soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis

Sromebi

XVI

humanitarul da socialur-politikur
mecnierebaTa seria

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi _ 2017

1
uak 06.055.2
s 75

`soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis~ XVI tomSi (hu­

ma­­ni­­ta­rul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria) warmodgenilia
sa­­mec­­ni­ero gamokvlevebi enaTmecnierebis, literaturaTmcodneobis, is­
toriis, arqeologiis, politologiis, sociologiis, samarTalmcodneo­
bis, pe­­­dagogikisa da fsiqologiis aqtualur problemebze.
krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc Sesabamisi dargebis specialistebi­
saTvis da studentebisaTvis, ise _ farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

`soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis~

mTavari saredaqcio sabWo:
politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori zurab xoneliZe (Tavmjdomare); fi­ zi­
ka-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori malxaz aSordia; is­­
to­riis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori lia axalaZe; samarTlis doq­­
to­ri, profesori vefxvia gva­ramia; biologiis doqtori, asocirebuli
pro­fesori marina zarqua; filologiis doqtori, profesori merab naW­
ye­bia; istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro­fesori zurab papasqiri (Tavm­
j­domaris moadgile); filosofiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
elguja qav­Ta­ra­Ze; ekonomikis doqtori, profesori daviT jalaRonia.

humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriis

saredaqcio kolegia:
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profeso­ ri zu­rab papasqiri (mTava­ri
redaqtori); politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori guram abesa­
Ze; filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori diana alania; isto­
riis mec­nierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori giorgi anTelava;
is­toriis mec­nierebaTa doqtori, profesori jo­ni afaqiZe; fi­lo­logiis
doq­tori, pro­fesori ema kilanava; samarTlis doq­tori, profesori mi­­xe­­il
mamniaSvili; filologiis mecnierebaTa doq­tori, profesori mariam mire-
saSvili; filologiis mecnierebaTa doq­tori, asocirebuli pro­fe­sori
tite mo­­sia; filologiis doqtori, profesori merab naW­yebia; fi­­lologiis
mec­­nierebaTa doqtori, profesori ol­Ra petriaS­vi­li; fi­lo­lo­giis mec­
ni­
erebaTa doqtori, profesori lua­ra sordia; filoso­fi­is doq­tori,
profesori kaxa qecbaia; filologiis mec­nierebaTa doq­­tori, pro­fe­so­ri
leda qobalia; istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro­ fesori vax­tang ja-
fariZe; pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro­fe­sori jemal jin­­­­jixaZe.

saredaqcio kolegiis pasuxismgebeli mdivani _ istoriis doqtori,

asistent-profesori kaxa kvaSilava

© soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2017

ISSN 1987-6998
2
 SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY

PROCEEDINGS

OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY

XVI

Humanities, Social and Political Sciences Series

Sokhumi State University Press

Tbilisi _ 2017

3
UDC 06.055.2
S 75

The XVI volume of “PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY” (Human-

ities, Social and Political Sciences Series) represents the researches on the topical issues
in linguistics, literary studies, history, archaeology, political sciences, social sciences, law,
pedagogics and psychology.
The edition is intended for the specialists, students, and general readers.

CHIEF EDITORIAL COUNCIL

OF “PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY”:
Doctor of Political Sciences Zurab Khonelidze (Head of the Council); PHD in History, As­
sociate Professor Lia Akhaladze; Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor
Malkhaz Ashordia; PhD in Law, Professor Vepkhvia Gvaramia; PhD in Philosophy, As­
sociate Professor Elguja Kavtaradze; PHD in Economics, Professor David Jalago­nia; PhD
in Philology, Professor Merab Natchkebia; Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Zu­rab
Papaskiri (Deputy head of Council); PhD in Biologics, Associate Professor Marina Zar­kua.

EDITORIAL BOARD
OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES SERIES:
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Zurab Papaskiri (Editor-in-Chief); Doctor of Poli­
ti­cal Sciences, Professor Guram Abesadze; Doctor of Philological Sciences, Profes­sor Di-
ana Alania; Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Giorgi Antelava; Doc­tor
of Historical Sciences, Professor Joni Apakidze; Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor
Vak­htang Japaridze; Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Jemal Jinjikhadze; PhD
in Philosophy, Professor Kakha Ketsbaia; PhD in Philology, Professor Emma Kilanava;
Do­ctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Leda Kobalia; Doctor of Philological Sciences,
Professor Mariam Miresashvili; Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor Ti­te
Mosia; PhD in Philology, Professor Merab Natchkebia; Doctor of Philological Sciences,
Professor Olga Petriashvili; Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Luara Sordia.

Executive Secretary of the Editorial Board _ PhD in History, Assistant Professor

Kakha Kvashilava

© Sokhumi State University, 2017

ISSN 1987-6998
4
 sarCevi
CONTENT

enaTmecniereba
LINGUISTICS
Tamila zviadaZe. otia ioselianis enis SeswavlisaTvis ........................... 11
Tamila Zviadadze. In Order to Study Otia Ioseliani’s Language .............................. 21
marine kakaCia, qeTevan margiani, marina jRarkava. koncepti `wamali~
qarTvelur enebSi ..................................................................................... 23
Marine Kakachia, Ketevan Margiani, Marine Jgharkava. The Concept “Tsamali”
in the Kartvelian Languages ............................................................................. 33
qeTevan margiani. kiTxviTi nawilakebi Zvel qarTulsa da svanurSi
(balszemouri dialeqtis monacemebis mixedviT) ................................. 34
Ketevan Margiani. Interrogative Particles in Old Georgian and Svan Languages
(by Dates of Balszemouri Dialect) ..................................................................... 39
nino maSia. niadagebisa da sayane adgilebis aRmniSvneli leqsika
megrul-lazurSi ...................................................................................... 41
Nino Mashia. The Names of Ground and Cornfields in Mengrelian-Laz .................. 48
nino maSia, lela giglemiani. marcvleuli kulturebis aRmniSvnel
leqsemaTa zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis megrul-lazurSi .......................... 49
Nino Mashia, Lela Giglemiani. For Some Questions About Lexemes Denoting
the Cereal Crops in Mengrelian and Laz Languages .............................................. 55
lali ratiani. ukumimarTebaTa marealizebel derivaciul elementTa
analizi leqsikur-gramatikul klasebis mixedviT ............................... 56
Lali Ratiani. Realiazable Derivative Elements of Reverse Relations Analysis in
Lexical and Grammatical Classes ....................................................................... 68
irina yruaSvili. sityvawarmoebisa da sintaqsis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxisaTvis germanul enaSi ................................................................. 70
Irina Kruashvili. On Interaction of Word Formation and Syntax of
German Language .......................................................................................... 79
manana Selia. britaneTisa da saqarTvelos oikonimebi
ferTa komponentebiT .............................................................................. 80
Manana Shelia. Namesake Toponyms of Britain and Georgia ............................... 89
julieta ZaZua. Semasmenlisa da qvemdebaris adgilisaTvis
ilia WavWavaZesTan ................................................................................... 91
Julieta Dzadzua. For Problem of Place of Predicate and Subject
in the Works of Ilia Tchavtchavadze ................................................................... 95
Мака Качарава. Лексические единицы в сфере бизнеса в современном
русском и английском языках ........................................................................ 96
maka kaWarava. leqsikuri erTeulebi Tanamedrove rusul da

5
 inglisuri enebis biznes sferoSi (rusul enaze) ................................ 104
Maka Katcharava. Lexical Units in the Field of Business in Contemporary
Russian and English Languages (in Russian) ...................................................... 105

literaturaTmcodneoba
LITERARY STUDIES

nana araxamia. moZaladis da msxverplis definiciisaTvis

mxatvrul narativSi ............................................................................... 106
Nana Arakhamia. For the Definition of Oppressor and Victim
in Artistic Narrative ...................................................................................... 113
lela giglemiani, lela mircxulava. `masobrivi literatura~ da
masmedia ..................................................................................................... 114
Lela Giglemiani, Lela Mirtskhulava. “Mass Literature” and Mass Media ............... 122
miranda Todua, nona qecbaia. ifqli da masTan dakavSirebul saxelTa
koncepti sasuliero poeziaSi ............................................................... 123
Miranda Todua, Nona Ketsbaia. “Ipkli” and Concept of the Names Connected
with It in Theological Poetry ........................................................................... 128
ciala mesxia. geno kalandias maqsimebi ..................................................... 129
Tsiala Meskhia. Geno Kalandia’s Maximas ....................................................... 140
lela mircxulava. masmediis roli da mniSvneloba `teqstis~
gavrcelebasa da mkiTxvelisTvis `sworad~ miwodebaSi ....................... 141
Lela Mirtskhulava. Independence of Media in Spreading of Text And “Correctly”
Delivery Form for Readers .............................................................................. 150
tite mosia. `indo-xataelTa ambavis~ garSemo ......................................... 151
Tite Mosia. Around of “The History of Hindo-Khataian” ..................................... 161
luara sordia. umberto ekos `vardis saxelis~ zogierTi enigmis
Sesaxeb ...................................................................................................... 162
Luara Sordia. About Some Enigmas in “The Name of the Rose” by Umberto Eco .... 170
marine turava, nana kucia. leqsebi _ Citebis gundi
(viqtor gabeskirias `leqsebis albomi~) .............................................. 171
Marine Turava, Nana Kutsia. Poems – the Team of Birds
(“Poems Album” by Victor Gabeskiria) ............................................................. 177
Лилиана Джанашия, Джони Маргания. Интертекстуальные подтексты и
антиутопия в поэме Венедикта Ерофеева «Москва-Петушки» ........................ 178
liliana janaSia, joni marRania. interteqstualuri qveteqstebi
da antiutopia venediqt erofeevis poemaSi `moskovi-petuSki~
(rusul enaze) ......................................................................................... 187
Liliana Janashia, Joni Margania. Intertextual subtext and dystopia in Poem
“Moscow-Petushki” by Venedikt Yerofeyev (in Russian) ...................................... 188
6
 istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia
HISTORY, ARCHAELOGY, ETHNOLOGY

jambul anCabaZe. kidev erTxel nestor lakobas politikuri

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ................................................................................ 189
Jambul Anchabadze. Once more about Political �ctivity of Nestor Lakoba ............ 197
merab kalandaZe. dimitri uznaZis da ivane gvelesianis
`axali istoriis~ saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Taobaze ........................ 198
Merab Kalandadze. On the Textbook of “New History”
by Dimitri Uznadze and Ivane Gvelesiani .......................................................... 211
avTandil kilasonia. degradirebuli batonymoba _ adamianebiT
vaWrobis wyaro gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ........................ 212
Avtandil Kilasonia. Degraded Serfdom – Source of Human Trafficking in
Late Middle Ages of Georgia ........................................................................... 223
avTandil kilasonia, beJan xorava. glexTa gadasaxleba samegrelodan
afxazeTSi XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi (ramdenime axali
sabuTis mixedviT) .................................................................................. 224
Avtandil Kilasonia, Bezhan Khorava. Immigration of Peasants from Mingrelia
to Abkhazia in the 70-ies of 19th Century (According to Some
Recent Documents) ....................................................................................... 237
bondo kupataZe. monastris `mcveli cixeebi~ tao-klarjeTSi ............... 238
Bondo Kupatadze. “Guarding Fortresses” of Monasteries in Tao-Klarjeti ............. 257
koba okujava. SafsuRuri jvari ................................................................ 258
Koba Okujava. The Shapsugh Cross ................................................................. 265
Zurab Papaskiri. The Ethno-Demographic Picture of the Present-Day Abkhazia
from the Ancient Times till Our Days. The General Survey ................................... 266
zurab papasqiri. Tanamedrove afxazeTis eTno-demografiuli
iersaxe uZvelesi droidan dRemde. zogadi mimoxilva ....................... 276
kaxaber fifia. brZola aleqsandres memkvidreobisaTvis Zv.w. 323-321ww.
kraterosi ............................................................................................... 277
Kakhaber Pipia. The Struggle for the Heritage of Alexander in 323-321 BC.
Krateros ...................................................................................................... 299
roin yavreliSvili. ramdenime Turquli dokumenti trapizonis
sazavo molaparakebebis Sesaxeb ............................................................. 300
Roin Kavrelishvili. Several Turkish Documents About Trebizond Peace
Negotiations ................................................................................................ 313
vaxtang Samugia. `kozakis memorandumi~ _ xelidan gaSvebuli Sansi
Tu ruseTis morigi maxe ......................................................................... 314
Vakhtang Shamugia. “Kozak Memorandum” – the Lost Chance or
Another Russian Trap .................................................................................... 321
levan WabaSvili. Tixis WurWlis erTi saxeobis warmomavlobis

7
 sakiTxisaTvis .......................................................................................... 322
Levan Tchabashvili. Regarding the Origin of One Type of Pottery ......................... 331
ramaz Wanturia. carizmis rusifikatoruli politika afxazeTSi
XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ..................................................................... 332
Ramaz Tchanturia. Russification Policy of Tsarizm in Abkhazia
in 60th-ies of 19th Century ............................................................................... 337
revaz xvistani, leri jiblaZe. protokolxuri da dolmenuri
kulturebis Sexvedrebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze
(zogadi mimoxilva) ................................................................................. 338
Revaz Khvistani, Leri Jibladze. Interaction of Proto-Colchis and Dolmenian Culture
on the Modern Abkhazian Territory (General Review) ........................................ 348
leri jiblaZe. boris kuftini _ kolxeTis dablobis
brinjao-adrerkinis xanis qronologia-periodizaciis
gamorCeuli mkvlevari ........................................................................... 349
Leri Jibladze. Boris Kuftin – the Distinguished Researcher of
Chronology-Periodization of Bronze-Early Iron Age of Colchis Lowland ................. 361
jemal gamaxaria, lia axalaZe, boris kvaracxelia, beJan xorava,
dazmir jojua, kaxa kvaSilava. zurab papasqiris `WeSmaritebis
metyueleba~. gamoxmaureba wignze „saqarTvelo. istoriuli
warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~. recenzia ............................................... 362
Jemal Gamakharia, Lia Akhaladze, Boris Kvaratskhelia, Bezhan Khorava,
Dazmir Jojua, Kakha Kvashilava. “Talking the Truth” of Zurab Papaskiri. Reaction
on Book “Georgia. Historical Past and Present”. Review (in Georgian) .................. 373
beJan xorava. mniSvnelovani gamokvleva saqarTvelos
istoriul geografiaSi. recenzia ........................................................ 374
Bezhan Khorava. An Important Research in Historical Geography of Georgia.
Review (in Georgian) ..................................................................................... 382
goCa jafariZe. soso margiSvili. miTebi da realoba daviT
aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb. omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg.
recenzia .................................................................................................. 383
Gotcha Djaparidze. Soso Margishvili. Miths and Realities about Reign of David
The Builder. The War Against Seljuks World. Review (in Georgian) ....................... 416

politikuri mecnierebebi, sociologia, fsiqologia

POLITICAL SCIENCES, SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY

gvanca abdalaZe. 2030 _ saerTaSoriso wesrigis cvalebadobis

tendenciebi ............................................................................................. 417
Gvantsa Abdaladze. 2030 – Changing Global Order ........................................... 428
guram abesaZe. politikis Teoria da misi funqciuri prioritetebi

8
 politikuri tranziciis procesSi ........................................................ 430
Guram Abesadze. Policy Theory and Its Functional Priorities in the Process of
Political Transition ........................................................................................ 437
omar ardaSelia. politikis Teoria da misi funqciuri prioritetebi
politikuri tranziciis procesSi ........................................................ 438
Omar Ardashelia. Regional Cooperation Platform for Georgia – GUAM ................ 446
nodar darsania. politikisa da istoriis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis .... 447
Nodar Darsania. Relationship between History and Politics ................................ 452
Sorena kortava. feminuri da maskulinuri kulturebi ......................... 453
Shorena Kortava. Feminine and Masculine Cultures .......................................... 462
lia svaniZe. fsiqologiis swavlebisa da kvlevis xedva ......................... 463
Lia Svanidze. Approach to Study and Research of Psychology .............................. 469
dazmir jojua. ruseTis saokupacio reJimi saqarTveloSi
(afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi). misi struqturebi da meqanizmebi ....... 470
Dazmir Jojua. Russian Occupation Regim
(in Abkhazia and Shida Kartli). Its �tructures and �echanisms ............................. 501

samarTali
LAW STUDIES

lali gabisonia. SoTa rusTavelis politikuri da iuridiuli

msoflmxedveloba ................................................................................... 502
Lali Gabisonia. Political and Legal Weltanschauung of Shota Rustaveli .................. 506
badri kvaracxelia. fici, rogorc sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba,
samegrelos (odiSis) samTavroSi ................................................................ 507
Badri Kvaratskhelia. The Oath as Evidence in Court in
Samegrelo (Odisghi) Principality .......................................................................... 511
badri kvaracxelia, laSa gelantia. sasamarTlo organizacia da
procesi samegrelos samTavroSi ............................................................... 512
Badri Kvaratskhelia, Lasha Gelantia. Court Organization and Proceedings in
Samegrelo Principality ....................................................................................... 520

pedagogika
PEDAGOGICS

lela rexviaSvili. artpedagogika _ arsi, mizani, amocanebi,

funqciebi da konceptualuri ideebi ................................................... 521
Lela Rekhviashvili. Art Pedagogy – Essence, Purpose, Tasks,
Functions and Conceptual Ideas ..................................................................... 527

9
rusudan fifia. samodelo gakveTilis Catareba gamWoli da
inovaciuri kompetenciebis gamoyenebiT ............................................. 528
Rusudan Pipia. Conduct a Model Lesson Using Innovative and Transparent
Competences .............................................................................................. 533
brolisa wulaia. Sefasebis sistema bunebismetyvelebis
gakveTilebze dawyebiT klasebSi ........................................................... 535
Brolisa Tsulaia. Evaluation System at the Science Lessons of
ELementary Classes ...................................................................................... 541

10
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

Tamila zviadaZe1

otia ioselianis enis SeswavlisaTvis

mwerlis enis Seswvla, uwinares yovlisa, gulisxmobs leqsika

_ frazeologiis kvlevas, romelic imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom
masSi xSirad Semonaxulia CvenTvis naklebad cnobili informacia.
mwerlebi qmnian axal sityvebs, acocxleben Zvels, axal mniSvn­
elobas sZenen zogierT maTgans da qmnian saleqsikono masalas.
rogorc ilia brZanebda: `Cveni ena ara enas ar Camouvardeba qvey­
anazed. niWieri mweralic imisTvis aris sasargeblo enisaTvis, rom
Tavis TxzulebebSi enis simdidre gamoaCinos~ (WavWavaZe, 1991: 47).
otia ioseliani swored is mweralia, romlis Semoqmedebac sa­
Sulebas iZleva enaSi Senaxuli leqsika _ frazeologiis warmosa­
Ce­nad. igi SesaniSnavad icnobs qarTuli enis wiaRs da ostatu­
rad iyenebs mis amouwurav SesaZleblobas, mimarTavs iseT enobriv
sa­Sualebebs, romlebic aucilebelia ideis xorcSesxmisaTvis da
eno­briv resurss mxatvruli efeqtis saWiroebis adekvaturad ga­
moiyenebs. mwerlis originaluri sityva-Tqmebis wyaro xSirad di­
aleqturi leqsikaa, zogjer qarTveluri enobrivi masalac.
otia ioselianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Txrobis stilis mi­
axloeba da Sefardeba saTxrob masalasTan. es gansakuTrebiT sa­g­
r­Znobia avtobiografiul novelebSi. mwerali xSirad esesxeba an­
dazebs, igavebs, frazeologizmebs, romelTac SeuZliaT zogjer
uf­ro Zlieri esTetikuri veli Seqmnan. maTi saSualebiT teqsti
iZens damatebiT niuansebs _ eniWeba semantikuri Tu stilisturi
ie­ri, Zlierdeba eqspresia, emociuroba, saTqmels eZleva ironiis,
dacinvis, xumrobis elferi:
`daTbeba, gazafxuli sisxls agiCqrolebs da nakverCxalze
da­gajens~ (ioseoliani, 1989: 115); `qveyanam SenTvis rom moica­los,
cxovrebam xelisgulze rom dagisvas, ... rad ginda, mTavari ar ga­
gaC­nia~ (ioseliani, 1989: 143); `wawymendili amindi idga, ca fe­xad
1
Tamila zviadaZe _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­mis saxelmwifo unversiteti.
11
Ca­modioda~ (ioseliani,1989: 229); `e, kaco, gvacale, Cveni gaWirveba
gveyofao _ SeveRmerTeT. _ a, pa, pa, pa, _ qva aagdo da Tavi SeuSvi­
ra... dagvasxa damwvarze mdurare~ (ioseliani, 1989: 14); `eqvs TveSi
dasves qonian niCabze, ar iyo Rirsi?~ (ioseliani, 1991: 252); `Tavis
da­Zvrenas apirebs pirveli... iSvira fexi da quCis im mxares miaSu­
ra, saidanac am qalaqSi Semovedi...momyeviT, ...ra we­li gwydebaT...
meore usaSvelos uCens... cota suli Cavibrune~ (io­seliani, kids.ge);
`ariqa, ubedureba ar moxdeso... da muxlebSi qa­ri Caiyena~ (iose­
liani, gigol.net); `TavSesafrebi gvaTxrevina, da­gva­sxa damwvarze
mduRare~ (ioseliani, 1989: 14); `eh! _ daviZaxe na­sesxebi xmiT~ (iose­
liani, 1989: 449); `ram Tova da ram wvima amdeni Jur­ nalisti?... Tu
manamde Tvali da yuri hqondaT damdgari, amis me­re Tund erTi dRe
ram daaRamebinaT?... sazRvargareTic uSurvelad gvarigebs, rom
xe­li mogviTaon...enis JReradobas, gemos, fers an surnelebas sxva
qarma ar dahberos, sxva enis sevdam ar dahkras, sxva enas fexebSi
ar ga­moedos, da ar waiforxilos...~ (ioseliani, 2002); `stumarma...
cec­xls guli gamouSala~ (ioseliani,1965: 28).
aramxolod personaJTa, aramed Tavad avtoris metyvelebis­
Tvis niSandoblivi es formebi damoukidebeli da gaqvavebuli
idi­omebi ki ar arian, aramed mihyvebian sasaubro enis bunebriv
mdi­narebas. mwerali gvTavazobs cnobili frazebis struqturul
mo­delebs niuansobrivi cvlilebebiT:
`mgels mgloba dauvarda da turam qveyana daaqciao, ambob­
da ma­ namde xalxi, axla piriqiT moxda _ mglis daqceuli qveya­
na turas da­bralda. moeWra mgels saqveynod Tavi~ (ioseliani,1989:
174); `ojaxi da umwyemsuri fara erTia. me macaleT, Svilebo, me
mismineT, me, romelsac aTjer gadambrunebia uremi da gza mere
mipovia, aTjer mqcevia mxari... wisqvilis qva raRme mobrunda Cems
Tavze...~ (io­seliani,1965: 43); `sawyali welze fexs idgamda, Tavisi
xeliT da ofliT aweba qva qvaze da ficari ficarze~ (ioseliani,
1991: 225); `re­volucia mwife msxali ki araa, mofamfaldes da Camo­
vardes~ (ioseliani, 1991: 444); `ra vici, am cxvris tyavSi ra mamali
mgeli imaleba, arsad fexis momcvleli ara var~ (ioseliani, 1991:
460); `Sen rom waxvedi, Cems barobaze, qva rom qva aris, isic ar dar­
Ca~ (io­seliani, 2007: 96); `Cemi saqme me vici da arc aravis gavrev,
petres Tu ar uSavdeba, Tavisi hqnas pavlem~ (ioseliani, 2007: 111);
`xars, oqroTi rom miuwebo, kameCi mainc daamtvrevs rqebs~ (iose­
liani, 2007: 57); `da rogor ggoniaT, mwife msxali vis uvardeba pir­
Si?~ (ioseliani, 1989: 245); `xom gamogisvi pirSi Cala Sen da im gom­
bios?!~ (ioseliani, 1991: 303).
enis frazeologiur sistemaSi Sesityvebebs Soris myardeba
12
sxva­dasxva saxis paradigmatuli mimarTeba. gvaqvs iseTi frazebi,
si­nonimuri gamoTqmebi, romelTac mniSvneloba erTi aqvT, struq­
tura SeiZleba araerTgvarovani iyos. dialeqtebSi formobrivi
Tu Sinaarsobrivi niuansebiT gansxvavebuli variantebi gvxvdeba.
sa­literaturo qarTulSi gavrcelebuli frazeologizmi SeiZle­
ba warmodgenili iyos Seclili sayrdeni sityviT. magaliTad, erTi
mtkavelis, erTi fexis dadgmis mniSvnelobiT otia ioselianTan
gvaqvs `erTi TavSlis gaSla~: `iq, erTgan, Sua bardebSi patara, erTi
TavSlis gaSla adgilia, ubalaxo~ (ioseliani, 1965: 99).
msgavsi funqciuri daniSnuleba aqvT gamoTqmebs: erTi xelis­
dadeba, erTi Zafi, ori anbani, erTi kakali, erTi fiori, ori yuri,
erTi Reri...
`xnulSi ori yuri foToli gamoCnda~ (ioseliani, 1989: 22); `gva­
qvs Cveulebrivi CiTgadakruli, xelisdadeba, bebiis daliandagebu­
li sabani~ (ioseliani, 1989: 108); `sawolebs siganze sul xuTi Reri
TiTis sifarTe rkinis Tamasa aqvs damagrebuli~ (oseliani, 1989:
109); `puris naWerze Saurianis tola, oRond oTkuTxedi, karaqi~
(oseliani, 1989: 110); `sacaa omic gaTavdeba, iqneba ori anbanic vis­
wavlo~ (oseliani, 1989: 232); `xelisgulistola sofelia~ (iose­
liani, 1989: 276); `erTi xelisgulistola naxevi qaRaldi aqvs da
natvrisTvaliviT mTel qveynierebas xedavs~ (ioseliani, 1991: 458);
`erTi fiori Wkua ar gqonia, arsad gaamxilo~ (ioseliani, 1991: 321);
`erTi Zafi kbili ara aqvs, raRa dros magisi kbilebia~ (ioseliani,
1991: 545); `raRac ori kakali qaTami gvyavs~ (ioseliani, 1989: 204);
`karpesTan mainc gadavfoxialde da iman mainc uTxras ori Reri
sityva~ (ioseliani, 1991: 553); `sisuleles ar vlaparakobT, Cvenc
viciT ori anbani~ (ioseliani, 1991: 355); `im erTmtkavela venaxs maS­
inve CamomarTmevdnen~ (ioseliani, 1991: 315); `Sens garSi marto Sen
icodi ori anabani~ (ioseliani, 1991: 302).
imeruli dialeqtisaTvis (ise, rogorc momijnave kiloTa­
Tvis), damaxasiaTebelia saxelTa kombinaciuri wyvili (msazR­v­
rel-sazRvruli), romlebic SeiZleba idiomebadac ki moviazroT,
ro­gorc xatovani metyvelebis erT-erTi saxeoba, radganac warmo­
ad­genen Tavisufali Sesityvebis mTliani metaforuli gadaazre­
bis Sedegs, mag.: wanwala qvena, mamali qali, luskumi wyvdiadi,
Ra­Rana yana, Solio Tma, SiSxaTi wvima, barCxala mze, xirxati miwa,
kuda qamari, buTqa totebi... maTi saSualebiT bunebrivi elferi
eZleva Txrobas, iqmneba ara mxolod eTnokoloriti, aramed aS­
ka­
ravdeba siuJetTan dakavSirebuli mwerlis azrebi, principe­
bi Tu gancdebi. leqsikur erTeulTa eqspresiulobis gamovlena
sti­listikisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. msazRvrel saxelTa
13
eqs­presiuloba imiTaa Sepirobebuli, Tu romel an rogor sazR­
vruls uxamebs mwerali SerCeul sityvas:
`wanwala qvena isev da isev fexmardad moerekeba Sav Rrublebs~
(io­seliani, 1989: 53); `marTalia, barCxala mzea da haeri sufTaa da
kam­kama~ (ioseliani, 1989: 78); `vdgavar am zimzima qamenies tevrSi da
mivCerebivar~ (ioseliani, 1989: 90); `luskumi wyvdidi moqSuis da
qveyanas eufleba~ (ioseliani, 1989: 53); `miqris matarebeli... mis­
devs bogiri, RaRana yanebi~ (ioseliani, 1989: 56); `dedas Savi, sqe­li
Solio Tma hqonda~ (ioseliani, 1989: 33); `zamTaria, gareT SiS­xaTi
wvimaa~ (ioseliani, 1989: 31); `wvimis wyals xirxati miwa maSin­ve ata­
rebs da qveviT xvrelebi da napralebi nTqavs~ (ioseliani, 1989: 35);
`pa­tivmoyvare qali iyo. am yru sofelSi rom gamoaTxoves, Tavs Se­
urac­xyofilad grZnobda, ...mSromeli, yoCaRi da mamali qali iyo~
(io­seliani, 1989: 35); `Tavze qaTqaTa RrubeliviT damdgar akaci­
is buTqa totebs mivaCerdi da Rrmad CavisunTqe~ (ioseliani, 1965:
122); `axla daCiqvul tyeSi mivdiodiT, oRro-CoRro naurmalze~
(io­seliani, 1989: 163); `Wuta Tvali aqvs Tu am kvamlma dauviwrova~
(io­seliani, 1989: 156).
otia ioselianis stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ferTa aRmni­
S­vneli specifikuri formebis xmareba. dasavlur dialeqtebSi (gu­
ruli, imeruli, aWaruli...) feris aRmniSvneli zogi iseTi leqsema
gvaqvs, romelic mxolod garkveul sagnebTan miarTebiT gamoiye­
ne­ba, mag.: kabela aRniSnavs Wrels, oRond mxolod saqonlis, pi­
rutyvis ferad aRiqmeba; quruxi sawvimari, Rrubliani amindia,
ga­dataniTi mniSvnelobiT kuSti, pirquSi adamianis dasaxasiaTeb­
ladac ixmareba. Tumca misi mniSvneloba fersac ukavSirdeba, aR­
niSnavs ruxs (Sdr.: svan.); kunapeti _ Savze Savia, bneli, galanjuli
_kvamlisgan gaSavebuli; bndu _ muqi lurjia, dabinduli.
`amas garda, am dalocvilT sityvac ar esmiT: Si-Si, kabe­
la, Si-Si, wiqara!~ (ioseliani, 1989: 93); `ukve gvian iyo, kunapeti
wvi­­miani Ramec~ (ioseliani, 1989: 129); `firficari SeRebili xom
araa da araa, kvamliT galanjuli mainc iyos~ (ioseliani, 1989:
198); `mainc rogor hgavdnen qristes mociqulebs... sikeTis mfara­
vi bndu naTeliT Tvalebdanislulni...~ (ioseliani, 1989: 131).
ferTa aRmniSvneli saxelebidan warmoqmnilia nasaxelari
zmnebic, romelTac mkveTri dialeqturi elferi aqvT: afora­
jeba _ gawiTleba: `xelisgulebi jer amiforajda, mere amefuTqa~
(io­­seliani, 1989: 101); `saxe aforajebia, talebad ayria siwiTle~
(ioseliani, 1989: 106).
otia ioselianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxelzmnaTa diale­
q­turi formebis gamoyeneba. es formebi imerulSi yuradRebas iq­
14
cevs rogorc amosavali fuZis TvalsazrisiT, aseve formis war­
moebis mxrivac. xSiria sawyisTa uzmniswino variantebi:
`gulSavs TeTri kbilebis Cena aswavle~ (ioseliani, 1991: 285);
`sad gagaxsenda axla magis poba?~ (ioseliani, 1965: 303); `xelis so­
ba, kacma rom mkiTxos, arc ise Zneli saqmea~ (ioseliani, 1991: 445);
`yu­ris gdeba ki unda moxucs~ (ioseliani, 1991: 557).
mimReobaTa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT sxvaobas aCvenebs Zveli
da axali qarTuli. ZvelSi mimReobas Temis niSnebi gadahyveba, axa­
l­Si prefiqsiani mimReobebi ZiriTadad Temis niSnis gareSe arian
war­modgenili. es morfologiuri sistemis zegavleniT xdeba da
dakavSirebulia xmovanmonacvle da erTTemian zmnur fuZeebTan,
romlebic awmyoSi Temis niSans ar dairTaven da, amdenad, igi arc
mi­mReobisTvisaa saWiro.
-av TemisniSnian zmnaTagan nawarmoeb mimReobur formebSi
otia ioselianTan yovelTvis daculia Temis niSani, -eb Temis niS­
nebTan orive saxis warmoeba iCens Tavs:
`Calis sakonavad viyavi gasuli~ (ioseliani, 1965: 446); `sa­
koWavma gaiWriala da karebi RriWod moiRo (ioseliani, 1965: 463).
`simindis sazidavad movawyve~ (ioseliani, 1965: 346). `zeviT roa,
cxra imdenia miwaSi, mag miwaSi dasamarxavi~ (ioseliani, 1991: 347);
`zam­Tari: tye da wisqvili, Robe da zardani... saTolavi saxli da
napobi SeSa~ (ioseliani, 1965: 182); `ganagrZobda laparaks mogdul
kars miRma~ (ioseliani, 1965: 406); `amboxia Seni gza-savali, Seuri­
gali da qeduxreli~ (ioseliani, 1965: 164); `xeebze Sebudruli qaT­
ami gaigonebs, ra qeni, lukaia, es?!~ (ioseliani, 1965: 100); `kriaxobs
qiluqTan miyuJebuli kruxi~ (ioseliani, 1965: 365); `karpe am ojax­
is wevriviTaa, ra mosaridalia?~ (io­seliani, 1991: 556).
na- prefiqsiani formebi paralelur formebs gviCveneben,
met­wilad uTemisniSno warmoebaa: `saorSime mware kvaxic namaragi
hqonda da bare ori Zveli nadis qudi~ (`epitafia~); `napiradi miwa
iyo da am gvalvaSi Cayares Tesli~ (ioseliani, 1989: 102);
`tyemlis ZirSi abreSumis Wiis sakvebi naCxoti wknelebia~
(io­seliani, 1991: 93) _ Cxotavs _ xes foTlebs aclis;
`Semovawyve irgliv bJolis namurki mokle totebi~ (iose­
liani, 1991: 610) _ murkavs _ xis Zvel totebs Zirze aWris, belavs.
gad­­monabeli _ Zirze daWrili;
`dedinacvalma maSinve aiTvaliswuna, raki Tavis naCekSi am
ferisa ar eria~ (ioseliani, 1989: 57);
xSiria -ar afiqsiT nawarmoebi formebic:
`xidan moyivari mamali Camouyvanes~ (ioseliani, 1965: 459);
`mokivars kidev miemata~ (ioseliani, 1965: 478); `rad ginda gau­To­
15
xari simindi?~ (ioseliani, 1965: 377) da sxv.
imerulSi mimReobis mosalodneli sufiqsis nacvlad sxva ma­
wa­rmoebelia gamoyenebuli. gansakuTrebiT xSiria -il/-ul mona­c­
v­leoba. rogorc samecniero literaturidanaa cnobili, -ul su­
fiqsi iTvleba -il formantis labializebul variantad (SaniZe,
1973: 574); kerZod, -ul sufiqsis u miRebuli unda iyos vi komple­
qsisagan, romelsac qmnis TemisniSniseuli -v da -il sufiqsiseuli
i: dafqva _ dafq-v-il-i _dafquli (arabuli, 1979: 197);
`mere dafquli rom moitane da daria TvaliT ar dagnaxve­
bia, ar Segrcxva?~ (ioseliani, 1965: 89); `nikifore ar ginaxavs? _
mivaZaxe TmaaburZgnil mtvirTav biWs~ (ioseliani, 1989: 124); `na­
SuaRamevs Tvalwadobili amberki fexis xmam gamoaRviZa~ (iose­
liani, 1965: 296); `am gamoRaluli kacis moxmareba rad ginda, oTxi
kaci Tavze gadgia?!~ (ioseliani, 1991: 341);
mxatvruli saxeebis gamoxatvaSi udidesi mniSvnelobisaa
-viT Tandebuliani saxelebis roli, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
sag­nis an movlenis romelime Tvisebis xazgasma. iqmneba konvenciu­
ri Sedarebebi, mtkicebis formiT vlindeba azri, rom erTi obieq­
ti meores hgavs. orginaluri Sedarebebi kidev ufro aZlierebs
eqs­presias da xels uwyobs mxedvelobiT aRqmas:
`grZeli, Savi nawnavebi dauxvevia xelze da gaZalianebuli
xbo­saviT Tavwadrekili mohyavs safosto yuTisken... erTi Tura­
Sa­uli vaSliviT loyebdabrawuli biWi miaTria yuTTan...rogorc
iqna, kuddatkepnili mamaliviT, zizil-pipilebiani policie­
li ga­mo­iStima... amxed-damxeda, RobeSi gamomZvral mezoblis wi­
wilas rom Sexedavs, ise~ (ioseliani, kids.ge); `im zafxulze... Wyin­
ti yve­liviT TeTr _ TeTri Tiknebi gavyide~ (ioseliani, 1989: 162);
`dagvsxa uremze xoxbis WuWulebiviT islis konebSi~ (ioseliani,
1989: 227); `CavutovebT xelSi fedosis xaWapuriviT da kimoTes
TeT­ri RvinosaviT qals da mere eZie mrudi da marTali~ (iose­
liani, 1991: 460); `peSvSi moqceuli wyaliviT gagiZvreba ganumeore­
beli, ba­liSa kanfetiviT tkbili bavSvoba~ (ioseliani, 1989: 141); `es
nigvzis sareki WokiviT axmaxi da zonzroxa kaci gvelxokorasaviT
da­igrixa~ (ioseliani, 1965: 40); `varT am Zveli oda-saxlis oTaxeb­
Si daputuli beRurebiviT abunZRulebi da mxrebSi CamZvralebi~
(ioseliani, 1989: 122); `Sevecode, albaT, napirze Savi Rorjo­saviT
rom vixrakebodi da Semagulianes~ (ioseliani, 1989: 111); `sadRaa
bogiri? ... qvevidan aswies da saceriviT acekveben~ (io­seliani, 1989,
53); `goroxebad ki ar cviva, xaris enasaviT grZel bel­tebad rCeba~
(ioseliani, 1989: 133); `daleuli xaris naliviT ila­ndeboda mTvare
RrublebSi~ (ioseliani, 1965: 355); `mrgavda, mTesda, imave naoSSi
16
Cayril marcvaliviT maRvivebda mafesvianebda...~ (ioseliani, 1989:
105); `navi swrafad modis... mosrialebs, kveTs talRebs, wyalze
grZel xazs tovebs naxmleviviT~ (io­seliani, 1965: 86); `arc me vici,
ra mWirs, fuTqariani qaTamiviT davborialob~ (ioseliani, 1991:
302);
TvalsaCinoeba miRweulia gansazRvrebiTi da viTarebis gare­
moebiTi damokidebul winadadebebiTac:
„ise gadaWra daRmarTi ... viTom zurgs ukan warRvna boboq­
robda~ (ioseliani, 1991: 167); `imisTana ZiZgvabs mimayena, Citi kur­­
kantels ver gaitans~ (ioseliani, 1989: 202); `gavida iseTi mixv­ ra-
moxvriT da simsubuqiT, TiTqos gedis bumbuli niavs gahyo­lodes~
(ioseliani, gigol.net); `haeri iseTi sufTaa da kamkama, mindorze ki
ara, Rrublebze, CvenTvis rom moicala, im RmerTs da­inaxav“ (iose­
liani, 1989: 79); `oTaxSi sawolebis erTmaneTze ise mWidrod iyo mi­
wyobili, maT Soris cxrafexa kibosaviT gverdulad Tu Sexvidodi~
(ioseliani, 1989: 109).
mwerali efeqturad gamoiyenebs smeniT efeqtebsac. sruli­
ad umniSvnelo sityvebi Tu bgeraTa kompleqsebi sagrZnob intona­
ci­ur wonas qmnian. bunebis simboluri enis gamoyenebiT ufro mZa­
frad aRiqmeba avtoris saTqmeli.
xmabaZva anu imitacia msgavsebis pirobiT xasiaTze migvaniS­
nebs. xmabaZviTi sityvebis JReradoba hgavs sityvis mniSvnelobas.
isini aRniSnaven gabmul xmas, romelic Tan axlavs ama Tu im saxis
moqmedebas (Sesabamisad misi gamomwvevi moqmedebis diuratiulo­
bas, gangrZobiTobas). maTi xSiri moxmareba otia ioselianis nove­
lebSi emsaxureba iseTi moqmedebis gamoxatvas, romelic srulde­
ba garkveuli xmis TanxlebiT. xmabaZviTi sityvebi eqspresiulad
asa­xavs sagnis moqmedebiT gamowveul bgeriT sinamdviles da TviT
am sagnis moqmedebasac. es aris xmabaZviTi sityvebis ZiriTadi masa,
e.w. `pirveladi masdarebi“, aseve am tipis masdarebidan nawarmoe­
bi axali zmnuri formebi, romelTa saSualebiT mwerali mkafiod
gax­movanebul suraTs qmnis:
„aruli gaumarTavT: xorxocoben, yipyibeben, CifCifeben,
korkocoben... windawin icinian... Tu wyali Cxrialebs, likli­kebs...
luskumi wyvdidi moqSuis da qveyanas eufleba... bogiris Sema­
Rlebidan rom CamovborZikdi, aSrialdnen, aquSquSdnen, awukwuk­
dnen, amoiwkapen gzis kideebze... Sua yanebSi wamouSxuvla da wamo­
agorgora“ (ioseliani, 1989: 53); `xarebi samzadisis aivanSi mibia.
zru­tuneben... gawuwuli wiwilebi wiaqoben, kriaxobs qiluqTan mi­
yuJebuli kruxi... TaTia wuxs, ar eZineba...Ravis da Ravis~ (iose­
liani, 1965: 365); `CiCaxvi rom mtredis kvercxis odena gauxdebo­
2. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 17
da, naamebi aWuWundeboda~ (ioseliani, 1989: 58); `mwife nayofi Zirs
zapazupiT cvioda~ (ioseliani, 1989: 132); `rom modeqiT da mos­
peT mdinare... sadrac arxis ZirSi mokirkilobs~ (ioseliani, 1991:
564); `JinJlavs, iwkumpleba, Wyapunobs lafaroSi mWvartliani is­
lis moyviTalo nawreti~ (ioseliani, 1989: 137); `bJutavs muguza­
li, bJuis, SiSinebs, iCiJeba...“ (ioseliani, 1989: 152); `raRaca wkav­
w­kavi da wuwkuni momesma“ (ioseliani, 1989: 264); `umata da umata
f­liqvins... xelisguliT iWiWynis Tvalebs da flukunebs~ (iose­
liani, 1989: 166); `liklikebda sarekela da xvixvinebda di­labebSi
lukaia~ (ioseliani, 1965: 92); `gulis gamawvrileblad Wyapunobs
wvima, bJutavs keria da qari daugmanav kedlebSi Tavisuflad qSu­
is~ (ioseliani, 1965: 171).
smeniT efeqtebs aZlierebs siarulis aRmniSvneli leqsiku­
ri erTeulebi, romelTac aseve axlavs akustikuri elementebi.
ime­­rulSi siarulis semantikuri veli sakmaod mravalferovania
da otia ioselianis TxzulebebSi es TvalnaTliv Cans:
`mivlafunobT win, vuaxlovdebiT... mivTxlafundiT, mived­
iT (ioseliani, 1989: 165); `mis kabinetSi SemoCakunda, raRac wamali
ver eSovna...~ (ioseliani, 1989: 228); `lukaia ager moflatu­nebs“
(io­seliani, 1965: 56); `ekal-bardebSi Sesunsuldnen“ (io­seliani,
1989: 54); `gzis iqiTa kideze miClaxunobda~ (ioseliani, 1989: 49);
`gzaze viRaca modis, wuRebs moaClatunebs“ (ioseliani, 1989: 49);
`sa­­Ramos tuxuia Camogangalda ezoSi“ (ioseli­ani, 1965: 382); `kli­
mentia CamoClaxundeboda yanebSi, gadaxedavda ayv­iTlebul simin­
debs~ (ioseliani, 1965: 416); `iqve rcxilaze xel­Cakidebuli lukaia
mofratunebs~ (ioseliani, 1965: 98); `tasia karisken wafacxunda“
(ioseliani, 1991: 572); `Cvens saurme gzebze traqtorebi dabrix­
inobs~ (ioseliani, 1991: 550); `CanTebi mogiyara da Cagezebuli
waglijinda~ (ioseliani, 1991: 235); `am gagania sicxeSi quCa-quCa
xom ar itantalebda?!~ (ioseliani, kids.ge); `ga­mogvargalda bacia
bebia koindrian ezoSi~ (ioseliani, 1989: 45); `ager cocxali, nam­
dvili saxedari ar dabakunobs?!~ (ioseliani, 1989: 78); `Toma amox­
riginda xis kibis safexurze~ (ioseliani, 1989: 273); `es grZelkabi­
ani viRaa da saiT mitustusebs?“ (ioseliani, 1989: 276); `mivdivarT
da... modglafunobs...“ (ioseliani, 1989: 227).
smeniT efeqtebs aZlierebs saubris semantikuri velis leq­
si­kuri erTeulebic:
`Cveni Svilebi xom xrT, imitom geWuWunebiT ase gulRiad~
(io­seliani, 1991: 337); `dabali sufra da Rvinis WiqebiT WuWuni
da­­amSvenebs~ (ioseliani, 1991: 315); `avad viyavi, masw... Tavdaxri­li
Caiputuneb~ (ioseliani, 1989: 190); `raze unda ilaparakon da iRli­
18
cinon?“ (ioseliani, 1991: 174); `isedac yvelafers ar tortlavs,
rac enaze moadgeba~ (ioseliani, 1989: 367); `gaaCumeT magis xma da
Rlicini ar gamagonoT~ (ioseliani, 1989: 359);
enis leqsikuri fondis gamdidrebis erT-erTi gza zmnaTa
sa­xelebisagan warmoqmnaa. gazmnavebul sityvebSi igrZnoba is sil­
amaze, rac mkiTxvels ganawyobs mxatvruli suraTis amaRlebulad
gansacdelad. nasaxelar zmnaTa saSualebiT warmoCndeba dinami­
kuri procesi sulieri ganwyobilebis erTi mdgomareobidan meo­
reSi gadasvlisa, igrZnoba emociuri zemoqmedebis Zala. saxelTa
gazmnavebiT mwerali qmnis erTi sityiT gamoxatul metaforas,
rac miuTiTebs mxatvruli ostatobis Taviseburebaze. aRniSnuli
formebi gamoyenebulia aliteraciisaTvis, aseve saganTa urTi­
erT­mimarTebis saCveneblad moqmedebaSi da moqmedebis gasagnebisa­
Tvis, gazmnavebul formebSi miniaturuladaa warmodgenili mTe­
li winadadeba:
`ramdenad daSri, imdenad civwyaroob, ramdenad damiviwye
_ da­uviwyaraob~ (ioseliani, 2007: 136); `saqme ise movaxelkeTile,
mTlianad SenSi var gadmogulisebli~ (ioseliani, 2007: 52); `Ca­
moakunapeta ca lega Rrubelma~ (ioseliani, 1989: 52); `mzem kargad
gadaiTavRmarTa da dacxrasaviT“ (ioseliani, 1989: 51); `damayara
tanze xorkli da Tma amezRarba~ (ioseliani, 1989: 53); `davioTxe
da skamebisa da magidis qveS SevZveri~ (ioseliani, 1989: 64); `orive
xeliT gadavuWire... wkneli, zed zurgze gadaat­ y­
da, emwuTxaT“
(ioseliani, 1989: 93); `zogjer erTi frazis ga­Si­fvrisas SemoaSua­
RamdebodaT~ (ioseliani, 1989: 201); `mere SviliviT zrdidi da roca
damowifulda, mogeswro~ (ioseliani, 1991: 215): `Tu is pirmTvar­
obs, RmerTma mapatios da... RmerTic ve­Rar giSvelis~ (ioseliani,
2007: 14); `daikarge, gasxvatomdi...“ (ioseliani, 2007: 134) da sxv.
mxatvruli literaturis ena saerTo erovnuli saliteratu­
ro enis organuli Semadgeneli nawilia, magram amave dros masze
metia _ Seicavs iseT elementebs, romlebic ucxoa samwignobro
eni­saTvis. `mwerlis Semoqmedebis sruli da yovelmxrivi dafaseba
mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac gaTvaliswinebulia is
forma, romelSic igi Tavis fiqrebsa da grZnobebs asaxavs, e.i. Tu
Ses­wavlilia misi ena~ (SaniZe, 1939: 149); am mxriv sakmaod sainte­re­
soa otia ioselianis nawarmoebTa enobrivi samyaro, stili, rome­
lic mwerlis mxatvruli azrovnebis, sinamdvilisadmi damoki­ de­
bu­lebis, misi zneobrivi koncefciis gamovlenaa.

19
 bibliografia:

• `epitafia~ _ ioseliani otia. epitafia, _ http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/vi­ew-

na­warmoebi.php?id=11208;
• arabuli, 1976 _ a. arabuli. Zveli qarTulis namyo drois saobieqto
mim­Reobis morfemuri analizi, _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi­
is moambe. #6. Tb., 1976;
• ioseliani, kids.ge _ ioseliani otia. bebiebisa da SviliSvilebis amba­
vi, _ http://kids.ge/story?id=78;
• ioseliani, gigol.net _ ioseliani otia. geri da dedinacvali, _ http://
gigol.net/2487;
• ioseliani, 1965 _ ioseliani otia. varskvlavTcvena. Tb.,1965;
• ioseliani, 1989 _ ioseliani otia. Txzulebani or tomad. t. 1. Tb., 1989;
• ioseliani, 1991 _ ioseliani otia. Txzulebani or tomad. t. 2. Tb., 1991;
• ioseliani, 2002 _ ioseliani otia. ena _ eris suli, _ Jurn.: `enis sax­
li~. #1. quTaisi, 2002;
• ioseliani, 2007 _ ioseliani otia. siSoriT siaxlove. Tb., 2007;
• WavWavaZe, 1991 _ WavWavaZe ilia. Txzulebani. t. 5. Tb., 1991;
• SaniZe, 1939 _ SaniZe akaki. nikoloz baraTaSvilis ena. Tb., 1939;
• SaniZe, 1973 _ SaniZe akaki. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tb.,
1973.

otia ioseliani

20
 TAMILA ZVIADADZE1

IN ORDER TO STUDY OTIA IOSELIANI’S LANGUAGE

To study the language of writer first of all means study of vocabulary –

phraseology that is also noteworthy by the fact that less known information is
often kept in it. Writes compose new words, revive old ones, add new meaning
to some of them and compose material for dictionary. Otia Ioseliani is the very
writer, whose creation enables to show vocabulary – phraseology kept in lan-
guage. The source of original words and expressions is often dialectic vocabu-
lary for him and sometimes even Georgian lingual material. Georgian dialectical
word has unique “color and tone”, the writer is perfectly familiarized with the
bases of Georgian language and skillfully applies its comprehensive potential,
applies such lingual means that are essential for the personification of idea and
will use lingual resource adequately to the necessity of artistic effect.
Otia Ioseliani’s style of narration is close and conformed to the material of
narration. This is especially found in autobiographic short stories. Writer often
applies proverbs, artworks, fables, phrasemes sometimes being able to create
more powerful aesthetic field. By applying them the text has additional nuanc-
es – has semantic or stylistic tint, intensifies expression, emotionality the case
has the tint of irony, mockery and joke. These forms not only characters, but
also specific itself for the speech of author are not independent and hardened
idioms, but follow to natural flow of spoken language. Writer suggests structural
modules of well known phrases with the changes in nuances.
Various kinds of paradigmatic relations are formed between word combi-
nations in phraseological system of language. We have such phrases and synony-
mous expressions with the same meaning, the structure may be inhomogeneous.
In dialects we have different versions both in forms or content. Phraseme spread
in literary Georgian language may be presented with changed support word.
Imeretian dialect (as for adjourning tones) is characterized with the pair of
word combinations (determiner-bordering) that may be also considered as idi-
oms alike one of the type of figurative speech. As they represent result of entire
metaphoric reconsideration. Narration has natural tint through their application,
is formed not only ethno-tint, but the ideas, principles or feelings of writer related
to story become exposed. Exposure of expression of lexical units is the most im-
portant task for stylistics. Expression of determiner words is conditioned by deter-
mining as to which or how bordering word is applied by writer in selected word.
Otia Ioseliani’s style is characterized by the application specific forms de-
noting colors and named verbs or verbal nouns formed from these names, also
dialectic forms of these verbal nouns taking attention in Imeretian language
1
Tamila Zviadadze – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
21
from the standpoint of starting base and form derivation. From the standpoint of
participles formation the difference is shown by old and new Georgian language.
In old Georgian language the participle has followed the symbols of theme, in
new Georgian language participles with prefixes are mainly found without the
symbol of theme. It happens due to the stress of morphological system and re-
lates to vowel altering and single theme verbal stems not adding the symbol of
theme in present and thus, it is not even necessary for participle.
The most important in expression of artistic features is the role of names
with `viT~ _ postpositions that emphasize any features of subject of event.
There are formed conventional comparisons, the idea is shown by the form of
statement that one object is similar to another. Expression is becoming more
intensified by original comparisons enabling visual perception. Conspicuousness
is reached also by determinative and condition adverbial dependent sentences.
Writer will also effectively apply hearing effects. Completely insignificant
words or sets of sounds form perceptible intonational weight. Author’s point of
view is more harshly perceived by using symbolic language of nature. Sound imi-
tation, or so called imitation indicates to conditional feature of likeness. Sonority
of sound imitating words is alike the meaning of word. They denote established
sound accompanied to certain kinds of activities (so, duration of its provoking
activity, proceeding). Their frequent application in Otia Ioseliani’s novels serves
expression of such activity performed accompanied by certain sound. Hearing
effects are intensified by lexical units denoting walking that are also accompanied
by acoustic elements. Semantic field of walking in Imeretian language is quite
diverse that is clearly shown in the stories of Otia Ioseliani.
Language of imaginative literature is organic composite part of general na-
tional literary language, though it is moreover- is composed of such elements
that are unknown literary language. “Complete and entire appraisal of writer’s
work is only possible, when there is determined that form, where he shows his
thoughts and feelings, i.e. if his language is studied”, – noted famous Georgian
scholar Ak. Shanidze in 1939. From this point of view lingual style of Otia Iose-
liani’s stories are interesting for us that is expression/show of artistic mentality of
writer, relation to reality and moral conception.

22
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

marine kakaCia, qeTevan margiani, marina jRarkava1

koncepti `wamali~ qarTvelur enebSi

leqsika enis yvelaze mgrZnobiare nawils warmoadgens. igi

pir­­dapir asaxavs socialur yofas. yoveli ena Tavisi semantikuri
stru­qturiT gamoirCeva. „ramdenadac ena gveZleva ara zogadi fo­r­
miT, aramed rogorc mxolod dedaena, e.i. garkveuli enis qarTulis,
fran­gulis, Cinuris... saxiT, „msoflxedva“ dedaeniseulia da yo­
vel enas (dedaenas) samyaros enobrivi modelirebis sakuTari we­
si, samyaros enobrivi gadamuSavebis sakuTari „msoflxedva“ aqvs
(ra­­miSvili, 1995: 23). enaSi axali sityvebis warmoqmna, gaqroba an
leqsikuri erTeulebis pasiur maragSi gadasvla xSirad so­ ci­
­
alur-kulturul faqtorebs ukavSirdeba. `enebs Soris didi gan­
s­
xvavebaa maTi leqsikis bunebis TvalsazrisiT“ (sepiri, 2005: 42).
si­t­yvis mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba da cvlilebis
ga­momwvevi mizezebi mxolod lingvisturi faqtorebiT ar aixsneba.
igi unda ganixilebodes eTno-istoriul-lingvokulturologiur
kon­teqstSi.
winamdebare publikaciaSi, swored, leqsikis erTi konkretuli
seg­mentia warmodgenili; ramdenadac uaRresad saintereso aRmoCnda
wam­ lis konceptis amsaxvel leqsikasa da, zogadad, wamlobasTan
da­kavSirebul frazeologizmebze dakvirveba qarTvelur enebSi.
es bunebrivicaa, imitom, rom `svanuri ena, iseve, rogorc megrul-
Wa­nuri, marTalia, pergamentze araa warmodgenili, magram es arc
mas da arc megrul-Wanurs ar uSlis xels, SeinarCunos uZvelesi
Tvi­sebebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, odesRac saerTo iyo qarTvelur
ena­Ta jgufis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis, magram sruliadac ar
1
marine kakaCia _ pedagogikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwfifo universiteti; qeTevan margiani _ filologiis doqto­
ri, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis saxelmwfifo universiteti; marina
jRa­rkava _ doqtoranti, Tsu arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmec­ni­ere­
bis intitutis mecnier-TanamSromeli, soxumis saxelmwfifo universi­te­
ti.
23
asa­xula werilobiTs ZeglebSi~ (dondua, 1967: 7).
wamali, rogorc samkurnalo saSualeba, saqarTveloSi odi­
T­­ganve arsebobda. amas mowmobs msoflio miTologiaSi arsebuli
cno­­bebi kolxeTis, kerZod, medeas Sesaxeb. medeas saxels antikur
da winaantikur samyaroSi bevri ram ukavSirdeba. Zvel xalxs is
qal­RmerTad miaCnda, mis saxelze agebdnen taZrebs. antikuri sa­zo­
ga­doeba da bevri Tanamedrove mecnieri mis saxels ukavSirebs me­
di­­cinis Tanamedrove saxiT ganviTarebas. TviT termini medicinac
mi­si saxelidan momdinareobs. legendebisa da istoriuli wyaroebis
Tanaxmad, medeas mkurnalobis saocari niWi da codna hqonda, mas
be­vri ukurnebeli senis wamloba SeeZlo. ramdenime legendis mi­­
xedviT, is axalgardacvlilsac ki acocxlebda, moxucT ki si­Wa­
bu­kes ubrunebda.
medea gaxldaT iasonisa da Semdgom egeosis meuRle, `msoflios
udi­desi jadoqari~, eqimi, balaxTa da wamalTa mesaidumle, me­di­
ci­ nis dedamTavari. man daamzada malamo, ramac iasons Zala da
mxneoba Sehmata, es iyo zeiTunis zeTSi gazavebuli, ara jadosnuri,
aramed, raRac namdvili wamali (Zv.w. aR. VIs. berZeni himnografis
pin­dares cnobidan). medea Svidgzis mouxmobs hekates, gamzrdels
da albaT dedas, ise amzadebs wamals. am wamlebiT mudam Sveloda
uc­xoelebs, Zala Sehmata iasons, daaZina gveleSapi (Seuloca, um­
Re­ra an rtoTi miasxura wamali)...
dRes araa cnobili, romeli leqsemiT iyo warmodgenili wa­
ma­li, magram, aRsaniSnavia, rom uZveles qarTul literaturul
ZeglSi, iakob curtavelis `wamebaY wmidisa SuSanikisaY~, erTxelaa
ga­moyenebuli sityva wamali: `mibrZane da mogbano sisxli ege pirsa
Sen­sa da nacari, romeli TUalTa STacUeul ars, da salbuni da
wa­mali dagdva, raYTa, he, Rame Tu ganikurno!~ (wamebaY.., Tavi VII).
`abo Tbilelis wamebasa~ da `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~
igi ar gvxvdeba.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ 21-jer vxvdebiT am leqsemas: 1) sakurnebeli
sa­Sualebis mniSvnelobiT; ufro metad ki _ 2) gadataniTi mni­S­v­ne­
lo­biT (=daxmareba, saSveli...).
`davuZlurdi, mijnurTaTvis kvla wamali arsiT ari~ (tp. 8);
`Tqva: zeda-zeda momxvdebis naxva mis brol-fiqalisa,
nuTu miT vpovo wamali me Cemi, fer-gamqralisa!~ (tp. 42);
`momca wamali gulisa, aqamde dadagulisa~ (tp. 153);
`aw wasvla iyo wamali CemTa saxmilTa gznebisa~... (tp. 797);
`Sen gaqvs wamali misisa moTminebisa Tmenisa~.. (tp. 839).
koncepti wamali asea ganmartebuli qarTuli enis leq­si­ko­
neb­Si:
24
 wamali _ nivTi sakurnebeli, nivTi samkurnalo; ewamla vwam­
lob, Tofiswamali, iwamlebs mewamlebis, mouwamle mwamlavi, mwam­
leli, nawamlebi nawamli, sawamlavi, swamlobs, uwamle, wam­ l­
va,wamloba (orbeliani, 1993: 363).
mewamle _ `misani~; kudiani (Zveli qarTuli enis.., 2008: 204)
wamali _ samkurnalo Sezavebuleba, romelic iqmnebis anu
Si­nagan misaRebi, anu garedam dasadebi satkivarTa zeda  (vefxist.
272), лекарство.
_ RonisZieba anu saSualoba (munve, 15, 255), средство, способ.
_ sawamlavi sakudinebeli, anu SemSleli kacTa (naxe sawamlavi),
от­рава, порошок, зелие отравное.
_ wamali samxaturo, saRebavi anu Casaferadebeli, краски жи­
во­писные, или красильный материал.
_ wamali Tofisa, denTi, safeTqi, порох (Чубинашвили...).
wamali _ 1. garkveuli wesiT, (sagangebo receptiT) dam­za­de­
bu­li samkurnalo saSualeba (dasalevi, wasacxebi...) medikamenti.
dam­wvris wamali, uebari wamali, wamlis gamowera, wamlis SuSa, wa­
ma­ls asmevs, wamals iRebs.
zogierTi abebi, Tu cotas ylapavT, wamalia, Tu bevrs _ sa­
wam­­lavi (ilia).
[afTiaqis gamges] mudam wamlis suni sdioda (s. kld.).
gadataniTi mniSvn.: udreklobaa mudama mtris damarcxebis
wa­mali (vaJa).
2. igivea, rac sawamlavi:
dedav, gamiSvi, qalaqSi waval, wamals viyidi, Tavs moviwamlav
(xalx.).
3. igivea, rac saRebavi:
CuRureTs, maRlobze, dgas saxli... am rva wlis winaT iyo
yvi­Teli wamliT SeRebili (l. ardaziani).
Semodgomis uCinar mxatvars nairnairi wamlebiT mouCiTavs
uk­rainis guluxvi miwis mkerdi (k. gams.).
4. saub. Sabiamnisa da kiris xsnari; asxureben vazs da­ava­de­
bi­sagan dasacavad. mcenareTa sadezinfeqcio da profilaqtikuri
sa­Sualebebis saerTo saxelwedeba (Sdr. Sewamvla).
5. igivea, rac Tofis-wamali. tyvia-wamali.
torolas mainc ar movklv, bevric rom mqondes wamali (xalx.).
baana, vai Tu safalieze wamalic ar mogiyria?...(g. wereT.).
6. (raime ) wamals iRonebs.
wamlad, malamod daedeba, wamlad daadebs.
7. wamladac ar Cans, ver ipovi, ver naxav, ver moZebni. sru­
lebiT ar aris
25
 sadaa, kaco, uremi? aq arsada Cans wamlada /vaJa/ (qegl).
qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi wamali Semdegi mniSvnelobebiT
gvxvdeba:
qarTlurSi: wamali _ Tixis WurWlis mosaWiqavi masala. Wur­
W­lis wamali ficxi aris da amtvrevs WurWelsa; is ro uWers, skdeba
Wur­ Weli (mejvr.). wamlis wisqvili WurWlis mosaWiqavi masalis
da­safqvavi wisqvili /mejvr./ (berozaSvili.., 1981: 492).
ingilourSi: wamali _ sawamlavi, Sxami; Sabiamani /menaPi wamal
= ve­naxis wamali/ (rostiaSvili...).
imerxeulSi (taourSi): wamaldidi (=Zirmwara, samkurnalo ba­
la­xi). wamaldidi asUa baRvsa (qdk...).
xevsurulSi: wamal/waml _ agreTve awamlebs, gveliswamali,
gir­wylis wamali, daxpiriswamlavs, piriswamali, sapiriswamle, sa­
wa­malave parka, sawamlevi, Rubis wamali, wamala.
wamala _ kveTi, dvrita, maWiki.
wamal _ Tofis wamali.
sainteresoa, rom Ziri wam gamoyenebulia wova-TuSurSi: wam-
d-alar, rac gawmenda-gasufTavebas niSnavs.

