnavda da gansazRvravda evropasTan saqarTvelos
politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri urTierTobebis faqtorebs.
meore kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT mokled aRvniSnavT Semdegs: cnobilia, rom XVII s-
is ukanasknel meoTxedSi safrangeTis absolutizmis interesebSi gaaqtiurda lui
XIV- is savaWro politika aRmosavleTis qveynebSi da gansakuTrebiT iranSi. 1665 wels

48
iransa da safrangeTs Soris damyarda savaWro urTierToba, magram 1707 wlamde mas
ganviTareba ar hqonia.
1705 wlis TebervalSi safrangeTis mefem iranSi elCad gagzavna Jan- batist
fabri. mas unda Seeswavla iranSi saqonlis Setanis meTodebi da SesaZleblobebi. aseve
unda gamoerkvia, Tu ra saSualebebiT SeiZleboda safrangeTi Cabmuliyo iq savaWro
konkurenciaSi ingliselebTan da holandielebTan. (herberti 1907: 248). fabris am
misias Sesruleba ar dascalda. igi 1706 wlis 16 agvistos erevanSi moulodnelad
gardaicvala. misi misia gaagrZela konstantinopolSi safrangeTis saelCos meore
mdivanma lui miSelma (tabaRua 1972: 237). man, miuxedavad ingliselebis xelSeSlisa,
miaRwia safrangeT- iranis savaWro xelSekrulebis dadebas. xelSekruleba, romelic
1708 wlis 7 seqtembers daido `warmoadgenda iranis pirvel savawro konvencias,
romelic oficialurad daido safrangeTis saxelmwifosTan, maSin rodesac yvela
winamavali SeTanxmebebi dadebuli iyo dainteresebuli kompaniebis mier iranSi~.
amasTan, kavSirSi aseve mokled SevexebiT erT detals, romelic, Cveni azriT,
uSualod avlens vaxtang VI- is orientacias safrangeTze.
iranSi fabris oficialur elCobas Tan axlda frangi mandilosani mari peti. man
mravali Tavgadasavlisa da fabris erevanSi gardacvalebis Semdeg, raSic mas edeboda
brali, gadawyvita TviTon gaegrZelebina misia. fabris adgilze daniSnul lui
miSelsa da mari petis Soris erevanSi daiwyo brZola imaze, Tu vin Cavidoda adre
isfahanSi da wardgeboda Sahis karze. igi lui miSelze adre Cavida isfahanSi. ijera ra
iranSi yofniT guli, mari petim gadawyvita safrangeTSi dabruneba saqarTvelos
gavliT. amaSi mas daexmara lui miSeli.
TviTmarqvia elCi mari peti 1707 wlis ivlisSi TbilisSi Camovida da aq sami Tve
darCa. amiT vaxtang VI_ s kargi SemTxveva mieca, rom garkveuliyo safrangeT- iranis
urTierTobis aspeqtebSi. saxeldobr, daenaxa, Tu ra mniSvnelobas iZenda irani
safrangeTis aRmosavlur politikaSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im amocanebs, romelsac
safrangeT-iranis savaWro- ekonomikuri urTierTobis CarCoebSi miznad isaxavda s. s.
orbelianis diplomatiuri misia versalSi, Tamamad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mari
petis stumrobam TbilisSi saZirkveli Cauyara safrangeT- saqarTvelos savaWro-
ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobis safuZvlebs. ueWvelia, mari petim gaarkvia
vaxtangi safrangeTis `iranul politikaSi~. mokled, vaxtang VI ganmanaTebelma
yovelive amaSi naxa safrangeTTan savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyarebis
momavali SesaZlebeli sinamdvile. ase rom, mari petis stumrobam biZgi misca
safrangeT- saqarTvelos dakavSirebas. am mizniTa da grZnobiT anTebuli vaxtang VI
`yvela SesaZlebel samsaxurs” uwevda nebismier frangs (papaSvili : 95- 97).
amrigad, wyaroebiT mtkicdeba, rom vaxtang VI- is orientacia safrangeTze 1707
wels iRebs saTaves. man konkretuli saxe iranSi misi tyveobis Semdeg (1712 w.) miiRo,
rasac ormxrivi saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi asazrdoebda.
cnobilia, rom 1713 wlis 17 agvistos sulxan- saba frang missioner Jan riSarTan
erTad goridan gaemgzavra safrangeTSi diplomatiuri misiiT. es elCoba vaxtang VI-
is kargad mofiqrebuli nabiji iyo. saqarTvelos elCs frangi politikuri
moRvaweebis winaSe evaleboda ara marto `saTxovari~ iranis tyveobidan vaxtangis
gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, aramed saqarTvelo-safrangeTis momavali politikuri da
ekonomikuri urTierTobis formebis Camoyalibeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vaxtang VI- is
evropuli politikis mizani mdgomareobda imaSi, rom gamoevlina, Tu ra sargeblobis
miReba SeeZlo saqarTvelos safrangeTisagan Tavisi saSiano da sagareo politikuri
amocanebis gadaWris saqmeSi. amitom Seqmnil konkretul viTarebaSi vaxtang VI- m didi
mniSvneloba mianiWa iranis tyveobidan dasavleTis daxmarebiT gaTavisuflebis
miRwevas. Tu safrangeTi am mimarTulebiT praqtikul nabijs gadadgamda da qarTlis
taxtze vaxtangi qristianad avidoda, maSin igi aRmosavleTSi safrangeTis mefisa da
romis papis mtkice sayrdeni iqneboda.
s. s. orbeliani da Jan riSari goridan quTaisSi Cavidnen da aq 40 dRe darCnen
dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikos- patriarq grigol II lorTqifaniZesTan (1696-
1742). sulxan- sabam Tavisi elCobis miznebi da amocanebi gaacno grigol II- sa da mis
TanaSemwes daviT megrels. es ukanasknelni iziarebdnen vaxtangisa da sabas gegmebs
saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi. sakuTriv grigoli II- s `...
surda pirvel rigSi TviTon ganaTlebuliyo (moqceuliyo kaTolikobaSi _ m. p) da
SemdgomSi romis eklesiisadmi miezida yvela es qveyana (samegrelo, imereTi da

49
afxazeTi _ m. p)~ (sabuTebi saqarTvelo- safrangeTis urTierTobis istoriidan (1707
wlis marti _ 1714 wlis dekemberi), nawili I, Sesavali, Targmani da komentarebi
daurTo ilia tabaRuam, Tb., 1975, gv. 213). am mxriv kaTalikos grigolis mizani cxadad
Cans riSaris Semdeg cnobarSi. igi wers: ,,dasavleT saqarTvelos patriarqma.....
ramdenjerme gamoTqva survili, rom SeerTeboda kaTolikur eklesias. an mTxova
gamomegzavna misTvis misionerebi sami misiisaTvis, romelsac is ganalagebda
samegreloSi, imereTsa da afxazeTSi.. ufali saba yvela Cveni saubris mowme iyo da
mouwodebda am partiarqs gaegzavna masTan erTad misi TanaSemwe daviT iberi, raTa Tan
xleboda im misionerebs, romlebsac, me mas gaugzavnidi”. (sabuTebi... gv. 126- 129). es
misionerebi umTavresad samedicino saqmianobaSi unda yofiliyvnen daxelovnebulni
(sabuTebi... gv. 233).
wyaroebis mixedviT, frangi misionerebis samegreloSi dafuZnebiT didad
yofilan dainteresebulni `am mxaris batonebi~ (sabuTebi..., gv. 140, 282, 291). erTerT
wyaroSi ki vkiTxulobT: `megrelebs aqvT berZnuli riti, magram pretenzia aqvT iyvnen
kargi kaTolikeebi da gamoxataven wminda sarwmunoebisadmi erTgulebas” (xelnawerTa
erovnuli centri, m. TamaraSvilis piradi arqivi, 85, furc. 46). vfiqrobT, Seqmnil
xelsayrel viTarebaSi samegrelos warmomadgenlebma, romlebic niadag cdiloben
TeatinelTa tradiciebis ganaxlebas odiSis samTavroSi, kaTalikos grigols Txoves,
rom sulxan-sabasTan erTad gaegzavna daviT beri, romelic frangul wyaroebSi
`daviT megrelad~ aris wodebuli.
axla erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb: wyaroebis Tanaxmad, kaTalikosi grigoli Jan
riSaris meSveobiT safrangeTis mefes lui XIV- s Txovda, rom mas 10 frangi misioneri
gamoegzavna dasavleT saqarTveloSi. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom undoda maincdamainc
safrangeTis misiis misionerebis Camoyvana saqarTveloSi grigoli II-s, pasuxs TviT
wyaro iZleva: `am prelatma (kaTalikosma grigolma_ m. p), _ wers riSari, ... roca
gaviare mis samflobeloSi metad daJinebiT mTxova, rom mis udidebulesobas ( lui
XIV- s. m. p), romelic mTels levantSi aRiarebulia rogorc yvela misiis mfarveli da
mxardamWeri, vTxovo rva an aTi misioneri~ (sabuTebi..., gv. 184).
aqedan gamomdinare, unda vifiqrobT, rom kaTolikosi grigoli, sulxan- saba da
rasakvirvelia, vaxtang VI kargad iyvnen garkveulni aRmosavleTSi safrangeTis
misiebis moRvaweobis xasiaTsa da masStabebSi. am droisaTvis safrangeTi iTvleboda
did kaTolikur qveynad, romelic qmediTad mfarvelobda aRmosavleTSi moRvawe
kaTolike misionerebs da did finansur daxmarebas uwevda ucxoeTis misiebis
sazogadoebas (lono 1894: 499-500).
yovelive amis Semdeg ismeba kiTxva: ratom surda kaTolikos grigolsa da
sulxan-sabas saqarTveloSi safrangeTis misionis daarseba? marTalia, aRniSnul
pirebs kargad esmodaT, rom es wminda saeklesio kategoria iyo, magram mas hqonda
politikuri gagebac. kerZod, saqarTveloSi parizis misionis dapirebas mohyveboda
Cvens qveyanaSi safrangeTis interesebisa da poziciebis damkvidreba, radgan misionis
winsvla xom am saxelmwifos aqtiuri politikis gatarebaze iqneboda damokidebuli?
erTi sityviT, sulxan- sabam da kaTalikosma grigolma kargad icodnen, rom
kaTolikuri eklesiis praqtikuli saqmianoba ar arsebobda konkretuli politikis
gareSe. amitom maTi swori azriT, safrangeTi saqarTveloSi misionis daarsebis
Semdeg ufro qmediT nabijs gadadgamda vaxtangis iranis tyveobidan
gasaTavisufleblad. amasTanave, aRniSnuli gziT qarTveli politikosebi
cdilobdnen, rom safrangeTi mieaxloebinaT saqarTvelosaTvis. amitom SemTxveviTi
rodi iyo aqcenti gadatanili frangi iezuiti misionerebis saqarTveloSi
Camoyvanaze. es ordeni `XVII s- is 80- iani wlebis Sua xanebidan mtkiced iyo
orientirebuli Tavis aRmosavlur politikaSi safrangeTze~ (aziatikis... 1832: 354).
parizsa da romSi sulxan- sabas elCobis erTerTi mTavari mizani iyo romis papis
daxmarebiT saqarTveloSi safrangeTis misionis daarseba. misi swori azriT,
safrangeTi saqarTveloSi Tavisi misionis daarsebis Semdeg ufro qmediT nabijs
gadadgamda vaxtangis iranis tyveobidan gasaTavisufleblad. gaTvlili iyo isic, rom
frangi misionerebis praqtikuli saqmianoba gaaaqtiurebda saqarTveloSi
safrangeTze orientacias da ufro ganamtkicebda mas.
sulxan- sabas am winadadebas frangi mesveurebi dadebiTad Sexvdnen. es
miuTiTebda imas, rom safrangeTi dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelosTan kulturuli
da ekonomikuri urTierTobis damyareba- ganviTarebiT. mis cxovrebaSi praqtikulad

50
gaatarebdnen frangi misionerebi. maT, erTi mxriv, saqarTveloSi unda daearsebinaT
seminaria da koleji, riTac xels Seuwyobdnen qarTvel xalxSi erovnuli ganaTlebisa
da kulturis danergvas, xolo meore mxriv, gza unda gaekafaT ,,saqarTvelos
teritoriis gavliT sparseTTan vaWrobaSi” saqarTvelos kapitalisaTvis. es ki xels
Seuwyobda Cveni qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da gaZlierebas, rac momavalSi
saSualebas miscemda saqarTvelos ebrZola damoukideblobisa da qveynis
gaerTianebisaTvis. roca qarTuli marTmadidebluri eklesia aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis eklesiebad iyo gayofili, roca samxreT saqarTveloSi marTmadidebluri
eklesia TiTqmis dadumebuli iyo, roca afxazeTSi qristianoba Zalze Sesustda da
warmarTuli sarwmunoeba aRorZinda, roca qarTuli marTmadidebluri eklesiis
gamaerTianebeli xma ar ismoda, vaxtang mefe, sulxan- saba da maTi momxreebi
kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT saxavdnen qveynis gaerTianebis gzas. sabas azriT,
saqarTvelos gakaTolikeba unda yofiliyo is saSualeba, romelic darRveuli
saqarTvelos sxeuls gaaerTianebda romisa da kaTolikuri safrangeTis daxmarebiT,
amgvarad, qarTveli mesveurebi safrangeTTan mimarTebaSi kaTolikobas
ukavSirebdnen qveyanaSi ganaTlebis, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebas, rasac
momavalSi unda moetana mahmadianuri rkalis garRveva da sabolood saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis mopoveba.
amitom dasavleTze orientirebuli qarTveli progresistebi (vaxtang VI,
sulxan- saba, kaTalikosi grigoli II, daviT megreli da sxv.). mtkiced uWerdnen mxars
vatikanis misionerul politikas saqarTveloSi da kaTolike patrebis moRvaweobaSi
xedavdnen praqtikul Sedegs. am mxriv Taviseburi Tvalsazrisi hqonda sulxan- sabas.
albaT, eyrdnoboda ra Teatineli patrebis moRvaweobaSi xedavdnen praqtikul
Sedegs. am mxriv Taviseburi Tvalsazrisi hqonda sulxan- sabas. albaT, eyrdnoboda ra
Teatineli patrebis saqmianobis praqtikul Sedegs saqarTveloSi tyviis yidvis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, sulxan- saba Seecada aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT misionerTa
moRvaweobis ganaxlebas imereTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTsa da CerqezeTSi. am
saqmeSi efeqturad unda emoRvawaT safrangeTSi `kargad SerCeul misionerebs~
(sabuTebi..., gv. 223).
sulxan-sabas SexedulebiT, frang kaTolike misionerebs ise unda
daerwmunebinaT aRniSnuli mxareebis am mavne wesebis mimdevarni, rom maT `miscen
TavianTi bavSvebi 12 wlis Sesrulebis Semdeg (safrangeTs _ m. p), sadac `ufro
gaTviTcnobierdebian da SeeZlebaT mxari dauWiron Tavisi qveynis sarwmunoebas
(daicvan mtkiced kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba _ m.p) (sabuTebi, gv. 223-224). `Tu
sarwmunoebam (kaTolikobam _ m. p) erTxel Sekra kavSiris kvanZebi” saqarTveloSi da
`amrigad moqceuli (kaTolikur sarwmunoebaze _ m.p) Cerqezebi Sevlen am kavSirSi
(saqarTvelosTan gaerTiandeba _ m.p) maSin ,,veraviTari Zala msoflioSi ver
SeZlebda maT ganadgurebas~ da piriqiT, `isini TviTon gaxdebodnen saSiSi... iranisa da
TurqeTisaTvis (sabuTebi, gv. 221- 222).
amrigad, parizsa da romSi sulxan-sabas diplomatiuri Zalisxmva mimarTuli iyo
iqiTken, rom safrangeTis aRmosavluri politikis farTo amocanebSi gamoekveTa
Tavisi qveynis interesebi. qarTvelTagan is pirveli SorsmWvreteli moRvawea
romelmac scada dasavleTSi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis idea ase farTod
daekavSirebina romisa da safrangeTis religiur da politikur interesebTan.
erTerTi aseTi sulieri waxnagi am brwyinvale warmomadgenlisa mkafiod Cans mis
naSromSi `mogzauroba evropa~- Si.

damowmebani:

aziatikis... 1832: `Nauveau Journal Asiatiquet~. IX, Paris: 1832.

lono 1894: Launau A. Historie generale dela Societe des missions etrangeres, t. I, Poris: 1894.
papaSvili : papaSvili m. madmuazel...,
tabaRua 1972: tabaRua i. saqarTvelo- safrangeTis urTierToba. Tb.: 1972.
herberti 1907: Herbette M. Une Ambassade Persane sour Louis XIV. Paris: 1907.

51
nino popiaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

ganmanaTlebloba da sulxan-saba orbelianis

`sibrZne sicruisa~

ganmanaTlebloba, rogorc mimdinareoba literaturaSi da, sazogadod,

xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi, XVII saukunidan yalibdeba. evropuli
ganmanaTleblobis safuZvlad miCneulia axali Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba,
rogoricaa: tolerantoba, Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, codnis gavrceleba ise, rom
zogjer eWvqveS dgeba religiuri ierarqia da wesebi; akritikeben Tavad-aznaurebs,
absolutur monarqiasa da axal ideebs upirispireben sazogadoebis mankierebebs.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi axali literaturuli gmiri aRaraa dainteresebuli
mxolod sulieri mdgomareobiT. mas ukve socialur-politikuri sakiTxebi
ainteresebs. sazogadoebas sWirdeba axali gmirebi, romlebic axali drois adamianebi
arian. amitomac asaxvis obieqti aris adamianis aRzrdis, bavSvis swavlebis Temebi (J. J.
ruso, d. didro).
ganmanaTleblebs miaCndaT, rom arsebobs codnis mecnieruli da moraluri
arqiteqtura, garkveuli struqtura, am azris safuZvelze gamoqveynda pirveli
enciklopedia (didro, lamberi), romelSic Tavmoyrilia mecnierebisa Tu kulturis
sferoSi dagrovili codna.
unda aRiniSnos, ros swored msgavsi sakiTxebi aris sulxan-saba orbelianis
SemoqmedebisaTvis Zalze axlos. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia sulxan-sabas `sityvis
kona~, romelic ganmartebiTi xasiaTis enciklopediuri leqsikonia.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom sulxan-sabas `sibrZne sicruisa~ swored axali
adamianis aRzrdis sakiTxebs exeba. adamianisa, romelic axali drois gmiria. `sibrZne
sicruisaSi~ sul xuTi personaJia: finezi, sedraqi, leoni, ruqa da jumberi. mwerali
nawarmoebis dasawyisSive gvixatavs mefes, finezs, romelic samarTliani, brZeni da
saxelovania, magram mwerals surs dagvixatos axali mefe, jumberi, romelic kidev
ufro ukeTesi, samarTliani da gonieria.
bunebrivia, ufliswulis aRsazrdelad finez mefis karze Sesabamisi aRmzrdeli
moiZebneboda, Tumca avtoris gadawyvetilebiT, ufliswulis aRmzrdeli ucnobi
ymawvilia, romelic gamocxadebiT, RvTiuri CvenebiT evlineba mefes. aRmzrdeli
leoni ufliswuls calke samefo saxlSi zrdis. es ki aRzrdis, ganaTlebis meTodze
miuTiTebs. `bavSvi rom sasaxlis gareT izrdeba, mSoblebis uSualo meTvalyureobis
gareSe, ar niSnavs raime gansakuTrebuls da uCveulos, aRzrdis aseTi instituti
odiTganve arsebobda rogorc dasavleTSi, iseve _ aRmosavleTSi~ (javeliZe 1979: 38).
swored amitomaa, rom rodesac jumberi modis sasaxleSi, finezi Svilis
saqciels ver xvdeba, sanam jumberi TviTon ar axsnis. finezma `gagzavna xelargosani,
awvia Ze Tvisi jumber da ar movida miT.
gagzavna darbazTuxucesi da ara movida.
gagzavna mestumreT-uxucesi da arc miT movida.
gagzavna vaziri da arc miT movida.
merme molare gagzavna, dajda spilosa zeda da movida. Camoxda spilodam,
Semoixsna sartyeli, spilosa zeda dadva da calis xeliT miwa aiRo, calis xeliT qva,
mamas moarTva, Tayvani sca da xels akoca~ (orbeliani 1938: 51).
finezs aSkarad ukvirs jumberis es ucnauri qmedeba. mefe amas axsnasac ver
uZebnis, Svils ekiTxeba mizezs. aqedan ukve cxadi xdeba, rom jumberi sxvaa,
absoluturad gansxvavebuli, kargze ukargesi, brZenze ubrZnesi, gonierze ufro
gonieri...
sasaxlidan moSoreba da calke aRzrda ar aucxoebs jumbers sazogadoebasTan.
Tavis qmedebas igi TviTonve ganmartavs, igi naTqvams xsnis bundovanis, ucnauris
saburvels da WeSmarit sibrZnes umorCilebs.
avtoriseuli Semdegi meTodi ufliswulis warmosaCenad am personaJis
TviTdaxasiaTebis xerxia, rasac isev jumberis sibrZnemde mivyavarT.
xelargosans imitom ar gamohyva jumberi, rom Secodeba ara hqonda,
darbazTuxucesTan erTad imitom ar wamovida, rom mona ar iyo da am wargzavnilis
uflebebi masze ar vrceldeboda. mestumreTuxucess, udides Tavads, ratom ar

52
gamohyva? `maspinZeli vinRa iyo, Tuca me mestumres Sevdgomodi?~ (orbeliani 1938: 53).
vezirs ratom ar eaxla? `nuTu mefobasa vscilobde?! RmerTman nu hyos! vaziri
mefesTan xams~ (orbeliani 1938: 53). Tu rad gamohyva molares, `ugvansa moxelesa da
cudsa Wabuksa~, jumbers gansakuTrebulad brZnuli da Seudavebeli axsna mouZebnia:
`sxvaTa Tana ege ugvania da arc moivlineba, Tvaram CemTan molaris mogzavna xams: me
var Seni saunje, Seni ganZi, Seni lari~ (orbeliani 1938: 53).
Cans, jumberis simboluri, aqamde amoucnobi da gaugebari qmedebani,
argumentirebuli axsnis Semdgom finezisTvis gasagebi da mosawonia.
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisaSi~, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,
TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba personaJTa saubari arakebis gareSe. jumberis qcevebis axsnisas
araki, rogorc TvalsaCino magaliTi personaJis qmedebisa, warmodgenisa Tu
Tvalsazrisisa, TiTqos aRar aris saWiro, iseTi eqspresiiT ikiTxeba jumberis yoveli
pasuxi, yoveli simboluri qmedeba isea axsnili, zedmet dasabuTebas arc moiTxovs. ar
aris saWiro, rom Tundac absoluturad Sesaferisi da zusti Sesatyvisi arakis
meSveobiT sxva samyaro SemoiWres jumberis saubarSi (popiaSvili 2005: 57).
axla sedraq veziri ekiTxeba jumbers: `rad Sesjeq spilosa zeda da moxvel miT?~
(orbeliani 1938: 53). aSkaraa, verc sedraqs, brZensa da ganswavlul vezirs, leonis
aRzrdis principebis mxardamWers, ver auxsnia ufliswulis qcevani. `jumber uTxra:
_ didebisaTvis, rome mefeTa gvari da didi kaci didsa rasame unda jdes~
(orbeliani 1938: 53). jumberi spiloze jdeba da rogorc misi sityvebidan vigebT, es
mizanmimarTulad xdeba.
cnobilia, rom ganmanaTleblebisaTvis ZiriTadi amosavali iyo is, rom adamiani
socialuri warmomavlobis mixedviT ar unda fasdebodes. lesingis (1729-1781),
rogorc ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis
Sefaseba socialur warmomavlobas ar unda emyarebodes. adamiani ufro axlos unda
iyos da ufro metad unda grZnobdes sxvis gaWirvebasa da ubedurebas.
sasaxleSi dabrunebul jumbers sedraqi axla Semdgomi qcevis axsnas sTxovs:
`sartyeli rad Semoixsen da spilosa zeda miagde?~ (orbeliani 1938: 52).
ufliswulic upasuxebs: `raJams mefe anu didi vinme sajdomiT TvisiT siCqariT
aRdges, esreT xams, Tvisi Zliereba Tvissave sajdomsa dautevos da TviTan Tavi icnas,
rome igi sajdomi ars didi hubuti, Tvara umisod yovelive gare SemoeZrcveba~
(orbeliani 1938: 52). zemoT naxsenebi didebuleba da `didsa ramesa jdoma~ axla
SemoZarcvulisa da gafermkrTalebulis, gaubraloebulis elfers iZens erTi
WeSmaritebis fonze: mxolod `xarisx-kvarcxlbekoansa sajdomsa~ aqvs dideba. am
Tvalsazriss ufliswuli, gamocdili adamianiviT, magaliTiT aZlierebs: `arakad
Tqmula, _ lodi maSin mZimea, ra adgils Zevs da ra adgiliT daiZvris, gasubuqdeso~
(orbaliani 1938: 52).
jumberis Semdgomi qmedebis axsnas kvlav finezi Txoulobs: `rqva mamaman: _ qva
da miwa rad momiZRven?~ (orbeliani 1938: 52).
sapasuxod ufliswuli ayalibebs Semdeg Teziss, romelic xsnis da azustebs
adamianis gonebis srulyofilebas: `miwa es aris: ra gind didebuli da Zlavri mefe
iyo, scan ese miwa xar da miwad miiqcevi. RvTis saTno gijobs kacTa saTnosa. da qva es
aris: rac salaro gaqvs, Tu ar ixmareb, qva da oqro sworia kacTaTvis~ (orbeliani 1938:
52). ase xsnis jumberi simboloebiT datvirTul sakuTar qmedebas.
cnobilia, rom evropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi literaturis sxva JnrebTan
erTad, igav-arakmac SeiZina gansakuTrebuli datvirTva. am mxriv sainteresoa
lesingis Sexeduleba, rom literaturam igav-arakis meSveobiT adamianis sisusteebi
da naklovanebebi unda warmoaCinos (ix. peter moleri). germaneli ganmanaTleblebis
msgavsad igavarakuli Janri frangi ganmanaTleblis, lafontenis (1621-1695)
SemoqmedebaSic mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs.
vfiqrobT, ganmanaTlebluri ideebi da idealebi saTanadod aris asaxuli
sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi, xolo ZiriTadi ganmanaTlebluri principebi
ki `sibrZne sicruisaSi~.

damowmebani:

adorno 1969: Theodor W. Adorno und Max Horkheimer: Dialektik der Aufklärung. Philosophische Fragmente. Frankfurt am
Main: Fischer, 1969.
moleri: moleri p. http://www.literaturwelt.com/epochen/aufklaerung.html#begriff

53
orbeliani 1938: orbeliani sulxan-saba. `sibrZne sicruisa~. giorgi leoniZis winasityvaobiTa da
solomon iordaniSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.: gamomc. “saxelgami”, 1938.
popiaSvili 2005: popiaSvili n. personaJis asaxvis Taviseburebebi sulxan-saba orbelianis sibrZne
sicruisaSi. Tb.: 2005.
javeliZe 1970: javeliZe e. sulxan-sabas zneobrivi mrwamsis gagebisaTvis. Jurnali `qarTuli ena da
literatura skolaSi~, № 3(31-47); Tb.: 1979.