qarTvelur enebSi (megrul-lazursa da svanurSi) koncepti

wa­mali asea warmodgenili:

megrulSi:
wamal-i _ wamali.
RuruuS wamali lafaras alaCandua//sikvdilis wamali la­fa­
ro­Si xarobdao (yifSiZe, 1994: 180).
doxTurefi wamals morTu//eqimebi wamals miSvebian (yifSiZe,
1994: 124).
gilula sodosoni kaTefiTiSi QuCa wamaliSa//dadian wamli­
sa­­Tvis mis saxlSi sadauri da sadauri xalxi.
soni wamali muRes?//sadauri wamali miutanes? (xubua, 1937: 23).
uwamale – uwamlo.
uwamaleT vadopila//uwamlod ar momkla (samuSia, 1979: 95).
uRuruS wamals gilebgorudi//ukvdavebis wamals daveZebdi
(xubua, 1937: 321).
mu RoronTiSi Wyorini re, muWo vemmagoru ma TeSi wamaliSava//
ra RvTisrisxvaa (wyromaa), rogor ver mivageni me amis wamalso
(xu­bua, 1937: 10).
wamalua _ 1. wamloba, mkurnaloba.
muTuni wamaluaq vagorTu//araviTari wamloba (mkurnaloba)
ar gavida.
26
 2. Sewamvla:
binexis wamalans//venaxs wamlavs.
masuma wamali oko piruaSi ukuli//mesame wamali unda ayva­vi­
le­bis Semdeg (yazaxiSi...: 2).
3. mowamvla:
miiwamalu do daxe Suri gofarsaluu//moiwamla da kinaRam
su­li ganuteva.
4. sulganabuli wasvla, SeumCnevlad gaparva:
ukuxale vamkujinuu, diwamalu//ukan ar mouxedavs, Cumad wa­
vi­da (gaipara).
mowamaleri _ mowamluli:
nina mowamaleri gafu maCaminje gvericalo//ena mowamluli
gaqvs mkbenari gveliviT (xubua, 1937: 315).
nawamalueri _ Sewamvlis, mkurnalobis safasuri:
dedibiq nawamalueri miiTxu//dedaberma mkurnalobis sa­ fa­
su­ri moiTxova.
nowamalafue _ awamvlinebda.
mewamale - mewamle.
miiwamalu - moiwamla;

lazurSi:
Wami//nWami _ wamali (w//W-s monacvleoba da n-s ganviTareba
Cve­ulebrivia qarTvelurSi, kerZod, zanurSi):
doxToriq Wami qomomCu//`eqimma wamali momca~ (Ciqobava,
1929: 92). uSqiris Wami gowapu do qomeCu//`vaSls wamali daawveTa
da misca~ (Tandilava, 2013). Wami-WamiTen mWaji qeWkvides//`wamal-
wa­­maliT buzi amowyvites (gaanadgures)~ (Tandilava, 2013). leri Za­
bu­nobaS Wami ren//`niori avadmyofobis wamalia~ (Tandilava, 2013).
hemuSi nWami vaZires//`imisi wamali ver naxes~ (JRenti, 1938: 100).
uwves-qi: aslan-kaflaniSi mJa nWami renYa//`uTxres, rom lo­
mi­sa da vefxvis rZe wamaliao~ (kartozia, 1993: 157).
`ngYais nWami bukaTiT do doboRuriniT~//saWmelSi wamali
Se­vurieT da movkaliT kartozia, 1993: 155).
Wam Ziri gvxvdeba kompozitebsa da warmoqmnil sityvebSi:
nena-Wamoni _ enamware, mowamluli:
maJuani en nena-Wamoni//`meore aris enamware~ (kartozia, 1993:
93).
wiwiSWami _ Wiis wamali;
nomWamefi _ nawamlevi;
saWameli (qarT.-laz.) _ Zvirfasi wamali (Tandilava, 2013: 688);
lazuri am SemTxvevaSic, megrulisgan gansxvavebiT, nasesxeb
27
er­Teulebs iyenebs:
dermani (arab.-Turq.) _ Zala, wamali:
ar sin ore, sevda Cqimi, derdi Cqimi dermani//`erTi Sen xar, Ce­
mo sayvarelo, Cemi dardis wamali~ /Sdr. wamali `vefxistyaosanSi~/
(yi­fSiZe, 1939: 43).
ilaji //laji (Turq.) _ wamali:
ukule Tqves-qi ToliSi ilaji bulbuliSi mJa ren-Ya//`mere
Tqves, rom Tvalis wamali bulbulis rZe ariso~ (JRenti, 1938: 124).
ilaji va uxena-Si, Siviq Toma qodobRams!//`wamali Tu ar ga­
uke­Te `Sivi~ Tmas dayris!~ (Ciqobava, 1936: 75).
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tofiswamlis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba na­ses­
xo­ba: baoTi//baroTi (arab.-Turq.) _ Tofis wamali, denTi:
boSi baroTiTe domkasiTYa//`carieli denTiT damteneTo~
(Ci­qobava, 1929: 116).
sainteresoa sityva oWabu, romelsac 2 mniSvneloba aqvs: 1. we­
bo (asea megrulSic); 2. wamloba. SesaZlebelia, meore SemTxveva b//
m-s monacvleobiT iyos miRebuli, magram yuradReba misaqcevia im
garemoebaze, romelsac alio Tandilavas lazur leqsikonSi vkiT­
xu­lobT: Wabu fiTri (msxalsa da vaSlzea) bzis msgavsi foTlebi
aqvs; zamTar-zafxul mwvanea. misi nayofi mrgvali da TeTria – na­
yo­fi webovani (Tandilava, 2013);
Wabu//webo: `kinoni xes bureRi qonaWaben~ – inian xelze `bu­
re­Ri~ miewebeba (yifSiZe, 1939: 46).
lazurSi forma oWabule-c gaxlavT fiTri, romelic xe­
xilze izrdeba da wamladac ixmareba. misgan miRebuli pre­pa­
ra­tebi gamoiyeneba hipertonuli daavadebebis, gulis asTmis,
aTe­rosklerozis, Tavis tkivilebis, nefritis dros, rogorc sis­
x­
lSemadedebeli saSualeba cxviridan, filtvebidan... (mayaSvili,
1991).
wamal elementi ZiriTadia antonimSi sawamlavi. megrul-la­
zurSi am mniSvnelobiT vxvdebiT sityvebs:
laz. RurZuli//Rurjuli _ sawamlavi, Sxami, gesli, epidemia
(Sdr. qarT. RvarZli):
`na Wkomi gYari RurZuli gavas~//naWami saWmeli Sxamad geqces.
ix. RurZuli-oRurZulu _ CaSxameba, CaxeTqva, Cacecxlva;
wuna _ Sxami: `wuna Skomare~//Sxami Wame (wyevlaa).
xSami _ sawamlavi;
xSamoni _ mowamluli;
megr. Sxami-Sxami Sdr. laz. Cxami-Sxami (n. mari).
Sxamara _ Zlier mware (Sxami).
Sxamarajgurae _ SxamiviTaa.
28
 Sxamua _ moSxamva.
aTe cxovrebas niiSxamenq _ `am cxovrebas nu iSxamav~.
Sxankola/Sxankala _ metad mware.
xinas Sxankolajgura gemo uRu//`qinaqins metad mware gemo
aqvs~.
cxami _ RvarZli.
RvanZgi/RuanZgila/RvanZgira _ RvarZli
qLmorTL muSi nterqL do qLmLSaaTasL RuanZgila qobalsL//`movida
mi­si mteri da CaTesa RvarZli purSi~.
RurZuli _ Savi Wiri; ubedureba (i. yifS.). Sdr. laz. RurZuli
Sa­vi Wiri, ubedureba (n. mari).
JRami _ Sxami, gesli.
TiSi JRami didi miRu gursu//`imis Sxami didi maqvs gulSi~.
JRamiani _ Sxamiani.
Tecal JRamian nanWyola muTuniSe ve SedLrT!//`amgvari Sxa­
mi­ani Wriloba sxva ramisagan ar iqneba (ar Seiqmneba)!~ (samuSia,
1979: 115).
kvariaq mouTxiluasL Taqiani tyvia JRamianc//`yvavi ga­uf­r­T­
xi­ldes aqaur tyvias Sxamians~.
sanwala, sanwale _ 1. mZafri; Zlier mware; Sxami. 2. ficxeli,
mo­qnili.
Te sanwale miSaZLn, Te kvarefi qimioxirL//`es Sxami (mZafri)
rom (Sig) Zevs, is kvari mopara~ (xubua, 1937: 115).
sanwala qari _ mZafri qari.
wam-an/wam-af gvxvdeba sityvebSi, romlebic mokvdinebas niS­
navs lazurSi.
owamanu _ miWyleta; mokvla:
`si kilanen-Ya, si kwamanen-Ya~//`Sen unda mogklano, Sen unda
ga­gWylitono~ (Ciqobava, 1936: 99).
owamafu _ CaZaRleba, mokvla; gaWyleta.
owamu _ dartyma; mokvla; (Sdr. wam-eb-a).
si kilanen-Ya, si kwamanen-Ya//`Sen undamogklano, Sen unda ga­
g­Wylitono~ (Ciqobava, 1936: 99).
lazur-Turqul leqsikonSi `didi lazuri nenafuna~ (Bu­ca­
kliși.., 2007) sityva owamu (aTin.)/onwamu (viw.) 3 mniSvnelobiTaa war­
mo­dg ­ e­ni­li: 1. daWera; 2. gasrola; 3. kacis gasroliT mokvla.
owamafu _ gasroliT mokla (Bucakliși.., 2007: 814).

koncepti wamali _ leqsikur-semantikuri bude svanurSi:

saliteraturo qarTulisa da megrulisagan gansxvavebiT wa­
ma­li svanurSi sruliad sxva Ziris leqsemiT gadmoicema. es aris
29
Ja­g@r/Jagr@l:
Jag@r (-griS, gr@l bz., -gr@r bq., -iS, -al lnt.), Jagar (-iS,
gral) lSx. `wamali~.
J@g-naJgun/Jag-naJgun/J@g-n@Jgun _ wamleuloba; xUaY Jag_naJ­
gun xoSUa (lSx.)//bevri wamali (wamleuloba) daulevia. (Tofuria,
2000: 683-684).
Jag/Jagar `wamali~, Jag-naJgunvar `wamleuloba~, li-Jgeni
`mo­wamvla~ , lL-Jag `mowamluli~ (dondua, 2001: 252).
nasLlUun Jag@ru (eser) ma laxULm (bz. 97)//`mosarCeni wamali
ra­me momecio~.
Jag@rs g@mRa d@r LTre (bq.)//`wamals gemosTvis aravin svams~.
amis imarix luSxuremi Jagard. (lSx., xor. 38)//`amas xmaroben
dam­wvrobis wamlad~.
J@g/Jag _ 1. wamali; 2. sawamlavi; 3. denTi, Tofis wamali;
gadat. n@wriS J@g (bq.)//`erTi cicqna~ (bedisweris wamali).
a) ale kuWi mazigi Jag loq li (lSx.)//`es kuWis tkivilis wa­
ma­liao~.
b) denas J@g laxoSUa (lnt.)//`gogos sawamlavi daulevia~.
g) eSxu marem J@g laxUem (bq.)//`erTma kacma denTi misca~.
mLbaJUre Jag@r loqu aTanaCde //`gamabruebeli wa­ ma­
li gau­
rieo~.
lilJagrLli _ `mkurnaloba~, liwLml@Ui _ `mowamvla~, lLwL­
ml@­ Ue _ `mowamluli~, mLlJagröli _ `mkurnali~, lelJagröli _
`sam­kurnalo~.
J@g-naJgun molre Jaxêl//`fitoTerapia anu wamlad vargisi
da gamosayenebeli balaxebis saxelebi~ (svanuri enis.., 1978: 141).
mNS-mNS J@g-naJguns imJi iPm@rix Sv@nisga//`sxvadasxva wam­
leuls rogor iyeneben svaneTSi~ (svanuri enis.., 1978: 142).
Sv@ns ob@S mol@r xKgx i Yerxi Jagr@r lix. alY@rs mNS-mNS k@
libd iPm@rix @qm@r i ob@Sin ZRLd maSed lix//`svaneTis mcenareuli
sa­fari sakmaod mravalferovania da zogierTi maTgani wamalia;
maT sxvadasxvagvarad iyeneben eqimebi da xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalzed
sa­sargeblocaa~ (svanuri enis.., 1978: 142).
erTi konkretuli konceptis aRwerasTan erTad SevecadeT sa­
li­teraturo qarTulis monacemebi Segvedarebina sxva qarTvelur
enebSi gamoyenebuli formebisaTvis. gamogveyo saerTo da gan­sxva­
ve­buli fuZeebi da formebi.
svanurisa da megrul-lazuris enobrivi monacemebi wa­ma­
l­­Tan dakavSirebuli leqsikisa da frazeologizmebis Tval­ saz­
risiT tipologiurad ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sa­ li­te­ra­­turo
qarTulisagan. gamoikveTa, rom qarTveluri enebi am kon­­­ ceptis

30
amsaxveli leqsikis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mdidari da mra­val­fe­
ro­vani masalis Semcvelia. leqsema wamali ramdenime mni­Sv­nelobiT
gamoiyeneba rogorc qarTul, aseve megrul-lazurSi: 1. wa­mali; 2.
sawamlavi, Sxami; 3. Sabiamani; 4. saRebavi; 5.Tofis wamali (den­Ti);
6. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT: xerxi, saSualeba (/saSveli). la­zurSi
wam Zirs Seesatyviseba Wam. saliteraturo qarTulisa da meg­rul-
lazurisagan gansxvavebiT wamali svanurSi sruliad sxva Zi­ ris
leqsemiT gadmoicema. es aris Jag@r/Jagr@l.
svanurisa da megrul-lazuris es monacemebi sainteresoa ro­
gorc struqtura-aRnagobis, aseve sityvaTwarmoebiTi modelebis,
eti­ mologiebis, semantikuri niuansebis TvalsazrisiT. winaswari
kvle­vis safuZvelze saliteraturo qarTulTan mimarTebiT ik­ve­
Te­ba saintereso semantikuri niuansebi. es savsebiT bu­neb­rivicaa,
ra­meTu sxvadasxva xalxis mier samyaros aRqma da Se­ mec­
neba gan­
s­
xvavebulia. es gansxvaveba yvela enaSi Taviseburad ai­ saxeba.
Ti­Toeuli ena individualuri samyaroa. igi adamianis go­ niTi
kul­ turis umTavresi formaa. yovel ers Tavisi enobrivi msof­
l­xedva gaaCnia. ena gansazRvravs ara mxolod msoflxedvas, ara­
med eTnosis, eris erovnul cnobierebas. eris msoflxati enisa
da eris Sinagani urTierTobis safuZvelze aRmocendeba (sepiri,
2005: 42). ama Tu im enis matarebelTa msoflaRqmis specifikas asa­
xavs konceptTa, rogorc semantikur erTeulTa, erToblioba,
ro­­melic qmnis konceptualur sferos. amis dasturia koncepti
wamali qarTvelur enebSi.

bibliografia:
• kodoruli.., 2007-2010, _ CantlaZe iza, margiani-dadvani qeTevan, mar­
gi­ani-subari qeTevan, saRliani medea, ioseliani rusudan. kodoruli
qro­nikebi (gamokvlevebiTurT). t. 1. Tb., 2007-2010;
• svanuri enis.., 1978 _ svanuri enis qrestomaTia. teqstebi Sekribes
akaki SaniZem, maqsime qaldanma, zurab WumburiZem. Tb. 1978;
• qdk... _ qdk-Cveneburebis qarTuli (futkaraZe SuSana), _ http://www.
corpora.co/#/dictionaries (nanaxia: 4.05.2018);
• qegl, 1986 _ qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli.
mTa­va­ri re­daqtori arnold Ciqobava. Tb.1986;
• yazaxiSi... _ gaz.: `yazaxiSi gazeTi~. 16 m arti, 1930;
• Zveli qarTuli enis.., 2008 _ Zveli qarTuli enis SeerTebuli le­q­
sikoni. 16800 sityva. Sedgenilia il. abulaZis, ak. SaniZis, iv. im­­na­i­Svi­
li­sa da sxva ­avtorTa leqsikonuri wyaroebis mixedviT. Sem­dge­ne­li
gri­gol ru­xa­Ze; redaqtori gvanca koplataZe. Tb., 2008;
• wamebaY... _ curtaveli iakob. wamebaY wmidisa SuSanikisi dedoflisaY,
31
 _ www.nplg.gov.ge/ebooks/authors/iakob_curtaveli/Shushanikis%20Tsameba.pdf;
• asaTiani, 2012 _ asaTiani irine. lazuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2012;
• berozaSvili.., 1981 _ berozaSvili Tamar, mesxiSvili meri, nozaZe
lamara. qarTluri dialeqtis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1981;
• diumezili, 2009 _ diumezili JorJ. lazuri zRaprebi da gadmocemebi.
lazuri teqstebis qarTuli versia da leqsikoni Seadgina m. bukiam.
Tb., 2009;
• dondua, 1967 _ dondua karpez. rCeuli naSromebi. t. 1. Seadgina, wi­na­
sit­­yva­oba da SeniSvnebi daurTo al. Rlontma. Tb., 1967;
• dondua, 2001 _ dondua karpez. svanur-qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni
(laSxuri kilo). Tb., 2001;
• Tandilava, 2013 _ Tandilava ali. lazuri leqsikoni (lazuri
nenafuna). Tb., 2013;
• Tofuria, 2000 _ Tofuria varlam. svanuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2000;
• iakobiZe, 2015 _ iakobiZe naTia. emociis aRmniSvnel abstraqtul sa­ ­
xel­Ta semantika qarTulsa da germanul enebSi. sadisertacio na­Sro­mi
Ses­ru­­­lebulia filologiis akademiuri doqtoris xarisxis mo­sa­po­
veb­lad. Tb., 2015;
• kartozia, 1993 _ kartozia guram. lazuri teqstebi. Tb., 1993;
• mayaSvili, 1991 _ mayaSvili aleqsandre. botanikuri leqsikoni. mce­na­
re­Ta saxelwodebani. sastambod moamzada g. naxucriSvilma. Tb., 1991;
• orbeliani, 1993 _ orbeliani sulxan-saba. qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 2.
Tb., 1993;
• JRenti, 1938 _ JRenti sergi. Wanuri teqstebi. arqabuli kilokavi.
Tb., 1938;
• ramiSvili, 1995 _ ramiSvili guram. enaTa Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba ena­T­
me­c­­nierebisa da kulturis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT. Tb., 1995;
• rostiaSvili... _ rostiaSvili naTela. ingilouri leqsikoni, _ http://
www.ice.ge/liv/liv/ingilour.php.
• samuSia, 1979 _ samuSia kalistrate. qarTuli xalxuri poeziis sa­kiT­
xe­bi (megruli nimuSebis mixedviT). Tb., 1979;
• sepiri, 2005 _ sepiri eduard. kultura, ena da pirovneba. rCeuli ese­
ebi. inglisuridan Targmna T. ebanoiZem. Tb., 2005;
• fenrixi.., 2000 _ fenrixi hainc, sarjvelaZe zurab. qarTvelur enaTa
eti­mologiuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2000;
• qajaia I, 2001 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 1: a-v.
Tb., 2001;
• qajaia II, 2002 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 2: z-s.
Tb., 2002;
• qajaia III, 2002 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 3: t-h.
Tb., 2002;
• qajaia IV, 2009 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 4: da­ma­
te­bani. Tb., 2009;
• yifSiZe, 1939 _ yifSiZe ioseb. Wanuri teqstebi. winasityvaoba da re­
da­qcia arn. Ciqobavasi. Tb., 1939;
• yifSiZe, 1994 _ yifSiZe ioseb. rCeuli Txzulebani. gamosacemad mo­am­
za­da k. daneliam. Tb., 1994;
• Ciqobava 1929 _ Ciqobava arnold. Wanuri teqstebi. nakv. 1: xofuri

32
 ki­lokavi. tf., 1929;
• Ciqobava 1936 _ Ciqobava arnold. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi teq­
s­te­biTurT. tf., 1936;
• Cuxua, 2002 _ Cuxua merab. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni.
da­matebiTi masalebi istoriul-etimologiuri leqsikonisaTvis. Tb.
2000-2003;
• xubua, 1937 _ xubua makari. megruli teqstebi. megruli teqstebi zRa­
pre­bSi da leqsebSi. tf., 1937;
• BUCAKLIȘI.., 2007 – Bucakliși Ismail, Uzunhasanoğli Hasan, Aleksiva Irfan. Büyük
Laz­ca Sözlük. Didi Lazuri Nenapuna. 2007
• ВЕЖБИЦКАЯ, 1997 – Вежбицкая Анна. Язык. Культура. Познание. Перевод с ан­
г­ли­йского. Ответственный редактор М. А. Кронгауз, вступительная статья Е. В.
Па­ду­че­вой. М., 1997;
• МАСЛОВА, 2001 – Маслова Валентина Авраамовна. Лингвокультурология. Уче­
б­ное по­собие для студентов высших учебных заведений. М., 2001;
• МАРР, 1910 – Марр Николай Яковлевич. Грам­ма­ти­ка чан­ско­го (лаз­ско­го) язы­ка.
С хре­­с­то­ма­ти­ей и сло­ва­рем. СПб., 1910;
• ТЕЛИЯ, 1996 –  Телия Вероника Николаевна. Русская Фразеология. Се­ман­ти­
чес­кий, прагматический и лингво культурологический аспекты. М, 1996;
• ЧУБИНАШВИЛИ... –  Чубинашвили Нико. Грузинско-русский словарь, – http://
www.classes.ru/all-georgian/dictionary-georgian-russian-ch-term-14312.htm.

MARINE KAKACHIA, KETEVAN MARGIANI, MARINA JGARKAVA1

THE CONCEPT “TSAMALI” IN THE KARTVELIAN LANGUAGES

The linguistic data of Svan, Megrelian and Laz in relation to the vocabulary
and phraseology of the concept “tsamali” (English: a medicine; Georgian: `wama­
li~) are typologically different from the Georgian literary language to some ex-
tent. Regarding to the word-stocks which express this concept the Kartvelian
languages contain very rich and varied materials. Interesting semantic nuances
are distinguished on the basis of the preliminary research in connection to the
Georgian literary language; For example: the lexeme “tsamali”(a medicine) is
used in various meanings in Georgian, Megrelian and Laz: 1) a medicine; 2) poi-
son, a toxin; 3) blue vitriol; 4) a paint; 5) gunpowder; 6) in the figurative meaning
as: way, mode; method (/help, assistance). In the Laz language the root `wam~
(tsam) corresponds to `Wam~ (tcham). Unlike the Georgian literary language, Me-
grelian and Laz, tsamali is expressed with the help of quite different root lexeme
in the Svani language, such as: Jagðr/Jagrðl (zhagmr/zhagmrl).
1
Marine Kakachia – PhD in Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University;
Ke­tevan Margiani – PhD in Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University;
Marina Jgarkava – Post-Graduate Student, Researcher of Arnold Chikobava Institu­te of
Linguistics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Sokhumi State University.
3. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 33
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

qeTevan margiani1

kiTxviTi nawilakebi Zvel qarTulsa da svanurSi

(balszemouri dialeqtis monacemebis mixedviT)
svanuri ena, iseve, rogorc megrul-Wanuri, marTalia,
pergamentze araa warmodgenili, magram es arc mas da arc megrul-
Wanurs ar uSlis xels, SeinarCunos uZvelesi Tvisebebi, romlebic,
SesaZloa, odesRac saerTo iyo qarTvelur enaTa jgufis yvela
warmomadgenlisaTvis, magram sruliadac ar asaxula werilobiTs
ZeglebSi (dondua, 1967: 7).
V-XI saukuneeebis saliteraturo qarTulis _ Zveli qarTuli
enis rTuli gramatikuli wyobis, morfologiuri struqturisa
Tu leqsika-frazeologiis araerTi movlena da faqti svanurs
dRe­sac imave arqauli saxiT aqvs Semonaxuli; es movlenebia: pir­
dapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobis asaxva zmnasa da nazmnar sa­xel­
Si, xanmetoba, ufroobiTi xarisxis formaTa warmoeba, tmesi anu
gankveTa, gaxleCa. inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoria da sxva ara­
erTi. Zveli qarTulisa da svanurisaTvis aseve erTnairadaa da­ma­
xa­siaTebeli kiTxviTobis -a, -mea, -me; svan. -a, -mo, -ma; nawilakebi,
rom­lebic mierTvian ra zmna-Semasmenels, TxrobiT formebs aq­ce­
ven kiTxviTad.
winamdebare publikacia swored am sakiTxebSi svanurisa da
Zve­li qarTulis erTgvrobas, identobas exeba. Zvel qarTulSi kiT­
x­viTi sityvebis _ nacvalsaxelebisa da zmnisarTebis _ Semcveli
kiT­xviTi winaddadeba ar gansxvavdeboda TxrobiTi winadadebisagan;
kiT­xviTi sityvebi ZiriTadad winadadebis TavSi iyo moqceuli da
xmis amaRleba, kiTxviTi tonis miniWeba masze xdeboda: odes yofil
ar aqamomde Tuca dedaTa da mamaTa erTad eWamaT puri? romel ars
de­daY Cemi da mamaY Cemi? magram Tu kiTxviTi sityva ar moipoveboda,
kiT­ xviT winadadebas gadmoscemda -a nawilaki. `intonacia Zveli
qar­TulisTvis ucnobia. dRevandeli qarTuli ar warmoadgens am
1
qeTevan margiani _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­mis saxelmwfifo universiteti.
34
mxriv tradiciis gagrZelebas. Kkiloebic sxvadasxvaoben. sa­ xel­
dobr: saliteraturo qarTulsa da mTel rig dialeqtebSi `-a na­
wi­laki ar Cans, xmis amaRleba uwevs im sityvis bolo marcvals,
ro­melic SekiTxvis obieqtia~ (Tofuria, 2002). a. SaniZe SeniSnavs,
rom Zveli qarTulSi me kiTxviTi nawilaki SeiZleba maSinac iyos,
Tu winadadebaSi kiTxviTi sityvaa: vis-me вel-ewifebis cxorebad?
(Sa­niZe, 1983: 146).
sainteresoa, ra viTarebaa am mxriv qarTvelur enebSi? qar­
Tve­lologiis araerTi sakiTxis kvlevisas qarTvelur enaTa mo­na­
cemebis mniSvnelobis xazgasmis mizniT, vfiqrobT, saintereso iq­
neba citireba niko marisa da al. cagarelis mier saukunis win naT­
qvami STambeWdavi azrebisa: `vfiqrobdi, rom sinas monastris bib­
li­ oTekaSi daculi uZvelesi qarTuli daTariRebuli xelnaweri
864 wlisa momcemda qarTuli enis uZveles saxes, magram imedi ga­
mic­ ruvda da gancvifrebulic davrCi: Zveli samwerlobo ena ar
aR­moCnda imdenad arqauli, ramdenadac vfiqrobdi; piriqiT, is
am­tkicebda cocxali qarTuli metyvelebis bevr TaviseburebaTa
ka­nonierebasa da siZveles~ (Марр, 1911).
werilobiT Zeglebs, Tundac uZvelesT, ar SeuZliaT gaswion
xal­xuri cocxali enis magivroba. isini ver warmoadgenen mTeli
sim­didriTa da mravalferovnebiT enis formebsa da funqciebs. ami­
saTvis metad mniSvnelovania iseTi enebis Seswavla, romlebic qm­nian
metyvelebis formebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis aucilebel pi­ro­
bebs da SeboWili ar arian literaturis saqmeSi CareviT. am mxriv
gan­ sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania idiomebi qarTuli (qarTveluri)
to­mebis lazebis, megrelebisa da svanebisa. am erebSi ena cocxlobs
jer kidev Tavis bunebriv _ mudmivi wvis mdgomareobaSi da swored
am enebs unda mivaqcioT Cven gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, Tuki
gvi­ nda warmovadginoT qarTuli enis naTesaoba da ganviTareba
(Ца­гарели, 1880). davesesxebiT aseve profesor i. CantlaZes: roca
ar­qaizmebzea msjeloba, qarTvelur enaTa samyarodan, upirveles
yov­lisa, svanuri unda gagvaxsendes, miT ufro, rom sxvebTan Se­
da­rebiT man yvelaze nakleb ganicada interferenciis procesebi
mo­naTesave Tu aramonaTesave, samwerlobo Tu umwerlobo enebTan
(Ca­ntlaZe, 2007-2010: 13).
kiTxviTi nawilakebis kuTxiT svanuris adreuli periodisa Tu
uax­loesi teqsturi gamocemebis Seswavla da cocxal metyvelebaze
da­kvirveba sakmaod saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens, miT ufro,
Zvel qarTulTan paralelebis gavlebis da kiTxviTi elementebis
ra­gvarobis Sedarebis aspeqtiT. `kiTxviTi winadadeba svanurSi
ar­qaul struqturas icavs. svanuri am mxriv Zveli qarTulisa da
35
megrulis gverdSi dgas. Tumca amaTgan gansxvavdeba rogorc kiT­x­
vi­Ti nawilakebis siuxviT, ise ukanasknelTa gamoyenebis adgiliTa
da intonaciiT~ (Tofuria, 2002: 254).
kiTxviTi sityvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi kiTxviTobas sva­
nurSi gamoxataven nawilakebi: -a, -mo, -ma. saanalizo masala Zi­ri­
Tadad amokrebilia kodoruli qronikebis balszemourad me­ty­ ve­
lTa Canawerebidan (kodoruli.., 2007-2010: 89-361).
áÄÌÁæóËÃÌÀ ÄãÎðÒÓ? `esaubrebodi imaT?~ ÉÛÀ ÃÄÉÃÀÛæÉË
Ë’ÀËÀ, ãÉáÀÌÀ? `visi deidaSvilia es - ici?~ ËÀáæÁÀà ÏÈäæÄÃáÀ, ÙÏ?
`Zme­bma gauyides mere?~
À, ÄãÎðÒ ÚÀÒÜÀÓ ÉÆÂÀá, ÌÀÃÎÀ? `a, isini yaraCaiSi cxovrobdnen,
ara?~ ËÖÛÍÖà ÌðÎ áÀÑáÀ ÃÉÍÃÂÄËÓ? ÃÉÃéÍÂÉËðÎ? ÌêÌÀÎÀ? `svanurad
ra hqvia dindgels? didingila, ara?~
ÀäÀ, É ÀÈáÄ ÌéÃÄ, ×ÖÔÊÒÀËÄ ÍìÍ ãÄÓÌÉÌÀ? ×ÖÔÊÒÀËÄ ÍÉÍ ÜÉÓ...
ÌÄ­×ÖÔÊÒÄÓ ÜìÓ áÄÊæÄÓ áÄÓÌíËÃÄà `ha, axla ra unda gkiTxo, fut­k­
re­bis ena gesmis?~ `futkrebis ena yvela mefutkres unda esmodes~.
É ÂÖÍ ËéæÆÄÒêËÄ ÌÀà ËÉáÀ? `da Zalzed bejiTebi, dauzarelebi ar
arian?~
ÌêÌÀ. ÌÉÆÄÆ ÌðÎ ËÉ ãÉáÀÌÀ? `mizezi ra aris, ici?~ ÜæÀÁðÒÈÄ ÃÄ­
ÌáðÍ ãÉÂðÃÀ? `balsqvemoelebs genetikurad ar eneTesavebi?~ áæ­ÉÓ­
ÔÀ­ÍðÒ ÊÀËÓÉ ÌÀÃÎÀ ÉÆÂÄá? `xvistanebi kalaSic cxovroben?~ ÀÈáÄÎ
ËÄ­ÒÈÀÍÛж áðÎÒÉÀ? `axlac marcxena xeliT wer?~ ÐÄÍÓÉÀÓ ãÀäæÃÉáÌÀ?
`pen­sias gaZleven~. ÜÖãÉÜÃÀÌÀ É×ðÒÓ ÓÉ? `yofilxar ifarSi?~ ÓÂÀÌÄâÃÄ
ÄãÙÀ áÉÛÃÀ? `gadmosuli imitom xarT?~ áÏÛÀ ÌÖáæÁÄ ÄÜÄ ÍÀÈðÍ ËÉÀ?
`uf­rosi Zma iqa aris dabadebuli?~
ÙÏÁðÒ ãÉÒÉáÌÀ? `futkari gyavT?~ ÀÌÜÖ ÁéÂÉ ÊæÀÒÌÏÁ ÄÒ áðÌÈØæÀ,
ÄãÙÀ ÉÒíËÀ? `aq magari siciveebi rom sCvevia, imitom iqneboda?~
áÄáæÌÉ ÂðÒÂËÀÈÄ ÌÀÌ ðÔá, ÌÀÃÎÀ? áÄáæÌÉ ÂÀÒÂËÀÈÄ _ ÌêÌÀ. áÄáæ
ÌÉÛ­ÂÖ ÚðÉÃÀÈÄ áÄÊæÄÓ ÀÍâÄÓ. `colis metyvelebaze ar gadaxvedi,
ara?~ `colis metyvelabaze ara. coli TviTon unda gadmovides
Cems yaidaze~.
ÀãÀÙ ÌÀËÄÂæÄÛ ÌÀÌ ãÄÛÚÃÄÍÉÀ? `araferi gaxsendeba?~ ÄÜØÀà ÉÒÉ­
æÌÀ ÍðËÆÉÂæ ÀÌÄ? `manmade iqneboda namosaxlari aq?~ É ÌêÌ ÄÒ ðã­
âÉ­ÃÄá ÄÜØÀ áÉáÒÉÍÉÌÀ? `da rom ar mogitanen, maSin brazdebi?~ ÀÈáÄ
ÓÉ ãÉâÉÃÀÌÀ, ÓÉ ËéÌðÒáÉÌÀ ÌÏËËðÎ? ãÉâÉÃÀÌÀ ËÉËðÎ ÉÓÂÖ ËðÎÓÖÛÀÃ?
`Sen migitania? Sen yofilxar lilais mimtani? migitania lilai Sen
asu­lebisTvis?~
ðÒÉÌÀ ÀÌÄ ÑÀâæðÒ? `aq aryis xe aris gavrcelebuli?~ ÌÀáÄ ÆÏÌáÀ
áÏ­ÛÀ ãÀÍßðÌáÀ? `ZveliT axali weli ufro gwamT?~ ÜæÀ×ÖÎÀ ÊÉÓÃ?
`ga­uSvi marTla?~ ÃðÛÃæðÒ áÏÃÂÀÒÀáÌÀ ÀË ÝáÉÊÉÓÂÀ? `daTvebi Tu
mo­uklavT am tyveSi?~ ÜæÄãáæÉÃÌÀ ÜÖÛðËÉÃ? `dagxvda Camosvlisas?~
36
 ÃðËÉÓÂÀ ÌÀÛÄÍÄ ÝáÉÊðÒ ÀÌÄÑÉ ËÉá, ÌÀÃÎÀ? `dalis xeobaSi yve­
la­ze didi tyeebi am mxares aris, ara?~ ÁÉÞÉÀ ÔðÒÉÄË ãëÎÓÍÀæÃÀ Ëé­
ÃÂÀÒÖÍÙÏ, ÌÏ? `gesizmreboda biZia tarieli gardacvalebis Sem­
dgom?~
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom `a saerToa
Zvel qarTulTan, ma da mo ki warmoSobiT orive uaryofiTi na­wi­
lakia da ekvivalenti moepoveba iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi. mo fun­
q­ciiT udris a nawilaks. maxvili wina xmovans mosdis, ma nawilaki
ki TviTon atarebs. mTis kiloebi (xevsuruli, fSauri, ingilouri,
mTi­uluri...) Zvel qarTuls agrZeleben -a nawilakis gamoyenebaSi,
mag­ram, samwuxarod, arc adgilis mikuTvnebaSi da arc intonaciaSi
mas (Zv. qarTuls) ar warmoadgenen. dakvirveba adasturebs, rom -a
nawilaki mxolod SemasmenelTan (zmnasTan) ixmareboda. da ara sxva
wevrebTan. kiloebi amas TiTqos arad dagideven. intonaciac are­
ulia (gamosarkvevia sinamdvile)~ (Tofuria, 2002: 255).
svanuri kiTxviTi nawilakebis gamoyenebiT misdevs Zvel
qar­Tuls, magram intonaciis TvalsazrisiT Taviseburebasac war­
mogvidgens. saenaTmecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mo­ saz­
reba, rom Zvel qarTulSi kiTxviTi intonacia, xmis amaRleba mo­
dioda ara kiTxviT nawilakze, aramed mis wina marcvalze; Zvel
qarTulSi xmis amaRleba -a nawilakis wina marcvalze unda yo­fi­
li­yo: xuces xara?
ÄÜØÀ áÏÛÉË ÌéÍÀÈæÉÒ É áÏÛÉË ãæÒÉËÉ ÂÉàðÎ áðËá ÉÆÂÀÎÀ? `im
dros ufro monaTesave da rjulis ufro mcveli xalxi cxov­rob­
da?~
ÄÜÀæ ÂÄÒÌÀÍÄËÒÄ ÈæÉÈÌ×ÒÉÍÀæ ÀäÉÃÀÎÀ? `iqamde germanelebis
TviTmfrinavi aRwevda?~
ÊËÖáÏÒÉ ÈÀÍðÙÉÓÂÀ ÀÍâðÃá, ÌÀÃÎÀ? `kluxoris uReltexilidan
Semovidnen, ara?~
ÓÉ ÃðËÓ áÉÌÀ ÍÀÈðÍ? `Sen dalis xeobaSi xar (=xara) dabadebuli?~
ÀäÀ, ÂæÄÂÉÍÏÛÀ ÄãÙÀ ãÀÎÑáÀáÀ? `aha, gveginaanTi imitom gqviaT?~
ÌëÒÌÄ ÈÄÌÒÄ ÑÀáðË ãÉáÀÌÀ ÂÀÓæÉÀÍðÒÉÓÂÀ? `danarCeni Temebis
saxelebi ici gasvianebSi?~
svanurSi Tuki winadadebaSi aris kiTxviTi sityva-kiTxviTi
nac­valsaxeli an kiTxviTi zmnizeda, maSin saliteraturo qarTulis
msgavsad is sruliad emTxveva TxrobiT winadadebas.
ÌðÎ ÂæðÒÉÛ áÉ É ÏÛÀ ËéÆðÎ áÉ? `ra gvarisa xar da ramdeni wlis
xar?~ ÉÓÂÖ áÏÛóË ÛÏÌÀ ÉÒÏËá ÃðËÈÄ ÍÀâðÃ? `Seni winaprebi rodis
iq­nebodnen dalis xeobaSi gadmosuli?~
ËÀÈæÄÒÈÄ ÉÌÍðÒ ðáÝáæëÍ ÌÏÓÊÏæÈÄ ËÉÆÉ, ÈÁÉËÉÓÈÄ ÉÌÙÀ ÃÏ
ÀÃÄ? `saswavleblad ratom irCie moskovSi wasvla, TbilisSi ratom
37
ar waxvedi?~
áÏÛÀ ÌéÍßÉÒà ÉÌÄ ÉÆÂÄá ÂÀÓæÉÀÍðÒ? `metwilad sad cxovroben
gas­vianebi?~
âÀËÃÄ âÀÝÏÁÑÉ ÌðÎ ãÀÓÌÀ? `xaldes ajanyebaze ra ici, ra
gsmenia?~
Zvel qarTulSi erTsa da imave formasTan dasturdeba -mea
mrCo­ bli (wyvili) nawilaki: `uwyi, mea, xuces~ (saRinaZe, 2008: 178-
179). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Zvel qarTulSi kiTxviTTan erTad
ga­moiyofa nawilakTa Semdegi jgufi: dadasturebiTi, uaryofiTi,
mi­marTebiTi, ganusazRvrelobTi, sxvTa sityvis. sainteresoa, rom
sxva nawilakTagan Zvel qarTulSi -ve intensivobas gamoxatavs,
ukue niSnavs maS, maSasadame, marTlac, iqneb; nu, nuukue _ iqneb,
gana, xom; bare _ barem, maSasadame; -Ra - kidev, jer kidev; mebr _
sru­liad; same _ marTlac; knin/kninRa/kninRada _ TiTqmis; TKsagan
_ calke; Tu ara _ Torem; heRame - iqneb; ute _ dae; Zi _ Tu, aba. mca
na­wilakis funqciur mravalferovnebaTa Sesaxeb saenaTmecniero
li­ teraturaSi vrclad aris aRwerili; (paralelisaTvis udavod
sa­interesoa isic, rom svanurSi misi morfologiuri Sesatyvisia
-u/-ж/-uv; -oR/-oRж nawilakebi, romelTac kavSirebiTobis semantika
Se­aqvT zmnis da mTlianad winadadebis TxrobiT formaSi; SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Zveli qarTuli mca da svanuri -u/-ж/-uv, -oR/-oRж
na­wilakebi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis identurni arian).
sa­interesoa, rom svanuri da Zveli qarTuli tmesis anu zmnis
gankveTis, gaxleCis TvalsazrisiTac sruliad msgavs suraTs
warmogvidgenen, im gansxvavabiT, rom svanurSi erTdroulad sami-
oTxi leqsemac ki, SesaZloa, qmnides tmess: nacvalsaxeli, sxvaTa
sit­yvis nawilaki, kavSiri... `mehad Ral xatæìlna léiarobJi: `si
roq daCæir mêde, muxæbe roq miri i Cu-lax-roq-Îðr-amdagri, nina,
daCæir, Cumixa, si roq Cumiwæri~ (kodoruli.., 2007-2010:152) `Tur­
me yovelTvis eubneboda dedas sicocxleSive: `Sen da ki ara, Zma
mya­vxaro da Tuki vinme momklavso (`mo-Tuki-o-vinme-mklavs~) nina,
dao, vici, rom Sen Surs iZieb Cemsaso~.
paraleluri formebi kiTxviTi nawilakebis gamoyenebis Tva­
l­sazrisiT: -a daerTvis zmnis pirian formas: Zveli qarTuli: iakob
manda ars-a?
svanuri: Soma вedni-a? `rodis moxval?~ petre eCe ðri-a?
`pet­re iq aris?~
-a axlavs saxels: Zveli qarTuli: ara mici me-a?” giyuar me-a?
svanuri: si mêm jajrava eCìS-a? `Sen imisi ar gjera?~
kiTxviTi nawilaki SeiZleba maSinac iyos, Tu winadadebaSi
kiT­xviTi sityvaa: Zveli qarTuli: vis-me вel-ewifebis cxorebad?
38
vidre-me egulebis amas warslvad? ukueTu marili igi ganqardes,
raОTame daimarilos?
svanuri: Оðrs xðmОëda-Оa eCì ligïnCól? `vis SeuZlia masTan
Widili~.
amgvarad, kiTxviTobis gamoxatva sagangebo kiTxviTi ele­men­
tebiT erTnairad axasiaTebs Zvel qarTuls, svanurs, mTis ki­loebs.
ar Semoinaxa Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulma. savaraudod,
is unda arsebuliyo saerToqarTvelurSi; Zveli qarTulisa da
sva­nuris monacemebi iZleva safuZvels amgvari varaudis daSvebisa.

bibliografia:

• kodoruli.., 2007-2010, _ CantlaZe iza, margiani-dadvani qeTevan, mar­

gi­ani-subari qeTevan, saRliani medea, ioseliani rusudan. kodoruli
qro­nikebi (gamokvlevebiTurT). t. 1. Tb., 2007-2010;
• dondua, 1967 _ dondua karpez. rCeuli naSromebi. t. 1. Seadgina, wi­na­
si­t­­yva­oba da SeniSvnebi daurTo al. Rlontma. Tb., 1967;
• Tofuria, 2002 _ Tofuria varlam. svanuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2002;
• saRinaZe, 2008 _ saRinaZe rusudan. Zveli qarTuli ena (V-XI saukuneebi).
saxelmZRvanelo. Tb., 2008;
• SaniZe, 1983 _ SaniZe akaki. Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika. Tb., 1983;
• CantlaZe, 2007-2010 _ CantlaZe iza. kodoris xeobis (dalis) mo­sa­x­le­
obis metyvelebis interdisciplinaruli kvlevis Sedegebi, _ wgn.: i.
Can­tlaZe, q. margiani-dadvani, q. margiani-subari, m. saRliani medea, r.
io­seliani. kodoruli qronikebi (gamokvlevebiTurT). t. 1. Tb., 2007-
2010;
• МАРР, 1911 – Марр Николай Яковлевич. Георгий Мерчул. Житие св. Григория
Хан­дзтийского, – Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии. Кн.
VII. СПб., 1911;
• ЦАГАРЕЛИ, 1880 – Цагарели Александр Антонович. Мингрельские этюды. Вып.
II: Опыт фонетики мингрельского языка. СПб., 1880.

KETEVAN MARGIANI1

INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES IN OLD GEORGIAN AND SVAN LANGUAGES

(BY DATES OF BALSZEMOURI DIALECT)

Question special particles -a, -mea, -me, -a, -mo, -ma… are found in old
Georgian and Svan Languages; But not in Modern Georgian and Megrelian Lan-
1
Ke­tevan Margiani – PhD in Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
39
guages. Question expression of special interrogative particles linked with verbs
characterizes Old Georgian (5-11th Centuries) and modern Svan languages; It
does not characterize modern Language. It is not found in modern Georgian
and Megrelian languages. Such interrogative particles in old Georgian are: -a,
-mea, -me; in Svan: -a, -mo, -ma. Svan Language have been thoroughly studied
by famous Kartvelologists (N. Marr, A. Shanidze, S. Janashia, K. Dondua, V. Topu-
ria, Arn. Chikobava, G. Machavariani, M. Kaldani, G. Klimov, T. Sharashenidze, Z.
Chumburidze, I. Chantladze, A. Oniani, G. Topuria, I. Melikishvili, N. Abesadze...)
and correspondingly, their opinions either coincide with each other or differ
considerably.

40
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

nino maSia1

niadagebisa da sayane adgilebis aRmniSvneli leqsika

megrul-lazurSi
specialur samecniero literaturaSi TiTqmis erTxmad aRi­
a­
rebulia, rom qarTveluri tomebi dasabamidan mosaxleobdnen
dRevandeli saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze. aq xdeboda preqarTveluri
eTnosis Camoyalibeba, xolo Semdeg ki saerTo qarTveluri fuZe-
enis matarebeli xalxis daSla monaTesave tomebad: qarTebad,
za­­
nebad (megrel-Wanebad) da svanebad. saqarTvelos miwa-wyal­ ze
aTa­seuli wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda qarTvel tomTa social­
ur-ekonomiuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da rTuli
procesi. aq da mezobel olqebSi xorcieldeboda qarTvel tomTa
fizikuri, ekonomiuri da kulturuli kontaqtebi monaTesave Tu
sxva xalxebTan, rac asaxvas povebda rogorc enaSi, aseve nivTier
kulturaSi. naSromSi warmodgenilia mokle mimoxilva ni­adagebisa
da sayane adgilebis aRmniSvneli leqsikisa megrul-lazurSi.
miwas megrulad dixa hqvia. misi fardi qarTulSi gvaqvs Ti­
xa-s saxiT. lazurSi dixa miwasTan erTad xmeleTs da niadagsac
aR­niSnavs: dixa xmeleTi, niadagi, miwa. `Cqini dixaSa, Cqini YeriSa
Turqi var mulen~ _ Cvens miwaze, Cvens adgilze Turqi ar mova (yi­
f­SiZe, 1939: 6; Tandilava, 2013: 198). laz. dixa `miwa; niadagi~; megr.
dixa `miwa; adgili~; Sdr. Zv. qarT. TiPa (qiria.., 2015: 787).
dixa karba miwamagari, gamxmari miwa: `dixa karba dobwki~ _
gam­xmari miwa gavxseni (davamuSave) (Tandilava, 2013: 198). leta me­
grulSi talaxs niSnavs, xolo lazurSi termini miwa leta-Ti ga­
moixateba da miwas da talaxs aRniSnavs: `dido mgvaneri leta ren~
_ Zalian nayofieri miwaa (Tandilava, 2013: 397). `letas muWo muSax­
Tas~ _ miwaSi rogor Sevides (Ciqobava, 1936: 139; Tandilava, 2013:
397). `mezares saRikele leta meSanTxoreri iven~ _ sasaflaoze mar­
jvniv miwa SeTxrili iqneba (JRenti, 1938: 10; Tandilava, 2013: 397).
WenWi _ Waobi, talaxi (Tandilava, 2013: 860).
1
nino maSia _ doqtoranti, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
41
 yanas megrulSi yvana hqvia. lazurSi yona//ona: `yonafe mTu­
Te­feq qomiWkomes-Ya~ _ yanebi daTvebma SegviWameso (Tandilava,
2013: 816).
yona gomalu _ yanis gamargvlas niSnavs (Tandilava, 2013: 816).
rzeni, vakes, bars dablobs niSnavs (Кипшидзе, 1914: 509). es sit­
y­va zogan zeni formiTac ixmareba (eliava, 1997: 67). lazurSic zeni
va­ke adgils aRniSnavs: zeni (aTin. viw.) mindori, vake, swori adgi­
li (saqonlis sabalaxo adgili tyis SuaSi, равнина: `zenis borti,
Tu­naSa niti-S kule~ _ mindorSi viyavi duniaSi (saSovarze midiod­
nen Zvelad duniaSi), rom midiodi (JRenti, 1938: 164; Tandilava,
2013: 284).
megrulSi j. ruxaZis monacemebiT wylispira vake adgilis
sa­xelad megrulSi gvaqvs: merex//melex, olbere//rzeni//teb//Wal//
do­bera da oxujuri (ruxaZe, 1976: 13). lazurSi Wal fuZiT gadmo­
ce­mulia Wal-imi: wiTeli miwa, romlisganac amzadeben Tixis WurW­
le­ulobasa da kramits: `Walimi letas lazuti vorsi var ien~ _ wi­
Tel miwaze simindi kargi ar iqneba /kargad ar xarobs/ (Tandilava,
2013: 852).
onware _ megrulad wylian adgils aRniSnavs (qobalia, 2010: 539).
lazurSi igive aRiniSneba terminiT _ wkarYri (Tandilava, 2013: 854).
Waobiani niadagisa da adgilis aRmniSvneli sityvebi uxvad mogve­
poveba megrulSi: oZanZe (qobalia, 2010: 555), mazandara (qobalia,
2010: 385), onaria (qobalia, 2010: 538), Wari (qobalia, 2010: 385), uri
(qobalia, 2010: 614). lazurSi Waobiani adgili gadmocemulia Sem­
degi leqsikiT _ omjvambule// omWvabule (toponimia) (Tan­dilava,
2013: 634), Colefuna (Tandilava, 2013: 838), WanWaxona (Tan­dilava,
2013: 858), WanWaxona toponimia (TurqeTis sarfSi, papa­ Tis iqeT)
(Tandilava, 2013: 858), WinWyopi//WonWyofi (Tandilava, 2013: 865).
naTeli vake adgili megrulad aris goTe, goTe-s ganmartaven
agreTve rogorc tyispirs. am ukanasknel gamnartebas mxars uWers
teqstobrivi magaliTi; `akisuren, giTil goTeSa~ _ roca daRamda,
gamovida goTeSi (xubua, 1937: 60; bebia, 2003: 13).
lazurSi termini goTe ver moviZieT. tyispirs aRniSnavs Tur­
qulidan damkvidrebuli daRi (Turq. dağ) tye: `daRi, baRi dido
xvala mo gulu~ _ tye-RreSi martod bevrs nu dadixar (JRenti,
1938: 169; Tandilava, 2013:189).
tyian adgils aRniSnavs Turqul-lazuri daRefuna (dağ-efu­
na): ` ar daRefuns ar koCiq daCxuri nunwu~ _ erT (tyes) tyian adils
kacma cecxli waukida (JRenti, 1938: 125; Tandilava, 2013: 189).
mousavliani miwa samegreloSi uQofire-s, xolo mosavlians _
oQo­fare (Qofa mosavali) hqvia. lazurSi mosavali algi-T aris moce­
42
muli, romelic Turqulidan Semosula. algi mosavali, Semosa­
vali: `nu moxTas maJuni SqviT meCafYa mileTis~ _ rom mova mosa­
va­
li, meore wels miscem xalxso (Tandilava, 2013: 18). mosavlian
adgils aRniSnavs vergili (Turq.): `aYa kai vergili Yeri ren~ _ es
kar­gi mosavliani adgili aris (Tandilava, 2013: 276).
mosavliani miwa laz. yurwisTeli leta (Tandilava, 2013: 817).
zogadad mosavali da Semosavali lazurSi terminiT ToxluRi-T
aris cnobili: ToqluRi _ (Turq.) siuxve mosavali: SqviT wanas Toq­
lu­ qi iyvasinonYa _ Svid weliwads siuxve unda iyoso (kartozia,
1972: 2917; Tandilava, 2013: 304). mosavlian saxnavi miwas, romelic
2-3 weli muSavdeba moduli hqvia (aTin. arq. viw.): `hem Yeris viwro­
feq (viwurfeq) moduli uwumunan _ im adgils viwelebi moduls
eZa­xian (yifSiZe, 1939: 55; Tandilava, 2013: 496).
lazurSi mousavlian, TeTr, unayofo miwas aRniSnavs gepusku­
ta da cara (Tandilava, 2013: 106, 844). igive mniSvnelobis matarebe­
lia kiTluRi (Turq.) mousavliani: `SqiT wanas kiTluRi iyvasinon­
Ya~ _ Svidi weliwadi umosavlo unda iyoso (Tandilava, 2013: 372).
megr. uCa dixa, qarT. Savi miwa, laz. uCa dixa.
megr. melWvili wiTelmiwaa, kaJian niadags da wyalgaumtar
fenas aRniSnavs (qobalia, 2010: 405). lazurSi Walimi wiTeli mi­
waa, risganac Tixis WurWels da kramits amzadeben: `Walimi letas
lazuti vorsi var ien~ _ wiTel miwaze simindi kargad ar xarobs
(JRenti, 1938: 89; Tandilava, 2013: 858). qvian wiTel miwas aRniSnavs
qvamWkidi (Tandilava, 2013: 798).
megr. Ceyva, qarT. dablobi, laz. Cuquri.
lazurSi termini Cuquri ormos, dablobs aRniSnavs: `avlia
skani Cuquri, va bZira boY skani~ _ Seni ezo ormoa, ver vxedav Sens
Tavs (Кипшидзе, 1914: 86; Tandilava, 2013: 840).
megrulSi qviani adgili qvaloni//qualonia. lazurSi qava­
lo­na _ qviani niadagia, qavaluna toponimia (xobis rn-Si, sof.
qva­loni) (Tandilava, 2013: 798). igive Sinaarss Seicavs lazurSi _
xlunWki, is qvian adgilTan erTad naprals, Cavardnili umzeo ad­
gil­sac aRniSnavs (Tandilava, 2013: 798).
kapani qviani adgilia (qvaRoji, saba): `didi kapani Yeri te­ren~
_ Zalian didi kapani adgili yofila~ (kartozia, 1972: 3618; Tan­di­
la­va, 2013: 358).
qviani adgilis aRasaniSnavad megrulSi dasturdeba kidev
er­Ti sityva xabo (bebia, 2003: 10) rac qva-RorRs niSnavs. lazurSi
msga­vsi SinaarsiT gvaqvs Semdegi sityvebi: longozi _ qva-RorRi
da RorRi _ xreSi (Tandilava, 2013: 401,813).
kaJona kaJnars niSnavs megrulSi (qajaia, 2009: 270), xolo ka­
43
Jona _ kaJiani niadagia (qobalia, 2010: 354). misi Sesatyvisi lazur­
Si ver moviZieT.
gamxmars da dagvaluls aRniSnavs megruli _ golofiri (qo­
balia, 2010: 192). lazurSi gvalvas termini gYevaleri//gYevalafa
(gvalviani) gamoxatavs: `mTxirebunaSi brinji qogivaleren _ Txil­
naris brinji gvalvisagan damwvaria (Tandilava, 2013: 122).
melWvili//melWviri (megr), qarT. miwis wyalgaumtari fena,
la­zurSi Wv-: o-Wv-u cxoba, wva, dawva; gamowrToba (Tandilava, 2013:
861).
qarT. qviSiani, megr. qviSona laz. CaYe _ qviSiani adgili (Tan­di­
lava, 2013: 827), conci _ rbili, qviSiani miwa (Tandilava, 2013: 846).
xumaYari qviSiani, qviSnari (Tandilava, 2013: 889).
niSandoblivia, rom wylispira vakis aRsaniSnavad megrulSi
j. ruxaZes Cauweria merexi//melexi (ruxaZe, 1976: 13), magram merexi/
melexi i. yifSiZis ganmartebiT (Кипшидзе, 1914: 279) wvimas aRniS­
navs. lazurSi gvaqvs msgavsi sityva meleri, rac vardnas niSnavs:
`toti melatroxu do Tudo melu~ _ toti Camotexa da dabla Cam­
ovarda (Tandilava, 2013: 438).
bardnars balantari da bardoni hqvia, ekalnars ki kaklar­
oni: `kaklari do balantari, jiTajins qaTakvaTi~ _ ekal-bardnari
Ziris ZirSi moWeri (bebia, 2003: 44). ZRami ki megrulad eklians ni­
S­navs (qobalia, 2010: 693).
laz. ekal-bards termini bondo gamoxatavs: `CaiSi ar bon­
do diyven, mTugi bondoTe qagexTu~ _ CaiSi ekal-bardi Seiqna,
Ta­gvi ekal-bardidan gamovida (Tandilava, 2013: 65). ekalnars niS­
navs lazuri daZefuna `mtkalefunas, daZefunas qogoSatkoCu~ _
ekalnarSi Caagdo (Tandilava, 2013: 190], xolo eklians sityva da­
Zo­loni aRniSnavs (Tandilava, 2013: 190).
ZRam _ `ekliani~. laz. ZRem‐i||nzRem-i top. (Turq. lazeTi)
˜ megr. ZRam-i `ekliani~ (qiria, ezugbaia, memiSiSi, Cuxua, 2015: 872).
mdinarispira miwas megrulSi noRas eZaxian (gegeSiZe, 1987: 46).
lazurSi noRa sabazro adgils, bazars, qalaqs niSnavs: `orWari
noRaSe qogexeTqu~ _ orWeli, sabazro adgilebSi, qalaqSi Camovi­
da (JRenti,1938: 6; Tandilava, 2013: 580).
unayofo, jagiT dafarul xrioks. kacxora (megr) hqvia. es si­
tyva p. cxadaias megrulis mier svanuridan nasesxebi hgonia (cxa­
daia, 1999: 42), magram is ufro afxazuri warmoSobisa Cans (Sdr.
afx. akawRLra `cicbo adgili~). kidev erTi sityva unayofo miwis
aR­mniSvneli Cqvala-s saxiT gvaqvs megrulSi (bebia, 2003: 14).
lazurSi unayofo miwas aRniSnavs cara (Tandilava, 2013: 844).
mouxnavi yana megrulSi aris uxonu Qvana. lazurSi yona//ona
44
yanas aRniSnavs `yonafe mTuTefeq qomiWkomes-Ya _ yanebi daTvebma
Se­gviWameso (Ciqobava, 1936: 268; Tandilava, 2013: 816), magram moux­
navis zusti Sesatyvisi ver moviZieT. sityva uxone (laz) ki qerq­ga­
um­Zvrals niSnavs (Tandilava, 2013: 770).
yamiri miwis aRsaniSnavad megrulSi gvaqvs ugutaxL (gautexa­
vi) da uQi. garda am ori terminisa iv. javaxiSvili megrulSi yamiris
Sesatyvis kidev erT sityvas imowmebs _ kabeti (javaxiSvili, 1986:
138). amgvari mniSvnelobiT es sityva dRes megrulSi ar dasturde­
ba, Tumca al. qobalias leqsikonSi Semdegi ganmartebaa mocemuli:
ka­beti _ Znelad dasamuSavebeli miwa (qobalia, 2010: 351). lazurSi
yamiri terminiT aRremi aris daculi: `aRremi Qona, aRnena ixaCqvan,
Qonas uwumenan~ _ yamiri yana, pirvelad (axlad) rom daiTeseba, im
yanas eubnebian (yifSiZe, 1939: 553; Tandilava, 2013: 40).
miwis gasanayofiereblad gamoiyeneboda fenebad Sladi, leva
feris niadagi sangu (kvirtia, 2001: 135). igive Sinaars gamoxatavs
megruli termini tkili: mergeli, fiqali, tini, gaqvavebuli, ruxi,
lurji, momwvano da agurusferi qviSis Semcveli nestiani da ad­
vilad fSvnadi Slami, Tiri, mwvari miwa (qobalia, 2010: 603).
mosavalaRebul miwas naCal hqvia, rac sityva sityviT `na­
celavs~ niSnavs. moSiSvlebul mindors tiozi/tilozi-s uwodeben,
sayaned gamzadebul axos naWvaras (rac nakafars niSnavs) gLnaWvs
(gadamwvari) axos qva-RorRisgan gasufTavebas ki ewiminduas (aw­
menda). lazurSi naCal ar fiqsirdeba, xolo gadamwvarisa da dam­
wvars aRniSnavs Semdegi terminebi: gYevalu _ mTxirefunaSi brinji
qogivaleren~ _ Txilnaris brinji gvalvisgan damwvari (Tandila­
va, 2013: 122); Jgureri _ damwvari (Tandilava, 2013: 718).
sayane adgilis tyisgan gasufTavebas, buCqnarbardnarisgan
ak­afvas megrulad Wvarua//eWvarua//goWvarua erqva. lazurSi gva­
qvs onWvaru: `yona nWvarufan~ (Tandilava, 2013: 644). sarevela bala­
xisgan bostnis an baRis gawmendas ki golakinu ewodeba (Tandilava,
2013: 147). igive Sinaarsia Cadebuli styvaSi _ goneqvinu /gonqvinafa
(Tan­dilava, 2013: 160, 161).
gakafvis dros Wridnen rogorc xes, romelsac ja hqvia da
aseve _ buCqebs. ja-s sityvis sruli formaa jal. mravlobiTSi da­
cu­lia jal-ef-i _ xeebi. megr. jal Sesatyvisia qarT. Zel sityvisa.
megruli ja//jalefi-s Sesatyvisia lazuri ja//jaefuna: `saRra jaSi
iven~ _ jami xisgan keTdeba. jaefuna - bevri xe: `oxoriS et­raFi
jaefuna rtu~ _ saxlis irgvliv bevri xe iyo (Tandilava, 2013: 892).
gabari _ zegani, gavakeba, seri mTasa da bars Soris, gora­
kis, borcvis swori zedapiri, Txemi (qobalia, 2010: 71). lazurSi
iden­turi Sinaarsi gadmocemulia Semdeg sityvebSi: gYeduzanafa _
45
gavakeba (Tandilava, 2013: 122). dudi _ Txemi (Tandilava, 2013: 227).
balaxmoreuli yana aris anjeri (qobalia, 2010: 38). anjeri
mce­ narea, romelic saqonlis gamosakvebad gamoiyeneba, am sity­
vas maRalbalaxiani adgilsac uwodeben: `anjeriSa gamSuQonafudu
Cxou do qadiaruandu~ _ anjerSi Seeyvana Zroxa da abalaxebda (qa­
jaia, 2001: 189). anjeri lazurSi ver moviZieT. balaxmoreuli yana,
sadac saqonels aZoveben aris oTifale, aseve zeni (Tandilava, 2013:
601, 284), Tumca zeni mondors, swor adgils da vakesac aRniSnavs.
sabatono miwas, ezos nakaka hqvia (kvirtia, 2000: 243). lazur­
Si namexar adgils najvaras eZaxian (bebia, 2003 :31). megrul leq­si­
konebSi najvara jvardasmuliT aris ganmartebuli (qobalia, 2010:
521). sof. kaxaTSi (zugdidis r-ni) respodentma T. Sedaniam (asaki,
68) gviambo, rom najvaras mis sofelSi dawyevlil (naWya) adgils
uwo­debdnen. lazurSi igive SinaarsiT xmaroben Semdeg sityvebs _
gYenWkafa, gYnWkeri: `aYa ojaRi gYnWkeri ren~ _ es sasaxle dawye­v­
lilia (Tandilava, 2013: 129). aseve dawyevlils gamoxatavs meYCa­ma­
fa/meYCamu: `joRoi meYCamei-meYCameri igzalu~ _ ZaRli wyevla wye­
vliT wavida (Ciqobava,1936: 41; Tandilava, 2013: 428).
adgils, romelsac xe-tye akravs aSamindorias eZaxian. aSamin­
doria _ mcire mindori, velobi tyeSi (qobalia, 2010: 44). lazurSi
mindori qveSagebsac aRniSnavs da mdelosac (Tandilava, 2013, 489).
ide­ nturi Sinaarsis sityva ver moviZieT. mcire miwis nakveTs ki
lazurSi xiSiri ewodeba (Tandilava, 2013: 884).
alaferdi//elaferda hqvia yanas ferdobze. alaferda, odnav
daqanebuli kalTa, ferdobi (qobalia, 2010:29). miwis nakveTi fer­
dobze , aseve yana lazurad aris tuxti (Tandilava, 2013: 761).
megrulSi dRes ar ixmareba tofi, odesRac, rogorc k. dane­
lia fiqrobda, es sityva vakes aRniSnavda kolxurSi da tofi-s
fo­netikurad kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi unda yofiliyo taf fuZe,
romelic gvaqvs gorakebs Soris Cavardnili adgilis aRmniSvnel
ta­fob sityvaSi (danelia, 1991: 605). sagulisxmoa, rom tafala
la­ zurSi brtyels niSnavs, Tumca es sityva dabaltanian kaczec
iT­qmis (Tandilava, 2013: 285). vakesTan erTad swor adigilsa da
mindors aRniSnavs duzi (Tandilava, 2013: 228) da zeni (aTin. viw.)
(Tan­dilava, 2013: 284).
amdenad, Cven statiaSi ganvixileT ZiriTadi sasoflo- sa­
me­urneo niadagebisa da sayane adgilebis terminebi da misi saxes­
xva­obebi rogorc qarTulsa da qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi, ise
meg­rul-lazurSi. Tumca lazurSi, cnobili mizezebis gamo, ze­
moT aRniSnuli leqsika, rac saerToqarTvelur Zirs ukavSirdeba,
SedarebiT mwiria.
46
 bibliografia:

• bebia, 2003 _ bebia inga. samiwaTmoqmedo leqsika megrulSi. diserta­

cia, wardgenili filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero
xa­risxis mosapoveblad. 2003;
• gegeSiZe, 1987 _ gegeSiZe mixeil. hidronimuli warmoSobis qarTuli
to­ponimebi, _ kreb.: onimastika. t. I. Tb., 1987;
• danelia, 1991 _ korneli danelia. megrul-Wanuri leqsikis sakiTxebi,
_ wgn.: qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba. megruli teqstebi. t. II. Tb.,
1991;
• eliava, 1997 – eliava givi. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni (masalebi). k.
da­nelias redaqciiT. Tb., 1997;
• Tandilava, 2013 – Tandilava alio. lazuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2013;
• kartozia, 1993 _ kartozia guram. lazuri teqstebi. Tb., 1993;
• kvirtia, 2001 _ kvirtia mamanti. kvimati (leqsebi, funagorialuri we­
ri­lebi, folklori da eTnografia, toponimika da mikrotoponimebi,
ono­mastika oxunjobani...). Semdgeneli medea kvirtia. Tb., 2001;
• JRenti, 1938 – sergi JRenti. Wanuri teqstebi. arqabuli kilokavi.
tf., 1938;
• ruxaZe, 1976 _ ruxaZe julieta. xalxuri agrikultura dasavleT saqa­
rTveloSi. Tb., 1976;
• qobalia, 2010 – qobalia alio. megruli leqsikoni. Tb., 2010;
• qiria.., 2015 _ qiria Wabuk, ezugbaia lali, memiSiSi omar, Cuxua merab.
la­zur-meggruli gramatika. t. I: morfologia. Tb., 2015;
• yifSiZe, 1939 _ yifSiZe ioseb. Wanuri teqstebi. winasityvaoba da re­
daqcia arn. Ciqobavasi. Tb., 1939;
• Ciqobava 1936 _ Ciqobava arnold. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi teq­
s­te­biTurT. tf., 1936;
• cxadaia, 1999 – cxadaia paata. Ziebani kolxeTis toponimiidan. t. I.
Tb., 1999;
• xubua, 1937 _ xubua makari. megruli teqstebi. megruli teqstebi zRa­
pre­bSi da leqsebSi. tf., 1937;
• javaxiSvili, 1930 _ javaxiSvili ivane. saqarTvelos ekonomiuri is­
toria. w. I. me-2 axlad dawerili gamocema 21 suraTiT da 1 rukiT. tf.,
1930;
• КИПШИДЗЕ, 1914 – Кипшидзе Иосиф. Грамматика мингрельского (иверского)
языка (с хрестоматией и словарем). СПб., 1914.