54
nestan ratiani
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

erTi botanikuri terminis gamo

rodesac sxvadasxva zomisa da formis naWrebisagan suraTis awyobas vapirebT,

erTi detalis araswori gamoyenebac ki safrTxes uqmnis mTlian kompozicias. arada,
amgvari davalebis Sesrulebamde viciT, ras vawyobT da ra Sedegi unda miviRoT. sul
sxvagvaradaa saqme nawarmoebis wakiTxvisas, miT umetes, rodesac saqme iseT rTulad
gasageb teqsts exeba, rogoricaa `odisea~. SemTxveviTi an daudevari mkiTxvelisTvis
`odisea~ mxolod saintereso ambebiT daxunZluli wignia, magram Znelia gaerkve
cbieri odisevsis tyuilebSi, romelic uamravi tyuilisgan bades ostaturad qsovs
da, Tuki mis monaTxrobs vendobiT, msmenelebis gabmasac moqnilad axerxebs ase
dagebul satyuaraSi; magram jer kidev antikur xanaSi SeniSnes odisevsis xasiaTis es
Tviseba da romaelma poetma iuvanalisma 16 satiraSi feakTa mefe alkinoes aseTi
sityvebi aTqmevina:

`rodesac ulisem sadilobisas

mogviTxro moulodneli ambebi,
saxtad datova mefe alkinoe —
da sxva damswreni;
maTac gabrazebiT anda sicil-sicil
miiCnies igi udides matyuarad~.
`veravin dasZlia SiSi — es ra ambebia?
kiklopma waixemsa, kaci gadasansla?
lestrigonebi _ kaciWamiebi? ra uazrobaa!
axla gaixseneT qaribdisis mzakvroba. . .
me umal virwmunebdi skilas istorias an
moZrav kldeebs; anda im tomsikas, qarebi rom amokeres;
an kirkes veragobas — elpenori da misi mxleblebi joxis
erTi dakviT, narnari SexebiT Rorebad rom aqcia.
ara, nuTu igi marTla ase fiqrobs,
rom yvela feaki miamitia?~ (Targmani n. ratianis/ iuvenalisi 1969: XVI satira)

diax, albaT bevri uzustoba SeniSnes feakebma odisevsis monaTxrobSi, magram,

rogorc karg maspinZels Svenis, ar gaaCumes, interesiTac mousmines da amiT
saSualeba misces, bolomde eTqva saTqmeli. arada, tyuils mokle fexi aqvs da
odisevsis gamoWerac arcTu ise Zneli saqmea dakvirvebuli TvalisaTvis.
2006 wels amave auditoriaSi, I saerTaSoriso simpoziumze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi
da Semdeg ukve Jurnal `literaturul ZiebanSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi gamovTqvi
mosazreba, rom kunZul aiaiaze odisevsis megzurebi epidemiuri parotitiT arian
daavadebulni, xolo homerosis poemaSi naxsenebi qalRmerTi kirke aris qarTuli
warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaeba, epidemiur daavadebaTa, e. w. batonebis mamidisa da
mkurnali mebodiSe qalis gamaerTianebeli figura. poemaSi es qalRmerTi saTanadod
zrunavs mogzaurebze, zustad ise, rogorc dRemde zrunaven batonebis stumrobisas
avadmyofze saqarTveloSi. magram Cems mier Sekrebil masalaSi ybayura batonebis
dros avadmyofs welze sartyelsac ukeTeben, raTa ar moxdes daavadebis gavrcoba
saTesle jirkvalze. agreTve batonebis (da ara marto ybayuras SemTxvevaSi)
gastumrebis Semdeg gzajvaredinze gaSlil tablaze aucileblad unda iyos
gamomcxvari basila (isve rogorc saaxalwlo sufraze), putkuna kacuna, romelsac
welze qamari aqvs Semortymuli.
im awyobil suraTs, romelsac `odiseas~ kirkesTan stumrobis epizodSi viRebT,
es detali aklia. teqstSi araferia naTqvami aranair sartyelze. es, Cemi azriT,
logikuricaa, radgan, rogorc aRvniSne, odisevsi tyuis, miT umetes, am epizodSi,
rodesac saguldagulod unda imis damalva, rom igia daavadebis pirvelwyaro. magram
tyuili ar imaleba da sul sxva epizodSi naxsenebi ramdenime sityva mafiqrebinebs,
rom kirkem odisevss es ritualic wesisamebr aRusrula. romel ramdenime sityvaze
maqvs saubari? sanam amas SegaxsenebdeT, erT detalze gavamaxvileb Tqvens
yuradRebas: `odisea~ (iseve rogorc `iliada~) muzisadmi mimarTviT iwyeba, e. i.
avtori SesTxovs qalRmerTs, uambos mravaltanjuli odisevsis Tavgadasavali. amis
Semdeg SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom nawarmoebSi iq, sadac saubari araa pirvel pirSi da

55
ambis moyola mesame pirSi xdeba, mTxrobeli aris Tavad muza. ai, swored muza
gvamcnobs, rom feakTa morTmeul saCuqrebs odisevsi Semosartylavs da kravs raRac
gansakuTrebuli naskviT, rac misTvis kirkes uswavlebia.1 Tumca kirkes kunZulze
Tavsgadamxdari ambis moyolisas — rodesac Txroba pirvel pirSia _ odisevsi ar
gviyveba aranairi arc gansakuTrebuli da arc Cveulebrivi naskvis Sesaxeb.
ratom unda eswavlebina kirkes odisevsisTvis gansakuTrebuli naskvis Sekvra da
ratom unda daemala am istoriis moyolisas odisevss es ambavi feaki msmenelisTvis?
pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema ori epizodis gaxsenebiT SegviZlia. erTi epizodi
gvamcnobs, rom aiaias kunZulidan wamosuli odisevsis xomaldi Caivlis sirenebis,
ucnauri qalCita arsebebis, sauflo adgilebis siaxloves. sanam aiaias datovebs,
kirke afrTxilebs odisevss, rom darbilebuli cviliT amouvsos yurebi megobrebs,
raTa ver gaigon wyeuli qalCitebis damRupveli simRera. Tavad ki, Tu swadia am
simReris mosmena, Txovos megobrebs, miaban anZaze da magrad gakoWon. mxolod aseT
mdgomareobaSi SeZlebs igi gadarCenas, sxva SemTxvevaSi igi daiRupeba iseve, rogorc
mravali mezRvauri daRupula im adgilebSi gavlisas. iTakelebi yvelafers ise
Seasruleben, rogorc kirke odisevss urCevs; anu SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom kirkem
odisevss aswavla raRac specialuri naskvis gakeTeba, iseTis, romlis awyvetac mas
gauWirdeboda. odisevsma ki, Tavis mxriv, am specialuri naskvis gakeTeba aswavla
megobrebs, romlebic Sekraven kidec TavianT meTaurs. SeiZleba, es marTlac ase
yofiliyo, magram saqme isaa, rom teqstSi dawvrilebiTaa moTxrobili kirkesa da
odisevsis saubari, Tumca araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom kirke odisevss raime
saxis naskvis Sekvras aswavlis. teqstSi arc imazea araferi naTqvami, rom odisevsi am
codnas megobrebs uziarebs. da, radgan teqsti amis Taobaze arafers gvimxels,
mosazreba, TiTqos odisevss kirkem aswavla raRac gansakuTrebuli naskvis gakeTeba
sirenebis damRupveli simRerisgan gadasarCenad zustad iseTive varaudia, rogorc
meore pasuxi zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze. mimaCnia, rom odisevss kirkem maSin aswavla
naskvis gakeTeba, rodesac welze Semoartya mis megobrebs (da, SesaZloa, masac)
qamrebi (ra Tqma unda, qamrebi aq pirobiTi cnebaa), raTa epidemiur parotits,
gavrcelebuli cru Sexedulebis mixedviT, maTTvis ar daezianebina saTesle
jirkvlebi. amis Sesaxeb ki, bunebrivia, odisevsi dums, radgan maSin mas sxva ramis
axsnac dasWirdeboda. am sxva rameSi vgulisxmob imas, razec odisevsi manamdec dums,
ar umxels msmenels, rom isic da misi megobrebic epidemiuri parotitiT arian
Sepyrobilni kirkes kunZulze moxvedramde da mis Semdegac. kirkes mier Rorebad
qcevis ambavi da qalRmerTis gamoyvana borot, verag arsebad ki odisevsis morigi
tyuilia. odisevsis monaTxrobidan Cans, rom berZnebisTvis ucxo es qalRmerTi
sulac araa iseTi saxifaTo, rogoradac mas odisevsi Tavidan gvixatavs. igi sakmaod
alersiani da kargi maspinZelic aRmoCndeba mosulebisTvis. Tuki Cemi mosazreba
kirkes naskvis Taobaze misaRebia, maSin aqve SevniSnav, rom es detali aris im asawyobi
naxatis darCenili nawili, romelic Cems mier aRdgenil suraTs aklda.
rac Seexeba specialur `qamars~, romelic ybayuras SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,
xalxur warmodgenebSi aris kanafis. erT-erTi Selocvac gvamcnobs, rom kanafis
Semortyma-Semovleba tkivilis aris Semofargvlis drosac mizanSewonilia:

`Sagilocam Wvalisasa;
ra aris Seni wamali?
wiTeli bawari da kanafi~...
anda:
`ra aris misi wamali?
moglije sami kanafi,

1
`skivri moarTva mas aretem Sin Senaxuli,
Sig Caalaga saCuqrebi rCeul-rCeuli
da masTan oqro, saxelovan feakTa ZRveni.
Tan daumata mosasxami, kargi perangi,
da frTovan sityviT man mimarTa mere odisevss:
“aba, gasinje kargad xufi da RvediT Sehkar,
gzaSi SemTxveviT rom ziani ar mouvides,
rodesac gemze mgzavrobis dros CageZineba.”
es rom ismina odisevsma, sibrZniT ganTqmulma,
xufi gasinja, zed gakvanZa iseTi naskvi,
romelic misTvis kirke qalRmerTs eswavlebina~. (homerosi 1979: 439-446)

56
 wiTeli Zafi.
dedam Sahkras, Saxvanjos,
Svilma gaxsnas — gaixsneba Wvali~.

rodesac CemTvis naTeli gaxda, rom kirkem kanafis sartylis Sekvris

gansakuTrebuli saidumlo aswavla odisevss, erTi ram ar maZlevda mosvenebas. saqme
isaa, rom SelocvaSi naxsenebi mcenare kanafi aris berZnuli sityva (sulxan-sabasTan
arasworadaa miCneuli es sityva frangulidan Semosul sityvad). Cemi varaudiT ki,
kanafis Sekvris teqnika1 swored qarTuli sinamdvilidan unda yofiliyo gadasuli
berZnulSi da Sesabamisad, qarTuli Selocvis teqstSi berZnuli sityvis nacvlad
raRac sxva, ufro adreuli sityva unda yofiliyo.2 amisTvis daveyrdeni sulxan saba
orbelianis leqsikons da Cemda gasaocrad aRmovaCine, rom qarTul enaSi sityva
kanafs Tavisi Sesatyvisi hqonia da igi Zalianac arqaulad JRers. es sityvaa equsunji.
Cemi yuradReba axla ukve am botanikuri terminis meore nawilma miipyro. ramdenadac
cnobili `unji~ Ziri sxva sityvebis SemadgenlobaSic gvaqvs, kerZod, `munji~,
`faskunji~ da a. S. unji dafaruls niSnavs, Sesabamisad munjic ara pirutyvul
dumilze, aramed dafarulis mcvelze mianiSnebs. amgvari simunje-dadumeba
axasiaTebT saiqiogamovlilebsac, maT, vinc raRac dafarul codnas an saidumlos
eziarnen (magaliTisTvis Seadare alkestisi). odisevsi ki sworedac rom
saiqiogamovlilia da igi malavs im codnas, romelic man miwisqveSeTis binadarTagan
miiRo. arada, Tuki is mxleblebs gaumxels am codnas, megzurebi ucilobel daRupvas
gadaurCebian. ai, `faskunjs~ qarTveli mkvlevarebi sxvadasxvanairad xsnian. mixeil
Ciqovani miiCnevs, rom `faskunji~ samnawiliani sityvaa da is `qve cas mjdoms~
aRniSnavs. niko mari `faskunjs` da megrul `maskurs~ erTmaneTTan akavSirebs,
fonetikur saxesxvaobad miiCnevs da mas `winaswarmetyvelad~ Targmnis. mzia CaCava
Zalzed sayuradRebo da saintereso statiaSi mimoixilavs yvela versias da daaskvnis,
rom faskunji esaa arqauli saxe. garda amisa, aRniSnul statiaSi saubaria or
saintereso gadmocemaze. erTi esaa svanuri Tqmuleba. am Tqmulebis mixedviT, Turme
gmir faisgujs aqvs saswaulmoqmedi qamari, romelSic misi Zalaa damaluli. meore
gadmocema osuri folkloridanaa, sadac faskondi/fakonZi or samyaros akavSirebs
erTmaneTTan da Tanac misi araCveulebrivi simtkicis TokiT Tu qamriT dedamiwaze
adamianebi eSvebian. anu aq ganxilul orive SemTxvevaSi `faskunjis~ mcire
fonetikuri gansxvavebiT saxeldebul personaJebTan dakavSirebulia raRac
sartyeli da masSi daunjebuli gansakuTrebuli Zala.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswineba safuZvels maZlevs vivaraudo, rom
kirkem odisevss equsunjis Sekvra aswavla, xolo saiqioSi gamgzavrebis (Tumca es
kidev calke Temis sagania) Semdeg odisevsi ara pirutyvuli, aramed mravlismcodnis
simunjiT gvevlineba.
am moxsenebaSi Sevecade, homerosis `odiseas~ erTi pasaJi da erTi botanikuri
termini erTmaneTTan damekavSirebina. Tuki Cemi varaudi, rom SesaZlebelia am sami
elementis: kirkes naskvis, qarTuli Selocvisa da botanikuri terminis sulxan-
sabaseuli ganmartebis dakavSireba da es kavSiri msmenelisTvis misaRebi iqneba, maSin
Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom `sityvis konaSi~ dafiqsirebuli varianti fasdaudebeli
masala aRmoCndeba `odiseas~ Seswavlis saqmeSi.

damowmebani:
Lawson 1910: Lawson J. C. Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press, 1910.
Juvenal and Persius 1969: Juvenal and Persius,Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusets, London, William Heinemann
LTD, Loeb Classical Library, 1969.
CaCava 1969: CaCava m. faskunji qarTul zRaprul eposSi. qarTuli folklori. masalebi da gamokvlevebi. III,
Tb.: mecniereba, 1969.
homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1979.

1
aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnul soflebSi naskvis gakeTebis teqnika siyvarulisa da siZulvilis gamomwvev magiur
qmedebebs ukavSirdeba. folkloruli masalebi gvamcnobs, rom amgvari teqnikiT XX saukunis dasawyisSi jer
kidev mravali axalgazrda sargeblobda. is faqti, rom kirke da misi ZmisSvili medea, antikuri wyaroebis
mixedviT, ganTqmulni iyvnen siyvarulisa da siZulvilis gamowvevis saidumlos sxvadasxva teqnikiT da kargad
flobdnen am xelovnebas, kargadaa cnobili. amitomac vuwodeb am teqnikas qarTuls, Tumca termini, bunebrivia,
sadavo SeiZleba iyos.
2
SesaZloa, aq saqme JReradobasTan gvqondes, vinaodan `kanafi~, `wamalsa~ da `Wvals~ eriTmeba. magram amgvari
magiuri formulebi SedarebiT gviandelia. ufro adrindelia qmedeba, Sesabamisad, jer iqneboda rituali, xolo
Selocva am ritualis etapebis ukeT damaxsovrebis mizniT Seiqmneboda.

57
marine turaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

`sulxan-saba orbeliani da qarTuli folklori~

didi qarTveli mwerali sulxan-saba orbeliani naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi

eweoda samwerlo da saxelmwifo moRvaweobas. is iyo Tavisi epoqis meigave,
leqsikografi, filologi, mqadagebeli, saxelmwifo moRvawe da diplomati.
misi literaturuli memkvidreoba mdidari da Sinaarsiania. is Cven yuradRebas
ipyrobs cxovrebis Rrma codniT, mravalferovani TematikiT, maRalmxatvruli eniT,
didi SemoqmedebiTi fantaziiTa da mecnieruli erudiciiT. misi nawerebi _ `wigni
sibrZne sicruisa~, `qarTuli leqsikoni~, `mogzauroba evropaSi~ da `swavlani~
qarTuli mwerlobis ukvdavi literaturuli Zeglebia, romelTa mecnierulad
Seswavlas aqtualuri mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanamedrove filologiaSi.
sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebiTi wyaroebis gamosavlineblad sakmarisi ar
aris mxolod qarTuli sinamdvile. qarTulTan erTad mkvlevarma yuradRebiT unda
Seiswavlos berZnuli, sparsuli, Turquli, arabuli, somxuri, franguli, italiuri
literatura da folklori, istoria da leqsikografia.
qarTul folkloristikaSi sulxan-saba orbelianis folklorTan mimarTebis
sakiTxs pirvelad Seexo mixeil Ciqovani. mkvlevaris SexedulebiT `sulxan-saba
orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa~ warmoadgens zRapruli eposis literaturul
gadamuSavebas da masSi Sesuli mravali siuJeti qarTuli eposis Semadgeneli nawilia~
(Ciqovani 1938: XXIX).
al. baramiZis mosazrebiTac `sulxan-saba orbelianis ZiriTadi wyaro unda
yofiliyo folklori~ (baramiZe 1940: 272).
el. virsalaZes `rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis~ I tomis komentarebSi
miTiTebuli aqvs xalxuri zRaprebis sabasTan mimsgavsebis ramdenime SemTxveva
(virsalaZe 1949).
al. Rlonti werilSi, `sulxan-saba orbelianis ori igavis folkloruli
wyaroebi~ ganixilavs `anCxli colis patronis~ da `glaxaki da qila erbos~
folklorul wyaroebsa da paralelebs (Rlonti 1958).
`sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicrusa~ _ wers levan menabde. _ qarTuli
xalxuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebis brwyinvale literaturul gadamuSavebas
warmoadgens. mas es igavebi auRia xalxuri zepirsityvierebis wiaRidan, misi
safuZveli qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedebaa~ (menabde 1953: 103).
g. leoniZe `sibrZne sicruisas~ miiCnevs qarTuli gonebamaxvilobis katexizmod
(orbeliani 1957: XVIII).
sulxan-saba orbeliani folklorTan urTierTobaSi gvevlineba rogorc misi
Semswavleli, Semkrebi da mxatvrulad gardamqmneli. Tavisi drois xalxuri
Semoqmedebis Seswavla da mecnieruli codna moCans sulxan-sabas im dakvirvebebSi,
romlebic mas Setanili aqvs folkloruli terminebis ganmartebis saxiT `sityvis
konaSi~, agreTve im cnobebSi, rac xalxur tradicias Seexeba da Sesulia
`mogzaurobaSi~, `swavlanSi~, `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ da `qilila da damanas~ Targmanis
sabaseul redaqciaSi.
sulxan-saba orbelianis folklorTan mimarTebis sakiTxi araa mcire Tema.
zemoT mimoxiluli gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom mkvlevarebs yovelmxriv aqvT
Seswavlili `sibrZne sicruisas~ folklorTan mimarTebis sakiTxi, magram yuradRebis
miRmaa darCenili sulxan-saba orbelianis xangrZlivi da didi muSaobis brwyinvale
nayofi _ `sityvis kona~. amjerad Cven SevecdebiT movaxdinoT `sityvis konaSi~
ganmartebuli folkloruli terminebis analizi1.
`sityvis konaSi~ sulxan-sabas musikaluri (mag.: mRera, simRera, mgosani, galoba,
RiRini, bani, zili, qosi, tablaki, fanduri, ebani, winwili, lini, Cangi, zruni,
mestvire, dafi, nafiri da a. S.) da qoreografiuli (mag.: cekua, TamaSoba, fundruki,
rokva, Znoba, sama, buqna, ferxuli, wyoba da a. S.) folkloris ramdenime aTeul
terminTan erTad ganmartebuli aqvs ormocamde folkloruli termini.

1
SeniSvna: gamokvlevaSi TvalsaCinoebis mizniT sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi ganmartebuli folkloruli
terminebis paralelurad mocemulia qarTuli folkloris leqsikonSi ganmartebuli zogierTi termini.

58
 gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sulxan-sabas mier ganmartebuli sityva `zepiri~,
romelsac avtori uwignod Tqmas uwodebs, xolo `Txroba~ leqsikografis
ganmartebiT aris Tqma:

`zepiri~ _ uwignod Tqma~ (orbeliani 1991: `zepirgadmocema~ _ folklorul nawarmo-

280). ebTa miwodebis forma, msmene-
lamde Tu Semkrebamde misvlis
gza~ (Ciqovani 1974: 165-166).

`Txroba~ _ Tqma; Tqma uyo; Tqma uyos; `Tqma~ _ farTo gagebiT, zepirsityvieri
etyodes~ (orbeliani 1991: 319). nawarmoebis warmoTqmasac niS-
navs da simReriT Sesrulebasac~
(Ciqovani 1974: 187).

iqve sulxan-saba gvTavazobs TxrobasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime terminis

ganmartebasac:

`imTxrobla~ _ mTxrobeloba qna~ (orbeliani 1991: 329);

`Txrobili~ _ Tqmuli~ (orbeliani 1991: 319);
`Txrobilman~ _ Tqmulman~ (orbeliani 1991: 319).

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs mkvlevaris mier ganmartebuli

folkloruli Janrebi.
sazogadod, folkloris aRmocenebis adreul safexurze Janrobrivi
diferenciacia ar arsebobda. ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze folklorSi TandaTan
gamoikveTa epikuri, dramatuli, liro-epikuri da lirikuli Janrebi.
zepirsityvierebis Taviseburebam Tanamedrove folkloristikaSi warmoSva
aucilebloba Tematuri Janrebis dakanonebisa.
sulxan-saba orbelianis mier ganmartebuli terminebi garkveul warmodgenas
iZleva XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi gavrcelebul folklorul Janrebze.
leqsikografi araks ganmartavs, rogorc igavis somxur saxelwodebad:

`araki~ _ somxurad igavs hqvian. `araki” _ didaqtikuri xasiaTis mokle

Cvenca saxmar ars da zepiri moTxroba, ambavi.
didad tkbil~ . qarTul zepir dradiciaSi
(orbeliani 1991: 60). xSirad zRapris, umetesad ki
igavis (igav-araki) sinonimad
ixmareba (Ciqovani 1974: 49).

xolo igavi _`ese ars sityviT magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina misaniSni~
(orbeliani 1991: 322); xolo, `vigaobdi~ _ igavs vityodi~ (orbeliani 1991: 263) da
`eigava~ _ igaviT eubna~ (orbeliani 1991: 263).
absoliturad identuria `sityvis konasa~ da `qarTuli folkloris leqsikonSi”
ganmartebuli sityva zRapari. leqsikografi mas tyuils, mogonils da realobas
moklebuls uwodebs:

`zRapari~ _ ars mogonebuli `zRapari~ _ epikuri, umetesad pro-

tyuili, ambavad SemWurvebuli
da ara qmnili myofobiT~
(orbeliani 1991: 29);
zauli saxis jadosnuri, saTav-
gadasavlo an yofiTi xasiaTis
xalxuri moTxroba, romlis
safuZvels mxatvruli gamona-
goni warmoadgens da garkveu-
li stilistur-kompoziciuri
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba~
(Ciqovani 1974: 169).

TviTon process - zRaprobas ganmartavs, rom igi aris sawarmarTo, sacruo,

mogonebuli da tyuiliT SemWevrebuli. xolo, zRapris mTqmeli leqsikografis
ganmartebiT, aris mezRapre da aigivebs mevepesTan, romlis Turqul Targmansac
gvTavazobs iqve:

59
 `mezRapre~ _ mevepe, zRapris `mezRapre~ _ saxalxo Semsrulebeli,
mTqmeli (orbeliani zRaprebis mTxrobeli
1991: 460). (Ciqovani 1975: 18).

`mevepe~ _ mezRapre, romelsa `mevepe~ _ miTebis mTqmeli. vep.

Turqni y i s a - x o n s somxurad Tqmulebas, miTs
uÃmoben (orbeliani niSnavs (Ciqovani 1975: 18).
1991: 460).

leqsikografi aseve gvTavazobs zRaprobis sxvagasxvagvar ganmartebas, romelic

Zalian axlosaa Tanamedrove ganmartebasTan. Tanamedrove folkloristikaSi
zRapris Tqma, es aris zRapris moyola, Txroba, romelic sayofacxovrebo movlenas
warmoadgens:

“ezRapra” - zRapari eTqva” (orbeliani 1991: 332).

“izRapra” - zRaproba warmoTqva; zRaproba Tqva” (orbeliani 1991: 325).
“nazRapri” - zRaprebul Tqmuli; zRaprad Tqmuli (orbeliani 1991: 561).

leqsikografis axsniT kafia es aris winaswari momzadebis gareSe naTqvami:

`kafia~ _ sityvis gamoCineba~ `kafia~ _ munasibad, winaswari

(orbeliani 1991: 359); momzadebis gareSe naTqvami
satirul-iumoristuli
xasiaTis leqsi~ (Ciqovani
1974: 209).

is, rac ukve moxda, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT aris ambavi, romelic erT-erTi
Zveli folkloruli Janria.

`hambavi~ _ naqmarT Txroba~ `ambavi~ _ Zveli folkloruli Janri,

(orbeliani 1993: 466); realisturi Sinaarsis moTx-
roba” (Ciqovani 1974: 30).

sainteresoa sulxan-sabas mier ganmartebuli iseTi mcire folkloruli

Janrebi, rogoricaa - andaza da gamocana.
andazas leqsikografi uwodebs magaliTs:

`andaza~ _ magaliTTan naxe (Sdr. `andaza~ _ folkloris mcire formis

saandazo)~ (orbeliani 1991: nawarmoebia, azris Rrmad da
55). mokled gamomxatveli formula
(Ciqovani 1974: 42).

xolo magaliTi sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT igivea, rac andaza:

`magaliTi~ _ andaza~ (orbeliani 1991: 426);

metaforaze agebul mokle, poetur an prozaul, mcire folklorul Janrs _

gamocanas sulxan-saba ganmartavs, rogorc asaxsnel sityvas (orbeliani 1991), xolo
ganmarteba, romelic gadmogvcems sxvadasxva saxis informacias da romelic
moklebulia mxatvrulobas leqsikografis ganmartebiT aris gaSla (orbeliani 1991).
garda garkveuli folkloruli Janrebis ganmartebisa, sulxan-saba orbelians
“sityvis konaSi” ganmartebuli aqvs agreTve zogierti personaJi. mag. devs suxan-saba
mogonilad Tvlis:

`devi~ _ somxurad eSmaksa hqvian, `devi~ _ fantastikuri zRapris personaJi.

xolo qarTulad romelTame 1. borotebis sawyisi, eSmaki, demoni.
werilTa Sina devi ghvel- 2. uxeSi fizikuri Zalis
veSapis adgils aRuweriaT... gansaxiereba, goliaTi~ (Ciqovani
av-saxe kacis msgavsi, rqiania~ 1974: 131-132).
(orbeliani 1991: 216).

60
 xolo als leqsikografis ganmartebiT uwodeben macdurs. masSi Cveni
mosazrebiT igulisxmeba dargobrivi panTeonis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, nadirT
mwyemsi, da monadireobis qalRmerTi _ `dali~, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi
mkveTri cvlileba ganicada, keTili arsebidan borot alamde davida:

`ali~ _ mSobieris (mSobiaris) macTurs `dali~ _ dali personificirebulia miTebsa

ityvian tyuils (orbeliani 1991: da baladebSi, zRaprebsa da
46). TqmulebebSi, sawesCveulebo
poeziaSi, eposSi (Ciqovani 1974:
121).

`nadi~ sulxan-sabas, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove folkloristikaSi,

ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc muSad Seyrilni kacni, igive feiqrebi. igi mas ukavSirebs
agreTve “mamiTads” (orbeliani 1991).
yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom leqsikonis sisrulisaTvis sulxan-saba ar
erideba masSi ubralo xalxis gamoTqmaTa Setanasac. `sityvis konaSi~ gvxvdeba
ramdenime aseTi magaliTi, romelsac leqsikografi ganmartavs, rogorc “soflur” an
`glexur~ sityvebad:

`bebli~ _ grZnebis moqmedi glexurad~ (orbeliani 1991: 99);

`gulTmisani~ _ gonebiT Semtyobi glexurad” (orbeliani 1991: 176);
`vkargav~ _ sofluri(s) sityviT dav(h)kargav, rome veRar vipoeb~ (orbeliani
1991: 268);
`lombieri~ _ goneba-mSvidi da wynari glexurad~ (orbeliani 1991: 422).

amrigad, folklorTan urTierTobaSi sulxan-saba orbeliani gvevlineba ara

mxolod misi mxatvrulad gardamqmneli, aramed, rogorc misi Semswavleli da
Semkrebi, amis naTeli dadastureba zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebia.
Tavisi drois xalxuri Semoqmedebis Seswavla da mecnieruli codna moCans
sulxan-sabas im dakvirvebebSi, romlebic mas Setanili aqvs folkloruli terminebis
ganmartebis saxiT “sityvis konaSi” (mag.: igavi, araki, zRapari, gamocana, andaza da a.
S.).
sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis konis” folkloruli Zirebis Ziebisas naTeli
gaxda, rom mkvlevari swavlobs zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs da iqve teqstobriv
Canawerebsac gvawvdis.
mTeli es masala garkveul warmodgenas gvaZlevs XVII-XVIII saukuneSi, da manamde,
xalxuri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavrcelebuli sazogadoebis Sexedulebebsa da
damokidebulebaze.

damowmebani:

baramiZe 1940: baramiZe a. narkvevi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba “stalinis
saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis stamba”, 1940.
virsalaZe 1949: virsalaZe e. (redaqtori) rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
“saxelgami”, 1949.
lolaSvili 1959: lolaSvili i. sulxan-saba orbelianis literaturuli moRvaweobidan (1698-1713 ww.). Tb.:
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.
menabde 1953: menabde l. sulxan-saba orbeliani (monografia). Tb.: gamomcemloba “sablitgami”, 1953.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli, I. Tb.: gamomcemloba “merani”. 1991.
orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli, II. Tb.: gamomcemloba “merani”. 1993.
Rlonti 1958: Rlonti a. sulxan-saba orbelianis ori igavis folkloruli wayaroebi. “komunisturi
aRzrdisTvis”, 2, 1958.
Ciqovani 1974: Ciqovani m. (redaqtori). qarTuli folklori, t. IV Tb.: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1974.
Ciqovani 1974: Ciqovani m. (redaqtori). qarTuli folklori, t. V Tb.: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1975.
Ciqovani 1938: Ciqovani m. (redaqtori). qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, t. I. Tb.: “stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcmloba, 1938.
Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m. sulxan-saba orbeliani da xalxuri Semoqmedeba. literaturuli Ziebani, XII, 1959.
canava 1959: canava a. wigni “sibrZne sicruisa” da qarTuli xalxuri maxvilsityvaoba. Tbilisi:
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akdemiis gamomcemloba, 1959.

61
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

fantastikuri zRapris funqciuri mravalferovneba

`sibrZne sicruisaSi~

sulxan-saba orbelians Txzulebis Seqmnisas gauTvaliswinebia didi

aRmosavleli meigaveebis gamocdileba da `sibrZne sicruisa~ CarCoseburi
kompoziciis kanonis safuZvelze augia. aseTi kompozicia Tavisi tevadobiT sruliad
miesadageba erTmaneTTan mrwamsiTa da Sinagani bunebiT dapirispirebuli
personaJebis mizans, paeqrobisas win wamoewiaT Tavisi Tvalsazrisi, WeSmaritebad
gamoecxadebinaT igavidan gamomdinare Segoneba.
Tavisi epoqis qarTuli cxovrebidan mweralma mravalgvar mankierebaze SeaCera
yuradReba. `sibrZne sicruisa~, xelnawerebis mowmobiT, avtors Seuqmnia `Jamsa
siWabukisasa Tvisisa~. es uwyeba gaxda safuZveli Tvalsazrisisa, rom krebuli 1698
wlamdea Seqmnili, Torem berad Semdgari saba samRvdeloebis mimarT ar iqneboda
aseTi kategoriuli. am mosazrebis gaziareba Crdils miayenebda sulxan-sabas, radgan
migvaCnia, rom igi eris mamad SemTxvevaTa gamo ki ar gamxdara, aramed am misiiT
daibada. sulxan-sabas obieqturoba da piruTvneloba (ase TvalnaTliv gamJRavnebuli
TxzulebaSi), rogorc bunebiTi niSani, misi pirovnuli da SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis
ganmsazRvreladac unda vaRiaroT. beri sabac (gavixsenoT, rom misi berad Sedgoma
politikurma mizezebma ganapiroba) iseve SeniSnavda saZraxiss sasulieroTa Soris,
rogorc saero pirebSi xedavda da raki mwerals mxilebiT sazogadoebis gamosworebis
imedi hqonda, kompromiss ar dauSvebda. mwerals mTlianad saqarTvelo stkioda da,
rac mTavaria, adamianis bunebaSi xedavda mankierebasac da sikeTesac da ara mis
saqmianobaSi (qurdovaniZe 2004: 12).
garda zemoTqmulisa, `sibrZne sicruisa~ iseTi sada da daxvewili stiliTaa
dawerili, masSi isea individualizebuli personaJTa metyveleba, iseTi ZaliTa da
mizanmimarTulebiT moZraobs mwerlis sityva, leqsikis imisTana simdidres vxvdebiT,
rom yovelives, xanis garda, is mwerluri sibrZne esaWiroeboda, romelic asakSi
modis. ideis ukeT gamokveTisaTvis masalis SerCevas (Secvlasa Tu ganaxlebas)
mwerals igav-arakTa CarCosebur kompoziciaSi ganTavseba uadvilebda da, marTalia,
aRmosavluri krebulebis gamocdileba SeTvisebuli hqonda, sulxan-saba ukve
damkvidrebuli standartebis, kompoziciis Semadgeneli nawilebis Serwymis kanonebis
gamoyenebis paralelurad eZiebs originalur gzebs da didi niWierebiT axerxebs
erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli masalis logikur, Sinaganad Sepirobebul
dakavSirebas. `sibrZne sicruisas~ kompoziciuri simwyobrec gascems im saidumlos,
rom Txzuleba didi xnis narudunebia.
mankierebebze sasaubrod yvelaze uxvad gamoyenebuli cxovelTa zRapris
paralelurad Semotanilia fantastikuri zRaprebi da xalxuri fablioebi.
sasurveli ideis xorcSesxmis mizniT es masala gardaqmnilia.
rogorc cnobilia, mTavari da ZiriTadi wyaro, romelsac mwerali iyenebs Tavisi
igav-arakebis krebulisaTvis cxovelTa Sesaxeb moTxrobebi an sxva avtorebis
cnobili igavebia. zRapris igav-arakad gardasaqmnelad mwerali ambavs araiSviaTad
gardaqmnis da, rac mTavaria, uTuod SegonebiT amTavrebs.
cxovelTa zRaprebisagan gansxvavebulad gadmogvcems mwerali istoriebs,
romelTa safuZvlad jadosnuri zRaprebia gamoyenebuli. aq sxvaa mwerlis amocana,
gansxvavebulia Txrobis stili, Taviseburia mxatvruli teqstis gamarTvis teqnikac.
kazmulsityvaobisaken miswrafeba jadosnuri zRaprebis Txrobisas ufro
TvalsaCinoa da amis saSualebas iZleva ambavi, romelic aRar saWiroebs sxart
metyvelebas. ambis Sesabamisad, gmirTa Tavgadasavals mwerali gadmogvcems vrclad,
moqmedebaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dacviT, motivirebebiT. dialogebis
gawyobiT mwerals ganaxleba Seaqvs TxrobaSi. zogan enobriv mxatvrul saSualebebsac
gamoakrTobs saTqmelis xatovanebisaTvis.
fantastikur zRaprebs upiratesad hyveba ufliswulis aRmzrdeli leoni,
romelic mwerals mogzaurad da, Sesabamisad, mravlis mnaxvel pirovnebad hyavs
gamoyvanili. misi nanaxi da gagonili egzotikuri ambebi sasiamovno mosasmenia, Tumca
yovel maTganSi ikiTxeba meore planic, anu mkiTxvels SeuZlia Wkuis saswavlebeli

62
daskvnis gamotana. es ambebi warmoSobisa da Sedgenilobis mixedviT
araerTgvarovania. maT mwerali xan Txrobis gasaxaliseblad iyenebs, xan msmenelis
gasaoceblad, xan ki aRmzrdelobiTi funqciiT. es ambebi SeiZleba sam jgufad daiyos:
1. sakvirveli ambebi cnobili fantastikuri zRaprebidan,
2. didaqtikur-moralisturi SegonebebisaTvis Sesaferisi fantastikuri
siuJetebi (motivebi),
3. zRaprisTvis ucnobi mokle fantastikuri istoriebi.

sakvirveli ambebis jgufSi leoni mopaeqreebs uyveba muyamis qalaqSi

Sexvedrili aTi eqimis mier moTxrobil ambebs. mexuTe istoriaSi gadmocemulia
basreli mefis SemTxveva, romelsac yelSi Zvali gasCxeroda da veravin Sveloda. am
epizodis gamarTvisTvis mwerali iyenebs saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis siuJeturi
tipis [uteri 2004: 403] Tavisufal motivs. jadosnuri zRapris SesavalSi
mogviTxroben dedinacvalze, romelic Tavs moiavadmyofebs da qmars arwmunebs, rom
mxolod geris gul-RviZlis SeWma moarCens (umikaSvili 1964: 17, 18). sulxan-saba
nawilobriv cvlis motivis Sinaarss. ger-dedinacvlis ciklis am zRapris mixedviT, av
qals finias uklaven. misi gul-RviZliT motyuebuli dedinacvali SeWmisTanave fexze
wamovardeba xolme, movrCio. basreli mefec moatyues, oRond sxva mizniT. mas yelze
danamibjenili Txis bRavili moasmenines, Svilis xma egona, guli daewva da ise
xmamaRla daiyvira, yelidan Zvali amouvarda (orbeliani 1986: 117).
aseve saerTaSoriso gavrceleba aqvs mopovebuli vardanis `melis wignSi~ Sesul
siuJets, romelic jadosnur zRaparSic aris gadasuli (uteri 2004: 655). Sesabamisi
tipis zRapris mixedviT, sam gulTmisan Zmas warsulSi momxdar im saidumloebaTa
amocnoba SeuZlia, romelTa Sesaxeb axal droSi warmodgena aravis aqvs. tradiciuli
sazRapro sammagobis Tanaxmad, idumal istoriaTa ricxvic samia xolme: xelmwifis
Svilis warmomavlobis, ZaRlis ZuZuTi gazrdili batknis, adamianis sisxlis gemos
mqone fqvilis ambebi (virsalaZe I949: 37). mwerali am siuJetidan erT sakonfliqto
motivs irCevs da masze agebs qirman Sahis dasneulebuli Zis istorias. sulxan-sabas
meSvide aqimi zRapris ZmebiviT gulTmisania da icis dedoflis saidumlo. igi maSin
axerxebs Sahis Zis gankurnebas, roca dedofali gamoutydeba, rom avadmyofi ymawvili
mewisqvilis Svilia. amis Semdeg aqimi im wamals niSnavs, romelic dabali socialuri
wris adamianisTvis aris mizanSewonili. simarTle vaJs gadarCens orbeliani 1986: 119).
sulxan-sabas Seqmnil `bneleTis pirsa msaxlebeli kacis~ Tavgadasavals,
romelsac vaziri mogviTxrobs, ramdenime jadosnuri zRapridan SerCeuli motivebi
udevs safuZvlad.
istoria iwyeba saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis sazRapro siuJetis (uteri 2004: 313)
b), kvanZis Sekvris unaris mqone Tavisufali motiviT, romlis Tanaxmad, gaweuli
uangaro daxmarebisaTvis kaci jildovdeba.
mwerali misdevs am Tavisufali motivis Sinaarss da Tavadac sagangebod Cerdeba
zRapriseul akrZalvaze: rac ar unda Zvirfasi nivTebi SesTavazon dasajildoebels,
araferi aiRos, garda marnis klitisa (am siuJeturi tipis arc erT variantSi ar aris
dasaxelebuli msgavsi sagani). zRapruli tradiciis mixedviT, damsaCuqrebels
yvelaze metad am sagnis gacema uWirs, magram pirobas ver arRvevs (razikaSvili,
qarTli, 1909: 8). sulxan-sabas gadmoaqvs mCuqeblis darigebac: `mas kldesa miayrden
da gaiReba~. zRaprisa da sulxan-sabas gmiri samjer midis maranTan da iRebs
saCuqrebs.
dasaxelebuli Tavisufali motivis Semdgomi ganviTareba mwerals ar
ainteresebs, amitom igi SemoqmedebiT kontaminacias mimarTavs da sxva, aseve
saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis zRapriT ganagrZobs moTxrobas. esaa `saswaulebrivi
saCuqrebis~ (uteri 2004: 564) siuJeturi tipi. gmiri klitiT kldis gaxsnis Semdeg
pirvelad miiRebs oqro-vercxlis myrel virs, meored saWmel-sasmlis gamCen
xelsafqvavs, mesamed _ gogras, romlidanac mebrZolebi amodian (razikaSvili,
qarTli, 1909: 27).
pirveli zRaprisagan gansxvavebiT, mwerali mTlianad iyenebs am siuJets
(orbeliani 1986: 128-129). radgan masSi moTxrobili ambebi gasarTobic aris da Wkuis
saswavlebeli funqciac aqvs. zRapris konfliqti mopovebuli sagnis dakargvaze aris
agebuli. gmiri arRvevs colis akrZalvas da kargavs Zvirfas SenaZens.

63
 mwerali, marTalia, misdevs zRapars, Tumca, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, yovel
saganTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari interpretaciiT qmnis Sesabamis sakonfliqto
situacias, raTa dasaCuqrebulma kacma moimkos Tavisi sibriyvis nayofi. cols `ar
davujere,- mogviTxrobs kaci,- Sevje, wavel, viri abanos karze davabi da me Sin Sevel.
Turme meabanoe sxvagan iyo, movida, abanos karze viri naxa, argani hkra da agina. virman
Tavisi xazina gaxsna. meabanoem naxa, iama, moipara da sxva viri damiba. gavaTave abano,
gamovel Sevje, wavel da ramdeni vsceme, ConCorikis meti aRara gayara ra~ (iqve).
ugunur kacs xelsafqvavs xelmwifis kacebi arTmeven. gogridan amosulebi
ubruneben Zvirfas saCuqrebs, magram verc amis Semdeg gaixara bneleTis pirs
msaxlebelma. colis rCeviT sxvagan wavidnen sacxovreblad, magram `aRelda zRva,
xomaldi daamtvria, yvela dainTqa...~ (iqve).
am ambavs Segoneba, bunebrivia, ar axlavs, Tumca advili misaxvedria, rom mwerals
mxedvelobaSi hqonda andaza: `qaris motanils qari waiRebso~.
Semdegi istoria exeba saswaulmoqmed davriS abdul-azims. avtori isev
jadosnur zRapars mimarTavs, konkretulad, saswaulebrivi sagnebis mopovebaze
agebul saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis siuJetur tips (uteri 2004: 518), oRond gmiri maT
devebis motyuebis Semdeg ki ar daeufleba, rogorc zRaparSia (razikaSvili, kaxeTi,
1911: 33), aramed zardaxSaSi Cawyobils naxavs. mwerali qmnis araCveulebriv garemos:
moedineba mduRare mdinare, dgas vercxlis wylis tba da sxv. zardaxSidan aRebuli
sagnebi: uCinmaCinis qudi, sasanTle da maSiebi (ufro swored, maTi mosamsaxureebi)
uzrunvelyofen gmiris gamarjvebas. zRapris msgavsad, gmiri klavs indoeTis mefes da
Tavad dajdeba taxtze (orbeliani 1986: 130-131).
monaTxrobTa Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa isev jadosnuri zRapris
gamoyenebiT Seqmnili jizi-gurgenis istoria. meaTe aqimi zRvis napiras moxvda
Tovlian zamTarSi. dainaxa Wabuki `axovani, Svenieri, mxne, mwyazari. Txeli tilos
nifxav-perangi ecva, sxva arara. TavSiSveli, fexTucmeli, daekarwaxa. perangze oqros
sartyeli ertya...~ Wabukma Sin miipatiJa aqimi da gaaoca: derefanSi... `didi auzi iyo,
civis wyliT idga da yinuli eyara. Sig samisa da oTxis Tvis meti da wlisa da orisa da
samis wlis martvilebi isxdes...~ maspinZelma auxsna aqims, rom sxeulis amgvarad
gakaJebis tradicia mama-papaTagan modioda. amaTgan vinc cocxali gadarCeboda,
janmrTelad icxovrebda.
Wabuki stumars aCvenebs vercxlis boZze oqros jaWviT mibmul berikacs,
romelic misi Wkuasusti mama aRmoCndeba.
meore saxlSi Sexvda mwyazar qals. `misTana ara minaxavs ra, dia lamazi iyo da
tanadac saros hgvanda. mravali Tvalisa da margalitis samkauli aqvnda. Tavze erTi
oqros wvlili mavTuliT mobmuli mrgvali raRac eba, Tval-margalitiT Semkuli, da
adgilze miaTrevda...
es Cemi coliao da igi kacis Tavi misTrevso.~
Turme erTxel Wabukma naxa: misi coli kacs exveoda da eubneboda: `netamc Sens
Tavs aravin gamyrideso~. qali sasikvdilod ver gaimeta, kacs Tavi moaWra, oqroTi
Seamko da zed miaba, natvra Seusrula... (rbeliani 1986: 125)
gadmocemuli istoriis fabulas sulxan-saba jadosnuri zRapridan iRebs,
Tumca originalurad gardaqmnils (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sasaxlis garemos
zRaprisagan gansxvavebulad xatvis manera) mogviTxrobs. ambavi momdinareobs
saqarTveloSi farTod cnobili saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis siuJetebis _
`gaqvavebuli samefo~ (uteri 2004: 410*) da `gaqvavebuli jari~ (uteri 2004: 302) _
sakonfliqto motivebis Semcveli zRaprebidan (razikaSvili, kaxeTi, 1911: 30;
razikaSvili, qarTli, 1909: 13, 39, 99). mwerali ZiriTad ambavs Wabuk xelmwifesTan
tradiciuli konteqstiT akavSirebs.
sulxan-saba orbelianma SesaniSnavad icis fantastikuri zRapari. amitom igi
yovelTvis ostaturad sargeblobs misi motivebiT, metic, yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi maTi gamoyenebisas qmnis Sesatyvis garemos. indoeTSi, saocrebaTa
qveyanaSi, ganviTarebul ambebze moTxrobisas mwerali warmatebulad usadagebs Tavis
mizans saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis siuJetur tips (uteri 2004: 325). mwerali
SemoqmedebiTad gardaqmnis zRapars `ostati da Segirdi~. mwerlis mier daxatuli
grZneuli gmiri met saswauls axdens, vidre zRapris mixedviT aris cnobili
(razikaSvili, kaxeTi 1911: 52; razikaSvili, qarTli 1909: 31, 35). sulxan-saba farTo
asparezs uSlis Tavis fantazias: vinc Zelze dakidebul Wabuks Tofs esvris an isars

64
styorcnis, nasroli sagani ukuiqceva da msrolelsve moxvdeba; sapatimro saxls
walkotad aqcevs; saxeze wylis SesxmiT veziri diacad gadaiqceva, vaJs gaaCens da
Semdeg isev kacad Seicvleba. ostati dasasjelad gamoedevneba Segirds, romelic
mtredad gadaiqceva, ostati — Sevardnad, Segirdi gvirgvinad daexureba Tavze Cinel
mefes nadirobisas, ostati _ meWianured gadaiqceva da mefes gvirgvinis amboris
uflebas sTxovs, `SeSinebuli~ gvirgvini broweulad gadaiqceva, Camovardeba,
gaskdeba da gaibneva, ostati mamlad iqceva, marcvals kenkvas dauwyebs... im
broweulis qerqidan kaci gamoZvreba, mefes muxlze moexveva, etyvis: ostati mklavs
da miSveleo. am dros mamalic kacad iqceva... (orbeliani 1986: 140-141).
sulxan-saba Segnebulad afarToebs zRapris tradiciul sammagobas, raTa
TvalTmaqci ostatisa da Segirdis mravalferovan moqmedebaTa wyalobiT gaaZlieros
STabeWdileba, Seamzados ruqas saTqmelis safuZveli: `dRes aqamomde avad miqnia
qiSpoba leonisa, radgan esreT mcodinarea da amdenis kargis saqmis swavlulia da
amdenis Tqmis mnaxavi, es Sesanaxavia da nurc moiSorebT. raki Tqva, qmnac Zalucs. aq
gamoaCina leon Tavisi grZnebis xelovneba~.
gasaocar ambavTa Sorisaa goliaTebTan moxvedra. manamde vecnobiT qveyanas,
sadac gavrcelebuli wesis Tanaxmad, mkvdar cols (qmars) Tan atanen cocxal
meuRles. goliaTebis qveyanaSi swored sasaflao akldamidan Tavdaxsnili aseTi qali
da kaci moxvdebian. goliaTebis aRsaniSnavad mwerali xmarobs termins `didad usaxod
didi~. goliaTi ubeSi Caisvams Sexvedril qalsa da kacs da ise ganagrZobs gzas.
mwerali aseve gvacnobs axal personaJebs da maT uwodebs `didni kacni~. eseni
saerTaSoriso siuJeturi tipis `saswaulebrivi ostatebi~ (uteri 2004: 513) arian.
goliaTi jadosnuri zRapris modaveebs (rumbis patronsa da wylisxvrepias) CeqmebSi
Caisvams da Sin waiyvans, sadac daxvdeba coli _ `didobaze kekela qali~. goliaTsa da
mis motacebul cols Soris dava warmoSobs simamr-sidedris gacnobis saWiroebas. am
mizniT mwerali iyenebs jadosnur zRapars `muxiglejia simamrisa da sidedrisa~
(razikaSvili, qarTli, 1909: 41).
simamri yanas rwyavda, siZe da ubeSi Casmuli kaci rom estumrnen. goliaTs ruze
gadasvla mounda, magram wyalma cxenianad moitaca. simamrma bariT amoiyvana wylidan
cxen-kaci da mSralze dasva. aranaklebi goliaTia sidedric. qmari da stumrebi rom
daapura, sidedrma siZe Sin miiwvia. `diaci ucxenod mividoda... sanuzle godori
zurgze ekida. siZe cxens miaWenebda da ver miewia. sidedrman moixeda, siZe davardnili
naxa, dadga, aiyvana cxeniT, godorSi Caisva, aikida da wagvasxa (orbeliani 1986: 136).
mTeli zRapari gawyobilia hiperbola-litotesis cvlis principze. mwerali
ZiriTadad misdevs xalxuri moTxrobis Sinaarss, erTgan ki zRaprisTvis
niSandoblivi iumoris fargals scildeba da qmnis uCveulo epizods, riTac
monaTxrobs satirul damokidebulebas sZens. sulxan-sabas personaJi Zalian hgavs
miTur ciklops, Tumca istoriis yofiTi xasiaTis gamo funqcia aqvs Secvlili: `ra
daRamda, erTi calTvali kaci movida. Turme mis diacis aSiyi iyo, banidam svla
daiwyo. diaci siZis sircxviliT ar gavida. mas kacsa gulman ar mouWirva, Camovida.
misi siZe aiTvalwuna da diacs kocna dauwyo. siZem iwyina, mas saxls svetni gamouyarna
Tavs dasaqcevlad da TviT kari gaiara. diacman oriv fexi Zelebs svetad misca, virem
kaci mis alerss aRasrulebda. merme man kacman svetni Seudgna, saxli aRar daiqca
(iqve).
calTvala kaci goliaTis siZes misdevs dasaWerad. mwerals isev `saswaulebrivi
ostatebis~ siuJeturi tipidan Semohyavs personaJi. esaa cercvis mTesavi, romelsac
safarcxavi fexze abia da ise farcxavs. mas cercvi kalTaSi uria, Tan Wams da Tan
Tesavs.. gadarCenis mizniT man kalTaSi Caisva goliaTi cxen-kaciT da mere cercvTan
erTad CanTqa.
mTesavSi sulxan-sabas saswaulebrivi ostati beltiylapia hyavs nagulisxmebi.
sxva saswaulebriv ostatTa ambebze mwerali aRar aCerebs yuradRebas, imas ki
gvauwyebs, rom goliaTebi Tormetni yofilan, erT did mindorSi qarbuqSi
mosvedrilan, TavSesafris ZiebaSi unaxavT `erTi xmeli kacis Tavi~, yvelani Sig
dateulan.
sakvirveli ambebis gadmocemis Semdeg sulxan-saba isev ubrundeba Tavisi
Txzulebis tradiciul daniSnulebas da kidev or jadosnur zRapars mimarTavs. erTs,
saerTaSoriso siuJetur tips (uteri 2004: 507), `madlier mkvdrs~ leoni hyveba. igi
imisTvis sWirdeba mwerals, rom kidev erTxel Caagonos ruqas: sikeTes sikeTiTve

65
unda gadaxda. ruqa sruliad warmoudgenel sityvebs ismens: `me igi mkvdari var, Sen
rom gzaze mnaxe da perangi wamxureo. me mis sikeTis pasuxi es miqniao!~ (orbeliani
1986: 151). magram advili ar aris ruqasTvis gonebis gamocvla. sulxan-saba jadosnuri
zRaprisTvis aucilebeli sammagobis nacvlad magistross Seaxvedrebs or sxvadasxva
personaJs. sxva mxriv zRapari `madlieri mkvdari~ (virsalaZe I958: 18) Secvlili ar
aris.
sedraqi mogviTxrobs saerTaSoriso folklorSi cnobil zRapars (uteri
2004:670) yoveli sulieris enis mcodne kacis Sesaxeb, romelmac coli joxis cemiT
mokla sxvaTa ambis codnis dauokebeli miswrafebisaTvis da amiT Tavad gadarCa
sikvdils. sedraqi aseT beds daudumebeli mankieri enis patron ruqas
uwinaswarmetyvelebs: `vidremdis SenTvis Sindis joxs ar mosWrian, Sens mankier enas
veravin daadumebs~ (orbeliani 1986: 162). yoveli sulieris enis codniT sulxan-sabas
personaJs kaci ajildoebs, zRaparSi, maT Soris qarTulSi (Rlonti 1948: 45], ki —
gveli.
sulxan-saba orbelianma fantastikuri ambebis moTxrobiT moralisturi
Segonebebis erTtipobriobidan gamoiyvana Txroba, Secvala misi ritmi da uTuod
gaamravalferovna igav-arakTa krebuli.
damowmebani:

virsalaZe 1949: rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, e. virsalaZis Sedgenili, Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1949.
virsalaZe 1958: rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, e. virsalaZis Sedgenili, Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1958.
orbeliani 1986: sulxan-saba orbeliani, sibrZne sicruisa, Tb., `Tsu gamomcemloba~, 1986.
razikaSvili, qarTli 1909: qarTuli zRaprebi, qarTlSi Sekrebili Tedo razikaSvilis mier, tf.:
`amxanagobis~ stamba, 1909.
razikaSvili, kaxeTi 1911: qarTuli zRaprebi, kaxeTsa da fSavi Sekrebili Tedo razikaSvilis mier,
tf.: `amxanagobis~ stamba, 1911.
umikaSvili 1964: xalxuri sityviereba, III, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1964.
uteri 2004: Hans-Jörg Uther. The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the
System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson By Hans-Jörg Uther. Part I-III, Helsinki,
Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004.
qurdovaniZe 2004: qurdovaniZe Teimuraz, folklori da qarTuli mwerloba, Tb.: gamomcemloba
`erovnuli mwerloba~, 2004.
Rlonti 1948: Rlonti aleqsandre, qarTluri zRaprebi da legendebi, Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1948.

66
merab RaRaniZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

`samoTxis karis~ redaqciaTa gamo

sulxan-saba orbelianis “samoTxis kari” qarTuli dogmatur-kateqeturi

literaturuli memkvidreobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nimuSia. es Txzuleba
Semonaxulia avtografisa da gadanawerebis saxiT da is, amave dros, ramdenjermea
gamoqveynebuli.
`samoTxis kari~ kiTxva-pasuxebadaa dalagebuli da maTSi mokledaa gadmocemuli
qristianuli moZRvrebis raoba, amasTanave, Camoyalibebulia qristianuli moralisa
da RmrTismsaxurebis arsi. Tavad Txzulebis gadanawerebi, avtografTan erTad, ocze
met qarTul xelnawerSia Semonaxuli, rac mis farTo sazogadoebriv-saeklesio
gavrcelebaze metyvelebs. magram xelnawerebSi moTavsebuli es teqstebi _
gansakuTrebiT garkveul monakveTebSi _ ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. sagangebod
TvalSisacemia maTs Soris gansxvavebuli dogmaturi pozicia, rac Tavs iCens, kerZod,
im rubrikebSi, sadac aRmosavluri da dasavluri qristianuli tradicia samoZRvro
sakiTxebSi erTmaneTs emijneba da araTanxvdomil pozicias amJRavnebs. es sxvaobani
imdenad mniSvnelovania ideuri Tu teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT, rom saSualebas
iZleva, vilaparakoT `samoTxis karis~ ramdenime redaqciis Sesaxeb.
ukanasknel xanebamde Txzulebis redaqciebi sagangebo kvlevis sagnad mxolod
erTaderTxel iqca da, Sesabamisad, gamoTqmuli iyo mxolod erTaderTi Tvalsazrisi,
_ ivane lolaSvilis mier, _ romelmac teqstologiur ZiebaTa safuZvelze
Camoayaliba Sexeduleba, Tu ra redaqciuli da qronologiuri mimarTebebi arsebobs
`samoTxis karis~ am gansxvebul versiaTa Soris (ivane lolaSvili, sulxan-saba
orbelianis literaturuli moRvaweobidan (1698-1713 ww.), Tb., 1959, gv. 104-132).
mkvlevris mier naxevari saukunis winaT gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi ukanasknel
xanebamde aravis uqcevia sakamaTod.
magram sanam redaqciaTa sakiTxs CavuRrmavdebiT, saWiroa erTi avTentikuri
wyaros moxmoba _ im sabuTis gaxseneba, romelic Tavis droze moipova da gamoaqveyna
miqel TamaraSvilma (miqel TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris,
tf., 1902, gv. 262-263): werilSi, romelsac kaTolike mRvdeli justino livorneli
1687 wlis 7 noembers tfilisidan roms agzavnis, CamoTvlilia im qarTvelTa nusxa,
vinc cota xnis win SeerTebia romis kaTolike eklesias. maT Soris moxseniebulia
qarTveli didebuli sulxan yaflaniSvili (igulisxmeba yaflaniSvil-baraTaSvil-
orbelisZe-orbelianTa sagvareulos warmomadgeneli), _ `Svili didi ministrisa,
biZaSvili mefisa, ukeTilSobilesi qarTveli~, _ romelsac kaTolike eklesiis
wevroba im wlis 15 agvistos miuRia da romelsac Causworebia mama justinos mier
qarTulad Targmnili `saqristiano moZRvreba~.
aqamde miCneuli iyo, rom axalgazrda sulxanis mier sakuTrad naredaqtireb am
Txzulebas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram amgvari daskvnis gasakeTeblad, pirvel
yovlisa, aucilebelia imdroindeli ucxoenovani kaTolikuri kateqeturi teqstebis
sagangebo Seswavla da TiToeuli maTganis guldagul Sejereba sabaseul `samoTxis
karTan~. es samuSao saSualebas mogvcemda, gveTqva, erTi mxriv, dakargulia Tu ara
justinos mier Targmnili da sulxanis mier Casworebuli `saqristiano moZRvreba~ da,
meore mxriv, ramdenad originaluri nawarmoebia `samoTxis kari~. araa gamoricxuli,
rom `samoTxis karis~ saxiT saqme gvqondes romelime Cveulebrivi
dasavlurqristianuli kateqizmos, _ romelTa sxvadasxva versiebi farTod
gavrcelda, gansakuTrebiT, tridentis krebis Semdeg, _ qarTul TargmanTan (Tumca
amgvar kvlevaTa ganxorcielebamde isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “samoTxis karis”
erTaderT avtograful nusxas amgvarad aweria: `aRwerili sulxan-saba
orbelianisagan~).
kiTxva sabas am Txzulebis warmoSobisa da wyaros Sesaxeb jer kidev 1887 wels
dausvams da upasuxod dautovebia petre umikaSvils (sxvaTa Soris, aRmsareblobiT
kaTolikes), romelsac “samoTxis karis” xelnawerze miuweria: `es samoTxis kari aris
romis kaTolikeTa ketexizmo, romelsac uwodeben saqristiano moZRvrebas (xalxSi _
“vin dagbada”-s). iqneba es iyos naTargmni anu gadmokeTebuli italianur an somxur

67
kaTolikeT katexizmosi?~ (ix. sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. III,
Tb., 1963, gv. 341). es SekiTxva dRemde pasuxgaucemlad rCeba...
amis gamo amJamad, Seswavlis am etapze, SeuZlebelia dabejiTebiT iTqvas, Tu ras
warmoadgens `samoTxis kari~: aris is romelime laTinuri an italiuri teqstis
Targmani, Sesrulebuli justino livornelis mier, Tundac redaqtirebuli sabas
mier, Tu is sabas sakuTari, imTaviTve qarTulad dawerili nawarmoebia. magram
saTqmelia, rom arsebiTad unda gamoiricxos orive radikaluri pozicia, radgan arc
erTi ar Seesabameba werilobiTi teqstis (anda teqstis originalobis) mimarT
epoqismier damokidebulebas: aprioruladaa gamoricxuli, Tundac Targmanis
SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels win hqondes Tavdapirveli teqstis sityvasityviTi
gadmoqarTuleba; iseve rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsad moiZebna “samoTxis karis”
uSualo prototipi, amgvaradve aprioruladaa gamoricxuli, rom sabas Tavisi
dogmaturi saxelmZRvanelo winamorbedTa nayofieri gamoyenebis gareSe daeweros.
asea Tu ise, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs `samoTxis karis~ erTaderTi avtografuli
nusxa, romelic moTavsebulia sasuliero Sinaarsis TxzulebaTa da cnobaTa sabas
mier Sedgenil da gadaweril sagangebo krebulSi (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, A-
303). am teqsts mTeli xelnaweris daaxloebiT mesamedi uWiravs (sxvaTa Soris,
sabaseuli es krebuli mTlianad arasodes gamoqveynebula). nawarmoebis avtoriseuli
saxelwodeba amgvaria: `saqristiano moZRureba, pirvelad saswavlo yrmaTaTÂs,
aRwerili sulxan-saba orbelianisagan, romelsa ewodebis samoTxis kari _
sarwmunoebisaTÂs marTlisa da ubiwosa Sjulisa, romeli mogveca wmidaTa mamaTa
mier”.
mtkiced unda iTqvas, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis `samoTxis karis~ erTaderT
avtoriseul redaqciad avtografSi daculi swored es teqsti unda iqnes miCneuli (1-
li gamoc.: sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. III, Tb., 1963, gamosacemad
moamzada ivane lolaSvilma _ B redaqcia, gv. 225-334; me-2 gamoc.: sulxan-saba
orbeliani, samoTxis kari, gamosacemad gaamzada merab RaRaniZem, Tb., 2004).
sxvaTa Soris, gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom Tavad Sedgena am krebulisa, romelSic
sasuliero-saeklesio xasiaTis teqstebia gaerTianebuli, ganapiroba sabas evropaSi
gamgzavrebis aucileblobam, raTa igi aRWurvili yofiliyo im cnobebiTa da
monacemebiT, rac kaTolikur samyaroSi moxvedrisTanave aucilebeli iqneboda
aRmosavleTi saqristianodan Casuli adamianisaTvis. es hipoTezuri msjeloba, Tuki
is namdvilad miviReT, kidev ufro saeWvod xdis `samoTxis karis~ originalobis
Tvalsazriss.
sulxan-saba orbelianis `samoTxis karis~ avtoriseuli versiis garda,
moRweulia am nawarmoebis sxvadasxva mogviano gadamuSaveba-gadakeTebani, romelTa
redaqtorebi saxeldebiTaa cnobili. pirveli, visac xelaxla gadaumuSavebia
Txzulebis teqsti, sabas Zma _ tfileli mitropoliti nikoloz orbeliani yofila;
meore: batoniSvili vaxuSti; mesame: mRvdeli nikoloz CaCikaSvili. maT mier `samoTxis
karSi~ cvlilebaTa Setanis miznad, upirveles yovlisa, originaluri teqstis
konfesiuri `gasufTaveba~ Cans.
saqme isaa, rom sabaseul `samoTxis karSi~ daufaravadaa gacxadebuli misi
avtoris konfesiuri pozicia, rac gansakuTrebulad aSkarad gamoixata suli wmidis
gamomavlobisa da romis episkoposis upiratesobis sakiTxTa ganxilvisas. orsave am
SemTxvevaSi sabas pozicia erTmniSvnelovnad asaxavs da gamoxatavs romis kaTolike
eklesiis moZRvrebas. amitom moulodneli ar iyo, rom amgvari aRmsareblobis gamo
kaTolikosma antoni I-ma, romelmac, savaraudoa, moskovSi gaicno sabaseul
avtografSi daculi `samoTxis karis~ teqsti (xelnaweri im dros swored moskovSi
inaxeboda), ase daaxasiaTa es Txzuleba: `samoTxis kari, garna jojoxeTis bWe aRwera
sulTa warwymedad~ (anton bagrationi, wyobilsityvaoba, Tb., 1980, gv. 282). es
aRmosavlur-bizantiuri dogmatur-kanonikuri ganCineba iyo...
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli aRmosavlurqristianuli tradiciisaTvis
miuRebeli aRmoCenila sabas konfesiur-saeklesio arCevani, am tradiciis
matareblebs mainc uyuradRebod ar darCeniaT `samoTxis karis~ cxadad SesamCnevi
maxasiaTeblebi, _ qristianuli gadmocemis safuZvliani codna, moZRvrebis
dalagebis mTlianoba, sakiTxebis damajerebeli dasabuTeba, msjelobis sisxarte,
Txrobis sada ena, _ rasac Sedegad mohyolia sabaseuli teqstis SenarCuneba da
gavrceleba, oRond misi ideuri gacxrilvis Semdgom.