47
 NINO MASHIA1

THE NAMES OF GROUND AND CORNFIELDS

IN MENGRELIAN-LAZ

In the previus article we have analysed the vocabulary of ground and

ground places its names in Mengrelian-Laz language. As far as possible here is
given matching synonyms of the Georgian language and its dialects. There is an
attempt to make an etymological search for these names. A significant part of
the discussed terms is overall for Megrelian and Lazarus.
The analysis proved that Georgian-Mengrelian-Laz material is basically
Ge­orgian. The difference appeared later.

1
Nino Mashia – Postgraduate Student, Sokhumi State University.
48
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

nino maSia, lela giglemiani1

marcvleuli kulturebis aRmniSvnel leqsemaTa

zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis megrul-lazurSi

samegrelos niadagis safari mravalferovania. istoriul wy­

ro­ebSi Tu sxvadasxva mogzaurTa CanawerebSi sagangebodaa miuTi­
Tebuli aqauri aqauri miwa-wylis siuxveze, simdidreze da sike­
Teze. saTesi kulturebidan samegreloSi, ZiriTadad, mohyavdaT:
fetvi, Wvavi, Romi, simindi, xorbali, qeri, brinji. fetvi da Wvavi
arqeologiuri monacemebiTaa damowmebuli, xolo Romis naSTi aR­
moCenilia centralur amierkavkasiaSi (ZiZiguri, 2000: 120). kolxe­
Tis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sacxovrebel adgilebSi endemuri jiSe­
bis arsebobis dadastureba, neoliTur sadgomebSi aRmoCenili
xel­safqvavis qvebi, qvis Toxebi da sxva, mkvlevarT sakmaod myar
safuZvels aZlevT imisaTvis, rom kolxeTis barsa da mTiswina
zolSi intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis mimdevari mosaxleobis arse­
boba ivaraudon. rogorc Cans Romi, fetvi da Wvavi mwarmoebluri
meurneobiT iqneboda gakulturebuli da amdenad dasavleT amie­
r­
kavkasia _ maTi kultivirebis erT-erT uZveles centrad unda
iyos warmoCenili. xorbali rom kolxeTSi uZvelesi droidanaa
mni­Svnelovani marcvleuli amaze miuTiTebs sxva monacemebTan er­
Tad, arqeologiuri masala. `megrelebi sTesen _ puri, dika, qeri,
fetvi, ufro bevri iTeseba simindi da Romi... me­ti sinestisa da
sicxisagan puri Caxurdeba aodavs xolme... xorblis Senaxva Znelia
da fqvilad inaxaven...~ (gogebaSvili, 1982: 266). k. borozdinis aR­
weriT `..mdidari tyea rionidan samurzayanomde, zogan Sig culic
ki ar Seutania adamians... vake adgilebSi xorbals ver Seinaxaven:
nestisa da sicivisagan marcvlebs erTnairi, TvalisaTvis uCinari
Wia uCndebaT (borozdini, 1927: 24).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sameurneo kultur­
1
nino maSia _ doqtoranti, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti; lela gi­
g­le­miani _ filologiis doqtori, Tsu arnold Ciqobavas institutis
mec­nier-TanamSromeli.
4. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 49
is saxeoba Romi simindis Semosvlamde da Semdegac, mosaxleobis
erT-erTi mTavari sakvebi marcvleuli iyo. uxucesTa gadmoce­
miT, samegrelosa da mis mosazRvre mxareebSi ZiriTadad Romis
Romis ori jiSi iTeseboda: erTi _ `Cqinebura~, romelsac gverdiT
TavTavebi _ quburebi (nakveTebi) _ hqonda mwyobrad asxmuli, igi
sakmao moculobisa iyo, marcvalic msxvili hqonda, ferovani, oq­
ros­feri; meore _ `mocorozi~ (goqur) mTisa; `dudeli~ (Taveli)
wvrili iyo, icexveboda Cveulebrivad da kargad emorCileboda
ga­cexvas (maisaia.., 2005: 24.)
Roms megrulad Rumu hqvia (eliava, 1997: 328). Roms ganasxva­
veb­dnen ferebis mixedviT: WiTa (wiTeli), Ce (TeTri), koxure, qoC­
obe (javaxiSvili; 1992: 236).
Romi marcvlovanTa ojaxs miekuTvneba. saqarTveloSi amJa­
mad misi 23 saxeobaa daculi. saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT mis da­
savleT nawilSi, uxsovari droidan XVII saukunemde, ZiriTadi sa­
sursaTo kultura Romi iyo. kolxebi da maTi monaTesave tomebi
Romis kilgaclili marcvlisgan sqel fafas amzadebdnen, rasac
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba RomisRomis//RumuSRumu-s terminiT mo­
ix­seniebdnen. RomisRoms megrulad „Cxvers“-ac eZaxdnen (eliava,
1997: 351). samegreloSi mcxovrebi uxucesebis gadmocemiT „Cxveris“
Romis marcvlisgan fafasac amzadebdnen _ „Cxukas“ saxelwodebiT,
ro­melic nigvziTa da TafliT iyo Sezavebuli (es saucxoo koncent­
ri­rebul sakvebad iTvleboda). garda amisa, Roms samkurnalo dani­
SnulebiTac iyenebdnen, misgan mzaddeboda gaciebis sawinaaRmdego
wa­mali, romelic samegrelos mosaxleobaSi „tibus“ saxeliT iyo
cnobili. dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Romis Roms, rogorc
advilad mosanelebel dietur sakvebs, kuW-nawlavis daavadebaTa
sam­kurnalodac iyenebda. 
qarT. Rom-i, megr. Rum-u, laz. Rom-u leqsemebSi Rom//Rum
Zi­reuli sityvaa da saerToqarTvelur fuZes warmoadgens.
Romi//Romu (Tandilava, 2013: 812).
Romis Tesls, Romis kakals lazurSi nCxvar-i ewodeba: `un­
Cxvaru qurumi ien, donCxvaraSi nCxvari~ _ ucexveli Romia, rom
da­fSvni (Tandilava, 2013: 586).
Romis yanas oRumale-s uwodeben (Tandilava, 2013: 672).
samegreloSi Rom-is, rogorc sakvebi mcenaris, sami saxeoba
iyo cnobili: Cqinebura ( Cveneburi), cicua da kitaia.
cicua _ wvrilTaviani da wvrilmarcvliani, Semodioda Seda­
re­biT adre. kitaia _ marcvlebi didi hqonda da safarveli TiTqmis
na­xevarze ixsneboda (eliava, 1989: 18-19).
lazurSi fetvis, Romisa da sazogadod pureulis marcvals
50
`Cxvari~ (aTin., xof.), an `mCxveri~ ewodeboda. megrulad amave
cnebis aRsaniSnavad `Cxveri~ gamoiyeneba. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
wi­naT megrulsac lazuris msgavsi forma unda hqonoda, amas Romis
abe­gvis saxelzmna `Cxaruac~ amJRavnebs. arsebiTad es megruli
zmna damarcvlis aRmniSvneli yofila (javaxiSvili, 1986: 98).
XVI saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTo gavrceleba
hpova simindma. igi glexisaTvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakvebi mce­na­
re iyo da aris.
samegreloSi iTeseboda simindis sxvadasxva saxeoba: ruxula
`wvri­li simindi~ da cicua mohyavdaT mTian samegreloSi (makala­
Tia, 1941: 185).
lazurSi simindis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba laziti//lauzti//
la­zuti (Tandilava, 2013: 392): `lazuti dobaRinu var avetes~ _ sa­
myofi simindi ar eqnebodaT (Tandilava, 2013: 391).
s. bronevskis, a. poxomovis da sxva avtorebis azriT, afxa­
zebs cotaodeni xorbali, qeri `Turquli xorbali~ mohyavdaT.
Tur­qebi siminds `lazut~-s e.i. lazebis mcenares eZaxdnen, xolo
zogi rusi avtori mas `Turqul xorbals~ uwodebda (baxia-oqrua­
Svili, 2011: 72).
amdenad, lazurSi lazut-i//lauzti saxelwodeba gamoiyene­
ba `simindis~ mniSvnelobiT. megrulSi gvaqvs lazutis variante­
bi: laiti//lati//lasti (zugdidur-samurzayanulSi); senakurSi
mxolod simindia cnobili. qarTulSi lazut forma ara gvaqvs
(Ci­qobava, 2008: 151). simindis (megr. laiti//lati//lasti da laz.
lazutis) yvavils roka `simindis taro~ laz. roka ˜ megr. roka →||
raka `simindis taro~ ewodeba. xolo marcvlis gaclis Sedegad
darCenil nawils megrulSi `gunga~, lazurSi kukuti hqvia (Tan­di­
la­va, 2013: 386).
siminds xeliT fSvnidnen, magram iyo specialuri mowyobilo­
bac, romelsac oCeCe, oCeCeS-i (oCeCeSis) igivea, rac oCaCue _ saCeCe­
li erqva (qajaia, 2002: 462).
samegreloSi mohyavdaT xorbalic, patara mcenare, romelic
gva­Zlevs ugemrieles purs. iv. javaxiSvilis cnobiT, Zvelad saqa­
rTveloSi xorbals xvarbalad moixseniebdnen _ es iyo zogadad,
marcvleulis aRmniSvneli sityva. megrulad mas qobals, xolo la­
zurad ki qovals eZaxdnen. toponimikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT,
Se­iZleba vifiqroT, rom termini qobali Zvelad aRm. saqarTve­
loSic iyo cnobili. sityvis _ qobali//qovali mniSvneloba Tanda­
Tan gafarTovda da igi sadReisod niSnavs rogorc xorbals, ise
xor­blis fqvilisgan gamomcxvar produqts, anu Seesatyviseba qar­
Tul sityvas _ puri da svanur diar-s (javaxiSvili, 1930: 320, 321).
51
 iv. javaxiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom meg­ru­
lSi gvaqvs gamokvebasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi sityvebi, rogori­
caa: 1. odiare//ondiare anu sakvebi da balaxi; 2. diarafa, rac niS­
navs niSnavs kvebas, Wmevas da Zovebas; 3. odiarafali anu samwyso;
4. sadiaro anu saqorwilo; 5. diara, rac Seesatyviseba saqorwilo
pu­ris Wamasa da maspinZlobas (javaxiSvili, 1930: 320, 321, 417).
sainteresoa sityva ifqlis warmoSoba — igi gvxvdeba jer ki­
dev V-XII saukunis literaturul Zeglebsa da sabuTebSi. dialeq­
te­bSi ifqli cocxali sityvaa da sxvadasxva saxiT: ifqli, ifxli,
if­qili, imqli ismis. Zvel qarTulSi igi `Semodgomis xorbleuls~
aR­niSnavda.
`ifqlis~ magivrad megrulSi `irqi~ gvxvdeba, romelic miRe­
bulia f-s dakargvisa da l-s Sesatyvisi r-s metaTezis Sedegad.
qar­Tuli da megruli enebis masala Seapirispira i. yifSiZem (fen­
rixi.., 2000: 165).
irq-i (irqis) ifqli. irqiS qobali _ ifqlis puri (qajaia, 2002:
92).
irql-i (irqlis) igivea, rac irqi ifqli (qajaia, 2002: 92).
uZvelesi samiwaTmoqmedo kulturaa fetvi. amas adasturebs
ar­qeologiur Zeglebze aRmoCenili fetvis kulturis naSTebi.
cno­bilia, rom XVII-XVIIIss. amerikidan CvenSi Semosulma kultureb­
ma aborigenuli kulturebi gaaZeves. am procesma intensiuri xasi­
aTi miiRo gansakuTrebiT XIXs. II naxevridan, rasac xeli Seuwyo
fet­vis agroteqnikis Sromatevadobam, misi marcvlad gamoyenebis
siZ­nelem, ramdenadac cexva xdeboda metad primitiuli `sacexve­
liT~.
m. Cuxuas lazurisa da megrulis saerTo Zir-fuZeTa leqsi­
kon­Si Sedarebulia aqvs: xorblis jiSis _ moxas Zir-fuZe: laz. mo­
xa ˜ megr. moxa, top. moxaSi (senaki); Sdr. qarT. maxa (qiria.., 2015: 16).
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi `fetvis~ saxelwodebani
gan­sxvavebulia: kaxeTSi mas faCxa _ fetvi ewodeba, mTiulurSi _
fo­Ciani fetvi, gurulSi Wadi, Wadis-Wadi; leCxumurSi _ SavWada,
Savi Wadi, uruSi; zemoimerulSi _ wvrili Wadi; lazur-megrulSi
_ fati, Wkidi, WkidiS Wkidi; svanurSi _ fetv, fetvi (mayaSvili,
1991: 167).
samegreloSi fetvis (fatis) TavTavebs cexvavdnen CamuriT,
Sem­deg wisqvilSi fqvavdnen. misgan gakeTebuli mWadi surnelovani
da gemrieli iyo (mTxrobeli 82 wlis artur andRulaZe, xobis
r-ni, sof. qvemo qvaloni). amave raionSi adastureben, rom fet­
vis moxaluli fqvilisgan amzadebdnen `qumus~, romelsac tkbili
namcxvris magivrad miirTmevdnen.
52
 fetvis kulturasTan dakavSirebuli mravali rituali, mi­
Ti da RvTaebrivi forma arsebobda samegrelos eTnografiul
yo­faSi. amgvar ritualTa kategorias miekuTvneba `miqamgarias~
kul­ti, romelic iTvleboda amindis gamgeblad, agreTve saqonli­
sa da mosavlis mfarvelad. meurneebi fiqrobdnen, rom masze iyo
da­mokidebuli fetvis mosavali, rac kargad Cans saqarTveloSi
gav­rcelebul `xelxvavis~ simRerebSi `miqelam da gabrielam yana
gag­vixvavriela~ (maisaia.., 2005: 47).
Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasielebSi, da maT Soris afxazeb­
Sic, dasawyisisaTvis mTavar da ZiriTad marcvleul kultur­
as rom fetvi warmoadgenda, amas afxazebSi SemorCenili yofiTi
wes-Cveulebebic mowmobs: `religiuri dReoba-dResaswaulebis
dros, ritualuri kverebisaTvis mozelil comSi, ojaxis uxucesi
qa­li, simbolurad mainc fetvis fqvils aucileblad Seurevda.
qor­wilis dRes ki patarZlis qmris didi saxlis kerasTan ziarebis
dros, ojaxis uxucesi qali meqorwileebs Tavze fetvis burRuls
ay­rida~ (baxia-oqruaSvili, 2011: 73)
fetvisaTvis niadagis momzadeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
xde­boda Semodgomaze, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki _ adre gazafx­
ulze miwa ixvneboda 20-30sm siRrmeze.
Wkidi _ fetvi. WkidiS(i) Wkidi _ fetvi (mayaSvili, 1991: 162).
Wkidi _ mWadi. Wkidi doWvi aka `mWadi gamoacxve erTi~ (elia­
va, 1997: 378)
qvrima-fetvi _ qvrima (mayaSvili, 1991: 132).
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli marcvleuli kulturebidan
aR­saniSnavia qeri. megrulSi, lazursa da qarTulSi mas saerTo
Zi­ri aqvs. vfiqrobT, igi qarTulidanaa Sesuli megrul-lazurSi.
laz. qer-i, megr. qer-i, qar-T. qer-i. n. mars es sityva xofursa da
arqabulze miTiTebiT mohyavs; viweSi sityva ucnobiao, aTinurSic
mTqmeli mas keri-s saxiT icnobs., Tumca TviT am mTqmels es eeWve­
bao. i. yifSiZes CxalurSi dadasturebuli aqvs qeri: ham ofutes
iCanen lazuti, dika, qeri... (Ciqobava, 2008: 158).
o. qajaias, g. eliavas megrulSi qeris puris aRmniSvnel ter­
minad gamoyenebuli aqvT termini jinjila (qajaia, 2002: 616; elia­
va, 1997: 396).
brinji saqarTveloSi erT-erTi Zveli marcvleuli kultur­
aa. Cvenamde moRweuli istoriuli cnobebi da eTnografiuli masa­
le­bi miuTiTeben saqarTveloSi brinjis kulturis arsebobaze ad­
reul saukuneebSi.
brinjs samegreloSi iyenebdnen fafis dasamzadeblad. re­
spodenti T. Sedania (zugdidis r-ni, sof. darCeli, asaki 70w.) mo­
53
gviTxrobs, rom mas brinjis moyvana ar axsovs. Tumca mis ojaxSi
bri­njis fafas amzadebdnen da ZiriTadad maRali temperaturisa
da gaciebis dros iyenebdnen.
iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom brinjis kultura dasavleT sa­
qar­TveloSi saberZneTis gziT unda Semosuliyo. amas xels uwyob­
da dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiro zolSi brinjis mosayva­
nad metad xelsayreli pirobebi, niadagisa da havis uxvi sinotive.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi brinjis mosayvanad saTanado agro­
pi­robebia samtrediis, xonis, abaSis, senakisa da xobis raionebSi.
xo­lo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki _ gardabnis da md. alaznis
qvemo vakis sarwyav miwebze (maisaia.., 2005: 59).
brinji megrulSi brinjis saxelwodebiTaa Semosuli, xolo
la­zurSi mas pirinji ewodeba (Tandilava, 2013: 713). aqve miTiTebu­
lia termini CelTiRi, rac Turqulia da daucexvel brinjs niSnavs
(Tan­dilava, 2013: 831).
amdenad, winamdebare statiaSi mokledaa gaanalizebuli mar­
c­vleuli kulturis ramdenime leqsema da maTi SepirispirebiTi
ana­lizi megrul-lazursa da qarTulSi.

bibliografia:

• baxia-oqruaSvili 2011 _ baxia-oqruaSvili salome. afxazTa eTno­

logia. Tb., 2011;
• borozdini, 1927 _ borozdini korneli. batonymoba samegreloSi (ma­
salebi). Targmani da winasityvaoba T. saxokiasi. tf., 1927;
• gogebaSvili, 1982 _ gogebaSvili iakob. saganZuri. Tb., 1982;
• eliava, 1989 – eliava givi. eTnografiuli samegrelo. martvili, 1989;
• eliava, 1997 – eliava givi. megruli leqsikoni. martvili, 1997;
• Tandilava, 2013 – Tandilava alio. lazuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2013;
• maisaia.., 2005 _ maisaia ineza, SanSiaSvili Tamazi, rusiSvili nana.
kolxeTis agraruli kultura. Tb., 2005;
• makalaTia, 1941 _ makalaTia sergi. samegrelos istoria da eTnogra­
fia. Tb., 1941;
• mayaSvili, 1991 _ mayaSvili aleqsandre. botanikuri leq­sikoni. mce­na­
re­Ta saxelwodebani. sastambod moamzada g. naxucriSvilma. Tb., 1991;
• fenrixi.., 2000 _ fenrixi hainc, sarjvelaZe zurab. qarTvelur enaTa
eti­mologiuri leqsikoni. Tb., 2000;
• qajaia II, 2002 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 2: z-s.
Tb., 2002;

54
• qajaia III, 2002 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. 3: t-h.
Tb., 2002;
• qiria.., 2015, _ qiria Wabuk, ezugbaia lali, memiSiSi omar, Cuxua merab.
lazur-meggruli gramatika. t. I: morfologia. Tb., 2015;
• Ciqobava, 2008 _ Ciqobava arnold. Sromebi. t. IV: Wanur-megrul-qar­
Tuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., 2008;
• ZiZiguri, 2000 _ ZiZiguri laSa. amierkavkasiis uZvelesi samiwaTmoq­
me­do kultura (iaraRi). neoliTi-gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xana. Tb.,
2000;
• javaxiSvili, 1930 _ javaxiSvili ivane. saqarTvelos ekonomiuri is­
toria. w. I. me-2 axlad dawerili gamocema 21 suraTiT da 1 rukiT.
tf., 1930;
• javaxiSvili, 1956 _ javaxiSvili ivane. qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis
istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1956;
• javaxiSvili, 1986 _ javaxiSvili ivane. Txzulebani Tormet tomad.
t. V. Tb., 1986;
• javaxiSvili, 1992 _ javaxiSvili ivane. masalebi saqarTvelos Sinam­
rewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis istoriisaTvis. t. V: meurneobis
sxvadasxva dargi da zogierTi yofiTi realia. Tb., 1992.

NINO MASHIA, LELA GIGLEMIANI1

FOR SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT LEXEMES DENOTING

THE CEREAL CROPS IN MENGRELIAN
AND LAZ LANGUAGES

In the presented article, we have analysed the vocabulary of cereal crops

and its names in Mengrelian-Laz language. Their corresponds with Georgian lan-
guage and the dialects are given as far az possible the attempt of etymological
search of these names is made. The example of archaeological and etymologi-
cal material we have viewed. The analysis proved that Georgian-Mengrelian-Laz
material we studied is Georgian. The difference appeared later.

1
Nino Mashia – Postgraduate Student, Sokhumi State University; Lela Giglemiani – PhD
in Philology, Researcher of Arnold Chikobava Institute of lInguistics of Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbi­lisi State University.
55
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

lali ratiani1

ukumimarTebaTa marealizebel derivaciul elementTa

analizi leqsikur-gramatikul klasebis mixedviT

antonimiur wyvilTa semuri Semadgenlobisa da semantikuri

struqturis kvlevis Sedegebi safuZvlad daedo maTi klasifikaciis
Semdegi saxeobebis gamokveTas:
1. leqsikonuri (uzualuri, pirveladi) da konteqstualuri
(me­oradi) antonimia_antonimur wyvilTa paradigmatikuri
da sintagmatikuri Taviseburebebis mixedviT.
2. pirveli /meore rangis antonimia _ dapirispirebul wyvi­l­
Ta semantikur struqturaSi semantikur variantTa re­le­
van­turobisa da rigiTobis mixedviT.
3. absoluturi da nawilobrivi antonimia-antonimiur wyvi­l­
Ta semantikuri struqturis Tanxvedris mixedviT.
4. SezRuduli da SeuzRudavi antonimia-antonimiur wyvilTa
Se­sityvebebSi monawileobis xasiaTis mixedviT.
5. erT- da mravalganzomilebiani antonimia-antonimiur w­yvi­
lTa semantikuri struqturebis moculobis, ganzomilebis
mi­xedviT.
6. SualobiTi da uSualo antonimia-antonimiur wyvilTa fo­
r­maluri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
warmodgenili klasifikacia calkeul saxeobaTa gaTvaliswi­
neba udavod mizanSewonili iqneba antonimiis movlenis nebismieri
le­qsikur-gramatikuli klasis farglebSi kvlevis procesSi.
moZiebuli masalis analizis safuZvelze marTebulad miviCni­
eT gamogveyo Sromis konkretul nawilSi yvela is derivaciuli
elementi leqsikur-gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT, romelic fi­
qsirebulia leqsikografiul SromebSi da gamoiyeneba Zireuli
sityvis ukumniSvnelobis Sesaqmnelad. warmodgenili monacemebi
miRebulia arsebul, oficialurad gamoqveynebul Sromebze da­y­
1
lali ratiani _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo uni­ver­si­
te­ti.
56
r­dnobiT:

sqema 1
(Duden DUW 1983; Agricola.., 1979; Agricola.., 1999; Bünting, 1996; Klappenbach,
1970-1977; Wahrig.., 1980; Завьялова, 1969; Степанова, 1979).
antonimiur mimarTebaTa mawarmoebel derivaciul elementTa

produqtuloba leqsikur-gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT

derivaciuli zedsarTavi arsebiTi

zmnebi produqtiuloba
elementebi saxelebi saxelebi
seriulad xmarebuli,
a   1  
prefiqsi
seriulad xmarebuli
ab 46 39 126
naxevarprefiqsi produqtuli
seriulad
an 45 38 93
xmarebuli,prefiqsi
seriulad xmarebuli
anti 7 2   sixSiruli produqtuli
prefiqsi
mocilebadi naxevarprefiqsi
aus 39 26 94
produqtuli sixSiruli
mocilebadi naxevarprefiqsi
auf 17 17 101
produqtuli sixSiruli
araseriulad xmarebuli
di   6   arasixSiruli moucilebadi
prefiqsi
araseriulad xmarebuli
dis 9 6 1 arasixSiruli moucilebadi
prefiqsi
seriulad xmarebuli
de 21 5 8 moucilebadi prefiqsi
sixSiruli
seriulad xmarebuli
des 5 2 1 moucilebadi prefiqsi
sixSiruli
mocilebadi naxevarprefiqsi
ein 37 38 93
produqtuli sixSiruli
moucilebadi prefiqsi
ex 7 7 12
arasixSiruli
seriulad xmarebuli mouc.
ent   1 74
pref. produqtuli

Sromis mocemul monakveTSi aRwerili sakvlevi fenomenis

mravalmxrivi analizi Sesrulebulia martivi struqturis mqone
ze­
dsarTav saxelTa leqsikuri erTeulebis masalaze, romelTa
opo­ziciuri mniSvnelobebis realizacia uSualod, yovelgvari
Su­
alobiTi elementis CarTviT xorcieldeba. uSualo antonimi­
is pa­
ralelurad enaSi gamoikveTeba damatebiT specialuri eno­
brivi saSualebebiT Seqmnili dapirispirebulobis SemTxvevebi _
opo­zicia iqmneba martiv fuZeze uaryofiTi sityvamawarmoebeli
ele­mentebis darTviT, romlebic klasificirebulia enaSi sityva­
Ta leqsikur-gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT. zedsarTavi saxelis
57
farglebSi. aseT saSualebebad iTvleba:
a-an (nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebis sityvamawarmoebeli
ele­ menti, seriulad xmarebuli, prefiqsi) alogisch–logisch, amora-
lisch–moralisch, anational–national, anorganisch–organisch;
ab (zedsarTavi saxelebis naxevarprefiqsi, araproduq­ti­uli,
ara seriulad xmarebuli) abnorm–norm, abhold–hold;
anti-ant nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebis prefiqsi, produq­ti­
uli, seriulad xmarebuli) antinational–national, antisozial–sozial;
de-des (nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelebis prefiqsi, araseri­
ulad xmarebuli (laT., frang)) dezentral–zentral, desinteressiert–inter-
essiert;
dis (nasesxebi zedsarTavi saxelis prefiqsi, araseriulad xma­
rebuli) isharmonisch–harmonisch, disproportioniert–proportioniert;
frei (zedsarTavi saxelis naxevarprefiqsi, produqtiuli) alko-
holfrei–alkoholhaltig, wasserfrei–wasservoll/los;
süchtig (zedsarTavi saxelis rTuli sufiqsi, produqtiuli,
seriulad xmarebuli-miRebuli sufiqsi -ig-isa da arsebiTi saxe­
lebis naxevarprefiqsis -sucht-is SerwymiT) ichsüchtig–ichlos, selbs-
süchtig–selbstlos;
leer-voll (zedsarTavi saxelis naxevarprefiqsi, produqtiuli,
seriulad xmarebuli) blutleer–blutvoll, -reich, inhaltsleer–inhaltsreich, -voll
wasserleer–wasserreich, -voll;
miss (zedsarTavi saxelis prefiqsi, produqtiuli, seriulad
xmarebuli) missfarbig–farbig, missgünstig–günstig;
nicht (rTuli zedsarTavi saxelis pirveli seriulad xmarebu­
li komponenti) nichtehelich–ehelich, nichtlineal–lineal;
un (zedsarTavi saxelis prefiqsi, produqtiuli, seriulad
xmarebuli) unabhảngig–abhảngig, unảhnlich–ảhnlich (zedsarTavebisa da
adi­eqtivuri mimReobis fuZeebSi).
zemoCamoTvlili yvela derivaciuli saSualeba uklebliv
mi­uTiTebs amosavali sityvis mniSvnelobis uaryofaze, mis ukumni­
S­vnelobaze. am gziT Seqmnil antonimebs Zireuli, uSualo antoni­
miuri erTeulisagan gansxvavebiT pirobiTad vuwodebT Sualo­
biTs, rameTu isini sityvamawarmoebeli elementebis meSveobiT
war­moiqmneba. gamovyofT SualobiTi antonimiis or saxeobas:
rodesac antonimiuri wyvili iqmneba amosaval sityvaze uar­
yo­fis mniSvnelobis mqone sityvamawarmoebeli elementis darTviT
_ logisch–alogisch, national–antinational. aseT antonimias pirobiTad
vu­wodebT calmxvriv SualobiT antonimias. SualobiTi antonimi­
is meore saxeobas mivakuTvnebT iseT wyvilebs, romlebic dapi­
rispirebas qmnian antonimiuri wyvilis ara erT romelime, ara­
58
med orive wevrze opoziciuri mniSvnelobis mqone sityvamawarmo­
ebeli elementis darTviT, rogoricaa winsarTebi: miss-/wohl-,
ab-/zu-, ab-/auf-, ab-/fest-, frei-/fest-,wohl-/un-, bolosarTebi:-los/-fest,
-frei/-haltig, -haft/-los, -los/-reich da sxva, magaliTad: festbinden-freibin-
den, wohlbekannt-unbekannt, abspringen-aufspringen, freudelos-freudevoll,
al­koholfrei-alkoholhaltig, mangelhaft-mangelfrei, hoffnungsreich-hoffnungslos
da a.S. calmxriv SualobiT antonimiasTan mimarTebaSi am saxis
da­pirispirebas ormxrivi SualobiTi antonimia SeiZleba ewodos.
aseTi antonimiis farglebSi erTi romelime sityvamawarmoebeli
elementis moqmedebis radiusi ara yvela SemTxvevaSia erTnairi.
mag., sityvamawarmoebeli erTeuli süchtig mxolod ramodenime Sem­
TxvevaSi upirispirdeba opoziciur -los-s selbstsüchtig-selbstlos, ichsü­
chtig-ichlos, ehrsüchtig-ehrlos, zweifellsüchtig-zweifellos. maSin, rodesac sü­
chtig- sufiqsiT nawarmoebi sityvebi antonimiur mimarTebebs saer­
Tod ver amyareben sxva leqsikur erTeulebTan, e.i. is am sferoSi
araproduqtiulia. SeuZlebeli gaxda iseTi sityvebisaTvis anto­
nimebis gamoZebna, rogoricaa- klatschsüchtig, trunksüchtig, tittelsüchtig
da a.S. aseT erTeulebze antonimiuri mimarTebebis realizaciis
saSualebas iZleva mxolod uaryofiTi nawilakis `nicht~-is darT­
va. mag., habsüchtig-nicht habsüchtig, gewinnsüchtig-nicht gewinnsüchtig,
opi­­umsüchtig-nicht opiumsüchtig, klatschsüchtig-nicht klatschsüchtig da sxv.
aR­saniSnavia, rom sityvaze uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis mqone erTe­
ulis darTviT rig SemTxvevaSi xdeba sityvis erTi metyvelebis
na­wilidan meoreSi gadayvana. mag. Dienst-dienstfrei-dienstwidrig, Gesetz-
ge­setzwidrig, Seele-entseelt, Fehler-fehlerfrei da sxv. am gziT miRebuli
da­pirispirebuloba ar CaiTvleba antonimad, rameTu antonimiur
wyvilad aRiarebis arsebiT safuZvels warmoadgens erTi saerTo
me­tyvelebis nawilisadmi kuTvnileba. unda aRiniSnos, rom zeds­
arTavebSi uSualo antonimia Warbobs, rac Seexeba SualobiTi
antonimias is Seqmnilia umeteswilad ucxouri afiqsebis meSveo­
biT. aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev erTxel adasturebs varauds imis
Ta­obaze, rom antonimiur wyvilebs arsebiTad germanuli warmoSo­
bis enobrivi erTeulebi Seadgenen.
leqsikuri erTeulebis opoziciur mimarTebaTa amsaxvel
erT­gvarad gansaxvavebul sqemas gvTavazobs m. zavialova (Завьяло-
ва, 1969). sqemaSi ganzogadoebuladaa warmodgenili germanuli enis
ma­salaze antonimiuri wyvilebis rogorc marcxena, ise marjvena
wev­ ris formaluri markerebi yovelgvari interpretaciis gare­
Se. struqturuli Taviseburebebis safuZvelze avtori gamohyofs
rva saxeobas sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawilebidan moZiebuli leqsi­
kuri masalis moSveliebiT: Zireuli sityvebi (arm-reich); Zireuli
59
da sufiqsaluri sityvebi (schön-häβlich); Zireuli da prefiqsa­lu­
ri sityvebi (Frieden-Unfrieden); sufiqsaluri da prefiqsaluri si­
tyvebi (artig-unartig); prefiqsaluri sityvebi (beschalten-besonnen);
sufiqsalur-prefiqsaluri da prefiqsaluri sityvebi (gebildet-un-
gebildet); sufiqsaluri da rTuli sityvebi (fehlerhaft-fehlerlos-fehler-
frei); rTuli sityvebi (reizlos- reizvoll); aRwerili sqema mxolod imis
warmodgenas emsaxureba, Tu rogori struqturis mqone saxelebi
Se­­iZleba dapirispirebis gamosaxatavad iqnen gamoyenebuli.

sqema 2
(Duden DUW 1983; Agricola.., 1979; Agricola.., 1999; Bünting, 1996; Klappenbach,
1970-1977; Wahrig.., 1980; Завьялова, 1969; Степанова, 1979).
derivaciuli elementebi zedsarTavi saxelebis farglebSi
germanulenovani

ab araseriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi araproduqtuli

frei naxevarprefiqsi produqtuli
leer seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi produqtuli
miss seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi produqtuli
rTuli zedsarTavi saxelebis pirveli komponenti seriulad
nicht
xmarebuli
süchtig rTuli zedsarTavi saxelebis seriulad xmarebuli sufiqsi
un seriulad xmarebuli produqtuli prefiqsi
voll seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi produqtuli
ucxouri  
a-an  seriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi
anti-ant  seriulad xmarebuli produqtiuli prefiqsi
de-des  araseriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi
dis araseriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi

aRvniSnavT, rom calkeul pirTa da saganTa antonimiuri mi­

mar­
Tebebis dadgena da maTTvis enobrivi gamoxatulebis micema
sak­
maod subieqtur elfers atarebs, rameTu es dasaxelebebi ar
efuZneba iseT obieqtur fenomenebs, rogoricaa pirTa mier war­
moebuli qmedeba an pirTa Tu saganTa niSan-Tviseba. antonimebSi,
rogorc es araerTgzis iqna aRniSnuli, Cven gvesmis movlenaTa
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTebebi da ara maTi nairsaxeoba.
antonimebi urTierTgamomricxavi, urTierTdapirispirebuli
ukumovlenebia, riTac aixsneba sulier da usulo konkreteuli
sagnebis aRmniSvnel arsebiT saxelebSi antonimebis gamoyofis si­
Znele. amaze metyvelebs oficialur wyaroebSi martiv arsebiT sa­
xel­Ta antonimiuri wyvilebis mcirericxovnebac. leqsikografi­
60
ul SromebSi mocemuli masalis statistikuri analizis Sedegad
Se­saZlebeli gaxda konkretuli monacemebis dadgenac_antonimიur
le­ qsikonSi fiqsirebul semantikurad urTierTdapirispirebul
er­ Teulebidan arsebiT saxelTa antonimიuri wyvilebi Seadgenen
mTeli masalis 22% (analizs ar davuqvemdebareT sityvebi, rom­
lebsac ara antonimiur, aramed korelaciur wyvilebad miviCnevT).
sityvaTa maragis saerTo raodenobidan arsebiTi saxelebi war­
modgenilia mxolod 1706 erTeuliT, A asoze moZiebul 1061 an­
tonimiur wyvilTa Soris 164 arsebiTi saxelia, romelTagan mx­
olod 13 wyvili warmoadgens martiv arsebiT saxelTa WeSmarit
dapirispirebas: amiT Semoifargleba am Semadgenlobis mqone WeS­
mariti antonimebis ricxvi.
enobrivi masalis analizi imis gacnxadebis saSualebas iZle­
va, rom Zireul arsebiT saxelTa Soris absoluturi antonimiuri
mimarTebebi saerTod iSviaTad realizdeba. absoluturi damTxve­
va ki aRiniSneba TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi im wyvilebTan, romel­
Ta marjvena wevri warmodgenilia marcxena wevris fuZeze uaryo­
fiTi semantikis mqone sityvamawarmoebeli elementis darTviT.
Geduld–Ungeduld; Stimmung– Missstimmung; Gunst –Abgunst; Klang – Wider-
klang; Weg – Abweg; Dienst – Gegendienst da sxv. misTanani. am leqsiku­
ri erTeulebis semuri analizi da maTi semantikuri struqturis
gan­ xilva srul SesabamisobaSia Cvens mtkicebasTan_antonimiuri
wyvilis calebis semuri Semadgenloba identuria, sxvaobas iZleva
mxolod negatiuri mniSvnelobis mqone sityvamawarmoebeli ele­
menti. Sdr.:
Druck=Kraft, die auf eine Flaeche wirkt; Gegendruck=der Druck, der gegen
einen Druck gerichtet ist.
identuri SemTxvevebi gvaqvs qvemoT dasaxelebul arsebiT
sa­xelebSi:
Rede=Mündliche Darlegung von den Gedanken; Widerrede=Rede, die ge-
gen muendliche Darlegung von Gedanken gerichtet ist.
Ruhe=Zustand des Stisstandes; Unruhe=Zustand der staendiger Bewe-
gung.
Beachtung=auf j-n achten, j-m Aufmerksamkeit schenken;
Nichtbeachtung=auf j-n nicht achten, j-m keine Aufmerksamkeit schenken.
Christ=Anhänger und Bekenner des Christentums; Antichrist=Gegner Chri-
sti.
These=wissenschaftlich zu beweisende Behauptung;
Antithese=Gegenbehauptung,wissenschaftlich nicht zu beweisende Be-
hauptung.
Kriegsdemonstration=Demonstration von den Kriegsanhaengern.
61
 Antikriegsdemonstration=Demonstration gegen den Krieg.
antonimიuri mimarTebebi arsebiT saxelTa klasSi myardeba
Zi­riTadad fuZeze sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone derivaciuli
ele­mentebis darTviT an zmnebisa da zedsarTavis saxelebis zub­
stantivizaciis gziT. dawvrilebiTi mimoxilva derivaciuli erT­
eulebis mocemulia Sromis momdevno nawilSi. rac Seexeba konver­
siis gziT zmnisa da zedsarTavi saxelidan warmoqmnil arsebiT
saxelebs, amis nimuSad warmovadgenT antonimიur wyvilebs, ro­
goricaa: Ärger-Freude, Lust; Gewinn-Verlust; Alte-Junge; zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebiT saxelTa
klasSi antonimიuri dapirispirebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Sualobi­
Tia, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs Cvens varauds imis Taobaze,
rom antonimebi rogorc urTierTdapirispirebuli, urTierTgamo­
mricxavi da urTierTsawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobis marealizebeli
enobrivi fenomenebi ar SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnen konkretuli
su­lieri an usulo sagnebis aRmniSvnelis saxiT.
amdenad, martivi struqturis mqone konkretuli sagnebis
aR­mniSvneli arsebiTi saxelebisaTvis umetes SemTxvevaSi sapiri­
s­piro mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli leqsikuri erTeulis moZieba
Se­uZlebeli aRmoCnda, rac mowmobs Cvens mier araerTgzis motani­
li mtkicebis marTebulobas imis Taobaze, rom realobaSi gamori­
c­xulia konkretuli sagnis ukuvariantis, „ukusagnis“ arseboba.
leqsikurma erTeulebma, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT konkretuli Se­
fasebiTi xasiaTi ar SeiZleba Seqmnan antonimiuri wyvili (burTi-
wigni). es mtkiceba srul SesabamisobaSia arebiTi saxelis zogad-
ka­tegorialur mniSvnelobasTan _ arsebiTi saxeli gamoxatavs sa­
gans misi farTo gagebiT sagnis saxiT warmodgenil niSan-Tvisebas,
mo­qmedebas. swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom antoni­
mebad miCneuli arsebiTi saxelebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,
gve­vlinebian zmnebisa da zedsarTavebidan nawarmoeb sityvebad.
arsebiT saxelTa wyvilebSi dapirispirebuloba umetes SemTxveva­
Si xorcieldeba sityvamawarmoebeli prefiqsebisa an iSviaTad su­
fiqsebis meSveobiT, mag., die Biogenese-die Abiogenese; der Semit-der An-
tisemit; die Sepsis-die Antisepsis; die Kompensation-die Antikompensation; die
Zentralisation-die Dezentralisation; der Argument-der Gegenargument; Schlaf-
losigkeit; Hilfe-Hilflosigkeit da a. S.
antonimიur leqsikonebSi mocemuli masalis mixedviT gansa­
xilvel leqsikur-gramatikul klasSi opoziciurobis gamoxatu­
leba ekisreba, rogorc germanulenovan, ise ucxour sityvamawar­
moebel elementebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom antonimიuri wyvile­
bis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT germanuli afiqsebi_kerZoT sufiqsebi
62
naklebad produqtiulia. SromebSi, sadac antonimiis fenomenia
ganxiluli asaxeleben sapirispiro semantikis mawarmoebel Semdeg
naxevarprefiqsebs: Ab-, Gegen-, Nicht-, Miss-, Un-, Wider-:
Ab: der Geschmack-der Abgeschmack; der Weg-der Abweg; die Gunst-die
Abgunst;
Gegen: der Beweis-der Gegenbeweis; der Druck-der Gegendruck; das An-
gebot-das Gegenangebot; die Absicht-die Gegenabsicht;
Nicht: die Achtung-die Nichtachtung; das Metal-das Nichtmetal; der
Christ-der Nichtchrist;
Miss: die Achtung-die Missachtung; der Erfolg-der Misserfolg; die Billi-
gung-die Missbilligung;
Un: der Dank-der Undank; die Gnade-die Ungnade; der Glaube-der Un-
glaube; die Lust-die Unlust;
Wider: der Christ-der Widerchrist; der Sinn-der Widersinn; das Wort-das
Widerwort; die Rede-die Widerrede; der Spruch-der Widerspruch;
antonimiuri wyvilebis Seqmnas emsaxureba agreTve Semdegi
uc­xouri derivaciuli elementebi, romlebic opoziciuri mniSv­
nelobis sityvebs ZiriTadad ucxouri warmoSobis fuZeebze darT­
viT awarmoeben:
An sixSiruli winsarTi: der Logismus-der Alogismus; die Moralitaet-
die Amoraliteat; der Alfabet-der Analfabet; die Aziditaet-die Anazideat;
Anti-Ant produqtiuli, sixSiruli prefiqsi: die Koerper-der An-
tikoerper; der Faschist-der Antifaschist; die These-die Antithese;
De-, Des- sixSiruli winsarTi mxolod nasesxeb arsebiT sa­
xelebTan: die Formation-die Deformation; die Montage-die Demontage; der
Akkord-der Desakkord;
Dis arasixSiruli prefiqsi: die Qualifikation-die Disqualifikation; die
Harmonie-die Disharmonie; die Proportion-die Disproportion;
In-, Il-, Ir-, Im sixSiruli prefiqsebi: die Legalität-die Illegalität; der
Materialismus-der Immaterialismus; die Aktivität-die Inaktivität; die Realität-die
Irrealität;
Konter arasixSiruli sityvamawarmoebeli elementi. igi erT­
vis, rogorc ucxour ise germanul fuZeebs: die Revolution-die Kon-
terrevolution; der Admiral-der Konteradmiral; der Schlag-der Konterschlag; der
Tanz-der Kontertanz; die Bande-die Konterbande;
Kontra sixSiruli, subprefiqsi: die Diktion-die Kontradiktion; die
Indikation-die Kontradiktion.
Non arasixSiruli prefiqsi, erTvis ZiriTadad ucxouri
war­moSobis abstraqtul saxelebs: der Komfromist-der Nonkomfromist;
die Valenz-die Nonvalenz;
Re sixSiruli produqtiuli prefiqsgration; die Militarisation-die
63
Remilitarisation; der Export-der Reexport;
identuri fuZeebis mqone sityvebSi dapirispirebulobis se­
mantikis realizacia xdeba pozitiuri semantikis winsarTis opo­
ziciuri winsarTebiT Secvlis gziT. aseTebad gvevlineba:
Zu-Ab: Zusage-Absage; Zuneigung-Abneigung; Zunahme-Abnahme; Zu-
fuhr-Abfuhr; Zugang-Abgang;
Ein-Aus: Eingabe-Ausgabe; Einfuhr-Ausfuhr; Einafhrt-Ausfahrt;
Ab-Auf: Abstieg-Aufstieg; Abbau-Aufbau; Abgang-Aufgang;
Ab-Ei: Abmarsch-Einmrsch; Abzug-Einzug; Abtritt-Eintritt:
An-Ab: Anbruch-Abruch; Anflug-Abflug;
Hin-Her: Hinflug-Herflug, Hinfahrt-Herfahrt ; Hinweg-Herweg;
Hinter-Vorder; Hinterrat-Vorderrat; Hinterseite-Vorderseite; Hinterbühne
-Vorderbühne.
identuri fuZeebis mqone rTul leqsemebSi antonimiuri mi­
ma­­r­Tebebi myardeba pirveli komponentis sapirispiro mniSvnelo­
bis mqone erTeulis Secvlis gziT: Weich-Dünn; Dick-Dünn; Dick-Fein;
Ein-Viel; Hoch-Tief; Direckt-Fern da sxv. Weichholz-Hartholz; Dickstoff-Dünn-
stoff; Direktstudium-Fernstudium; Einehe-Vielehe; Hochland-Tiefland; Dick-
darm-Dünndarm;
identuri derivaciuli modelis mixedviT Seqmnil sityvebSi
opo­ziciuroba TviT fuZeebis antonimiurobiT realizdeba: Verdü­
nung-Verdichtung; Verehrung-Verachtung, Verbesserung-Verschlechtung; Ver-
längerung-Verkürzung.

sqema 3
(Duden DUW 1983; Agricola.., 1979; Agricola.., 1999; Bünting, 1996; Klappenbach,
1970-1977; Wahrig.., 1980; Завьялова, 1969; Степанова, 1979).
derivaciuli elementebi arsebiTi saxelebis farglebSi
germanulenovani
seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi
ab
produqtuli
seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi
gegen
produqtuli
seriulad xmarebuli rTuli arsebiTi saxelebis
nicht
pirveli komponenti produqtuli
seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi
miss
produqtuli
seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi
un
produqtuli
seriulad xmarebuli produqtuli
wider
naxevarprefiqsi
ucxouri
a-an seriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi
seriulad xmarebuliproduqtiuli prefiqsi,
anti-ant
sixSiruli

64
 seriulad xmarebuli produqtuli prefiqsi
de-des
sixSiruli
dis arasixirulad xmarebuli prefiqsi
in-,il-,ir-,im seriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi
araseriulad xmarebuli araproduqtuli
kontra
arasixSiruli prefiqsi
konter araseriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi arasixSiruli
non araseriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi
re seriulad xmarebuli prefiqsi

rogorc zemoT iqna aRwerili SualobiTi antonimiisas wi­na­

aR­mdegobrivi mimarTebebis realizacia warmoebs identur martiv
fu­Zeebze uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis mqone germanuli Tu ucxouri
derivaciuli elementebis darTviT. zmnebSi antonimiis mawarmoe­
be­li germanuli winsarTebidan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba da sity­
vaTa Soris opoziciur mimarTebebs amyareben Semdegi derivaci­
uli elementebi:
ab- ≠ be-, aus-, auf-, ein-, zu-, ver-, ablehnen-bejahen, abbekommen-aus-
geben, abdecken-aufdecken, abberufen-einsetzen, abflauen-zunehmen, abhar-
ten-verweichlichen.
an- ≠ ab-, aus-, zurück,-los-,vorbei-,durch-,ver-, ent-, fort-,auf-, herun-
ter-, be-, wider-,weg-:anbauen-abreissen, andrehen-ausdrehen, anbieten-
zurück-weisen, anbinden-losmachen, anhalten-vorbeifahren, anbrechen-dur­
ch­b­rechen, anordnen-verbieten, annähern-entfernen, anbringen-forttragen,
an­kommen-aufbrechen, anerkennen-herunterzetzen, anfangen-beenden, an-
schmiegen-widerstehen, antreten-wegtreten.
aus-≠ ein-, an-, ver-, auf-, zurück-, ent-, zu-: ausatmen–einatmen, ausdre­
hen-andrehen, ausgeben-bekommen, ausgraben-vergraben, aussterben-auf-
sterben, ausfahren-zurückfahren, ausleihen-entleihen, ausreden-zureden.
auf-≠ ab-, ein-, zu- ver-, zurück-, nieder-, unter-, herab-, ent-: aufbauen-
ab­reissen, auftauchen-eintauchen, aufbinden-zubinden, aufbluehen-verblue-
hen, aufholen-zurueckbleiben, aufheben-niedersetzen, aufsteigen-untergehen,
auf­fliegen-herabfliegen, aufholen-entholen.
ein- ≠ aus-, ab-,auf-, ent-, ver-, heraus-: einfahren-ausfahren, eingiessen-
abgiessen, eintauchen-auftauchen, einfetten-entfetten, einbringen-verlieren,
einsetzen-herausnehmen.
entgegen ≠ ab-, aus-, nach-, zurück-, zu-, hin-:
entgegeneilen-abweisen, entgegenkommen-ausweichen, entgegenstre­
cken-nachgeben;
entgegentreten-zurückweichen, entgegennehmen-zuwenden, entgegen-
nehmen-hingeben;
zu ≠ auf-, ab-, aus-, ver-, ent::, zumachen-aufmachen, zufliessen-abflies-

5. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 65

sen, ugiessen-ausgiessen, zunehmen-verringen, zukorken-entkorken;
ent ≠ be-, er-,ver-, aus-, an-,ein-,ent-, zu-: entstehen-bestehen, entmu-
tigrn-entpflichten-verpflichten, entwerfen-ausfuehren, entspannen-anspannen,
en­tlasten-einspannen, entzuecken-entsetzen, entsagen-sich zuwenden;
ver ≠ be-, ge-, aus-,ein-, ver-, er-, auf-: verabschieden-begrüβen, verbie-
ten-genehmigen, verhellen-aussagen, vermehren-einschrenken, verraten-ver-
heimlichen, vermindern-erweitern, verschwinden -auftreten.
leqsikuri erTeulebis antonimიur mimarTebaTa realizacia
xdeba agreTve e.w. sixSiruli, produqtuli sityvamawarmoebeli
er­ Teulebis urTierTCanacvlebiT, romlebic warmoqmnili sity­
vebis pirvel komponentad gvevlinebian. aseTebia: hin ≠ her-; hinein ≠
hinaus-, hinunter ≠ hinau-f; heraus ≠ hinein/hinaus; herunter ≠herauf-; hinab
≠ hinauf-; zusammen ≠ auseinander- hinlegen-herlegen; hineinbringen-heraus-
bringen; hinuntertragen-hinauftragen; herausbringen-hineinbringen, herunter-
kommen-heraufkommen; hinabfliessen- hinauffliessen; zusammenbleiben-aus-
eiandergehen. aqedan zmnebi pirveli komponentiT `zusammen~- anto­
nimur mimarTebs avlenen aseve aus-, auf-, ver-, zer-, ent-, winsarTian
zmnebTan: zusammenfalten-ausspannen, zusammendruecken-aufbauschen,
zu­sammennehmen-verzetteln; zusammensetzen-zerlegen; zusammenrollen-
entrollen.
aRwerili SemTxvevebis garda antonimiuri mimarTebebi myar­
deba nairfuZian zmnebze urTierTsapirispiro semantikis marea­
lizebeli winsarTebis meSveobiT. aseTebia:
wider ≠ be-, ge-, er-, (xSirad)
an-, nach-, zu-, (iSviaTad): widerrufen-behaupten; widerstehen-gehor-
chen, widersetzen-ertragen, widerlegen-anerkennen, widerstehen-nachgeben,
widersprechen-zustimmen.
hinter ≠ vor-, voran-, er-, be-, ent-: hintergehen-vorgehen, hintertreiben-
vo­rantreiben, hinterlassen-ererben, hinterlassen-beerben, hinterlassen-enter-
ben.
miss ≠ ver-, be-, an-, ge-: misstrauen-vertrauen, misshandeln-behandeln,
mis­sbiligen-anerkennen,misslingen-gelingen,
gegenüber≠nebenan-,seitwärts-,diesseits-:.gegenueberliegen-nebenan-
liegen, gegenüberstehen-seitwärtsstehen, gegenübersitzen-diesseitssitzen.
ucxouri winsarTebidan antonimiuri zmnebis farglebSi Se­
darebiT xSirad gxvdeba produqtiuli prefiqsi: -re- reduzieren-sich
ve­rmehren, resignieren-durchhalten prefiqsi: -de- demontieren-aufbauen, de-
molieren-widerherstellen. sixSiruli prefiqsebi: ir-, im-, in-, irren-korrigie-
ren, immigrieren-emmigrieren, intergrieren-desintergrieren, inhaftieren-freilas-
sen. gansxvavebuli sixSiriT araseriulad xmarebuli, arasixSiruli
prefiqsebi: dis, di, ex - distanzieren-zurückbleiben, differieren-übereinstimmen,
66
existieren-erhalten, saerTod ar aRiniSneba antonimiuri mimarTebebis
gamoxatva iseTi erTeulebiT, rogoricaa: konter, kontra, anti, il, a, non.
rac Seexeba sufiqsalur warmoebas, is germanul antonimiur wyvi­
lebSi ar gvxvdeba. prefiqsebis saSualebiT Seqmnil antonimiur wy­
vilebs Soris fiqsirdeba struqturuli sxvaoba. kvlevis proces­
Si gamoikveTa antonimiuri wyvilebis Semdegi saxeobebi: wyvilebi,
romelTa, orive wevri warmodgenilia erTi da igive fuZiT, xolo
sapirispiro mniSvnelobis realizacia xdeba orive-marjvena da
marcxena fuZeze antonimiuri mniSvnelobis prefiqsebis darTviT:
auftauchen-eintauchen; aufmachen-zumachen; einliefern-ausliefern; aufste­
igen-absteigen; auffliegen-herabfliegen, belasten-entlasten, wiedergehen-em-
porgehen da sxv. wyvilebi, romelTa wevrebi warmodgenilia identu­
ri fuZebiT, opoziciurobis mniSvnelobis realizacia ki xdeba
wyvi­lis mxolod erT wevrze darTuli prefiqsebis meSveobiT: fär-
ben-abäfrben, nehmen-entnehmen, aendern-abaendern, billigen-missbilligen,
glücken-missglücken, holen-entholen, keimen-entkeimen, dialogisieren-entdialo-
gisieren, kleiden-entkleiden da sxv. wyvilebi, romelTa orive wevri war­
modgenilia antonimiuri fuZeebiT da amavdroulad sapirispiro
mniSvnelobis mqone prefiqsebiT: aufheben-niedersetzen, aufwachen-ein-
schlafen, aufschneiden-zunähen, aufsetzen-abnehmen, niedersetzen-aufheben,
ausweilen, einschrenken, dialogisieren-entdialogisieren, kleiden-entkleiden da
sxv. wyvilebi, romelTa orive wevri warmodgenilia antonimiuri
fu­ZeebiT da amavdroulad sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone prefi­
qsebiT: aufheben-niedersetzen, aufwachen-einschlafen, aufschneiden-zunä­
hen, aufsetzen-abnehmen, niedersetzen-aufheben, ausweilen, einschrenken.

sqema 4
(Duden DUW 1983; Agricola.., 1979; Agricola.., 1999; Bünting, 1996; Klappenbach,
1970-1977; Wahrig.., 1980; Завьялова, 1969; Степанова, 1979).
derivaciuli elementebi zmnebis farglebSi
germanulenovani
seriulad xmarebuli moucilebadi prefiqsi,
ent
produqtuli
seriulad xmarebuli naxevarprefiqsi,
entgegen
sixSiruli, produqtuli
gegenüber araseriulad xmarebuli, naxevarprefiqsi,
arasixSiruli
wider araseriulad xmarebuli, araproduqtuli,
naxevarprefiqsi, arasixSiruli
ucxouri
ex arasixSirulad xmarebuli, arasixSiruli,
mouc. prefiqsi

67
de-, des- seriulad xmarebuli, moucilebadi prefiqsi,
sixSiruli
dis-, di- moucilebadi prefiqsi, arasixSiruli

bibliografia:

• DUDEN DUW 1983 – Duden Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. Mannheim, Wien, Zü-

rich, 1983;
• AGRICOLA.., 1979 – Agricola Christiane, Agricola Erhard. Wörter und Gegenwörter.
An­tonyme der deutschen Sprache. Leipzig: Veb. Bibliographisches Institut, 1979;
• AGRICOLA.., 1999 – Agricola Erhard. Wörter und Wendungen. Leipzig, 1999;
• BÜNTING, 1996 – Bünting Karl-Dieter. Deutsches Wörterbuch. B., 1996;
• KLAPPENBACH, 1970-1977 – Klappenbach Ruth. Wörterbuch der deutschen Ge­gen­
war­tssprache. Berlin. Akademie Verlag, 1970-1977;
• WAHRIG.., 1980 – Wahrig Gerhard, Hermann Ursula.Deutsches Wörterbuch. Mü­n­
chen. Mosaik Verlag, 1980;
• ЗАВЬЯЛОВА, 1969 – Завьялова Валентина Мартовна. Антонимы. М., 1969;
• СТЕПАНОВА, 1979 – Степанова Мария Дмитриевна. Словарь сповообразо­ва­
тель­ных злементов. М., 1979.

LALI RATIANI1

REALIAZABLE DERIVATIVE ELEMENTS OF REVERSE RELATIONS

ANALYSIS IN LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL CLASSES

It is possible the realization of the study phenomenon – multilateral anal-

ysis of antonymic pairs according to the lexical and grammatical classes of words
both on a simple structural lexical units and by including any direct elements, as
well as, by opposition of additional special language means whilst the opposition
will take place by joining negative word-formation elements on a simple root.
For reverse meaning formation of a native word we single out German
and foreign language word-formation elements of nouns, adjectives and verbs
within lexicographic works such as: used serial or non- serial, frequent and
non-frequent, productive and non-productive prefixes, separable or non-sepa-
rable semi-prefixes, separable compound words, frequent or productive compo-
1
Lali Ratiani – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.
68
nents, first productive components of serial used compound nouns.
All the discussed elements /indirect or direct / points to negative meaning
of a basic word, its reverse meaning. One-sided direct /e.g. logisch-alogisc/ and
two-sided direct antonymy /festbinden-freibinden/ have been distinguished.
From the standpoint of antonymic pairs, formation of German affixes,
par­ticularly suffixes are less productive. The formation of antonymic pairs is
supported by foreign derivational elements which mainly form oppositional me­
aning words by adding foreign derived roots.