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 Txzulebis gadakeTebis pirveli aseTi mcdeloba ganxorcielebula moskovSi
gadasaxlebuli orbelianebis _ sabas Zmebis _ wreSi, romelTac, saerTod, misi
nawerebis Sekreba da redaqtireba ganuzraxavT. `samoTxis karSi~ aRmosavluri
saeklesio tradiciis mixedviT cvlilebaTa Setana, rogorc Cans, utvirTavs sabas
umcros Zmas, mitropolit nikolozs. mis mier redaqtirebuli teqsti misi
avtografis saxiT ar Senaxula, magram SemorCenilia misgan uSualod gadawerili
asli, romelic zurab mgelyanaSvils Seusrulebia (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, H-
581). `samoTxis karis~ am redaqciaSi suli wmidis gamomavlobis sakiTxi mowodebulia
aRmosavlur-bizantiuri poziciis Tanaxmad, xolo muxlebi papis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb
mTlianadaa amoRebuli. nikoloz orbelianiseuli versia mravali gadanaweris saxiT
arsebobs. amasTanave, `samoTxis karis~ es redaqcia _ nikoloz orbelianis
avtorobiT da `saqristiano (pirvelsaswavlo) moZRvrebis~ saxelwodebiT _ orjer
gamoica XIX-XX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.
moskovSive Camoyalibebula `samoTxis karis~ kidev erTi axali redaqcia,
romelic batoniSvil vaxuStis Sromis Sedegia. sasuliero Sinaarsis sabaseuli
teqstebi vaxuStis erT krebulad gauerTianebia (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, H-
108), romelSic Seutania mis mier xelaxla gadamuSavebuli `samoTxis kari~. es
redaqcia aSkarad upirispirdeba kaTolikur pozicias, ris Sedegadac is monakveTebi,
sadac sabas kaTolikuri aRmsarebloba Cans, vaxuStis aRmosavlur-bizantiuri
moZRvrebiT Seucvlia (magaliTad, moZRvreba papisadmi yoveli qristianis
morCilebis Sesaxeb Secvlilia moZRvrebiT eklesiis mimarT morCilebis Sesaxeb).
vaxuStiseuli redaqcia gamosacemad yofila gazadebuli 1890 wels, magram ucnobi
mizezebis gamo aRar gamoqveynebula.
rac Seexeba nikoloz CaCikaSviliseul redaqcias, romelic saeklesio-
samoZRvro teqstebis mis mier Sedgenil mcire krebulSia Sesuli (xelnawerTa
erovnuli centri, S-2051), is konfesiurad neitraluria da aq TvalSisacemadaa
aridebuli arCevani: dogmatur sakiTxebSi dasavlur-aRmosavlur sapirispiro
poziciaTa Soris upiratesoba ar eniWeba romelime maTgans. qristianuli moZRvreba
masSi isea gadmocemuli, rom is misaRebia rogorc dasavlurqristianuli, ise
aRmosavlurqristianuli dogmaturi tradiciisaTvis. es redaqcia, romelic
erTaderTi xelnaweris saxiTaa moRweuli da romelsac erTvis minaweri (ra Tqma unda,
araavtografuli!), sadac naTqvamia, rom `wmida da ubiwo aRsareba~ `aRiwera~
`sulxanyofili orbelisSvilisa, xolo aw monazonisa saba undoÁsa, udabnoÁsa berisa~
mier, Cans, CaCikaSvils `samoTxis karis~ romelime Cvenamde mouRweveli wyarodan
gadmouweria. Tumca es ueWvelad ar niSnavs, rom igi erTgulad misdevdes sabaseul
avtografs (Tuki, mas aseTi, saerTod, hqonda!), _ sagulvebelia, rom is sargeblobda
imgvari versiiT, romelic ukve amgvarad iyo gasworebuli (magram masSi sabaseuli
anderZi CarCeniliyo), an ufro metad safiqrebelia, rom es Tavad CaCikaSviliseuli
redaqcia iyos (SesaZloa, redaqtirebulis redaqtireba!), radgan kargadaa cnobili,
rom mis mier gadaweril teqstebSi Sesworeba-SematebaTa Setana misTvis Cveuli saqme
yofila (magaliTad, dadasturebulia, rom mas cvlilebebi Seutania “sibrZne
sicruisas” teqstSic _ ix. sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani oTx tomad, tomi I, Tb.,
1959, gv. 253, 254).
bolo xanebamde, `samoTxis karis~ 2004 wlis gamocemamde, damkvidrebuli iyo
ivane lolaSviliseuli Tvalsazrisi, rom sabas Tavad Seuqmnia `samoTxis karis~
Tavdapirveli, konfesiurad neitraluri redaqcia (mkvlevris mier redaqciad
saxeldebuli), romelic sabaseul avtograful nusxaSi Semonaxul redaqciaze ufro
adre Camoyalibda da romelic dRes mxolod CaCikaSviliseuli xelnaweris saxiTaa
daculi, magram zemoT Tqmulis safuZvelze amgvari azri, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sruliad dausabuTebelia.
Sesabamisad, `samoTxis karis~ sabaseuli redaqcia gamocemulia orjer (1963,
2004), nikoloz orbelianiseuli _ orjer (1885, 1992), nikoloz CaCikaSviliseuli _
erTxel (1963), vaxuStiseuli ki arasodes gamoqveynebula.

69
medea Rlonti
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

uflis igavTa Txrobis saxarebiseuli wesisaTvis

`sibrZne sicruisaSi~

igavuri alegorizmi _ igavianad Tqmis principi _ gatarebulia `sibrZne

sicruisas~ yvela arakSi da mis siuJetur qargaSic. magram am igavarakul nawarmoebSi
uaRresad dabalia Tavad termin igavis produqtiuloba, igi mxolod gamocanis
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba _ isic erTgzis. gamocana-igavs avtori sibrZnis igavsac
uwodebs. leonisagan wvrTil jumbers sibrZneSi gamosacdelad ruqa sam sibrZnis igavs
`daudgams~: `mgeli, Txa da Tiva~, `samni col-qmarni da mdinare~, `moCivarni Zmani~
(sulxan-saba 1979: 85-86). amiT amoiwureba igavis rogorc leqsikur-semantikuri, aseve
mxatvrul-funqciuri datvirTva `sibrZne sicruisaSi~. igavi aq arc sakuTriv igavis
Sinaarss atarebs da arc igavurad Tqmis mniSvneloba aqvs. yovelive amis gamomxatveli
TxzulebaSi arakia, aseve _ arakoba. araki TiTqmis ugamonaklisod batonobs `sibrZne
sicruisaSi~. sulxan-saba Tavis yovel personaJs mxolod araks aTqmevinebs da uTiTebs,
rom mavanma: `Tqva... uTxra pasuxad... ubrZana... brZana... moaxsena... araki~.
araksa da arakobas sulxan-saba orbelianis moRvaweobis xanaSi, qarTuli
literaturuli terminologiis tradiciiT, igavurad gamoxatvis funqcia miewereboda.
sulxan-saba gveubneba, rom `saxis SemoReba _ igavis moyvanaa~, xolo `araki somxurad
igavsa hqvian~ (sulxan-saba 1991). maSin, igavisa da arakis sinonimurobidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom arakis moyvanac _ saxis SemoRebaa. Tumca leqsikuri
ganmartebis am ori variantidan `leqsikon qarTulSi~ sulxan-sabam pirvelze SeaCera
arCevani, xolo `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ meore variantis xorcSesxmis SesaniSnavi
ilustracia mogvawoda _ arakis moyvaniTa da saxis SemoRebiT warmoaCina sibrZne.
Tuki leqsikografi sulxan-saba saxis SemoRebaSi gulisxmobs igavis moyvanas, anu
igavianad Tqmas, meigave sulxan-sabasTvis yovelive es arakis moyvanaa, arakobaa, sadac
saarako masalad sicrue gamoiyeneba. igive sicrue sibrZnis gamosaxatavi mxatvruli
saSualebacaa. es sicrue arakis fardia, sa-arak-o sicruea. sulxan-sabas arakobac,
amitom, igavuri saxeebiT metyvelebaa.
arakis da arakobis am mxatvrul-igavuri funqciis paralelurad, gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens arakobis mizandasaxuloba `sibrZne sicruisaSi~. am mxriv es igavara-
kuli Txzuleba marTlac: `sul axalsa da araCveulebriv movlenas warmoadgens qarTul
mwerlobaSi~ (kekeliZe 1981: 458).
am TvalsazrisiT did mniSvnelobas iZens debuleba: `sabas igavebi saero xasiaTisaa,
magram isini ar SeiZleba mowyvetili iyos evangelur pirvelsaTaves~ (revaz siraZe, 140).
`qilila da damanas~ tipis igavarakuli Janris nawarmoebSi araki, rogorc wesi,
Canasaxidanve moiazrebs amsofliurobas, igi yoveldRiurobiT ifargleba. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ arakoba imgvari wesiT dagebuli sityvaa, romelic
wuTisoflis Svilebs uzenaes sibrZnesac aCvenebs, miwis macqeralT _ zeciskenac
aRapyrobinebs Tvals.
sicrue-arakobiT gamoTqmuli am orkeci (mrCobli) sibrZnidan `sibrZne sicruisas~
mkiTxveli Tavis gonebagaxsnilobasa da gamWriaxobaSi gamecadindeba da yofiT,
sayovelTao sibrZnis gakveTilebs iRebs, magram uzenaesi sikeTis, keTilis Semcvel
sibrZnesac eziareba.
amas gvimowmebs igavarakuli Txrobis gamorCeuli _ sulxan-sabaseuli wesi,
romelic msgavsia ufali ieso qristes qadagebisa da Txrobis evangeluri wesisa.
saxarebaSi yvela igavs ufali ieso qriste hyveba da maTi meoxebiT ucvlel RvTiur
WeSmaritebas awvdis msmenels. axali formis Ziebis wil Cvenma ufalma yvelasTvis
nacnobi da xelmisawvdomi igavuri forma gamoiyena saTqmelis (qadagebis) garesamosad,
RvTis sityviT ganmsWvala igi da gasaocari cxovelmyofeloba mianiWa.
swored aseve, sakuTar igavarakul Txzulebas sulxan-sabam Taviseburad `hkra
Calxi~. axali formis Zieba mas arc dasWirvebia da arc gasWirvebia: arCevani araksa da
arakobaze SeaCera da am nacad formas misca axali mimarTuleba, axali _ uzenaesi
sibrZnis Semcveli mizandasaxulobiT aRWurva igi. amgvarad SesZina sulxan-sabam axali
sasicocxlo Zala araksa da arakobas. swored mxatvrul-igavuri funqciis ZalisxmeviT
gaxda SesaZlebeli arakis, ase vTqvaT _ gaigaveba.

70
 erTi sagulisxmo mxatvruli detalic amagrebs am mosazrebas: saxarebis igavis
umTavresi personaJi adamiania. mTels wmida werilSi sul ramdenime nimuSia, sadac igavis
personaJi-mcenare gapirovnebis xerxiTaa warmodgenili (ix. msajulTa 9, 8-15; IV mefeTa
14, 9; igavi `cxvrebsa da Tiknebze~ _ maTe 25, 31-46 da sxva). `sibrZne sicruisas~
arakTagan mxolod ociodeSia personaJi cxovelTa samyarodan, danarCenSi (asze metSi)
mTavari gmiri adamiania.
isic unda iTqvas, rom Zveli mxatvruli formis gaaxleba da gasuliereba `sibrZne
sicruisaSi~ ar ganxorcielebula arakis pirvandeli funqciisa da daniSnulebis
daTrgunvis xarjze. qarTvelma meigavem sicrue-arakobis mxatvruli formis gamoyene-
bisas TxzulebaSi SesaSuri ostatobiT Caaqsova axali mizandasaxuloba da, rogorc
vTqviT, mrCobli sibrZniT gaaSinaarsa igi. amgvarad gaSinaarsebuli sicrue-arakoba
sulxan-saba orbelianma winaswargansazRvrul, sagangebo ideur-kompoziciur sistemaSi
(CarCoSi) moaqcia.
meore mxriv, uflis yoveli igavis ganmartebisa da maTs saTqmelSi Seumcdari
wvdomis mizniT, wmida eklesiis mamebi yuradRebas miaqceven saxarebis igavTa
kompozicias, am igavTa sistemur, kompleqsur aRqmas. bunebrivia, igavTa Tanamimdevroba,
maTi e.w. kompoziciuri ganlageba, ramdenadme gansazRvravs da Suqs hfens rogorc
TiToeuli igavis saTqmels, aseve macxovris umTavres igavur saTqmelsac.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba uflis igavis Tanmxleb prolog-epilogebs.
mxedvelobaSia igavis winamavali da momdevno ganmartebani, romlebsac Cveulebriv
iZleva an TviT ufali, an maxarebeli, an kidev manamde gadmocemuli ambavi Tu viTareba
Seicavs miniSnebas momdevno igavis saTqmelze.
msgavsad amisa, `sibrZne sicruisas~ avtoriseuli saTqmelis, kerZod, ideur-
kompoziciuri gaazrebis srulyofilad wvdomisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba am Txzulebis
mTliani kompoziciuri sistemis amocnoba, misi mTavari, ideuri TvalsazrisiT sakvanZo
nawilebisa da sagangebo mxatvruli funqciiT mosili kompoziciuri detalebis
marTebulad axsna. yovelive amis TvalsaCinoebad Txzulebis nebismieri nakveTi
ivargebs, iqneba es araki, Tavisi winamavali an momdevno siuJeturi segmentebiT, Tu
personaJTa sityva-migeba da dialogebi (magaliTad, araki `Zala erTobisa~ _ Tavisi
garemomcveli siuJetur-kompoziciuri `wesebiT~; an: ufliswul jumberis wardgoma
mefe finezis winaSe _ misi Semacbunebeli gamoCeniT, zneobrivi mrwamsis gamomxatveli
sityva-migebiTa da xuTi arakiT; da sxva).
magaliTisaTvis mivmarToT araks `Zunwi da oqro~.
mefe finezi gamosacdelad ixmobs Tavis Zes, jumbers, romlis pirveli gamoCena
Txzulebis personaJTa gaognebas iwvevs. mefisa da Zis sityva-migebis epizodi
emsaxureba saunjis (`me var Seni saunje, Seni ganZi, Seni lari~), spilos, sartyelis, miwis
da qvis igavur alegoriaTa ganmartebas. amasTan erTad, samefo karze warmdgari Ze
mefisa jumberi sakuTar zneobriv mrwamss ayalibebs xuTi arakiT: `Zunwi da oqro~,
`didvaWari da misi Ze~, `mefe da sami misi Ze~, `orni Zmani~ da `ormoSi Cagdebuli mefe~
(sulxan-saba 1979: 67-73).
yvelasaTvis axalia da uCveulo sibrZnismetyvelebiTa da igavTmetyvelebiT
gacxadebuli sityva ufliswul jumberisa. es aris axleburad danaxuli samyaro, mTeli
sistema Sexedulebebisa am samyarosadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, rasac
mravlismetyvelad warmoaCens Ze mefisa jumberis zneobriv koncefciaSi Cenili
siuJetur-kompoziciuri segmentebi.
`miwa xar da miwad miiqcevi~ _ jumberis es ganacxadi sruli citirebaa wmida
bibliidan: `miwaÁ xar da miwadca miiqce~ (dabadeba 3, 19). miwis igavur alegorias Ze
mefisa Segonebas miadevnebs: `RvTis saTno gijobs kacTa saTnosa~ (Sdr.: fsalmunni 117, 8;
107, 12-13 da 55, 11). `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ miwis igavuri alegoria am fsalmuniseuli
SegonebiTurT, erTianobaSi, `eklesiastes~ mTavari saTqmelis momcvelia: `yovelive
amaoa... RvTisa geSinodes da daicavi mcnebani misni, radgan es aris kacis Tavi da Tavi~
(eklesiaste 1, 1 da 12, 13).
da ai, Semdgom amisa, qvis igavuri alegoriis gansamartavad, jumberma moixmo araki
`Zunwi da oqro~, romelSic Ze mefisam (resp. sulxan-sabam) gaaerTiana saunjis, miwis da
qvis igavuri alegoriebi, erTmaneTTan Seajera isini da erT axal igavur alegoriaSi
moaqcia _ es aris miwaSi Cadebuli da qvad qceuli oqro.
Zunwi kaci Ze mefisas arakidan emsgavseba erTi talantis mqonebels (maTe 25, 14-30).
es Zunwi xuT ugunur qalwulsac gvagonebs wmida saxarebis igavidan `aT qalwulze~ (maTe

71
25, 1-13). igi didebiT mosuli Ze kacisas marcxniv dadgenil Tiknebsac hgavs igavidan
`cxvrebsa da Tiknebze~ (maTe 25, 31-46).
yvelas erTi gasaWiri adgas: RvTiuri madli da wyaloba (talanti da oqro) maT
miwaSi dafles da miwas SeaWames: amqveyniuri, grZnobismieri miznebisaTvis gaimetes,
uqmad, mouxmareblad aqcies igi. Ze mefisas sityvas rom mivyveT, aseTebma keTilad ar
moixmares da ar daxarjes zeciT moniWebuli salaro (saunje, oqro, ganZi, zeTi). samive
RvTiuri valis argadamxdelia, vinaidan maT `mRilTa da mWamelTa~ wasaxdenad gawires
zeciuri saunje, romlis wilxvdomilobac ufalma RmerTma aRirsa am marTlac
ugunurT.
`sibrZne sicruisaSi~, mis bolo nawilSi, amave saTqmelis gamomxatvelia araki `mefe
da misi Svili~, romelsac TxzulebaSi mefe finezi hyveba. am arakSic mouxmarebeli
simdidris Tema viTardeba, rasac konkretuli gaazreba axlavs: samarTlianma, mowyale
da mdidarma mefem sikeTis qmnis dro da Jamic kargad unda uwyodes.
ukan midevnebuli lampari am arakSi aSkarad xuTi ugunuri qalwulis gaumarTavi
lamprebis fardia. maT zeTi imitom SemoakldaT, rom ar izrunes amisaTvis, ar moimara-
ges, anu ar gasces iq da ar daixarjnen maSin, sadac arsebobda da rodesac gaCnda amis
saWiroeba maT garSemo.
ase gamoiTqmeba TxzulebaSi mefe finezis dasturi da mowoneba Tavisi Zis _
momavali mefis mier SemoTavazebuli Sexedulebis gamo adamianis, kerZod ki, mefe-
patronis RvTivkurTxeul msaxurebaze amqveynad. am mizeziT araki `mefe da misi Svili~,
Txzulebis ideur-kompoziciuri gaazrebiT, Tanmxleb arakad unda miviCnioT, viTarca
Ze mefisa jumberis zneobrivi mrwamsis gamoxatuleba.
Tumca `Zunwi da oqros~ arakTan dakavSirebiT sxva, axali Temac wamoiWreba finezis
SekiTxviT: `maSa, Sen rom ityvi, srulobiT ar varga qonebis Senaxva?~ (sulxan-saba 1979:
69). jumberis pasuxi bibliuri Segonebis msgavsia: `arqoneba ar varga da avad qoneba
uaresia~, romlis gansamartavad igi mamas uambobs araks `didvaWari da misi Ze~, viTarca
`Zunwi da oqros~ da `mefe da misi Svilis~ arakTa saTqmelis logikur gagrZelebas.
aqve unda iTqvas `sibrZne sicruisas~ avtoris evangeluri sisadaviT gamorCeuli
enisa da Txrobis wesze, romelic ritorikul stilTanaa Sezavebuli. es aris didebul
qarTvel wmida mamaTa _ eqvTime aTonelisa da efrem mciriseul TargmanebSi
gacxadebuli is wminda qristianuli stili, romelic gulisxmobs Sinaarsis mSvenierebas,
formis ubraloebasa da azris siRrmes. miuTiTeben, rom amgvari stilis wyaro da saTave
wmida mociqul pavlesTan aris saZiebeli (qeTevan bezaraSvili, 640 da Semdg.).
sulxan-saba orbelianis `leqsikon qarTulSi~ sityvas igavuri, saxismetyvelebiTi
gaazrebac eZleva (revaz siraZe 1992: 151) da bibliuri pirvelqmnili naTliTac imoseba.
qarTveli leqsikografis leqsikologiuri moRvaweoba ar SemoisazRvreba oden leqsis
mwerlobiT (Sdr.: berZn. `leqsikos grafo~), arc `sibrZne sicruisas~ SemTxzveli
gaxlavT mxolod meigave da arc `swavlanidan~ mogvesmis martoden mqadageblis xma.
sulxa-saba orbelianis profesiul Tu SemoqmedebiT Rvawls zedmiwevniT srulad
gamoTqvams termini _ filologi. am didebul qarTvel mesityves mopovebuli aqvs
uzenaesi ufleba, ganacxados: filo logos _ `miyvars sityva, logosi~.
saRvTismetyvelo mniSvnelobiT igi ase iTargmneba _ `miyvars qriste~!

damowmebani:

axali aRTqma 1995: `axali aRTqumai uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesi~. Tb.: saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
gamomcemloba, 1995.
bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis
TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 2004.
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II, Tb.: 1981.
mcxeTuri xelnaweri 1981-1985: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo
elene doCanaSvilma: (moses xuTwigneuli, iso nave, msajulTa, ruTi), 1981; (mefeTa I, II, III, IV, neStTa
I, II, ezras I, II, III, wignebi), 1982; (tobis, ivdiTis, esTeris, iobis wignebi, fsalmunni, igavTa wigni),
1983; (eklesiaste, sibrZne solomonisa, qeba qebaTa solomonisa, winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi _
esaia, ieremia, baruqi, ezekieli), 1985.
siraZe 1992: siraZe r. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. I, Tb.: 1992.
orbeliani 1991-1993: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. avtorgafuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada,
gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem. I da II t., Tb.: 1991, 1993.
orbeliani 1979: orbeliani s.s. sibrZne sicruisa. Tb.: 1979.
 

72
eka CikvaiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

ca, cani caTani da varskvlavTa sistema (kosmografiuli suraTi)

sulxan-sabasTan da misi urTierTmimarTeba ioane damaskelis
`gardamocemasTan~

sulxan-sabas ganmartebiTi leqsikoni mravalmxriv ipyrobs yuradRebas. il.

abulaZe sulxan-sabas naSroms ase afasebs: `leqsikoni ZiriTadad ganmartebiTia,
magram imis gamo, rom masSi Setanilia pirTa da geogrfiuli saxelebi (onomastika da
toponimika), agreTve, qarTul sityvaTa ucxouri Sesatyvisebi (laTinuri, somxuri,
Turquli), es leqsikoni ganmartebiTis farglebs scildeba da erTsa da imave dros
aris enciklopediuric da TargmniTic. leqsikonis amgvari wesiT Sedgena ganapiroba
im faqtma, rom igi gankuTvnili iyo rogorc saswavlo wigni `swavlis moyvareTaTvis~.
Tavad saba anderZnamagSi axsenebs damaSvral moswavleebs, romelTac uZRvna Sroma da
aqve uTiTebs wyaroebs, rasac eyrdnoboda leqsikonis Sedgenisas. esenia: werilni
(Zveli da axali aRTqma), RrmaTa filosofosTa (prokle diadoxosis, porfiris,
nemesios emeselis, ioane damaskelis) Sromebi, romelTaganac SeurCevia ara
`RvlarWnili~, aramed `saadviloni~ aRsawerad da saswavlad yrmaTa. amave cnobaze
dayrdnobiT ilia abulaZe uTiTebs, rom `qarTuli leqsikonis~ avtograful nusxebs
ilustraciebic moepoveba Semdegi sityvebisa: naTesavi, ca, jojoxeTi... ucnobia
wyaro Tu wyaroebi sityvebTan: qveyana, ca, jojoxeTi, safiqrebelia...ilustraciebi
laTinuridan iyvnen aRebulnio~.
sulxan-sabas ganmartebani xSirad ioane damaskelis `gardamocemasac~ efuZneba.
swored `gardamocemaze~ dayrdnobiT aris ganmartebuli ca da masTan dakavSirebuli
terminologia Tu sistema, romelsac gvTavazobs avtori. sulxan-saba, rogorc il.
abulaZe aRniSnavda, sxvadasxvagvarad udgeba asaxsnel leqsemas. erTi mxriv
(umetesad), sulxan-saba xsnis qarTul ZeglebSi dadasturebul leqsemebsa da cneba-
leqsemebs (mecxre ca, filagi, caT moxilva, cani caTani, cis mSvildi, cisnatexa...) da
am SemTxvevaSi `sityvis konas~ (`leqsikoni qarTuli~), marTlac, ganmartebiTi
leqsikonis xasiaTi aqvs, meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs ganmartebasTan erTad
urTavs axsnas, yrmaTaTvis misawvdom da advilad aRsaqmel komentars, romelic
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis farglebs scdeba da enciklopediuri statiis saxes iZens
(aseTebia, swored, ca, cTomilni).
rogoria ca, cani caTani, cTomilni da kosmografiuli suraTi sabasTan? Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT sabas cxovrebis biografiul detalebs, sakiTxi SesaZloa
amgvaradac dadges: scdeba Tu ara cis, sasufevlis, varskvlavTa sistemis da masTan
dakavSirebuli ganmartebani orTodoqsul TxzulebaTa swavlebas, kerZod, ioane
damaskelis fundamenturi naSromis ganmartebebs (TviT damaskelis statiebi xSirad
sxvadasxva wminda mamis mosazrebebs efuZneba). am TvalsazrisiT davakvirdiT a.
komentaris azrobriv ganviTareba-gadmocemas, b. terminologiur identoba-
gansxvavebas, g. gvaqvs Tu ara ganmartebaSi kaTolicizmisTvis misaRebi iseTi axsna,
romelic ucxoa marTlmadidebluri dogmaturi swavlebisaTvis. Sesabamisad,
SevecadeT, am ganmartebis (enciklopediuri statiebis) mixedviT aRgvedgina, rogoria
sulxaniseuli ca, cani caTani da varskvlavTa sistema, anu kosmografiuli suraTi.
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxi or statiaSia moqceuli: ca da cTomilni.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qristianTa warmodgeniT (romelic, Tavis mxriv,
iudevelTa swavlebas efuZneba), ca ar aris erTi, mxolod is, rasac vxedavT. jer kidev
SesaqmeSi ufalma `ganyo wyalni caTani da wyalni zesknels caTani~. fsalmunSi
vgalobT: `aqebdiT ufalsa caTagan, aqebdiT mas maRalTa Sina~. saxarebiseul locvaSi
warmovTqvamT: `mamao Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina~. uflis xma moismis caTagan da a. S.
sxvadasxvagan Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi dasaxelebulia sami, Svidi, cxra ca.
Sesabamisad, ca xan mxolobiT ricxvSi gvxvdeba (dab.1.1, 4mfT. 19; es.32,17; saqme4,24;
gamocx.10,6. da a.S), xanac _ mravlobiTSi: mT.18.3; 19.23-24; lk.18.24; gamocx.22.15...).
Zveli da axali aRTqmis sxvadasxva epizodSi `moixiles cani~ miqiam, 3mfT.22.19;
2nSt.18.16-18; esaiam 6.1-3; ezekielma, Tavi I, danielma, ambakumma, ioane
naTlismcemelma, ioane maxarebelma, stefanem, pavle mociqulma, romelic aRyvanil

73
iqna III camde, enoqma, eliam, romelTac, aseve, xvdaT pativi zecad aRyvanisa (bibliis
leqsikoni, I, 2000, el. giunaSvili, z. kalandaZe).
cas sulxan-saba ase ganmartavs: `ca, ze aRsaxedi (dab.1.1). cai ars gareSemcveli
yovelTa dabadebulTa da SeqmnilTa nivTierTa, xolo cani Secvul arian
sasufevelisagan, sada ars sayofeli angelozTa da wmidaTa, xolo mxolod RmerTi
ars yovelTa Semcveli da gareSemouwereli. cisasa romelnime oTxTa kavSirTagan
(asoTagan, C) ityvian Semzadebasa; xolo romelnime gareSe oTxTa kavSirTasa (asoTasa,
C) qmnilsa Semoqmedisa mier (+xolo saRmrTo basili kuamlis saxed ityvis Caq). qveyana
ars mrgvali da gareSeculi haerisagan, xolo haeri gareSeculi eTerisa mier da
eTeri_mTovarisa cisa mier, romelsa saxel-edebis Wirano, da merme ermis ca,
romelsa ewodebis corano; merme afroditis ca, romelsa ewodebis meltaro; merme
mzis ca, romelsa ewodebis koWimeli; merme arias ca, romelsa ewodebis WimWimeli,
merme dias ca, romelsa ewodebis kimkimeli, merme kronosis ca, romelsa ewodebis
arbastro; merme (merve ) varskvlavTa ca, romeli aRmosavaliT dasavalad miiqcevis;
merme meore mZvreli ca da mermepirveli mZvreli ca, romeli yovelTa caTa
aRmosavliT dasavlad gardabrunebs da msgavsi ars brolisa. xolo garegani cai ars
samyaro, romeli Secul ars sasufevlisgan (Z)~. igive statia gansxvavebuli versiiT
aris daculi da C jgufis xelnawerebSi. Tavis mxriv, gansxvavebani Zalze
mniSvnelovania. caTa sistema C jgufis xelnawerebSi ukeT aris sistematizirebuli da
advilad aRsaqmeli: `qveyana ars mgrgvali da gareSeculi haerisagan, xolo haeri gare
Seculi eTerisa mier da eTeri Seculi caTa mier, romelTa Sina arian Svidni
cTomilni TviTosa sartyelsa zeda, merme varskvlavni da samyaro. da dasasrulsa
sasufeveli. viTarca qveyanisa zeda kerZo arian cani, egreTve da yovliT kidiT qveda
kerZo da igvrdiv da slvani varskvlavTanica egreTve, romelni uqvemoesTa caTa zeda
arian, umswraflesad movlian da romelni mas zedeT_ugvianesad. viTarca axlos
mavali da SoriT momarTebeli. da urTierTisa ganSorebisa da siaxlisa, gansworebisa
da pirispir Wvirobisa mier iqmnebian mzisa da mTovarisa moklebani, gina wvima, Tovli,
qari, setyva, gina gvalva da notiobani, yovelive varskvlavTagan ars~ (C). am aRwera-
ganmartebaSi sulxan-saba CaurTavs naxazs, ilustracias, sadac warmodgenilia
sqematuri gamosaxuleba, romelic `yrmebs~, swavlis mosurne ymawvilebs, warmodgenas
Seuqmnis caTa sistemis qristianul aRqmaze. aseTi sqema TviT leqsikonSic
ramdenimea, miuTiTeben, rom qarTuli xelnawerebisTvis_ucxo. sqema arc damaskelis
SromaSi ar Cans.
ganmartebis I nawili dogmatur swavlebas efuZneba da mokled gvamcnobs im
ZiriTad debulebas, romelic qristianuli RmerTis yovlismomcvelobas,
gareSeucvelobas da yvelaferze aRmatebulobas asaxavs. TviTebani saRmrToisa
bunebisani orgzis aqvs ganmartebuli ioane damaskels yovladwminda samebis, xolo
cal-calke_TiToeuli ipostasis Sesaxeb. sulxan-sabas mizani samebis arsis
yrmaTaTvis gadacema ar aris. is ubralod uflis mier caTa `Secvas~, flobas uxsnis
maT. caTa ganmartebis ase dawyeba ki ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis~ im ganmartebis
Sedegia, romelsac misdevs, amoklebs, Tavisi miznis Sesabamisad gamokrebs saba.
gardamocemis es Tavi asea dasaTaurebuli: `cisaTvis~. amave dros, caTa sistemas
avsebs sulxan-sabas ganmarteba cTomilTa Sesaxeb. yuradsaRebia, rom saba
ganasxvavebs cTomilebsa da varskvlavebs erTmaneTisgan, Tumca aigivebs varskvlavsa
da mnaTobs. cTomili dRevandeli terminologiiT mzis sistemis (sabas droisTvis
cnobili) Svidi planetaa. leqsikografi mnaTobs ase ganmartavs: `mnaTobi_arian
varskvlavni. umecarT mnaTobad uTqvamT varskvlavmorbedi, romel ars tatani. ara
TviT naTeli, aramed savane naTlisa (Sdr. damaskeli, S1463, 65r,b10)~. sulxanis
ganmartebiT `Svidni igi varskvlavni ukve iTqmian cTomilad, romelni SvidTa maT
caTa Sina TiToeulni arian, romelTa saxelebi ese ars qarTulad da arabulad:
mTovare-yamar-luna, ermi-otarid-venere, afroditi-aspiroz-merkurio, mze-Sams-
sole, aria-marixi-marte, dia-muSTari-jove, kronosi-zual-saturno~. rogorc
vxedavT, mesame rigad cTomilTa sistemas misdevs laTinuri saxelwodebani, rac
cxadad metyvelebs masalis laTinuri wyaroTi Sevsebaze. amave dros, berZnulidan
momdinare saxelebs arqmevs qarTuls, radgan, rogorc Cans, swored es saxelebia
qarTulSi gavrcelebuli da damkvidrebuli. cxadia, leqsikografsa da ucxo enaTa
mcodne sulxans berZnuli leqsemebi qarTulSi ar aereoda. TiToeul cTomils,
sulxanisave miTiTebiT, aqvs saerTo aRmniSvneli simbolo da kerZo niSani, romelic,