69
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

irina yruaSvili1

sityvawarmoebisa da sintaqsis urTierTmimarTebis

sakiTxisaTvis germanul enaSi

sityvawarmoeba warmoadgens damoukidebel enaTmecnierul

dis­ciplinas, romelsac mWidro kavSiri aqvs sxva lingvistur dis­
ciplinebTan, rogorebicaa, leqsikuri semantika, leqsikologia,
gra­matika, stilistika, teqstis lingvistika. ase magaliTad, Tx­
zuli an nawarmoebi sityvis yovel leqsikur da sityvawarmoebiT
mniSvnelobaze daSrevebulia Sesabamisi metyvelebis nawilis le­
qsikur-kategorialuri mniSvneloba, romelic aRniSnul sityvas
sZens Sesatyvis gramatikul kategoriebs da gramatikul paradig­
mas. Txzuli da nawarmoebi sityvebis, anu kompozitebisa da deri­
vatebis SemTxvevaSi, ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis gramatikuli
maxasiaTeblebi ganpirobebulia sityvawarmoebiTi modeliT.
sityvawarmoebisa da sintaqsis urTierTmimarTeba araerTxel
yofila mecnierTa gansjis sagani (Шабуришвили, 1983; Царев, 1982:
6), gansakuTrebiT sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis ormagi fun­
qciis ganxilvisas. sityvawarmoebis rogorc lingvisturi disci­
plinis, ganviTarebis adreul stadiaSi mis sintaqsur aspeqts didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda. amas ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriv, teqstSi si­
tyvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis `sintaqsuri~ warmoqmnis sakiTxi,
winadadebebis agebis analogiiT, xolo meore mxriv, maTi leqsikur
erTeulebad gamoyenebis sakiTxi. kompoziciis rogorc sintaqsu­
ri kombinaciuri sqemis masobrivi xasiaTidan, aseve derivaciis
mravalmxrivi gamoyenebidan gamomdinareobs, rom sityvawarmoebi­
Ti konstruqciis struqtura igive sintaqsur SeerTebas gulisx­
mobs, rasac sintaqsuri Sesityvebebis an winadadebis stru­qtura.
sityvis struqturis specifikidan vlindeba imis SesaZleblo­
ba, rom rTuli sityvawarmoebiTi struqturis elementebad ga­
moviyenoT iseTi Zireuli morfemebi, romlebic imis gamo, rom
1
irina yruaSvili _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
70
srulyofilad ver gamoxataven metyvelebis nawilis kategoriul
niSan-Tvisebas, arasodes ar gvxvdebian sintaqsuri Sesityvebebis
komponentebis funqciiT, magaliTad, agro-, bio-, thermo-, schwieger-.
sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi Bioprodukt, Thermoschalter form­
is mxriv naklebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sintaqsurad, vidre si­
tyvawarmoebis sxva tipebi. meore mxriv, gvxvdeba ufro mkafiod
gamoxatuli sintaqsuri sityvawarmoebiTi tipebi. es exeba, mag­
aliTad, sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciebs, romlebic Sedgeba arse­
biTi saxelisa da infinitivisagan: beim Pilzesuchen, beim Pilzesammeln.
amis sapirispirod gvaqvs Pilzgericht, Pilzkenner, Pilzsammler, Pilzsuppe.
sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciaSi beim Zeitunglesen Cveulebriv ar
gamoiyeneba maerTebeli elementi -s-, Tumca igi yovelTvis gvxvde­
ba sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciaSi, romlis pirveli komponenti
-ung-ze mTavrdeba. magaliTad, Zeitungsanzeige, Zeitungsartikel, Zeitung-
sausschnitt, Zeitungsausträger, Zeitungsbericht, Zeitungsente, Zeitungshalter,
Zeitungsinterview (Wahrig, 2006: 1689) da ase Semdeg.
sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciasa da sintaqsur Sesityve­
bas Soris mimarTeba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc formalurad
gansxvavebuli erTeulebis mimarTeba erTsa da imave sintaqsur
doneze. amasTan, mTliani winadadebis sintaqsuri struqtura ucv­
leli rCeba. magaliTad, saxelad atributs SeiZleba hqondes sity­
vawarmoebiTi konstruqciis an sintaqsuri Sesityvebis struqtura:
durch den innerhansischen Konkurrenzkampf (igivea, rac Konkurrenzkampf
in­nerhalb der Hanse) … wird ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Machtstellung
er­schüttert (Степанова.., 1983: 206).
zogjer jgufebi, romlebic aerTianeben dasaxelebebs ono­
ma­siologiur-sagnobrivi TvalTaxedvidan, struqturulad gafo­
r­mebulia sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis an sintaqsuri Sesityve­
bis saxiT. maTi Tavisufali varireba damokidebuli ar aris arc
sin­taqsur da arc stilistur faqtorebze. ase magaliTad, omebis
dasaxelebebi maTi xangrZlivobis mixedviT formalurad xorciel­
deba Sesityvebis saxiT: der Siebenjährige Krieg, der Dreißigjährige Krieg.
magram, amis sapirispirod, sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis sa­xiT
gvxvdeba Zweijahrplan, Fünfjahrplan. saswavlo an sxva saxis dawese­bu­
le­ bebis, quCebis dasaxelebebisas, konkretul pirovnebaTa sapa­
tivcemod gamoiyeneba mxolod sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi:
Lud­wig-Maximilians-Universität, Friedrich-Schiller-Straße, Johann-Wolfgang-
Goethe-Straße, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz.
zmnis sferoSic SeiZleba konkurirebdes sityvawarmoebiTi
kon­struqciebi da sintaqsuri Sesityvebebi, magaliTad, um Hilfe bit-
ten – Hilfe erbitten, gegen die Krankheit kämpfen – die Krankheit bekämpfen,
71
leicht husten – hüsteln.
arsebiTi saxelisa da zedsarTavis sferoSi sityvawarmoebiT
konstruqciasa da sintaqsur Sesityvebas Soris paralelizmi arc
Tu ise srulyofilia. Txzuli sityvis daweriloba saxelis sfe­
ro­Si ar aris damokidebuli misi idiomatizebis an leqsikalizebis
xa­risxze, misi semantikuri erTianobis xarisxze. Txzuli sityvebi
Wochenende, Großteil ar aris idiomatizebuli da semantikuri Tval­
sazrisiTac ar gamoirCevian ufro meti monoliTurobiT, vidre
sintaqsuri Sesityvebebi Ende der Woche, großer Teil. da mainc, isini
advilad aRiqmeba rogorc sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi da
maTi grafikuli dafiqsireba xdeba erTian sityvad, radganac gan­
sxva­vebuli fleqsiuri gaformeba erT-erTi signalia sityvawarmo­
ebiTi konstruqciisa da Sesityvebis gamijvnisaTvis.
amis sapirispirod, zmnis sferoSi SeiniSneba orive saxis kons­
t­ruqciis Tanxvedra msgavsi formaluri struqturis pirobebSi.
f­leqsiuri konstituentebis mqone konstruqciebsa (saxeladi sin­
taqsuri Sesityveba) da ufleqsiod SeerTebul konstruqciebs
(sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqcia) Soris gansxvaveba zmnas ar axa­
siaTebs, ramdenadac zedsarTavebs, zmnizedebsa da windebulebs,
romlebic zmnas ukavSirdebian, ara aqvT fleqsia arc zmnur Se­
sityvebaSi da arc zmnur sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciebSi. maga­
li­Tad, bereithalten – sich bereit erklären. amis gamo, saxelebisagan
gan­sxvavebiT, semantikuri demotivaciisa da leqsikalizaciis pro­
cesebi zmnebTan sityvis erTianobis, monoliTurobis kriteriumad
gvevlineba, Sesabamisad, es kriteriumebi vrceldeba sintaqsuri
Sesityvebisa da sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis gamijvnazec. ase
magaliTad, schwarzfahren, blindfliegen aRiqmeba rogorc sityvawarmoe­
biTi konstruqcia da erTiani dawerilobiT xasiaTdeba.
sakiTxis ukeT garkvevisaTvis unda SevexoT iseT movlenebs,
sa­dac sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis an sintaqsuri Sesityvebis
ga­moyeneba dakavSirebulia sintaqsuri struqturis ufro Rrma
cvlilebebTan, kerZod, igulisxmeba verbalizacia da nominali­
za­cia.
verbalizacia gvaqvs maSin, roca Sesityveba, romelic Sedgeba
saxelisa da zmnisagan, gadaiqceva erTian zmnur sityvawarmoebiT
konstruqciad, da radganac Sesityveba ukve Seicavs zmnas, ami­
tom verbalizaciis procesi daiyvaneba Sesityvebis denominali­
za­ciaze.
zedsarTavis Semcveli zmnuri Sesityvebebi mTel seriebs qm­
nian, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia maTSi sityvawarmoebiTi mniSvn­
elobebi `gaxde raimenairi~ (inqoatiuri, intranzitiuli zmnebi)
72
da `misce raimenairi niSan-Tviseba~ (faqtitiuri, tranzitiuli
zmnebi). orive jgufSi warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli modelebi,
ase magaliTad, inqoatiuri zmnebis warmoebisas uprefiqso warmo­
naqmnebis gverdiT, rogoricaa, dunkel werden – dunkeln, gvaqvs far­
Tod gavrcelebuli prefiqsuli modelic: krank werden – erkranken,
kühl werden – abkühlen, völlig welk werden – verwelken, faul werden – aus-
faulen, hell werden – aufhellen, dunkel werden – eindunkeln. faqtitiuri
zmnebis warmoebisas upiratesoba eniWeba prefiqsul modelebs: er­
hellen, abkürzen, vertiefen, befreien, aufheitern, einschüchtern, ausleeren, ent­
le­eren, zerkleinern.
gansxvavebuli sityvawarmoebiTi modelebi semantikurad
ide­nturi ar aris, semantikur modifikacias ganapirobeben prefi­
qsebi. Sdr. befeuchten, einfeuchten, durchfeuchten; abtrocknen, austrock-
nen, eintrocknen, vertrocknen. garda amisa, yuradReba unda mieqces
maT gansxvavebul semantikur distribucias. ase magaliTad, errö­
ten gamoiyeneba mxolod adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, xolo rot werden
aseve usulo sagnebTan mimarTebaSi. zogjer sityvawarmoebiTi
kon­struqciisa da sintaqsuri Sesityvebis gamijvnas ganapirobebs
zed­ sarTavis morfologiuri struqtura. zedsarTavebi, romel­
Tac aqvT -bar, -haft, -isch, -mäßig, -ern sufiqsebi, ar monawileoben zm­
nuri sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis SeqmnaSi. arsebiT sa­xe­le­
b­Tan modelebi ufro mravalferovani da semantikuradac ufro
rTu­lia.
nominalizacia gvaqvs maSin, roca sintaqsuri kompleqsis zm­
nuri elementi transformacias ganicdis saxelad sityvawarmoe­
biT konstruqciad. arasruli sintaqsuri kompleqsi warmoadgens
wi­nadadebas (mTavars an damokidebuls) an infinitiur konstruq­
cias. saxeladi sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis gamoyenebiT xer­
xdeba gamonaTqvamis SemWidroeba, miiRweva enobrivi ekonomia.
magram es SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme gva­
qvs ara idiomatizebul an leqsikalizebul, aramed `reverbali­
ze­ bul~ sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciasTan. sityvawarmoebiTi
konstruqciis gamoyenebiT ekonomia miiRweva imis xarjze, rom
masSi ara gvaqvs zmnis uRlebadi forma, saxezea erTi da igive
subieqti kon­struqciis sxvadasxva nawilSi, da aseve, es subieqti
eqspliciturad aris gamoxatuli. sxvadasxva subieqtis arsebobis
pirobebSi nominalizebuli nawilis subieqti xdeba sityvawarmoe­
biTi kon­struqciis atributi, igi aseve SeiZleba iyos obieqti an
garemo­eba. kavSirebs, Cveulebriv, windebulebi cvlian, magaliT­
ad, Obwohl Fri­edrich die Vorschrift nicht beachtet hatte, konnte er ein Unglück
noch verhindern → Trotz Nichtbeachtung der Vorschrift konnte Friedrich ein Un-
73
glück noch verhindern; Nachdem das Flugzeug sicher gelandet war, betraten wir
endlich wieder heimatlichen Boden → Nach sicherer Landung des Flugzeuges
betraten wir endlich wieder heimatlichen Boden (Stepanova.., 1985: 210).
ramdenadac zmnis uRlebadi forma Seicavs drois aRmniSv­
nel morfemebs, reverbalizaciisas nominalizebul formaTagan
pir­veli SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes zmnasTan kombinaciaSi rogorc
pre­teritumSi, aseve pluskvamperfeqtSi.
damokidebuli winadadebis kavSiri dass, nominalizaciisas,
Cve­ulebriv, ar gamoiyeneba. atributul struqturebSi subieq­
tebis Tanxvedrisas xSirad nominalizebul formas konkurencias
uwevs infinitiuri konstruqcia, magaliTad, Sie wußte, daß er in ei-
nem überhohen Grade das Bedürfnis und die Gewohnheit des Sichaussprech-
ens hatte... (Fontane, 1969: 417). ...die Gewohnheit, sich auszusprechen... ar­
sebiTad aq ar SeiZleba nominalizaciis meSveobiT SemWidroebaze
laparaki.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi gaZneldeba nominalizebuli sityvawar­
moebiTi konstruqciis axsna, Tuki daveyrdnobiT zmnur konstruq­
cias winadadebis an infinitiuri konstruqciis saxiT, magaliTad,
der Prozeß des Reicherwerdens der DDR-Literatur... (Spektrum, 1979; 17). eWvs
ar iwvevs, rom reverbalizebuli sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqcia
sakuTar SesaZleblobebsac flobs da amitomac ar SeiZleba gan­
vixiloT rogorc mxolod zmnuri konstruqciis danamati, maga­
li­Tad, Vom Verändertwerden und Verändernwollen ist hier die Rede, vom
Bet­roffensein über die erste Liebe wie über den Tod, von Enttäuschung und Sich­
überwinden. xSirad gvxvdeba nominalizebuli sityvawarmoebiTi kon­
struqciebis daxvaveba, da aqac aSkara xdeba, rom zmnuri eq­s­pli­
cituri Sesatyvisobebi erTgvarad ufro Zneli gasagebi iqneboda.
saxeladi sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis gamoyeneba zm­
nurTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovanwilad amartivebs winadadebis
sintaqsur struqturas da mas ufro homogenurs xdis. Tu zmnis
transformacia reverbalizebul saxelad sityvawarmoebiT kon­
struqciad ver xerxdeba, maSin SeiZleba gamoviyenoT semantiku­
rad monaTesave zmnebi, romlebic aseTi transformaciis saSuale­
bas iZlevian, magaliTad, Nachdem er mir das Päckchen gegeben hatte,
verschwand er plötzlich → Nach Übergabe des Päckchens an mich verschwand
er plötzlich.
zmnuri struqturebis substantiuri nominalizaciis stand­
artul models warmoadgens infinitivis konversia da -ung sufiq­
siani derivacia. aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT mimReoba II-s substanti­
vacia (das heute Geschriebene), derivacia -heit sufiqsis gamoyenebiT
(Übereiltheit), zogierTi saxis implicituri derivacia (Erwerb), ucx­
74
ouri bazisis SemTxvevaSi aseve -tion sufiqsiani modeli (Kalkulation).
aRniSnul modelebTan mimarTebaSi sayuradReboa ramdenime
garemoeba:
1. substantivirebuli infinitivebi, rogorc wesi, ar
ga­­­moiyeneba mravlobiT ricxvSi, gansxvavebiT -ung sufi­
q­­siani arsebiTi saxelebisagan.
2. -ung sufiqsiani arsebiTi saxelebi SedarebiT iSvia­
Tad warmoiqmneba, magram isini ufro xSirad gamoiyene­
ba, vidre substantivirebuli infinitivi.
3. -ung sufiqsiani arsebiTi saxelebi (konversiis Sede­
gad) aRniSnaven procesebsa da qmedebebs, romlebic xdeba
raRac garkveul farglebSi, sazRvrebSi. es Tviseba, ro­
gorc wesi, ar axasiaTebs substantivirebul infiniti­
vebs.
4. aRniSnuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, -ung su­
fiqsiani arsebiTi saxelebi ufro metad axerxeben sub­
stantiuri funqciebis Sesrulebas, vidre substanti­
virebuli infinitivebi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT b. zandbergi (Sandberg, 1976: 73) acxa­
debs, rom kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis gamoyenebisas zogjer
fun­qciebis saintereso gadanawilebas vawydebiT orive derivaci­
ul models Soris, kerZod, -en sufiqsian reverbalizebul war­
monaqmnTan kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli arasodes ar gamodis pa­
ciensis rolSi, -ung sufiqsian reverbalizebul warmonaqmnTan ki,
piriqiT, igi yovelTvis paciensia. amiT aixsneba teqstSi -ung sufi­
qsiani derivatebis SedarebiT maRali sixSire, Tumca, am sixSires
aseve ganapirobebs -ung sufiqsiani derivatebis ufro farTo se­
mantikuri speqtri.
rac Seexeba -tion da -ier-ung sufiqsebis gamijvnas, pirveli
maT­gani sintaqsurad polifunqciuria da amavdroulad mniSvn­
elobis farTo speqtrs flobs. magram maTi urTierTmimarTeba
la­biluria da xSirad gvxvdeba gadasvlebi. -ier-ung sufiqsiani ar­
sebiTi saxelebis gansakuTrebul niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens ma­Ti
gardamavloba. am ukanasknelis qveS igulisxmeba gardamavali zmne­
bisgan nawarmoebi warmonaqmnebis aSkarad gamoxatuli siWarbe. ase­
Ti arsebiTi saxelebi ZiriTadad genitivis atributs ukavSirdeba.
zmnuri bazisis sxvadasxva semema nominalizaciisas SeiZleba
daukavSirdes sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis sxvadasxva models.
zogierTi semema nominalizebul konstruqciaSi SeiZleba saerTod
ar iyos warmodgenili. magaliTad, zmnis sich befinden ori sememi­
dan _ 1) `imyofebode sadme~ da 2) `Tavs grZnobde~ (janmrTelobis
75
mdgo­ mareobasTan mimarTebaSi) nominalizaciisas SenarCunebulia
mxolod meore sema: Ich bin nicht darüber orientiert, wo/wie er sich befind-
et → Ich bin nicht über sein Befinden (Gesundheitszustand) orientiert. msgavsi
magaliTebi kidev SeiZleba moviyvanoT: zmnis erhalten ori sememi­
dan _ 1) `SenarCuneba, Senaxva~ da 2) `miReba~, pirveli gadmoicema
no­minalizebuli konstruqciiT Erhaltung, meore ki Erhalt-iT. amas
ukavSirdeba aseve gansxvavebebi uaryofis gamoyenebaSi.
aRniSnuli gansxvavebebis garda, romlebic arseboben dever­
baluri sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis modelebs Soris, yur­
adReba unda mieqces aseve gansxvavebebs am konstruqciebis gan­
lagebasTan dakavSirebiT winadadebasa da teqstSi.
zmnisgan nawarmoeb saxelad sityvawarmoebiT konstruqcias
zmnur SesityvebaSi braldebiTi brunvis obieqtis nacvlad Sei­
Zleba hqondes mxolod genitivis atributi, igi aseve ver marTavs
damatebiT damokidebul winadadebas. Sesabamisad, arasworia *Pe-
ters Leugnen (Leugnung), dass er unentschuldigt gefehlt hat. magram gamona­
Tqvami swori iqneba genitivis atributis darTviT, romelzedac
damokidebulia atributuli damokidebuli winadadeba: Peters Leu-
gnen der Tatsache, dass er … winadadeba swori iqneba aseve nominali­
zebuli genitivis atributis darTvisas: Peters Leugnen seines unent-
schuldigten Fehlens…
sityvawarmoebiTi struqtura xSirad ar aris damokidebuli
konteqstze. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod Cans -bar sufiqsiani
deverbaluri zedsarTavis modelSi, romelic erTgvar klasikur
nimuSs warmoadgens Sesabamisi sityvawarmoebiTi wesis funqcioni­
rebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis mogvepoveba paraleluri
sintaqsuri konstruqciebi: essbare Früchte – die Früchte können geges-
sen warden; heilbare Krankheit – die Krankheit kann geheilt werden; annehm-
bare Lösung – eine Lösung, die man annehmen kann/die sich annehmen lässt/
die angenommen warden kann (yruaSvili, 2013: 122).
sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqcia ar Seicavs drois aRmniSvnel
morfemebs, romlebic axasiaTebs zmnis uRlebad formebs: Der Weg
ist befahrbar – ist so beschaffen, dass er befahren warden kann. Der Weg war
befahrbar.
gansxvavebebi, romlebic arsebobs sityvawarmoebiT konst­
ru­ qciasa da semantikurad ekvivalentur sintaqsur Sesityvebas
Soris, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod vlindeba -un prefiqsian warmon­
aqmnebSi. rogorc cnobilia, isini gamoxataven uaryofas. amitom
maT konkurencias uweven sintaqsuri Sesityvebebi, romlebSic ga­
moiyeneba uaryofa nicht, magaliTad: Karl ist unsicher/nicht sicher, ob sein
Onkel ihn erkannt hat. Martha ist unfähig/nicht fähig, diese Arbeit zu erledigen.
76
sintaqsuri kuTxiT garkveuli Tanxvedris miuxedavad, sintaqsur
Se­ sityvebasa da sityvawarmoebiT konstruqcias Soris arsebobs
diferenciacia, magaliTad: Dieser Aspekt bleibt unberücksichtig (da ara
*bleibt nicht berücksichtigt ). Tumca gvaqvs: Dieser Aspekt wird nicht berücksi­
ch­tigt (da ara *wird unberücksichtigt). rogorc sityvawarmoebiTi ko­
n­­­struqciis unberücksichtigt, aseve Sesityvebis nicht berücksichtigt
su­b­­stantivizaciisas gamoiyeneba uaryofa nicht. am SemTxvevaSi ua­
r­­yofa un- ar gamoiyeneba.
saxeladi konstruqciebis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba teqs­
tis mTliani sintaqsuri agebulebiT da saxeladi komponentebis
se­mantikiT. iseve rogorc zogadad enaSi, aqac, ra Tqma unda, ga­
saTvaliswinebelia sxvaoba gamonaTqvamis zepir da werilobiT
formebs Soris. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes agreTve miRebuli fun­
qcionalur-stilistikuri gansxvavebebi.
infinitiuri konstruqciebis gamoyeneba erT-erTi stilisti­
kuri saSualebaa, romelic erTi mxriv, gvexmareba gavaneitraloT
teqstis SemWidroeba, romelic saxeladi sityvawarmoebiTi kon­
struqciebis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia, xolo meore mxriv, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, Tavidan aviciloT gawelili konstruqciebi, romlebic
gveqneboda zmnis piriani anu formacvalebadi formis gamoyenebi­
sas: Die sozialen Indikatoren sind eine geeignete Methode, um sozial-politische
Ziele zu quantifizieren und daraus Aktivitäten abzuleiten, die im Hinblick auf
die Erreichung dieser Ziele die … Wirksamkeit besitzen. sxvagvarad JRers
igive gamonaTqvami infinitivebis nominalizaciis Sedegad: ...eine
geeignete Methode zur Quantifizierung sozialpolitischer Ziele und zur Ableitung
von Aktivitäten daraus, die ... infinitiuri konstruqciebis gamoyeneba
saxeladi sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis nacvlad SesaZlebels
xdis winadadebaSi semantikuri simZimis centris gadaadgilebas, da
maSasadame, maT SeuZliaT TavianTi wvlili Seitanon winadadebis
funqcionaluri perspeqtivis SeqmnaSi.
zogierTi teqsti `germanuli sintaqsis potenciuri erTe­
ulebis ostaturi gamoyenebiT da teqstSi maTi gonivrulad ga­
T­vlili ganlagebiT gamoirCeva. ritorikul ostatobamde asuli
avtoris xeli ise Tavbrudamxvevad `acekvebs~ sintaqsis stru­ q­
turul erTeulebs, rom mkiTxvels didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba maTi
`ileTebisaTvis~ Tvalis gasadevneblad~ (furcelaZe, 2014; 179).
amgvar teqsts ganekuTvneba herman heses „Musikalische Notizen. Ein Satz
über die Kadenz“, romelic 32 striqonisagan Sedgeba. es aris erTg­
vari miniatura, romelsac avtori winadadebas uwodebs, ra­ d­gan
wertili mxolod mTliani ambis bolos aris dasmuli.
teq­s­­tSi avtori uxvad iyenebs sityvawarmoebiT konstruq­ci­
77
ebs, ker­Zod, kompozitebsa da derivatebs. es savsebiT bunebrivi
da ka­nonzomieria, radgan heses ganzraxuli aqvs, teqsti erT wi­
na­da­de­baSi moaqcios. Sesabamisad, moqmedebs ekonomiis kanoni, rac
ga­moixateba semantikurad tevadi rTuli erTeulebis warmoqmnaSi
ko­mp­ resiis safuZvelze. v. furcelaZis azriT, „kompresia iZleva
sa­­Sualebas sintaqsuri konstruqciebi gankerZoebul gansazRvre­
biT erTeulebSi ganTavsdes da teqsti ufro kompaqturi gaxdes“
(fur­celaZe, 2014; 168).
sityvawarmoebisa da sintaqsis urTierTmimarTeba, miuxeda­
vad enaTmecnierTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisa, mainc sakmaod
ma­­
Ral donezea Seswavlili. am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnilia araerTi
ga­­mokvleva, monografia, samecniero statia, saxelmZRvanelo Tu
praqtikuli naSromi. magram mainc SeiniSneba sityvawarmoebisa da
sintaqsis urTierTmimarTebis kvlevis aradamakmayofilebeli md­
gomareoba. am kuTxiT dasazustebeli da Sesaswavli kidev bevri
problema rCeba.

bibliografia:

• furcelaZe, 2014 _ furcelaZe viola. teqsti rogorc enobrivi mo­R­

va­weobis gacxadeba. meore Sevsebuli gamocema. Tb., 2014;
• yruaSvili, 2013 _ yruaSvili irina. zedsarTauli sityvawarmoebiTi
kon­struqciebis warmoqmnis tendenciebi germanul enaSi. Tb., 2013;
• SPEKTRUM, 1979 – Spektrum. №12, 1979;
• WAHRIG, 2006 – Wahrig. Deutsches Wörterbuch. Hrsg. von Renate Wahrig-
Burfeind. Gütersloh/München, 2006;
• FONTANE, 1969 – Fontane Theodor. Frau Jenny Treibel, – In: Romane und Er­zäh­lun­
gen. Berlin, 1969;
• SANDBERG, 1976 – Sandberg Bengt. Die neutrale -(e)n Ableitung der deutschen Ge­
ge­nwartssprache. Zu dem Aspekt der Lexikalisierung bei den Verbalsubstantiven.
Göteborg, 1976;
• STEPANOVA.., 1985 – Stepanova Mariia Dmitrievna, Fleischer Wolfgang. Grundzüge
der deutschen Wortbildung. Leipzig, 1985;
• СТЕПАНОВА.., 1983 – Степанова Мария Дмитриевна, Фляйшер Вольфганг. Те­
оре­тические основы словообразования в немецком языке. М., 1983;
• ЦАРЕВ, 1982 – Царев П. В. Словообразование и синтаксис (На материале ан­г­ли­
йс­кого языка), – Иностранные языки в школе. №3, 1982;
• ШАБУРИШВИЛИ, 1983 – Шабуришвили Шота Константинович. Теория текста и
синтаксический механизм сло­во­об­ра­зо­ва­ния. Тб., 1983.

78
 IRINA KRUASHVILI1

ON INTERACTION OF WORD FORMATION AND SYNTAX

OF GERMAN LANGUAGE

The interaction between word formation construction and syntactic com-

pounds can be viewed as an interaction of formally differentiated units on the
same syntactic level. In addition, the syntactic structure of the whole sentence
remains unchanged. Word formation constructions and syntactic compounds
can be competed in the nouns, adjectives and verbs. In nouns compound word
writing does not depend on the quality of idioms and vocabulary. For exam-
ple, compound word Wochenende is not idiomatic and according to a semantic
view it does not have more monolithic sense than syntactic compound Ende der
Woche. But it is still perceived as a word formation construction and it is con-
sidered as a single word. In the verb we can notice a correlation of two types of
constructions in the same formal structural conditions. In order to understand
the issue better the very article discusses the cases where the usage of word
formation construction or syntactic compound is related to deeper changes of
syntactic structure, namely, verbalization and nominalization. The article con-
tains relevant examples for each case.

1
Irina Kruashvili – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
79
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

manana Selia1

britaneTisa da saqarTvelos sexnia toponimebi

ena warmoadgens ara marto xalxTa Soris komunikaciis, ara­

med Taobidan Taobaze erovnuli memkvidreobisa da kulturis
ga­dacemis saSualebas, romelic asaxavs qveynis kulturasa da
tradiciebs. enis ganviTarebis safuZvels qmnis sazogadoebis gan­
viTareba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ena viTardeba Tavisi ka­
no­ nebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad, amitom enis ganviTareba, axali
si­­tyvebiT Sevseba amdidrebs mis leqsikur fonds. akademikosi ar­
nold Ciqobava aRniSnavs, rom enis ZiriTad leqsikur fonds ga­ne­
ku­Tvneba yvela ZiriTadi sityva, masTan, ara iseTi, SemTxveviTi rom
Se­modis enaSi da maleve qreba, aramed iseTi, saukuneTa manZilze
rom SemorCa enas. ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis sityvebi leqsikis
xer­xemals qmnis; igi leqsikis gamdidrebis wyaroa“ (Ciqobava, 2008:
121). maT Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia toponimebs.
toponimia, rogorc istoriuli da kulturuli landSaftis
ga­nuyofeli nawili, xels uwyobs mosaxleobis identurobis, mSo­
b­liuri istoriis gaazrebas da Rrmad Seswavlas. is vi­Tar­de­ba ge­
o­grafiasTan, istoriasTan, eTnografiasTan mWidro ur­Ti­erT­kav­
Si­rSi. is warmodgens adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils;
Cve­­ulebriv, aRibeWdeba mis cnobierebaSi da Taobidan Taobas ga­
da­­cema.
rogorc onomastikis dargi, toponimika SedarebiT axal­ga­z­
rda mecnierebaa, romelic ikvlevs geografiul saxelebs, maT fu­
nqcionirebas, mniSvnelobas, warmoSobas, struqturas, gavr­ce­le­
basa da cvlilebas. qveynis istoriuli da geografiuli Ses­wav­la
Se­uZlebelia mi­si toponimis Seswavlis gareSe.
toponimebi, rogorc sakuTari saxelebi, leqsikonis Se­ ma­
d­
ge­neli nawilia. isic aSkaraa, rom toponimebi sakuTari sa­xe­lebis
ubralo saxesxvaoba ki araa, aramed Taviseburi tipis sa­ ku­
Tari
1
manana Selia _ pedagogikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
sa­­xelmwifo universiteti.
80
saxelebia (Леонович, 2004: 16). sakuTari saxelebis klasSi ma­ Ti
gamoyofa gansakuTrebuli istoriuli, geografiuli da so­ ci­
aluri pirobebiT xdeba.
a. superanskaia aRniSnavs, rom sakuTar saxelSi lingvisturi
da eqstralingvisturi planebis urTierTSexeba xdeba. misi mni­
S­vneloba sakmaod kompleqsuria, romelSic sityvis monacemebi
da­saxelebuli sagnis monacemebSia gadaxlarTuli (Суперанская..,
1989: 7). sityvis mniSvnelobis lingvisturi mxare saxeldebis gan­
sakuTrebul motivebs gulisxmobs: enaSi sityvis arsebobis spe­
cifikas, aseve, mis aRqmas, sityvis istorias, misi fuZis eti­mo­lo­
gias. sakuTari saxelis mniSvnelobis eqstralingvisturi as­peqti
gulisxmobs rogorc sazogadoebaSi saxelis arsebobis gan­sa­kuT­
rebul pirobebs, aseve kulturul-istoriul asociaciebs, obi­eq­
tis da misi saxelis popularobis xarisxs.
onomastikuri erTeulebis kvleva eqstralingvistur aspeqtSi
sa­fuZvlian informacias iZleva istoriuli, geografiuli, eT­no­
g­rafiuli, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gadmotanili anu sexnia ge­
og­rafiuli saxelebi nawilobriv warmoSoben toponimur sistemas
zog qveyanaSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic. aseT gadmotanebs ad­
gi­li hqonda warsul istoriul epoqebSi. arsebobs geografiuli
sa­xelebis formirebis sami ZiriTadi gza.
pirveli gza _ paraleluri warmoSoba. es qalaqebi, soflebi,
mdi­nareebi an sxva obieqtebia. ase, magaliTad: sofeli bazaleTi
ime­reTsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSia. sexnia geografiul saxelebs me­
ore­nairad dubletebs uwodeben.
meore gza _ geografiuli saxelebis gadatana, romelic sa­
k­maod xSirad vrceldeboda dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilSi. es ga­
n­sakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia CrdiloeT amerikisTvis, sadac
ev­ropis kontinentis sxvadasxva nawilidan milionobiT adamiani ga­
da­saxlda. maTi fizikuri Tvisebebis an mogonebidan gamomdinare,
axal Casaxlebul adgilebs isini TavianTi mSobliuri miwa-wylis
sa­xelebs arqmevdnen: londoni, oqsfordi, bostoni, niukasli,
severni, trenti da a.S.
mesame gza aris SemTxveviTi Tanxvedra: geografiuli sa­ xe­
lebi, romlebic orTografiulad identuria. magaliTad, verona
_ soflisa da mTis saxelwodeba saqarTveloSi, kaxeTSi da qalaqi
_ italiaSi.
eqstralingvisturi aspeqti mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
ono­mastikuri kvlevis dros. eqstralingvistika enaTmecnierebis
na­wilia, romelic Seiswavlis eTnikuri, socialuri, geografiuli
da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas enis ganviTarebaze. TiToeul to­
6. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 81
po­ nims Tavisi sakuTari ambavi, legenda, miTi da a.S. gaaCnia.
zo­ gierTi toponimis saxelwodeba saidumlos warmoadgens,
ro­me­lic garkveuli istoriuli, geografiuli, lingvisturi ma­xa­
si­aTeblebiT gamoirCeva.
britaneTis toponimebi mdidari da mravalferovania, rom­
leb­zec didi gavlena moaxdines istoriulma movlenebma da cvli­
lebebma enasa da kulturaSi. xSiria kelturi, laTinuri, ska­n­di­
na­vuri toponimuri saxelebi britaneTSi da mis farglebs gareT,
ro­melic Seicavs sam elements: adamianTa saxelebs, bunebriv Tvi­
sebebs, zogi toponomi warmoebulia hibriduli kelturi, la­Ti­
nu­ri, skandinavuri da anglo-saqsuri komponentebisgan.
evropuli geografiuli saxelebi amerikis kontinentze XVIs.
da­ sawyisSi gaCnda, mas Semdeg, rac evropelebi Casaxldnen axal
kon­tinentze. evropis sxvadasxva nawilidan Casuli xalxi amerikis
aR­mosavleT da dasavleT teritoriebs ikavebda: zog dasaxlebas
ingliseli mefeebisa da dedoflebis saxelebi ewoda, zog adgils
ki _ cnobili adamianebis saxelebi, zogi geografiuli saxelwodeba
aRe­buli iyo istoriidan da literaturidan.
geografiuli saxeli mudmivia an zog maTgans ucvlian sa­xe­
lebs. ama Tu im toponimTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb uamravi legenda da
ga­dmocema arsebobs, romlebic dRemde SemorCa.
sexnia toponimebis gamoCena CrdiloeT amerikis, avstraliisa
da axali zelandiis teritoriebze ganpirobebuli iyo sxvasxva mi­
ze­ziT. pirvelmosaxleebi dasaxlebebisa da qalaqebis daarsebisas
arc ki cdilobdnen axali geografiuli saxelebis darqmevas, isini
Ta­vianT mSobliur britanul toponimikas iyenebdnen. erT-erT mi­
zezs warmoadgenda TavianTi ojaxis wevrebis, naTesavebisa da me­
go­brebis Camosvlis dros maTi martivad povna.
aSS-sa da kanadaSi didi raodenobiT inglisuri, Sotlandiuri,
ir­landiuri da uelsuri toponimebia.
Zvelma inglisurma enam kelturi toponimebidan SeinarCuna
mra­vali mdinaris, tbisa da mTis saxelebi. sexnia mdinareebis sa­
xe­lebi gvxvdeba amerikaSi, kanadaSi, ontarioSi, nova skotiasa da
malboroSi, mag.: eivoni _ the Avon, severni _ the Severn Crdilo on­
ta­rioSi, trenti _ Trent aSS-Si. amave saxelwodebis mdinareebi aris
kanadasa da avstraliaSi. Temza _ the Thames aris konektikutis
Sta­tis mokle mdinare da Senakadi, romelzec mdebareobs qalaqi
lon­doni.
aSS-Si, aseve, gamoCnda sxva inglisuri to­ponimebic, kerZod,
as­­tionimebi. ase, magaliTad: amJamad, aSS-Si aris 22 londoni, 8
bristoli, 8 glazgo (Glasgow), 6 svonsi (Swansea), 10 kardifi (Car­
82
diff). SeerTebul StatebSi mravlad SexvdebiT britanul sexnia-
to­ponimebs: baltimori (Baltimore), Cesteri (Chester), plimuti
(Ply­­­mouth), kembriji (Cambridge), edinburgi (Edinburgh), aberdini
(Abe­rdeen), oqsfordi (Oxford), grinviCi (Greenwich). mogvianebiT,
in­glisur toponimebs daurTes sityva new prefiqsis saxiT: mag.,
niu-londoni (New London), niu inglandi (New England), niu-iorki
(New­ York), niu-britani (New Britain), niu vinZori (New Windsor), niu
gla­zgo (New Glasgow) da sxv.
sazRvaosno porti _ perl habori (Pearl Harbor) mdebareobs
ha­vais kunZulebis samxreT sanapiroze. mraval tbas daerqva loxi
(lochs): South East Loch, Merry Loch, East Loch, Middle Loch and West Loch.
fol­­klendis kunZulebze aris breton loxi da aris zRva loxi _
a sea loch.
kanadis dasaxlebuli adgilebia, aseve, niukasli (Newcastle),
svonsi (Swansea) da belfasti (Belfast).
didi britaneTis dedaqalaqis londonis etimologia dRemde
gaurkvevelia.
romaelebis Semosvlamde, Zv.w. 55-54 wels es iyo kelturi
sofeli, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda _ Llyn (tba) da Dun
(gamagrebuli adgili). keltur periodSi mas erqva Llyndid. qalaqis
saxeli mefe luds ukavSirdeba, romelmac, TiTqos, qalaqi aiRo
da qierludi uwoda. 1899 wlidan sayovelTaod miiCneoda, rom
londoni kelturi warmoSobis iyo da aRniSnavda adgils, romelic
vinme londonioss (Londinos) ekuTvnoda. Lond niSnavs velurs,
sarevelebiT savse adgils. sabolood, es ganmartebac uaryofil
iqna. riCard qouTsma 1998 wels wamoayena ganmarteba, rom sityva
warmoebuli iyo winarekelturi Zvelevropuli lovonidadan, rac
fonfarTo mdinares aRniSnavs. misi varaudiT, es saxeli mdinare
Temzas im nawils ewodeboda, romelic londonSi miedineba. aqedan
ki dasaxlebam kelturi forma lovonidonioni (Lowonidonjon) mi­
iRo (Coates, 1998: 215-220). SemdgomSi, romaelebis batonobis pe­ri­
odSi mas daerqva Londinium. saxelis aRniSnuli forma mis romaul-
bri­tanul warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs.
manCesteri (ingl. Manchester) _ qalaqi da municipaluri
raioni CrdiloeT-dasavleT inglisSi. is rigiT IX qalaqia did
britaneTSi. amJamad igi qveynis mZlavri samrwvelo, finansuri,
kul­ turuli da komerciuli centria. pirvelad manCesteri
moixsenieba X saukuneSi. dasaxleba gamoCnda mansenionis keltur
da­saxlebaSi da romaelTa gamagrebul banak mankuniumSi, romelic
79 wels daarsda. Sua saukuneebSi iyo savaWro da xelosanTa qa­
la­ qi. XVIIIs SuaxanebSi daiwyo qalaqis swrafi zrda samrewvelo
83
re­voluciasTan dakavSirebiT. XIXsaukuneSi ki gaxda msoflio li­
de­ri teqstilis mrewvelobis centrebs Soris.
manCesteri aSS-is niu hemfSiris Statis yvelaze msxvili qa­
laqia, romelic mdebareobs mdinare merimakze. Crdiloamerikel
in­dielTa penakukis tomma Tavis droze am adgils uwoda Namao-
skeag kargi saTevzao adgili. aseve vermontis StatSi aris sexnia
toponimi Manchester. pirveli axalmosaxleebi gamoCndnen 1764
wels, xolo qalaqs safuZveli Caeyara 1784 wels. qalaqi mdebare­
obs mdinare baTen kilis sanapiroze.
masaCusetsis StatSi, eseqsis sagrafoSi, anas koncxze mdeba­
re­ obs imave saxelwodebis sexnia toponimi Manchester-by-the-Sea _
manCesteri zRvasTan anu ubralod manCesteri. evropelebi am ad­
gi­lze dasaxldnen 1629 wels.
portlendis kunZuli (ingl. Isle of Portland) _ kirqvis kunZuli
mdebareobs la manSis sruteze, kurort ueimutTan axlos. por­t­
len­dis qvas iyenebdnen britanul da msoflio arqiteqturaSi, maT
Soris, cnobili nagebobebia wminda pavles taZari londonSi da
ga­ero-s Stab-bina niu iorkSi. britaneTis teritoriaze aRniSnuli
sa­xelwodebiT SeiZleba SexvdeT ara marto kunZuls, aramed, quCas,
na­xevarkunZuls, navsadgurs, raions, moedans da a.S.
portlendi (ingl. Portland) _ qalaqi aSS-Si, oregonis StatSi.
mdebareobs mdinareebis vilametisa da kolumbiis SesarTavTan. am
qalaqis saxelwodebis uamravi sexnia toponimi arsebobs amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadaSi, iamaikaSi, avstraliaSi, hong kong­
Si, irlandiasa da axal zelandiaSi. maT Soris, didi Tu patara qa­
laqebi, aseve, mdebareobs Semdeg StatebSi: oregoni, meni, indiana,
aiova, texasi, konektikuti da avstraliasi, Stat vitoriaSi.
roCesteri aris qalaqi da porti did britaneTSi, kentis
sagrafoSi. is mdebareobs 50 kilometris daSorebiT londonidan.
qalaqi cnobilia Suasaukuneebis taZriT da cixe-simagriT. 43 wels
ro­ maelebma daarses kolonia Durobrivae, romelic mogvianebiT
gar­ daiqmna qalaq roCesterad. am qalaqis saxelwodebis war­ mo­
Soba daudgenelia, magram romauli saxelwodeba durobrivi tra­
n­sformirda durobrisad, mogvianebT ki, robrivisi, rovCesteri,
ro­melmac sabolood miiRo saxeli roCesteri.
amave saxelwodebis qalaqi mdebareobs aSS-is CrdiloeT na­
wilSi, minesotas StatSi, romelic warmoadgens olmstedis olqis
centrs. roCesteris pirvelmosaxleebi Camovidnen roCesteridan.
is sididiT iTvleba minesotis mesame qalaqad. qalaqis eko­ no­
mi­
kis safuZvels warmoadgens samedicino mowyobilobebisa da ra­di­
oeleqtronikis danadgarebis warmoeba, aseve, kvebis mre­wve­lo­ba.
84
qalaqSi arsebobs klinika meio, romelsac msoflio aRiareba aqvs
da swored amis gamo mas ewoda Med City medicinis qalaqis sa­xe­li.
niukasl-apon-taini (ingl.  Newcastle upon tyne) an ub­ ra­
lod niukasli _ qalaqi gaerTianebul samefoSi, md. tainis napirze
Crdilo-dasavleT inglisis regionis da tainis da uiris sagrafos
dedaqalaqi. qvanaxSiris aRmoCenis Sem­deg am teritoriaze daiwyo
qalaqis mSenebloba. mas uwodes sa­xeli niukasali _ Newcastle. jer
kidev, did britaneTSi, XI saukuneSi, aRmarTul iqna axali cixe-
simagre, romlis ir­g­v­liv gaizarda meSaxteTa qalaqi. niukaslis
porti msoflio li­de­ria qvanaxSiris eqsportSi.
amave saxelwodebis sofeli arsebobs irlandiaSi, romelic
mde­bareobs samxreT dublinis sagrafoSi (lensteris  provincia).
XVI saukuneSi niukasli mniSvnelovani adgili iyo. miwa ekuTvnodaT
kil­deris grafebs, masze mdebareobda aranakleb eqvsi cixe-siamgre,
romlebSic ganlagebuli iyo garnizoni. mefe jeims I-ma 1613 wels
niukasls uwoda dublinis sagrafos erT-erTi saukeTeso sofeli
da aamaRla misi statusi.
niukasli (ingl.  Newcastle) _ qalaqi samxreT avstraliaSi,
axal samxreT uelsSi. mdebareobs tasmaniis zRvis sanapiroze,
iq, sadac mdinarehanTeri wynar okeanes uerTdeba. mosaxleobis
raodenobiT meore qalaqia sidneis Semdeg.
sexnia topomebis xSirad vxvdebiT saqarTvelos geografiul
ru­kazec. isini mdebareobs qveynis rogorc erT, ise sxvadasxva re­
gionSi. qveynis mosaxelobis Sida migraciulma procesebma, ad­gil­
mo­nacvleobam qarTuli kulturis SeqmnaSi didi roli iTamaSa.
mTis mosaxleoba barSi Camodioda, zogi sezonuri muSaobiT irCenda
Tavs, xSirad Tavdasxmebis dros Tavis gadarCenis mizani mTian
ad­gilebSi gaxizvna iyo. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
ga­
dadioda dasavleTSi da piriqiT, dasavleTidan wamosuli mo­
sax­leoba avsebda aRmosavleTis SeTxelebul mosaxleobas. ma­ Sa­
sadame, mosaxleobis migracia intensiurd mimdinareobda. ama­s­Tan
dakavSirebiT warmoiqmna sexnia toponimebi. saqarTvelos sxva­
da­sxva regionSi SexvdebiT didi raodenobiT sexnia toponimebs,
ro­ melTa SemadgenlobaSi sWarbobs _ komonimebi, potanonimebi,
lim­ nonimebi da oronimebi. sexnia komonimebia: agara _ aWarasa
da­ samcxe-javaxeTSi, alaverdi _ kaxeTsa da imereTSi, araSenda
_ kaxeTSi, mcxeTa-TianeTsa da Sida qarTlSi, bazaleTi _ mcxeTa
Ti­aneTsa da imereTSi, ganaxleba _ qvemo qarTlSi, afxazeTSi, gu­
ri­asa da aWaraSi, ganTiadi _ afxazeTSi, guriaSi, qvemo qarTlsa
da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, giorgwminda _ Sida qarTlSi, samcxe-
ja­vaxeTSi, kaxeTsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, gomi _ raWa-leCxum-qvemo
85
sva­neTSi, guriasa da Sida qarTlSi, eweri _ guriaSi, imereTSi, sa­
megrelo-zemo svaneTsa da afxazeTSi, vake _ qvemo qarTlSi, af­
xazeTsa da guriaSi, vani _ imereTSi, aWarasa da guriaSi, var­dis­
uba­ni _ kaxeTSi, mcxeTa-TianeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, vaSlovani _
qve­mo qarTlSi, afxazeTsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, veliscixe _ Sida
qar­Tlsa da kaxeTSi, zedubani _ imereTSi, sacxe javaxeTsa da gu­
ri­aSi, zeni _ afxazeTSi, guriasa da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, ze­
nobani _ guriaSi, afxazeTsa da imereTSi, zvare _ aWarasa da ime­
reTSi, zvareTi _ raWa-leCxum-afxazeTsa da imereTSi, imerxevi _
imereTsa da afxazeTSi, ifnari _ afxazeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, kac­
xi _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTsa da imereTSi, kvirike _ aWaraSi, ime­
re­Tsa da guriaSi, kibe _ aWarasa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, kldisubani
_ raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTsa da aWaraSi, koda _ qvemo qarTlSi,
ka­
xeTsa da Sida qarTlSi, kodiswyaro _ qvemo qarTlsa da Sida
qar­TlSi, laSe _ imereTsa da Sida qarTlSi, lelovani _ sacxe ja­
vaxeTsa da mcxeTa-TianeSi, marani _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTsa da
ime­­reTSi, mlaSe _ samcxe javaxeTsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, moliTi _
sam­­cxe-javaxeTsa da imereTSi, muxuri _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTsa
da afxazeTSi, nabakevi _ afxazeTSi, Sida qarTlsa da imereTSi, na­
ni­ani _ kaxeTsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, naRvarevi _ mcxeTa-TianeTsa
da aWaraSi, naWkadu – afxazeTsa da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi,
ninoSvili – imereTsa da guriaSi, nogyau _ mcxeTa-TianeTsa da
Sida qarTlSi, norio _ qvemo qarTlsa da samegrelo-zemo sva­
neT­Si, noRa _ imereTsa da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, odiSi _ af­
xa­zeTsa da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, oZisi _ mcxeTa-TianeTsa da
Sida qarTlSi, pantiani _ Sida qarTlsa da qvemo qarTlSi, reka _
af­xazeTsa da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, rusTavi _ Sida qarTlsa
da samcxe javaxeTSi, saTemo _ imereTsa da Sida qarTlSi, sameba _
aWa­raSi, guriasa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, samwverisi _ qvemo qarTlsa
da Sida qarTlSi, saCino _ afxazeTSi, aWarasa da samegrelo-zemo
sva­neTSi, sacixuri _ aWarasa da Sida qarTlSi, sioni _ mcxeTa-
Ti­aneTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, tabaxmelaP_ Tbilisis maxloblad da
aWa­raSi, tbeTi _ aWaraSi, raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTSi, imereTsa
da Sida qarTlSi, tyemlovana _ imereTsa da Sida qarTlSi, fona
_ imereTsa da kaxeTSi, qaquTi _ aWarasa da guriaSi, qaSveTi _
Sida qarTlsa da sa­megrelo-zemo svaneTSi, qveSi _ Sida qarTlsa
da qvemo qarTlSi, qo­reTi _ imereTsa da kaxeTSi, qurTa _ Sida
qarTlsa da mcxeTa-Ti­aneTSi, yudro _ mcxeTa-TianeTsa da qvemo
qarTlSi, Salauri _ imereTsa da kaxeTSi, Seubani _ raWa-leCxum-
qvemo svaneTsa da Sida qar­TlSi, Subani _ aWaraSi, guriasa da ime­
reT­Si, Sulaveri _ Sida qarTlsa da qvemo qarTlSi, jafarauli
86
_ gu­ ri­
asa da imereTSi, jigraSeni _ samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo
qar­TlSi, xaiSi _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, ci­
xi­subani _ imereTSi, mcxeTa-TianeTSi, samcxe-javaxeTsa da Sida
qar­TlSi, cixisZiri _ aWarasa da mcxeTa-TianeTsSi, wedisi _ af­xa­
ze­Tsa da raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTSi, wifori _ qvemo qarTlSi,
mcxe­Ta-TianeTsa da Sida qarTlSi, wyalwiTela _ guriasa da Sida
qar­TlSi, wyalwminda _ guriasa da Sida qarTlSi, wyarosTavi _ ka­
xe­Tsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, Wala _ aWaraSi, afxazeTSi, guriasa da
ime­reTSi, WarTali _ kaxeTsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, WaSa _ afxazeTsa
da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, Weri _ aWarasa da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi.
garda zemoTCamoTvlili soflis aRmniSvneli sexnia to­
po­nimebisa saqarTvelos teritoriaze iseve mravlad SeiniSneba
hid­ronimebisa da oronimebis geografiuli dubletebi. aris Sem­
Txvevebi, roca soflis da mdinaris, tbis, uReltexilis, mwve­ r­
valisa da myinvaris saxelwodebebi erTnairia. warmovadgenT ra­
m­
de­ nime magaliTs: sofeli da mdinare abuli _ samcxe-javaxeTSi,
sofeli, mTa da uReltexili abuxalo _ Sida qarTlSi, sofeli,
mTa, mwvervali, myinvari _ adiSi _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, so­fe­
li, mdinare akvariqva _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, mTa akuSo _ mcxeTa-Ti­
aneTSi, sofeli, mdinare algeTi _ qvemo qarTlSi, tba, qedi, uRe­
l­texili amtyeli _ afxazeTSi, mdinare, mwvervali, myinvari buba
_ raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTSi, sofeli, mdinare, mTa, uReltexili,
mwvervali, myinvari gvandra _ afxazeTSi, mdinare gomi _ afxazeTSi,
aWa­rasa da Sida qarTlSi, mdinare, mwvervali dalari _ samegrelo-
zemo svaneTSi, mdinare dedabera _ guriaSi, mTa dedabera _ imereTSi,
so­feli, tba erwo _ Sida qarTlSi, mdinareebi _ erwoswyali Sida
qarTlsa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi, mdinare, mTa esiqomi _ mcxeTa-Ti­
aneTSi, sofeli, mTa eStia mcxeTa-TianeTSi, sofeli, tba vaCiani
_ samcxe javaxeTSi, sofeli, qedi vaxani _ imereTSi, sofeli, mTa
ve­rona _ kaxeTSi, mwvervali, uReltexili, qedi zesxo _ raWa-leC­
xum-qvemo svaneTSi, mwvervali, uReltexili, myinvari ToTi _ sa­
me­grelo-zemo svaneTSi, soflebi ilori _ afxazeTsa da imereTSi,
mdi­nare ilori _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, mdinare kvariaTi _ aWaraSi,
mdi­­nare, qedi kodori _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, uReltexili kortoxi
_ aWaraSi, mdinare, mwvervali lasili _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi,
myinvari, mwvervali laxvra _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, myinvari,
mwvervali lahili _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, mTa, uReltexili
leTa _ Sida qarTlSi, uReltexili, myinvari, mwvervali lexziri _
samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, sofeli, mTa libani _ samcxe-javaxeTSi,
uRe­ltexili, myinvari liWadi _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, mdinare,
mTa, tba lixTa _ afxazeTSi, mdinare, uReltexili, myinvari, mTa
87
ma­ruxi _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, mdinare mawimi _ kaxeTSi, sofeli,
mdi­nare maWara _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, mTa maWatia _ sacxe javaxeTSi,
sofeli, mdinare maxo _ aWaraSi, mTebi mTawminda _ Tbilissa da ka­
xeTSi, qedi mTawminda _ TbilisSi, mTa, mwvervali mTawminda _ mcxe­
Ta-TianeTSi, daba, mdinare miusera _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, myinvari
mna - mcxeTa-TianeTSi, sofeli, mdinare moqvi _ afxazeTSi, sofeli,
mdi­nare mramba _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, qedi muco _ mcxeTa-TianeTSi,
so­feli nabeRlavi _ guriaSi, mTa nabeRlavi _ imereTSi, sofeli,
mdi­nare, mwvervali, myinvari, uReltexili nakra _ samegrelo-
zemo svaneTSi, sofeli, mdinare, mTa, uReltexili nahari _ afxa­
ze­TSi, sofeli, mdinare, tba sakeni _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, tba ta­
ba­wyuri _ sacxe-javaxeTSi, uReltexili, myinvari, mTa, mdinare
tviberi _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, sofeli, mTa, qedi tyemala _
Sida qarTlSi, tba, mdinare faravani _ sacxe-javaxeTSi, sofeli,
mdi­nare qsani _ mcxeTa-TianeTSi, sofeli RvTismSobeli _ samcxe-
ja­vaxeTSi mTa _ RvTismSobeli mcxeTa-TianeTSi.
Savi tba _ am saxelwodebis tbebi mdebareobs saqarTvelos sam
re­gionSi aWaraSi, raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTsa da qvemo qarTlSi,
ori mdinare saxelwodebiT Savi Rele samegrelo-zemo svaneTsa da
raWa-leCxum-qvemo svaneTiSi, mTa da uReltexili Savi klde _ ka­
xeTSi, mdinareebi Savi wyali _ kaxeTsa da imereTSi, sami mTa Sav­
na­bada sam regionSi mdebareobs kaxeTSi, Sida qarTlsa da qvemo
qar­TlSi, mdinare, mTa Saori _ sacxe- javaxeTSi, mTa, sofeli Se­
var­deni _ mcxeTa-TianeTSi, daba, qedi Caqvi _ aWaraSi, sofeli,
so­feli, mdinare, mwvervali CxalTa _ afxazeTSi, sofeli, myinvari
xal­de _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTi, samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi ori
mdi­narea saxelwodebiT civi, misi sexnia toponimebi mdinare da tba
mde­bareobs kaxeTSi, sofeli, mdinare wyalwminda _ guriaSi, mTa,
myi­nvari, uReltexili Wauxi _ mcxeTa-TianeTSi da a.S.
maSasadame, saqarTvelos teritoriis sxvadasxva regionSi
uam­ravi raodenobis sexnia toponimebia, romlebsac meorenairad
dub­letebs uwodeben.
geografiuli saxelebis kvleva did interess iwvevs lin­gvi­
stikis, istoriis, eTnografiis sakiTxebis problemebis gadaWraSi.

88
 bibliografia:

• Ciqobava, 2008 _ Ciqobava arnold. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. saxelmZR­

va­nelo filologiis fakultetis studentTaTvis. redaqcia da wina­
sityvaoba g. kvaracxeliasi. Tb., 2008;
• COATES, 1998 – Coates, Richard. A new explanation of the name of London, – Trans-
actions of the Philological Society. #96(2), 1998;
• ЛЕОНОВИЧ, 2004 – Леонович Олег Анатольевич. Топонимы США. Учебное по­
со­бие. М., 2004
• СУПЕРАНСКАЯ.., 1989 – Суперанская Александра Васильевна, Подольская Ната-
лья Владимировна, Васильева Наталия Владимировна. Общая терминология.
Воп­росы теории. М., 1989.

MANANA SHELIA1

NAMESAKE TOPONYMS OF BRITAIN AND GEORGIA

The modern world is unimaginable without geographical indications –

toponyms. The Geographical name is a part of the lexical system of a particular
nation. For cultures place names can serve as ways not only of remembering
geography but also as means of reinforcing traditions and cultural memories.
Toponymics is a scientific discipline which studies place names, their or-
igin, development, semantic meaning, writing and pronunciation. Place-names
have long been the topic of popular interest and discussion. The world is rich
with place-names bearing a lot of information: geographical, linguistic, historical
as place names are a result of historical conditions of eras when they arose, were
formed and extended in these or those countries.
Toponyms contain a treasure of language elements which allow us to get
information and research the history of countries and peoples. In linguistics top-
onymy is studied from different standpoints: as a certain toponymic system ele-
ment, which is connected with the other toponyms and in the language system
is closely related to other linguistic units. It is concerned with the linguistic evo-
lution (etymology) of place-names and the motive behind of the place (historical
and geographical aspects it also involves the study of place names within and
between languages).
The toponyms of different countries, like the languages themselves, de-
rive from various linguistic origins. In general, geographical names contain three
broad elements: personal names (or pre-existing names of natural features),
1
Manana Shelia – PhD in Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
89
natural features, and settlement functions. They are made up of components
which are referred to as words which are simply used by people to describe a
place or their response to their environment.
This paper proposes the review of namesake toponyms of Britain and
Georgia. A special focus was on the analysis of one of the classes of toponyms
– namesake oykonyms and particularly subclasses – astyonyms and komonyms,
hydronyms – limnomyms, potamonyms, oronyms referring to mountains and
hills, ridges, peaks and glaciers of Britain and Georgia and their namesakes lo-
cated in the USA, Canada, Australia, Turkey and in other countries as well.
The study has been conducted on lexical, etymological and semantic anal-
ysis methods at linguistic and extra-linguistic levels generally based on various
classes of namesake toponyms.
Massive emigration of British settlers from the UK in the 17th and 20th cen-
turies resulted the origin of many towns and regions being named or renamed
after places in Britain. Some names were carried over directly and are found
throughout the country (such as Manchester, Birmingham and Rochester). Oth-
ers carry the prefix New; for example, the cities in the US, New York, was named
after York, New Windsor, New Glasgow, etc.
The complexity and variety of toponymy of Great Britain and Georgia is
connected with historical events. In some cases the English and Georgian top-
onyms consist of the elements belonging to a concrete language and historical
period. The toponymic material gives the chance to track processes of interfer-
ence and enrichment of languages, to define nature of contacts between the
people during their migrations in the past. In place names historical events of
this or that era, names of outstanding persons, heroes and cultural wealth of the
people are imprinted.

90
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

julieta ZaZua1

Semasmenlisa da qvemdebaris adgilisaTvis

ilia WavWavaZesTan

sityvaTa rigi enobriv gamoxatulebas SesityvebaSi povebs.

Se­sityvebas ori mxare aqvs: sintaqsuri (marTva, Sesityveba da
kor­ dinatul-saurTierTo, agreTve mirTvac) da stilistikuri:
„sit­yvebis urTierToba Sesityvebis agebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
ga­dmosacemi Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT _ stilistikis saqmea“ (Ciqo­
bava, 1952: 15). aqedan gamomdinare, sityvaTa rigi winadadebaSi ori
funqciiT warmogvidgeba _ sintaqsuriTa da stilistikuriT. am
ori dargis garda winadadebaSi wevrTa rigs gansazRvravs zo­ gi
morfologiuri kategoriac. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu ro­goria
zmna _ Semasmeneli winadadebaSi: gardamavali Tu garda­ uva­
li,
erT­piriani Tu ori da sampiriani? es sakiTxebia wamosawe­vi qarTu­
li enisaTvis.
amdenad, Cven migvaCnia, rom fleqsiuri da aglutinaciuri
ene­bisaTvis wevrTa ganlageba sxvadasxva odenobisa unda iyos.
amas­Tan dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTul enaSi winada­
de­bis wevrTa adgili ar aris mkvidri. miuxedavad amisa, romelime
Sem­TxvevaSi winadadebis ama Tu im wevrs eZleva upiratesoba daika­
vos pirveli adgili. saskolo gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebidan
vi­ciT, rom winadadebis wevrTa gadaadgilebiT azri ar icvleba.
Ti­Toeuli forma Cveulebrivad misaRebia qarTulisaTvis.
Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi, ZvelTan SedarebiT, winadadebis
wev­rTa rigi gansxvavebulia, radgan enis istoriis ganviTarebisas
Se­iZleba saxe icvalos sityvaTa wyobam. magaliTad, Zvel qarTul­
Si sazRvruls msazRvreli mosdevda. Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki
pi­riqiT _ msazRvrels mosdevs sazRvruli, magram es rigi arc
Zvel qarTulSi iyo absoluturad daculi da arc Tanamedrove
qar­TulSia. Tumca, upiratesoba erT-erT maTgans eniWeba. amis da­
1
julieta ZaZua _ pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universite­
ti.
91
sadastureblad arsebobs azri, romlis mixedviTac sityvaTa ri­gi
winadadebaSi ar asrulebs gramatikul funqcias. mas mxolod sti­
lis­tikuri mniSvneloba aqvs e.i. sityvaTa ganlageba winadadebaSi
Ta­visufalia. Cveni dakvirvebiT, es mosazreba yvela SemTxvevaSi
ar marTldeba, radgan gansazRvrebis adgili winadadebaSi mkvid­
ria. igi yovelTvis sazRvrulis win dgas. magaliTad: maRali xe,
tkbili CurCxela, TeTri perangi, wynari adgili, Tbili tansac­
meli, wiTeli vaSli da a.S. da ara: xe maRali, CurCxela tkbili,
perangi TeTri, vaSli wiTeli. Tu pirdapir anu bunebriv wyobasa
da Sebrunebul anu pospoziciur wyobas SevadarebT, maSin advili
Se­samCnevi gaxdeba, rom pirdapiri wyoba ufro morgebulia, buneb­
rivia, Seguebulia Cvens azrovnebasTan. amas msazRvrelis gansaz­
Rvrac adasturebs: „..saubars enaSi ar SeTanxmdebis zed-Sesruli
ar­sebiT saxelTan, arc ricxvTa da brunvaTa da amasTanave maradis
win daidebis igi arsebiTisa“ (mqgss, 1877:17), magram gamoricxuli
ar aris msazRvreli ara arsebiTis Semdeg, aramed gaTiSulic ki
iyos arsebiTisagan sxva sityvis mier (ZaZua, 2007: 186): „da alazani
Seupovari Cioda“ (ilia);1 „vels mSveniersa CasZineboda“, „...uremi
mZime miWrialebda“ (ilia). zemoTac aRvniSneT, winadadebis wevrTa
adgilis sruli SezRudva arc zepir metyvelebasa da arc mxatvrul
literaturaSi SeuZlebelia. es exeba ara marto zedsarTavsa da
arsebiTs, aramed sxva wevrebsac (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli da sxv).
rogor dgas winadadebis im wevrTa sakiTxi, romelic subieq­
tur Tu obieqtur pirTan aris Sewyobili.
sityvaTa dalagebisaTvis wamyvania Semasmenlis pozicia (kva­
Wa­Ze, 1966: 18). Semasmeneli anu zmna, ilias TqmiT, qarTuli enis­
xer­xemalia. igi winadadebas asxams xorcs, azrians xdis mas. zm­
nas ukavSirdebian sxva wevrebic. winadadebidan vadgenT sintaqsur
wyvilebs:
1. luarsabisaTvis eSmaks ZilSi TavSi Caukrams (ilia).
a) luarsabisaTvis Caukrams
b) eSmaks Caukrams
g) ZilSi Caukrams
d) TavSi Caukrams
2. RmerTma TavisTavad mkiTxavi karzed mogayena (ilia).
a) RmerTma mogayena
b) TavisTavad mogayena
g) mkiTxavi mogayena
d) karzed mogayena
1
winamdebare naSromSi saanalizo masala warmodgenilia _ ilia: 200-
253,­ 312-385.
92
 rogorc vxedavT, orive winadadebis yvela wevri zmnas ukav­
Sir­deba, sintaqsur wyvilSi zmnasTan Sedis. es asea, ZiriTadad, wi­
na­dadebis wevrTa Semomkrebi zmnaa. miuxedavad amisa, qvemdebaresa
da damatebasac ukavSirdeba TavianTi amxsneli sityvebiT. Tumca
aqac zmnas eniWeba winadadebis wevrTa „Semkrebis“ upiratesoba.
Catarebulia saTanado kvleva winadadebis wevrTa ganlagebis Se­
sa­xeb da dadasturebulia, rom SedarebiT mokle winadadebebSi
Se­mas­
meneli ZiriTadad bolokiduria (afridoniZe, 1979: 19). amis
dasadastureblad avtors moyvanili aqvs saTanado magaliTebi da
askvnis: „maSasadame, tendencia aseTia: winadadebis sigrZis zrdas­
Tan erTad Zlierdeba Semasmenlis e. w. centriskenuli moZraoba
(afridoniZe, 1979: 19).
am azrs ver gaviziarebT, radganac mokle winadadebebSi Se­
mas­meneli TavisTavad centrSi dgas, ZiriTadad qvemdebares mos­
devs. magaliTad: a) mkiTxavi gavida; b) man biWebi gaistumra jados
amosaRebad; g) biWebma bevri utriales Tavlas (ilia), magram bolo
winadadebaSi ara Tu centrisken, bolo wevrobasac ki inarCunebs
Se­masmeneli: „amisTana sasacilo ambavi ufro xSirad unda gati­
rebdes Sena“ (ilia). aq winadadeba Svidwevriania, magram Semasmene­
li bolo wevris win dgas da ara centrSi.
`waiSala am orTa gvamTa cxovrebis kvali dedamiwis zurgze“
(ilia). am winadadebaSi rva wevria, Semasmenels ki pirveli adgili
ukavia.
`yroyinebda simReris xmazed gabruebuli luarsabi“ (ilia).
aq Semasmenels pirveli adgili ukavia.
`darejanma erTi aqimi dedakaci iSova“ (ilia). Semasmenels
bo­lo adgili ukavia.
amdenad, visac Tavisi azrebis dasabuTeba unda, iseT maga­li­
Tebs moitans mxatvruli literaturidan, romlebic xelsayrelia
misTvis. erT rameSi ki veTanxmebiT, rom winadadeba garda sintaq­
suri da semantikuri odenobisa, ritmul-intonaciuri odenoba­
caa. Tu Semasmeneli gamonaTqvamis RerZi da azris gamaformebeli
bolokiduria, misgan momaval gzaze mdebare sityvebi erT azro­
briv da, Sesabamisad, intonaciur talRaze warmoiTmis (afri­do­ni­
Ze, 1979: 20).
Cven ar uarvyofT imas, rom martiv mokle winadadebaSi Semas­
menels qvemdebaris Semdgomi adgili ukavia, magram Semsnmenlis
ad­gili, rogorc vnaxeT, gansazrvruli ar aris. SedarebiT qvemde­
bares ufro mkvidrad ukavia adgili winadadebis TavSi: „qvemde­
baris Tavkiduroba saerTo enobrivi movlenaa“ (afridoniZe, 1979:
20). Cven amas davumatebT imas, rom es mosazreba maSinaa srulyofi­
93
li, Tu qvemdebares gansazRvreba ar axlavs da zogjer Semasmenels
mosdevs qvemdebare.: „movida zamTari; iyo saxli; wmindaa eg crem­
li; Sehdga yvela; exveweboda, evedreboda arCili. gasinja demet­
rem giorgi. movida Suaguli Semodgoma; gavidnen kidev dReni da
Tveni; ra undoda amiT eTqva giorgis; ras ibuzebi axladmoyvanils
patarZalsaviT; movida giorgic“ (ilia).
vxedavT, rom arc Tu iSviaTia Semasmenlis Tavkiduri adgi­
li. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom Semasmenlisa da qvemdebaris adgilis
gan­sazRvra damokidebulia mwerlis stilsa da zmnis gardamavlo­
bas­Tan. did mwerlebs Tavisi stili aqvT, riTac icnobian isini
gva­risa da saxelis dausaxeleblad. am stils qmnis winadadebaSi
sit­yvaTa ganlageba.
is, rac iTqva Semasmenlisa da qvemdebaris adgilze winada­
de­baSi, daaxloebiT igive unda vTqvaT pirdapir damatebazec. igi
SeiZleba Semasmenlis winac da Semdegac daisvas, an Semasmenelsa
da pirdapir damatebas Soris sxva wevrebic moeqces. magaliTad:
„davayene cxeni; Camoviyvane cxenidan pepia; gavuSale qveS faraja;
davude TaviT unagiris baliSi“ (ilia).
pirvel windadebaSi Semasmenels uSualod mosdevs pirdapi­
ri damateba (cxeni), xolo sxva winadadebaSi pirdapiri damatebebi:
bebia, farajas, baliSi gaTiSulia sxva sityvebiT:damatebebiT, gan­
sazRvrebebiT, garemoebebiT.
aseve aramdgradi adgili ukavia irib, ubralo damatebebsa
da garemoebebsac. amis uamravi magaliTis dasaxeleba SegviZlia
yve­la nawarmoebidan. ilias mxatvruli nawarmoebidan saTanado ma­
ga­
liTebis amoweriT davinaxavT, rogoria iliasTan winadadebis
wevrTa ganlageba. ai, isinic: „mze Cawurvazed iyo“, „sawyali Se­
tokda cxenze“, daTikom pasuxi ar misca“, „divanbegma yvelaferi
gamomkiTxa“, „RmerTma Senc Segarcxvinos da Seni pirobac“, „pepiam
imisken gaswia“, „mama mivida SvilTan“, `gabrielma yvelaferi miTx­
ra“, „venacvale imis madls“, „gadiodnen dReni“, „gamoecala xel­
idan Tamro“,, „vicocxleb Tqvens sadRegrZelod“, „daijera Cemi
alali sityva“, „amiyolia misma sevdam da gulistkivilma“, „adga
is sacodavi adamianis Svili“, „gavagrZele sityva da gavakraWune
kbilebi“, „Cavibare yvelaferi, „qveyana Zneli Sesaferi yofila“,
„me Cem sofelSi misvla Zalian ar mimixaroda“, „me iq aravin my­
vanda“, „mRvdels es ambavi Zlier ewyina“, „gza yovelTvis kacuri
meqneba“, „dedamiwis zurgi imiTi ayvavdeba xolme“, „wuTisoflis
cxovreba imiTi moisxams yvavilsa“, „abreSumis xelsaxocsaviT rbi­
lad moswmends Tvalidan cremlsa“ (ilia).
magaliTebidan Cans, rom iliasTan qvemdebarisa da Semasmen­
94
lis adgili ar aris mkacrad gansazRvruli. saerTod, ganusaz­
Rvrelia wevrTa adgili winadadebaSi da isic naTelia, rom ro­
melime adgili romelime wevrs ufro metad hqondes, magram amis
aRricxva SeuZlebelia (ZaZua, 2007:12).
amdenad, zepirsa da weriT metyvelebaSi wevrTa gamoyeneba
Tavisufalia, magram orive SemTxvevaSi SesarCevia adgili ama Tu
im wevrisaTvis stilis asamaRleblad, grZnobaTa gasafaqizeblad,
eqspresiulobisaTvis. amitom sWirdeba molaparake pirovnebas
(mwerals) fiqri imaze, Tu ra enobriv garsSi gadmosces na­fiqr-
naazrevi da rogor gaaformos is stilurad da morfologiurad.

bibliografia:
• mqgss, 1877 _ mokle qarTuli gramatika sasoflo skolebisaTvis.
tf.,1877;
• afridoniZe, 1979 _ afridoniZe Suqria. sityvaTganlageba martiv
TxrobiT winadadebaSi Tanamedrove qarTulSi, _ kreb.: qarTuli sit­
y­vis kul­turis sakiTxebi. wigni 2. Tb., 1979;
• kvaWaZe, 1966 _ kvaWaZe leo. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi. Tb.,
1966;
• Ciqobava, 1952 _ Ciqobava arnold. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tb., 1952;
• ZaZua, 2007 _ ZaZua julieta. winadadebis wevrTa adgilisaTvis qar­
Tvel klasikosebTan. Tb., 2007.
• ilia _ WavWavaZe ilia. Txzulebani 20 tomad. t. 2. Tb., 1988.

JULIETA DZADZUA1
FOR PROBLEM OF PLACE OF PREDICATE AND SUBJECT
IN THE WORKS OF ILIA TCHAVTCHAVADZE
Word order is linguistically expressed by phrases. Phrasal words have
two aspects: syntactical and stylistic. Besides these two branches word order
in the sentence is defined by some morphological categories. It depends on the
relation of the subject and predicit,wether the verb is transitive or intransitive,
the number of subjects indicated by the verb. Moreover, we may admit that
word order is not fixed in Georgian language but in particular cases some of the
sentence membersacqure the advantage of occupying the first place.
The research conducted towards sentence word order of Georgian
language conveyed that in comparatively short sentences predicitis mainly the
last member of the sentence.
1
Julieta Dzadzua – Phd in Pedagogics, Sokhumi State University.
95
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

enaTmecniereba

МАКА КАЧАРАВА1
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ЕДИНИЦЫ В СФЕРЕ БИЗНЕСА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ
РУССКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

Политические и социальные преобразования в жизни России конца

XX и начала XXI века привели к определённым изменениям лексической
сис­темы русского языка, которая живо отреагировала на новые потребности
об­щества. Большинство ключевых экономических терминов выходят из
узкой сферы употребления и осваиваются общелитературным языком. Ут­
рата терминами своей терминологичности и переход в сферу общего упо­
требления свидетельствует о всё большем вовлечении человека в об­ласть
экономических интересов и зависимости его от экономических процессов.
Термины экономики как специальные единицы русского ли­те­ра­
турного языка были предметом и объектом исследования учёных раз­ных
направлений в лингвистике. Наиболее объективно и полно теория тер­
минов экономики освещена в трудах учёных: Л. Г. Аксютенковой, С. Р. Ба­
говой, Е. В. Кинчиной, М. В. Китайгородской, Т. С. Кондратьевой, Л. П. Кры­
си­на, В. В. Никитиной, Н. А. Назаренко, О. А. Смирновой, Б. Н. Терехова, К.
В. Томашевской и др.
Современный этап развития профессиональных отношений ха­рак­те­
ри­зуется, с одной стороны, профессионализацией средств коммуникации,
языка в первую очередь, а с другой стороны – расширением количественного
состава вовлекаемых в процесс общения лексических единиц. Последняя
те­нденция реализуется за счет вовлечения в сферу профессиональной ком­
муникации единиц, не отмеченных строгой  отнесенностью  к данной об­
ласти знаний и не характеризуемых экспрессивно-стилистической не­йтра­
ль­ностью выражения.
Таким образом, лексика профессионального общения во всей своей
со­вокупности, имея в качестве своего смыслового и стилистического ядра
спе­циальную терминологию, в процессе реального функционирования
«об­растает» множеством единиц, демонстрирующих гетерогенность раз­
1
maka kaWarava _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
96
ли­чных уровней.
Лексические единицы в сфере бизнеса современного русского и ан­
гли­йского  языков представляют собой более широкое понятие, нежели
эко­номическая  терминология. «Отличающаяся гетерогенностью в плане
сво­его содержания и экспрессивно-стилистической отнесенности, лексика
биз­неса представляет на нынешнем этапе развития лингвистической науки
зна­чительный интерес, так как обслуживает одну из важнейших сфер че­
ловеческой деятельности в современном мире – экономические и тор­го­
вые отношения» (Моргунова, 2003: 2-5).
Актуальность исследования данного лексического пласта оп­ре­де­ля­
ется тем, что, лексические единицы в сфере бизнеса несмотря на их ши­ро­ча­
йшее распространение и функционирование в сегодняшнем мире, а также
ак­тивное проникновение во все без исключения функциональные стили на­
ционального литературного языка, до сих пор остаются недостаточно изу­
че­нной в лексикологии именно как система. А это не могло не отразиться и
на уровне лексикографии, т.е. на состоянии современных словарей, часто
не удовлетворяющих практическим требованиям, предъявляемым к ним
со стороны пользователей.
Изучение состава лексических единиц в сфере бизнеса сов­ре­мен­
ного  русского и английского  языков, их структурно-семантических осо­бе­
нностей позволяет сделать следующие выводы: лексика бизнеса, об­слу­
жи­вая сферу экономических отношений и являясь, таким образом, лексик
ой профессионального, т.е. ограниченного употребления, тем не менее не
пре­дставляет собой замкнутой системы. Она активно проникает во все без
ис­ключения функциональные стили современного русского и английского
язы­ков.
«Весь состав  лексических  единиц, относимых к словарному фонду
сфе­ры бизнеса, характеризуется стратификационной вариативностью».
(Мор­гунова, 2003: 198). В зависимости от особенностей плана выражения
и плана содержания выделяем два основных пласта специальной лек­си­
ки:  терминологический и профессиональный, причем последний, в свою
очередь, обнаруживает стилистическую неоднородность и распадается на
про­фессионализмы и жаргонизмы.
Термины составляют около 88% всей лексики бизнеса. Они характе­
ри­зуются семантической и стилистической нейтральностью, повышенным
но­минативным значением. Содержанием термина является научное по­
нятие, входящее в систему понятий экономической науки и широко фун­
кци­онирующее в коммерческой практике.
Профессионализмы в целом составляют около 2% лексики бизнеса.
Они отличаются эмоционально-экспрессивной окраской, ослабленным
эле­ментом прямого  номинативного  значения и стилистической мар­ки­
7. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 97
ро­ванностью (принадлежностью к  разговорной  речи). Определенная их
часть, семантически дублируя термины, отклоняется от нормы про­фес­си­
ональ­ного  употребления по причине эмоциональной окрашенности или
из­мененного звукового облика (усечение или аффиксальные вариации).
Профессиональные жаргонизмы составляют около 10% лексики биз­
неса. Они представляют собой совокупность бытовых, фамильярных, сни­
жен­ных номинаций, закрепленных в самых нижних стилистических слоях
спе­циальной лексики. Жаргонизмы в большинстве своем отличаются от
про­фессионализмов большей степенью  экспрессивной  насыщенности и
по­вышенной идиоматичностью.
Характерная черта терминологии бизнеса – наличие синонимичных 
обозначений одних и тех же понятий. Исследование показало, что по­дав­ля­
ющее большинство синонимических рядов являются двучленными.
«Развитие терминологической синонимии обусловлено несколькими
при­чинами: различными признаками, положенными в основу номинации;
ис­пользованием заимствованного и исконного термина; присутствием ус­
таревшего и современного термина; наличием полной и краткой форм
термина» (Моргунова, 2003: 199-202). Анализ многочисленных пре­дпо­
сы­лок и причин сосуществования синонимичных наименований одного
по­нятия позволил классифицировать все  синонимы  на лексические и
синтаксические. Кроме того, параллельное употребление наряду с тер­ми­
на­ми профессионализмов и жаргонизмов создает многочисленные ряды
сти­листических синонимов.
Встречаются также немногочисленные терминологические ва­ри­ан­
ты, которые при тождестве семантики различаются произношением и на­
пи­санием.
«Исследование лексико-семантических связей в терминологии би­
з­неса позволило установить в смысловой структуре ряда терминов ра­
з­­витие полисемии, для которой характерна координированность и
про­­порциональность отношений» (Моргунова, 2003: 205). В пределах се­
ма­н­тической структуры  многозначных  терминов отмечаются регулярные
мо­дели метонимических сдвигов, свидетельствующие о строгой ко­ор­ди­
ни­рованности семантической  деривации, что обуславливает системность
те­рминологии.
Системно-семантические связи терминов, основанные на единстве э
кстралингвистических и лингвистических факторов, координируются соб­с­
твенно языковыми средствами, т.е. при помощи аналогичных словообразо­
ва­тельных  моделей для наименования соподчиненных понятий. Так, при
об­разовании терминологических единиц, выражающих противоположные
по­нятия, используются регулярные префиксы..
Профессиональная лексика, в отличие от терминологической, ха­рак­
98
теризуется менее строгой системной организацией; ей присущи лишь не­ко­
то­рые элементы системности.
Для профессиональной лексики характерно наличие многочисленных
си­нонимических рядов, отличающихся большим количеством входящих в них
ком­понентов. Анализ многочисленных профессионализмов и жаргонизмов,
об­ладающих сходной  семантикой, выявил отсутствие в большинстве слу­
чаев типичных, единообразных моделей возникновения синонимов, что
обу­славливает трудность их классификации и систематизации. Кроме
того, в ходе исследования профессиональной лексики обнаружено оби­лие
вариантных наименований, что свидетельствует об отсутствии ко­ди­фи­ка­
ци­онной нормы.
Антонимические отношения, являясь одним из ярких проявлений
сис­темных отношений в языке, охватывают лишь незначительное число
про­фессионализмов и жаргонизмов.
Языковая  системность терминов бизнеса проявляется в на­ли­
чии  общеязыковых  лексико-семантических связей, а близость ис­сле­ду­
емой  терминологии  к лексике общелитературного языка, открытость ее
гра­ниц делает эти процессы наиболее наглядными.
Распространенным видом  парадигматических  отношений в тер­ми­
но­логии бизнеса является  гипонимия, которая проявляется в выражении
от­ношений подчинения и соподчинения понятий, и построение на этой
ос­нове иерархической системы терминов бизнеса. Как показывает ма­
те­риал, большинство терминов бизнеса, объединенных формально-се­
ман­тическими  гипонимическими  отношениями, образуются посредством
при­соединения к гиперонимам согласованных и несогласованных оп­ре­де­
ле­ний, в роли которых чаще всего выступают имена  прилагательные или
имена существительные в косвенных  падежах  (авуары – блокированные,
ли­квидные; авизо – об акцепте, об аккредитиве, о платеже; процент – по
вкладам, по займам, по овердрафту). Собственно  семантические  связи
в терминологии бизнеса представлены меньшим количеством, кла­с­
сификационная связь основывается на одном или нескольких при­зна­
ках (ценная бумага – акция, вексель, облигация, сертификат). В тер­ми­
но­логии бизнеса  родовидовые  отношения могут быть представлены в
многоступенчатых структурах, в которых один гипероним может рас­сма­три­
ваться по отношению к последующим видовым терминам. Основные фу­н­
к­ции гиперо-гипонимических отношений – систематизация и толкование.
В терминологии бизнеса отмечено явление омонимии, выделяются
два основных типа терминов-омонимов: межотраслевые (ремиз, ре­дук­
ция, конгломерат) и межсистемные (актив, кулиса, такса). Межотрасле­
вые  омонимы  образуются за счет латинских корней. У межсистемных
тер­минов отсутствуют какие-либо элементы, позволяющие говорить о се­
99
ман­тическихконтактах между ними. Термины-синонимы в терминологии
биз­неса, как и в других терминосистемах, составляют оппозицию тождества.
При анализе явления  субституции  термина в парадигматическом аспекте
бы­ло установлено, что термины-синонимы соотносятся с одним и тем же
по­нятием, характеризуя разные его свойства и качества. Поэтому данное
яв­ление было определено в работе как терминологическая дублетность.
Про­явление терминологических дублетов в терминологии бизнеса обу­
сло­вливается, как правило, параллельным  употреблением  равнозначных
русских и английских специальных обозначений (доверенность – варрант,
предложение – оферта, ввоз – импорт).
Характерной особенностью функционирования синонимов является
снятие противоречия между критерием точности терминоединицы и тре­
бо­ванием ее краткости. Возникающие в процессе этого варианты терминов
яв­ляются текстовыми субститутами составных наименований.
Основанием для объединения в терминологические оппозиции могут
слу­жить и антонимичные связи. В подобных оппозициях терминоединицы
объ­единяются родовыми семами и противопоставляются видовыми семами.
На­иболее активно в терминологии бизнеса реализуется комплементарный
тип противоположности (финансовый лизинг * оперативный лизинг). В
структурно-семантических типах антонимов выделяются два типа: соб­стве­
нно-семантический (выгода * убыток, снижение * повышение) и формально-
се­мантический (акцепт неакцепт, рентабельность * нерентабельность).
Ниже приводим примеры из области экономики и бизнеса в русском
а английском варианте:

1. Economics – экономика, народное хозяйство.

business~ – экономика предприятия
home~ – искусство ведения домашнего хозяйства
planned~ – плановое хозяйство
international~ – международная (мировая) экономика, мировое хо­
зя­йство
development~ – экономика развивающихся стран
microeconomics – микроэкономика
macroeconomics – макроэкономика
household – домашнее хозяйство
management – менеджмент
commerce – торговля, коммерция
trade – торговля
consumption – потребление, затраты, издержки
goods and services – товары и услуги
necessities and luxuries – товары первой необходимости и предметы
100
рос­коши
supply and demand – предложение и спрос
aggregate supply – совокупное предложение
commodity – товар для продажи
resource allocation – распределение ресурсов
production and distribution – производство и распределение
mergers and acquisitions – слияние и поглощение
scarcity – дефицит, недостаток
employment-inflation trade-off – взаимовлияние уровня занятости и
темпов инфляции
social setting – социальные условия
gross national product – валовой национальный продукт
gross domestic product – валовый внутренний продукт
federal funds/state budget/government balance/public finance – го­су­
дар­ственный бюджет
legal entity – юридическое лицо
natural person – физическое лицо
comparative advantage – сравнительное преимущество
benefit – преимущество, польза
 
2. Market economy – рыночная экономика
local/national/domestic market – внутренний рынок
major~ – основной рынок
raw material~ – рынок сырья
free~ – свободный рынок
~share – доля на рынке
~rate – биржевой курс
~/sales opportunities – конъюнктура рынка
~failure – несостоятельность рынка
perfect competition – совершенная (чистая) конкуренция
imperfect competition – несовершенная конкуренция
monopoly – монополия
monopsody – монопсодия (монополия покупателя)
insider trading – инсайдерские торговые операции с ценными бу­ма­
гами
price floor – минимальная цена
~ceiling – максимальная цена
~skimming – завышение цен
input~ – цена ресурсов, цена основных средств производства
equilibrium~ – равновесная цена
purchase~ – цена на потребительские товары
101
 premium pricing – стратегия высоких цен
penetration~ - политика цен при входе на рынок
shadow~ – скрытое (теневое) ценообразование
economy~ – установка минимальных цен на товары 
movement of capital – обращение капитала
accumulation of~ – накопление капитала
circulating/floating/trading~ – оборотный капитал
~ assets – основные средства
~ goods – средства производства
~ flow – движение капитала
~ investment – капиталовложения
sales strategy – стратегия сбыта
~representative – торговый представитель
wholesale distributor (wholesaler) – оптовый продавец
retail~ (retailer) – розничный продавец
natural rate of unemployment – естественный уровень безработицы
core business – основная продукция
non-profit organization – некоммерческая организация
small businesses – малый бизнес
client/customer – покупатель
agent – агент, посредник
entrepreneur – предприниматель, хозяин мелкого бизнеса
costs and expenses – расходы и затраты
output – выпуск, продукция
product differentiation – расширение ассортимента продукции
capacity – производственная мощность
markup – наценка
private property – частная собственность
intellectual property – интеллектуальная собственность
personal possessions – личная собственность
average risk – средний уровень риска
advertising – реклама
 
3. Banking – банковские операции
bank deposit – банковский вклад
~ transfer/remittance – банковский перевод
credit history – досье заемщика
bill of credit – аккредитив
exchange rates – валютные курсы
interest~ – процент кредитования
settlement account – расчетный счет
102
 personal – лицевой счет
 
4. Taxes – налоги
sales tax – налог с продаж
excise~ – акцизный сбор
income~ – подоходный налог
income~ act – закон о подоходном налоге
progressive~ – прогрессивный налог
corporation (income)~ – корпоративный налог на прибыль
Value Added~ (VAT) – налог на добавленную стоимость
unified~ on imputed income – единый доход на вмененный доход
~ code – налоговый кодекс
~ statement – налоговая декларация
tax-deductible – исключаемый из налогообложения
~ fraud – налоговое мошенничество
~ evader (evador) – лицо, уклоняющееся от уплаты налогов
 
5. Accountancy (accounting) – бухгалтерское дело
financial accounting – финансовый учет
~records – бухгалтерская документация
~system – бухгалтерская система
financial statement – финансовый отчет
~of financial performance – отчет о финансовых результатах
profit and loss~ – отчет о прибылях и убытках
income~ – декларация о доходам
balance – баланс
~ sheet – бухгалтерский баланс
~ of trade – торговый баланс
~ of payment – платежный баланс
trial~ – оборотно-сальдовая ведомость
general ledger – главная бухгалтерская книга, общий гроссбух
collection of payment – инкассо
payment by installments – оплата в рассрочку
income/profit/revenue – доход, прибыль, выручка (Жданова, 1991;
Краткий.., 1991: 48; Русско-английский.., 1991: 16).
В ходе анализа установлено, что в области  словообразования  тер
минология стремится к созданию многокомпонентных наименований,
что продиктовано объективным стремлением специалистов к уточнению
понятий бизнеса, а, следовательно, и значения терминов. Это приводит
к тому, что на современном этапе развития терминологической лексики
сферы бизнеса синтаксический способ становится наиболее продуктивным
103
и распространенным.
Таким образом, исследуя различные процессы в пределах конкретной
тер­миносистемы, мы убедились в строгой внутренней системности тер­ми­нов,
которая, в свою очередь, согласуется с системой общелитературного язы­ка
и современными тенденциями его развития.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ:

• КРАТКИЙ.., 1991 – Краткий внешне-экономический словарь-справочник. Под

редакцией В. А. Рыбалкина. М., 1991;
• РУССКО-АНГЛИЙСКИЙ.., 1991 – Русско-английский тезаурс коммерческой
лексики /Составители: Басманов В. С., Лутин С. А. М., 1991;
• ЖДАНОВА, 1991 – Жданова  Ирина Федоровна. Краткий русско-английский
ком­мерческий словарь. М., 1991;
• МОРГУНОВА, 2003 – Моргунова Марина Николаевна. Лексика сферы бизнеса
в современном английском языке. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени
кандидата филологических наук. Ростов-на-Дону, 2003.

maka kaWarava

leqsikuri erTeulebi Tanamedrove

rusul da inglisuri enebis biznes sferoSi

winamdebare statia exeba Tanamedrove rusuli da inglisuri

enebis biznes sferoSi arsebul leqsikur erTeulebs, romlebic
uf­ro farTo cnebas warmoadgenen, vidre ekonomikuri terminolo­
gia. heterogenurobis gansxvavebiTSinaarsis da gamomxatvelobiTi
da stilisturi atribuciis mixedviT, biznes leqsika amJamad mni­
S­vnelovan interess warmoadgens lingvisturi mecnierebis ganvi­
Ta­rebisa, radgan is emsaxureba Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianis
saq­mianobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sferos _ ekonomikur da savaW­
ro urTierTobebs. winamdebare kvlevis mniSvneloba, rac exeba
biz­nesis sferos leqsikur erTeulebs ganpirobebulia im faqtiT,
rom dResdReobiT miuxedavad maTifarTod gavrcelebisa da fun­
qcionirebisa, iseve, rogorc maTi aqtiuri SeRwevisa erovnul li­
teraturul enaSi gamonaklisis gareSe, leqsikologiis sferoSi
ar aris dRemde sakmarisad Seswavlili zustad ise, rogorc sis­
tema. aman ar SeiZleba gavlena ar iqonios leqsikografiis doneze,
ris safuZvelzec Tanamedrove leqsikonebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ver
ak­mayofileben momxmareblis praqtikul moTxovnebs.

104
 MAKA KATCHARAVA1

LEXICAL UNITS IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS IN CONTEMPORARY

RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

The present article deals with lexical units in the field of business of Con-
temporary Russian and English languages, which are a broader notion than eco-
nomic terminology. Differing heterogeneity in terms of its content and expres-
sive and stylistic attribution, business vocabulary is of significant interest at the
current stage of development of linguistic science, as it serves one of the most
important spheres of human activity in modern world - economic and trade re-
lations.
The significance of the present research of lexical layer is determined by
the fact that lexical units in the business field, despite their widespread occur-
rence and functioning in nowadays world, as well as active penetration into all
the functional styles of the national literary language without exception, have
been not enough studied until now in lexicology exactly as a system. And this
could not but affect the level of lexicography, that is, on the condition of con-
temporary dictionaries, often not satisfying the practical requirements claimed
to them by users.

1
Maka Katcharava – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
105
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

nana araxamia1

moZaladis da msxverplis definiciisaTvis

mxatvrul narativSi

saxelmwifoSi danaSaulis, msxverplis da sasjelis cneba sam­

yaroSic da msoflio literaturaSic sxvadasxva istoriul etapze
mkveTr cvlilebebs ganicdida. formdeboda politikuri wyobisa
Tu sazogadoebrivi garemoebebis cvlilebaTa paralelurad. am
procesebis SeCereba sabolood SeuZlebelia da dasrulebulad
ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, vinaidan civilizaciis ganviTarebis
paralelurad viTardeba garkveuli danaSaulebebis da, Sesabami­
sad literaturaSic damnaSavis, rogorc tipis mravalferovnebis
arealic, rac imas niSnavs,rom danaSaulis, msxverplis Tu sasjelis
problema aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania yvela drosa da garemoSi.
Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT qarTuli literaturis istori­
as naTelia, rom Cvens mwerlobaSi dominirebs qalze Zaladobis
faqtebis Semcveli nawarmoebebi da Cveni msjelobis Tema _ swo­
red mxatvrul narativSi damnaSavisa da msxverplis definiciis
sa­
kiTxebs exeba. ra kavSirSia literaturaSi asaxuli fantaziebi
re­alobasTan? arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri maT Soris? ra aris qa­
rTul mwerlobaSi qalze Zaladobis Temis aqtualobis mizezi?
ra­ze migvaniSnebs moZalade, yaCaR, personaJTa siuxve da mraval­
ferovneba qarTul sinamdvileSi? ra aris Zaladoba? vin ari­
an moZaladeebi da vin aris msxverpli literaturaTmcodneebis
Tva­lsawieridan? es is kiTxvebia, romlebzedac met-naklebad Seve­
cdebiT visaubroT Cvens naSromSi.
samecniero literaturaSi sastiki mopyrobis aRsaniSnavad
iye­neben termins bulingi (xuligani, moZalade), mobingi (brZola
Tav­ dasxma, Seviwroeba). bulingi (mobingi) gulisxmobs daSinebas,
fi­zikur da fsiqologiur devnas im mizniT, rom gamoiwvios sxva
adamianSi SiSi, morCileba. adre es iyo yofiTi cneba, magram bolo
1
nana araxamia _ filologiis doqtori, asistent-profesori, soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universiteti.
106
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxda socialur-fsiqologiuri da pedago­
giuri termini. bulingi miCneulia socialur movlenad da Zir­
iTadad damaxasiaTebelia organizebul bavSvTa konfliqtebisTvis
(na­rimanaSvili, 2013).
arsebobs sxva ganmartebac Zaladobis Sesaxeb: `Zaladoba aris
Zalis aSkara an faruli gamoyeneba adamianis an adamianTa jgufis­
gan iseTi ramis misaRwevad, razedac isini Tavisi nebiT ar Tanxm­
debian. sinonimebia: agresia, sastiki mopyroba, Seurayofa, iZule­
ba, xelyofa, wameba, muqara... Zaladobis dros iTrguneba adamianis
ne­ba, Selaxulia misi xelSeuxebloba~ (berikaSvili, 2002: 10).
literaturaTmcodneobaSi Cvens mier saanalizo tipebi _
damnaSaveni _ ganekuTvnebian socialur tips. `literaturuli
ti­pis definicia pirvelad hegelis esTetikaSi gvxvdeba. liter­
aturis TeoriaSi `tipi~ da `xasiaTi~ msgavsi, magram araidenturi
cnebebia. tipi warmoadgens ama Tu im socialuri movlenis ganzo­
gadebas da dakavSirebulia tipur TvisebebTan~ (gafrindaSvili ..,
2008: 135).
tipi konkretuli mxatvruli saxea, romelSic gaerTianebu­
lia adaminTa an sxva movlenaTa jgufis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi. avtori personaJis anu erTi pirovnebis saSualebiT mTe­
li sazogadoebrivi jgufis arsebiTsa da damaxasiaTebel Tvise­
bebs gvixatavs. aqve: `msxverplia iseTi qali, romelic fizikuri
Za­ladobis Sedegad fsiqologiur wnexs ganicdis. masze uars am­
bobs ojaxi, sayvareli adamiani, dascinian da xdeba misi gariyva.
msxverpls ar gaaCnia damoukideblad cxovrebis unari, ver warmo­
udgenia arsebuli realobis alternativa. Tavs damcirebulad
grZnobs da darwmunebulia,rom wasasvleli arsad aqvs~ (adamianis
uf­lebaTa leqsikoni, 1999: 128).
Zaladoba morevazea da fizikurad Zlieri mamakacebi imorCi­
leben sust qalebs. ra siuJetur ganviTarebas gvTavazobs am mxriv
qarTveli mwerlebi?! qarTuli literaturis pirvelsave ZeglSi
`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ vawydebiT moZaladisa (varsqeni) da msxverplis
(SuSaniki) personaJTa tipebs. ojaxSi mimdinare konfliqti cdeba
ojaxis farglebs da iRebs eris, sazogadoebis, konsolidaciis
saxes. amas axerxebs dedofali, romelic fsiqologiuri, fizikuri
Tu ekonomiuri wnexis qveSaa. is brZolas ar wyvets da Tvlis, rom,
qmar­TTan erTad warwymedas, ganyeneba jobia: `xolo ukeTu Semk­
ras da maTrios mixaris, rameTu miT saxiTa iyos ganCinebani Cemi
misgan~ (iakob xucesi, 1987: 67), riTac meti SesaZlebloba eZleva
garSemo myofT, rom arCevani gaakeTon dedofalsa da varsqens So­
ris. miuxedavad qmris saSineli Zaladobisa da risxvisa, SuSaniki,
107
am qveynad simarTlis vermpovneli, im qveynad eZebs Tanasworobas:
`ganvisajeT me da varqsqen pitiaxS mun sada ara ars rCevai mamaka­
cisa da dedakacisa~ (iakob xucesi, 1987: 58).
SuSaniki suliT ar ecema da axerxebs sazogadoebis
konsolida­cias, sakuTari Tavis dacvas.qristianuli eklesiis wi­
aRSi, sarwmu­noebis safarqveS yalibdeba aqtiuri da mebrZoli qa­
lis saxe, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba qarTul mwerlobaSi
war­moCenil msxverpli qalebis tipTagan.
sruliad gansxvavebulia da saintereso renesansis epoqis
qa­lisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis idea `lekvi lomisa sworia Zu
iyos Tunda xvadia~. mebrZoli qalis saxea nestan-darejanic. mama
fsiqologiurad Zaladobs qaliSvilze, ewinaaRmdegeba mis arCev­
ans. avtoritar mamas Seyvarebuli wyvili upirispirdeba da war­
moiqmneba konfliqti, romelsac CixSi Sehyavs aramarto ojaxis
wevrTa urTierToba, aramed mTeli saxelmwifos ganviTarebac. am
darRveul wonasworobas, TinaTinis mowodebiT `wadi igi moyme
naxe, axlos iyos Tunda Sorad~ (vefxistyaosani, 1992: 137), avTan­
dili aRadgens, romlis, aRsrulebis Semdeg. avtori SemarTebiT
gvicxadebs: `naxes mzisa Sesaxvedrad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa~
(vefxistyaosani, 1992: 198).
gadmovinacvloT XIX saukunis mwerlobaSi. avtorTa mier
war­moCenili konfliqtebi Zalze xSirad swored qalze Zaladobis
Te­mazea agebuli.
`glaxis naambobSi~ vxvdebiT msxverpl qals Tamros. gabrosa
da Tamros Soris gabros batoni daTiko dgeba miuxedavad imisa,
rom man icis am ori adamianis siyvarulis Sesaxeb, Tavs uflebas
aZ­levs Tamros namusi axados. gabro ki, nacvlad msxveplis dacvi­
sa, batonze SurisZiebas gadawyvets. msxverplis dacvas is socium­
Si gabatonebuli azris gamoc, rom gaupatiurebul qals ara aqvs
bednierebis ufleba, ver axerxebs. am ganwyobas ireklavs swored
Tamros sityvebi: `me is Tamro aRar var~ (ilia, 1988: 158). msxverpli
qa­li Tavis ganadgurebisaken miiqceva, gamosavals ver poulobs da
sa­roskipoSi amohyofs Tavs.
al.yazbegis Semoqmedeba gamoirCeva daucveli, msxvepli
qalebis siuxviT da mravalferovnebiT. faqtiurad, yvela qali
daucvelia. gavixsenoT mzaRo da `naCalnikis~ incidenti an jaja­
la, romelic TiTqos Zliri qalis rolSi gvevlineba, magram mainc
mar­cxdeba. ZiZias bedic tragikulia. igi ukvalod qreba, mxolod
imitom rom qmari, romelsac, misi survilis miuxedavad, mainc mi­
aTxoves ar uyvarda da sxva mamakaci Seuyvarda. moZalade persona­
Jis saxea glaxac. `mamis mkvlelSi~ igi adgilze klavs cols da
108
masze moZalade diambegs.
vaJam, rogorc misi Semoqmedeba, aseve es Temac metad origi­
na­lurad warmogviCina. `wyalma waiRo aRaza, lamsa da qviSas Sah­
ria~ (vaJa, 1961: 105) da ratom? mxolod imitom, rom is iyo qali da
man cremli daRvara ucnobi mamakacisTvis.
sul saxva garemoebaa ilias `gandegilSi~. am poemaSi qalia
dam­naSavis ampluaSi, xolo gandegili msxverplia. swored mwyemsi
qalis silamaze aRmoCnda gandegilis daRupvis mizezi.
ilias poema ``gandegils~ saanalizo konteqstSi enaTesaveba
vaJas `gvelimWameli~. aqac qali _ coli mziaa damnaSave mindias
da­­RupvaSi~ (meZvelia, 1967: 157). k. meZvelias TvaTaxedviT, orive
Txzu­lebis gmiri qalis cdunebam imsxverpla: `qali ki orive av­to­
r­Tan realuri cxovrebis simboloa~ (meZvelia, 1967: 157).
akaki wereTelic ver gaeqca am Temas. poema `gamzrdelSi~,
sa­dac Zaladobis msxvrpli nazibrola Cumad tiris da Tavs axlis
ke­dels nacvlad imisa, rom Tavis dacvas Seecados, Tavsac Tavad
grZnobs damnaSaved, radgan masze iZalades. gansxvavebuli moZala­
dis tipia baTu. Cadenili danaSaulis mere ar asvenebs sindisis
qe­jna da sakuTari sicocxlec ki emeteba namusis gawmendisaTvis.
xSir SemTxvevaSi uzarmazari zewolisa da sircxvilis gamo
so­ciumidan mowyvetili qalebi Tavad midian TviTmkvlelobis ga­
da­wyvetilebamde.
egnate ninoSvilis `simonaSi~ titikos mier namusaxdili da­
ri­ ko wyalSi vardeba, `mamis mkvlelSi~ nunu Tavis CamoxrCobas
cdi­ lobs. `qristineSi~ ki avtorma qali zneobrivi degradaciis
war­momSobi mizezebi. qristine tipia axalgazrda patiosani glexi
qa­lisa, romelic wodebrivma uTanasworobam, aznaur uqmaZis ums­
gavso moqmedebam garyvnilebis WaobSi Seiyvana. TvalTmaqci iason
uqmaZe colad SerTvas pirdeboda qristines. rodesac mamakac­
ma Tavisi Jini daikmayofila, miatova qristine da aznauri qali
SeirTo colad. namusaxdil mandilosans ki ukanono Svili SeeZina.
mamamisi xSirad scemda sabralo qals. qristine ver uZlebs gamud­
mebul moralur da fizikur tanjvas. is, qalaqeli sonas rCeviT,
miatovebs meZuZur bavSvs da sruliad moulodnelad pirdapir
saroskipo saxlSi moxvdeba. uqmaZis msgavsi adamianebi `sindisis
yovelgvari qejnis gareSe Rupaven umanko msxverpls _ am qalTa
saxiT~ (evgeniZe, 2003: 658).
d. kldiaSvilma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana qarTul drama­
tu­ rgiaSi. gulismomkvleli da sevdiani sinamdvile gamoxata man
piesebSi `irines bedniereba~, `ubedureba~, `msxverpli~, romlebic
aqtualuria Cveni Temis TvalsazrisiT.
109
 Zaladobis Tema XIX saukuneSic gadahyva qarTul literatu­
ras. msxverplis sruliad gansxvavebuli tipaJia maritas saxe g.
leoniZis `natvris xeSi~. gansxvavebulia misi samagaliTo dasjis
meTodebic. Zneli gansasjelia sasjelis gamomwvevi mizezebic:
ma­
rita, romelic, mkiTxvelSi Zalian did simpaTiebs imsaxurebs,
faqtiurad martoa da nawarmoebSi mxolod fufala uWers mxars.
misi danaSauli siyvarulia.
qalze Zaladobisa da damcirebis, dacinvisa da grZnobebis
abuCad agdebis Temebi wamoswia win mixeil javaxiSvilma dramaSi
`upatrono~, moTxrobaSi `eka~, `jayos xiznebi~.
`upatrono~ socialur-fsiqologiuri dramaa. misi mTavari
gmiri 17 wlis nucaa, meqaTmed wodebuli, igive upatrono, rome­
lic axali batonis xelSi cxoveluri grZnobebis dasakmayofileb­
lad saTamaSo Tojinad qceula. nucas dedac batonis msxverpli
iyo. axla qaliSvili gaxda dedis mZime xvedris gamziarebeli. ba­
tonma, sabolood, nuca mWedel pavles miaTxova. mere qmarmac Se­
ityo simarTle, romelic dauzogavad scemda fexmZime qals. nucas
da pavles col-qmroba imiT damTavrda, rom qmarma ubeduri dedis
Tvalwin mokla axalSobili.
ekac msxverpl qalTa rigs miekuTvneba da maszec Zaladoben.
igi 18 wlisaa da mosamsaxured muSaobs. swored aq qalbatonis vaJi
iZaladebs masze. aqedan iwyeba misi cxovrebis tragediac.
`jayos xiznebis~ personaJi margo, rogorc msxverpli qalis
tipaJi, sruliad gansxvavebulia qarTul literaturaTmcodne­
obaSi. margo iqceva fsiqologiuri, seqsualuri, fizikuri da eko­
no­mikuri Zaladobis msxverplad.
Cvens mier ganxiluli msxverpli qalebi aRiqmebian rogorc
Sesabralisi da sanugeSo arseba. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos msx­
verpli uaryofiTi personaJi? l. wifuria Tavis sadisertacio naS­
romSi vrclad saubrobs am sakiTxze da, a. baqraZis Sexedulebe­bze
dayrdnobiT, cdilobs pasuxi gasces kiTxvas (wifuria, 2012). `Zal­
adoba cudia imis gamoc, rom zogjer adamiani am Zaladobas eCve­
va da verc ki grZnobs, rom masze Zala ixmares verc ki grZnobs,
rom igi damcirebulia da damonebulia. ise SeeCvia Zaladobas, rom
misi mokavSire gaxda da yvelaze mTavari Tviseba adamianisa iyos
Ta­visufali, iyos Tavisi nebis patroni… amis unari mas ukve aRar
aqvs. ai, es procesi swored margos saxeSi gaxlavT gamovlenili~
(wifuria, 2012: gv. 27). amdenad, m. javaxiSviliseuli margo uary­
ofiTi saxe personaJia msxverplisa.
Cvens mwerlobaSi vxvdebiT sruliad gansxvavebul msxverpli
personaJebis tipebs. adamiani msxverplad mxolod ZaladobiTa da
110
danaSaulis Sedegad ar iwodeba. adamianuri moralis mqone perso­
naJebi, romelTa qmedebebi uzenaes zneobriv kanons emorCileba,
mxatvrul literaturaSi iwodebian msxverplad, TviTonve Cadeni­
li qmedebebis Sedegad: vaJa-fSavelas `gvelimWamelis~ mindia Tavs
iklavs xalxis winaSe sakuTar danaSaulSi darwmunebuli: `an aq ra
piriT vicocxlo, Tavs riT vimarTleb RmerTana?~ (vaJa, 1961: 164).
Temis winaSe danaSaulis SegrZneba Tavs aklevinebs aRaza­
sac. `moZmeT moRalate sicocxlis Rirsi ar aris~ _ am principiT
xe­­
vis­beri klavs Tavis erTaderT Svils (yazbegi, 1993: 58). akakis
ga­mzrdeli Tavs iklavs aRzrdilis saqcielis gamo. sasjelis gan­
xor­cielebis Semdeg, goCa Wkuidan iSleba da maleve iRupeba. gu­
guam, romelic onisesaviT eWvmitanili iyo RalatSi Tavi moikla.
`moraluri marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi pirovneba mTavari figu­
raa... igi upirvelesad im uzenaes zneobriv kanons emorCileba,ro­
melsac sindisi karnaxobs~ (m. jaliSvili, www.nplg.gov.ge).
rogorc motanili masalebidan irkveva, arsebobda kavSiri
cxovrebasa da mwerlobas Soris. maRali iyo zegavlena lite­ra­
turuli diskusisa yofaze. mxatvruli teqsti erTi mxriv, ai­rek­
lav­da realobas da, amasTanave, wamyvani funqcia eniWeboda soci­
aluri garemos struqturul da Rirebulebriv formirebebSi.
Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT Cveni kolonizirebuli qveynis social­
ur-politikur viTarebas XIX-XX saukuneebSi msxverpl personaJTa
mravalferovneba da siuxve swored am konteqstiT aris ganpi­ro­
bebuli. qarTveli mwerlebi msxverpl qalTa alegorizacias ax­
denen damonebuli, uflebadakargul, uimedo Cveni qveynis soci­
alur-politikur viTarebasTan mimarTebaSi.
amdenad, msxverpli qalis saxe SeiZleba miviCnioT dapyrobi­
li, TavisTavadoba dakarguli eris mier gancdili damcirebis, Cag­
vrisa Tu monobis mkveTr gamoxatulebad qarTul literaturaT­
mcodneobaSi. am movlenis aRweris mravalferovneba gamoricxavs
(Se­uZlebels xdis) mis mibmas eqskluziurad erTaderT TemasTan _
iqneba is socialuri Tu nacionaluri. savsebiT veTanxmebiT qarTul
literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb,
rom `margos saxis tragikuli ganviTareba, misi grZnobaTa bunebis
interpretaciis mravalferovnebis SesaZlebloba iZleva saSuale­
bas margo moviazroT, rogorc dapyrobili saqarTvelos simbo­
lo, Teimurazi uniaTo qarTvelobisa, xolo jayo ki ucxotomeli
moZaladis krebiTi saxea~ (wifuria, 2012: gv. 43). aRniS­nuli udaod
vrce­ ldeba qarTul literaturaSi arsebul yvela na­ warmoebze,
sadac danaSaulis, msxverplis da damnaSavis problemaa dasmuli.
Cveni TvalTaxedviT, siuxve da mravalferovneba msxverpl da
111
damnaSave personanaJTa sisastike da ulmobeloba Cvens mwerlo­
baSi sxva rakursiTac SeiZleba gaviazroT. aristotele Tavis `po­
etikaSi~, tragediaze msjelobisas, sagangebod amaxvilebs yu­rad­
Rebas imis Sesaxeb, rom nawarmoebSi `gadmocemuli ambavi SiSi­sa da
sibralulis grZnobas unda aRZravdes mayurebelSi da am grZno­
baTa saSualebiT igi vnebaTagan unda ganiwmindos~ (citirebu­lia:
gafrindaSvili.., 2008: 20). aqedan gamomdinare, aristoteles azriT,
tragediis saboloo esTetikur mizans warmoadgens ka­Tar­zisi anu
`SiSiTa da TanagrZnobiT~ gamowveuli mSvenierebis SegrZneba...
amisTvis aucilebelia iseTi adamiani, romlis mier Cade­nili saq­
meebi `SiSisa da TanagrZnobas~ (citirebulia: gafri­ndaSvili.., 2008:
20) aRZravs mayurebelSi. didi berZeni filosofosis mixedviT ki,
aseTad ar gamodgeba ukeTuri adamiani, romelic ubedurebi­ dan
bednierebaSi gadadis, radgan igi TanagrZnobas ar gamoiwvevs ma­
yu­rebelSi. tragediaSi gadmocemuli ambavi ufro bednierebidan
ube­durebaSi gadasvlas unda asaxavdes~ (citirebulia: gafrindaS­
vili.., 2008: 20).
amdenad, qarTveli klasikosebis mTavari mizania ara Zala­
dobis uazro xdomilebis Cveneba qarTul mwerlobaSi, aramed Za­la­
dobis TemasTan dakavSirebuli tragikuli movlenebis fonze ko­
lonizirebuli qveynis gamofxizleba da luarsabis saxeSerCenili
eris kaTarzisamde miyvana.es ZveliZveli cneba, romelic aristo­
teledan momdinareobs Tanamedrove samyarosa da xelovnebaSi dRemde
ar kargavs aqtualobas da Cvens Tvalsazriszec udaod vrceldeba.

bibliografia:

• adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, 1999 _ adamianis uflebaTa le­

qsikoni. Seadgina f. sayvareliZem. Tb.,1999;
• berikaSvili, 2002 _ berikaSvili nana. ra aris Zaladoba? _ genderu­
li pro­blematika saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2002;
• gafrindaSvili .., 2008 _ gafrindaSvili nana, miresaSvili mariam. li­
te­raturaTmcodneobis safuZvlebi. Tb., 2008;
• evgeniZe, 2003 _ evgeniZe iuza. egnate ninoSvili, _ wgn.: axali qarTu­
li literaturis istoria. T. kikaCeiSvilis redaqciiT. t. 2. Tb., 2003;
• vaJa, 1961 _ vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 5 tomad. t. 2:
poemebi. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, variantebi da SeniSvnebi daur­
To c. kalaZem. Tb., 1961;
• meZvelia, 1967 _ meZvelia konstantine. `gandegili~ da `gvelismWame­
li~, _ wgn.: k. meZvelia. literaturuli narkvevebi. Tb., 1967;
• narimanaSvili, 2013 _ narimanaSvili mariam. bulingi, _ http://educa-
tion.ge/index.php?do=definition/view&id=1891. gamoqveynebulia: 09.04.2013;
• vefxistyaosani, 1992 _ rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani. teqsti gamo­

112
 sa­cemad moamzada n. naTaZem, redaqatori al. WinWarauli. Tb., 1992;
• yazbegi, 1993 _ yazbegi aleqsandre. Txzulebani. 2 tomad. Seadgina n.
abe­saZem. t. 2. Tb., 1993;
• wifuria, 2012 _ wifuria lela. qarTuli prozis interpretacia audo­
vi­­zualur xelovnebaSi (m. javaxiSvilis nawarmoebebis safuZvelze).
di­sertacia, wardgenili xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris akademi­
uri xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2012;
• ilia, 1988 _ WavWavaZe ilia. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. 20 tomad.
redaqtori. g. ciciSvili. t. 2: moTxrobebi, piesebi. teqsti gamosace­
mad moamzades, variantebi da SeniSvnebi daurTes e. SaraSeniZem da l.
sanaZem. toms ikonografiuli masala da fotodokumentebi daurTo g.
SaraZem. Tb., 1988;
• iakob xucesi, 1987 _ xucesi iakob. SuSanikis wameba, _ wgn.: qarTuli
mwer­loba. 40 tomad. Semdgenelebi: a. baqraZe, r. TvaraZe. t. 1: V-X
saukuneTa mwerloba. Tb., 1987;
• jaliSvili, WWW.NPLG.GOV.GE _ jaliSvili maia. pirovneba da moral­
uri marTlmsajulebis fenomeni, _ http://www.nplg.gov.ge/civil/statiebi/sta­
ti­ebi/pirovneba_da_%20moraluri.htm.

NANA ARAKHAMIA1

FOR THE DEFINITION OF

OPPRESSOR AND VICTIM IN ARTISTIC NARRATIVE

Together with the development of civilization in Georgian writing about

topicality of the problem of crime, victim or punishment in the paper “For the
definition of oppressor, victim in artistic narrative” is being developed range of
certain crimes and thus, even in literature the range of crime as a variety of type,
meaning that the problem of crime, victim or punishment is topical and import-
ant at any times and environment. Writings on the facts of violence to women
are dominated in Georgian writing. From this standpoint the paper includes con-
sideration of many fictions, e. i. “The Martyrdom of Shushanik” by Iakob Tsur-
taveli, “The Knight in the Tiger’s Skin” by Shota Rustaveli, “The Story of Poor” by
Ilia Tchavtchavadze, “The Hermit” by Al. Kazbegi and the others. Under the basis
of aforesaid materials is found out that the main objective of Georgian classics
is not to show senseless event of violence in Georgian writing, but to awaken
colonized country under the background of tragic events related to the theme
of violence and drawing the nation with the left image of Luarsab to catharsis.
This ancient concept coming from Aristotle to modern world and art to present
remains topical and actually is spread even to our standpoint.

1
Nana Arakhamia – PhD in Philology, Assistant-Professor, Sokhumi State University.
8. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 113
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

lela giglemiani, lela mircxulava1

masmediis roli da mniSvneloba `teqstis~ gavrcelebasa

da mkiTxvelisTvis `sworad~ miwodebaSi

Tanamedrove epoqis mTavari miRweva Tavisuflebaa da am Ta­vi­

suflebaSi usazRvro arCevanis SesaZlebloba. XXI saukune _ me­di­
a­epoqa _ rodesac adamianebi SegrZnebebs realuri cxovrebidan ki
ar iReben, aramed virtualuri sivrcidan, mediidan, da es meoradi
grZnobebi imdenad yovlismomcvleli xdeba, rom iSleba zRvari re­
alursa da irealurs Soris, adamiani damokidebuli ixdeba `sxva~
sam­yaroze; am paradoqsul postulatSic aris racionaluroba _
anu zRva informacia: adamians aqvs arCevanis saSualeba. cxadia,
mas­mediis gavlena ufro SesamCnevia im mravalsaukunovani tra­di­ci­
ebis transformaciis fonze, romelsac eyrdnoboda literatura,
ic­vleba avtoris ena, personaJebis metyveleba xSirad usasrulo
`sta­tusomanias~ emsgavseba, rac erTgvarad aSorebs Semoqmeds
mxa­tvrul literaturas, magram realizmze (gansakuTrebiT axal
realizmze) saubrisas ver gaveqceviT im realur sivrces, ro­mel­
Sic moeqca Cveni sazogadoeba da romelSic gamarjvebuli (jer­
jerobiT) masmediaa. niWieri avtori mkiTxvelis gareSe ara­sodes
darCeba, magram masobriv mkiTxvelTan mimarTebaSi saq­ me ufro
rTuladaa. mniSvnelovania, romani, nawarmoebi, teq­ s­
ti da misi
avtori, aucileblad, gaxdes `masobrivi~, ena ki dRe­ vandelobis
adekvaturi (magram gadaWarbebuli ara). erTi ti­ po­logiuri
Ta­visebureba, romelic Tanamedrove avtorebs Zve­le­bis­gan
gamoarCevs, es aris reagireba Tanamedroveobaze. mZafri kon­
kurenciis pirobebSi literatura da masmedia TiTqmis `Ta­na­b­rad~
inawileben mkiTxvels, es ukanaskneli maT xSirad surogats sTa­va­
zobs. media sivrceSi mwerlis Sesvla mniSvnelovani momentia, man
un­da SeZlos situaciis marTva, mediis gamoyeneba literaturuli
1
lela giglemiani _ filologiis doqtori, Tsu arnold Ciqobavas sa­
xelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli; lela mi­r­
cxu­lava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
114
teq­ stis ukeT warmoCenaSi da am SemTxvevaSi Seiqmneba swored
Ta­namedroveobisTvis aRsaqmneli da misaRebi teqsti, amitomac
xSir SemTxvevaSi popularuli xdeba Tanamedrove mwerloba, ro­
me­lic realur dros asaxavs, realuri drois fiqsirebas axdens,
es Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia, radganac romanic da patara
te­qstic inteleqtualuri kvlevaa da `raRac~ mizani aqvs. vfi­ q­
robT, amitomac aris popularuli is teqstebi, romlebic do­ku­
menturobis zRvarze dganan, sazogadoebis garkveul fenas am­xe­len.
saintereso movlena _ dasavleTSi profesionali Jurna­lis­
te­bi qmnian literaturas da vxdebiT mniSvnelovani gardasaxvis
mow­ meni _ literatura xdeba media. TiTqos am paradoqsul gan­
mar­tebas mivyavarT Tanamedrove literaturis gansazRvramde; ma­
ga­liTisTvis _ `hari poteri~, is pirvelad XXI saukuneSi gamoCnda
ro­ gorc wigni-blokbasteri. aman gamoiwvia is, rom romani Cve­
ule­ brivi sakiTxavidan uceb media fenomenad gadaiqca. ara aqvs
mni­Svneloba ra JanrSia dawerili, mTavaria, rom mediam ki ar Se­
q­
mna romani, aramed piruku moxda _ romanma ukarnaxa pirobebi
me­dias; popularuli wignis gamoCenisTanave iwyeba aJiotaJi, ri­
ge­bi, uzarmazari interesi... aqac drois faqtori moqmedebs.
Tum­ ca kiTxvadobisa da popularobis sixSireebi cvladebadia
da mas Tanamedroveobis indikatorad ver gamoviyenebT, miT uf­
ro im simulaciebis epoqaSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. ne­ bis­
mieri mwerlisaTvis teqsti udidesi samyaroa, samalavi Tu io­lad
gamosaaSkaravebeli adgili, sadac nebismieri moqmedeba su­ lier
ganwyobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. teqstSi gadasaxlebis, ga­ da­
ad­gilebis procesi mudam Seicavs raRac intims, damalvisa da
ga­moCenis, idumalisa da gamxelis orWoful survils. ra xdeba
dRes ganusazRvreli sakomunikacio sivrcis pirobebSi? internet
si­vrceSi dRes uamravi niWieri adamiani gamovlinda, adamianebma
li­ teraturul saitebze `TamaSi~ daiwyes fsevdonimebiT da es
`Ta­maSi~ XXI saukunisTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. drois forma anu mo­
bi­luroba _ qmnis postepoqas faseulobaTa dafaseba-gadafasebis
xar­jze, literaturuli stili ki xdeba dauRalavi swrafva, Zieba,
Sro­ma, dakargva da isev mopoveba. rac Seexeba uSualod qarTul
li­teraturas, is xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi atarebda ero­v­
nul niSans, identobis SenarCunebis funqcias, amitomac gaxda XX
saukunis dasasruls mkiTxvelTa nawilisTvis miuRebeli pos­tm­ o­
de­rnistuli `qaosi~, `saWiro~ Seiqmna axali tendenciebis Zieba,
Tundac `axali realizmis~ saxiT; Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes e.w.
`literaturuli modis~ arseboba, romelic, erTis mxriv la­vi­rebs
sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis SemoqmedebaSi, meore mxriv ki
115
gvTavazobs sayovelTaod `cnobad~ avtorebs. swored aq Cndeba ma­
so­brivi da elitaruli literaturis dayofis mkafio mcdeloba.
ma­sa, rogorc garkveuli mTlianoba, gulisxmobs iracionalur
`suls~, romelsac mecnierTa nawili `koleqtiur suls~ uwodebs,
xo­ lo meore nawili `koleqtiur aracnobierad~ (iungi, froidi)
mo­ ixseniebs. masobrivi literatura yovelTvis gulisxmobs im
fsi­ qologiuri `mzaobis~ aTvisebas mwerlis mier, romelsac ko­
le­qtiuri suli warmoSobs.
termins `masobrivi literatura~ uamravi Sesatyvisi aqvs: po­
pularuli, trivialuri, bulvaruli, `paraliteratura~, for­mu­li­
re­buli da a.S. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba terminiseul gagebasac mohyva:
lot­ mani mas ganixilavs, rogorc sociologiur cnebas (Лотман,
2005: 817-826), misi azriT, masobrivi literatura damokidebulia
sa­­zogadoebaze, romlis gemovneba da moTxovnileba gansazRvravs
na­warmoebis warmatebas. literaturul enciklopediur leqsikonSi
is ganmartebulia, rogorc XIX-XX saukunis maRal tiraJiani ga­sar­
Tobi da didaqtikuri beletristika, romelic warmoadgens kul­
tu­ ris ganviTarebis nawils (Литературный.., 1987: 213). masobriv
li­teraturas miiCneven literaturuli `ierarqiis~ yvelaze dabla
mdgom safexurad, anu rogorc fsevdo literaturas, kiCs. am­de­
nad, mxatvrul Rirebulebas masobriv literaturaSi naklebad un­
da velodoT. Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi masobrivi
li­ teraturis niSnebi da, garkveulwilad, `popularizacia~, ai­ x­
sneba im gardamavali etapiT, roca reklamebis xarjze xdeba ma­
RaltiraJiani epataJuri nawarmoebebis `aRzeveba~. TiTqos im­ s­
x­
vreva aqamde maRali literaturis mier dakanonebuli `wesebi~,
`no­rmebi~, yuradReba maxvildeba ara moralur-esTetikur, Tu so­
ci­ alur-filosofiur sakiTxebze, aramed yoveldRiur, ubralo,
yo­fiT movlenebze adamianis cxovrebidan, mravalplaniani gmirebi
da moqmedebebi, erT planiani qmedebiT icvleba. filosofosi
da postmodernizmis Teoretikosi i. ilini amas Semdegi mizeziT
xsnis: rac adre didi literaturis `CrdilebSic~ ki sircxvilad
iT­ vleboda, dRes xmas imaRlebs da Tavisi masobriobisa da ga­ v­
rcelebis siswrafiT axdens gavlenas publikis mniSvnelovani na­
wilis gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze (Ильин, 1995: 155-256). TiTqos gaqra
zRva­ri maRalsa da dabals, mSobliursa da ucxos, Zvelsa da axals
So­ris. gaCnda axali remeiki, trileri, ironiuli deteqtivi da a.S.
msga­ vsi Janrobrivi mravalferovneba, wesebis areva, sazRvrebis
ar­arseboba, pirdapir ukavSirdeboda postmodernizmis gamoCenas,
ro­ melmac gamoacxada `stilis dasasruli da absolituri de­ mo­
kratia yvela sferoSi~ (Парамонов, 1999: 75). gansxvavebiT eli­
116
taruli literaturisgan, siuJeti da stili nawarmoebisa ua­ R­
re­sad gamartivebulia, mTavari aq aris siuJetis `CaxlarTuli~
kom­pozicia, intrigebi, sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebi, deteqtiuri
ro­ mani da a.S. ra Tqma unda, interteqsti, interpretacia da­ ma­
xasiaTebelia postmodernizmisTvis, magram ara im formiT ra
saxiTac mas masobrivi literatura gvTavazobs. amdenad, ga­ mov­
yofT masobrivi literaturis `popularobis~ mniSvnelovan kri­
teriumebs: tiraJi, kiTxvadoba, cnobadoba, misawvdomloba, ko­
mer­ cializacia, maRali ideebis arqona, gasarTobi xasiaTi,
Sab­lonizmi, gameorebebi, mosalodneli siuJetebi, da ZiriTadi
faq­ tori: epataJi da myvirala saTauri. aseve, enobrivad mwiri
ma­ragi, stilisturad mokle frazebi, mxatvruli procesis re­kon­
s­truqciis SesaZlebloba.
samwuxarod, teqstebis avtorebi, romlebsac aqvT ko­ mer­
ciuli moTxovna, ignorirebas ukeTeben metyvelebis xa­ risxs,
cdiloben maqsimalurad miuaxlovon teqstis ena `ad­ re­satisas~.
masobrivi kulturisa da literaturis `SigniTac~ ar­ sebobs
sakuTari `simaRle~ da piriqiT. dabali masobrivi li­ te­ra­tu­ri­
saTvis ena ar warmoadgens damuSavebis `obieqts~, is ufro na­
tu­ ralizmisken iswrafvis. samecniero literaturaSi sul ufro
xSi­rad saubroben enis `naturalizaciis~ procesze, romelic da­
maxasiaTebelia `dabali~ JanrisTvis: dabali literaturis li­
ngvisturi naturalizmi enobrivi `yovlisSemZleobis~ ilu­ zi­as
qmnis, demonstrirebas akeTebs adamianis yoveldRiur, Cve­ ule­
briv, ubralo metyvelebaze da mas uqvemdebarebs teqstis enas.
xSirad vxvdebiT specialurad interpretirebul uxamsobis ver­
ba­lizacias.
vfiqrobT, XXs. dasasruls qarTuli literatura da mkiTx­
ve­lic gardamaval etapze aRmoCndnen, Tavisufal sivrceSi mox­
vedril mwerlebs yvelafris xelaxali gaazreba uwevT; Ta­ vi­
su­
f­leba, `zedapirze~ livlivi, realobaze ufro `misaRebi~ gaxda.
li­teraturuli siaxleebis gageba-miRebas Tan sdevs stereotipebis
ngreva. nebismieri stereotipi Tu gemovneba WeSmaritebis Ta­vi­se­
bur gagebas gulisxmobs, Tumca xSirad adamianis mier samyaros
ga­gebasa da TviTSegnebis pirobebSi xdeba acdenebi enasa da sa­gans,
enasa da azrs, teqstsa da avtors, avtorsa da mkiTxvels So­ris,
rac msoflmxedvelobis, Rirebulebebis, prioritetebis cvli­
lebiT aris gamowveuli. nebismieri literaturuli teqsti Ta­vis
WeSmarit cxovrebas iwyebs Sesabamis konteqstSi, romelsac li­
teraturuli procesi hqvia da am process qmnis yoveldRiuri ur­
Ti­erToba _ mwerlobas, kritikas, gamomcemlobasa da mkiTxvels
117
So­ris, magram nebismier qveyanaSi mimdinare literatura ver iqneba
srul­yofili, Tu igi izolirebulia msoflio literaturaSi ar­
se­buli uaxlesi dinebebisgan. Tomas elioti ambobda, rom didi
so­ cialuri Zvrebi da katastrofebi did literaturas Sobs. es
bu­nebrivicaa, radgan icvleba Rirebulebebi da es logikurad ai­
sa­xeba literaturaSi (elioti, 2017).
informaciis usazRvro zrdam, romelic dRiTi dRe ufro
da ufro momcvelobiTi xdeba, adamians xelidan gamoacala Se­
sa­Zlebloba, damoukideblad gadaamuSaos da individualurad
aRi­qvas `informacia~. cnobierebis transformacia damokidebuli
gax­ da informaciul da komunikaciur teqnologiebze, romlebic
miz­nad isaxaven cnobierebis Zireul cvlilebebs; amdenad, media _
es aris udidesi `informaciuli~ sivrce, romelic cvlis da aya­
libebs sazogadoebis msoflmxevelobas, fsiqologias. masmedia,
XIX saukuneSi, beWdviTi presis dabadebasTan erTad gaCnda. misi
Sem­ dgomi ganviTareba ki dakavSirebulia samecniero-teqnikur
pro­gresTan. samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqsikonSi gamoyofilia mas­
me­diis 2 mniSvnelovani Tviseba:
1. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi: beWdviTi, ra­dio,
televizia, kino, reklama da a.S.;
2. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, informaciis sis­­
tematuri gavrcelebis procesi (anu masobrivi ko­
munikacia) mra­
valricxovan da gaSoriSorebul au­ di­
to­riaSi (leqsikoni…).
yvelafers, rac Cven viciT Cveni sazogadoebis Sesaxeb da
sxva­­TaSoris samyaros Sesaxeb, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, masmediidan
vi­­gebT, aRniSnavda lumani (lumani), Tumca masmediis Sesaxeb ar­se­
bu­li informaciebis fonze, ar viciT, vendoT Tu ara mas. mec­ni­
eri Tvlis, rom es `realuri realobaa~ rac Semdegs gulisxmobs:
te­ q­nikuri saSualebebi masmediis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs, mag­
ram TavisTavad ar warmoadgens sociologiurad relevantur re­­
alobas. relevantur realobas qmnis sistemebis operacia, ese igi,
komunikacia romelic masSi xdeba. komunikacia mxolod Se­ ty­o­
binebis gagzavnis aqti da miTumetes mxolod misi Sinaarsi ar aris.
komunikacia sameulia _ informaciis (Sinaarsi), Setyobinebis (Si­
na­arsis gadacema) da gagebis. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
ada­ mianebs mudmivad amyofeben moulodnelobebis molodinSi.
amas lumani imiT xsnis, rom masmedia esadageba sxva sistemebis
da­Cqarebul Sinagan moZraobas _ ekonomikaSi, mecnierebasa da po­
litikaSi. es sistemebi ki, germaneli filosofosis azriT, sa­
zo­ gadoebas mudmivad problemebis winaSe ayeneben. masmediis
118
gav­lenaze msjelobisas, nikolas lumani ganmartavs mediis mi­
mar­Tebas individebTan dakavSirebiT: `masmediis yvela sfero in­­
dividebisadmi didi interesiT gamoirCevian da piriqiT _ di­ di
individebis interesi am sferosadmi. adamiani am sistemaSi fsi­qi­
kuri realobiT, specifiuri konstruqciiTaa CarTuli. es kon­s­t­
ru­qcia ki masmedias saSualebas aZlevs Seqmnas miTi imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamians emsaxureba~ (lumani).
XX saukuneSi masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis swrafma
zrdam kulturuli msoflmxedvelobis transformacia ganapiroba.
kulturis `dehumanizaciam~ xeli Seuwyo urTierTobis axali vir­
tu­ aluri samyaros formirebas, ramac XXI saukuneSi TavisTavad
moiTxova masobrivi komunikaciis fenomenis axleburi gaazreba.
masobrivi komunikaciis TeoriaSi gamovlinda 2 mimarTuleba:
1. adamianze orientirebuli midgoma: romlis mixedviTac,
ada­mianebi masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebs iyeneben TavianTi
moT­xovnilebebisa da miswrafebebis dasakmayofileblad; am mi­mar­
Tu­lebis momxreebi miiCnevdnen, rom adamianebi SerCeviT aRiqvamen
mi­wodebul informacias. isini irCeven informaciis im nawils, ro­
melic emTxveva maT azrs da ugulebelyofen maTi azrisgan gan­s­
xva­vebul informacias (Терин, 2000);
2. masobrivi komunikaciis media _ efuZneba Tvalsazriss,
rom­ lis mixediTac adamiani emorCileba masobrivi komunikaciis
sa­Sualebebis zemoqmedebas.
`cnobierebasa da arsebobas Soris aris komunikacia, romelic
gav­lenas axdens adamianebis imgvari cnobierebis Camoyalibebaze,
ro­melic ganpirobebulia maTi yofiT~ (Моль, 2008), _ aRniSnavda a.
moli. kulturologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis axali etapi swo­
red d. maqueilis da a. molis TeoriebSi daiwyo. d. maqueili ma­
so­brivi komunikaciis mTavar amocanad masobrivi komunikaciisa da
in­dividis urTierTqmedebas Tvlida. `rodesac Cven vsargeblobT
`ele­ qtronuli infromaciiT~, iZulebuli varT vifiqroT ara
`swor­xazovnad~, rogorc wignis kiTxvis dros, aramed `mozaikurad~,
in­tervalebiT. samwuxarod, vecnobiT realobis mxolod im nawils
ro­ melic `rezonansulia (McQuail, 2010)~. masobrivi komunikaciis
sa­SualebebiT kulturis `mozaikur~ aRqmas aRiarebda a. molic.
cnobili germaneli sociologi niklas lumani Tavis wignSi
`masmediis realoba~ aRniSnavs, rom masmedia `mosazrebebs mov­le­
neb­ze ganixilavs da aSuqebs, rogorc sakuTriv movlenas~ (Луман,
2010) 141; dauzustebel, an mcdar faqtebs is avrcelebs rogorc
nam­dvil cnobebs, romlebic mudmivad unda ganaxldes, raTa si­
yal­be SeumCneveli darCes. axali ambebis saxiT gadmocemuli in­fo­
119
r­macia ki eWvmiutanel WeSmaritebad iTvleba. lumani CamoTvlis
kri­teriumebs, romelsac iyeneben informaciis axal ambad/niusad
qce­visTvis: informacia axali unda iyos; upiratesoba eniWeba kon­
f­liqtebs; uaRresad mniSvnelovania normebis darRveva, romelic
mas­mediis interperetaciiT xSirad skandalis saxes iRebs. `media,
mas­media, masobrivi informaciis saSualebani da masobrivi ko­mu­
nikaciis saSualebani umeteswilad paralelur cnebebad ga­mo­iye­
neba~ (surgulaZe.., 2003: 21).
termini `masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebani~ ufro sru­lad
gamoxatavs Tanamedrove presis, radiosa da televiziis so­ci­alur
funqciebs, Tumca, angariSgasawevia is mosazrebac, rom `Jur­ na­
lis­ tikis~ cnebas ufro `masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi~
Se­esabameba. Tanamedrove masmediis bunebisa da specifikis, misi
fun­ qciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis arsebiTia misi arsis gaazreba
ara­mxolod masobrivi komunikaciebis Teoriis, aramed, zogadad,
post­modernistuli epoqis paradigmebis konteqstSi.
amdenad, masmedia, teqnikuri xasiaTidan da drois pa­ra­met­
rebidan gamomdinare, komunikaciis erT-erT ZiriTad da `ide­alur~
formad postmodernis epoqaSi iqca. masmedias ver uwevs kon­
kurencias komunikaciis verc erTi forma. erTianobisa da mTli­
anobis nacvlad realoba moicva interteqstualizmma _ es aris
sam­yaros `erTianobis~ postmodernistuli etapi. gansxvavebuli
az­rebis erTiani anarekli gvaZlevs safuZvels SevkraT _ gu­
Sin, dRes da xval. TamaSi ar moiTxovs, ar gulisxmobs sxva re­
alobas vidre is aris; `yvelafris erTmaneTSi areva~, formis
Sem­cvelobaze lavireba, stilistikuri formis mravalferovani
ga­moyeneba, amoRebuli citatebi, romlebic sul sxva mniSvnelobiT
ga­moiyeneba axal realobaSi; yvelaferi es adasturebs imas, rom
`ar arsebobs idea da araferia saTqmeli~ (Сосновская, 2005). zog­
jer masmediis mier `Seqmnili~ samyaro _ aris sinqroniuli qme­
de­ba, roca pirobiTad milioni adamiani erTdroulad iRebs mi­
li­ on egzemplar gazeTs xelSi. xval es ukve sxva gazeTi iqneba
_ im mniSvnelobiT, rom masSi ukve sxva azri iqneba gamosaxuli;
rac Seexeba virtualur samyaros, masSi masobrivi komunikacia
iZens `mTxrobelis~ funqcias, radganac `nebismieri~ informacia
iw­yeba sityvebiT: `Cveni informaciiT~... am SemTxvevaSi media sa­
ku­Tar Tavs warmoadgens rogorc komunikatorsa da Suamavals,
da ara uSualod axali ambebis pirvelwyaros; Sedegad maT mier
war­modgenili samyaro arsebobs yovelTvis rogorc pirobiTi
`movlena~, amitomac mediaSi SesaZlebelia `yvelaferi~.
amdenad, Cndeba kiTxva: ra sakiTxebis wamoweva SeuZliaT audio
120
Tu gamomsaxvelobiT medias Tavad literaturaSi, Tuki gavixilavT
li­teraturas, rogorc warmosaxviT, sulier, mxatvrul saxes, uxi­
lavi `samyarosadmi~ damakavSirebel saSualebas? vfiqrobT, mi­sa­
Rebi da gasagebi gaxdeba `mesiji~, `werili~, romelic adamians aya­
libebs adamianad, individad, romelic arsebobs fiqrebiT, azrebiT
da amasve gadascems sxvebs. amdenad, erTianobisa da mimarTvis `ga­
geba~ xdeba mniSvnelovani gasaRebi im sakiTxebisa, romelsac em­
ya­
reba literaturisa da mediis urTierToba, da romelic qmnis
axal, Tanamedrove mkiTxvels. dRes, Cvens realobaSi, ganvicdiT
kris­talizaciis momdevno etaps, literaturisa da urTierTobis
me­Todebs Soris.