74
Zneli saTqmelia, laTinuris gameorebaa, Tu icavs adgilobriv tradicias. amave dros,
Zalian sayuradReboa TiToeuli cTomilis cis ( jgufis xelnawerebiT,_cis
TiToeuli Sris) qarTuli Sesatyvisi, romelsac verc ioane damaskelTan ver vxvdebiT
(corano, koWimeli, WimWimeli...).
Tuki davajgufebT da SevajamebT, cis suraTi, romelsac sulxan-saba
gvTavazobs, amgvari iqneba: qveyanas (romelsac sferos saxe, simgurgle aqvs) gars
akravs haeri, haers_eTeri. arc haeri da arc eTeri cad (cis sferod) ar iwodeba.
haeri `erTi ars oTxTa kavSirTagani. pirvelsa dResa dabadebuli. ese ars nivTi
wvlili, notio, mxurvali, cecxlisa ukue umZimesi da qveyanisa da wylisa usubuqesi.
aRmofSvinvisa da xmayofisa mizezi. uferuli, orsaxe, orsaCino. naTlisa ars
semwynarebeli da bnelisa. msaxuri samTa grZnobaTa CvenTa... ese haeri ganiyofebis
samad: are,.. airi,.. niavwvlili~. eTeris ganmarteba Zalze uCveuloa: es aris `cecxli...
Semcveli haerisa caTa udablesad~. jgufis xelnawerebSi eTeri ufro srulad aris
ganmartebuli da axsnilia, rogor gardaisaxeba eTeri airad (haeris Sua fenad): `ese
ars cecxli, caTa qvemore Semcveli haerisa, romeli mecxris cisa aRmosavliT
dasavlad iCqiTad msrbolobasa iZulebiT Tana hyvebian sxva cTomilTa sferonica da
maTisa mswrafl qcevaTagan aerTeben Tvisasa axlore hairsa da miT iqmnebis cecxli,
xolo ra iSTamoebs_hair~. haersa da eTers mosdevs caTa Svidi sartyeli Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT: 1. mTovare-yamari-luna-Wirano, 2. ermi-otaridi-venere-corano, 3.
afroditi-aspirozi-merkurio-meltaro, 4. mze-Samsi-sole-koWimeli, 5. aria-marixi-
marte-WimWimeli, 6. dia-muSTari-jove-kimkimeli, 7. kronosi-zuali-saturno-
arbastro. Svid cas mosdevs merve: 8. varskvlavT ca, 9. mecxre sfero-meore mZvreli
ca, pirveli mZvreli ca, msgavsi brolisa 10. samyaro, 11. sasufeveli.
sulxan-saba ganmartavs, rom `sartylad uTqvamT Svidni igi sferoni cisani,
romelTa vlenan Svidni cTomiloni~. e.i. sartyeli mxolod cTomilTa gzis
aRmniSvnel sferoTa saxelia. Svidi cis, anu cTomilTa sartyelTa Semdeg aris
varskvlavTa ca. saba uTiTebs: `simravle varskulavTa ars mervesa casa zeda~. saba
calke ganmartavs mecxre cas, romlis axsnac aq warmodgenil suraTs, TiTqos, cvlis,
TumcaRa ufro metad avsebs. ilustraciaze, romelic erTvis cis komentars,
varskvlavTa caze gamosaxulia cTomilis aRmniSvneli TerTmeti simbolo (am niSnebs
Tavad saba urTavs). Tumca, varskvlavTa ca mervea da ara mecxre. meTormetis
funqcias TiTqos asrulebs Tavad warwera: varskvlavTa ca. SesaZloa, vifiqroT, rom
es niSnebi aris zodiaqoTa aRmniSvneli, magram zodiaqos saTanado adgilas
gansxvavebuli simboloebiT uTiTebs saba. mecxre cas (da ara varskvlavTa cas)
leqsikografi ganmartavs, rogorc brolis cas, romelzec `arian aTormetni igi
zodiaqoni~. brols saba zemoT adarebs pirvel mZvrel cas, romelic meore mZvreli
cis zeviT unda iyos. mecxre sfero igive meore mZvreli caa. Tuki I da II mZvrel cas
cal-calke sferos ar SevusabamebT, ris safuZvelsac gvaZlevs ilustracia, maSin
mecxre sferos da mecxre cis ganmarteba erTmaneTs aRar SeewinaaRmdegeba da
komentari_mecxre ca, brolis ca, romelzec `arian aTormetni igi zodiaqoni~,
winaaRmdegobrivad aRar aRiqmeba.
caTa sferoebis aRsaniSnavad mxolod jgufis xelnawerebSi aris daculi
ramdenime termini, romelTac sxvagan miuTiTebs: naxe ca, TumcaRa, ganumartavs
tovebs: ineli, iavinTeli, larvistomi, WimaWimi, dekna. CamoTvlilTagan axsna aqvs
mxolod deknas, romelic asea ganmartebuli: `ese krkali ars cisa, samxriT kerZo,
romelsa mze zamTar mas ver gascildeba~. ganmartebis Sesabamisad, dekna aris ara cis
sferos, aramed zamTarSi mzis moZraobis aRmniSvneli. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa
danarCeni oTxi terminic amave tipisa iyos.
mecxre cas ekvris (Seicavs) samyaro, samyaros ki_sasufeveli. Zalze aviwrovebs
saba samyaros mniSvnelobas: `ese cai ars uZravi da myari (mtkice) garegan sxuaTa
caTa~/`ese ars ca uZravi da ganuzomeli, romlisa ze missa ars sasufeveli da Zalni
caTani~. samyaro aRqmulia ara rogorc mowesrigebuli substancia, qaosis
mowesrigebis Semdeg miRebuli, kosmosi (berZnuli SesatyvisiT), aramed rogorc
uZravi da myari sfero, romelic gars akravs rva cas (da rva casTan
erTad_dedamiwas). xolo sasufeveli ki mokled aris axsnili (saba imowmebs mT. 5.3):
`ese ars samyofi angelozTa, sada wmidani arian~, radgan leqsikonis daniSulebas
sasufevlis Sesaxeb swavleba scdeba. sulxan-saba leqsikonis anderZnamagSi gamokveTs
`sityvis konis~ Sedgenis mizezs: `ena qarTuli TvisTa nebazed~ rom ar gairyvnas.

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sasufevlis Sesaxeb swavleba katexizmos da ara leqsikonis (Tundac aseTi
mravalmxrivisa da arastandartulis) funqciaa.
amave sakiTxs `caTa Sesaxeb~ sagangebod uZRvnis ganmartebas ioane damaskeli.
rogorc Cans, sulxan-saba RrmaTa filosofosTa (ioane damaskelis) ara `RvlarWnil~,
aramed `saadvilo~ Sromad miiCnevs gardamocemas.. ioane damaskelis gardamocemisa
(`marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zusti gardamocema~) da sulxan-sabas
kosmografiuli suraTis Sedarebam cxadyo sulxan-sabas muSaobis principi. igi
ramdenime wyaroTi sargeblobs, ajerebs cnobebs da aerTianebs ganmartebebSi. ase,
magaliTad damaskelis gardamocemis ori Tavi (`cisaTvis~ da `naTlisaTvis da
cecxlisa da mnaTobTa, mzisaTvis da mTovarisa da varskulavTa~) ramdenime
komentarad gadanawilda. saba komentars amoklebs, amcirebs gamokrebiT, ise, rom
ZiriTadi, moswavleTaTvis saWiro, mniSvnelovani ar daikargos. Tuki SevadarebT
sulxan-sabas ganmartebas gardamocemis ganmartebasTan, naTeli gaxdeba
leqsikografis principic da msgavseba-gansxvavebac: `cai ars gareSemcveli xilulTa
da uxilavTa dabadebulTai. rameTu Sinagan missa goniernica Zalni angelozTani da
yovelni grZnobadni gareSeicvian. mxoloi RmerTi ars gareSeuwereli, yovelTa
gareSemcveli, viTarca zesTa myofi da dambadebeli yovelTa...amissa bunebasa wmidai
basili wuliladad ityvis, msgavsad kuamlisa, sxuani oTxTa nivTTagan Sezavebulad
da sxuani mexuTed guamad sxuad, Tvinierad oTxTa nivTTasa ityvian mas... ~ `xolo
SvidTa sartyelTa ityvian zecisaTa, erTsa umaRles meorisa da bunebasa maTsa
wuliladad uwoden saxed kuamlisa da TiToeulsa maT sartyelTagansa erTsa
xuedrebulad varskulavTa maTgan, cTomilad saxel-debulTa, rameTu Svidad uwoden
cTomilTa maT varskulavTa, ese igi arian: mze, mTovare, dia, ermi, area, afroditi,
kronon... cTomil amisTvis uwodian, rameTu winaaRmdgomad cisa hyofen Zrvasa...~
rogorc vxedavT, kavSiri aSkaraa. kavSiri ikveTeba ara mxolod azris ganviTarebaSi,
msjelobis TanmimdevrobaSi, aramed leqsikur qsovilSi. gardamocemis teqstebTan
lamis zedmiwevniTi msgavseba am statiaTa damuSavebisas laTinuri wyaroTi
sargeblobas gamoricxavs. amave dros, sulxan-sabas ganmarteba ufro aRweriTia da
ara arsis gamomxatveli, tradiciuli komentaris funqcia am statiebs ara aqvs. zemoT
Cven SevecadeT, aRgvedgina sulxan-sabaseuli caTa sistema. damaskelTan mas
aerTianebs Svidi mnaTobis sartyeli, Svidi ca, Tanmimdevroba, leqsikuri qsovili.
gardamocemis xelnawerebSi TiToeul cTomils sakuTari niSani_simbolo aqvs, rac
miTiTebulia beWdur gamocemaSi, magram ar aris asaxuli. amitom Sedareba ver
moxerxda. xolo haerisa da eTeris Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazreba, varskvlavTa,
mecxre ca, samyaro da sasufeveli damaskelTan am konkretul statiaSi ar gvxvdeba.
gansxvavebis mizezic aSkaraa: gansxvavebulia mizani, romelsac aRwevs sulxan-saba da
gansxvavebuli_marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gardamocemis
avtorisa. erTis Sromas leqsikoni hqvia, meorisas_gardamocema, romlis swavlebac
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Taobebs ganumartavda sarwmunoebriv, dogmatur
swavlebebs. amitom, erTi mxriv, cxadi da aSkaraa teqstebiT sargeblobis kvali,
xolo, meore mxriv_gansxvavebisac, miznidan, funqciidan gamomdinare.
unda iTqvas, rom, rogorc cnobilia, gardamocemis Cvens xelT arsebul or
redaqcias Targmnis principis garda swored terminologiuri sistemac ganasxvavebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gardamocemis erTi redaqcia efrem mciriseuli, xolo
meore_arsen iyalToeliseulia, Sesabamisad, principulia midgoma, mTargmnelis
poziciuri sxvaoba da damokidebuleba saTargmni masalisadmi, es ar igrZnoba, ar
aisaxa sulxan-sabasTan. amave dros, sulxan-saba, rogorc leqsikografi, cxadia,
icnobs yvela termins, romelsac dogmaturi msjelobisas efuZneba arseni Tu efremi.
magram gamokrebil statiebSi ar Cans sabas pozicia, termini ver asaxavs sabas
damokidebulebas ama Tu im terminologiuri sistemisadmi, radgan is xan efremis, xan
arsenis da xanac zogadad, sxva avtorebTan fiqsirebul terminebs (mag.: petriwis
leqsikas) iyenebs. saubaria terminTa Sedarebaze, Tumca saba axdens t6erminTa
diferencirebas (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misTvis varskvlavi da cTomili
sxvadasxvaa da a. S.). magaliTad SeiZleba movixmoT ontologiuri, metafizikuri
terminologiidan nivTi, aso, kavSiri. es sami termini xSirad erTmaneTis
paralelurad iTargmneba, zogjer ki cnebaTa diferencirebisTvis mimarTaven
konkretuli mTargmnelebi. saba ganmartavs samives, Tumca paralelurad mimarTavs
samive maTgans. aso_eladelTa xmiTa hqvian kavSirTa. amisTvisca filasofosTa mier

76
asoni saxel-edebian cecxlsa, airsa, wyalsa da qveyanasa. rameTu viTarca asoTa
dasxmiTa aRmoikiTxvis sityva da sityvaTagan Seiqmnebis wigni, egreTve ama oTxTa
asoTagan Seimzadebis sxeuli da sxeulisagan kaci sruli, xolo ama oTxTa asoTa
kavSirad saxelsdeben, vinaiTgan miT dakavSirdebian yovelni nivTni~; kavSiri_`oTxni
igi asoni:miwa, wyali, hairi da cecxli, vinaTgan amaT mier ars yovelTa sxeulTa
Semtkiceba~; `nivTi_ewodebis oTxTa kavSirTa: miwasa, wyalsa, airsa da cecxlsa~.
rogorc vxedavT, saba am sam termins erTmaneTis meSveobiT ganmartavs da, ufro
metic, ar izRudeba terminis gamoyenebisas (d. meliqiSvili asos ganmartebaSi ioane
petriwis SromaTa kvals xedavs). ufro metic, damaskelis teqstTa damowmebisas
zogjer erTi statiis farglebSic gvaqvs terminologiuri cvla.
caTa Sesaxeb saubrisas kidev erTi, qristianuli sarwmunoebisTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gamoikveTa: esaa rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTeba.
rogorc vnaxeT, cTomilTa saxelebi berZnulidan momdinareobs da warmarTul
panTeons ukavSirdeba. ioane damaskelTan es saxelebi (kronosi, afrodite, dia...)
ucvleladaa gadmotanili qarTuli Sesatyvisebis miuTiTeblad. sulxan-saba uTiTebs
`qarTuls~, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, sxvagan ar gvxvdeba da, amavdroulad
qarTuls uwodebs berZnulis mixedviT SemorCenil saxelebs. damaskeli mainc iCens
sifrTxiles da gvafrTxilebs, aravis gegonoT cTomili sulierio. sulxan-saba am
gafrTxilebis gareSe gvTavazobs CamonaTvals. cxadia, qristianobis gavrcelebis im
etapze, roca damaskeli werda gardamocemas, qristianTaTvis principuli iyo
sarwmunoebis dacva nebismieri da, gansakuTrebiT_elinTa sjuliT Seryvnisagan.
damaskeli gvafrTxilebs, magram Semoaqvs elinTa kulturuli yofisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli terminebi, xolo raki frTxilad, magram mainc Semoaqvs, e.i.
aleqsandrielTa da kapadokielTa gamocdilebac rwmena-codnis urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb damaskelis SromebSic isaxeba. sabas moRvaweobis Jams es sakiTxi aRar iyo
aqtualuri elinTa rjulTan dakavSirebiT. amitomac gafrTxilebac saWirod aRar
CauTvlia.
rogorc vxedavT, sulxan-saba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba, gamokrebs da sakuTari
miznis mixedviT ajgufebs ioane damaskelis ganmartebas. maT Soris arsebiTi
gansxvaveba ar aris. sxvaobas qmnis is, rom ioane damaskeli ganmartavs mxolod imas,
rac saeklesio swavlebiT aris ganpirobebuli, exeba ZiriTad dogmatur sakiTxebs da
swavlebis materializacias ar axdens. ver SevxvdebiT verc erT sqemas damaskelTan.
TiTqos araferi icvleba ilustraciis SemotaniT da CarTviT statiaSi, magram
swored aq etyoba laTinuri Sromebis gavlena sabas leqsikons. laTinuri Sromebi,
cxadia, laTinuri eklesiis wiaRSi iqmneboda. is, rac ucxoa orTodoqsuli
eklesiisTvis, Cveulebrivi da misaRebia laTinTaTvis. ilustracia amis naTeli
dadasturebaa.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

ioane damaskeli
sulxan-saba
petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili.

77
lia wereTeli
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

mefeTa Sesamoseli da misi simbolika sulxan-saba orbelianis

`sityvis konaSi~

sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ qarTvel mefeTa Sesamoselisa da misi

simbolikis siRrmiseuli codna moCans. samefo karTan daaxloebuli, Tavad mefis
(vaxtang VI-is) aRmzrdeli, amasTan, sasuliero piri, sityvis ganmartebis, misi saRvTo
Sinaarsis gadmocemisas saxismetyvelad gvevlineba. mefeTa Sesamoseli `sityvis
konaSi~ orgvari mniSvnelobiT aris gansaxovnebuli: erTia garegnuli, aRweriTi saxe,
ferTametyveleba, misi warmomavloba da meore _ TiToeuli detalis xazisa Tu
konturis saRvTo simbolika.
`sityvis konaSi~ RvTivsulieri SinaarsiT warmodgeba mefeTa Sesamoseli, misi
TiToeuli detali:
efudi _ iTqmis `cxadad ars WeSmaritad~, saxe misi iyo moTxviT mtkavledi
qsovili oqromkediTgan da amier da imier orni Tvalni samaragdeni, romelTa zeda
ewera eqvs-eqvsi saxeli 12 tomi israelisa. efudi aris aaronis mkerdze sakidi erTi
mtkaveli sigrZegani, romelSic isxda 12 Tvali, miT scnis brZaneba uflisa.
varskulavedi _ ese ars samoseli mefeTa asulTa nemsurad nakeri oqromkediTa
da misTanaTa.
diadima _ samefo samxre, iosiposSi gvirgvinad sweria, vinaiTgan yoveli
momrgvalebuli gvirgvinad iTqmis. kibeSi ewera: diadimi samefosa porfirsa zeda
kerZo mosasxmelsa ewodebiso, romeli ese xatad dawerilsa Soris ixilvebis,
ganSvenebuli TvaliTa da margalitiTa~.
olvili _ aSiiani samoseli
porfiri da bisoni _ sisxlisferoba. moaswavebs mefeTa da mRvdelTmTavarTa
samoseli, raÁTa dasTxion sisxli maTi, viTarca qristem erisaTvis (s.s. orbeliani,
1991: 628).
sulxan-sabaseuli ganmartebebi Sedgenilia wmida mamaTa Txzulebebis mixedviT.
cxadiqmneba bibliuri mefeebisa da mRvdelTmTavrebis Sesamoselis simbolika da misi
tradiciis asaxva qristianul kulturaSi.
porfiri mewamulisferi Sesamoselia, Zowisferi da Zoweuladac iwodeba.
antikur xanaSi Zoweuli, mewamulisferi Sesamoseli gansakuTrebulad
Zvirfasad miiCneoda.
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, herkulesi moxibla tirosma. am diacis ZaRlma erT dRes
zRvis napirze loforTqina SeTqvifa da piri SeeReba wiTlad. tirosma herkuless am
feris samosis motana sTxova. herkulesma Seagrova zRvis lokokinebi, gamoiRo wveni,
SeReba samosi da satrfos miarTva.
homerosis gmirebs mosavT Zoweuli, mewamulisferi samosi. plutarqes cnobiT,
roca aleqsandre makedonelma sparseTis mefis saunje ipyra xelT, didZali purpura
anu Zoweuli naxa.
`porfireos~ aRniSnavs wiTlad SeRebils. bizantiaSi samefo taxtis memkvidre,
ufliswuli porfirogenetosad iwodeboda, rac mewamulisferi SesamosliT
gamorCeulobas gulisxmobda. dabadebisTanave axvevdnen memkvidres porfirSi, anu
mewamulisfer qsovilSi. es momavali mefobis simbolo iyo da, amasTan,
RvTivkurTxeulobisa da gamorCeulobis niSani.
porfirogenetebi bizantiaSi axlo naTesauri kavSiriT mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos samefo karTan. savaraudod, mefeTa SesamoselSi
mewamulisferis siWarbe erTsaxovania qarTul da bizantiur samefo karze. am
TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa S. amiranaSvilis mosazreba: bizantiur wyaroebze
dayrdnobiT mecnieri wers:
`mowiTalo iisferi zeda samosi saqarTveloSi mefeTa, erisTavT erisTavTa
Sesamoselia. aRdgomas keisari atarebda TeTr an wiTel skaramangs oqroqsovili
aSiebiT.

78
 sabas mixedviT, `skaramangi ars Zvirfasad da yvavilovnad nakeri oqros TmiTa~.
kondakovi miiCnevs, rom skaramangi bizantiur samyaroSi aRmosavleTidan unda iyos
Sesuli, konkretulad, iranidan.
skaramangioni unda iyos qarTuli warmoSobis termini, romelic ori sityvis
SeerTebas warmoadgens. pirveli udris qarTul sityvas sakaros (e.i. samefo
karisaTvis gankuTvnils), xolo meore nawili warmoadgens berZnuli warmoSobis
sityvis gaqarTulebas. SesaZlebelia, rom terminis meore nawili `mangi~ qarTulive
warmoSobisa iyos. igi aRniSnavs mTvares, brwyinvales (Sed. `vefxistyaosanSi~ _ `tani
alva, piri mangi~ _amiranaSvili 1966: 170).
mecnieris es mosazreba, vfiqrobT, sainteresoa. igi bizantiur wyaroTagan
nikita xoniatis Txrobas iSveliebs:
`Tamars estumra andronike komnini (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~) misi
Svili aleqsi I Tamar mefem trapizonis imperatoris taxtze dasva. andronike komnini
uebro raindi, umSvenieresi vaJkaci yofila gasaocari gemovnebiT. misi Tanamedrove
berZeni istorikosi nikita xoniatis cnobiT, is atarebda qarTul maRal Tavsaburavs
da iisferi iberiuli qsovilisagan Sekeril zeda samoss~ (amiranaSvili, 1996: 170).
iberiuli mewamulisferi qsovilis arseboba garkveuli tradiciis maniSnebelia.
cnobilia bizantiur wyaroTagan, rom kolxeTSi arsebobda gansakuTrebulad
Zvirfasi sabado, romelic gahqondaT sxva qveynebSi, mas iyenebdnen rogorc
Sesamoslis ferad, ise singurdans xelnawerTa gamSvenebisa da kedlis
mxatvrobisaTvis.
qarTul samefo karze mewamulisferi Sesamoseli, vfiqrobT, bagrationTa
dinastias, IX s-nad unda daemkvidrebina da swored im sulieri SinaarsiT, rac sulxan-
sabas aqvs gadmocemuli: mefe qristes darad, erisaTvis dasTxevs sisxls, da rogorc
macxovars Sehmoses jvarcmis win mewamulisferi Sesamoseli, qarTveli mefeebic am
feris Sesamosels amkvidreben. erTgvarad kolxuri, iberiuli qsovilis warmoebisa
da simbolikis tradiciis axlebur aRorZinebad unda miviCnioT igi.
mewamulisferis simbolika bagrationTa samefo gvars bibliuri STamomavlobis
SinaarsiTac aqvs gansaxovnebuli. bagrationebi daviTis STamomavalni arian da
iakobis 12 Zidan `iudas tomis~ memkvidreebad warmodgebian. TiToeul toms 12 qvis
Sesaferisi simbolikis Tanaxmad, iudas iakinTi mewamulisferi, aseve smaragdi _
Zowisferi miekuTvneba.
amrigad, bagrationTa sagvareulo simbolikaSi mewamulisferi erTis mxriv
`iudas~ tomis, aseve bibliuri daviT winaswarmetyvelis Camomavali, `daviTis Zed~
wodebuli macxovrisa da RvTismSoblis fizikur-sulier memkvidreobas aRniSnavs.
RvTismSobeli kedlis mxatvrobaSi yovelTvis mewamulisferi samosiT, ZoweuliT
warmodgeba.
Zveli aRTqmis wignTa TargmanebSi `Zoweuli~ ixmareba. axal aRTqmaSi macxovars
`Sehmoses mas Zoweuli~, `Zoweuli samoseli~, `ioanes gamocxadeba~ _ `dedakacsa mas
emosa porfiri da Zoweuli~ (17, 4), amasTan `Zoweuli simarTleni wmidaTani arian~ (19,
8) sruliadac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ Zoweuls gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs samefo SesamoselSi.
v. nozaZe wers: `Zowisferi _ samefoa, Zlierebis, didebis, silamazis feri.
`Zoweuli~ `vefxistyaosanSi~ wiTeli samoselia, xolo `Zowi~ wiTlobis simbolo
silamazisa. `porfiri~ aris `purpura~. igi aris broweulis yvavilis, an mRvive
nakvercxlis feri. igi mefeTa, didebulTa, mRvdelTmTavarTa Sesamoselia. mas
atarebdnen uZveles xanaSi, magram qristianobam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa
mas~ (nozaZe, 2004: 226).
nestani poemaSi mimarTavs tariels:
`erTmaneTsa gaveyarneT, Zoweulni gagviflasden~ (540).
avTandils: `hSvenis juba da moxvevna Zoweulisa ridisa~ (1073).
TinaTins: `daRrejiT iyo mjdomare ZoweulTa ridiTa~ (124).
porfiri, anu igive mewamulisferi Sesamoseli:
TinaTini: `skiptrosan-gvirgvinosansa hSvenoda cma porfirisa~ (1540).
rostevanma tariels uZRvna:
`TviTo skiptra da porfiri da gvirgvinebi Tvalisa~ (1557).
poemaSi Zoweulis samosi, porfiri simbolurad aRniSnavs qristeSemosilobas,
RvTismfarvelobas.

79
 Tu gavadevnebT Tvals qarTvel mefeTa Sesamosels kedlis mxatvrobasa Tu
qandakebebis gamomsaxvelobis mixedviT, sruliad naTelia, rom mas didi tradicia
aqvs. Tavdapirvelad skaramangi erTgvari wamosasxami iyo. i. javaxiSvili ganixilavs
amgvar mosasxamebs jvris monastris kedlis qandakebebidan (VII s), atenisa da
kumurdos taZris qandakebebze.
atenis sionis (IX-XIss.) qandakebaze _ `mxrebze kacs wamosxmuli aqvs porfiris
msgavsi wamosasxami yelTan didi RiliT an SesakraviT, aqedan orive mxares gadakecili
mxrebze da gadadis ukan~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 14).
beTaniis freskaze Tamar mefesa da laSa giorgis TeTri feris maniaksa da
diademaze mewamulisferi Sesamoseli mosavT.
mewamulisferi SesamoseliT warmogvidgeba SoTa rusTaveli ierusalimis
freskaze _ i. javaxiSvili moixmobs konstantine porfirogenetis ganmartebas imis
gasarkvevad, Tu `ra mizezia, rom [freskebze] arc erTi mefe ar aris porfiriT
gamoxatuli~.
es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom konstantine porfirogenetis TqmiT, Tu mefes
diadema hqonda, misTvis wamosasxamis xmareba aRar SeiZleboda~ (javaxiSvili, 1962: 44).
SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom Zoweuli, porfiri, mewamulisferi Sesamoseli qarTvel
mefeTa Sesamoslad bagrationTa dinastiis damkvidrebiT gacxovelda saqarTveloSi
(IX-X s). ukve daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi, bizantiaSi ganmtkicebuli, saqarTveloSic
gansakuTrebulad niSneulia. Tamar mefis epoqaSi es Sesamoseli umniSvnelovanesia.
rac mTavaria, saqarTveloSi saukuneTa manZilze porfiris Sesamosels
mefeTaTvis swored is sulieri Sinaarsi aqvs, rasac sulxan-saba aRniSnavs.
mewamulisferoba mefeTa SesamoselSi qristeSemosilobis, erisaTvis sisxlis
daTxevis mzaobis aRmniSvnelia, amasTan, iudas tomis bibliuri simbolikaa da
yovelTvis bagrationTa samefo sagvareulos RvTiur Camomavlobas usvams xazs.
mewamulisferi qvebis simbolika samefo ganZeulSi am RvTivsulier Sinaarss
ganamtkicebs.

damowmebani:

amiranaSvili 1966: amiranaSvili S. SoTa rusTavelis portretuli gamosaxuleba Zvel qarTul

xelovnebaSi. SoTa rusTavelis saiubileo krebuli, Tsu, 1966.
nozaZe 2004: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis ferTametyveleba. Tb.: 2004.
orbeliani 1990: orbeliani s.s. sityvis kona. Tb.: 1990.
javaxiSvili 1962: javaxiSvili i. masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisTvis, t. III. IV,
Tb.: 1962.