bibliografia:

• leqsikoni..., _ samoqalaqo ganaTlebis leqsikoni, _ http://www.nplg.

gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=5047;
• elioti, 2017 _ elioti, Tomas sternz. saRvTo tye. eseebi poeziasa da
kritikaze. Tb., 2017;
• lumani _ lumani nikolas. iluzia _ socialuri sistemebi, _ http://
www.socium.ge/index.php/articles/translations/69-lumanis-interviu;
• surgulaZe.., 2003 _ surgulaZe revaz, iberi eldar. masobrivi
komunikacia. Tb., 2003;
• McQUAIL, 2010 – McQuail, Denis. Mass Communication Theory, – https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/297713727_Book_Review_McQuail%27s_Mass_
Communication_Theory_6th_ed;
• ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЙ.., 1987 – Литературный энциклопедический словарь. Под
общей редакцией В. М. Кожевникова, П. А. Николаева. М., 1987;
• ЛОТМАН, 2005 – Лотман Юрий Михайлович. Массовая литература как историко-
культурная проблема, – Ю. М. Лотман. О русской литературе. СПб., 2005;
• ИЛЬИН, 1998 – Ильин Илья Петрович. Постмодернизм от истоков до конца
столетия: эволюция научного мифа. М., 1998;
• ПАРАМОНОВ, 1999 – Парамонов Борис Михайлович. Конец стиля. СПб.-М.,
1999;
• ТЕРИН, 2000 – Терин Валерий Павлович. Массовая коммуникация: Исследование
опыта Запада. М., 2000, – https://studfiles.net/preview/5826207/page:17/;
• МОЛЬ, 2008 – Моль, Абраам Антуан. Социодинамика культуры. Пе­ре­
вод с французского. Вступительная статья, редакция и примечания Б. В. Би­рю­
ко­ва,  Р.  X.  Зарипова и  С.  Н.  Плотникова. Издание  третье. М., 2008б – http://
yanko.lib.ru/books/cultur/mol_sociodinamika_cult-a.htm;
• ЛУМАН, 2005 – Луман, Никлас. Реальность массмедиа, – https://iphras.ru/
uplfile/socep/luman_realnost_massm.pdf;
121
• СОСНОВСКАЯ, 2005 – Сосновская Анна Михайловна. Журналист: личность и
про­фессионал (психология идентичности). СПб., 2005, – http://www.evartist.
narod.ru/text19/037.htm.

LELA GIGLEMIANI, LELA MIRTSKHULAVA1

“MASS LITERATURE” AND MASS MEDIA

Independence of Media in spreading of text and “correctly” delivery form

for readers Reading of any works, spread, as existed, established “style”, is nor-
mally depends on the culture of print, when more `information” comes and are
accepted from media, literary work is more full (in advance or with develop-
ment) (mostly we speak about modern era here) with screen images, voice, ges-
tures, energetic live performance, this changes the “ordinary” readers, change
presented situation, circumstance, form, and wholly change readers, as the re-
ceiver of “information” of artistic text, “addressee”. In addition, does not lose
centennial “experience” of literature, as the main leading force, it simply chang-
es and together it “use” inherited imagination and multi virtual practice. Here is
the most essential issue, the artistic text “wins” by this, fill, or not? The readers
become free “independent” during the imagination “choosing” of fantasy, not
only offered reality from the author, also from director, prescription of actors
and ability of understand.
Mass media – proceeding from its technical nature becomes one of the
main and “ideal” forms of communication in the modern epoch owing to exist-
ing everywhere and availability. World “looks like” not as it is in real but as mass
media offers, paints for us. Finally, the world, by influence and assistance of me-
dia, becomes a simulator. United reflection of the diversified opinions gives us
a foundation to tie together yesterday, today and tomorrow, when “close” and
“far” in real time blend. Mass media exerts an important influence on all this.
That is why we should assume that in the conditions of post-modernism subse-
quent epoch (i.e. it is called “new realism”) created a new medialized trend.

1
Lela Giglemiani – PhD in Philology, Researcher of Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguis-
tics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Lela Mirtskhulava – PhD in Philology,
So­khumi State University.
122
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

miranda Todua, nona qecbaia1

ifqli da masTan dakavSirebul saxelTa koncepti

sasuliero poeziaSi

`ifqli~ saerTo qarTveluri leqsikuri erTeulia. gvxvdeba

Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSic. qarTul ifql- Zirs kanonzo­
mi­
erad Seesatyviseba megruli irqi, rac niSnavs `xorbals, irqi
forma miRebulia ifrqisagan f-s dakargvisa da metaTezisis Se­
degad~ (qajaia, 2002: 45). g. klimovi ifql-s ukavSirebs fqu- Zirs
(fe­n­rixi.., 2000: 258). qarTul-zanuri erTianobisTvis aRdgenilia
ifql- arqetipi. ifqlTan dakavSirebuli terminebia TavTavi, ya­na,
jejili, xorbali,puri.
semantikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa ifqlTan da­
kavSirebuli erT-erTi leqsikuri erTeuli puri. xSirad gvxvdeba
qarTul andazebSi: `sanam Tone cxelia, puric manmade Caakari, gan­
eldeba _ aRar gamoacxobso~ da sxv.
qarTulSi sakmao raodenobiT gvaqvs pur- fuZisgan nawarmoe­
bi sityvebi: puradi, puradZviroba, pureuli, puriani, purmaril­
iani, purSaoba `Zunwoba~; puri xSirad aris warmodgenili kompo­
zi­tebSi erT-erT Semadgenel komponentad: puradZviri `Zunwi~,
purismte `erTad puris mWameli~ (sulxan-saba..,1993: 45). `maspinZe­
li, puris ufali, mestumre~. purispuri `korkoti~, puriSeWamadi
`moxaluli da daroSili xorblisagan gakeTebuli wvniani~. puru­
Wmeli `mSieri~, pur-Rvino, pur-marili… (qegl,1990: 78).
puri vxvdeba gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac: puris Wama, puris
ga­texa, puri Sia, puri moWama...
purs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sauflo locva­
Si, romlis mixedviTac `puri arsobisa~ mxolod xorcieli,
materialu­ri araa. puri, romelsac viTxovT RvTisagan, RmerTsave
ekuTvnis, esaa puri RmrTisa. esaa is puri, romelic aucilebelia
1
miranda Todua _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, sox­
umis saxelmwifo universiteti; nona qecbaia _ filologiis doqtori,
asi­stent-profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
123
Cveni arsebobisaTvis. Cveni arseboba ki mxolod xorcieliT ar
Semoifarg­ leba. yovelive xorcieli ganuyofelia sulierisagan
_ mTliani ada­ mianic, iseve, rogorc adamianuri yofa, romelic
xorcielisa da sulieris, miwisa da zecis Sezavebulobas gulisx­
mobs... puri arsobisa aris safuZveli Cveni mTliani xorciel-su­
lieri arsebobisa. amitomacaa swored mdRevri puris Txovna Cveni
upirvelesi sa­Txovari da ara simdidreni ama soflisa Tu sxva xor­
cieli sacTuri. puri, Tund xorcieli, aris Rirsi Txovnisa. vinc
simarT­les eZiebs, mas eZleva puri RmrTisagan. puri RmrTisa ki
aris nayofi simarTlisa da mSvidobisa. mxolod RmrTis purisagan,
marTali SromiT mopovebuli purisagan SegiZlia Seswiro RmerTs
Sesawiravi: xolo puri simarTlisai, rameTu, ukueTu ukeTurebiT
da tacebiT mogebuli iyos puri igi, ara RmrTisa mocemuli ars,
rameTu RmrTisa mocemuli yoveli simarTle ars da simarTliT
mogebuli. `mdRevr purs~ ormagi Sinaarsi aqvs. igi erTnairad saW­
iroa sulisa da xorcisaTvis. erTia xiluli da xelSesaxebi puri,
Cveni arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli, romelic sxeuls ganaZRobs da
xorcs ganaZlierebs, magram ufro mniSvnelovania meore, uxila­
vi, gansakuTrebuli, puri, romelsac Zeni RmrTisani SesTxoven
ufals, esaa sityva RmrTisa, romelic yoveldRe gveZleva Cveni
locvis sapasuxod (sayvareliZe, 2009: 56).
puri saRvTo metaforaa. bibliaSi uflis saxelad purs ar­
aerTgzis vxvdebiT. puri ieso qristes sxeuls ganasaxierebs: me
var puri sicocxlisa... vinc am purs SeWams, saukunod icocxlebs.
puri,romelsac gavcem, Cemi xorcia, romelsac soflis sicocx­
lisaTvis gavcem (oane, 6,48-51 _ axali aRTqma, 1963).
RvTismSoblis maradqalwulobis aRmniSvnelia misi, rogorc
`dauTesvel yanad~ moazreba, romelic aseve bibliuri saxea (maTe
13, 38 _ axali aRTqma, 1963).
saxarebaSi ifqli, xorbali morwmuneTa aRmniSvnelia, ro­
melsac macxovari Tavis beRelSi, anu caTa sasufevelSi Sek­rebs:
`Sekribos ifqli TKsi saunjesa~ (maTe 3, 12 _ axali­ aRTqma, 1963).
xo­rbali RvTis sityvacaa, romelsac ufali mor­w­munis gulSi Te­
savs (maTe 13, 3-9 _ axali aRTqma, 1963). wminda mamani, romlebic
sasufevlisken mimaval viwro gzas mZime jvriT moTminebiT miuy­
vebian, qristes mcnebis, sarwmunoebis marcvlis damnergvelebad
gansaxovdebian. sainteresodaa es saxeebi gadmocemuli qarTvel
fimnografebTan: `damne­rg ­ velo ifqlisao, aRmomacenebelo nayof­
Ta sulierTao~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 203). jejili, romelic ax­
la­daRmocene­ buli ya­naa, sarwmunoebis aRmocenebis simboloa da
amave dros, su­lieri simtkicis maniSnebelicaa. `mdinareY RmrTisaY
124
aRivso saRmrToYTa wyliTa cxoveliTa dRes, iordane, raJams Se­
ezava wyaroY uxrwnelebisaY sityuaY RmrTisaY, romelisa cu­ariTa
ixarebs jejili sulTa marTalTa naTelRebulTaY~ (Zvel-qarTu-
li.., 1913: 187).
yanisa da jejilis semantika purs ukavSirdeba, romelic saR­
vTo metaforaa. bibliaSi uflis saxelad purs araerTgzis vxvde­
biT, isaa saRvTo puri (ioane 6, 33 _ axali aRTqma, 1963), WeSmariti
puri zecidan (ioane 6, 32 _ axali aRTqma, 1963), pu­ri zecidan Ca­
mosuli (ioane 6, 41 _ axali aRTqma, 1963), puri ze­cidan Camomavali
(ioane 6, 50), sicocxlis puri (ioane 6, 35 _ axali aRTqma, 1963),
cocxali puri (ioane 6, 51 _ axali aR­T­q­ma, 1963). puris rigis meta­
foruli saxelia zeciuri mananac. pu­ri da ciuri manana sulier
sazrdodac moiazreba: `aman uw­vima maT mananaY da puri zeciT mos­
ca~ (ioane minCxis poezia,1987: 248).
purisa da ifqlis sapirispirod, rogorc simbolo boro­te­
bisa, gamoyenebulia RvarZlisa da eklis metafora.
zeciuri puri, sazrdeli sulieri, `queyanisagan misgan siw­
mindisa aRmoscenda dauTesvelad~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 89). Tes­
li Rrma filosofiuri datvirTvis simbolikaa, is sa­Tavea axali
sicocxlisa (Мифы.., 1988: 370). qriste iwodeba uTe­slod aRmoce­
nebulad, riTac miniSnebulia, rom Tavad sicocxlis momniWebe­
li suliwmidis ZaliT Caisaxa deda-qalwulis sxeulSi: `RmerTi
RmrTisagan Sobili zecas, qalwulisa sa­Sosa £orcSesxmuli uTes­
lod~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 167). me­siis dedakacis Teslisagan aR­
mocenebas Zveli aRTqma wina­s­ warmetyvelebda (dab. 3, 15). uflis
rCeulTa Teslis nayofad moixsenieba dedaRvTismSobeli, riTac
xazgasmulia wminda qalwulis aRmoceneba `ara xrwnadi Teslisa­
gan, aramed uxr­ wnelisa~ (I pet. 1,23 _ axali aRTqma, 1963). `sarw­
munovebiT pir­velni igi mamani ganamarTlen da maT mier daiwinde
eklesiaY warmarTTaY m£snelo, romlisa TKsca aw iqadian dide­
biTa, rameTu Teslisagan maTisa ars nayofi uTeslod mSobeli
Se­ni~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 47). keTili Teslis mTesvelebad mo­
ixseniebian wminda mamani, riTac aRniSnulia sulis zrdaze mara­
diuli zrunva da swrafva RvTiuri sasufevlisaken, ma­Ti Rvawli­
sa da uflisadmi samsaxuris nayofiereba: `daTese Te­sli keTili
agaraksa udabnoYsa, Rirso da morwye igi naka­ du­ li­
Ta cremliTa
SenTaY, mamao sanatrelo~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 245). macxovari
Zveli aRTqmiseuli RvTis rCeulTa Teslidan aRmocenebulad
moixsenieba, romlis genealogias saxareba gvamcnobs (maTe 1, 1-17
_ axali aRTqma, 1963). ieso aris iu­ das Teslidan £orcielad aR­
mocenebuli: `iudas Teslisagan iSva £orciTa qristH uTeslod
125
qalwulisagan~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: gv. 80), biblia mesias davi­
Tis STamomavlad gva­c­nobs: `iSva Teslisagan daviTisa £orcielad~
(rom. 1,3 _ axali aRTqma, 1963), `Teslisagan daviTisa aRmoscendi
£orciTa~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 236). abraamisadmi dadebul aR­
TqmaSi vkiTxulobT: `xolo abrahamis mimarT iTqunes aR­ Tqumani
ese da naTesavisa misisa. ara ityKs `naTesavTa~, vi­Tarca mraval­
Tasa, aramed viTarca erTisasa: `da naTesavisa Senisa~, romeli
ars qriste (gal. 3, 16 _ axali aRTqma, 1963). `ganixare netaro ab­
raham, pirvel saxiTa msxuerplisa mas zeda, xolo dRes WeSmari­
tad, rameTu Teslisagan Senisa aR­ moscenda m£sneli kacTa naTe­
savisaY~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 51). Tuki RmerTkacis xorcielad
mSobeli qalwuli `queynad siw­mindisad~ moixseneba, codva-madlis
oromtrialSi Cafluli wuTisofeli eklovanad iwodeba, saidanac
aRmocenda zecis mkvidri: `vin ars ese, uTeslod aRmocenebuli
eklovani­sa­gan queyanisa~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: gv. 379). samoT­
xidan gan­devnilma urCma qmnilebebma RvTis umkacresi risxva da
wye­vla daimsaxures: `wyeul iyavn queyana saqmeTa Sina SenTa, mwu­
xarebiT sWamde mas yovelTa dReTa cxovrebisa SenisaTa, eka­lsa da
kuroYsTava aRmogicenebdes Sen da sWamde Tivasa ve­lisasa~ (dab.
3, 17-18). swored uflis risxvis Semdeg iqca miwa `eklis gamomReb
queyanad~. codviT dacemis Sedegad aRmo­cenebul ekals himnebSi
ramdenime variaciiT vxvdebiT: a) ekali codvisa: `raYTa Sewunes
ekalni pirveliTa patiJTani~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 387); b) ur­
Cebis ekali: `daswuen urCebisa ekalni ada­misni~ (Zvel-qarTuli..,
1913: 232), g) wyevis ekali: `ekali wye­visaY aRifxura dRes queyaniT~
(Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 175). wu­Tisoflis codvisa da ukeTurobis,
romelic eklis simbolikiT gansaxovanda, aRmosafxvrelad wmin­
da mamani iRwvian: `ek­lovanebaY soflisa sacuTrTaY SeswK, efTKmi,
RmerTSemosilo~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 117), ekali ganasaxierebs
yovelgvar borotebas, ukeTurobas, mwvaleblobas, RvTis mcne­
bisagan gadaxvevas, romlis dasaTrgunad dauRalavad iRvwian Rv­
Tismsaxuri wminda mamebi: `viTarca raY eliaY, aRegznen cec­xliTa
saRmrToYsa SurisaYTa da Seswuen wvalebisa igi eka­lni, RmerTSe­
mosilo~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 99), Sesaqmis gvi­ rgvinma, urCobiT
damdablebulma, mxsnels Tavs eklis gvi­­ rgvini daadga, romel­
mac kacTa xsnis gza kacisave ukeTuro­biT aRmocenebuli ekliani
gziT ganvlo da qveynad RvTis wyevla kurTxevad Secvala: `gKrgKni
eklisaY Seimosa Tavsa saRmrTosa uRmrToTa huriaTagan, aRmaRl­
da Zelsa, raTa da­sces mterisa simaRle da aRamaRlos bunebaY ka­
cobrivi~ (Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913: 289). rogorc vxedavT, sasuliero
po­e­ziaSi purisa da ifqlis sapirispirod,rogorc simbolo boro­
126
tebisa, gamoyenebulia RvarZlisa da eklis metafora.
iesos igavSic mTesvelis Sesaxeb TavTavi gamoxatavs mo­
r­
wmuneebs da maT upiratesobas `RvarZlisa~ da `sarevelas~ mi­
marT,romlebic codvilebs ganasaxiereben. `caTa sasufeveli”
hgavs adamians, romelmac kargi Tesli daTesa Tavis yanaSi. Roca
xalxs eZina, movida misi mteri, xorbalSi rvarZli CaTesa da wavi­
da. xolo,roca jejili amovida da nayofi gamoiRo, RvarZlmac ma­
Sin iCina Tavi. mividnen monebi da uTxres saxlis patrons: batono,
gana Sen kargi Tesli ar daTese Sens yanaSi? saidan aqvs mas Rvar­
Zli? man ki uTxra: mterma kac­ma ga­akeTa es. xolo monebma uTxres
mas: ginda wavalT da gavmarglavT? magram man uTxra: ara, raTa ga­
margvlisas Rva­rZlTan erTad xorbalic ar gaglijoT~. daacadeT,
erTad iza­rdos... mkis dromde. mkis dros ki vetyvi momklaT: jer
Rva­rZli moagroveT da Znebad SekariT, rom davwvaT isini, xor­
bali Cems beRelSi SeagroveT (maTe 13, 24-30 _ axali aRTqma, 1963).
amdenad, am sakiTxze muSaobisas gamoikveTa, rom ifqli da
masTan dakavSirebuli saxelebi _ Tesli, jejili, yana, ma­nana, xor­
bali, TavTavi _ Zalian saintereso metaforul sa­xeebs qmnian da
sakmaod vrcladaa warmodgenili Zvel qarTul sasuliero poezia­
Si.

bibliografia:

• axali aRTqma, 1963 _ axali aRTqma uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi. sa­
kaTalikoso gamocema. Tb., 1963;
• ioane minCxis poezia, 1987 _ ioane minCxis poezia. teqsti gamosa­ce­
mad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo. l. xaCiZem. Tb., 1987;
• qegl, 1990 _ qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. nakv.
?. Tb.,1990;
• Zvel-qarTuli.., 1913 _ Zvel-qarTuli sasuliero poezia. p. ingoroy­
vas redaqciiT. tf., 1913;
• МИФЫ.., 1988 – Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия в двух томах. Т. 2: К-Я. Гла­
в­ный редактор С. А. Токарев. М., 1988;
• sayvareliZe, 2009 _ sayvareliZe nino. aris Tu ara grigol no­se­li­se­
uli `puri arsobisa~ oden xorcieli? Tb., 2009;
• sulxan-saba.., 1993 _ orbeliani sulxan-saba. leqsikoni qarTuli. t.
2. moamzada il. abulaZem. Tb., 1993;
• fenrixi.., 2000 _ fenrixi hainc, sarjvelaZe zurab. qarTvelur ena­Ta
eti­mologiuri leqsikoni. me-2 Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebu­li gamoce­
ma. Tb., 2000;
• qajaia, 2002 _ qajaia oTar. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni t. 2. Tb.,
2002.

127
 MIRANDA TODUA, NONA KETSBAIA1

“IPKLI” AND CONCEPT OF THE NAMES CONNECTED

WITH IT IN THEOLOGICAL POETRY

“Ipkli” (Georgian wheat type) is a common Kartvelian lexical unit. It is met

in ancient Georgian manuscripts. For Georgian-Zan unity, Ipkl-archetype has
been recovered. Semantically, one of the lexical units – Puri (bread), which is
connected to Ipkli is very interesting. There are a lot of words deprived from
word base “puri” in Georgian language. It is mostly represented in composites
as one of the component. Puri (bread) is also met in allegorically. It has a special
meaning in divine-service, according to which “daily bread” is not only physical,
material. Puri (bread) is a Divine metaphor. In Bible we meet bread as the Lord’s
name many times. In the Gospel Ipkli, wheat represents believers, who are gath-
ered in the Lord’s barn that is the kingdom of heaven.
Opposite the bread and Ipkli, as the symbol of evil, metaphor of spite and
thorn are used. Seed is a symbolic of a deep philosophical load. It is the source
of a new life.
Ipkli and the names connected with it – seed, shoots, cornfield, heather,
wheat, and cereal – are extensively presented in Georgian theological poetry
and in the scope of national linguistic consciousness, the concept of one of the
ancient Georgian lexical unit is very interesting.

1
Miranda Todua – PhD In Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University; Nona
Ket­sbaia – PhD In Philology, Assistant Professor, Sokhumi State University.
128
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

ciala mesxia1

geno kalandias maqsimebi

geno kalandias maqsimebSi poeturi xilvebi, zmanebebi, asoci­

aci­­ebi erT did mizans emsaxureba. esaa adamianad yofnis daniS­
nu­­le­ba, zrunva mSvenierebisa da silamazis gadasarCenad, zrunva
momavalze, xvalindel dReze… poets kargad esmis, rom dro Tavis
ga­numeorebel mimzidvelobas sZens warsuls.
g. kalandias patriotuli paTosi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazR­
v­
ravs TanamemamuleTa Segnebasa da qmedebas, maT arCevansa da
rols qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi. misi `wminda~
sevda, zogadkacobriuli da saocrad romantikuli, mas, rogorc
Se­moqmedsa da gamorCeuli, TviTmyofadi poeturi sityvis meufes,
frang simbolistTa gverdiT ayenebs.
poetis warmosaxvebSi warsuli mxatvrulad warmoCindeba im
rakursiT, romelic esTetikurad uaxlovdeba istoriis me­cn­ i­eru­
li Seswavlis meTods.
masTan istoriuli pirovneba mudmivad Tavis droiT, epo­
qis so­ cialur-politikuri foniTaa gansjili... tradiciuli
Te­­­
mebi, motivebi, Janrebi cocxldebian, imosebian Tanamedrove
cxo­v­rebiseuli detalebiT. `pirovnebas martooden myofadis wi­­­
naTgrZnoba ki ar ZaluZs, aramed msoflio Carxis trialis Se­
cvlac~ (boCkova, 1963: 63).
da marTlac, idumali da amave dros usazRvroa poetis ambi­
cia, SerCeva usasrulo kosmiur sivrceSi im yvelafrisa, rac mas
aRelvebs, rac aTrTolebs, raTa mkiTxvelSi gamoiwvios silamaziT
ga­ogneba da `tkbobac~ erTdroulad…
g. kalandiam `maqsimebiT~ (kalandia, 2015) Taviseburi elferi
SesZina Cvens grZnobebs, gancdebs, STabeWdilebebs. misi sulis
ZaxiliT Sevica­ niT Cven klavdiusis pirovneba, _ romis saxeliT
gangmiruli mTavarsardali.
1
ciala mesxia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universite­
ti.
9. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 129
 dauviwyari detalia: `man gaauqma romis kanoni, is afTariviT
aris Tamami da SuaRamiT Sedis taZarSi~, wers poeti da STambeW­
davad acocxlebs gladiators, romlis `cisferi toga kvestoris
Wabukis sisxliT aris morwyuli~. roca istoriul pirovnebaze
wer da Tanac iseTze, rogoric klavdiusi iyo: `misi fiqrebis
zvirTi diadi qariSxaliviT angrevs napirebs, zRvis burusidan
cis wyvdiadamde.~ iZulebuli xar eZio is ritmi, romelic SenSi
ar arsebobs, unda gamosaxo isinic, romlebic moklebulni iyvnen
ma­­Raladamianur miswrafebebs.
vfiqrob, es saxe gansakuTrebulad STambeWdav da mniSvnelova­
ni azris damtevia. poetma savsebiT mkveTrad gviCvena istoriuili
piris xasiaTis gamokvlevis filosofiuri cda. is mudam adamianis
su­lieri samyaros gaxsnis garSemo trialebs. tkivilis, martoobis,
mi­usafrobis, SiSis, sixarulis, siZulvilisa Tu siyvarulis, bo­
ro­ tebisa Tu sikeTis, simaxinjisa Tu mSvenierebis da sxva iS­
vi­­aTi poeturi STabeWdilebiTaa gamorCeuli. `vin iyo igi, vin
da­ gvwyevla yvelani erTad, vin dagvisvela erTaderTi perangi
cre­m­liT? vin iyo igi, vin Camokra pirvelad zari? vin? vin axada
Cvens oda-saxls darbazis Weri? vin agvivso Tasi laJvardiT?~
(`aqteoni~) _ omgamovlili, budemoSlili da mSobliur sanaxebs
danat­re­buli kacis dawerilia es striqonebi. mosvenebas ar aZlevs
sa­ nukvari afxazeTis zmaneba. magiur samyaroSi daxetialobs da
grZnobs, rogori grZeli da dausrulebelia devnilTa uReltexi­
li… midixar, vardebi da ar Cans dasasruli… da nugeSs uflisgan
elodebi... `saiT wavideT, saiT gavyveT am quCabandebs, mamao, Ze,
macxovaro, ufalo sibrZnis?! saiT, o, saiT?.. poets rwmeniT si­
yva­ ruli daabrunebs tanjul kacobriobas ufalTan da moutans
usa­zRvro bednierebas~. aqaa mZafri SegrZneba fesvebisa, `mzis Svi­
lo­ bili~ poetis xilvebis unikaluroba da marTlac: `WeSmariti
aR­mqmelis xsovna inaxavs nawilebs da drois sivrceSi kravs mTe­
lad~ (oniani, 2003: 11-25).
RvTiuri madliT sxivmosili suli brwyindeba Tavisi ganume­
ore­blobiT, romelSic harmoniulad Sezavebulia mSvenireba, gra­
cia da niWi. aqaa TviT cxovreba, Cveni sinamdvile, fiqri da diadi
ene­rgia, rasac poetma xorci Seasxa. poets sinamdvilis, simarTlis,
realobisa da WeSmaritebis Zieba miaCnia umTavres dani­S­nu­lebad da
gazafxulis CoxaSi morTul-mokazmuli, broweulis Ril-kiloebiT
damSvenebuli salamuriviT grZnobs TiToeul bgeras, motivs da
saswaulebrivi gancdaa: `Cqeridan CqerSi kal­ ma­
xi­
viT gadamaqvs
tani, wvimaSi, RvarSi varskvlavebs viTvli. gulamomjdari da va­ka­
ku­neb moyvasis karze~.
130
 poeti madlobas swiravs ufals imisTvis, rom misca Zala da
energia gauZlos yovelgvar gansacdels, SeamCnios, dainaxos is,
rasac sxva ver amCnevs, sxvisi goneba ver swvdeba. bednieria, rad­
gan: `TvalebiT momaqvs margaliti _ mdinaris _ zvirTi~.
gavixsenoT galaktioni: `nazi warmtaci da mimzidveli axali
mxare, axali bina, jadoTa mxare SiSvel-titveli me martoobam
SemamCnevina (`bindis stumari~).
geno kalandia erTgvari mediumia xilulsa da uxilav samya­
ros Soris, zecasa da miwas Soris, romelic uflis taZars `almo­de­
buli gazafxulis Coxa _ axaluxiTa~ da `broweulis Rilkilo­ebiT~,
rom moixilavs da RvTismSobels srulad saqarTvelos ga­darCenas
Seevedreba. `wuxelis samjer movixile taZari Seni, RvTi­smSobels
vTxove Sendoba Cveni!~ _ es striqoni g. kalandias pi­rovnuli da
erovnuli mrwamsis WeSamriti dasturia, pasuxismgeb­loba erisa da
mSobeli qveynis winaSe. uflis sakraluri xati adamianTa bedni­
erebaze daafiqrebs da kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs uflisadmi
rwmenas da samSoblosadmi unapiro siyvaruls.
roca g. kalandias maqsimebs kiTxulob, wuTiTac ar gtovebs
uni­versumis rusTaveliseuli aRqma _ `Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana,
gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa. es uTvalavi feriT boZebuli samyaro
mis poeziaSi xedvis araordinaluri rakursiTa da STambeWdavi sa­
xe­obriobiTaa gamorCeuli. maqsimebi raRac uCveulos, ucnauris
SesagrZnobad ganawyobs mkiTxvels, misTvis poezia maradisobi­da­
naa ganWvretili, rogorc yofierebidan Tavdaxsnis erTerTi sa­
uke­Teso gza.
uflismieri siyvaruli da erTguleba, uSurveli feradovneba
sityvisa, riTac aRbeWdavs Tavisi arsebobis gamarTlebas da ma­
inc, trioletebi da maqsimebi ikmarebda, rom ixiloT misi poezi­is
ferebidan daZruli mSveniereba. adamiani da buneba, bunebis wi­
aRSi uxilavi koconiT ganaTebuli lirikuli personaJi poetis
STa­goneba da aRmafrenaa.
kacobriobis marad Zveli da marad axali Temis _ sikvdil-
sicocxlis, wuTisoflis warmavlobisa da maradiulobis Sesaxeb
g. kalandias Taviseburi, individualuri da originaluri mi­mar­
Teba aqvs. aki `kacobriobis saukeTeso Svilebs miTaJamidan afi­
q­rebdaT yofna-aryofnis saidumloebiT moculi gamocana. kacTa
gaCenis dRidan ramdeni zepiri paeqroba gamarTula amis Taobaze
da gamqrala ukvalod, anda ramdeni sibrZne Semounaxavs is­torias,
Cvenamde moRweul foliantebsa da pergamentebs, magram wu­Ti­sof­
lis es didi satkivari bolomde aravis ar amouwuravs~ (mesxia,
2004: 137).
131
 diax, cnobili WeSmaritebaa isic, rom msoflios yovel did
Se­moqmeds ucdia miRmuri samyaros fardis gadaweva da landebis
idu­ malebis Secnoba. am Ziebis mizania Semecnebis gafarToeba,
radgan Cven ucnobisa da dafarulis Ziebisas, ufro ukeTesni, uf­
ro mxneni da qmediTni vxdebiT. poetisaTvis mTavaria adamianuri
sam­yaros Rirseulobis SegrZneba, riTac fasdeba samSobloca da
misi Tvalwarmtaci bunebac.
g. kalandias mTeli poezia kosmiuri pesimizmiTaa gaJRenTili.
STambeWdavad warmoCinda sikvdilis fenomenisadmi da­ mo­
ki­
de­buleba. poetis warmosaxvebSi yofna da aryofna, myofoba da
ar­myofoba erTmaneTs verasodes ascdebian da isini fenomenebad
aRi­qmebian.
roca `oriTia~ wavikiTxe, raRac saocari gancda dameufla,
ra­Rac uCveulo xibli aRmovaCine TviT poetis arsebaSi. ra sa­
ocaria poetis gancda, igi TiTqos sikvdilze jvardawerili po­
etia: `ra lamazia sikvdilze fiqri~, an `TiTqos TvalebSi maWedebs
lur­smans mzeebr jeeli javairCi da meomari~, an kidev: `momxiblavia
bro­ weuli axal-axali WrilobebiT, mTebis yviTeli peizaJi _ eg
ir­mis rqa da nekerCxali~. sikvdilis ulmobel xels poeti srulad
ac­nobierebs. absurduli yofa da gaufasurebuli Rirebulebebi
ada­mianuri tragizmis wyaroa da mainc, poeti leqsiT, poeziiT
(`TiTqo TvalebSi maWedebs lursmans mzeebr jeeli javairCi da
me­omari~) adamianis sulieri samyaros xveulebis moxilvis gzazea
Sem­dgari. tkivili, martooba, miusafroba, SiSi, sixaruli, silamaze
da mSveniereba uCveulo poeturi xatebiTaa warmosaxuli.
Savi TovliT gafoTlili xe sikvdilis simboloa. poeti
ma­inc savsea rwmeniT, cisa da miwis madliT da amitomac sev­
da­narevi ityvis: `aivnidan gavyureb saydars, _ uflis saxeliT,
Sa­ravandiT gafurCqnil gumbaTs.~ da `gaifoTleba xe Savi
Tov­ liT, nabdis qudebiT amogvitans wabls da varskvlavebs
sof­ lis fermeri da menejeri. ra lamazia sikvdilze fiqri!~
poe­ti fsiqologiurad damajerebeli situaciiT sikvdilis si­
lamazeze migvaniSnebs. gagvacnobierebinebs RvTis xatad Se­ q­
m­
nili adamianis (sicocxlis) sxva ganzomilebaSi gadasvlas da
ramdenime StrixiTa da Suq-Crdilis gamkveTrebiT aRwevs yof­
na-aryofnis tragizmis sidiadis warmoCenas.
`me poeziam daviwyebis cels amarida~ (galaktioni).
`ra lamazi xar sikvdilo, sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa~.
g. kalandias poeziaSi sikvdil-sicocxlis problemac vfiq­
robT, calke kvlevis sagania, amitom am Temaze aq SevCerdebiT.
sakvirveli feradovnebiTaa daxatuli zRapruli peizaJebi,
132
mom­xiblavi miTologiuri pasaJebi: fantaziiT frTaSesxmuli poeti
iW­reba miTebis samyaroSi da STabeWdilebebs siyvarulis gancdebSi
aq­sovs da qmnis yoveldRiurobis, yofierebis qsels, oqros ZafebiT
mo­sirmuls. es `mis poeziaSia dumili da idumaleba, samyarosadmi
da­mokidebuleba, TviT Cveni sainamdvile Sinaganad damuxtuli
uzenaesis xilvis molodiniT, miTiT SeniRbuli dialogis formad
aris gancdili, mas gacnobierebuli aqvs samyaros saidumloebaSi
wvdomisa da TviTCaRrmavebisaken swrafvis misnuri instiqti~
(mesxia, 2013: 13).
amouxsnelia da gamaognebeli poetis sulieri aRmafrena, xa­
si­aTis mgznebareba, rkiniseburi gamZleoba da gambedaoba, miTebiTa
da TqmulebebiT daxunZluli sidiadiT damTrgunveli mistika.
aq­vea warmosaxvis SesaSuri Zala, raRac maTrobela da umaRlesi
STa­gonebiT aelvarebuli sityvebis magiuri musika, mTel kosmiur
siv­rceSi vercxliseburi wkrialiT ganfenili: `futkris skasaviT
cim­ cimebs dila, gugunebs zari dReobis macne. mze ifurcleba
mSvenier wamTa, mze _ romaelTa wiTeli TafTa~.
marTlac, rogori Znelia irwmuno, rogor SeZlo poetma
ase­Ti ulamazesi suraTis daxatva romSi Causvlelad? Taundac
war­ mosaxva romis didebuli akropolidan gamomavali etlisa da
bona-deas `zeobis Jamisa!~ poeti gvabruebs romauli samyaros
tkbilxmovani hangebiT. am leqss saguldagulo `ganCxreka~ da
analizi sWirdeba. aq mTlianadaa gadaSlili poetis urTulesi da
ulamazesi sulieri samyaro. mTeli leqsis manZilze igrZnoba po­
etis weris uCveulo, ganumeorebel manera, yvelasgan gamorCeuli
da originaluri. poeti mTlianad sakuTar stiqiaSia, iqiTken is­
w­rafvis, sadac `gzad zeTisxilis imcvreva baRi _ Rrublisferi
na­yofiT savse. zRvis SroSaniviT frTonavs haeri gajerebuli fi­
W­vebis TafliT~.
es erTerTi gamorCeuli leqsia, romelSic poeti mTeli ar­
se­­­
biT eZleva aRmafrenas. SesaSuri eqspresiulobiT gamoxatavs
aR­­tacebas bona-deas zeobis JamiT, roca misi `RvTaebrivi Rimilis
qar­ga cis badesaviT izidavs yvelas~ da poetis mier xilul taZarSi
mox­vedril TiToeul mokvdavs cxeli nayofiT evseba ube~. da mar­
T­lac rom saswaulebrivia RvTis sauflos moxilviT gancdili si­
xa­ruli, zecis Tavanamde amaRlebuli poeti ityvis: `taZari Seni
si­naTle caTa, sinaTle caTa _ taZari Cveni~.
geno kalandias mier xiluli bona-deas taZari maRali su­li­
erebis mqone pirTa samkvidroa. `caTa sinaTleSi~ mudmivad Sri­
alebs maradmwvane foTlebi da raRac saocari simsubuqiT, aR­
vi­qvamT poetis unazes molodins _ `qalwulebis nazi foTlebiT
133
ga­ifoTleba diadi stoa~.
es is saocari, gamabruebeli xilvebia, romlebsac Cvenamde
mo­aqvs antikuri samyaros surneli, sinaziT, sinaTliT savse sam­
ya­ros tkbobiT mogvrili sulieri simSvide da pastoraluri
gan­ wyoba. diax, `mxolod mxurvale grZnobas ZaluZs Svas raRac
gan­sxvavebuli, sxvaTa TvalTaTvis uxilavi ram, gamaognebeli da
mo­ulodneli (rogorc metalurgiul qarxanaSi uzarmazar qvabSi
Ca­yrili jarTi dneba da gavarvarebuli masisagan sul sxvadasxva
ya­libSi Camosxmuli sagani ibadeba) idumalebiT aRsavse da gu­
l­misawvdomi, sxvaTaTvis maxlobeli da gadamdebi JruanteliT
da­muxtuli. ai, aseTi alqimiaa poezia, aRsarebis siwrfeliT da
si­nanuliT, sevdiTa da yelSi gaCxrili: uxilavi cremliT savse
mar­toobis dResaswauli, tanjvis, gancdilisa da nagrZnobis ga­mo­
Zaxilia da genialuri azric ki, Tu man gulis mTavari ZarRvi ver
Searxia, poeziad ver gadaiqceva!~ (orjonikiZe, 2010: 25).
g. kalandias maqsimebi idumalebiTaa aRsavse da raRac sas­wa­
ulebriv gancdebSia gamoxveuli. poeti araamqveyniuri dardiTa da
melanqoliiT iWreba miTebis samyaroSi. `mis mier gamoxmobil mi­
Te­bSi mTeli istoria da warsuli mTidan movardnili niaRvariviT
mo­ edineba da mainc, ara marto poeturi striqoni, aramed TviT
po­etis mTeli sulieri samyaro, mis mier CamoZerwili suraTi ga­
je­rebulia miTiuri xatovanebiT~ (mesxia, 2013: 13).
g. kalandiam SeZlo evripides miTebSi gacocxlebuli tro­
eli qalis ifigenias sulieri gancdebis gadmocema. misi su­li­eri
samyarosa da siZliereSi wvdoma. misTvis gansakuTrebiT mni­S­v­ne­
lo­vania fsiqologiuri siRrme evripides gmirTa gancdebisa. aki
`ev­ripide yvelaze ufro tragikul poetad gvevlinebao (poetika,
T. XIII). gmiris tragizmi amave dros mayureblis tragizmic iyo.
gmi­rTan erTad mayurebelic daZabul mdgomareobaSi iyo, masTan
erTad ganicdida siyvarulsa da TanagrZnobas, SiSsa da Secodebas,
ma­gram es tragizmi iyo saSualeba tanjvaTagan ganwmendisa~
(yauxCiSvili, 1953: 338-339).
g. kalandiam `ifigeniaSi~ daxata Semzaravi suraTi: roca
`msxver­ plad Sewirvis dgas rituali, dedoflis etliT mohyavT
qal­wuli~. am striqonebiT aSkarad ikveTeba poetis suliskveTeba,
emo­ cia, ganwyobileba, azri, mTeli leqsi gajerebulia eniT ga­
mo­uTqmeli miTiuri xatovanebiT. miTis SemoWra dRevandelobaSi,
Tqmu­lebis, istoriisa da realobis Serwyma, Cemi azriT, Zalumad
ig­rZnoba geno kalandias am ciklis leqsebSi.
poetis cnobierebaSi awmyosa da warsulis, miTisa da realuri
si­namdvilisa da wrmosaxvis xilvebi erTmaneTs erwymis da enivTeba
134
da uneblied Cndeba saocari gancda: `oqros barZimiT modis erosi,
sa­saxlis loTi, metrfe hangebis, ayvavdebian xvale mdeloni sis­
x­­
lis wiTeli farSevangebiT~. vfiqrobT, es striqonebi sruli
Se­sabamisobas gviCvenebs poetis ganwyobilebis da gamoxatvis sa­
Su­alebebs Soris: Semoqmedma aitaca miTiuri saxe, aitaca raRac uC­
ve­ulo poturi ZlevamosilebiT, aitaca cis Tavanamde da antikuri
epo­ qisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli realuri adamianis saburvelSi ga­
moxvia. am leqsSi STambeWdavadaa gacocxlebuil troas cik­ lis
miTTa epizodi. misnis TqmiT, RmerTebis Sesawyaleblad mTa­ var­
sardalma agamemnonma msxverplad unda Seswiros ufrosi qa­li­Svi­
li ifigenia. agamemnoni motyuebiT moayvaninebs argosidan qa­li­
Svils da dgeba msxverplad Sewirvis ritualic, magram artemide
Se­icodebs umanko ifigenias. `samsxverploze ifigenias Sescvlis
ir­miT. ifigenias ki RrublebSi gaxveuls Soreul tavridaSi ga­da­
i­yvans~ (yauxCiSvili, 1953: 352).
`ifigeniaSi~ poetma SeZlo saxifaTo sabrjenze fexis dadgma,
msxverplis gaReba, idumali samyarosaken dauokebeli Jini, alRo
da sulis Tavisufleba aZlevs mas Zalas da energias gaarRvios xe­
lo­­vnebis sazRvari da Seqmnas axali SemoqmedebiTi yofiereba. aqaa
mi­Tisa da dRevanelobis saocari wnuli da awmyoze mipyrobili
mzera Soreuli, magram mxatvrulad transformirebuli da axali
si­maRleebidan gancdili.
g. kalandia troas ciklis miTebis aRorZinebiT maradisobas
gva­ziarebs, poets swams maradisoba da gulis ZafebiTaa da­kav­Si­
re­buli evripidesTan da sofoklesTan. antikur samyaroSi, Zvel
sa­berZneTsa da romSi, iberiasa da kolxeTSi gvamogzaurebs da
da­gvanaxebs, mogvaxilvinebs TiToeulis `sulsa da SemoqmedebiT
pri­ncips yvela epoqisas~.
dauviwyari detalia: `Tmagawewili dgas kibeebze _ ifigenia
kra­vi mikenis. oreste _ Tvalebi~.
marTlacda ra saocari siTamamea am striqonebSi. esaa poeturi
xe­lovnebis uzado nimuSi. SemoqmedebiTi temperamenti da Sinagani
im­pulsi anaTebs mTel leqss. bunebriobiTa da maRali zneobriobiT
vi­xiblebiT da arsad ar igrZnoba xelovnuri Zaldataneba da yal­
bi paTosi. iSviaTi harmoniulobiTa da mxatvruli saxeebis aR­ma­
freniT miRweulia mTavari _ leqsTa simSveniere… ifigenia da
agamemnonic bibliuri personaJebia, romelnic evripides is­to­ri­
ul personaJebad transformirebulni cocxldebian da axali si­
coc­xliT sunTqaven.
g. kalandaim STambeWdavad gvaCvena evripides filosofiuri
kon­cefcia, rom `tragikosi upirvelesad Seborkili iyo miTebSi
135
mo­ cemuli masaliT. realuri adamianis saxis warmosaCenad ki
evripides, rasakvirvelia, ver daakmayofilebda miTebSi moT­xro­
bi­li Tavgadasavali gmirebisa da mas uxdeboda miTebis ara Tu
de­talebis, aramed zogjer koncefciis imgvarad Secvla, rom Se­
sa­Z­lebeli yofiliyo miTiuri gmirisagan realuri adamiani mieRo~
(yauxCiSvili, 1953: 338).
man aRadgina epoqis suliskveTeba da am fonze warmoaCina ev­
ri­pideseuli personaJebi berZnuli sinamdvilidan. erTia waikiTxo
troas ciklis miTebi da mainc sul sxvaa xilva im samyarosi, ro­
gor xdeboda am miTiuri personaJebis realobad gardaqmna. ro­
ca geno kalandias maqsimebs kiTxulob, TiTqos cocxldebian
aga­memnoni, ifigenia da oreste, eleqtra da klitemnestra da sa­
er­Tod troadeli qalebi.
poeti cdilobs dramatuli moqmedebis miRmac mSveniereba da
si­lamaze warmoaCinos da TiToeuli sityva, TiToeuli striqoni
mi­iRweva `oqros SualedisaTvis~. mis xelSi sityva magiur Zalas
iZens da poeturi zemoqmedebis umTavres iaraRad gadaiqceva. da
ma­inc, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, geno kalandias poezias aqvs originaluri
xa­siaTi, rac mkveTrad gamoarCevs TanamokalmeTagan. man SeZlo
ber­ Znul-romauli samyaros miTebisa da legendebis leqsad `ga­
da­Targmna~ da STambeWdavad warmoaCina TviT misi `bediswerac~.
yve­ laferi iRona TvalebiT motanili margalitebis maradiuli
brwyi­nvalebisaTvis.
berZnul-romauli samyaro poetis mxatvrulma warmosaxvam
da Zlevamosilma fantaziam Cveni Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis in­ te­
resis sagnad aqcia. `silamazisTvis gvmarTebs zeoba, si­ yva­
ru­
lis­ Tvis Tneva, tkivili, mziT ganbanili Cveni sxeuli RmerTebs
Se­vwiroT msxverplad sworebo~. `SemovixioT tanze simReriT zur­
mu­xtisferi mosasxamebi, aviRoT qnari Svidsimiani, vTqvaT, adonai,
sam­gloviaro~ (`adonisis datireba~).
es leqsi kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs im WeSmaritebas, rom
war­sulis daviwyeba istoriis daviwyebis tolfasia. poeti ada­mi­
anis amqveyniur Rirseul sicocxlesa da samSoblos, mamulis wi­
naSe Cvens movaleobaze migvaniSnebs. aq afxazeTis dakargviT gu­
l­SeZruli qarTveli dedebis qviTinic mogvesmis, Cveni Soreuli
wi­naprebis Sinagani, feTqebadi reaqciebiTa da saxeebis farTo
spe­qtriT aRbeWdili.
aq ar SeiZleba ar gagaxsendes: `epoqas moaqvs Tavisi ritmi,
Ta­visi inercia, mweralma unda irZnos epoqis pulsacia, mwerali
ar arsebobs individualuri mwerluri Tvisebebis gareSe, magram
Tu es Tvisebebi epoqis ritmsa da inerciaSi ar zis, yovelTvis iq­
136
mneba anaqronizmi drosa da sivrces Soris~ (fanjikiZe, 1986: 135).
adonisis datirebas wamZRvarebuli aqvs epigrafi `kiTeria
ra­Ra vqnaT axla? (safo)~, romelic asocirdeba safos himnebTan.
erT-erT himnSi afrodites garda sxva RmerTebsa da muzebsac
mi­marTavda Tavisi himnebiT safo, sakmarisia gavixsenoT himni
herasadmi, mimarTva qaritebisa da muzebisadmi da adonisis himnis
nawyveti: gardaicvala kiTerea, nazi adonisi rogor moviqceT?
ir­tyiT gulmkerdSi gogoebo, SemoixieT qitonebi~ (yauxCiSvili,
1953: 189).
an kidev: `erTad SemovdgeT levkadiaze, mewamul zRvaSi Ta­
vi davixrCoT, oqros Tevzebad viqceviT umal, rom adonais ba­
des amovyveT,~ _ raoden poeturia, amaRlebuli da mSvenieri es
stri­qonebi. ostaturad gamoxatulia poetis mTavari saTqmelic
da igrZnoba safos poeziis gamoZaxilic.
geno kalandias mTeli Semoqmedeba Seucnobelisa da idumalis
ar­sSi Cawvdomis daucxromeli Jinia. sakuTar TavSi mistikuri CaR­
rmaveba, sakuTari arsidan gamosvla, sazRvrebis garRvevacaa. idu­
ma­leba, adamianis saidumlo, misi usaSvelo siRrme, adamianurze
me­tia da swored aqaa faruli kavSiri adamianisa samyarosa da ze­
bu­nebrivTan.
marTebulad brZanebs Temur SavlaZe: `geno kalandia, Cve­
ulebriv, Zalzed miwier safarvelSi xvevs da amave dros marTlac
Zal­ zed Cveulebrivi da adamianuri ganwyobilebiT gvaziarebs
mSve­nierisa da amaRlebulis saxe-xatTan, sadac TviTon trfobis
obi­eqti warmoCindeba miwier siwmindeTa simbolod, namdvili ada­
mi­anuri siyvarulis samSvenisad, nimuSad, gnebavT, arsad Tu Sina-
ar­sad~ (SavlaZe, 2014: 8).
geno kalandias mxatvrul samyaroSi moulodnelad ibadeba
emo­cia, sadac refleqsia, suli mokrZalebiT uTmobs adgils ins­
tinqtsa da nebas, egzaltacias, TiTqos poetsa da samyaros So­ris
gaCnda saocari harmonia, Tavis mxriv rom Soba siyvaruli ada­mi­
ansa da realobas Soris. mis uCveulo poetur xat-saxeebs da aRma­
fre­nas bolo ar uCans.
aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes galaktionis `angelozs eWira
Wreli pergamenti~, sadac poetebis mefe mware sinamdvilis ocnebiT
ga­lamazebaze migvaniSnebs. geno kalandia mTeli Tavisi poeziiT
cdi­lobs ukvdavyos Cveni ulmobeli dro Tavisi Suq-CrdilebiT da
ro­gorc yoveli didostati xelovnebisa pirvelqmnili siZlieriT
gvi­Cvenebs TviT udidesi tragediis Jamsac mSvenirebasa da si­la­
mazes. misma poeturma niWma Suri da boroteba, simdidre da sis­
pe­take, codna da umecreba, sikvdili da sicocxle, siyvaruli da
137
siZulvili, rogorc maradiuli dilemebi, TviT cxovrebis at­
ri­butebi da Tanamgzavri WeSmariti moazrovnis naTeli gonebiT
Se­icno da Suq-Crdilebad CaRvara Tavis poeziaSi. misi, rogorc
WeS­mariti poetis srulyofili poeturi qmnilebebi, TavisTavadaa
po­eturi xerxebiT gamosaxvis umSvenieresi magaliTi. is mTeli ar­
se­biTaa CarTuli kosmiur oromtrialSi da misi poeziac, raRac
axa­li, individualuri xerxebiTaa Seqmnili.
geno kalandias poetur saxeebSi aRbeWdili Cveni sinamdvile
bo­lomde inarCunebs realobis gancdas, im iSviaT SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac igi ama Tu im movlenisa Tu faqtis gadmocemisas ale­
go­ riul formebs mimarTavs da misi poeturi xilvebi mzisferi
fe­rebiTaa acialebuli, saocari da uCveuloa mis mier daxatuli
ire­ aluri samyaro, ai, Tundac: `momxibvlelia broweuli axal-
axa­li WrilobebiT, mTebis yviTeli peizaJi _ eg irmis rqa da
nekerCxali. aivnidan gavyureb saydars, _ uflis saxeliT, Sa­ ra­
vandiT gafurCqnil gumbaTs~ da Jamis nangrevs fesvebiT Se­mor­Ce­
nili lirikuli personaJis gancda ase gaJRerdeba; `o, neta, vi­yo
mgalobeli, mowese Temis, wavikiTxavdi SabaTis locvebs!.. ra la­
ma­zia sikvdilze fiqri~ (`oriTia~).
poetma kargad icis, rom adamianis cxovrebis gza rTulia
da winaaRmdegobebiTa da dabrkolebebiT savse. gzad SiSveli eka­
li hyria misi sulis dasakawravad… magram isic icis, rom ada­
miani mTlianad, Tavisi bediT, amqveyniur cxovrebasTanaa da­ kav­
Sirebuli. vkiTxulobT mis maqsimebs da aSkarad ikveTeba be­disweris
mier SemosazRvruli sazRvrebis garRvevis ltolva. da TiTqos
gvamzadebs kidec uCveulo xat-saxeebTan Sesaxvedrad. `ado­ nisis
datirebaSi~ poetis fantaziiT gacocxlebuli antikuri xa­ nis
istoriasTan kavSirSi warmoCindeba Cveni mware realoba. mTrTo­
l­vare, amaRelvebeli striqonebiT, gonebis TvaliT ixedeba poeti
So­reuli istoriis uRrmes fenebSi da saukuneebis mdumarebaSi
po­ulobs im sulis hipostasebs, rom Segvaxsenos, poezia saidumlo
`RvTi­uri Zalaa~, `cisa da qveynis Suamavali, ciuri malamo~, (akaki
`uc­nauri hangi~).
g. kalandias rwmeniT, RmerTi TviTon sityvaa, poeti ki RvTis
si­tyvis qadagi, xalxSi poturi surnelebis momfeni _ `silamazisTvis
gvma­rTebs zeoba, siyvarulisTvis Tneva, tkivili, mziT ganbanili
Cve­ni sxeuli RmerTebs SevwiroT msxverplad, sworebo~. is po­
eturi saxeebis Taviseburi, originaluri gamomsaxvelobiTi Za­
liT, ferTa sidiadiTa da gabeduli ferweruli kompoziciebiT
is­wrafvis monumenturobisaken.
g. kalandiasTan realoba mudmivad arsebobs qarTuli mi­To­
138
lo­ giuri arqetipebisa da samyaros iluziorulobis gancdebis
saz­ Rvarze. mis poeziaSi umwvavesad SevigrZnobT realobis tra­
gi­kul gancdebs, zneobrivi Rirebulebebisa da sayrdenebis Ziebis
gar­dauval aucileblobas. poetis ukidegano survilia uflis sa­
xe­liT gumbaTis qveS SeZlos SabaTis locvebis wakiTxva. amitomac
ive­dreba: `Tavs gaufrTxildi oriTia, mze morCiliviT SegiSrobs
cre­ mlebs, udabno aris dedamiwa Sens iqiT CemTvis, niJarasaviT
Se­minaxe saTuTad igi, ijaras mxolod naturiT vixdi.~
marTebulad werda brodski: `baxs saocrad gaumarTla, Rmer­
T­Ta Sesaqebad qoralebs an kantantas werda, uSualod uzenaess
mi­marTavda. dRes, roca poeti imaves moindomebs, iZulebulia irib
met­yvelebas mimarTos: `ar gabedo sikvdili adre. gaaReT kari da
sar­ kmeli, mze SemouSviT sul erTi cida. aivanze qalebi sxedan,
mga­loblebi galoben gareT,~ _ wers g. kalandia da STambeWdavi me­
ta­forebiT migvaniSnebs, bedisweris ulmoblobaze, magram nugeSs
uf­lisadmi rwmenasa da erTgulebaSi xedavs _ mudmivad fsalmuns kiT­
xulobs da `wmindanebis Tormeti dasi fexSiSveli gadadis wyal­ze~.
`wmindanebis Tormeti dasis~ fexSiSveli siaruli ra­ Rac
saocari siwmindiT gvmsWavlavs da gvinergavs rwmenas, gva­g­r­Zno­
binebs uflis Zalas mis striqonebSi, rameTu mxolod uflis rCe­
uls xelewifeba miayurados mkiTxveli idumali xmebiT moculi
sam­yaros harmonias, daanaxos `rogor amodis veSapiviT Savi zRvidan
Se­modgomis Rrubeli qarSi, rogor gakrTeba elva oqros qoSiT
da mamlis deziT~. am striqonebiT poetma xatovnad warmoaCina
Ta­ visi ufaqizesi gancda, ocnebebisa da ukeTesi momavlisaken
swra­ fvis yovlisSemZleobac. da ramdenad gasakviric ar unda
iyos, poetis yoveli sityva qristianuli mrwamsiT imuxteba da
misi xilvis logika, analizis sizuste, poeturi sintaqsis vir­tu­
ozuli flobis unari gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT gamokveTs az­ris
siRmiseul bunebas: da mainc: `RmerTi ganagebs sofels da car­
gvals da misiT xelobs brZeni da xeli, ise var, TiTqo sanTlebis
nacvlad, saflavis qvebi miWiravs xeliT~ (`ledi makbeti~), _ aq
gvi­xatavs ra lirikuli personaJis tragikul yofas, migvaniSnebs
sik­vdilis garduvalobazec. sicocxlis warmavlobis sevdian Te­
mebze. aseve unda iTqvas, rom poeti maqsimebSi STambeWdavad ga­
moxatavs drois majiscemas, kataklizmebs, ramac adamianebi su­
li­ erad Searyia. `aq yovelive erTi mtveria, romelic Tvalebs
miv­sebs da RvTiur sinaTles sul ufro da ufro ganveSorebi, ke­
del-kedel, xan aq, xan iq, xeliscecebiT davxetialob didi cxo­v­
re­bis miRma, gavkadnierdebi erT marTlac sityvaze RvTis TamaSia
ada­miani, wers wminda grigol RvTismetyveli (`garegani adamianis
139
nak­
lebfaseulobasa da arsebuli sinamdvilis amaoebaze~) _ am
sit­yvebis gamoZaxilia geno kalandias poeturi xilvebi.
`maqsimebi~ _ geno kalandias amayi da Zlieri sulis gamonaSuqia.
sas­waulebrvia mSvenierebis wminda taZarSi damkvidrebuli poetis
lo­cva-vedreba, uzenaesis saydari, sulis savane isev poetis gu­
lia. uflis xmebiT aRfrTovanebuli poeti fexiswverebze Semdgari
Ta­obebs gadasZaxebs: `TvalebiT momaqvs margaliti _ mdinaris
zvirTi~.
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom geno kalandiam Cvenamde
moitana uCveulo margalitebi, azvirTebuli mdinare _ didi
poezia, romelic Taobebis sulieri wvrTnisa da ganaTlebis mTeli
skolaa.

bibliografia:
boCkova, 1963 _ boCkova luiza. literaturuli werilebi. Tb., 1963;
kalandia, 2015 _ kalandia geno. maqsimebi. ortomeuli. Tb., 2015;
mesxia, 2004 _ mesxia ciala. gza WeSmariti Semoqmedisa. Tb., 2004;
mesxia, 2013 _ mesxia ciala. miTi da realoba. geno kalandias poezia, _
gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~. #65, 2013;
oniani, 2003 _ oniani esma. musika, poezia, ferwera. Tb., 2003;
orjonikiZe, 2010 _ orjonikiZe iza. ra aris poezia? dRiuris furc­le­
bi­­dan, _ Jurn. `Cveni mwerloba~. #6, 2010;
fanjikiZe, 1986 _ fanjikiZe guram. rCeuli. Tb., 1986;
yauxCiSvili, 1953 _ yauxCiSvili simon. berZnuli literaturis istoria.
t. 1: elinuri periodi. meore Sevsebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema. Tb.,
1950;
SavlaZe, 2014 _ SavlaZe Temur. aRsarebis sagalobeli, _ gaz. `literatu­
ru­li saqarTvelo~. 14 Tebervali, 2014.