80
dodo WumburiZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

qarTlis samefos urTierToba ruseTTan XVIIIs.-is I meoTxedSi da

sulxan—saba orbeliani

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias 1801 wels Rrma istoriuli fesvebi hqonda.
es politikuri aqti TiTqmis mTeli saukune mwifdeboda. qarTul da ucxour
istoriografiaSi es movlena ZiriTadad 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatTan
mimarTebaSi ganixileba. sinamdvileSi georgievskis traqtati gagrZeleba da
iuridiuli gaformeba iyo im samxedro-politikuri kavSirisa, romelic petre I- sa da
vaxtang VI-s Soris arsebobda , maT mimowerasa da rusi diplomatebis werilebSi aisaxa
da dokumenturad, mefeebis xelmoweriT ar gaformebula.
XVIIIs-is I meoTxedis saqarTvelo- ruseTis urTierTobaze arsebuli uamravi
wyaroTmcodneobiTi, istoriografiuli, filologiuri da sxva xasiaTis masalebi
saSualebas iZleva kargad davinaxoT am movlenaTa iqiT damaluli Cveni mezobeli
saxelmwifoebisa Tu Tavad vaxtang meeqvsis saxelmwifoebriv- politikuri
interesebi, momxdari movlenebi SevafasoT obieqturad, iseve pirdapir da mZafrad,
rogorc is sinamdvileSi moxda.
aseTi obieqturi da vaxtangVI-isa da petreI-is samxedro- politikuri
urTierTobis Seulamazebel-daufaravi Sefasebis nimuSi qarTul istoriografiaSi
aris ivane javaxiSvilis 1919 wels gamocemuli Sroma_`damokidebuleba ruseT-
saqarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi~.ivane javaxiSvili, rogorc didi mecnieri da
mkvlevari, romelsac namdvili istoriis miznad WeSmaritebis dadgena da asaxva
miaCnda da ara gazviadebuli da yalbi movlenebis,ver Seegueboda ruseT-
saqarTvelos urTierTobis iseT Sefasebas, rasac Cveni qveynis aneqsiidan
moyolebuli, caristuli oficialuri istoriografia axdenda . wignis SesavalSi
mecnieri werda: `am monografiis gamoqveyneba gansakuTrebiT imitom gadavwyvite, rom
yvela aqamdis gamocemuls TxzulebaSi ruseTSi arsebul politikur da sacenzuro
pirobebis simkacris wyalobiT, avtorebs istoriuli simarTlis sruli sinamdviliTa
da gulaxdilobiT gamoTqma ar SeeZloT. es nakli unda Sevsebuliyo da Cemi
monografiis mizansac swored es Seadgenda. amas garda, viTarca istorikoss, me
imdroindeli ambebis faruli mamoZravebeli Zalisa da miswrafebis sicxadiT
gamoaSkaraveba mainteresebda.~(javaxiSvili 1919:8)
am wignis gamoqveynebidan sul male, saqarTvelo kvlav rusuli Ceqmis qveS
aRmoCnda da, bunebrivia, veravin veRar SeZlo am wignis mecnieruli daskvnebis
ganmeoreba da kidev ufro Rrmad warmoCena. damoukideblobis axal etapze gadasvlis
Semdeg qarTul istoriografiaSi daiwyo ruseT- saqarTvelos urTierTobis
axleburi, obieqturi Seswavla- gaazreba. daiwera bevri kargi naSromi, Tumca ar
momxdara saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis dros, didi mecnieris mier gakeTebuli
obieqturi daskvnebisa da zogierTi movlenis miseuli Sefasebis analizi.
arada, mecnieris mier gamoTqmuli mwvave, kritikuli Sexedulebebi
gansaxilveli periodis movlenebze, aucileblad saWiroebda SemdgomSi gaRrmavebas,
kvlevis am mimarTulebiT gagrZelebas da Sefasebasa Tu gadafasebas. sabWoTa
periodis qarTulma istoriografiam, gaaRrmava kvleva, amas ver vuaryofT, mTeli
istoriuli procesi asaxa, movlena ganixila msoflio istoriuli procesebis
ganviTarebis fonze, magram arc ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedulebebi gaiziara Tu
gaiazra, verc sakuTari kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebiT ver mogvca movlenebis
Sefasebis sruli obieqturi suraTi. nawilobriv mas vxvdebiT `saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebis~ IV tomSi CarTul mamia dumbaZis werilSi,ufro sworad,aq Cans mkvlevris
skepsisi petres aRmosavluri politikis Sedegebisadmi. ivane javaxiSvilis daskvnebis
ganmeoreba mas arc SeeZlo da arc ucdia, Tumca man aRiara, rom vaxtangma ` ver Seicno
petre didis WeSmariti miznebi~ (narkvevebi1973:425).
movlenebi sworadaa Sefasebuli merab vaCnaZisa da vaxtang gurulis mier, magram
avtorebi yvela faqts ver ganixilaven, zogadad axasiaTeben istoriul viTarebas,
rac vaxtangVI-is rusuli orientaciiT Seiqmna (vaCnaZe 2007:13-17)
petre I-isa da vaxtang VI-is samxedro- politikurma urTierTobam mZime
Sedegebi moutana qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas, is, rac XVIII saukunis 20-iansa da

81
momdevno periodis qarTl-kaxeTSi datrialda, monRolebisa Tu Temur- lengis xanaze
aranaklebad tragikuli iyo: moiSala saxelmwifo mmarTveloba,meurneoba,fizikurad
ganadgurda xalxis umetesi nawili, qveyana ganaTlebis kerebis gareSe darCa, qveynis
inteleqtuluri Zala mTlinad vaxtang VI-is amalaSi moxvda da saqarTvelodan gavida,
maTi kulturuli moRvaweobis nayofi ki ruseTidan an ver aRwevda saqarTvelomde,
anda ise dagvianebiT, rom mas qarTveli eris sulier winsvlaSi aRar SeeZlo
mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi.
es saSineli istoriuli drama kargad aisaxa qarTul da ucxour
istoriografiaSi. qveynis tragedia lamis mematianis sizustiT aRwera daviT
guramiSvilma, magram is mainc poeturi TvalTaxedviT afasebda movlenebs, Tumca
mkiTxvels kargad SeuZlia misi daxmarebiT epoqis suraTis naTlad aRdgena.
aRniSnul sakiTxze arsebuli uamravi wyarosa da literaturis siaSi Sedis:s.
CxeiZis, d. baqraZis, al. cagarelis, p. butkovis, s. burnaSevis, f. soimonovis,z.
avaliSvilis, n. berZeniSvilis, v. liscovis, v. donduas, g. leoniZis, g. paiWaZis,d.
langis, e. jalaliancis, m. dumbaZis, m. papaSvilis, a. gawerelias, v. gabaSvilis, z.
edilis, g. maisuraZis, g. papavas, f. sixaruliZis, m. samsonaZis, m. qiqoZis, a.
xaxanaSvilis, vl. tatiSvilis, r. kalandaZis da sxvaTa naSromebi, mari broses mier
Sedgenili qarTvel mefeTa mimowerebi rus mefeebTan da diplomatebTan, kavkasiis
arqeografiuli komisiis mier Sedgenili aqtebi da sxva istoriuli narkvevi Tu
wyaroebi...
am da sxva uamravi masalidan naTeli xdeba `imdroindeli ambebis faruli
mamoZravebeli Zalisa da miswrafebis sicxadiT gamoaSkaraveba~(ivane javaxiSvili).
mecnieri-istorikosi mematiane ar aris, faqtebi rom daalagos da mxolod maTze
isaubros, is upirvelesad epoqis suraTs aRadgens am faqtebiT da movlenebs
afasebs.epoqis suraTi ki imaze mets ambobs, vidre am drois dokumentebSi pirdapir
aris naTqvami. sul axlaxan, qarTul enaze Targmnil (mTarmgmneli salome kenWoSvili)
italieli avtoris _ luiji magarotos naSromSi _ `saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis
mier (1783-1801)~_ vkiTxulobT: `omSi qarTlis CabmiT petre dids Tavisi jaris ara
mxolod raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi gaZliereba surda, aramed, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, sparseTis damarcxebis Semdeg erTmorwmune qarTlSi samxedro
proteqtoratis damyarebasac apirebda~(magaroto 2008:21) luiji magarotos am
daskvnis gasakeTeblad savsebiT eyo is masalebi, rac xelT hqonda, mas ivane
javaxiSvilis wigni ar gamouyenebia. XVIIIsaukunis dokumentebsa da literaturaSi ki
pirdapir arsad weria, rom petres qarTlSi samxedro proteqtoratis damyareba
surda.
`rac gvatyue, is gveyofis~, _ ubedavda vaxtang mefe boris TurqestaniSvils,
kacs, romelic masa da rusTa Soris despanobda, rasac ver gaubedavda petres da verc
mis politikur memkvidreebs. es ar niSnavs imas, rom qarTlis mefem ar icoda, rom
petre pirvelma ubralod gawira is da misi qveyana da TurqestaniSvilisadmi naTqvam
sityvebs _ gvatyueo _ mTeli ruseTisa da petres misamarTiTac ar ambobda...
(mimowera 1861:155)
ruseTis imperia teritoriebis gavrcobis xarjze iqmneboda. cxadia,
saqarTveloc, adre Tu gvian, am sivrceSi mosaqcevad moiazreboda. petres politikam
gaanadgura mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, es qveyana advili dasapyrobi gaxada.
petres kaspiispireTSi laSqrobis proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo baqodan, mtkvris
dayolebiT, TbilisSi Semosvlac.
petre verc TbilisSi Semovida da verc saqarTvelos dapyroba moaswro ,magram
mis Semdegdroindel ruseTs es miznebi ar daukargavs, ubralod, dros eloda da
nabijebs zomavda.
samwuxarod, rusuli miznebis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobda qarTvel mefeTa
politikuri romantizmi da gulubryvilobac. saqarTvelos samefoebi ruseTisken
erTmorwmuneobis gamo miiswrafvodnen, rac bunebrivi iyo mahmadianur garemocvaSi
moqceuli da gadarCenisaTvis mebrZoli qveynisTvis, magram sxva faqtorebis
gauTvaliswinebloba, magaliTad: ruseTis geopolitikuri interesebis, misi cudi
mokavSireobisa da Ralatis gakveTilebis arafrad Cagdeba, anda maTi gadabraleba
calkeuli pirovnebebisaTvis, iyo Secdoma. saxelmwifo interesebi xSirad iyo
aRreuli pirovnulSi. magaliTad, vaxtang VI-is rusuli orientacia daukavSirda
petre I-is pirovnebas, mis mWidro kavSirs moskovSi mcxovreb qarTvelebTan, petres

82
qarTul warmomavlobaze moarul Worebsa Tu sinamdviles. maSin, rodesac iranisa da
osmaleTis saxelmwifoebi sagrZnoblad iyvnen dasustebulni, amasTan, maTTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba didi iyo, mxolod erTmorwmuneobaze gakeTebuli
arCevani Zalze susti argumentic iyo da, bunebrivad, uSedegoc.
vaxtang VI-is politikuri marcxis gauTvaliswineblobam, maSindeli ruseT-
saqarTvelos urTierTobis Seufaseblobam, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sabolood
dangreva , orsaukunovani koloniuri uReli da erovnuli Rirebulebebis
gaufasureba gamoiwvia. uamravi adamiani daiRupa antirusul ajanyebebSi, ruseTis
omebSi, moxda demografiuli agresia da diversia, imperiis xelSewyobiT Caisaxa
separatistuli reJimebi da sxva.
XVIIsaukunesa da XVIII-is dasawyisSi iranis agresias saqarTvelo daupirispirda
ara marto fizikurad, aramed erovnuli cnobierebiT, da am procesSi sulxan- saba
orbelianis , daviT guramiSvilis, istorikosebis _ farsadan gorgijaniZisa da
sexnia CxeiZis da sxva swavlulTa wvlili ganuzomeli iyo. vaxtang VI-is Semdeg es
unaric dakarga erma da osmalo- yizilbaSobis msxverplad iqca.
XVIIIsaukunis dasawyisSi ruseTma sazRvrebi gadaswia dasavleTiT, daikava
baltiispireTi da fineTis ubis sanapiro, xmeleTiT da zRviT daukavSirda evropas,
kerZod, niStadtis zaviT miiRo: ingria, estlandia narviTa da reveliT, liflandia
rigiT, daiwyo axali dedaqalaqis _ peterburgis mSenebloba, saxelmwifoSi
gatarebulma reformebma gaaZliera saxelmwifos imperiuli ambiciebi. SvedeTTan 21-
wliani omis damTavrebamde rusul politikaSi gaaqtiurda aRmosavleTis sakiTxi.
1709 wels poltavasTan gamarjvebam rusuli optimizmi imdenad gazarda, rom aRaravin
eWvobda omSi petres gamarjvebas, es iyo, ruseTis gamorCeulad moZule karlos XII
zavze kargaxans ar Tanxmdeboda. am dros daiZaba politikuri urTierToba qarTlis
samefosa da irans Soris. avRanelebisa da osmalebis mier dasustebuli irani meti
gamwarebiT ebRauWeboda dapyrobil qarTl- kaxeTs.sxva rom araferi, mas es Zala
avRanelebisagan Tavis gadasarCenad sasicocxlod Wirdeboda. 1709 wels yandaarSi
avRanelTa beladma _ mir-veisma mokla vaxtangis biZa, gmiri qarTveli mefe _ giorgi
XI. 1711 wels iqve mokles qarTlis mefed axlad daniSnuli qaixosroc. qarTlis valis
adgili ganTavisuflda da 1712 wels vaxtangi ispahanSi gaemgzavra taxtze
dasamtkiceblad, Tumca uari Tqva gamahmadianebaze, irani ki rostomamdeli
statusiT, anu qristianobiT qarTvel mefes taxts aRar miscemda. am misTvis
kritikul periodSi mas mahmadiani qarTveli mefeebis imedi ufro metad eqneboda da
principulad iTxovda qarTveli mefeebisagan sarwmunoebis Secvlas. vaxtangs
sulxan- sabac axlda, mas wina mefeebic xSirad ibarebdnen sparseTSi, bolos, _
1711wlis 10 dekembers gamgzavrebula xorasans qaixosros miwveviT,diplomatiuri
misia Seusrulebia da dabrunebula `mravlisa niWiTa~. `mcire uwyebis~ avtoris
TqmiT, saba `friad daSvra mefeTa msaxurebisaTvis ispahans, yeenTan wasvliT~.
saqarTvelosTvis saWiro politikuri Sedegebi arc am da arc evropaSi vizitebs
hqonia, sabas molaparakebebs safrangeTis mefis _ ludoviko XIV-isa da papis _
klemente XI-is karze qarTlis mefisaTvis raime warmateba ar moutania. es viziti im
realurma safrTxem ganapiroba, rac mefe vaxtangs mahmadianobaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg
Seeqmna. is Sahma rogorc tyve, ise gagzavna qirmans, mis adgilze ki iese ali-yuli xani
daniSna. gamahmadianebulma iesem sisastikiT iranel moxeleebsac ki gadaaWarba:
asmenda qarTvelebs, yurans wvaven da yizilbaSebs ar indobeno. man vaxtangic daasmina
SahTan.saqme is iyo, rom vaxtangs kidev ufro gaezarda mosaxleobaSi avtoriteti, rac
arc manamde aklda. misgan qristianobis dacvam xalxs imedi misca, rom es Wkviani da
mamaci mefe odesme moaxerxebda tyveobidan Tavdaxsnas da samSobloSi dabrunebas.
qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom sabas gakaTolikeba da
vaxtangis mzadyofna igives gasakeTeblad politikuri aqti da qveynis gadasarCenad
arCeuli gza iyo. vaxtangi sparseTSi rom xvdeboda kaTolike berebs da maTTan
TaTbirobda, es cnobilia wyaroebiT, dimitri baqraZec wers, rom vaxtangi
emzadeboda kaTolikobis misaRebad, pirobas iZleoda, rom qarTvelebsac moaqcevda
da Cerqezebsac, safrangeTis sakonsulos gaxsnida TbilisSi da sxva(baqraZe1880:33),
magram, ara mgonia, iseT Wkvian da ganaTlebul adamianebs, rogorebic iyvnen saba da
vaxtangi, ar scodnodaT qarTuli realoba, Cveni xalxis sarwmunoebis Secvlis
uperspeqtivoba. amas veravin SeZlebda verc politikiT, verc fuliTa da sxva raime
dapirebebiT. am mxriv istoria sxvas gveubneba, mefeTa da aristokratiis mier

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sarwmunoebis Secvla xalxze did gavlenas ver axdenda da verc axla moaxdenda. garda
amisa, safrangeTi da papis kari kaTolike xalxsac ver Sveloda sxva qveynebis
agresiisagan. evropisagan daxmarebis survili, ra Tqma unda qarTvel politikosebs
hqondaT, magram ramdenad iqneboda kaTolikuri religiis faqtori am mxriv Sedegis
momtani, es saeWvoa.
sulxan-sabas evropidan dabrunebis Semdeg, 1716 wels vaxtangi gamahmadianda,
rogorc vaxuSti ambobs: `mxolod sityviT da ara saqmiTac~.iranelTa winaSe misi
avtoriteti ganmtkicda, Sahma tradiciisamebr datova iranSi, qarTlis janiSinad ki
Sah navaz-xanis saxeliT misi Ze baqari daniSna. baqarma mamis mtrebs Seutia, daapatimra
iesec. Sahs imdenad Wirdeboda mama-Svilis erTguli samsaxuri, rom misTvis
Tavdadebuli iesec ar daindo da misi dapatimrebis ufleba misca baqars (paiWaZe1981:
am dros, osmaleTis waqezebiT, gaZlierda lekTa Seteva iranisa da mis
daqvemdebarebaSi myof teritoriebze. lekTa moTareSe razmebi gaCndnen darubandSi,
Semaxasa , ganjasa Tu qarTl-kaxeTSi. leki marbielebis asalagmavad 1719 wels
vaxtangVI iranis Sahma qarTlSi daabruna. mefes didi avtoriteti hqonda mTel
saqarTveloSi, risi mizezic misi kulturologiuri moRvaweoba iyo. aman gaaRviZa
erovnuli cnobiereba da ganmaTavisuflebeli suliskveTeba.misi erTi qaliSvili
colad hyavda kaxeTis taxtis memkvidres, SemdegSi mefes _ erekle nazaralixanis Zes
_ Teimurazs, meore _ imereTis mefes.aman vaxtangis zogadqarTuli gavlena da
avtoriteti gaaZliera. lekebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gaerTianebuli gamovidnen
qarTl-kaxeTi:1719 wlis dekemberSi ,safurcleSi Sexvdnen am samefoebis mmarTvelebi
da SeTanxmdnen,1720 wlis gazafxulze lekebTan brZolaSi gaigzavna sabaraTianos
mowinave sadroSos laSqari, Sahis brZanebiT, Sirvanis xanic Caeba brZolaSi, magram
lekebma mokles. marTalia, lekebma didi safrTxe Seuqmnes somxeT-azerbaijanTan
erTad saqarTvelos, _ daikaves alazangaRma teritoria, magram vaxtangi am did
safrTxes ise aqtiurad ar upirispirdeboda, rogorc amas saqme moiTxovda. iqneb
lekebisgan iranis dasustebasa da SemdegSi mis advilad damarcxebaze fiqrobda.
amasTanave is ruseTisken iyureboda da samxedro instruqcias petresgan eloda.
kargaxania mas rusuli orientacia realurad esaxeboda, gansakuTrebiT1715 wlidan,
sulxanis evropidan dabrunebis droidan.iseTi masStaburi moazrovne, rogoric is
iyo, ver Seurigdeboda sparseTis totalur politikur-kulturul zewolas.
qarTvelebi am dros ruseTSi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen. mefe arCilisa da misi
Svilebis moskovSi damkvidrebis Semdeg, kerZod ki, XVIIIsaukunis 10-ian wlebSi
darejan arCilis asulis karze bevri qarTveli moRvaweobda. petre arCilisa da misi
ojaxis pativismcemeli iyo.es gagrZelda maSinac, rodesac am didi ojaxidan mxolod
darejaniRa darCa.
darejani vaxtangis biZaSvili iyo. yvelgan, petresTan Tu rus moxeleebTan
mimoweraSi, is mas dad moixseniebs da yvelas misTvis gafrTxilebas evedreba. am
dokumentebidan naTlad Cans darejanis roli ruseT-saqarTvelos daaxloebasa da
vaxtangis mier gakeTebul politikur arCevanSi. vaxtangsa da petres samxedro-
politikur urTierTobaSi darejanis gamorCeul rolze miuTiTebs Tundac is, rom
SvedebTan omisadmi miZRvnili aRlumi petrem darejanis sasaxlidan daiwyo, Tumca
igi ar iyo moskovis centri.SuaRamisas sadRac gahqra da dilamde Caketili saubrobda
darejansa da qarTvelebTan. sasaubro Tema aucileblad iqneboda kaspiispireTSi
momavali laSqrobis sakiTxi (tatiSvili1959:21)
1715 wels petrem sparseTSi despanad gagzavna artem volinski, romelsac misca
ara marto sparseTis dazvervis davaleba, aramed vaxtangTan urTierTobis
damyarebac daavala.volinskim warmatebiT Seasrula misi diplomatiuri movaleoba,
qarTlis mefesac daukavSirda da savaWro xelSekrulebac gaaforma ruseT-irans
Soris. petres Sorsmimavali mizani iyo ukve dasustebuli iran- osmaleTis xelSi
Cagdeba, magram pirvel etapze ekonomikuri interesebis gatareba surda am qveynebSi,
rac Seexeba kaspiispireTs, jer es regioni` ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS unda moeqcia,
Semdeg daepyro da Sig rusi jariskacebi unda Caesaxlebina~(iv.
javaxiSvili).avRanelTa mier sparseTis dapyrobis SiSma, rusi avtoris _ butkovis
azriT, daaCqara ruseTis moqmedeba.Tu gavixsenebT volinskis mier qarTuli jaris
brZolisunarianobis Sefasebas, aseve petres qarTul kavSirebs, Zneli aRar iqneba
imaSi darwmuneba, rom am saqmeSi ruseTi aucileblad gamoiyenebda am jars, Tanac,

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kaspiispireTis, iran-osmaleTis dapyrobaze meocnebe imperators saqarTvelo Tavis
satelitur sivrceSi pirvel rigSi eyoleboda moazrebuli.
petres mier volinskisadmi micemuli instruqciac mowmobda, rom ruseTis
xelisuflebas surda vaxtangisagan mieRo iranis Sesaxeb cnobebic , qarTlis mefis
tyveobidan daxsniT ki igi sabolood gadaeyvana rusul orientaciaze.
1715wlidan ruseTi kaspiispireTSi gzavnida samecniero eqspediciebs kaspiis
zRvis ruqis Sesadgenad, 1718 wels poruCik koJinisa da leitenant urusovis mier
Sedga kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros ruqa, 1719 wels ki mTeli kaspiis zRvis
saerTo ruqa.1720 wlis 22marts, saidumlo instruqciiT petrem artem volinski
iranidan astraxanis gubernatorad gadaiyvana. mas vaxtangVI unda daerwmunebina , rom
petre qristianebisadmi uaRresad keTili ganwyobilebiT iyo ganmsWvaluli da Tan
daeimedebina, rom rusi xelmwife mas mahmadian Zlier saxelmwifoebTan brZolisas
mfarvelobas gauwevda. ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, ruseTis elCic da imperatoric
cbierad moqmedebdnen, maT qarTlis mefes Tavi ise moaCvenes, TiTqos petres
vaxtangis gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba Seetyos da `misi Svela da daxsna sdomnodes
spars-osmalTa klanWebisagan da swored amitom apirebda sparseTTan oms...mefe
vaxtangma da qarTlis samefos gavlenianma wreebma es diplomatiuri xrikebi
sinamdviled miiCnies, maT ver warmoedginaT, rom Zlier qristian xelmwifes gulSi
sxva raime idumali zraxva eqneboda da vaxtangi darwmunebuli iyo, Tuki miemxroboda
petres, isic gailaSqrebda saqarTvelos mtris winaaRmdeg...~
Tumca samefo darbazSi azri orad gaiyo, bevrma TiTqos winaswar SeigrZno
momavali tragedia, `magram mefe vaxtangi ise iyo gatacebuli rusTa xelmwifis
winadadebiT, rom araviTari eWvi ar ebadeboda...~ (javaxiSvili1919:8)
ruseTs kaspiispireTis dasapyrobad Wirdeboda sababi, rac advilad moiZebna.
1721wlis 7agvistos SemaxaSi lekebi daesxnen Tavs rus vaWrebs da gaZarcves. am
Tavdasxmis organizatorebis _ daud-begisa da surxai-xanis gadabirebac scada
ruseTma, magram ver SeZlo, radgan isini TurqeTis agentebi iyvnen. petre `Tavisi
moqalaqeebis dasacavad~ (es termini im droidan aqtualuria rusul politikaSi!..)
jariT daiZra astraxanisaken 1722wlis 15 maiss, 274 xomaldiT dauyva maskva rekas, da
okiT da volgiT gaemarTa astraxanisaken.astraxanSi gamosca manifesti lekebis
winaaRmdeg,dapirda mSvidobas da maTgan mxardaWera iTxova. boris TurqestaniSvilis
piriT man SemouTvala vaxtangs, rom male miadgeboda sparseTis sazRvrebs da is
saCqarod unda dasxmoda Tavs lekebs,amasTan, `Tavisi dawyobili laSqriT~ sparseTs
Seseoda da iq moecada, sanam petres cnoba mouvidoda, Tu sad SeerTebodnen
erTmaneTs (butkovi 1869:12-16)
vaxtangi gaemarTa Sexvedris adgilisken 30 Tu 40-aTasiani jariT. am or cifrs
asaxeleben wyaroebi, orive es cifri didia da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT volinskiseul
Sefasebas, sabrZolo razmebis `dawyobilobas~, am droisTvis qarTuli jaris es
raodenoba metad mniSvnelovania.didi enTuziazmi axlda jarisa da misi sardlis
suliskveTebas. isini mouTmenlad elodnen rusuli jaris gamoCenas kaspiispireTSi,
brZolebis gadatanac mouxdaT Sahis uerTgules ganjis xanTan. am dros vaxtangi
Sahisgan ukve iyo daniSnuli azerbaijanis beglarbegad da lekebTan brZola misi
movaleobac iyo, mefe imedovnebda, rom amiT SeniRbavda mis laSqrobas
kaspiispireTSi, rac gulubryviloba iyo, miTumetes ganjis xanTan SebrZolebis
Semdeg. 20-25 dRis Semdeg, ganjaSi mdgar qarTul jars gauWirda (Tumca noembris
Suaricxvebamde mouwia aq darCena), vaxtangi werils werilze werda xan imperators,
xan volinskisa da TurqestaniSvils, Cqara mogveSveleT, Torem qarTul jars erT
adgilze didxans dgoma ar SeuZlia nuzlis(sakvebis) naklebobis gamoo. mefe iran-
osmaleTidan wamosul SesaZlo agresiazec miuTiTebda (mimowera1861:139). mas sami
Tve aCerebdnen da aimedebdnen,rom petre modioda da ager axla SeuerTdeboda
qarTul jars. aq iyvnen somexi mebrZolebic. rogorc esaia jalalianci wers, swored
ganjasTan da vaxtangVI-is sardlobiT moxda regularuli somxuri jaris formireba
(paiWaZe1960:60).
1722 wlis 23 agvistos petre darubandSi Sevida. naibi qalaqgareT Seegeba da
qalaqis gasaRebi gadasca. darubandSive moaxsenes, rom lekebisgan Sewuxebuli baqos
mcxovrebni mzad iyvnen ruseTis qveSevrdomebi gamxdariyvnen. petrem iuara, me aq
mxolod avazakebTan sabrZolvelad var, minda Cemi jariT mSvidoba mogitanoT,
Tqvengan mxolod TavSesafari da produqtebi mindao.darubandidan igi baqosken

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gaemarTa, iqidan ki , mtkvris SesarTaviT Tbilisisken wamosvla hqonda ganzraxuli.
baqosadmi interess mefe malavda, Tumca es qalaqi am samxedro kampaniaSi ruseTis
dasakavebeli teritoriis mTavar punqts warmoadgenda. petre laSqrobis Sedegebma
daarwmuna, rom qarTuli jaris saWiroeba am etapze ar iyo, regionSi ruseTis
dasamkvidreblad patara, moqnili jari, floti da sursaTis sawyobebis aSeneba
kmaroda kaspiispireTSi. gaica kidec aseTi Senobebis agebaze brZaneba volgis
deltaze. gilanis mTavari cixis _ reStis aReba, aseve baqos dakaveba petrem momavali
wlisTvis gadado, gilanSi gagzavna polkovniki Sipovi da soimonovi, romelsac
ekuTvnis am laSqrobaTa aRwera, manve Seadgina mtkvris SesarTavis gegma (soimonovi
1763:240).
petres miznebi vaxtangma ar icoda. somexi istorikosis _ leos TqmiT, petre
Cqarobda kaspiispireTis aRebas, eSinoda, am dros SedarebiT Zlier osmaleTs ar
daeswro, ar waerTmia iranisTvis es teritoria. amitom Sahs uTanxmdeboda _
dagexmarebi avRanelebTan brZolaSi, Tu kaspiispireTis zog regions damiTmobo. arc
vaxtangma da arc somexma meliqebma amis Sesaxeb araferi icodneno, _ wers somexi
istorikosi. iranTan erTad petre TurqebTan SeTanxmebasac ar gamoricxavdao, _
amasac umatebs (jalalianci 1902: 65-66). am dros lekebi kaxeTis alaznisgaRma
raionebs ikavebdnen. ganjasTan dgomas, albaT, vaxtang VI-s kaxeTis mefesTan erTad
maTTan SebrZoleba da am teritoriis SenarCuneba unda ecada. magram, is idga da
eloda da ver gaego mizezi, Tu ratom `Seiqmna dayovneba xelmwifisa~.(sexnia CxeiZe).
mefes Tavzari dasca petres ukan gabrunebis ambavma. katastrofuli mdgomareoba
Seeqmna masac da mis qveyanasac. petrem TbilisSi specialuri elCi _ grafi tolstoi
gauSva. es iyo mweral lev tolstois papa. misca instruqcia, rom yuri ar egdo
vaxtangis TxovnisTvis rusuli jaris miSvelebaze,eTqva, rom kaspiispireTsa da
baqoSi srul gamagrebamde ver miiRebda ruseTis daxmarebas. qarTlis mefe jer kidev
ganjaSi idga, tolstoi rom movida TbilisSi, mas vaxuSti Sexvda da masac Tavzari
dasca am ambavma, mamas sawrafod Seatyobina elCis mosvla. vaxtangi Camovida da Sexvda
tolstois. elCi arwmunebda petres gabrunebis aucileblobaSi, momdevno 1723
wlisTvis hpirdeboda axali samxedro eqspediciis mowyobas, gadascemda imperatoris
danabarebs: daerwmunebina sparseTis Sahi, rom ruseTi misi interesebis dasacavad
ibrZoda kaspiispireTSi, radgan osmaleTs mTlianad iranis dapyroba undoda. lekTa
winamZRolebs _ daud-xansa da surxai-begs, ruseTis utyuari cnobebiT,TurqebTan
aqvT kavSiri da pirdebian mas iranis dapyrobaso. ra daemarTeboda qarTls momaval
wlamde, amas rusi xelmwife ar exeboda. rusTa daxmarebiT vaxtangs erevnis dakaveba
surda, radgan arzrumis faSa emzadeboda mis asaRebad. erevnis Semdeg faSa Tbilisis
aRebas gegmavda. vaxtangma isedac katastrofuli viTareba kidev ufro muq ferebSi
dauxata tolstois, Txova, aseve gadaeca petresTvis, isic ase moiqca, petrem
sityvieri Tanxmoba ganacxada jaris gamogzavnaze, oRond es iqneboda 2000kaci. kidec
rom Seesrulebina es dapireba, vaxtangs da saqarTvelos veraferSi uSvelida aseTi
patara kontigenti, Tumca es jari arc Camosula, rac Seexeba erevans, petres rCeviT,
is vaxtangs TviTon unda aeRo, Tu aiRebda, ruseTi nebas aZlevda _ es cixe Tavad
hqonoda. maSasadame, ruseTi,jer ar damkvidrebuli kavkasiaSi, aqauri miwa-wylis
baton- patronad moiazrebda Tavs, marto sityviT ki ara, oficialur dokumentebSic
gascemda kavkasiur teritoriebze uflebebs.aqedan moyolebuli, igi ueWvelad
moaxdenda am regionis aneqsias, rogorc ki saamiso dros Caigdebda xelT.
1722 wlis dekemberSi TbilisSi Camovida Sahis yularaRasi, Camoitana
avRanelebisagan ispahanis aRebisa da huseinis datyvevebis ambavi, vaxtangs Txova
daxmareboda Sahs. tolstoim dainaxa qarTlis mefis gamouvali mdgomareoba, urCia
kidec _ cota jariT mainc daexmareo, magram mefem uari Tqva.tolstoi werda petres
qarTlis mefis gamouval mdgomareobaze, iranic da osmaleTic qarTlis mteri gaxda
da albaT male daesxmebian Tavso. axali Sahi _ Tamazi ar apatiebda qarTvel mefes
aseT mZime dros Ralats da qarTlsac ase advilad ar daTmobda. iranuli orientaciis
kaxeTis mefe konstantinec aqezebda Sah-Tamazs vaxtangis winaaRmdeg.marTlac,Sahma
qarTlis taxti konstantines misca da Tbilisis iranul garnizons brZolis dawyeba
ubrZana vaxtangis gasaZeveblad. qalaqs moadga konstantine lekTa daqiravebuli
laSqriT. vaxtangs imereTidan da raWidan mouvida maSveli, magram mis mdgomareobaSi
es Zala verafers Secvlida, ruseTidan ki araTu saWiro, aramed dapirebuli
2000kacic ar Canda. jer kidev ganjaSi galaSqrebis win vaxtangVI-s arzrumis faSam

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SesTavaza mokavSireoba da sanacvlod mTeli saqarTvelos mefobas dahpirda(
papaSvili1992: 87). es rom diplomatiuri manevri iyo da osmaleTi amas ar gaakeTebda,
es cxadia da vaxtangisTvisac ar iqneboda dasajerebeli, amis gamoc uars ityoda,
magram uars sxva mizezic hqonda: ruseTis yovlisSemZleobasa da daxmarebaze
fanatikurad moimede mefem araTu uari Tqva, aramed misi es winadadeba petres acnoba,
Tumca misi es nabiji ruseTis mefes SemdegSi arafrad daufasebia da yvela gasaWirSi
marto miatova qarTveli mefe. TbilisTan brZolebis dros arzrumis faSam erTxel
kidev misca winadadeba vaxtangs, _ miiRe TurqeTis proteqtorati da qarTlis
mefobas SeginarCunebo. darbazma urCia mefes am winadadebis miReba, magram krebas
tolstoi da TurqestaniSvilic eswrebodnen da isini amtkicebdnen, ruseTis jari
male Semovao. vaxtangma isev primitiuli diplomatia airCia: sanam faSa stambuls
Seatyobinebs da cnobebi miva-mova, rusis jaric Semovao, daTanxmda da vedrebac
daadevna volinskisTan. werda: `axla Tqvenis Zmobisagan da mowyalebisagan moveliT,
didma xelmwifem ar dagvagdos da ar ugulvebelyos, amdens mogvexmaros. aqamdi rom
focxveris Wangisgan gamoxsnas vexvewebodiT, axla babris WangSi ar Segvagdon, Tu
amdens qristianobas upatronebT rasme _ kargia, Tu ara da, neba Tqvenia...~
(mimowera...149) qristianuli Zmobisa da mowyalebis imedze myofi mefe isev
motyuebuli da imedgacruebuli darCa. 1723 wlis 4maiss TbilisSi Sevida
konstantine, misma daqiravebulma lekebma aaoxres qalaqi, ivnisSi Turqebic
SemoiWren da maT konstantinem ubrZolvelad Caabara Tbilisi. vaxtangi cxinvalSi
gaixizna. igi aRar Wirdeboda petres. ivlisSi rusuli jaris 4 polki matiuSkinis
sardlobiT baqoSi Sevida, daikava da 4000 jariskaci ganalaga, wlis bolos am jarma
mtkvris SesarTavi daiWira. 1723 wlis 12 seqtembers peterburgSi daido
xelSekruleba ruseT-irans Soris. irani Tmobda kaspiispira qalaqebs:baqos,
darubands da sxvebs, sanacvlod ruseTi daexmareboda irans avRanelebsa da lekebTan
brZolaSi. vinaidan am teritoriisadmi pretenziebi hqonda TurqeTsac, ruseTi
emzadeboda masTan saomrad, magram monaxa gamosavali: icoda ra osmaleTis
interesebi qarTl-kaxeTSi, is, rom arzrumis faSa lekebis belad daud-xansa da
avRanelTa belad _mir-mahmudTan erTad apirebdnen laSqrobas aR. saqarTveloSi,
SesTavaza TurqeTs zavi, romelic gaformda kidec 1724 wlis 12 ivniss. am zaviT
ruseTma misca TurqeTs proteqtorati aR. saqarTveloze, TurqeTma ki cno misi
kaspiispira dapyrobebi. maSasadame, ruseTma, TiTqos mizanmimarTulad Seuwyo xeli
qarTl- kaxeTis samefos ganadgurebas, jer misi gamoyeneba scada sakuTari imperiuli
miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, mere ki, rogorc misi kuTvnili, ise gadasca
saqarTvelos mters _ osmaleTs vaxtangisa da qarTvelebis kuTvnili qveyana...
vaxtangis diplomatia srulad damarcxda. es marcxi arc misi diplomatiuri niWis
naklebobiT aixsneba da arc misi SecdomebiT. ra Tqma unda iyo Secdomebic, magram
mTavari mizezi mainc iyo rusuli diplomatiis is uxeSi da agresiuli meTodebi,
riTac is momdevno periodSic da axlac gamoirCeva. tyuilsa da Ralats, romelsac,
rogorc sexnia CxeiZe da ivane javaxiSvilic weren, winaswar ver warmoidgenda araTu
vaxtangi, aramed TviT is darbazis wevrebic, romlebic vaxtangs ruseTTan kavSirs
uSlidnen da ruseTis realuri moqmedebiT SemdegSi saxtad darCenilan.
1724 wlis ivlisSi vaxtang VI didi amaliT moskovs gaemgzavra, petrem kidev
erTxel gaamJRavna Tavisi uguloba qarTveli mefis mimarT, ruseTSi ki ara, saloRSi
daesaxloso. es iyo patara cixe- simagre, Tavad vaxtangis mier gamagrebuli Crd.
kavkasiaSi. rodesac uTxres, rom moskovSi iTxovda cxovrebis nebas, aRSfoTeba ver
daumalavs, butkovis masalebSi vkiTxulobT petres sityvebs, `daxeT, ra
ubedurebaSia da ampartavnebas mainc ar iSliso~. astraxanSi cxovrebis neba artem
volinskim xelmwifis gareSe misca (butkovi1869:63).
`princi~ vaxtangi, aTaswlovani samefo dinastiis Rirseuli mefe, yvela
gzamoWrili, astraxanidan kvlav petresken xelgawvdili rCeboda, 84 mxlebliT
gaemarTa kidec moskovs, magram caricinSive gaigo petres gardacvalebis ambavi, mainc
ar daixia ukan, axla misi germaneli meuRlis imeds moeWida. sulxan-saba orbeliani,
romelsac gverdidan ar iSorebda, winaswar gagzavna moskovSi sacxovrebeli adgilis
SesarCevad, qarTvelebis dabinavebaSi mas darejan arCilis asuli unda daexmarebina.
aqve unda gavixsenoT mefe arCilis gulmduRare werilebi petresadmi jer
Svedebisgan datyvevebul aleqsandreze, mere darejanze: es erTi asuliRa damrCa,
memkvidres misgan moveli da damexmare mis keTilad dabinavebaSio. petres erTi

87
brZaneba iyo saWiro, rom romelime didebuli daqorwinebuliyo darejanze, magram man
es ar gaakeTa. amis mizezi naTelia: Tavad undoda sruli ufleba qarTul
memkvidreobaze... darejani umemkvidrod gadaego...
darejanis sasaxleSi sulxan-sabam daasrula Tavisi leqsikoni, Tumca didxans ar
ucocxlia, 1726 wlis ianvarSi gardaicvala. is, rom astraxanSi aRar gahyva vaxtangs,
miuTiTebs misi politikisadmi mwerlis gulgatexilobasa da nihilizmze. es
sxvagvarad verc iqneboda... (leoniZe 2004:121-130).
amrigad, petre I-ma daiwyo imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToeba samxreTiT , sadac
Seejaxa iranisa da osmaleTis interesebs. Tavisi imperiuli miznebis asasruleblad
man scada qarTlis samefos gamoyeneba, romlis aSkarad gamJRavnebulma rusulma
poziciam gaaRiziana iran- osmaleTi, mtrebis winaSe pirispir damdgar saqarTvelos ki
ruseTma dapirebuli daxmareba aRar gauwia. am politikam daangria qarTuli
saxelmwifo, tragikuli Sedegebi moitana cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. petre atyuebda
vaxtangs sakuTari elCebis saSualebiT, romlebic SemdegSi, misi ruseTSi yofnisas,
arc malavdnen TavianT miznebs, dascinodnen da sayvedurobdnen mas mouxerxebeli
diplomatiisaTvis, petrem Tavisi miznebi ganaxorciela da saqarTvelos
sawinaaRmdego xelSekrulebebi gaaforma qarTvelTa mtrebTan _ iran-osmaleTTan,
vaxtangs ki, Tavidan, maTgan daxsnas hpirdeboda. ruseTi ara gasaTavisufleblad,
aramed misTvis saintereso sxva teritoriebTan erTad, saqarTvelos dasapyrobadac
moiwevda samxreTisaken. es Cans TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiTac, romlis
ImuxliT man aR. saqarTvelo TurqeTs dauTmo. rom dascloda da TbilisSic
Camosuliyo (rac baqo-darubandis laSqrobis gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli), iseve
Caayenebda rusul jars am qalaqSi, rogorc es baqoSi gaakeTa.
sabWour istoriografiaSi dasaxelebuli petres ukan gabrunebis mTavari mizezi
iyo epidemiis gavrceleba rusul jarSi. mkvlevarTa nawili dokumentebidan amis
damadasturebel masalas uaryofen. epidemia masiuri ar yofila, Tanac petre
moeloda aseT mdgomareobas da yovelnairad moemzada jaris samedicino
momsaxureobis TvalsazrisiT (paiWaZe1981: 99).ase rom, esec `gazviadebuli, yalbi~
cnoba iyo.
vaxtangVI-is mware gamocdilebis gaucnobiereblobam da daviwyebam XVIIIsaukunis
bolos gamoiwvia qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dangreva, mxolod erTmorwmuneobasa
da keTilmezoblobaze damyarebulma diplomatiam qarTvel xalxs orsaukunovani
koloniuri uRlis simware moutana.

damowmebani:

baqraZe 1880: baqraZe d. vaxtang VI.1880.

butkovi 1869: Бутков П.Г. Матерялы для новой истории Кавказа. 1ч. , СПБ., 1869.
vaCnaZe... 2007: vaCnaZe m., v. guruli. ruseTTan erTad da uruseTod. 2007.
leoniZe 2004: leoniZe g. sulxan-saba orbeliani. 2004.
magaroto 2008: magaroto l. saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis mier (1783-1801). 2008.
mimowera...1861: Переписка на иностранных языках Грузынских царей с Российскими государями, от 1659 по 1770 г..
СПБ. 1861.
narkvevebi...1973: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. IV., 1973.
paiWaZe 1960: paiWaZe g. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis(XVIIIs.-is I meoTxedi).1960.
paiWaZe 1981: paiWaZe g. vaxtang VI. 1981
papaSvili 1992: papaSvili m. saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani. 1992.
soimonovi 1861: Соймонов Ф. И. Описание Каспийского моря. СПБ., 1763.
tatiSvili 1959: tatiSvili vl. qarTvelebi moskovSi.1959.
javaxiSvili 1919: ivane javaxiSvili, damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris.1919.
jalalianci 1902: esaia jalalianci,qarTveli mefis vaxtangis mosvla ganjas `mogzauri~.1902.

88
maia jaliaSvili
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 

`sibrZne sicruisas~ naratiuli mravalferovneba

sulxan-saba samarTlianad miiCneva qarTuli prozis reformatorad. man axali

ritmi da elferi SesZina klasikur tradiciul qarTul prozas. sulxan-sabam poeziis
sayovelTao aRiarebis xanaSi (rusTvelis gavleniT proza erTgvarad CrdilSi
moeqca) prozaul sityvas didi gasaqani misca. Tumca, rogorc poets, `qililasa da
damanaSi~ mis mier galeqsil strofebze Tu vimsjelebT, aSkarad etyoba rusTvelis
siyvaruli. aq striqonebi SairiT aris gamarTuli, xolo azri aforistulad, sxartad
da mokveTilad gamoTqmuli. magaliTad,

`kaci, saxelis mZebneli, ukvdavad damisaxia~,

`vin Wirsa Tavi ar misces, lxins rodis Seeswrebisa?~

an kidev:

`es qilila da damana brZenTagan gamoTqmulebi,

sparsTa eniTa sitkboTi daSaqrul-dambasulebi,
vpoe da Cvenad gardmovsTqvi yvavili turfad rgulebi,
leqsi leqsad da ambavi arc erTi daklebulebi~.

rogorc maTSi iyo, ambavi Tavis adgils, da leqsi Tavis adgils davswere. amTonis
Cemis Wiris xelfasad locva da Sendoba rom wesia, av-enobis pirs mainc nurvin
gaxsniT~.
am drois cnobili prozauli teqstebi gamoirCeodnen ornamentulobiT, rac
damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavluri yaidis TxrobisTvis, sulxan-sabam ki sxva gza airCia,
man amgvari narativi gamoiyena, rogorc erT-erTi komponenti da TxrobaSi meti
sisadave da gamWvirvaleba Semoitana.
`sityvis konis~ Semqmnelis prozaSi Tanabari ZaliT iWreba rogorc
mwignobruli, aseve, sasaubro, xalxuri ena. unikaluri da umdidresi leqsika misi
Txrobis ZarRvs qmnis. sulxan-sabas poeturi talanti aRibeWda `sibrZne
sicruisaSic~. lirikuli Txrobis Senakadebi met silaResa da gamomsaxvelobas
aniWeben calkeul detalebs. naraciis sxvadasxva planis ostatur monacvleobas xels
uwyobs isic, rom nawarmoebSi personaJTa mravalferovnebaa. mefe finezis metyveleba
mwignobrul-amaRlebulia, aq Cans, rom avtorma siRrmiseulad icis bibliuri
wignebis Txrobis manera. finezis SegonebebSi moCans sulxan-saba _ `swavlanis~
avtori. misi mWevrmetyveleba erTgvar sazeimo elfers matebs msjelobas, religiur-
filosofiuri siRrmeebi Cndeba misi saubrisas.
nawarmoebSi avtori-mTxrobeli ar dominantobs, igi TiTqos uCinardeba, Tumca
is warmarTavs siuJetur xazs. mesame pirSi hyveba finezis sasaxlis karze momxdar
ambebs. misi funqciaa Semoiyvanos axali personaJi da mkiTxvels auwyos, vin vis da
rodis ras eubneba. sxvamxriv, is aranair komentarsa da Sefasebas ar akeTebs. misi
wili TxrobaSi ambis dasawyisSi yvelaze metia, e. i. manam, sanam aqtiurad ar gaCaRdeba
igav-arakebiT paeqroba. mTeli teqstis ganmavlobaSi is warmoTqvams iseT replikebs,
rogoricaa: `moaxsena~, `ubrZana~, `uTxra~, `Tqva~.
mTxrobeli maSin gamoCndeba xolme, roca personaJTa garegnobasa Tu Tvisebebs
aRwers. magaliTad, avtori mTxrobeli nawarmoebis dasawyisisTvis irCevs klasikuri
zRapris formas: `iyo xelmwife erTi, romlisa saqmeni aravisgan moigonebian~. amis
Semdeg moayolebs mefis daxasiaTebas, romlis drosac moixmobs Sedarebebsa da
metaforebs, Tumca ar gadatvirTavs, ar uRrmavdeba calkeul detals.
am mxriv, is ufro dasavluri tipis mTxrobelia. herman hese miiCnevs, rom `aTas
erTi Ramis~ sqel-sqeli tomebi SinaarsiT grimis erT romelime zRapars an Sua
saukuneebis erT romelime qristianul Tqmulebas ver gadaswonis, magram maT mainc
siamovnebiT vkiTxulobT, Tumca im wamsve viviwyebT, radgan erTi ambavi
tupiscaliviT hgavs meores da cota xani rom gava, imave ambavs xelaxla iseTive
siamovnebiT vkiTxulobT xolme. ratom xdeba ase? heses azriT, amas, Cveulebriv,

89
aRmosavlel mTxrobelTa mSvenier, daxvewil ostatobas miaweren. aRmosavlel
mTxrobels TiTqos dausazRvravi dro aqvs da yovelTvis scalia imisTvis, rom sanam
Tavis princsa da princesas rames aTqmevinebs, nawil-nawil aRgviwers maTi bageebis
siwiTlesa da moyvanilobas, maTi mSvenieri TeTri kbilebis elvarebasa da formas,
Tamami, anTebuli mzerisa Tu morcxvad daxrili Tvalebis momxiblaobas...~ (hese 1995:
114). sulxan-saba ar aris aseTi `moclili~ da amitom sxartad gadadis erTi ambidan
meoreze, ise, rom mkiTxvels sulis moTqmis saSualebas ar aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom `sibrZne sicruisas~ siuJeti martivia da am TvalsazrisiT bevri araferi xdeba,
samagierod, movlenebiT savsea CarTuli igav-arakebi da sxvadasxva ambavi. ase rom,
mkiTxveli mudmivad molodinSia, yoveli axali igav-araki daZabulobis axal keras
qmnis da mkiTxvels mosawyenad ar aclis.
avtori _ mTxrobelis narativi gamoirCeva ritmulobiT, rasac qmnis sityvaTa
Tu azris variaciuli gameoreba, agreTve, axali winadadebis dawyeba `da~ kavSiriT.
magaliTad:
`da hyva vaziri egeTi, rome sibrZniTa misiTa caTa aRwevnil iyo~;
`da iyo saxeli vazirisa mis sedraq~;
`da iyo saWurisi mefisa kaci gulCqari da ficxeli~ (orbeliani 1986: 25)
mefis TvisebaTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas avtori yoveli Tvisebis gamosakveTad
mimarTavs Sedarebas, raTa mkiTxvels naTlad SeagrZnobinos misi Rirsebani.
yuradRebas iqcevs metafora: mefe finezs `sificxle da uwyaloeba javrisani
gulisagan RvTis SiSisa niaviT gaeqarvebina~. RvTis SiSi Sedarebulia niavTan,
romelic kacs sasiamovnod elamuneba. es niavi TiTqos gulidan msubuqad da
sasiamovnod fantavs sisastikesa da ulmoblobas.
yuradRebas iqcevs jumberis garegnobis aRwerac, aq sulxan-saba mimarTavs
aRmosavluri poeziisTis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul arsenals, Tumca vrclad ar
aRwers saxis calkeul nakvTs da erTi mokveTili SedarebiTa Tu metaforiT
Semoifargleba. aqac Segxvdeba nacnobi `broli~, `melnis gubeni~, `mercxlis mxarni~,
`giSris lerwami~, `vardi da zambaxi~ da sxva.
tropebs upiratesad personaJTa daxasiaTebisas mimarTavs, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
avtoris Txroba ganZarculia mxatvruli samkaulebisagan, romelTagan epiTetebs
iyenebs SedarebiT uxvad.
rogorc aRvniSneT, naratiul mravalferovnebas is qmnis, rom `sibrZne
sicruisaSi~ personaJebi igav-arakebs hyvebian, amis mixedviT SegviZlia visaubroT
TiToeulis `xmaze~.
finezis metyveleba sidinjiTa da ritmuli simdovriT gamoirCeva. magaliTad,
rodesac mefe moismens sedraqisa da ruqasgan Tavisi sizmris Sefasebas, or
gansxvavebul azrs, is maSinve ar gamoacxadebs, Tu vis rCevas gaiTvaliswinebs da
erTgul vazirebs etyvis: `yovelsa keTilad ityvi brZnisa gonebisa Tqvenisa msgavssa.
Sen da ruqasa saubari ar dagelevaT, awe ubrZane spaTa amxedreba da meca aRvjde
taiWsa. mivideT adgilsa keTilsa da amosa, vinadiroT da msgefsi erTi mun davyoT~
(orbeliani 1986: 35)
`sibrZne sicruisas~ dasawyis ambebSi mefis narativi amiT Semoifargleba, avtori
TviTon gadmoscems mesame pirSi, Tu ra Tqva an moimoqmeda mefem, magaliTad, leonis
pirvelad naxvisas: `fuca, msgavsi mis etratisa saxisa ariso~. mefe aseve ganze dgas,
rodesac sedraqi da ruqa sxvadasxva sakiTxze igav-arakebiT paeqroben.
roca sedraqsa da ruqas Soris kamaTi gacxardeba, mefe ityvis igav-araks: `Zala
erTobisa~. Tu ar SeTanxmdebiT, Cemi mefoba waxdebao, Tan sagulisxmoa, rom avtorma
swored mefes aTqmevina es yvelaze patriotuli araki. Tan mefem vrceli gansja
moayola, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo vaziri. mefis es monologi lirikuli prozaa.
yoveli fraza iwyeba sityva vaziriT da Semdeg misi romelime aucilebel Tviseba Tu
saqmea gamokveTili. es SesaniSnavi qadageba `vazirTa~ znis Temaze gvirgvindeba
fraziT: `vazirTa mefisa da qveyanisa dayenebac SeuZliaT da waxdenaca~.
mefe aqtiurad CaerTveba kamaTSi mas Semdeg, rac ufliswul jumbers sasaxleSi
moiwvevs da aRtacebuli darCeba misi ganswavlulobiT. mefe iZulebulia
neitraliteti daarRvios da daupirispirdes ruqas, romelic sedraqs, leonsa da
jumbers erTad utevs. leons dascinis: jumbers Txa-TikanTa saqme aswavla, unda
movuwonoT, Torem mere Zroxa-kameCis saqmes veRar aswavliso.

90
 samarTliani mefe `ku da morielis~ igav-araks hyveba da ruqas afrTxilebs: iseT
sakbens ukbine, an kbili mohkido, an wyalSi ar daixrCoo. mefe jumbers samefos
gadaulocavs, rac ruqas aRaSfoTebs, erTi samefo leonsac uSove, Torem orives
erTi ar eyofao.
`sibrZne sicrusas~ bolo araks mefe hyveba, amgvarad TiTqos rkali ikvreba,
mefis ambiT iwyeba da mefe amTavrebs. mefe `ixvisa da myvaris~ araks daasrulebs da
mokamaTeebs urCevs, avis qmnaze damkvidrebul ruqas ar ahyvnen. sedraqs ki etyvis,
vxedav am saqmes ufaTerakod verc erTi ver gadavurCebiTo.
nawarmoebis bolo fraza ki `da kma ars dResa amas Tqmad mravali ese metyveleba
Cveni~, Tanabrad SeiZleba mivuTvaloT mefesac da avtor-mTxrobelsac.
nawarmoebSi mTavari xma, ra Tqma unda, leons ekuTvnis. igi avtoris alter-egoa,
am mxriv sedraqic SriZleba mis meore med CavTvaloT, Tumca am `saqmidan~ arc ruqa
unda gamoiricxos. es personaJebi SeiZleba zogadad adamianis personificirebul
vnebebad miviCnioT. es nawarmoebi xom alegoriis principzea agebuli da amgvari
alegoriac ar gamoiricxeba. am SemTxvevaSi, mefe-adamianis gonebaa, jumberi _ suli,
sedraqi, ruqa da leoni sxvadasxva garemoebani, romlebic zemoqmedeben sulze da
gonebis TanxmobiT aRzrdian, wvrTnian, ayalibeben.
leonis narativi nawarmoebis xerxemals qmnis, siuJeturi xazi mas mihyavs, mis
garSemo trialebs fabula. is hyveba yvelaze met igav-araks, ambavs da masve miewereba
umetesoba Segonebebisa.
misi narativi eqspresiulia. igi saubrobs sxartad, moswrebulad, misi yoveli
naTqvami aRbeWdilia gonebamaxvilobiT. is Tavisufali brZenis paradigmaa. mas Tavis
nebisad aqvs yofa mowyobili. is, rom mefes sizmarSi moevlineba da Tavs `moaxvevs~, Cem
garda Sens Zes veravin aRzrdiso, erTgvari idumalebiT mosavs mis saxes. ra Tqma unda,
sizmarSi mis gamoCenas sxva datvirTvac aqvs, avtori, am SemTxvevaSi, mianiSnebs nebaze
RvTisa, romelic TviT arCevs ufliswulis aRmzrdels, radgan, mefe RvTis saxea. ase
rom, leoni mkiTxvelze manam axdens STabeWdilebas, sanam realurad gamoCndeba.
avtori zrunavs, rom mkiTxvels leoni moawonos, amisTvis xatavs sagangebod im
Semogarens, sadac mefesTan mis Sexvedras xatavs. aseve, STambeWdavad warmoaCens mis
garegnobas, mefesTan pirvel Sexvedras, mis daxvewil sityva-pasuxs.
leoni iolad moigeriebs ruqas pirvel Semotevas da cdilobs arakebiT aicilos
mefis xleba, Tumca es SeiZleba xerxic ki iyos TavisTavze meti fasis dadebisa, rac
realurad moxda kidec.
igav-arakebma gamoavlina leonis `sityvatkbiloba~ da mefec moixibla misi
mWevrmetyvelebiT. paralelurad, ra Tqma unda, mkiTxveli ixibleba misi Txrobis
eqspresiiT, gamomsaxvelobiT, emociurobiT, azris siRrmiT.
leoni xSirad hyveba Rimilismomgvrel arakebs, magaliTad, `beri da yrma~. amiT
TiTqos cdilobs RimiliT daZlios yofis amaoeba.
misi narativi xSirad lirikulia, filosofiuri azriT datvirTuli. misi fraza
gamoirCeva daxvewilobiTa da silamazoT, magaliTad: `xelmwifeTa wina mdgomi kaci
sanTelia: Tavsa Tvissa daswvavs da sxvaT gaunaTlebs~.
leonis sityva mefis winaSe, rodesac igi mefes Tavisi aRzrdis meTods uxsnis,
mWevrmetyvelebis mwvervalia. leons saocari sizustiT aqvs gaTvlili yoveli
frazisa da azris adgili. Sesavali fraza, zogadi nawili, daskvna. SeiZleba es sityva
ritorikis saxelmZRvaneloSi nimuSad Setaniliyo, rogorc sakuTari Tvalsazrisis
brwyinvale dasabuTebis magaliTi.
leoni jer kiTxvas svams: `Ze Seni samefod ginda, Tuca mwemsad?~ kiTxva
moulodnelia da Tan ritorikuli. leonmac da mefemac kargad ician am kiTxvis
pasuxi . maS, ratom daiwyo, erTi SexedviT, uadgilo da zedmeti SekiTxviT, romelsac
amgvari ufro moulodneli pasuxi moayola: `mravalni mwyemsni umjobes arian ugvanTa
mefeTa~. es imitom gaakeTa, rom saSualeba hqonoda msjeloba ori mimarTulebiT
gaeSala, elaparaka mwyemsze, rogorc ubralo menaxireze, egulisxma mefeca da
RmerTic da Semdeg warmoeCina mTavari saTqmeli.
leonma am sityvis warmoTqmisas `aubna Tavisi bulbulis utkbesi ena. yovelsa
kacsa ase egona, pirsa iadoni ubudebso, an mercxali WikWikebso~. am sityvis
warmoTqmisas man gamoiyena ritorikis gamocdili xerxebi, zeaweuli toni,
paradoqsuli azris Semotana, sityvaTa gameoreba, andazebis moSvelieba,
cxovrebiseuli magaliTebiT azris cxadyofa.