TSIALA MESKHIA1
GENO KALANDIA’S MAXIMAS
Poetry of Geno Kalandia portrayed modern civilisation by means of the
caleidoscopic using of symbolic imagery and a carefully organized system of ref-
ereuces to a variety of myths and literary works. True poetry, Geno Kalandia
thought, is impersonal. The poets mind is a catalyst wich causes dispirate ele-
ments of experience to fuse into new wholes. Technically, Geno Kalandia’s great
achievement was to create rhytms and images and stresses of modern life. His
poetry makes a great demand of the reader’s erudition, on this capacity to un-
derstand the complex allisions, literary, philosophical and mythological that
characterize Geno Kalandia’s verse.
1
Tsiala Meskhia – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.
140
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

lela mircxulava1

masmediis roli da mniSvneloba `teqstis~ gavrcelebasa

da mkiTxvelisTvis `sworad~ miwodebaSi

XXI saukuneSi masmedia, teqnikuri xasiaTidan da drois pa­

ra­metrebidan gamomdinare, komunikaciis erT-erT ZiriTad da
`ide­ alur~ formad iqca, ra Tqma unda, teqnikur xasiaTSi igu­
lis­xmeba misi swrafi gavrceleba da moqmedeba. am SemTxvevaSi mas­
me­dias ver uwevs konkurencias komunikaciis verc erTi forma.
misi yvelganyofnisa da misawvdomobis wyalobiT (rogorc siv­ r­
ce-drois, aseve sxva mxareebiT), samyaro `gamoiyureba~ ara ise,
ro­ goric is aris realurad, aramed iseTad rogoradac gvTa­ va­
zobs, gvixatavs mas `masmedia~. sabolood, samyaro, mediis ze­mo­
qme­debiTa da xelSewyobiT, iqceva `simuliarkad~. sworad SeniSnavs
ger­ maneli sociologi niklas lumani: `kiTxva masmediaze aris
yve­laze mTavari kiTxva, romelic Cven SegviZlia dRes davsvaT.
mas­mediis kvlevam dRemde mxolod problemuri kiTxvebis mcire
na­
wils gasca pasuxi. es mdgomareoba gamowveulia erTis mxriv
imiT, rom dRemde masmediisadmi midgoma mxolod zegavlenis kv­
le­­vas warmoadgena (impact research-s niSnavda). es imitom, rom kv­
le­vis obieqts mosaxleobis ganwyobebze masmediis zegavlena war­
mo­adgenda. magaliTad: politikis sferoSi romeli saarCevno
pro­­paganda TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols, an reklamis sferoSi ra
sa­xis-tipis reklamaa mosawoni. meore midgomaa teqnologiuri,
ro­melic SriftiT, wignis beWdviT da radio teqnikis kvlevebiT,
aq yuradReba ufro eqceva imis dadgenas Tu axali teqnologia
sa­zogadoebaze, sazogadoebriv komunikaciaze ra gavlenas axdens
da ra efeqti aqvs. me vfiqrob, rom es orive specializebuli mid­
go­­maa. erTis mxriv teqnologiuri da meores mxriv zegavlenaze
ori­entirebuli~ (lumani, 1993).
germaneli sociologis niklas lumanis mixedviT, masmedia aris
1
lela mircxulava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo univer­
si­teti.
141
ar­si `yvela sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebisa, romlebic gamoiyeneba
in­formaciis gasavrceleblad teqnikurad mravalricxovan sa­Su­ale­
beb­Si~ (lumani, 2007: 12); swored es ganapirobebs mis ganusazRvrel
Za­lauflebasa da yovlismomcvelobas, radganac `yvelaferi rac
Cven viciT Cveni sazogadoebis Sesaxeb da sxvaTa Soris samyaros
Se­saxeb, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, masmediidan vigebT. es Seexeba ara
mxolod sazogadoebaSi arsebul codnas, aramed zogadad bu­ ne­
bis codnas, samyaros Secnobas~ (lumani, 2007: 11-14)... magram aqve
ar­sebobs masmediisadmi postmodernistuli damokidebuleba, ra­m­
de­nad aris mis mier SemoTavazebuli informacia realoba da ara
(Cvens mier ukve naxsenebi) simularki, swored es midgoma iwvevs
eWvs, winaaRmdegobis grZnobas, da rogorc n. lumani aRniSnavs:
`eW­vi Segvaqvs ra rom CveniT manipulireben. Tumca es arafers
cvlis, radgan codna romelsac masmediidan viRebT, TiTqos Ta­
vis­dauneburad Caketil karkass qmnis Cvens irgvliv, romlis Ti­
To­ euli elementi erTmaneTs amyarebs, amtkicebs~ (lumani, 2007:
15). Tuki barti masmediis aRsaniSnad xmarobs sityvas `miTologia~,
lu­ mani mas `realur realobas~ uwodebs. informaciis, Set­ yo­
binebisa da gagebisgan Semdgari komunikacia sazogadoebas mud­
mi­vad moulodnelobebis molodinSi amyofebs, rac vfiqrob, mi­si
uZlieresi mxarea, politika, ekonomika, kultura... is rac aris
ukve dRes, SesaZlebelia wamebSi, Cveni mxedvelobis areSive Se­ic­
va­los.
masmedizirebul samyaroSi `realur drosac~ ki aqvs `pre­
ten­­­zia~ realobaze, Tumca, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens movlenebis
fan­­­
tasmagoriul sinqronizacias, romelic angrevs cxovrebis
tra­­ diciul konteqsts, ritms da aqcevs adamianebs movlenebis
mo­­
nawiled; samyaros `suraTi~, romelsac media metanarativebis
ua­­
ryofis pirobebSi xatavs, principulad diskreditebulia.
dRe­­­vandel `gazeTSi~ samyaro iseTi ar aris, rogoric iyo gu­
Sin­­delSi, Teoriulad samyaros ar aRiqmeba abstraqtul, glo­ba­
lur, efemerul erTianobad. erTianobisa da mTlianobis nac­v­lad
realoba moicva interteqstualizmma _ es aris samyaros `er­
Tianobis~ postmodernistuli etapi. gansxvavebuli azrebis er­Ti­
ani anarekli gvaZlevs safuZvels SevkraT _ guSin, dRes da xval,
ma­Sin roca `axlos~ da `Sors~ realur droSi erwymis erTmaneTs.
bu­nebrivia literatura srulad ar eqceva masmediis gavlenis qveS,
mag­ram is tendenciebi romelic axlavs literaturuli teqstis
gav­rcelebas gvaZlevs safuZvels davsvaT kiTxvebi gavlenaze, ro­
mel­sac Tanamedrove teqnologiebi SeiZleba axdendes xelovnebaze
zo­gadad.
142
 rogorc aRvniSneT, r. barti masmediis analizisas, mis aR­sa­
niS­­nad xmarobs sityvas _ `miTologia~ (Барт, 2000), sadac mecnieris
da­­kvirvebis sagans Seadgens mTeli samyaro, radganac, misi azriT,
ada­­mianis samyaroSi yvelaferi mniSvnelovania, gasaazrebeli da
gasaSifri. termini `media~ man Caanacvla terminiT _ `Ta­ na­med­
ro­­ve miTebi~ (Барт, 2000), Tumca bartis gagebiT, miTi kar­gavs in­
terpretaciis funqcias da iZens ideologiis SeniRbis fu­n­q­cias.
`misi~ `miTebi~ emsaxurebian ara raimes gadawyvetas, an wi­ na­aR­
mde­ gobriobebis aRmofxvras, aramed `naturalizacias~, `ur­ Ti­
er­Tdamokidebulebas~ da gamarTlebas. swored es gvidasturebs,
rom aq miTis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan ar gvaqvs saqme, misgan ga­
mo­­xatuli es orazrovneba, xelovnuroba, gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas
ga­movyoT sityva `miTSi~ moazrebuli `SefuTuli~ media. aseve, r.
bar­ ti iyenebs cnebebs: `teqsti~, `werili~ da `nawarmoebi~, rom­
lis pir­ velwyaroebad Tu ganmvrcobebad Jak derida (Деррида,
1996) da iu­lia kristeva (Кристева, 2004) miiCneva. Jak deridas mo­
saz­ rebiT, `sinamdvilec~ teq­ stis saxiT arsebobs (Деррида, 1996),
kri­ stevasTvis ki `teqsti~, ro­ gorc dasrulebuli erTeuli ar
arsebobs, TiTeuli teqsti sxva teqstebs ukavSirdeba da war­mo­
ad­gens `teqstebis kosmoss~ _ `glo­ba­luri teqstis~ (texte general)
na­wils. i. kristevas koncefciaSi ugu­lvebelyofilia avtoris in­
ten­ cia, komunikantebs Soris di­ alogis nacvlad, xdeba dialogi
te­qstebs Soris. davubrundeT r. bartis `miTebs~, romelSic ga­
ba­tonebulia hiperrealoba, ro­ me­
lic aris miTis simulaciuri
win­ mswrebi kanonmdebeli axali re­ alo­
ba, aqtivobs metaeniT _
Tx­ robiT da warmodgeniT. is axSobs uk­ ve arsebul realobas da
mas axal realobad gardaqmnis. miTi yo­ velgvar gardaqmna-tran­
s­­
formirebas misTvis gamoucnob, magram in­ tuiciurad gancdil
`Si­naganze~ _ sazrisze ZaladobiT aRwevs. mi­ Tis metaena ebrZvis
sa­zriss, romelsac Tavad ena, rogorc saw­yisi atarebs. miTi `azrs
gar­daqmnis formad, sxva sityvebiT, ita­cebs enas~ (Барт, 1994). am­de­
nad, roca vsaubrobT masmediaze, mis rolze da gavlenaze li­te­
ra­turuli procesebis ganviTarebaze gve­rds ver avuvliT bartis,
de­ridas, kristevas, lumanis da sxva­Ta mosazrebebs.
miTumetes Tu gavixsenebT mecnierisa da mkvlevaris b. bib­
leris marTebul Teziss, rom XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze gar­ k­
ve­viT gamoCnda `mTeli kacobriobis arsebobis epicentris ga­
nacvleba kulturis polusisken~ (Библер, 1991: 3); b. bibleri,
da­­
go­nivrulad acxadebs, rom `kulturis goni swored logikis ur­
Ti­ erTobis (dialogis), kulturaTa urTierTobebis (dialogis)
gonSi cocxldeba~ (Библер, 1991: 8); aqedan gamomdinare termini
143
`me­diakulturac~ aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove in­
for­ maciuli sazogadoebis kulturis gansazRvrisaTvis; Tumca
mas­media _ es ar aris mxolod masobrivi informaciis, masobrivi
ko­ munikaciis sistema, is aris erTianoba _ matrica _ romelSic
aris `damaluli~ konkretuli uZlieresi fenomeni, romlis ku­
l­turul-informaciuli monopolia SeiZleba nebismieri qveynis
sa­yrdeni gaxdes (amitomac, sul ar aris gasakviri misi Zalis ga­
mo­yenebis mcdeloba literaturuli procesebis warmarTvaSi, mis
po­pularizebasa da ganviTarebaSi). dRevandeli mediakultura ga­
moirCeva informaciuli nakadis intensivobiT (aq upirvelesad mo­
iazreba audiovizualuri: televizia, kinematografia, video, kom­
pi­uteruli grafika, interneti da a.S. (audio wignebze rom araferi
vTqvaT), es yovelive ki Tanamedrove adamians aZlevs SesaZleblobas
ga­ecnos samyaros socialur, moralur, fsiqologiur, mxatvrul
Tu inteleqtualur aspeqtebs.
erT-erTi Tavisebureba: media imdenad zemoqmedebs Tana­me­d­
rove literaturaze, rom mxatvruli teqsti, nawarmoebi, wigni, fa­
qtiurad, TiTqmis sityvasityviT aRmoCndeba `ganxiluli~ an me­di­is
saSualebiT, anac satelevizio saubrebSi, riTac `pasiuri~ mki­T­
xveli `ecnoba~ teqsts, ra Tqma unda, ara siRrmiseulad, magram in­
formaciis doneze aqvs warmodgena Tu razea saubari wignSi, ra su­
rda gamoexata avtors nawarmoebiT da, saerTod, ra adgils ikavebs
na­warmoebi Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi, am SemTxvevaSi informacia win
us­wrebs teqsts. iqmneba axali modeli `kiTxvisa~ da `mkiTxvelisa~
_ `axali anTropologia~ kiTxvisa. am SemTxvevaSi nawarmoebis es­
Tetikuri mxare, kiTxvis procesi TiTqos meorexarisxovani xde­
ba. amdenad, es ormagi wakiTxva-gageba teqstisa ganixileba, ro­
gorc Seuqcevadi procesi kulturuli cnobierebis Secvlisa,
ga­moiTqmis varaudi, rom ikargeba ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi, xdeba
Ca­nacvleba aRqmisa da saukunovani literaturuli procesebi em­
s­
gavseba `piarteqnologiebiT~ gajerebul teqstTa erTianobas,
cxa­dia, kulturuli Senacvleba da informaciis simravle ar gu­
lisxmobs ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis dakargvas, verc drois cvli­
le­bas aRudgeba vinme win, Tumca prioritetebis gansazRvra im li­
te­ raturaTmcodneTa valdebulebaa, visac msoflioSi mimdinare
li­teraturuli procesebis ganviTarebis pulsaciaze udevs xeli
da, amasTanave, iTvisebs axal teqnologiebs, radganac Seqmnili
kre­atiuli sivrceebi, novatoruli eqsperimentebi qmnian axal re­
alobas, kritikosic valdebulia fexi auwyos dros.
rogorc mecnieri s. sigua aRniSnavs: `Tanamedrove ada­mi­ani­
saTvis informacia iseTive saarsebo wyaroa, rogorc resursi da
144
energia. swored informaciis kompiuterulma programirebam aq­cia
axalgazrda bil geitsis `maikrosofti~ msoflios umdidres fir­
mad. internetis msgavsad, televiziac inteleqtualuri TamaSia,
ro­ca adamiani informaciebiT erToba, Rebulobs siamovnebas, ec­
noba siaxleebs. gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, radio da tele arxebi glo­
ba­lurad avrceleben msubuq, popularul masalasa da ewevian po­
li­tikuri da erotikuli Temebis eqsploatacias, eZeben sensaciur
am­bebs, iWrebian pirad cxovrebaSi, cnobil pirTa urTierTobebSi,
er­TmaneTSi ureven tyuil-marTals, seriozulsa da sasacilos,
mom­xmarebels acnoben sxvadasxva qveynebis cxovrebas, gadmoscemen
ga­momwvevi formiT, raTa ase miizidon sazogadoebis yoveli fena,
ga­arTon da gaabruon mayurebeli da msmeneli~ (sigua, 2012: 117).
materialisturi realobis Canacvleba virtualuriT, im­ de­
nad `bunebrivad~ da umtkivneulod moxda, rom maT Soris zRva­
ri jer gafermkrTalda, Semdeg ki TiTqos (aramTlianad) ga­ qra.
Tumca is prioriteti rac axasiaTebs masmedias, Cveni re­ alu­ri
yoveldRiurobisTvis (imisTvis rom ar CamovrCeT dros) au­ ci­
lebelia: aqtualuroba, gamorCeuloba, drouloba, is rom Se­ iZ­
le­ba iyo movlenebis epicentrSi da am dros fizikurad SeiZleba
sul sxva kontinentze imyofebode; swored es `yvelganyofnis~ da
`yve­lafris codnis~ prioriteti gansazRvravs masmediis udides
rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, erTi mxriv, mSrali faqtebi
da, meore mxriv, maRal mxatvruli Rirebulebis literatura,
ra kavSiri unda iyos maT Soris? vfiqrob, pirdapiri da auci­
le­ beli. radganac, Tanamedrove adamiani gaxda masmediaze (mis
calkeul `elementebze~, albaT ufro socialur mediaze) aS­ ka­
rad damokidebuli gaxda, sul ufro meti mxatvruli teqstis ga­
eleqtronuloba moxda, misi gavrceleba ki, swored, masmediam iki­
s­ra.
mediasa da adamianis urTierTobebSi `garkveva~ axali ar
aris, mecnieruli Seswavlis mcdeloba jer kidev XXs. 30-iani wle­
bidan iwyeba, 60-ian wlebSi intensiurad viTardeba, Tumca, XXs.
70-ian wlebSi, masmedia WeSmaritad masobrivi gaxda. cxadia, dRe­
vandeli gadasaxedidan masmediis sazogadoebaze gavlenis Tav­da­
pir­ velad arsebuli modeli miamiturad mosCans; miTumetes Tu
ga­viTvaliswinebT aRqmis mravalferovnebasa da sazogadoebis
ge­movnebis cvlilebas (am SemTxvevaSi reklamis mniSvneloba ga­
nusazRvrelia); aqedan Cndeba `SerCeviTi aRqma~, romlis Ta­na­x­ma­
dac, masobrivi informaciis yoveli momxmarebeli, sakuTari ga­
moc­dilebidan da interesebidan gamomdinare, `filtravs~ miRebul
in­formacias da iziarebs imas, rac misTvisaa misaRebi.
10. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 145
 Jan bodriari miiCnevda, rom Tanamedrove masmedia sxva ara­
feria, Tu ara `upasuxo teqsti~, romelic SeuZlebels xdis az­r­Ta
gacvlas auditoriis wevrebsa da masobrivi informaciis mwa­r­mo­
eb­lebs Soris… da auditoriis reaqcia masze an pasiuri siCumea an
ag­resiuli damokidebuleba _ gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rasac
bo­ driari `usargeblo hiper informacias~ uwodebs (Baudrillard,
2009: 52-62). am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovania masobrivi in­
formaciis `kodirebis~ ormxriv procesi: Tavdapirvelad mov­le­ne­
bis Sesaxeb informaciis kodireba xdeba masobrivi informaciis sa­
Su­alebebis mier, Semdeg maTganve xdeba gadacema da am informaciis
`de­kodireba~ auditoriis wevrebis mier. am procesSi advilad Se­
sa­Zlebelia adgili hqondes informaciis Sinaarsis damaxinjebas.
kvle­ vebma calsaxad daadastures, rom adamianebi, romlebic en­
do­bian masobrivi informaciis ama Tu im wyaros, informaciis mi­
saRebad damokidebuli xdebian masze, ufro metad moixmaren me­
di­as da ufro metad ganicdian mis gavlenas sazogadoebisaTvis
aq­tualuri Temebis gansazRvrisas. am fonze zogierTi mkvlevari
Zalze skeptikurad afasebs mediis rols, zogadad, sazogadoebaSi
da, kerZod, politikur procesSi. magram, Tu Cven igive `sqemas~
mo­viazrebT literaturuli teqstis gavrcelebis konteqstSi,
igi­ve `labirinTSi~ movxvdebiT. xSirad avtoris damoukideblad
ar­sebuli nawarmoebi, mis gareSe ganagrZobs `sicocxles~, ise, rom
xSi­rad es Tu is nawarmoebi xalxuradac miiCneva. msgavs procesebSi,
vfi­qrob, literaturaTmcodneTa CarTva ufro aqtiuri unda gax­
des, Tundac im motiviT, rom auditoria misTvis saWiro in­for­
macias, ama Tu im media saSualebiT, mainc miiRebs, es imas ar niS­
navs rom yvela arsebuli literaturuli teqstis adaptirebis
mom­xre varT, Tumca unda moxdes mediis `damorCileba~, `gamoyena~
sa­kuTari nawarmoebis swori kuTxiT gaSuqebisaTvis.
mniSvnelovania gavmijnoT da gaviazroT aqtualuri sakiTxebi
_ mkiT­xvelis roli, rogorc kulturuli obieqtisa da `gmirisa~,
ase­ve, sivrce moqmedebisa da cvlilebebisa, romelSic Cvenc (rogorc
mkiT­xvelebi) CarTulebi varT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ra Tqma un­
da, vawydebiT formulirebis problemas, radganac Tanamedrove
ada­miani, am SemTxvevaSi avtori, arsebobs informaciul garemoSi,
qmnis Tavis warmosaxul, Sinagan samyaroSi literaturul teqsts,
ro­melic unda warudginos mkiTxvels, romelic missave garemoSi
Ta­naarsebobs. qarTul literaturul sivrceSi arsebobs ramdenime
li­teraturuli gazeTi, Jurnali, forumi, romelic, samwuxarod
(Cveni azriT), zustad ver asaxavs qarTuli literaturuli pro­
ce­sebis realur, Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, xdeba teqstebis qa­
146
otu­ ri Sefaseba, ara mimdinareobis, mimarTulebis, Tanamedrove
pro­ cesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed Tavad teqstis agebulebisa
da Sinaarsis mixedviT.
aucilebelia, gaviazroT mkiTxvelis monawileoba, CarTu­
lo­ba, TviTiniciativis gamovlena, rogorc masmediaSi, aseve li­
teraturaSi. vfiqrob, Tanamedrove avtorTa nawilma fexi au­wy­o
drois moTxovnas, zogjer `zedmetadac~; avtorTa nawili, rom­
le­bic gansakuTrebiT `kiTxvad~ avtorebad iTvlebian erTgvarad
mo­eqcnen mediis `zewolis~ qveS, daiwyes mediis mier dadgenili
Ta­maSiT TamaSi da ZiriTad literaturuli Rirebulebis miRma
dar­Cnen. ekranizaciis SemTxvevaSi romanis narativi, SesaZloa kar­
gad iyos asaxuli ekranze, mravalSriani kompoziciiT, TamaSiT, ma­
gram specifikuri pozicia, avtoris ganwyoba srulyofilad gad­
mo­xatuli ver iqneba; cxadia, aq avtoris mier Seqmnili teqsti
Sor­ deba mas da iwyebs damoukidebel arsebobas, imdenadac ki,
rom mis mier SemoTavazebuli ZiriTadi idea formas icvlis da
re­Jisoris `kuTvnileba~ xdeba. Sedegad klasikuri romani xdeba
mZe­vali calsaxa interpretaciisa da iqceva msubuq `produqtad~.
swo­red es sakiTxebi iwvevs kiTxvis niSnebs, amitomac aris saWiro
ga­
vmijnoT da gamovyoT `sazRvrebi~ mxatvrul da aramxatvrul
te­qstebs Soris. aseve, mniSvnelovania literaturuli kritikis
ar­seboba, romelic publicisturi Semoqmedebis saxeobad unda
ga­
nvixiloT. vfiqrob, literaturis kritikam unda gamoiyenos
mas­­
mediis ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba da Tavad misces mi­ mar­
Tu­ leba teqstis gavrcelebisa da Sefasebas sazogadoebaSi (ms­
gavs mcdelobas vxedavT gamomcemelTa mxridan), is unda ax­
de­n­­
des zemoqmedebas mkiTxvelze da ara masmediaSi arsebuli
in­­
teraqtiuloba, romelic calkeuli individis subieqtur mo­
sazrebazea damyarebuli. literaturuli kritikis erT-er­ Ti
saintereso da metad gavrcelebuli forma _ sagazeTo kri­ ti­­
­
kuli gamosvla, masze morgebuli analitikuri da satiruli pu­
b­
licisturi Janrebi, Zalze qmediTi iaraRia Tanamedrove Jur­ ­
nalistis xelSi. am SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli kritika, ro­gorc
publicisturi ideis matarebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi sa­ Su­aleba
(obieqtur sinamdvileze zemoqmedebis mxatvruli xer­ xi), uSu­
alodaa CarTuli Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis social-po­li­ti­kur
aspeqtSi.
amrigad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi masobrivi mediis roli
Tan­daTanobiT yvela sferos edeba; amitomac mniSvnelovania ara
mis TamaSSi CarTva, aramed misi gamoyeneba mxatvruli, Semoqmedebis
cno­bierebis amaRlebis saqmeSi da masze didi mokavSire Tanamedrove
147
li­teraturas arc eyoleba, radganac postmodernizmidan dRemde
li­teraturis procesebis ganviTarebaze udides gavlenas swored
mas­media axdens (vfiqrob, swored misi gavleniT `miilia~ Cveni
yovlis momcveli postmodernizmic).
Tanamedrove media qmnis axali tipis mkiTxvels, avtors, ro­
melic emsgavseba personaJs; aseve, `aiZulebs~ literaturas mi­
iRos monawileoba mediateqnikis `popularizaciaSi~ _ moamzados
mo­mavali mkiTxveli kiTxvisTvis; cvlis nawarmoebisa da teqstis
gav­rcelebis teqnikas, magaliTad, tradiciuli literatura war­
mo­udgenelia vertikaluri, ierarqiuli RerZis gareSe, im dros
ro­ca Tanamedrove versiiT misi ganTavseba globalur qselSi yve­
la formiT da stiliT aris SesaZlebeli, faqtiurad iqmneba ie­
rar­ qia da am ierarqiaSi saboloo jamSi mkiTxveli iyo, aris da
iq­neba literaturuli procesis mTavari figura.
amdenad, mTeli samyaro _ aris media, da piriqiT. ra Tqma un­
da, mediis es daxasiaTeba, ar unda gavigoT rogorc misi sruli da
sa­boloo aRwera, radganac warmodgenili realoba kacobriobis
ga­mocdilebis fonze SeiZleba moCvenebiTi iyos. ufro metic, aR­
niSnuli xasiaTi axasiaTebs masobriv komunikacias maTi war­ mo­
Sobidanve. rac Seexeba literaturas da mxatvruli teqsts, cno­
bi­­
lia, rom nebismieri nawarmoebis kiTxva, gavrceleba, rogorc
ar­­
sebuli, dadgenili `stilisa~, Cveulebriv, damokidebulia be­
WdviT kulturasTan, saukuneebis manZilze literatura rCe­bo­da
centraluri Semadgeneli komponenti evropis kulturis gan­ vi­
Ta­rebisaTvis (ganaTlebis sistemebis Tu nacionaluri kanonebis).
Ta­namedrove pirobebSi misi tradiciuli funqciebi gamoixateba,
ro­gorc saSualeba socialuri codnis gadacemisa, TamaSebi, war­
mosaxviTi eqsperimenti, refleqsebi da a.S. rac ufro meti `in­
fo­ rmacia~ momdinareobs da miiReba mediisgan, literaturuli
na­warmoebebi miT ufro ivseba (winswrebiT Tu ganviTarebiT). ek­
ra­nuli gamosaxuleba, gaxmovaneba, Jestikulacia, energetikuli
coc­xali Sesruleba, cvlis `Cveulebriv~ mkiTxvels, icvleba mis
mi­er warmodgenili mdgomareoba, garemoeba, forma, mTlianad ki
ic­vleba mkiTxveli, rogorc `informaciis~, mxatvruli teqstis
mi­mRebi, `adresati~. amasTanave, saukunovani `gamocdileba~ li­
te­raturisa, rogorc mTavari warmmarTveli Zalisa, ar ikargeba,
ub­ralod icvleba da masTan erTad `gamoiyeneba~ memkvidreobiTi
war­mosaxva da mravalferovani virtualuri praqtika. aq ikveTeba
erT-erTi arsebiTi sakiTxi, mxatvruli teqsti amiT `igebs~, ivseba,
Tu piriqiT? Tuki sagnebis warmosaxvis, fantaziis `arCevanisas~
mkiT­xvelis Tavisufleba `damokidebuli~ xdeba ara marto avtoris
148
mi­er SemoTavazebul realobaze, aramed reJisoris, msaxiobebis aR­
q­misa da gaazrebis unarze, erTianobiT miiRweva ki saerTo mizani?
xom ar scildeba nawarmoebi pirvelsawyiss da ganvixiloT Tu ara
ori xelovnebis nimuSi erT mTlianobad? es sakiTxi sadaoa, ma­
ga­liTisTvis patrik ziuskindis `surneli~, romelma ufro didi
gav­lena moaxdina aRmqmelze, nawarmoebma Tu filmma? vfiqrobT,
na­warmoebis kiTxvis, tiraJirebis gazrda misma ekranizaciam ga­mo­
iwvia, saintereso gaxda Sedareba, romeli ufro aRqmadia, me vi­
t­yodiT, orives Taviseburi xibli, zemoqmedebis unari aqvs, zog­
jer sworad dadgmuli filmi SesaZloa teqstze ufro Rrma da
lo­­kaluri iyos da, piriqiT.

bibliografia:
• lumani, 1993 _ lumani nikolas. iluzia _ socialuri sistemebi, _ ht­t­
p­://socium.ge/index.php/articles/translations/69-lumanis-interviu;
• lumani, 2007 _ lumani nikolas. sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis sistemis
cvli­lebani da masobrivi media. Tb., 2007;
• sigua, 2012 _ sigua soso. kulturologiis safuZvlebi. t. 3: kultura
da glo­balizacia. Tb., 2012.
• BAUDRILLARD, 2009 – Baudrillard Jean. The Masses: The Imposition of the Social in
the Media, – Media Studies. A Reader. 3rd edition. New York University Press, – ht­
tps://books.google.ge/books?id=5mPfQgAACAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gb
s­­_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false;
• БАРТ, 1994 – Барт Ролан. Миф сегодня, – Р. Барт. Избранные работы: Се­ми­
оти­ка. Поэтика. М., 1994, – http://lib.ru/CULTURE/BART/barthes.txt;
• БАРТ, 2000 – Барт Ролан. Мифологии. М., 2000;
• БИБЛЕР, 1991 – Библер Владимир Соломонович. От наукоучения к логике куль­
ту­ры. Два философских введения в XXI век. М., 1991;
• ДЕРРИДА, 1996 – Деррида Жак. Позиции. М., 1996;
• КРИСТЕВА, 2004 – Кристева Юлия. Избранные труды: Разрушение поэтики. Пе­
ре­вод с французского М., 2004.

149
 LELA MIRTSKHULAVA1

INDEPENDENCE OF MEDIA IN SPREADING OF TEXT AND “CORRECTLY”

DELIVERY FORM FOR READERS

Mass media – proceeding from its technical nature becomes one of the
main and “ideal” forms of communication in the modern epoch owing to existing
everywhere and availability. World “looks like” not as it is in real but as mass
media offers, paints for us. Finally, the world, by influence and assistance of
media, becomes a simulator. United reflection of the diversified opinions gives
us a foundation to tie together yesterday, today and tomorrow, when “close”
and “far” in real time blend. Mass media exerts an important influence on all
this. That is why we should assume that in the conditions of post-modernism
subsequent epoch (i.e. it is called “new realism”) created a new medialized
trend. This as was so “diligently” appealed by “post-modernism”: “Turning of
the world into one big text” and reader’s inclusion in “the game” became easily
possible and real.

1
Lela Mirtskhulava – PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.
150
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

tite mosia1

`indo-xataelTa ambavis~ garSemo

qarTuli mwerlobis aRorZinebis periodSi (XVI-XVIIIss.) da­

iwe­­
ra SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebani: `in­
do-xvarazmelTa ambavi~, `gmirTa sikvdilis ambavi~. amaT mohyva
gag­rZelebaTa gagrZeleba `omanianis~ saxelwodebiT. garkveul pe­
riodSi e.w. `indo-xataelTa ambavic~ poemis gagrZelebad miaCndaT.
ga­sarkvevi iyo sakiTxi: `indo-xataelTa ambavi~ `vefxistyaosnis~
or­ ganuli nawilia Tu damateba? am sakiTxze araerTi mkvlevari
da­fiqrebula. gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdiT s. caiSvilis dakvirve­
bebs im nawilSi _ vaxtangamde Cven ara erT cnobas vipoviT, rom­
lebic `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstisa Tu moculoba-Sedgenilobis
sa­kiTxebs Seexeba. rusTvelologs pirvel rigSi magaliTisa­ Tvis
mo­aqvs XVI-XVIIss. mijnaze Seqmnili romantikuli xasiaTis po­ emis
`oma­nianis~ avtori qaixosro ColoyaSvili. igi eyrdnoba `ve­f­xis­
tyaosnis~ interpolarebul teqsts da yovelgvari SeniSv­ nis ga­
reSe agrZelebs poemas gmirTa sikvdilidan da gamodis im Si­ na­
ar­sidan, romelic gagrZelebiani `vefxistyaosnis~ bolo Taveb­Sia
mo­Txrobili. masSi rusTvelis Txzulebis mTeli Sinaarsicaa mo­
ta­nili. masSi mkvlevarma vrceli vefxistyaosnis Sinaarsis gadmo­
ce­ma dainaxa.
S. onianic agrZelebs s. caiSvilis Tvalsazrisze damyarebiT
sa­ubars am sakiTze. misi, TqmiT, `vefxistyaosnis~ sxva gagrZelebe­
bisagan gansxvavebiT is arsebobs calke Txzulebis saxiT da araa
Se­tanili rusTavelis poemaSi. mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs
`oma­nianSi~ mokled gadmocemul `vefxistyaosnis~ Sinaarsze, sani­
muSod moaqvs misi bolo nawili: `arabeTs misvla, rostevan mefis­
agan tarielis qorwili da munca avTandilis qorwili. indoeTs
mis­vla, ramazis Sepyroba da xataelTa zedan gamarjveba. tarielis
dasneuleba da xvarazmelTa sisxlis Zebnad avTandilisa da fri­
1
tite mosia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profe­
sori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
151
do­nisagan miSveleba. xvarazmT mefisa xelT Sepyroba da gamrajve­
ba. soflis wesiTa tarielis sikvdili.
S. oniani fiqrobs, rom qaixosro ColoyaSvils xelT unda
hqo­noda Zveli xelnaweri, ara uadres XVI saukunisa. S. oniani, g.
ja­kobia, s. caiSvili Tvlian, rom qaixosros, aseve Teimuraz I-s
gagrZelebani rusTavelis kuTvnilebad miaCniaT.
s. caiSvili Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs Teimuraz I-s poe­
zias, romelic didadaa davalebuli `vefxistyaosnis~ mxatvruli
xer­xebiT, poeturi SedarebebiT, sentenciebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom
am­
gvari sesxeba zogjer modis vefxistyaosnis gagrZelebisagan:
sanimuSod mecniers moaqvs erTi adgili Teimurazis lorikuli
poemidan `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~, `wamebaSi~ naTqvamia:
`kaci cremliTa Seindobs, Tu codva masTanac arsa,
kvlav sarecelsa altobdes, mozeldes miTa nacarsa~.
Teimuraz I-s es sityvebi gamoZaxilia vefxistyaosnis `in­
do-xataelTa~ Tavisa, romelic ukanasknel gamocemebSi CanarTad
iqna aRiarebuli:
`kaci cremliTa Seindobs, Tu codva masTanac arsa,
viT ninevelni, isxemdes Tavsa mtversa da nacarsa~.
`es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom Teimurazi `indo-xataelTa am­
bavs~ rusTavelis xelidan gamosulad Tvlida~ (caiSvili, 1984: 18).
amasTan dakavSirebiT k. kekeliZe SeniSnavda: `am azris damamtkice­
beli citatebi `vefxistyaosnidan~ da Teimurazis Txzulebebidan
arc sakmarisi da arc mTlianad damajerebelia. am citatebidan
mxolod is Cans, rom Teimuzai vefxistyaosnis damatebebs icnob­
da. isini mis dros ukve arsebobdnen, da ara imas, rom isini rusTa­
vels ekuTvnian~ (kekeliZe, 1968: 273).
s. caiSvilis Tanaxmad, `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebaTa sa­kiT­
xSi Teimuraz pirvelis pozicia ufro gamokveTilad Cans `io­seb-
zi­lixanianis~ mis mier sparsulidan Targmnil versiaSi. mis Sesa­
valSi mefe-poeti gadmoscems rusTvelis poemis Sinaarss da am
TxrobaSi gmirTa sikvdilsac exeba:
`bolodve gavles sawuTro, soflis saqmeni aresa,
ig usaxoni qal-ymani miwasa miabaresa~ (Teimuraz pirveli, 193:
62).
mkvlevris SeniSvniT, es sityvebi TiTqmis imeorebs `vefxis­
tya­osnis~ gagrZelebaTa im adgilebs, sadac saubaria gmirTa gar­
dacvalebaze:
`iq usaxoni mijnurni TamuTisaken waiRes...
igi soflisa javarni saflavTa miabaresa...~
s. caiSvilis dakvirvebidan irkveva, rom Teimuraz I ara marto
152
`in­do-xataelTa ambavs~, aramed momdevno gagrZelebebsac, `gmir­
Ta sikvdilis~, maTi `anderZebis~ CaTvliT, rusTvelisad miiCnevda
(ca­iSvili, 1984: 19).
rusTvelologma S. onianma saintereso paraleli moZebna in­
do-xataelTa ambis epizodsa da arCil bagrationis poemis `gaba­
ase­ba Teimurazisa da rusTavelisa~ Soris. Teimurazis damarcxe­
bisas rostom mefem xoreSan dedoflis wyalobiT igi uvneblad
ga­istumra imereTSi. am epizodis gamo arCili ase mimarTavs ruTa­
vels:
`rostom amtkicebs Sens sityvas, mtris moreulis yovnebas,
ar sikvdils moreulisas sadadac unda gaSvebas~.
es citata uTuod gamoZaxils poulobs indo-xataelTa ambi­
sa:
`ese aris mamacisa metis-meti sigulovne,
odes mtersa moerio, nuRar mohklav, daiyovne~.
sagulisxmo isaa, rom `indo-xataelTa ambis~ sityvebs Teimu­
razi Tavis mokamaTes rusTavels miawers: `rostom amtkicebs Sens
si­tyvaso~ da mouxmobs indo-xataelTa ambis Sesabamis teqsts. es
safuZvels aZlevs S. onians, amtkicos, rom ueWvelad arCili in­
do-xataelTa ambis avtorobas miawers rusTavels (oniani, 1982: 57)
am saintereso mignebas gamoexmaura a. baramiZe: `S. onianis dakvi­
r­veba arCilis `gabaasebis~ teqstze, iq indo-xataelTa ambis nakva­
le­ vis migneba da am `ambis~ arCilis mier rusTavelis nawarmoe­
bad miCneva metad mniSvnelovani garemoebania~. vaxtang meeqvse
`indo-xataelTa ambavs~ rusTavels ar miakuTvnebda da amitomac
ar aris igi Setanili 1712 wlis gamocemaSi. sworad aRniSnavs s.
ca­iSvili: `marTalia, pirveli rusTvelologis saxeli momdevno
Ta­obebma vaxtang meeqvses daumkvidres, magram, unda iTqvas, rom
jer kidev vaxtangamde swored sulxan-sabam daiwyo `vefxistyaos­
nis~ leqsikis Seswavla. rogorc cnobilia, igi Tavis SesaniSnav
le­qsikonze muSaobisas erT-erT wyarod `vefxistyaosans iyenebda~
(ca­iSvili, 1984: 20). leqsikonis am TvalsazrisiT Seswavlam sainte­
reso suraTi gadauSala mecniers: `aq ara gvaqvs SemTxveva, sulx­
an-saba iyvenebdes `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebas, kerZod, `xvaraz­
melTa ambavs~ da mis momdevno Tavebs, magram sul sxvagvaradaa
saqme `indo-xataelTa ambis~ mimarT. saba iRebs sityvebs Tavisi
leqsikonisaTvis da vefxistyaosanze uTiTebs~. magaliTisaTvis s.
caiSvils moaqvs sityva `damajneba~, romelic aseTi formiT mTel
poemaSi mxolod `indo-xataelTa ambavSi~ gvxvdeba.
tarieli xataelTa mefes SeuTvlis: `dia didTa damajneba
uSmagoman viT gaigo~ (e.i. Tu Sen Smagi ara xar, viT gabede (ga­
153
dawyvite) didTa (indoeTis xelmwifeTa) daCagvrao. saba zustad
amave formiT iRebs am sityvas `indo-xataelTa~ Tavidan da gan­
mar­tavs: `damajneba - daZabuneba~. ganmartebas iqve miwerili aqvs
wyaroc `vefxistyaosani~.
rusTvelologi yuradRebas amaxvilebs kidev erT sityvaze
_ `xar­xanCosa~, romelsac saba ase xsnis: `ParPanCo _ sadafs Signi­
Ta~ da uTiTebs ara marto zogadad vefxistyaosans, aramed zog
xelnawerSi `indo-xataelTa ambis~ swored imave strofs: `hgavs
Tu tyubi margaliti sxenan brolis ParPanCosa~. s. caiSvilis az­
riT, es faqtebi garkveul Cvenebas iZlevian sulxan-sabas damok­
idebulebaze `indo-xataelTa ambis~ mimarT. sulxani leqsikonis
Semdgomi srulyofis dros, roca ukve gamosuli iyo vaxtang VI-s
beWduri vefxistyaosani. poemis mokle redaqcia mainc vrceli re­
daqciebis Semcveli nusxebiT sargeblobda, magram ara ganurCev­
lad, aRniSnul gagrZelebaTagan igi mxolod `indo-xataelTa
ambavs~ iyenebda wyarod da aqedan amoRebul sityvebs gverdze
vef­xistyaosans uwerda. amis gamo, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom igi am
epizods poemis Semadgenel nawilad Tvlida~ (caiSvili, 1984: 21).
s. caiSvilis am Tvalsazriss gamoexmaura k. kekeliZe. movu­s­
minoT Cvens did mecniers: `sabas leqsikonSi moipoveba zogierTi
sityva `indo-xataelTa ambidano~, mere ra? saba iyo leqsikografi
da ara mkvlevari imisa, Tu ra ekuTvnis poets vefxistyaosanSi
da ra ar ekuTvnis. misTvis, rogorc leqsikografisaTvis, mniSv­
ne­loba hqonda literaturul Zegls, visi kuTvnilebac ar unda
yo­filiyo is. rogoria avtoris Sexeduleba am sakiTxze? is aRniS­
navs, rom yvela mkvlevari (erTis gamoklebiT, vityodi me) eWvis
Tva­liT uyurebs indo-xataelTa ambis rusTvelurobas, es eWvi us­
afuZvlo araao. miuxedavad amisa, is mainc im azrs iziarebs, rom
in­do-xataelTa ambavi aris restavrirebuli nawili poemisa. imaSi
zogi strofi rusTvelisaa, zogi ki sxvas ekuTvniso. ra sabuTi
moh­yavs amis sasargeblod?~ (kekeliZe, 1968: 273-274).
rogorc vnaxeT k. kekeliZe nakleb ndobas ucxadebs s. caiSvi­
lis mosazrebebs indo-xataelTa ambavTan dakavSirebiT, miseul ar­
gumentebs arasakmarisad miiCnevs. Tumca s. caiSvilis mtkicebule­
bani myaria da uaRresad angariSgasawevi. rac Seexeba k. kekeliZes,
is, saerTod, ar Tvlida `indo-xataelTa ambavs~ vefxistyaosnis
or­ganul nawilad, mas damatebad saxavda. didi mecnieri werda: `is
ga­remoeba, rom vaxtangma Tavis gamocemaSi indo-xataelTa ambavi
ar Seitana, imas ki ar niSnavs, rom es ambavi poemis avtors ekuT­
vnis. piriqiT, es imis momaswavebelia, rom vaxtangis SegnebiTac
is poets ar ekuTvnis~ (kekeliZe, 1945: 164). igive azrisa iyo didi
154
ivane javaxiSvili:
`ueWvelia vaxtangs mis xelT myof xelnawerTa Soris `vefxis­
tya­ osnis~ iseTi redaqcia hqonda, romelSic aRniSnuli yofila,
rom `tarielisagan indoT mefis sikvdilis cnoba~ (indo-xataelTa
ambavi) da Semdegi Tavebi SoTas poemis kuTvnilebas ki ar Seadgen­
da, aramed misi qmnilebis gamgrZelebelTa mier iyo dawerili...
vax­tangs uyoymanod moucilebia poemis bolo Tavebi~ (javaxiSvi­
li, 1956: 24).
stamburi wesiT gamoqveynebuli `vefxistyaosnisagan~ gansxva­
ve­biT xelnawerebSi moipoveba gagrZelebani. erT-erTi maTgania
e.w. `indo-xataelTa ambavi~. igi Sedgeba sami Tavisagan, romel­
ic 88 strofiania. misi Sinaarsi mokled aseTia: arabeTidan in­
doeTisken daZrulia didi laSqari. tariels Tan mihyvebian swo­
rupovari Zmadnaficebi avTandilisa da fridonis saxiT. erT
min­dorze purobisas isini moulodnelad gadaeyrebian SavebiT Se­
mo­ sil vaWarTa qaravans. vaWrebi aRmoCndnen indoeTidan momava­
li misrelni. Zmadnaficebma maT gamokiTxes indoeTis ambavi, rac
sa­zareli mosasmeni gamodga. erT-erTi vaWarTagani Zmadnaficebs
mo­uTxrobs tarielisa da nestan-darejanis Tavgadasavals. farsa­
dan mefe maT Zebnas gadayolia, miznisTvis ver miuRwevia, dasne­
ulebula da gardacvlila kidec. aman Turme xelfexi gauxsna
xa­taelTa mefe ramazs da indoeTi daupyria. indoeTi moucavs
glova-tirils, qveyana SavebSi yofila Cacmuli. amitomac scmevi­
aT Savebi misrel vaWrebsac. isini ramaz mefes uvneblad gamouSvia.
amis momsmeni tarieli, avTandili da fridoni saswrafod gaeSu­
re­bian indoeTSi.
Zmadnaficebma qedidan SeniSnes ramazis didZali jari da
mis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaemarTnen. amasobaSi maT Seipyres
ra­maz mefis darajebi da maTive piriT Seatyobines: movdivarT
Sens winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad da gaemzadeo brZolisTvis. rama­
zma, etyoba, winaswar ganWvrita, rom maT ver daupirispirdebo­
da, damarcxebas igemebda. is uiaraRod, yelze mandilmoxveuli
eax­la tariels, Tan hyavda xuTaskaciani razmi. ramazma fexebSi
Ca­vardniT patieba Txova tariels: laSqari arafer SuaSia, nura­
fers avnebT, damnaSave Cvena varT Tu ginda, fizikurad mogviReo
bolo. tarielma mouxmo gonebas, didi adamianoba gamoiCina, apa­
tia laSqars danaSauli da ase daimorCila xataelni. SavebSi Cac­
muli da mkloviare indoeTi udidesi sixaruliT Sexvda tariels,
nes­tan-darejanma Savebi axada yvelas. amas mohyva nestanisa da ta­
ri­elis qorwili. ase rom, Wiri Caanacvla lxinma, ubedureba _
be­dnierebam. avTandili da fridoni kidev ramdenime xans darCnen
155
in­doeTSi. tarielma didad daasaCuqra Zmadnaficebi da ase gais­
tumra TavianT qveynebSi, sadac wesrigi da idealuri cxovreba
da­amkvidres.
garda indo-xataelTa ambavisa, xelnawerebSi moipoveba gagr­
Zelebebad wodebuli indo-xvarazmelTa ambavi, gmirTa sikvdilis
ambavi, gmirTa anderZebi. vaxtang VI-m `vefxistyaosnis~ 1712 wlis
gamocemidan es ukanasknelni mTlianad amoiRo. rac Seexeba in­
do-xataelTa ambavs, mefe-komentatorma rusTvelis poemas moac­
ila mTlianad misi pirveli da meore Tavebi, magram xeli ar axlo
mesame Tavs da igi SeunarCuna poemas _ es aris nestanisa da tari­
elis qorwili da maTi gaxelmwifeba maTive samSobloSi.
1926 wlis gamocemaSi s. kakabaZem `vefxistyaosnidan~ mTli­
anad amoiRo indo-xataelTa ambavi, rac Seexeba poemis 1934 wlis
k. WiWinaZiseul gamocemas, mTlianad Setanilia rusTvelis Txzu­
le­baSi indo-xataelTa ambavi, rac ganmeorda poemis 1937 wlis sa­
iubileo gamocemaSi. ise ki `vefxistyaosnis~ beWdur gamocemaSi
indo-xataelTa ambavi, saerTod, pirvelad moxvda 1913 wels, anu
s. kakabaZiseul gamocemaSi, Tumca man azri Seicvala 1926 wels
da, rogorc iTqva, es epizodi mTlianad amoiRo. miuxedavad amisa,
ro­gorc sworad SeniSna S. onianma, pirveli dakvirveba indo-xata­
el­Ta ambavze s. kakabaZes ekuTvnis. man pirvelma aRniSna, rom vax­
tangiseul gamocemaSi xarvezia indo-xataelTa ambis gareSe (oni­
ani, 1982: 12).
zemoT vaxseneT `vefxistyaosnis~ 1937w. saiubileo gamocema,
sadac mTlianad Sesulia indo-xataelTa ambavi, samagierod es epi­
zodi amoRebul iqna poemis 1966 wlis gamocemidan, anu rusTa­ve­lis
II iubilis dros, masSi mTlianad aRadgines Txzulebis vaxtangi­
seuli daboloeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT S. oniani wers: `rode­
sac viTvaliswinebT misi kvlevis istorias, vrwmundebiT, rom es
iyo savsebiT logikuri Sedegi: rusTavelis pirveli iubilis Se­
mdeg indo-xataelTa ambavze bevri ram daiwera negatiuri. speci­
alistTa umravlesobam is vefxistyaosnis gagrZelebad miiCnia,
ami­tomac moxda misi amoReba umtkivneulod `vefxistyaosnidan~.
mas sagangebod aravin gamoxmaurebia. mxolod 1976 wels amotiv­
tivda isev indo-xataelTa ambis problema k. Carkvianis werilSi~.
avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs gazeT `literaturul saqarTveloSi~
(1976, #32, 13 agvisto) gamoqveynebuli werili `vefxistyaosnis~
pi­rveli iubilis gaxseneba~, romelic 1937 wels Catarebul rus­
Tavelis I iubiles exeba. aq avtori vrclad saubrobs indo-xa­
taelTa ambavze, rac respublikis mTavrobis mier Seqmnili sai­
ubileo komisiis moTxovniT iqna poemaSi Setanili. k. Carkviani
156
izi­arebs am faqtis marTebulebas da ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams,
rom indo-xataelTa ambavi amoRebul iqna `vefxistyaosnis~ 1966
wlis saiubileo gamocemidan.
zemoT ramdenimejer vaxseneT mkvlevari Sermadin oniani,
ro­melmac indo-xataelTa ambavis problemas vefxistyaosanSi
specialuri monografia miuZRvna. rogorc `SesavalSi~ SeniSnavs
avtori, misi muSaoba ori mimarTulebiT warmarTula: 1. vcadeT
da­gveZebna indo-xataelTa ambis nakvalevi XIII-XVss. xelnawerSi?
rogor iyo XIII-XVIIIss. qarTul mwerlobaSi SemuSavebuli tradici­
uli azri indo-xataelTa ambis Sesaxeb? 2. amis Semdeg Cven sagange­
bod SevaswavleT indo-xataelTa ambis teqsti da is SevudareT
ro­gorc `vefxistyaosans~, ise mis gagrZelebebsac imisaTvis, rom
amis mixedviT gagverkvia: es ambavi `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZeleba
iyo Tu misi organuli nawili, poemis namdvili daboloeba, daweri­
li rusTavelis mier (oniani, 1982: 24).
S. oniani angariSs uwevs T. bregaZis mier mikvleul fragme­
nts rusTavelis poemisa. mxedvelobaSia miRebuli mxedrul minaw­
erSi moyvanili ori taepi `vefxistyaosnidan~:
`vaY sofelo, ras mabruneb, raSin xar, ra zne gWirso,
yovli Seni mondobili, niadagmca Cemebr tirso~.
T. bregaZis azriT, es minaweri Sesrulebulia XIV saukuneSi.
jer­jerobiT esaa `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis yvelaze Zveli Canaw­
eri.
berTis saxarebis Xs. xelnawerSi mocemulia minaweri `vefx­
istyaosnis~ erTi taepisa, romelsac aTariReben XV saukuniT (II
naxevari). misTvis pirvelad miukvlevia ak. SaniZes, romelsac ime­
orebs S. oniani Tavisi sakvlevi sakiTxisaTvis. gavecnoT am taeps:
`marTlad ityvis mociquli SiSi Seiqs siyvarulsa~.
S. onianis yuradRebas iqcevs vanis qvabTa monastris warwera,
ro­melic XVs. II naxevriT TariRdeba. warweraSi ara srulad da
da­maxinjebuli saxiT moyvanilia rusTavelis poemis ori strofi
nestanis werilidan; mkvlevari warmogvidgens mxolod pirvel ta­
epebs beWduri gamocemiT:
`cixes vzi ezom maRalsa Tvalni Zlivs gardaswvdebian;
nuTu eseni gegonnes sxvaTa mebrZolTa wesiTa~.
am monacemebidan Cans, rom XIV-XVss. `vefxistyaosani~ didi
po­pularobiT sargeblobda. indo-xataelTa ambis monografiulad
kvlevisas S. oniani gansakurebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs `Zegli
eri­sTavTas~ mxedrul minawerze. gavecnoT am minaweris S. onianis
mier aRdgenil teqsts:
q. kaci cremliTa Seindobs: Tu codvaT m...
157
 kacman vinme: moswavleman, sakiTxavni, ese, hpovne,
odes, mtersa: moerio: nuRar: m(o)h(klav)...
S. oniani Segvaxsenebs, rom aq warmodgenilia `vefxistyaos­
nis~ ori strofis fragmentebi indo-xataelTa ambidan. Semdeg
mec­nieri afiqsirebs mis mierve aRdgenil teqsts:
`kaci cremliTa Seindobs, Tu codva masTanac arsa,
viT ninevelni, isxemdes Tavsa mtversa da nacarsa,
amiT daexsnes risxvasa, zeciT mosrulsa, nacarsa,
waRmave wagrexs sofeli kvla misgan uku-nacarsa.
brZenman vinme maswavlelman sakiTxavni ese hpovne,
ese aris mamacisa metis-meti sigulovne:
odes mtersa moerio, nuRar mohklav, daiyovne,
gindes sruli mamacoba, ese srulad daixsovne~.
`Zegli erisTavTan~ mxedruli minaweris kvlevisas S. oniani
askvnis, rom indo-xataelTa ambavi rusTvels ekuTvnis da igi vef­
xis­tyaosnis organul nawils warmoadgens (oniani, 1982: 49-70).
S. onianis mier mogrovili axali faqtiuri monacemebis safu­
Zve­lze gamotanil iqna eWvmiutaneli daskvnebi, rom indo-xatael­
Ta ambavi poemis organuli nawilia da igi ekuTvnis rusTavels,
kerZod, `vefxistyaosnis~ daboloebas warmoadgens. man, samecnie­
ro literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel rigSi scada daedgi­
na, XVI-XVIIIss. qarTul mwerlobaSi indo-xataelTa ambavi poemis
or­ ganul nawilad iyo miCneuli Tu mis gagrZelebad. mkvlevari
amtkicebs, rom arCil bagrations, sulxan-saba orbelians in­
do-xataelTa ambavi `vefxistyaosnis~ organul nawilad miaCniaT.
amis sawinaaRmdego azrs aviTarebs vaxtang VI, romelmac poemidan
amoiRo es gaxmaurebuli epizodi.
S. onianis kvleva-Ziebis miRwevad unda CaiTvalos imis garkve­
va, rom XIII-XVss. werilobiT wyaroebSi gamovlenilia axali mo­
nacemebi: indo-xataelTa ambis ori strofis fragmentebi aRomCn­
da XVs. dasawyisis erT mxedrul minawerSi, romelic moepoveba
qsnis erisTavTa gvaris istorias. `Zegli erisTavTas~. xelnaweri
av­tografiulia... minaweris mixedviT, indo-xataelTa ambavi yofi­
la XIVs. miwurulSi da XVs. dasawyisSi arsebul `vefxistyaosanis~
xel­nawerSi. aseve mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, `vefxistyaosanTan~ er­
Tad indo-xataelTa ambis gavlena SeiniSneba XIII-XIVss. ZeglebSi:
JamTaaRmwerelis saistorio TxzulebaSi (XIVs. I naxevari) da beqa
man­daturTuxucesis `samarTlis wignSi~ (XIII-XIVss.). amis mixedviT,
in­do-xataelTa ambavi yofila XIIIs. miwurulSi da XIVs. I naxevarSi
ar­sebul `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerebSi (oniani, 1982: 254). avto­
ris utyuari daskvniT, XIII-XVss. werilobiTi monacemebiT indo-xa­
158
taelTa ambavi `vefxistyaosnis~ organuli nawilia da ara misi
gagrZeleba.
amis Semdeg S. oniani ikvlevs TviTon ambis monacemebs. Tu
ramdenad rusTveluria igi Tavisi SonaarsiT da mxatvruli Tav­
iseburebiT, rogoria misi mimarTeba sakuTriv `vefxistyaosanTan~,
dgas Tu ara indo-xataelTa ambavi `vefxistyaosnis~ doneze. esec
sakiTxis sasargeblod warmatebiT gadawyvita mecnierma.
SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar SevaCeroT S. onianis kvlevis erT
momentze: rodesac nestanma da tarielma misreli vaWrebisagan
gaiges farsadan mefis gardacvaleba, Tavi veRar Seikaves da xma­
maR­la atirdnen. maT ayvnen avTandili da fridoni, agreTve mTeli
laSqari. bolos Zmadnaficebi amSvidebdnen nestansa da tariels,
mo­uwodebdnen indoeTSi wasasvlelad. am momentSi sayuradReboa
erTi adgili, sadac avTandili da fridoni Sedarebuli arian ka­
TolikosTan da mawyverelTan (`magra eqmnnes sulis mReblad, ka­
Tolikos mawyverelad~.
savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs S. oniani, rom indo-xataelTa ambis
Seswavlis saqmeSi es taepi sabediswero rols asrulebs. Sedareba
aSkarad ararusTveluria da anaqronistuli, romelic ar SeiZle­
boda exmara rusTavels. amitomac es adgili specialistebisaTvis
aRmoCnda erT-erTi mTavari argumenti imis dasasabuTeblad, rom
indo-xataelTa ambavi poemis gagrZelebaa da ar ekuTvnis rus­
Tavels (oniani, 1982: 254). teqstis specialuri Seswavlis Sedegad
S. onianma sul sxva viTareba gaarkvia: `kaTolikos-mawyverelad~
ar aris avtoriseuli, Tavdapirvelad gvqonia `kaTolike mawyver­
elad~, romlis Secvla-damaxinjebis gziTac miviReT xelnawerebSi
`kaTolikos-mawyverelad~. amis mixedviT, avTandili da fridoni
arian nestanisa da tarielis damamSvidebelni (`sulis mRebelni~)
da mTavari (`kaTolike~) mawvevel-mrCevelni, romlebic mouwo­deb­
d­nen maT indoeTSi wasasvlelad da salaSqrod. amiT es epizodi
sav­sebiT rusTaveluria da indo-xataelTa ambis organuli nawili
(oniani, 1982: 254).
sainteresoa, rom S. onianis mixedviT, xataelTa damorCi­
le­bis epizodis arseboba `vefxistyaosanSi~ dadasturebulia XIII-
XVss. werilobiTi wyaroebiT. misi fragmenti mogvepoveba `Zveli
eri­sTavTas~ mxedrul minawerSi. garda amisa, amave epizodis gav­
lena SeiniSneba JamTaaRmwerelis saistorio TxzulebaSi da beqa
mandaturTuxucesis `samarTlis wignSi~ (oniani, 1982: 255).
S. onianis gamokvleviT, indo-xataelTa ambavi Seicavs 88
strofs. mecnierma amaTgan ori strofi, romelic ar gvxvdeba Zi­
riTad beWdur gamocemebSi, Semoitana indo-xataelTa ambavSi. av­
159
to­ris mtkice daskvniT, indo-xataelTa ambavi Sinaarsobrivad da
kom­poziciurad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli `vefxistyaosanTan~
da warmoadgens mis organul nawils, Txrobis logikur daboloe­
bas, mis gareSe Txroba gaumarTavia, usruli da adgili aqvs aSka­
ra xarvezs. mxatvruli TvalsazrisiTac `ambavi~ `vefxistyaosnis~
do­ nezea, dawerili rusTveluri stiliT, riTac is gansxvavdeba
po­emis gagrZelebisagan (oniani, 1982: 256).
amrigad, droTa manZilze `indo-xataelTa ambavis~ kvlevisas
rusTvelologTa azri samad gayofila: 1. mkvlevarTa erTi na­
wili savsebiT iziarebs vaxtang meeqvsis pozicias, ar miiCnevs `am­
bavs~ rusTavelis kuTvnilebad da mas acxadebs e.w. gagrZelebad;
2. mecnierTa meore mxare `indo-xataelTa ambavs~ uwodebs res­
tav­rirebul teqsts; 3. savsebiT gamarTlebulad migvaCnia rusT­
velologTa mesame nawilis mtkicebulebani, rom `ambavi~ rusTave­
lis kalams ekuTvnis da igi `vefxistyaosnis~ organuli nawilia. am
mi­marTulebiT gamovyofdiT jer s. caiSvilis da gansakuTrebiT
S. onianis mier Catarebul kvleva-Ziebebs, romelmac eWvmiutan­
lad mecnierulad daasabuTa, rom `indo-xataelTa ambavi~ iseve
eku­Tvnis rusTavels, rogorc `vefxistyaosani~ es gvafiqrebinebs:
vaxtang VI-m iCqara poemidan am `ambis~ amoReba, romelmac dabo­
loebad datova mxolod bolo nawili 17 strofis odenobiT
(ta­rielisa da nestanis qorwilis aRweriloba) da ganze datova
sav­sebiT usamarTlod `indo-xataelTa ambis~ Tavebi 71 strofis
Se­madgenlobiT. marTlac am `ambavis~ gareSe rusTavelis poemis
da­boloeba uTuod kargavs kuTvnil xibls.

bibliografia:

• Teimuraz pirveli, 1938 – Teimuraz pirveli. Txzulebani. a. barami­

Zis da g. jakobias redaqciiT. Tb., 1938;
• kekeliZe, 1945 – kekeliZe korneli. etiudebi. t. 4. Tb., 1945;
• kekeliZe, 1968 – kekeliZe korneli. etiudebi. t. 10. Tb., 1968;
• oniani, 1982 – oniani Sermadin. indo-xataelTa ambavi `vefxistyaosan­
Si~. Tb., 1982;
• caiSvili, 1984 – caiSvili sargis. werilebi da gamokvlevebi. t. 1.
Tb., 1984;
• javaxiSvili, 1956 – javaxiSvili ivane. qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis
is­toriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1956.