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 am sityvam mefeze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, amitomac wers avtori, moismina
`sityva saqmiani da saqme sityviani. didad moiwona~.
mefes da masTan erTad mkiTxvelsac ar swyindeba. leonis mier moyolili ambebis
mosmena, magaliTad, es aris unaRvloTa mZebneli mefis ambavi, romelic daasrula
imiT, rom Tezisurad Camoayaliba mefis movaleobani.
moTxrobili ambebi xSirad ritmuli proziTaa gadmocemuli, magaliTad: `me
viyav Ze mefisa, vlaxeTisa. viTa mefeTa wesia, egre mzrdiden.
iTxova mamaman Cemman CemTvis colad qali didebuli kacisa da Txovnasave Tana
mokvda.
meore iTxova da, ra niSani dasdves, igica mokvda,
mesame iTxova, asuli mefeTa, ra mawvies wveulebasa Cemsa, igica mokvda~
(orbeliani 1986: 60).
sulxan-sabas TxrobaSi xSirad Semoaqvs ricxvi sami, personaJebi yovelTvis sam
gvarad yofen saTqmels. sami sakraluri ricxvia, RvTis simbolo. igi samyaroul
simtkicesac warmoaCens, swored amitomac leoni mefis movaleobebze saubrisas
swored samze akeTebs aqcents, magaliTad: `mefeTagan sams daimadlebs ufali:
samarTalsa uqrTamosa, mowyalebasa da didsa siyvarulsa yovelTasa.
mefeTagan sams inatrian qveyanani: zavTsa marTebulsa, simarTlesa uzakvelsa da
didsa siyvarulsa yovelTasa da a. S.~ es saocar dinamikas matebs Txrobas.
sxvaTa Soris, msjelobis amgvari logika aqvs jumbersac, romelsac swored
leonma aswavla sibrZne da mWevrmetyvelebis xelovneba.
rodesac samefo karze kamaTi gaimarTa leonsa, sedraqsa da ruqas Soris,
saubarSi aqtiurad CaerTo jumberic, man, ra Tqma unda, samarTlianad, aRmzrdelis
mxare daiWira da moswrebulad Seutia ruqas, romelsac uTxra, leons ratom mtrob,
mtroba xom samTa hmarTebTo da samive CamoTvala. ruqa daeTanxma: ara vfarav, mteri
var leonisao. amaze jumberma uTxra, samTa ara hmarTebT mtrobao. ruqam pasuxad
TiTqos ixumra: mefis Ze xar da dagvatkbeo, magram jumbers ar exumreboda da
sruliad seriozulad gaagrZela imave paTosiT, samTa hmarTebT sitkbonio da kvlav
CamoTvala. ruqam Tqva: cudad `vaSrob~ Tavsa Cemsao, jumberma amasac moayola
pasuxad: samni Svrebian cudado da a.S. aqedan cxadad Cans, rom personaJTagan kamaTis
xelovnebiT gansakuTrebiT leoni da jumberi gamoirCevian, romelnic
mowinaaRmdeges iqamde ar anebeben Tavs, sanam TviTon ar gaecleba. ruqa `oTxi
filosofosis~ igav-araks hyveba, romelsac ase asrulebs: `mec, Tu Tqven mogrCebi,
araTu am sofels, mas saukunesac davuteveb da ganvisvenebo~.
sedraqisa da ruqas narativebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad upirispirdeba. ruqa is
aucilebeli winaaRmdegobaa, romlis gareSec azri win ver wava. avtors is borotad
gamohyavs, magram misi sibnele umTavresad imisTvisaa, rom sxvaTa sinaTle
warmoCndes. ruqas siborote ar niSnavs imas, rom mis mier naTqvami igav-arakebi amave
azriT gamoirCeodes. ubralod, is nebismier ambavs, TavisTavad xSirad uborotosa da
cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis amsaxvels, Tavisi avi zraxvebis gasamarTleblad moixmobs.
magaliTad, ruqas naTqvami igav-arakebia: `meli moZRvrad~, `ugunuri mcuravi~,
`soflis maSenebelni~, `qurdi mkervali~, `oTxi yru~, `qurdis memkvidre~ da sxva.
romlebic gamoirCevian azrisa da gamoTqmis STambeWdaobiT.
yuradRebas iqcevs axali gamoTqmebi, romlebsac mwerali sagangebod am ambebis
TxrobisTvis qmnis, magaliTad, sedraqze rom ambobs, ambavtkbilio, an `dResa erTsa
klite gaelmda~ (vaziris naambobi `ubeduri didvaWari~), an kidev: ruqa eubneba
mokamaTeebs: `Tqven rom orni-samni gabiZamamidebulxarTo~.
`sibrZne sicruisas~ narativs Taviseburebas matebs ironia, romelic `igav-
arakebSi~ variaciulad warmoCndeba.
koncefciurad sicilis Zala da mniSvneloba gamokveTilia `motiralsa da
mocinarSi~, sadac mocinari kaci motiraliviT uCivis wuTisoflis simokles, kacTa
ugunurebas, amao da usargeblo qadagebas, Tumca motiralisgan gansxvavebul
daskvnas akeTebs: `aw sicils Zali mivec, mec rom zrunviT Tavi movikla, ras margia da
an maTi ra sargebeliao~.
personaJebi xSirad xumrobiT amboben saTqmels, ar eridebian erTmaneTis
gaqilikebasa da dacinvasac ki. magaliTad, aSkarad, leonis gamasxaraveba undoda
ruqas, rodesac leoni hyveboda Tavisi mSoblebis daxocvisa da aqa-iq svlaSi gazrdis
ambavs, ruqam ki uTxra: `didad bedukeTuri Ture xaro~, razec leonma moswrebulad

92
mouWra: `Tuca bedkeTili vyofilviyav, dRes Sen ara gnaxevdio~ da am pasuxiT ruqa iq
myofTa TvalSi masxrad aigdo.
ironia xSirad aris igav-arakebSi, magaliTad, xan sasacilo mTeli igav-arakia,
xan misi romelime personaJi. erTma kacma margalitebi pirSi damala. mekobreni
Semoxvdnen da munji egonaT: `erTma Tqva: gavZarcvoTo, meorem Tqva: ra wauRoTo?
mesamem Tqva: arakad Tqmula, Tormetni SiSvels nifxavsa xdidnen da ver gaxadeso. am
sityvasa zeda mas kacsa gaecina da ori Tvali piriT gadmoagdo~ (vaziris naambobi
`ubeduri didvaWari~).
Sav iumors hgavs `jojoxeTSi dautevneli~. erTi kaci `ra borotisgan moicalis,
daiwyis locva da tirili~. am kacis ukve aseTi daxasiaTeba, rom jer borotebas
Cadioda, es miaCnda mTavar saqmed da mere, rom moiclida, dasvenebis Jams,
loculobda, sasacilo da Rimilismomgvrelia. igi TiTqos Zalas ikrebda axali
borotebis Casadenad. realurad, marTlac, ase xdeboda. jer ukve Cadenils inaniebda
da axlisTvis ganwmendili emzadeboda. TavisTavad, amgvari farisevluri
damokidebuleba rwmena-locvisadmi sasaciloa. magram erTgvari moulodnelobiT
aris aRbeWdili, rogor `gaacurebs~ es kaci ufals. angelozma uTxra, avnaqmarTa gamo
ufali samoTxes ar gaZlevs, magram aseTi mlocvelobisTvis samoTxis garda, rasac
iTxov, mogecemao. angelozis SeTavazebac xumrobas hgavs, radgan am kacs mxolod
erTi arCevani aqvs: an samoTxe an jojoxeTi. realurad, angelozi borot kacs
formalurad ayenebs arCevanis winaSe, rasac imsaxurebs kidec igi, magram daxeT mis
moxerxebulobasa da eSmakobas, WkuaSi mougo angelozs, Tu samoTxe ar momecema, erTi
saTxovari maqvs, ufalma iseTi didi Semqmnas, rom Cem meti jojoxeTSi veravin
daetioso. `es veRar uyo RmerTman da isev samoTxe misca mas kacsao~. sicils ver
Seikavebs mkiTxveli igav-arakebze: `mefe da avsityva~, `meli moZRvrad~...
sasaciloa xan azri da xan gamoTqma. magaliTad, igav-arakSi Rimils iwvevs
sityva, romelic am konteqstisTvis Seuferebelia. magaliTad, liliT SeRebili mela
mamals rom eubneba: `berad Sevdeg. ierusalems minda wavideo~. nasoflarze
nacancarebi melasgan uceb berad Sedgoma da irusalims wasvla imdenad
kontrastulia, rom Rimils iwvevs. xolo mamali rom amas srulebiT seriozulad da
daueWveblad miiRebs, sicilis Sekaveba SeuZlebelia. Semdeg ofofi da Zerac rom
gabriyvdebian, weria: `Seiyarnen oTxni amxanagni~. amave wignSi amxanagis cnebis sabas
(sedraqiseul) Segonebebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, romelTa mixedviTac: `kargi amxanagi
advilad ar iSovebis, gzaze cudad ar ipovebis, iafad veravin iyidis~, ra Tqma unda,
sasacilod gviCans fraza: `Seiyarnen oTxni amxanagni~ an kidev `meli sorosken
gauZRva~. aq TiTqos uadgilo `gauZRva~ Rimilis momgvrelia. amave rigisaa `soroSi
Seasxa~. aqcentia sityva `Seasxaze~. Seasxa, rogorc gzadabneuli cxvari da ara
Seiyvana. an kidev, roca meli etyviT, or codvas SegindobT, mesames ki arao. isini arc
dafiqrebulan da, miT umetes, ar SemkrTalan, `Tavi ubraloni egonaT`. aq `ubraloni
egonaT~ _ sasaciloa. `ubrZana pirvelsa mowafes, mamalsa~. aq sityva `mowafis~
xseneba imdenad moulodnelad uadgiloa, saxarebiseuli konteqstis sapirispiro,
rom mkiTxvels isRa darCenia, gulianad ixarxaros melis eSmakobasa da mis `mowafeTa~
sibriyveze.
ase rom, am wignSi sibrZne sicruisac warmoCndeba da sibrZne sicilisac.
`sibrZne sicruisas~ ritmi xan Cqardeba da xan SedarebiT neldeba, aCqarebulia,
roca personaJebi erTmaneTs sityvierad epaeqrebian an igav-arakebiT usabuTeben
saTqmels, magram Txroba SedarebiT mdordeba, roca leoni sxvadasxva mefisa da
qveynis ambebs hyveba.
`sibrZne sicruisas~ narativs amravalferovnebs gamocanebic. magaliTad, Txisa,
mglisa da Tivis, an eqvsi col-qmris Sesaxeb. am dros mkiTxveli aqtiurad erTveba da
cdilobs personaJis pasuxamde TviTonve sworad gamoicnos. roca eqvsi col-qmris
gamocanaa, iq magaliTad, ruqa saerTod uars ambobs gamocnobaze, magas brZenic ver
gadawyvetso da aq isev jumberi iyoCaRebs da erTxel kidev yvelas daarwmunebs Tavisi
azrovnebis siRrmesa da simarjveSi.
amjerad, mokled amgvarad warmovaCineT `sibrZne sicruisas~ narativis
mravalferovneba.
damowmebani:
orbeliani 1986: orbeliani s.s. sibrZne sicruisa. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1986.
hese 1995: hese h. usaqmurobis xelovneba. wignSi _ `fiqri da gansja~ (rCeulTa biblioTeka). Tb.:
gamomcemloba `lomisi~, 1995.

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paata jafariZe
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

aRmosavleTmcodneobis departamentis asistent-profesori

`qilila da damana~ burzoedan sulxan-sabamde

`qililasa da damanas~ istoria da gavrceleba maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

kulturul epopeaTagania, romelsac gamoexmaura qarTuli kulturac. upirvelesad
misi mimoqceva sxvadasxva literaturul enebze iranSi sasanelebis batonobis
periods ukavSirdeba. sainteresoa, ram ganapiroba am igav-arakuli krebulis
popularoba. angariSgasawevia is garemoeba, rom misiT dainteresdnen iranelebi ukve
meorejer X saukuneSi. meored dainteresebas ukavSirdeba am krebulis rudaqis
poeturi Targmani, saidanac mxolod ramodenime beiTia SemorCenili da onsoris
poemebis darad, mkvlevarebi rudaqiseuili nusxis ZiebaSi arian. es sakiTxi i. marisa
da k. Caikinis mimoweris sakiTxic gamxdara (mari 1976: 274)
unda iTqvas, rom `qililasa da damanas~ mimoqceva arabul samyaroSi, rodesac
islamma yvelaze mZafri xasiaTi SeiZina da gaafTrebuli ebrZoda yvelafers
`araislamurs~, erTgvar sakvirvelebasac warmoadgenda. Tumca mis arabulad
mTagmnels, ibn al-muyafas saTanadod gauswordnen (756w.) saxalifoSi gavrcelebuli
sadamsjelo meTodebiT. `qilila da damanas~ Targmna falaur enaze, romelic
Semdgomdroindeli versiebis safuZvelia, dakavSirebulia burzoesTan, is sasanelTa
Zlevamosili saxelmwifos Sahis xosrov anuSirvanis karis eqimi iyo.
islamis gavrcelebis Semdgom `qilila da damans~ gavrceleba iwyeba aravuli
Targmanidan. iqneb islamSi eretikosobis gamoc ar moixseniebs muyafas firdousi?
VIIIs-Si. jer kidev ar iyo musulmanuri renesansi, rogorc amas IX-XII saukuneebSi
uwodebs saxalifos cxovrebidan gamomdinare germaneli mecnieri adam meci.
`musulmanuri renesansis~ Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba daxloebiT Xs-is Sua wlebs,
rodesac iwyeba axali islamuri mwerlobis _ farsi-daris gamoCena da masze
mxatvruli literaturis Seqmna.
XII saukuneSi, vinaidan nasr al-alahma arabulidan sparsul enaze Sesrulebuli
Targmani miuZRvna bahram-Sah Raznels, sxvagvarad mas bahramSahiseul versisac
uwodeben. rac Seexeba nawarmoebis saTaurs _ `qilila da damana~, es burzoeseuli
dasaTaurebaa da `panCatantras~ sawyis TavebSi momqmedi ori turis saxels
ukavSirdeba. ganviTarebis cikli imdenad mravalferovani aRmoCnda, rom ukve arabul
versiaSi VIIIs-Si gvxvdeba arakebi, romlebic Sordebian am nawarmoebis dedanis
`panCatantras~ farglebs da ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva Txzulebebs.
rogorc es akademikosma aleqsandre baramiZem daadgina, sulxan-sabaseuli
`qililasa da damanas~ Targmani momdinareobs XV saukunis vaez qaSefis `anvare
sohailidan~.
`qilila da damanas~ Sesaxeb mravali istoriuli gadmocema arsebobs.
fanjikentSi samaryandis maxloblad aRmoCenil freskaze arsebuli gamosaxulebebi
Seicaven siuJetebs `panCatantradan~. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi `qilila da damana~
leqsiTi Tu prozauli formiT sparsul arabul, ebraul, qarTul, berZnul,
laTinur, germanul, espanur da sxva enebzea naTargmni.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `anvar-e sohaili~ safuZvlad daedo ara marto `qilila da
damanas~ qarTul Targmans, aramed osmalursac, romelic Sesrulebulia e. w. riTmuli
proziT sulTan suleimanis dros. `qilila da damanas~ mimoqcevisas vxedavT, rom
mxolod TviTon ar ganicdida sxvadasxva literaturuli da xalxuri arakebis
zegavlenas, is TviTonac zemoqmedebda sxvazec. giorgi wereTlis ganmartebiT,
arabul `aTas erT RameSi~ gvxvdeba didaqtikuri xasiaTis moTxrobebi msgavsi `qilila
da damanasi~ da induri warmoSobis sxva arakebi, gadakeTebuli arabul yaidaze. am
ricxvs ekuTvnis sinbad brZenis ambavi, jali‘ad da vird xani~ (wereTeli 1967, VII).
`panCatantras~ pirveli Tavis dasaTaurebaa `moyvasTa gayra~. aq gvxvdeba
ambavi, romelic gadaxda loms, xarsa da or turas _ karatakasa da damanakas,
`qilila da damanaze~ dakvirvebisas Cans, rom is ar aris `panCatantras~ kalkiseburi
Targmani. mTeli rigi igavebi nasesxebia an maTi siuJeti transformirebulia

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sxvadasxva Txzulebebidan. arakebi: `kata da Tagvi~, `xelmwife da Waro~, axlos dganan
`mahabharatas~ XII karis igavebTan.
`qilila da damanas~ warmoSobis fesvebi budas mcnebasac ukavSirdeba: budas
mcnebis mixedviT, unda ufrTxilde borotebas~. erTxel didi xnis winaT benaresis
mefes brahmadatas Svilad moevlina bodisatva. man miiRo SesaniSnavi aRzrda da mamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg avida taxtze. amasobaSi erTi mwyemsis jogs CamorCa make Zroxa
da tyes Seafra Tavi. aq Zu loms daumegobrda. megobrobdnen maTi Svilebic _ xbo da
bokveri. am megobrobas Tvali Seaswro metyevem da qalaqSi misulma uambo mefes. mefem
ubrZana: mesame Tu gamoCndeba maT Soris Sematyobineo. marTlac, male tura Cadgeba
megobarTa Soris, daiwyebs enataniobas. rodesac metyeve moaxsenebs turis gamoCenis
Sesaxeb, mefe brZanebs etlis Sekazmvas, albaT, cocxlebs veRar mivuswrebTo.
marTlac isini waawydebian lomisa da xaris usulo sxeulebs. turam waaCxuba isini da
erTmaneTi daaxocina. aq mefe leqsad mimarTavs meetles, cilis mwameblis basr enas
unda eridos kaci, radgan igi anadgurebs megobrobaso~ (gvaxaria 1985: 40). mkvlevarTa
dakvirvebiT `panCatantrasa da Semdgom `qilila da damanas~ sawyisi am monaTxrobs
ukavSirdeba, magram qilila da damana~ nasazrdoebia sxva induri arakebiTac. mas
SemoqmedebiTi kavSiri gaaCnia `balavarianTanac~. `balavarianis gavrcelebuli da
popularuli arakia `WaSi Cavardnili kaci~ mis pirvelwyaros mecnierebi (v.
kirpiCnikovi, al.gvaxaria) “mahabharataSi” xedaven. gandegili jaratkaru waadgeba
ufskruls, romelSic CaSvebuli iyo xis wvrili Sto. Stos nayofis nacvlad esxa
Tavdayira dakidebul micvalebulTa sulebi, xolo Zirs uRrRnida Tagvi. ufskruli
jojoxeTia, Sto _ Cveni memkvidreni, Tagvi _ yovlisSemZle dro~ (gvaxaria 1985: 71).
yvelaze adrindeli da met-naklebad sruli, Camoyalibebuli saxiT es araki gvxvdeba
`qilila da damanas~ mukafaseuli versiis SesavalSi, barzuisadmi miZRvnil TavSi.
birunis mixedviT oTxi karisagan Semdgar Sesavals mTlianad mukafas miawerdnen,
magram siriuli versiis mixedviT gairkva, rom `mukafas Sesavlis bolo Tavi ekuTvnis.
barzuis Sesaxeb ambebi ki falauridan momdinareobs~ (paikova 1975: 110).
barzui (mukafaseuli interpretaciiT) msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom ama qveynad
yovelgvar siamovnebas tanjva da sevda mohyveba. es sofeli mariliani wyalia, romlic
kidev ufro gawyurebs: Zvalia, ZaRli rom waawydeba, xorcis suns grZnobs, Zvals
RrRnis, magram mxolod pirs isisxlianebs; Taflis qilaa, romlis fskerze sawamlavia,
Tafls miirTmevs kaci da xanmokled tkbeba. wuxs adamianze, romelic ar fiqrobs
samomavlo xsnaze. Tavisi monaTxrobis sailustraciod barzuis moyavs magaliTebi,
araki es araki (kaci, romelic SiSma aiZula TavSesafari eZia ufskrulis piras,
CaeSveba masSi. iq arsebuli gamouvali mdgomareobidan gamosavlis ZiebaSi mas
wuTieri sitkboeba (Tafli) Seityuebs da daiRupeba) asaxaven im adamians, romelic
namdvili gamosavlis, saSvelis ZiebaSi wamieri sitkboeba Seityuebs da daiRupeba.
arakTan dakavSirebiT ki barzuis komentari aseTia: `maSin vikmare mcire, Cemi
cxovrebiT gavxdi kmayofili, samarTliani. swori gzis ZiebisaTvis dro arsebobs da
Tavis damorCilebac SesaZlebelia. ganvmtkicdi amgvarad, wamovedi indoeTidan Cems
qveyanaSi da wamoviRe sxvadasxva iqauri wignebi~ (kalila1957: 58-63), (ibn al-mukafa
2002: 59-60)
arabulidan TargmanSi vxedavT warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela detali, romelic
gvxvdeba mis gviandel damuSavebaSi `balavarianis~ CaTvliT. al gvaxarias mtkicebiT
es araki gavrcelda mas Semdeg, rac mukafaseuli `qilila da damana~ iTargmna
axalsparsul enaze nasr al-alahis mier (daax. 1144). magram aRmoCnda, rom es araki
odnav ufro adre Seutania Tavis mistikur-didaqtikur poemaSi `WeSmaritebaTa baRi~
abulmajd majdud ben-adam sanai Raznels (1080-1140)(gvaxaria:1985). poema man
daasrula 1130 wels. romelic imave bahramSahs miuZRvna, romelsac mieZRvna `qilila
da damanas~ nasr al —alahis~ Targmani. es mowmobs, rom induri arakebi sakmaod
popularobiT sargeblobda RaznelTa epoqaSi. gansakuTrebiT `qilila da damana~
vinaidan am periodSi (XIIs) fiqsirebulia kidev erTi versia, romlis avtoria mohamed
ben abd al-alah buxareli. m. SiSinaSvilis cnobiT, `avtori TviTon ambobs, rodesac es
wigni farsis enidan, romelic gaugebari iyo, Targmnes arabul enaze, romelic
mdidari ena iyo, eqim barzuis ambavic daurTes. xolo roca mefem mibrZana, es daris
enaze Targmneo, mec Sesavali davurTe~ (SiSinaSvili 2005: 135). mkvlevari `qilila da
damanas~ stambolis Tof-yafu sarais muzeumis xelnaweris damuSavebis safuZvelze
askvnis: `CvenTvis gaurkvevelia abd al-alah boxaris versiis Seqmnis dros arsebobda

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Tu ara nasr al-alahis versia, an Tu arsebobda icnobda Tu ara mas boxari. boxaris
TargmanSi nasr al-alahis zegavlenis kvali ar Cans, maSin rodesac yane’isa da qaSefis
SemTxvevaSi maTi wyaros kvali aSkaraa~ (SiSinaSvili 2005: 135).
nasr al-alahi boxarisagan gansxvavebiT ufro konkretulia da Tavisi versiis
SesavalSi wers: `es wigni ibn al-muyafas Targmanisa da rudaqis poemis Semdeg
ramdenjerme uTargmniaT da yovel maTgans ritorikis moedanze Tavisi
SesaZleblobis mixedviT nabiji gadaudgams. rogorc Cans, maTi mizani ambis gadmocema
da moTxrobis dawera yofila da ara sibrZnisa da winaswarmetyvelebis aRzeveba. me
gadavwyvite es vTargmno, igi aiebiTa da ambebiT gavamyaro~ (nasr al-alah 1345: 26).
nas al-alahis mier `arabulidan ~qilila da damanas~ Targmna imiTac iyo
gamowveuli, rom XII saukuneSi rudaqis mier galeqsili teqti, romelic mecnierTa
mtkicebiT falauri dedaniT sargeblobda, dakarguli iyo. ar Canda arc prozauli
Targmanic. nasr al-alahi nawarmoebis SesavalSi gadmocems mis istorias. Sesavali
Tavis mxriv ganavrco vaez qaSefimac. `qilila da damanas~ Sesavals amdidreben
vaxtang meeqvse da sulxan-saba. qarTuli teqstis Sesavlis monapovaria agreTve
sulxan-saba orbelianis sami avtobiografiuli araki.
`anvare sohaili~ imeorebs nasr al-alahis `qilila da damanas~ yvela igavs,
magram bevrs umatebs rogorc igavebSi, ise karSi. igavebs frazebiTa da detalebiT
avrcobs, xolo karebs axali igavebiT amdidrebs~ (qaSefi 2006: 42). aris iseTi
SemTxvevebi, rodesac sxvadasxva sparsuli versiebis Sedarebisas isini
ugulvebelyofen dedniseul sinamdviles. SeiZleba es avtorTa gaugebrobas
ukavSirdebodes an kidev ras. am mxriv sayuradReboa `qilila da damanas~ qarTuli
Targmani. m. Toduam igavi `mela da tabli~ `panCatantradan~ sulxan-sabaseuli
versiis CaTvliT Seadara erTmaneTs da mTel rig daskvnebamde mivida.
`panCatantra~:
`cxovrobda erT alagas tura, SimSilisagan damWlevebuli iyo. saWmlis
saZebnelad rom daexeteboda, tyeSi erT adgils waawyda, sadac mefes omi gadaexada,
cota xans rom Sedga, xmauri Semoesma. xmaurma Zalian daafTxo. daRonda da Tqva;
vaime, ubedureba mewvia, daviRupe da esaa! ra xmaa es, vinaa, ase rom xmauribso? rom
misdia mTis wveris msgavsi doli dainaxa. gaifiqra, neta, es xma TavisiT modis Tu rame
gamoscemso? doli ki xmaurobda roca Sambis wvers qari masze axlida, Tuarada iyo
Cumad. roca dainaxa, rom doli aravis erCis, miuaxlovda. aqeT-iqiT cema dauwyo da
gulSi Tqva: bolosdabolos saWmeli viSovne. Tqma ar unda es raRacaa, xorciTa da
qoniT iqneba savseo. amgvari fiqriT doli erTgan gaxeTqa da Sig SeZvra. dols uxeSi
tyaviRa qonda gadakruli da kinaRam kbilebi miamtvria zed. ai, imedi rom dakarga da
Sig xisa da xmeli tyavis meti rom veraferi ver naxa, Tqva leqsi: `es saSineli xma rom
momesma, vifiqre, Sig qons vipovi-meTqi, magram Sig SevaRwie Tuara xe da xmeli tyaviRa
damxvda~.
siriuli versia:
`mogviTxroben, rom erTi mSieri mela movida WalaSi, sadac erT xesTan idva
doli ise, rom, rodesac qari uberavda da xis totebs daarxevda, totebi xvdeboda
dols. amis Sedegad doli xmaurobda. melas xmauri Semoesma da xmas dolTan mihyva.
dolis sidide rom ganicada, ifiqra: ra kargia es qoniTa da xorciT iqneba savseo! da
gaxia. magram carieli rom aRmoCnda, Tqva: Cans, sagnebi, romelTac didi moculoba da
maRali xma aqvT araraobani ariano!~
ibn al-muyafa’s versia:
`amboben, rom erTi mSieri mela avida gorakze, sadac idva doli, xis gverdiT
migdebuli. roca qari uberavda, xis totebi qanaobdnen, dols exlebodnen da dolic
metad xmaurobda. melam es xma rom gaigona, misken gaswia, axlos mivida, msxvili ram
iyo. Tqma ar unda, SigniTac Sesaferisi xorci da qoni iqnebao. manam ar moeSva, sanam ar
gafxriwa. magram Sig rom sicariele naxa, Tqva: Cans, araraobasac qonia didi sxeuli da
maRali xmao!”
rudaqis versia:
`mere doli naxa xesTan
yovel wuTs maRal da Zlier xmas gamocemda
mSieri mela mivida im dolTan,
gaocebuli TvalebiT uyurebda mas....~
nasr al-alahis versia:

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 `gadmogvcemen, rom mela tyeSi midioda. iq erTi doli naxa. xis gverdiT egdo.
yovelTvis, roca qari wamouberavda, xis toti dols wvdeboda da Semzarav xmas
gamoscemda. rodesac melam sxeulis sidide dainaxa da damafiqrebeli xma gaigona,
vneba aReZra, xorci da tyavic Sesaferisi eqnebao. manam ukirkita, sanam daxevda.
namdvilad ki tyavis garda veraferi ipova. monaniebis cxens sadave miuSva da Tqva: ar
vicodi, Tu rac ufro uzarmazaria sxeuli da SemaZrwunebeli _ xma, sargebloba miT
ufro mcire eqnebodao~.
`anvar-e sohaili~ (vaez qaSefi):
`gadmogvcemen, rom erTi mela tyeSi midioda da saWmlis saZebrad aqeT-iqiT
exeteboda. erTi xis Ziras miatana, romlis gverdiT erTi doli CamoekidaT.
yovelTvis, roca qari wamouberavda, im xeze toti qanaobda. dols wvdeboda da
Semzarav xmas gamocemda. melam xis Ziras erTi qaTami dainaxa, miwaSi rom iqeqeboda da
saWmel eZebda, Causafrda, undoda igi moenadirebia: ucbad dolis xma moesma. Sexeda
da metad msxvili sxeuli dainaxa, misi Semzaravi xmac gaigona. melas simsunage moeria
da gulSi Tqva: xorci da tyavic xmis Sesaferisi eqnebao. qaTams rom iyo Casafrebuli,
iqidan gamoZvra da xisken gaswia. qaTamma ugrZno da gaiqca. melam asi vai-vaglaxiT xes
miatana. manam ukirkita, sanam is doli ar gafxriwa. garda tyavisa da joxis naWrisa
veraferi ipova. simZimilis cecxli gulSi Cauvarda da sinanulis wyals TvalTagan
wvimeba dauwyo. Tqva: vai, rom meoxebiT am didi sxeulisa, romelic qari_Ra yofila,
is alali nadiri xelidan damiZvra da am umaqnisi nivTiTac veraferi visargebleo!~
sulxan-saba:
`erTi meli erTsa tyesa Sina iareboda. mZorTa povnisaTvis yovlgniT
dacancarebda. mun erTi xe idga da mas xezeda tabli visme Camoekida da darComoda.
esre ekida, rome ra qari movidis, xis Sto SeZris, tabls moxvdis da didi xma
gamovidis. mis xis Zirs qaTami naxa, rome sakenkTa kenkda, mas parva dauwyo ,
monadirebas cdilobda. anazdad tablis xma Semoesma, miixeda, _ erTi didtaniani,
metad msuqnis msgavsi da sazarelxmiani xezed naxa. melma sixarbiT aRara gasinja da
Tqva: misi xorci da tyavi misis xmis odeni iqnebao. qaTami igi gauSva da piri xes
miapyro. qaTamma Seutyo da gaiqca. meli aTasis xrikiT mas xezed gavida. tabli gaxia,
naxa, _ xisa da cota xmeli tyavis meti ara iyo ra. qaTmis moSorvebis cecxli gulTa
moegzna da Tqva: vaime, rom am didtanovanisagan ucodinarad movstyuvdi da Cemi
ucodveli nadiri uvneblad gavuSvi da misi Svenieri saxisagan sargebeli verara
vnaxeo!~
m. Toduas mier SemTxveviT ar iyo es igavi SerCeuli. mas mravali transformacia
ganucdia, magram mniSvnelovania mkvlevaris migneba igavSi dolis arsebobaze.
“sanskritSi motivirebilia dolis gamoCena aq omi yofila da sabrZolo qosi sadRac
mirCeniaT. sxva versiebSi es motivireba aRaraa. oRond sabas ugrZvnia es uxerxuloba
da Caumatebia: darComiaTo (qaSefi 2006:44).
`qilila da damana~ induri warmoSobis didaqtikuri xasiaTis im igav-arakTa
krebulia, romelmac Soreuli da xangrZlivi gzebi ganvlo. misi maxlobel
aRmosavleSi farTo mimoqceva iranel burzoesTanaa dakavSirebuli. marTalia,
qarTul enaze Targmnili teqsti mogviano xanisaa, magram mis mniSvnelobas teqstis
zogadi plastebis aRdgenisaTvis zrdis is, rom teqsti naTargmnia iseTi swavlulis
mier, rogoric iyo sulxan-saba. teqstze dakvirvebisas, ikveTeba, rom mas ara marto
SesaniSnavad scodnia sparsuli ena (savaraudod arabulic), aramed gaaCnda
brwyinvale mxatvruli alRoc.

damowmwbani:

gvaxaria 1973: gvaxaria a. sparsuli xalxuri prozis istoriidan. Tb.: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1970.
gvaxaria 1985: gvaxaria a. `balavarianis~ sparsuli versiebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1985.
gvaxaria 1998: gvaxaria a. `sibrZne sicruisas~ ori arakis aRmosavluri paraleli. Jurnali
aRmosavleTmcodneoba, miZRvnili iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
daarsebis 80 wlisTavisadmi, Tb.: 1998.
ibn al-mukafa 2002: ibn al-mukafa wigni `qililasi da damanasi~. arabulidan Targmna,
ganmartebani da boloTqma daurTo giorgi lobJaniZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `lomisi~, 2002.
iusefi 1376: iusefi R. darui-e jan (sulis mkurnali), `qilila da damanas~ mniSvneloba. krebuli Sexvedra
mwerlebTan, Teirani: gamomcemloba `elmi~, 1376 (sparsul enaze)
kekeliZe 1981: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria II, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,
1981.
kobiZe 1969: kobiZe d. qarTul-sparsuli literaturuli urTierTobani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `Tsu~, 1969.

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nasr al-alah 1377: nasr al-alah a. m. `qilila da damana~ m. minovis redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT. Teirani:
gamomcemloba `amirqabiri~, 1377 (sparsul enaze) .
qaSefi 2006: qaSefi h. `qilila da damana~, sparsulidan Targmnili mefe vaxtang meeqvsisa da sulxan-saba
orbelianis mier. teqsti orginals Seudara da mas gamokvleva, komentarebi da leqsikoni
daurTo magali Toduam. Tb.: gamomcemloba `universali~, 2006.
SiSinaSvili 2005: SiSinaSvili m. `qilila da damanas~ mohamad ben abd al-alah boxariseulis versia.
qarTul-iranuli urTierTobani, II saerTaSoriso konferenciis Sromebis krebuli, quTaisi:
quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2005.
wereTeli 1967: wereTeli g. (redaqtori) `aTas erTi Rame~. arabulidan Targmna da ganmartebebi daurTo
nana furcelaZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1967.
mari... 1976: Марр Ю. Н., Чайкин К. И., Письма о персидской литературе. Тб.: издательство «Мецниереба», 1976.
paikova 1975: Пайкова А. В. О Происхождении древнесирийской версии сборника «Калила и Димна», Палестинский
сборник, в. 17 (80)б Л.: 1975.
kalila 1957: «Калила и Димна» перевод с арабского И.Ю. Крачковского и И. П. Кузмина, М.: издательство
«Наука»,1957.

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