160
 TITE MOSIA1

AROUND OF “THE HISTORY OF HINDO-KHATAIAN”

During the revival of the Georgian literature (16-18th cc.), there appeared
extensions to Shota Rustaveli’s poem “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”: “In-
do-Khorazm stories”, “The Tale of the Hero’s Death,” followed by continuations
of the sequel entitled “The History of Oman”. For a certain period of time, the
Indo-Hatay stories were also considered a continuation of Rustaveli’s poem.
The opinion of the Researchers fell into three parts in the study of the
Indo-Hatta stories for a while: 1. One part of the researchers directly shares the
opinion of the first publisher of the poem “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” –
King Vakhtang the Sixth, from 1712, where he declares that this part was not
really written by the poet Rustaveli, in his opinion it is only a continuation of the
poem; 2. Another part of the rustvelologists considers this story a restored text;
3. For us, it is perfectly acceptable for the third group of rustvelologists to prove
that the author of the Indo-Hatay stories really is Rustaveli, and it is an integral
part of the poem “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”.
Sargis Tsaishvili and Shermadin Oniani are particularly distinguished in this
direction. The latter scientifically proved that “The History of Hindo-Khataian”
belong to Rustaveli just like the poem “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”. Such
beliefs make us think that King Vakhtang the Sixth hastened to separate this part
from the poem and leave only its last part in the form of 17 stanzas (description
of the wedding rite Tariel and Nestan) and removing from the poem a part of
“The History of Hindo-Khataian” by the volume in 71 stanzas. Indeed, without
this story, the end of the poem “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” certainly loses
its greatness.

1
Tite Mosia _ Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State Univer­
si­ty.
11. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 161
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

luara sordia1

umberto ekos `vardis saxelis~ zogierTi enigmis Sesaxeb

umberto eko iyo istorikosi, esTetikosi, kritikosi, semi­

otiki, boloniis universitetis profesori, evropis da amerikis
mravali universitetis sapatio doqtori, aTeulobiT wignis avto­
ri, romelmac 1980 wels romanistikaSic Tqva Tavisi avtoritetu­
li sityva da misi `vardis saxeli~ aRiarebul iqna, rogorc `best­
seleri~.
romanSi aRwerilia 1327 wels italiis Crdilo-dasavleTiT
mde­­bare benediqtelTa monasterSi momxdari ambavi, romelic Tana­
med­roveobas, XX-XXI saukuneebis problemebsac exmianeba.
yvela droSi aqtualuria rwmena-urwmunoebis, sikeTe-bo­ro­
te­bis dapirispireba, radgan kanonikuri eklesiebis gverdiT arse­
bobs mravali seqta, rogorc romanSi naTqvamia, `erT mxares ange­
lozTa gundia, meores _ jojoxeTis xaxa~ (eko, 2011: 370).
XIVs. benediqtelTa monasterSic SeuRwevia antiqristes, uZ­
Reb mxecs, `mxeci daZrwis monasterSi, veeberTela mxeci, zRvidan
amo­mavali~ (eko, 2011: 250-251).
`demonis ferxulia~ irgvliv, `ampartavnebis aspiti~ daZr­
wis, `luciferis naperwklis~ aalebis molodinia.
gamosaZiebelia monasterSi momxdari sazareli mkvlelobebis
am­bavi, romelic biblioTekaSi Senaxul saidumlo sibrZnis Semc­
vel wigns, kerZod, aristoteles `poetikis~ II nawils ukavSirdeba.
wigni saidumlo labirinTSi inaxeba, misi xelSi Cagdebis msurve­le­
bi ucnaur viTarebaSi iRupebian. gakicxulia mecniereba, romel­
ic `sinaTlis mosafenad ki ara, wyvdiadis SesanarCuneblad gamoi­
yeneba... `ukuRmarTi goneba ga­ nagebs biblioTekis dacvis wminda
saqmes~ (eko, 2011: 278). saxezea adamianTa degradacia, eSmakeuli
gziT­siaruli, berebis uzneoba, sodomuri codvebi, romelsac
ana­foriT faraven. amitomac renesansis epoqis udidesi moazrovne
1
luara sordia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
162
jovani bokaCo `dekameronis~ araerT novelaSi amxelda maT uke­
Turobebs. italiuri renesansis warmomadgenlebi komediebSi aRw­
erdnen wminda mamaTa uzneobas.
u. ekos gzamkvlevia wminda werili, qristian RvTismetyvel­
Ta wignebi idealia dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~, `zeciT da miwiT
erTdroulad xeldasxmuli~ (eko, 2011: 84). eresi amxelda samRvde­
loebis uzneo cxovrebas da amzadebda niadags renesansuli lite­
ra­turisTvis. eklesia ar iTvleboda zneobis etalonad, qristi­
anTa principebi motyuebad iyo gamocxadebuli. renesansi iyo
opo­ ziciis gamarjveba oficialur dogmatikaze (nucubiZe, 1976:
78). `renesansSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba Sua saukuneebis Teocen­
t­­ruli totalitarizmi da axali drois anTropocentrizmi~ (naTa­
Ze, 1976: 111).
antieklesiuroba rodia renesansis aucilebeli niSani. `miwi­
uri sinamdvilis Rirebulebebisa da mniSvnelobis aRiareba rene­
san­­sis prizmaSi ar niSnavs zeciuri Rirebulebebis uaryofas~ (xi­
daSeli, 1988: 21).
u. ekos romanSi neoplatonizmi, aristotele sasuliero wo­
de­­bis mier eretikosad, antieklesiurad miiCneva. aristotele id­
ga momavali renesansis Tvalsazrisze.
`vardis saxelSi~ xelovneba, mecniereba suliwmindis mad­
lad mi­iC­neva, rac gvaxsenebs pavle mociquls, romlis mixedviT,
si­ brZnis si­ tyva, codnis sityva, rwmena, gankurnebaTa niWi, sas­
wa­­ulmo­q­me­de­ba, winaswarmetyveleba, sulebis garCeva, sxvadasxva
enebi, enebis gan­­marteba suliwmindis saboZvaria (mociquli pavle,
1992: 374, mux­lebi 2, 7, 8, 9, 10).
`vardis saxelSi~ orgvari labirinTia _ miwieri da sulieri.
mTa­varia sulier labirinTSi SeRweva.
romanSi saubaria `miwier da ciur saqmeTa gamgebelze~, `misti­
kur eqstazsa da erotikul eqstazze~ (eko, 2011: 81), `eSmakeul ma­
giasa da RvTiur magiaze~, RvTiur mecnierebebze, WeSmariteba­sa
da WeSmaritebis avadmyofur siyvarulze~, am ukanasknels ki bo­
ro­­tebamde mivyavarT (eko, 2011: 147, 768).
mwerlis azriT, sibrZnis erT-erTi niSania `metaforebi, sit­
y­va­Ta TamaSi, gamocanebi, romelic yovelTvis axleburad da gasa­
ocrad dagvanaxebs da esec erT-erTi niWia, ... romelic brZens
mo­­eTxoveba~ (eko, 2011: 140).
`vardis saxelSi~ gamocana da metaforaa rogorc romanis
te­qsti, ise saTauri. masSi moTxrobili ambavi ara mxolod erTi
epo­qis, aramed msoflio procesebs exmaureba.
wignSi monacvleobs eWvi da rwmena, sikeTe da boroteba, na­
163
Teli da wyvdiadi. meored mosvlis, gankiTxvis molodinia. `Cemi
te­qsti aris istoria labirinTebisa, romani gaiazreba, rogorc
kos­ mologiuri movlena, rogorc SesaqmeSi moTxrobili ambavi~,
gva­mcnobs avtori (eko, 2011: 527).
miuxedavad imisa, rom es postmodernistuli romani ormagi
ko­­direbis nimuSia, mwerali mainc Tvlida, rom is `veSapebze~, anu
in­teleqtualur mkiTxvelze iyo gaTvlili. siaxleSi nagulisxme­
vi iyo filosofiuri azrovneba, intuicia, epoqis sulis Secnoba,
mki­Txvelis gardaqmna.
romanistis ideali iyo ara `bazris analitikosi~, aramed
filosofosi, romelic intuiciiT grZnobs epoqis suls. aseT
avtors surs, sakuTari Tavi aRmoaCeninos mkiTxvels. aseT mwer­
als sWirdeba `Tanamzraxveli mkiTxveli~ da misi teqsti gardaqm­
nis saSualebaa (eko, 2011: 830).
namdvili mwerlisTvis miuRebelia `ubiri ena mdabioTa, ro­
melTac ufalma sibrZnisa da Zlierebis msoflio enaze metyvelebis
unari ar mihmadla~ (eko, 2011: 527). rogorc u. eko aRniSnavs, mis
ro­manSi `siuJetis SesaZlo modelebidan yvelaze metafizikuri da
fi­losofiuri deteqtivia SerCeuli~ (eko, 2011: 821).
xolo saTauri Tavadaa interpretaciis gasaRebi.
`saTaurma azrebi ki ar unda daulagos mkiTxvels, piriqiT,
gza unda aubnios~ (eko, 2011: 782). `teqstic gamocanaa, romelsac
mki­Txveli axlis Secnobisken mihyavs, romani variantebisa da inte­
r­pretaciebis wyaroa~ (eko, 2011: 786).
`vardis saxeli~ aris romani rwmenaze, WeSmaritebis Ziebaze,
ara mxolod qristianul nawerebSi daunjebul sibrZneze, aramed
warmarTobis epoqaSi moZiebul sibrZnis marcvlebze, amitom miza­
nia `mravalferovani sibrZnis~ Zieba, `umizezo pirvelmizezisadmi
uspetakesi trfoba, xelSesaxebi Teofania~ (eko, 2011: 221).
romanSi ixseneba `mistikuri ena, `mistikuri netareba~, `mis­
tikuri SroSani~, `mistikuri eqstazi~ `erotikuli eqstazis~ sa­
pirispirod (eko, 2011: 815). mizani unda iyos `am mdabali samya­
rodan masze ufro maRalSi, mistikuri zeaRsvla da am mistikuri
zeaRsvlis winamZRvari~ (eko, 2011: 228).
mwerals `izidavda XIIs. benediqtelis bernar morelis `sam­
yaros siZulvilis Sesaxeb~, romelic mTavrdeba ase: `yovelive
qreba da rCeba mxolod saxeli~ (eko, 2011: 785-786). aseve imeorebda
viionis `Zveli banovanebis~ striqonebs: `vaY SarSandeli Tovli
sad aris?~ (mTargmneli daviT werediani) (eko, 2011: 785-786).
`vardis saxeli~ imitom SeirCa wignis saTaurad, rom, ro­
gorc mwerali acxadebs, `vardi mniSvnelobebiT saocrad datvir­
164
Tuli simboloa~.
romanSi vecnobiT swavlulebs, gadamwerebs, komentatorebs.
sabolood, `biblioTeka WeSmaritebis gavrcelebas ki ar em­
saxureba, WeSmaritebis gamJRavnebis damabrkolebeli saSualebaa~
(eko, 2011: 455).
warmarTul qveynebSi vardis saxe siyvaruls, silamazes ukav­
Si­rdeboda. Sua saukuneebma yvavili gadaaqcia asketuri umankoe­
bis, qristes sisxlis, bolos TviT qristesa da RvTismSoblis sim­
boloebad. vardis qristianuli interpretaciis nimuSia dantes
`RvTaebrivi komedia~, romelSic samoTxe warmodgenilia gigantu­
ri sididis TeTr mistikur vardad, mis furcelze ki netareben
wmindanebi, romelTac poeti maradiul vardebs uwodebs~ (nadi­
ra­Ze, 1957: 347). himnografTa metyvelebaSi uxvad gvxvdeba vard­
is simboloebi qristianuli interpretaciiT (miqael modrekalis
himnebi, ioane minCxis, ioane mtbevaris poezia, `nevmirebuli Zlis­
pi­rni~ (mosia, 1995: 121).
yvavilis religiuri simbolo momdinareobs solomonis `qeba­
Ta qebidan~: `yvavilebi daCndnen miwis pirze, Jami galobisa moiwia
da xma gvritisa ismis Cvens mxareSi~ (solomoni, 1990: 15). `dauj­
domeli yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa~ mariam RvTismSobels mo­
ix­senebs, rogorc `uxrwnelebis yvavils, xolo qristes ewodeba
`yu­avili saSvebelTa~ (`gza sameufo~, 1994: 11). axalgazrda mecni­
eri lela mircxulava wers: `vardis simbolo da metaforuli mni­
Svneloba axal aRTqmasa da fsalmunebSi unda veZioT~ (mircxula­
va, 2013: 126-127).
galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi moipoveba vardebis mTeli cikli
mis­tikuri, qristianuli religiis mniSvnelobiT (sordia, 1993).
vfiqrobT, erTgvari mniSvnelobisaa u. ekos damWknari vardi
da galaktionis uaryofili, dawyvetili, damWknari, gardacvli­
li, gaTelili, gauCinarebuli vardebi.
qarTveli poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi gaTelili, gayinuli,
gauCinarebuli, gadaSenebuli yvavilebi, rwmenis uaryofis macnea
(sordia, 2011: 10-24).
`vardis saxelSi~ aqcentirebulia vardis Wknoba, rwmenis Seb­
Ra­lva metismeti religiurobis, ufro sworad, gonebaSezRudu­
lobis gamo.
qarTveli poetis SemoqmedebaSi vardis Wknoba anu rwmenis
ua­ryofa aTeisturi sabWoTa imperiis `monapovaria~.
qristianuli mniSvnelobis yvavilebis uaryofas moaswavebs
te­renti granelis qarisagan areuli yvavilebi, damWknari `Soreu­
li yvavilebi~, `zarebTan mkvdari yvavilebis seria~, grigaliT ga­
165
nadgurebuli sulis mimozebi, `damWknari ia, rogorc maxasiaTebe­
li urwmuno epoqisa (grigali arxevs sulis mimozebs (sordia, 2016:
35-43).
ase Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs SinaarsiT u. ekos damWknari, gamqra­
li yvavilisa da qarTveli poetebis _ g. tabiZisa da t. granelis
Se­moqmedebaSi dafiqsirebuli tiranuli epoqis mier gaTelil-ga­
nadgurebuli, damWknari rwmenis yvavilebi.
herman heses `tramalis mgelSi~ goeTes mkerdze varskvlavi
aqvs mibneuli, romelic Semdeg yvavilTa Taigulad iqceva (hese,
1985: 223).
galaktionis `portretis~ lirikul gmirsac gulze vardi
aqvs mibneuli (tabiZe, 1977: 222).
goderZi Coxelis roman `mgelSi~ RvTismosav Tandilas jer
Sub­lze, mere mTel sxeulze amosdis yvavilebi, bolos yvavilebis
Ta­igulad iqceva da surnelebiT abruebs garemos (Coxeli, 1988:
63). amave wignSi mglebTan daZmobilebul Tevdores mama ecxade­
ba sizmarSi da yvavilis povnas avalebs. bolos, mglad moqceuli
Tev­dore mamis marTal gzas ipovis, mkerdze yvaviliT dadis da
mglebs afrTxobs.
g. Coxelis romanSi mglebis TareSia, dedamiwas cecxli eki­
de­­
ba da gaqroba elis. sasowarkveTili xalxis win gamoCndeba
RmerTi elvis saxiT, wminda sulis adamianebi freniT mieaxlebian.
co­dvilni miwaze rCebian da ymuiliT iTxovda Svelas. lukas esmis
Rme­rTis xma. `wadi, ipove yvavili!~ etyvis RmerTi da mxarze xels
daadebs. luka ipovis yvavils da gaaqcevs cofian mglebs. am yva­
viliT ikurnebian adamianebi.
romanSi naCvenebi cecxlmokidebuli dedamiwa uRmerTo sam­
yaroa, romelic ganadgurebisgan rwmenam gadaarCina.
galaktionis mizani iyo `yvavilT SemoSeneba~, misi dacva
`Sav­bneli Zalebisgan~. terenti granelis SemoqmedebaSi bolomde
en­To misi TeTri sulis da rwmenis, Soreuli yvavilebis Suqi.
u. ekos romanSi vardis Wknobas iwvevs gonebaSezRudulma,
co­ dnis da rwmenis dacileba ukiduresi asketizmi, WeSmaritebis
ava­dmyofuri siyvaruli. calmxrioba, sicilis Zalis mavneblobad
aRi­areba.
`vardis saxelSi“ sasuliero pirebi gamudmebiT saubroben
si­cilis mavneblobaze, `uwodeben mas `mdabioTa RreWas~, `mdabio­
Ta masxrobas~, `mkrexelobas~, `uwmawuri haeriT sulis SexuTvas~
(eko, 2011: 747).
romanis personaJ iuliamisTvis miuRebelia, eSmaki ampartava­
ni Tavxedi sulisa, romelsac Rimili ar SeuZlia, WeSmariteba, ro­
166
melsac eWvi arasodes Serevia~ .
`RmerTs surs yvelaferze vilaparakoT~ (eko, 2011: 750).
romanSi naCvenebia xorxes mier wignis SeWma, xarxari, sanT­
lis Caqroba, xanZris aaleba.
`metimeti zneobriobis gamo jojoxeTis Zalebi gaimarjve­
ben“. `biblioTeka Tavisive miudgomlobam gawira, saidumlom, ro­
melic mas icavda, sakuTarma siZunwem da ukareblobam~ (eko, 2011:
765).
aSkaraa, antiqristes moaxloeba, mas veraviTari codna veRar
da­abrkolebs: `codnis siZulviliT damaxinjebul im xorxes saxeSi
pir­velad davinaxe antiqriste, romelic iudas tomidan ki ara,
ro­gorc misi winaswarmetyvelni amtkiceben, an romelime Soreuli
qve­ynidan, antiqriste siyvarulidan SeiZleba iSvas, RmerTis an
WeS­maritebis avadmyofuri siyvarulidan iseve, rogorc wmindani
Se­iZleba mwvaleblad iqces an naTelmxilveli satanis msaxurad...
xorxes qmedeba eSmakeuli iyo, radgan ase avxorcielad etrfoda
WeSmaritebas~ (eko, 2016: 768).
romanSi aSkaraa qristianuli dogmatikis, asketizmis dapi­ri­
s­pireba renesansuli adamianis idealTan.
benediqtelTa monasterSi apokalifsis xseneba mosalodneli
ube­durebis SefarviT mauwyebelia.
antiqristes xomaldis marTvaSi monawileobas aRiarebs `var­
dis saxelis~ erT-erTi personaJi _ mekuWnave remigusi.
romanis avtors ar swams samyaros ganaxleba arc eklesiis da
arc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meoxebiT: `kacTa modgmis ganax­le­
bis ar daijero, roca masze samRvdeloeba da samefo kari lapara­
kobs~ (eko, 2011: 677).
monastris biblioTekaSi Caketil aristoteles poetikis II
wigns sagangebod malavs xarxe: `am wigniT SeiZleba luciferis na­
perwkali gakardes da mTeli samyaro axal cecxlSi gaxvios. sici­
lis cduneba iluzia sikvdilis SiSs daamarcxebs, SiSis gareSe ki
Cven, codvilni saRa viqnebiT~ (eko, 2011: 743-744).
`es wigni amarTlebs komedias, satirasa da mibaZvas. berZenma
fi­losofosma aristotelem namdvili mteri siciliT unda ganaia­
ra­Ros. sicili mdabioTa saqmea... vinmem rom aristoteles darad
si­tyvis xelovneba basr iaraRad aqcios, es iqneboda ubedureba~
(eko, 2011: 745).
bibliaSi dagmobilia ara saerTod sicili, aramed udrooo
sicili. yovelives Tavisi dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am
cis­qveSeTSi. `...Jami tirilisa da Jami sicilisa, Jami glovisa da
Jami lxinisa~ (eklesiaste, III,1,3, _ biblia, 1990: 47).
167
 dasjadia sxvis ubedurebaze sicili: `vinc sapyars dascinis,
mis Semoqmeds Seuracxyofs. vinc ubedurebaze icinis, sasjels
ver gadaurCeba~ (igavni solomonisa, 17,6 _ biblia, 1990: 628).
wminda werili gvafrTxilebs: `nu xarob Seni mtris dacemiT
da misi waborZikebiT nu ilxens Seni guli~ (igavni solomonisa 29,­
17­ _ biblia, 1990: 633).
eklesiaste Segvagonebs: `tirilSi wasvla sjobs lxinSi was­
vlas, radgan iq aris bolo kacisa~ (eklesiaste, 7,2, _ biblia, 1990).
dagmobilia briyvis uazro sicili, rogorc amaoeba: `briyvis si­
cili qvabis qveS fiCxis tkacuns hgavs, amaoebaa~ (eklesiaste 7,6
_ biblia, 1990: 47). `brZenis fiqrebi glovis saxlSia, ugunurTa
fi­q­
re­bi mxiarulebis saxlSi~ (eklesiaste, 7,4 _ biblia, 1990: 8).
`samoseli, sicili da siaruli amxels adamians~ (sibrZne ziraqisa
19,3 _ biblia, 1990: 7).
u. ekos romanSi mravalgzis Cndeba dapirispireba miwier sia­
mesa da zeciur miswrafebebs Soris. maT konfliqts efuZneba e.w.
`dis­ciplinis drama~.
Sua saukuneebi cnobilia garegani da Sinagani silamazis dapi­
ris­pirebiT, miwieri silamazis warmavlobis sinanuliT. asketebi
sa­soebiT Sehyurebdnen mxolod Sinagan silamazes, romelsac sikv­
dili ar uweria. saSineli wamebis Semdegac ki martvilTa sxeulebi
Si­nagani mSvenierebis naTels asxivebdnen. aSkaraa u. ekos kritiku­
li damokidebuleba ukiduresi asketizmisadmi.
mwerlis idiali iyo `integrirebuli civilizacia~, romelic
gamoricxavs konfliqts faseulobaTa sistemasTan. es gulisxmobs
si­lamazisa da sargebliani morigebas, sasiamovnos sasargebloTi
Sevsebas. sqolastikuri esTetikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani proble­
ma iyo metafizikur safuZvelze mSvenierebis, sxva faseulobebTan
er­Tianoba.
mudmivad iyo diskusia silamazis transcendenturobis Ses­
axeb. TviT eklesiis mdidruli mowyoba, sakravi instrumentebis
ga­moyeneba miuReblad miiCneoda, radgan locvis Zalas anelebda
da xilul silamazeze gadadioda mlocvelis yuradReba.
Sua saukuneebSi silamaze ganixileboda, rogorc wminda in­
teleqtualuri kategoria, rogorc moraluri harmonia, me­ta­fi­
zi­kuri naTeba, `sqolastika silamazeSi gulisxmobda RmerTis ro­
meliRac atributs~ (eko, 2015-2016:110-121).
u. eko amxelda rwmenis saxeliT movlenil gonebriv sibeces,
WeS­maritebis winaaRmdeg WeSmaritebis saxeliT brZolas, codnisa
da rwmenis dacilebas, radgan marto codna, rwmenis gareSe ampar­
tavnulia da unayofo, codnisgan daclili rwmena ki fanatikuri
168
si­brmavis saTavea. wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli gvaswavlis: `fanatiku­
ria rjuli miwierad gagebuli... da kidev saRi gonebisaa rjuli
su­lierad gagebuli („gza sameufo, 1994: 3). `rwmenaze daSenebuli
codna siyvarulia~ (wm. grigol noseli) („gza sameufo, 1994: 3).
`vardis saxelSi~ aqcentirebulia, rom qriste ki ar icinoda,
mud­mivad Wmunavda.
galaktioni amxelda aTeisturi epoqis ukeTurobebs, enat­re­
boda `trfoba sruli~, poeti TiTqos xedavda Ze RmerTis _ `mo­
mavlis Crdilis~ mWmunvarebas, radgan yovlismxilvel ufals aZr­
wunebda adamianTa uzneoba, uzenaesis daviwyeba (galaktioni, 1977:
17).
ase Sexvdnen erTmaneTs uneburad sxvadasxva qveynis sityvis
titanebi _ umberto eko, galaktioni, terenti graneli, goderZi
Coxeli da toliviT CamoarTves erTmaneTs xeli...

bibliografia:
• biblia, 1990 _ biblia or wignad. wigni 2. Tb., 1990;
• `gza sameufo~, 1994 _ `gza sameufo~. #1, 1994;
• mociquli pavle, 1992 _ mociquli pavle. I korinTelTa, _ axali aR­T­
q­ma da fsalmunebi. stokholmi, 1992;
• solomoni, 1990 _ qebaTa qeba solomonisa, _ biblia or wignad. w. 2.
Tb., 1990;
• galaktioni, 1977 _ tabiZe galaktion. rCeuli. Tb., 1977;
• eko, 2011 _ eko umberto. vardis saxeli. Targmani xaTuna cxadaZis.
Tb., 2011;
• eko, 2015-2016 _ umberto eko. esTetikuri aRqmis aspeqtebi Suasaukune­
ebSi, _ Jurn.: `sjani~. Tb., 2015-2016;
• mircxulava, 2013 _ mircxulava lela. teqstisa da saTauris urTier­
T­mimarTebis zogierTi aspeqti umberto ekos romanSi `vardis saxe­
li~, _ Jurn.: `kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi~. #1, 2013;
• mosia, 1995 _ mosia tite. saRvTo saxismetyveleba. zugdidi, 1995;
• nadiraZe, 1958 _ nadiraZe giorgi. rusTavelis esTetika. Tb., 1958;
• naTaZe, 1976 _ naTaZe nodar. Salva nucubiZe da renesansis probleme­
bi, _ wgn.: S. nucubiZe. Sromebi. t.4. Tb., 1976;
• nucubiZe, 1976 _ nucubiZe Salva. Sromebi. t. 4: rusTveli da aRmosav­
lu­ri renesansi. redaqtori S. xidaSeli. Tb., 1976;
• sordia, 2011 _ sordia luara. mefistofelis saukune da galaktioni.
Tb., 2011;
• sordia, 2016 _ sordia luara. terenti granelis enigmebi. Tb., 2016;
• Coxeli, 1988 _ Coxeli goderZi, mgeli. Tb., 1988;
• xidaSeli, 1988 _ xidaSeli Salva. qarTuli renesansis sakiTxebi. Tb.,
1988:
• hese, 1985 _ hese herman. damsvenebeli. tramalis mgeli. Tb., 1985.

169
 LUARA SORDIA1

ABOUT SOME ENIGMAS IN “THE NAME OF THE ROSE”

BY UMBERTO ECO

Umberto Eco’s novel “The Name of the Rose” was written in 1980 and
became the bestseller the same year. The book is an example of philosophic
detective and is marked with postmodernist manner.
In the novel the action takes place in the 14th century Benedict Monastery,
in the secret labyrinth of which the searchers for the II part of the Aristotle’s
Poetics die horrifically. The Monastery restricts Aristotle’s work as it justifies the
comedy, laughter. The guide of the novel’s author is the Bible, the books by the
Christian theologians. The limitations, immorality, Sodom sins, separation from
knowledge and faith are unacceptable to the author.
The unhealthy love of the truth takes the monks to the condemnation of
the truth and the commitment of crime.
They consider the comedy and laughter as immorality while forgetting the
Biblical admonition that “A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn,
and a time to dance” (Ecclesiastes, III, 1.3); That unjust is not the healthy laugh-
ter in general, but the foolish laughter; that mocking of the prisoner, the unlucky
and the enemy is to be punished for.
The title of the novel, which is considered by the author as a riddle is a
Biblical symbol. In theology the rose is a symbol of the Lord, Mary the Mother
of God, Saint George and the angels.
In The Name of the Rose the dried rose is emphasized as the denial of
faith.
In Galaktion Tabidze’s poetry the dried, frozen, trampled rose is the char-
acterization of the faithless epoch. The same essence is seen in Terenti Graneli’s
dried “Faraway Flowers”. In Goderdzi Chokheli’s novel The Wolf the Lord tasks
Luka in the vision to find the flower, which means serving the faith.
This is how the authors from different epochs respond to the eternal reli-
gious problem, independently from each other; while such coincidence is typo-
logical and not genetic.

1
Luara Sordia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Sokhumi State University.

170
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

marine turava, nana kucia1

leqsebi _ Citebis gundi

(viqtor gabeskirias `leqsebis albomi~)

qarTveli poetis, dramaturgisa da eseistis viqtor ga­bes­ki­

rias pirveli leqsebi 1922 wels daibeWda gazeT `baxtrionSi~, pir­
veli krebuli 1929 wels gamoica, am dros poeti 26 wlis iyo. sa­
oca­ri xana udgas XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTul poezias: isev
aq­tiurad moRvaweoben cisferyanwelebi, `baxtrioni~ swored maTi
beW­dviTi organoa da mas giorgi leoniZe redaqtorobs, gamosulia
ga­laktionis `artistuli yvavilebi~ (1919), mas ukve `genialuri
ga­laktionisa~ da `poetebis mefis~ saxeli aqvs, 1922 wels ga­ mo­
icema terenti granelis krebuli `Memento mori~. TbilisSi in­
ten­siurad Camodian rusi poetebi da qarTul literaturul
bo­hemaSi erTvebian. am fonze Zalian Znelia gansxvavebuli xmis
Se­narCuneba, viqtor gabeskiriam es moaxerxa. misi mxatvruli sit­
yva sruliad gamorCeulia am modernistul dinebaSi, poetur mra­
val­ferovnebaSi: sisadave, Sinagani daxvewiloba, Zunwi xatwera da
Ta­viseburi xedva _ aseTia poetis samyaro. imaginaciuri nakadic
ki mwiria, yvelaferi realobas emyareba. poeti minimaluri mxa­t­
v­
ruli arsenaliT axerxebs gamorCeuli poeziis Seqmnas. amas ki,
yo­velTvis gansakuTrebuli niWi sWirdeba.
gamomcemloba `inteleqtma~ `100 leqsis~ seriiT 2009 wels
gamosca viqtor gabeskirias poezia. wignis anotaciaSi vkiT­ xu­
lobT: `viqtor gabeskirias leqsi nazi StrixebiT moxazuli ak­
va­relia, misi xma minorul-melodiuria, misi poeturi fraza ni­
uan­sebis, Sefrqveuli Tqmebis Semcvelia. v. gabeskirias leqsSi
po­etis azri da grZnoba mudam poulobs Sesatyvis gamoTqmas. v.
gabeskirias aqvs WeSmariti mxatvrisTvis saWiro simSvide~ (ga­bes­­
kiria, 2009: 5). 2016 wels imave `inteleqtma~ gamosca viqtor ga­
1
marina turava _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­xu­
mis saxelmwifo universiteti; nana kucia _ filologiis doqtori, aso­
ci­­rebuli profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
171
beskirias `leqsebis albomi~, sadac leqsebi warmoCenilia su­ra­Te­
biT _ cnobili mxatvruli tiloebiTa da fotoebiT. es bu­neb­rivia,
radgan araerTi mkvlevari da literaturis kritikosi aR­niSnavs,
rom gabeskiria poeti-mxatvaria. poeturi vizionebi misi mxa­ tv­
ru­ li azrovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia. wignis winasityvaobaSi
po­ etis Svili da wignis Semdgeneli cici gabeskiria wers: „viq­
tor gabeskiria umTavresad suraTiT az­ rovnebda. TiTqmis mi­ si
yve­ la leqsis ilustraciis da­ xatva SeiZleba“. es sityvebi aka­ ki
baq­ raZes ekuTvnis da swored maSin daibada es idea _ misi le­
q­sebi suraTebiT warmomeCina, damesuraTxatebina. am ideam im­ de­
nad Semipyro, rom TiTqmis sami wlis manZilze internetsa Tu
sxva­­dasxva albomebSi „xetialis“ Sedegad Seiqmna es wigni _ sit­
y­­
viTa da feriT gadmocemuli STabeWdilebebi. bednierad Cav­ Tv­
li Tavs, Tu SevZeli gadmomeca poeziisa da saxviTi xelovnebis
ur­­TierTmimarTeba, maT erTian organizmad war­­mo­­Cena, Sevecade
ar dakarguliyo is Taviseburi, mxo­­lod viq­­tor gabeskiriasaTvis
da­maxasiaTebeli naxe­var­tonebi, „mSvi­di sunTqva da xmadabali, fi­
q­riani simRera“. TiToeul leqss Tan axlavs rogorc ucxoeli
(van gogi, mone, terneri, ku­inji, aivazovski, sezani da sxv.), aseve
qar­Tveli mxatvre­bis (d. kakabaZe, e. axvlediani, l. gudiaSvili, e.
ka­landaZe, n. firosmani, r. Tordia, i. farjiani, T. mirzaSvili,
z. beW­­vaia, l. dadiani da sxv.) siuJeturad misadagebuli il­­­­­­­­­­­­u­s­­­­­­­t­r­
a­­­ciebi. gamoyenebuli iqna aseve fotoxelovanebis _ g. Ca­na­diris,
r. Tolordavas, T. turabeliZis, d. saraliZis, a. guC­­­­maniZis mxat­
v­ruli fotoebi~ (gabeskiria, 2016: 6).
miuxedavad bolodroindeli gamocemebisa, v. ga­beskirias Se­
mo­qmedebaze dawerili araerTi kritikuli werilisa, misi Rvawli
ma­inc ar aris bolomde dafasebuli, misi adgili ki, bolomde gar­
k­veul qarTul poeziaSi.
poetis lirikuli `me~ `leqsebis albomis~ mixedviT miC­ q­
malulia, igi ufro damkvirveblad, mWvretelad gvevlineba, sag­ne­
bi­sa da movlenebis, bunebis suraTebis asaxviT gamoxatavs avtori
sa­ kuTar Tavsac da samyarosac, maT Soris damokidebulebasac.
mxo­lod mas ar uyvars es sagnebi, aramed `usulo~, `uenpiro~ bu­
ne­bis (vaJas terminebia) movlenebsac, Tavad sagnebsac uyvarT da
ena­trebaT poeti:
miyvars is ezo, is leRvis xe da Tanac iq rom
maRali Waa, netavi, iqiT rodis avivli?
Cemgan rad gikvirT, me mgonia, rom isic fiqrobs
Cemze Soreul naTesaviviT /`Wa~/.
misi `Cumi xma~, `saWiro simSvide~ gadamdebia, mkiTxvels su­
172
li­eri simyudrove ipyrobs v. gabeskirias poeziis kiTxvisas. qar­
T­­vel poetebSi igi aravis hgavs, Tu mis TanamedroveTa calkeul
le­qsebs, poetur Strixebs ar CavTvliT. saxeebiTa da azrovnebis
mo­ deliT viqtor gabeskiria Rrmad individualuri poetia. misi
`ma­nekeni, `Sexvedra,~ `samZimarze~, araerTi leqsi _ gamorCeuli
xe­d­viT, samyaros gansxvavebuli aRqmiT amaxsovrdeba mkiTxvels.
xor­xe luis borxesi Tavis cnobil lecqiaSi (`poezia~) wers: `mi­iC­
ne­ven, rom proza ufro axlosaa realobasTan, vidre poezia. Cemi
az­ riT, es Secdomaa~ (borxesi, 2015: 102). leqsis pirvel doneze,
ide­­ur-saxeobrivi TvalsazrisiT ori Sre gvaqvs _ pirveli: ide­
ebi da emociebi, meore: saxeebi da motivebi, yvela do­neze v. ga­
beskiriasTvis mTavari realobis, yofis gadmocemaa da ara war­
mo­ saxvis, fantaziis, miRmuris Cveneba. leqsis poeturi me­ ty­ve­
le­ ba ZiriTadad sakomunikacio leqsikas emyareba da ara po­ li­
se­mantikur saxe-simboloebs. uSualoba, gulwrfeloba, xSirad
mo­­ulodneli poeturi sintaqsi da metaforuli azrovneba qmnis
v. gabeskirias leqsis gansakuTrebulobas. is TiTqos aqar­wylebs
qar­Tuli poeziis distancirebas yofisagan, masze erT­gva­ri ama­R­
le­ bis gancdas. viqtor gabeskirias xatwera swored re­ alo­bidan
amo­ zrdili fenomenia, rac sruliad ar akninebs mis mxa­ tv­
rul
Rirsebas.
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi amerikul poeziaSi gamoCnda axa­l­
ga­zrda poeti uoles stivensi (1879-1955), pirveli leqsebi 1914w.
da­beWda, magram pirveli krebuli mxolod 44 wlis asakSi gamosca,
aRi­­arebac sakmaod gvian movida masTan, 1955 wels aiRo amerikuli
kul­ turis istoriaSi yvelaze prestiJuli pulitceris premia.
ger­ manul-holandiuri warmomavlobis poetma mniSvnelovani kva­
li datova amerikuli poeziis istoriaSi. stivensis leqsebi li­ri­
kuli meditaciebia, sadac gandidebulia buneba da poeti, ro­gorc
`maradiuli diriJori~, rac gabeskiriasTan `maradiuli mxa­tvriT~
unda Seicvalos. diriJorisa da mxatvris funqcia ki, upi­r­ve­le­sad,
cxovrebis qaosSi harmoniis aRmoCenaa. stivesnis azriT, ada­miani
mudam unda Seeguos fiqcias, radgan realuri samyaro ma­inc Sors
aris subieqturi da poeturi xedvisagan. am or poets bev­ ri ram
ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan, magram akavSirebs mTavari _ samyaros
Wvreta, tkboba garemoTi, sagnebisa da movlenebis ur­TierTkavSiris,
maTi harmoniis asaxva. es kargad Cans qarda qar­du­xis TargmanebSi,
man uoles stivensis ramdenime leqsi SesTavaza qar­Tvel mkiTxvels.
anglo-amerikul poeziaSi uoles stivenss xSirad tomas eli­
otis antiTezad miiCneven, romelic daufaravad afrqvevs Tavis
me­tafizikur Sexedulebebs. rasac stivensi striqonebs Soris Se­
173
farulad gvawvdis, elioti pirdapir, yovelgvari miniSnebis ga­re­
Se gvimxels. es paraleli kidev erTxel usvams xazs qarTuli po­
eziis mravalferovnebasa da misi jerovnad, saguldagulod Ses­wa­
vlis aucileblobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs calkeuli we­
rilebi, kvlevebi, saWiroa Seiqmnas XXs. qarTuli po­eziis istoria,
sadac yoveli avtoris Rvawli da adgili iqneba gan­ sazRvruli
da dadgenili XXs. msoflio da mTeli qarTuli li­ teraturis
konteqstSi.
am bolo dros gaxSirda refleqsiebis imis Sesaxeb, rom qar­
Tvelebs zRvisadmi iracionaluri SiSi gvaqvs. amis gamo zRva­
sTan Sexeba istoriis manZilze TiTqmis ar gvqonia. `zRvis pi­ras
mcxovreb xalxs, argonavtebs dadevnebul aietis miTiur xo­ mal­
debs Tu ar CavTvliT, arasdros gvyolia floti. Savi zRva ar
gvi­Cenda masSi Securvis survils. amitomac davarqviT zRva _
zRvari. mis iqiT Cveni winaprebisTvis araferi iyo, Seucnobelis
Si­Sis garda. vikingebs sicive, SimSili da siaxlisken swrafva ai­Zu­
lebdaT faratina gemebiT okeane gadaelaxaT. Cven, kavkasiis mTe­
bis CrdilSi, Tbil adgilze mokalaTebulebs, rogorc Cans, ar
gvSi­oda, arc siaxle gvizidavda maincdamainc da Sesabamisad arc
imis mizezi gvqonia rodesme, zRvebis gadacurvaze gvefiqra“ (ma­
Wa­variani, 2010: 32).
am werilis sapasuxod daiwera gigi TevzaZis `qarTveli da
zRva~, sadac vkiTxulobT: `mgonia, rom qarTvelebis da zRvis Se­
saxeb warmodgenaTa es kompleqsi ZiriTadaT sabWoTa dros Se­iq­
m­
na da sabWoTa xelisuflebac, nebsiT Tu uneblieT [mainc vfi­
q­­
rob, rom nebsiT], cdilobda am warmodgenis kultivirebas da
warmatebiT moaxerxa kidec. am warmodgenis gavrcelebis po­ li­
tikuri motivi cxadia _ qarTvelebs ar unda gasCenodaT su­r­vi­
li zRvis gadalaxviT da zRvis gavliT moxvedriliyvnen sa­ sur­
vel adgilas _ erTaderTi gza, romelic saqarTvelos mis­ T­vis
sa­survel samyaros _ evropas daakavSirebda, ruseTze da sam­
xedro gzaze gavliT unda momxdariyo. es proeqti albaT qar­
TvelebisaTvis ruseTis gardauvlobis da aucileblobis war­ mo­
d­ge­nis gamomuSavebis strategiis nawili iyo~ (TevzaZe, arilimag.ge).
oTar WilaZis romanSi `gzaze erTi kaci midioda” zRva er­
Ti nabijiT ukan ixevs, roca friqse, berZeni ufliswuli, kol­
xe­Tis miwas adgams fexs. `aietis samefo kosmosi iyo, sanam zRva
erTi nabijiT ukan daixevda, zRvasTan ukusvliT iwyeba im mo­wes­
rigebuli sivrcis rRveva, romelic identificirebuli iyo har­
mo­niasTan, sikeTesTan, bednierebasTan, e.i. dadebiT sawyisTan~ (a.
nem­saZe, burusi.wordpress.com).
174
 v. gabeskiria marinisti poetia, es foTsa da baTumSi ga­ta­re­
bulma cxovrebamac ganapiroba, pirvel rigSi. marinistoba mas xels
ar uSlis, zRvisadmi qarTvelTa iracionaluri midgomac axsenos:
aq eweria, iqiT baRi, aq baxva saxlobs,
guli rad tokavs? _ mixaria, aq zRvaa axlos!
nestiania, mZimeao, netav, vis uTqvams?!
me xom am haers siyvaruliT da xarbad vsunTqav.
sxvebs ar vici, Cven ki, es striqonebic gveyofoda imisTvis,
rom v. gabeskiria Cveni sayvareli poeti gamxdariyo. ialqniani
ge­­mebi, Zveli xomaldebi, Rrublebis Crdili zRvaze, Toliebi _
masTan samxreTis metonomiur saxed ki ar aRiqmeba, aramed po­
etis gancdisa da azris ganuyofel nawilad, misi poeziis amo­sav­
lad. am mxriv v. gabeskiria XX saukunis udides avstriel po­ets
ra­iner-maria rilkesac mogvagonebs (1875-1926), romelsac be­xeri
`germanuli eris saukeTeso warmomadgenlad~ moixseniebs. ril­ ke
saocar siaxlovesa da Rrma TanagrZnobas ganicdis mTeli sam­ya­
ros, misi movlenebisa da yvela cocxali arsebis mimarT. amiT igi
saukunis Wirs _ Zaladobasa da kacTmoZuleobas upirispirdeba,
rom­ lis axali ZaliT afeTqebasac poeturi intuiciiT grZnobs.
igi qristianuli kulturis saukeTeso tradiciebis damcvelia da­
savleTis literaturaSi.
ase uSualod da siyvaruliT uyurebs garemomcvel samyaros
qarTveli poetic. poeziac ki v. gabeskiriasaTvis Citebis gundTan
asocirdeba:
wamofrenilan mindvrad bevrjer lamazi Citni,
gzaze mimavals maTi xmebi gamigonia...
Cemi leqsebis patara wignic
zogjer amgvari gundi mgonia.
CrdilSi yofna uyvars poets, iq Camyudrovebuli, sakuTar
Tav­Tan da samyarosTan pirispir darCenili ufro mSvidad, wynarad
grZnobs Tavs. `Cumi~ da mokrZalebulia poetis TviTSefasebac _
mag­ram Zalian zusti, SeuZlebelia isev rainer maria rilke ar ga­
gvaxsendes _ `is poeti iyo da sZulda uzustoba~. v. gabeskirias
yve­ la mxatvruli saxe, mTeli xatwera swored rilkeseuli si­
zus­tiT aris daRdasmuli im epoqaSi, roca galaktioni zeobs, ga­
laktioni, rom­lisTvisac azrs musika qmnis. krebulis bolo ako­r­
dic poezias, leqsebs eZRvneba:
rom yvavilni xarT mkrTalni, Cumni, es uTqvamT qebad,
sxva ramec xarTo? _ es ar uTqvamT, ver vityviT tyuilebs...
de, ese iyos, sxva qoneba me nu meqneba,
mxolod Cems Semdeg ar daWknebiT? kvlav iyavilebT?
175
 v. gabeskirias daxvewili gemovneba, sulieri sifaqize, ober­
tonebiT gadmocemuli saTqmeli, samyaros mWvretelobiTi una­ri,
tkboba yvelafriT, rac ufalma ase blomad gviboZa _ mis po­ezias
gansakuTrebul xibls aniWebs. vfiqrobT, mxatvruli sit­y­viT po­
eti Tavis daundobel da mkacr dros daupirispirda _ po­ezia mis­
Tvis TavSesafari, gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualebaa, Cam­yud­ro­ve­
bis ualternativo gzaa.
haidegeri saubrobda `enaze, rogorc yofierebis saxlze~, es
fraza v. gabeskiriasTan sruliad gansxvavebul Sinaarss iZens _ ena
mis­Tvis samyaros harmoniis, srulyofilebis asaxvis saSualebaa,
adamiani, am srulyofilebis nawili da arsi, ver iqneba ubeduri
da martosuli, radgan poets es yvelaferi Tavis samSobloSi `ux­
vad egulvis~.
imave leqciaSi borxesi ambobs: `mSvenieri leqsis kiTxvisas
ise­Ti SegrZneba gvaqvs, TiTqos TviTonac SegveZlo imis dawera, rom
es leqsi CvenSi adrec arsebobda. es mexsierebidan amogvitivtivebs
poe­ziis platoniseul gansazRvrebas: msubuqi, frTiani, wminda~
(borxesi, 2015: 105). swored aseTia viqtor gabeskirias leqsi:
Sen ki ar Canxar, nuTu kvlav gSvenis
Rimili, ratom ar gxedav gzaze,
me is kaci var, odesRac Seni
Crdili qviSaze rom Semovxaze.
viT bavSvobaSi, axlac silaSi
xelebs Tu malav, ros marto rCebi?
kidev Tu moCans wylian qilaSi
im dros napovni TeTri kenWeb?!
am leqsSi ar aris paTetikis, siyalbis misxali, rotorikuli
leq­sis nasaxic ki, magram aris didi Sinagani energia, vnebis sim­
Zaf­re, gancda, romelic aucileblad gadmoedeba mkiTxvels. siy­
va­rulis ukve gancdili, arsebuli modelebis axleburi gaazreba.
ase­Ti xatweris wyalobiT, viqtor gabeskirias poeturi sityva
ino­vaciuric aris da tradiciulic.
is, erTi mxriv, agrZelebs qarTuli poeziis magistralur xazs,
me­ore mxriv, ki mainc marto dgas, rogorc poeti-damkvirvebeli,
mWvre­teli. meoce saukunis lirikis sruli konteqstis gaazreba
sruliad warmoudgenelia viqtor gabeskirias poeziis gareSe.

176
 bibliografia:
• borxesi, 2015 _ borxesi, xorxe luis. Svidi saRamo. Targmna n. qajaiam.
Tb., 2015;
• gabeskiria, 2009 _ gabeskiria viqtor. 100 leqsi. Tb., 2009;
• gabeskiria, 2016 _ gabeskiria viqtor. leqsebis albomi. Tb., 2016;
• TevzaZe, arilimag.ge _ TevzaZe gigi. qarTveli da zRva, _ http://arilimag.
ge/gigi-TevzaZe-qarTveli-d/;
• maWavariani, 2010 _ maWavariani leqso. vin gadacuravs zRvas? _ Jurn.:
`tabula~. #19. 19-25 ivlisi, 2010;
• nemsaZe, burusi.wordpress.com _ nemsaZe ada. sivrcis identifikacia oTar
Wi­laZis romanebSi, _ https://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/10/02/otar-chi­la­d­
ze­-8/.

MARINE TURAVA, NANA KUTSIA1

POEMS – THE TEAM OF BIRDS

(“POEMS ALBUM” BY VICTOR GABESKIRIA)

Viktor Gabeskiria’s first poems were published in the newspaper “Bakhtri-

oni” in 1922. The first collection was published in 1929, when the poet was 26
years old. His artistic word is quite distinguished in 20th century modernism, po-
etic variety: Simplicity, inner daintiness, miserly iconography and peculiar vision
of the world – this is the world of the poet. Imagination stream is the skimpiest,
everything is based on reality. The poet is able to create a signified poetry with
minimal artistic arsenal. This requires a special talent. The poet’s lyric “I” is ret-
icence, moving to the back. Viktor Gabeskiria appears as an observer and look-
er-on. By depicting objects and events and nature pictures, the author expresses
himself and the world, including the attitude. Only he does not love these things,
but they also love and miss the poet Victor Gabeskiria’s refined taste, spiritual
finesse, tellable posed with the overtones, contemplative ability of the world,
delighting of everything that God conferred us. His poetry gives a special charm.
We think that the poet countered merciless and strict time with his artistic
speech. Poetry is a shelter for him, the only way to survive, it is no alternative
way for  ensconced. Heidegger was speaking about “the language  as  home of
existence” This phrase acquires a completely different content with Viktor Gabe-
skira. The language, for him, is a way to reflect the perfection, the harmony of
the universe, the person, part of this perfectibilty and essence  cannot  be un-
happy and lonely, because all of these are supposed by the poet, which will be
“profusely in his homeland”.

1
Marine Turava – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University; Nana
Kutsia – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
12. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 177
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

literaturaTmcodneoba

ЛИЛИАНА ДЖАНАШИЯ, ДЖОНИ МАРГАНИЯ1

ИНТЕРТЕКСТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПОДТЕКСТЫ И АНТИУТОПИЯ В ПОЭМЕ

ВЕНЕДИКТА ЕРОФЕЕВА «МОСКВА-ПЕТУШКИ»

В начале семидесатых годов ХХ века в самиздате распространилось

про­изведение, которое в последствии стало большим явлением «новой»
ли­тературы. Постмодернистская поэма «Москва-Петушки» Венедикта Еро­
фе­ева написана между 1969 и 1970 годами, она впервые была опу­б­ли­кована
в 1973 году, в Израиле, затем, в 1977 году – в Париже. Пе­р­вая публикация
в СССР выглядела комично: в годы горбачевской ан­тиалкогольной кам­
па­нии произведение с героем – ритуальным ал­ко­голиком – появлось
со множеством ошибок и искажений, в журнале «Тре­звость и культура»
(1988, №12). Поэма «Москва-Петушки» не раз переиздавалась на родине
пи­сателя, не иссякал и неуклонно рос интерес к ней исследователей. Пер­
вый труд, посвящённый этому произведению, появился задолго до пуб­ли­
кации поэмы в Советском Союзе. Это статья Ирины Папенко и Бориса Гас­
парова «Встань и иди» опубликованная в сборнике Slavica Hierosolymitana,
в 1981 году. В ней рассматривается связь текста Ерофеева с творчес­т­
вом Достоевского. Самой же фундаментальной работой, посвящённой
анализу «Москва-Петушки» принято считать монографию швейцарской
исследовательницы Све­тланы Гайсен-Шнитман «Венедикт Ерофеев, «Мос­
ква–Петушки», или The Rest is Silence» (Гайсен-Шнитман, 1989), ин­те­ресен
также специальный литературный сборник, посвящённый этому про­из­ве­
де­нию (Художественный мир.., 2003).
В. Ерофеев использует и трансформирует в своём произведении сен­
ти­менталистский жанр путешествия, эта трансформация связана с тем, что
здесь полностью отсутствует географическое пространство путешествия,
на­пример, станции Карачарово или Дрезна не имеют каких-либо от­ли­
чительных характеристик. Пространство мира в этом произведении изо­
бра­жается через преломление в сознании главного героя – Венички, че­рез
1
liliana janaSia _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­­mis saxelmwifo universiteti; joni marRania _ filologiis doqtori,
soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
178
муки его души, постепенно гибнущей в условиях тоталитарного ус­тро­йства
социума. Способ же повествования в призведении строится как ди­ало­ги­зи­
ро­ванный монолог, что побуждает читателя также воспринимать текст и в
гра­ницах исповедального жанра.
Несомненно, по всем показателям, это произведение определяется
как роман. Утверждение же писателем жанра поэмы – несомненный эпа­
таж. «Высокий» жанр поэмы, с соответствующими тематикой, образами,
лек­сикой, а так же то, что текст написан в прозе, жанр же поэмы – тра­
ди­ционно поэтический, всё это исключает фактическую принадлежность
про­изведения к указанному автором жанру. Здесь присутствует ин­тер­
тек­стуальная связь с «Мертвыми душами» Гоголя. Преднамеренная го­го­
лев­ская реминисценция обостряет главную тему поэмы – «гибель души
че­ловеческой». Персонажи, окружающие Веничку, предстают в пьяном
уга­ре, в фантасмагорическом состоянии, это люди без души, люди-схемы,
мер­твые души. Пространство существования Венички жестко обусловлено
бес­пощадным идеологическим социумом, бежать герою некуда – только
в себя или в спасительное опьянение. В поэме автор очерчивает ещё один
воз­можный путь «бегства»: принять грехи мира и свои собственные и, че­
рез страдания, идти к Богу. Веничка именно этот путь видит для себя еди­н­
с­твенно возможным.
В поэме постоянно встречаются широко известные высказывания
– литературные цитаты, которые иронически перефразируются и
переосмысляются автором, «снижающим» их в патетическом, идеоло­ги­
чес­ком содержании. Интертекстуальность, ставшая чуть ли не основным
сре­дством художественного анализа произведений постмодернизма и
зачастую определяющая их поэтику, делит ерофеевскую поэму на мно­жес­
т­во эпизодов, почти не связанных ни в пространстве, ни во времени.
Начало изучению явления интертекстуальности положил М. М. Ба­
хтин, выдвинувший, в своё время, положение о «диалогичности» ху­
до­жес­твенного текста и утверждавший, что понять текст можно только
при ус­ло­вии его соотнесения с другими текстами (Бахтин, 1975). Эти
положения по­лучили развитие в трудах Р. Барта и Ю. Кристевой, которая,
в 1967 году, изо­брела сам термин и дала ему следующее определение:
«Мы назовем ин­тертекстуальностью эту текстуальную интеракцию,
которая происходит внутри отдельного текста. Для познающего субъекта
интертекстуальность – это признак того способа, каким текст прочитывает
ис­торию и вписывается в нее» (Кристева, 1994: 447). Р. Барт характеризует
текст как воплощение множества других текстов, «переплетение мно­
же­ства голосов, многочисленных кодов, одновременно перепутанных и
незавершенных», т. е. – как интертекст. Интертекстуальность у Р. Барта яв­
ля­ется непременной реалией текста, и сам текст «существует лишь в силу
179
межтекстовых отношений, в силу интертекстуальности» (Барт, 1994: 413). В
поэме Ерофеева интертекстуальность используется и как средство по­ст­ ­мо­
дернистского деконструктивного растворения текста в чужом слове, и как
описание специфики существования литературы, и для определения са­мо­
ощущения главного героя – современного человека, которое получило на­
з­вание постмодернистской чувствительности.
История гибели души человеческой в условиях тоталитарной системы
про­исходит между двумя географическими пунктами Москвой (Курский
вок­зал) и Петушками, в постоянно изменяющемся, искажающемся, про­
странстве и времени – сюрреальном пространстве сновидений, гал­ю­ци­на­
ций и алкогольных паров. Для Венички это пространство – сон, грёзы («…
через грезы в Купавне…»). Такое ощущение пространства героем, с од­ной
стороны, подчёркивает постмодернистскую традицию абсурда, с дру­гой
– стремление к антирационализму, что позволяет аргументировать на­ли­
чие антиутопического аспекта в содержании этой поэмы как одну из форм
художественной условности. Тема господства абсурда над смыслом об­ре­
тает у Ерофеева фантасмагорическую форму трактата о пьяной икоте, ко­то­
рый он излагает на протяжении переезда от станции «33-й километр» до
ста­нции «Электроугли».
Этот трактат представляет собой смысловой коктейль из латинских
фраз и выражений, ссылок на Маркса и Энгельса, цитат из Евангелия и Дос­
тоевского, рассуждений о добре и зле Иммануила Канта. Читатель вслу­ши­
вается в контрапунктное звучание тем неодолимого рока и свободы, вза­
имо­превращения хаоса и порядка, случайности и необходимости.
Петушки – утопический мир цветов и птиц, где никого не тяготит биб­
лей­ский первородный грех. В этом мире есть то, чего нет и не может быть в
офи­циозной Москве – живое тепло, способное согреть душу. Веничка верует
в грядущее воскресение распятого мира и потому его душа раскрыта для лю­
бви. Его привязанность к возлюбленной и к Петушкам сопровождаются по­
яв­лением в тексте возвышенных фраз и красивых, чистых форм изложения
как оазисов в общем «низком», постмодернистском стилистическом про­
странстве. Это, в то же время, – ностальгическая песнь, посвящённая за­то­
пта­нным, поруганным ценностям классической культуры. Читатель может
на­блюдать разнообразные детали подобных классических оазисов в тексте,
на­пример, в поэме встречаются восклицания, напоминающие вербальные
схе­мы католических молитв: «О, сладостная неподотчетность!», «О,
блаженные времена!», «О, беззаботность!». В них несомненно про­сле­жи­
ва­ется ирония, Веничка жаждет возвышенной классики, жаждет её в своей
жи­зни и в своём исстрадавшемся духе, подвергнутом поруганию жестоким
то­талитарным миром.
Вначале поэмы Веничка говорит о том, что никогда у него не по­лу­
180
чается выйти к Кремлю, сколько не пытался, неизменно приходил к Кур­
с­кому вокзалу. Кремль в поэме – символ дьявольского начала, который
пра­вит этим вывернутым наизнанку социумом, туда закрыт доступ таким,
как Веничка – людям с чистыми, летящими душами, страдающими своим
по­иском Бога. Тоталитарный социум не допускает Веничку к Кремлю и по­с­
тепенно убивает в нём живую душу, без которой он никогда не сможет по­
пасть в райские Петушки. Веничка в конце поэмы опять оказывается в Мо­
скве, а может путешествие ему и вовсе приснилось, и он не покидал столицу.
Здесь ему предстоит увидеть свою собственную гибель от рук убийц в
каком-то подъезде.Такой конец истории Венички был уже известен в самом
на­чале поэмы, когда герой «выбирает» путь к своей гибели. Подобный
ху­дожественный прием «возвращения» позволяет автору постоянно ис­
пользовать образовывающиеся пространственно – временные, интертек­
сту­альные окна, через которые проникают в произведение все новые и но­
вые персонажи, тексты, подтексты. Также, благодаря этому приему, главной
сюжетной доминантой произведения становится движение от чего-то к че­
му-то: «Он (Бог) – благ. Он ведет меня от страданий к свету. От Москвы к
Пе­тушкам. Через муки на Курском вокзале, через грезы в Купавне – к свету
и Петушкам» /глава «Электроугли – 43-й километр»/ (Ерофеев, 2001: 74).
Интертекстуалное окно здесь выводит к роману Б. Пастернака «Док­
тор Живаго», в начале которого читатель также, как и в ерофеевской по­
эме, получает свидетельство того, как именно закончится жизненный путь
гла­вного героя. Испугавшийся вьюги, осиротевший мальчик, молится о ду­
ше матери, забыв об отце, впоследствии выясняется, что в это же время
его отец выбрасывается из поезда, кончая жизнь самоубийством. В конце
ро­мана сам доктор Живаго повторяет судьбу отца, он гибнет, выскочив из
движущегося трамвая. Подобно Веничке, пастернаковский Живаго не мо­
жет найти себе место в обществе цартва бездушных идеологических мо­н­с­
т­ров и также путешествует поездом от одной станции к другой, окутанный
ха­осом бытия, соприкасаясь с судьбами других людей, в поисках смысла
су­ществования.
Интертекстуальные связи в поэме ведут не только к эстетическим
сис­темам, культурологическому контексту и произведениям, созданным в
прошлом, но и определяют диалогические связи поэмы с современной нам
литературой. Так, в 2009 году вышел роман Олега Кудрина «Код от Ве­ни­
чки» (Кудрин, 2009), в котором автор в стиле фэнтези и постмодернистском
ду­хе пытается объяснить почти все тайны мироздания. Замечательный сов­
ре­менный поэт, Михаил Анмашев, часто демонстрирует в своём творчестве
ин­тертекстуальную диалогическую связь с ерофеевской поэмой и не только
в стихотворении, посвящённом Веничке: «Ах, этот день, вот день причуд...».
Тво­рческий диалог прослеживается и в других его произведениях. Ан­ма­ше­
181
ва можно, в какой-то степени, назвать «поэтическим Веничкой». «Ах, этот
день, вот день причуд...» – это зарифмованая смысловая, философская со­
ста­вляющая ерофеевской поэмы, с проекцией на данный момент времени,
где ничего не изменилось, пошлось и мрак, о воцарении которых известил
мир Веничка, продолжают править и сегодня, творческие, светлые, летящие
ду­ши по-прежнему обречены социумом на страдание:
А Петушки сменили зори, судьбу пророчив всей страны,
все­гда здесь радостью полны в отчаянном и страстном горе ...
И душит сладостно печаль всех зубоскалов и серьёзных,
упё­ршись в стену взглядом грозно – нам грустно, как ни отмечай ...
Да, впрочем дело здесь не в мате, хотя он связывает речь,
хотелось души уберечь – хотя бы в собственной кровати ...
Всё неизменно в нашем мире и душит нас параллелизм,
мы строим снова новый – изм, теперь уж в собственной квартире ...
Земля и Петушки равны – не думать надо, а молиться,
и сколько ленточке не виться нелепой сложностью страны ...
(Анмашев, 2017: 38).
В основе поэзии Анмашева, в классическом ее понимании, лежит ме­
ха­низм, который можно описать как чутье, тот акцент, который работает
на  выбранную художественную идею, картину. Ощущается мистичность
той силы, которой обладает  художник, совершая подобный отбор. Она
лишь косвенно связана с безупречным вкусом и чувством стиля поэта и пе­
ре­плетена с судьбой поколения и поэзии в целом. В поэтичческом мире Ан­
ма­шева такими источниками творчества представляются мировая культура
и стихия языка или, точнее, стихия живого языка – речи. Культурологические
об­разы пронизывают весь поэтический мир Анмашева, являются категорией
формообразующей для его лирического «я».
Анмашев открывает с помощью особых метафор, стоящую за ви­ди­
мой реальностью множественную «метареальность», «реальность многих
ре­альностей». Этот тип метафоры может быть определен как «смещение в
иное», «бросок в возможное». И в эстетический контекст этого «иного» час­
то входит и Ерофеев со своей гениальной поэмой. Так, с темой предавших
Ве­ничку ангелов, «молчащего Бога», невозможности видеть и чувствовать
Бо­га в этом мире, где, в то же время, запросто можно пообщаться с дья­
во­лом, где мрак поглощает пространство, где гибнут души веничек, ин­
тер­текстуально связана поэма Анмашева «Старче»... Автор ли, сам ли Бог
пла­чет... Не справляется с внутренней болью, может прав был Ницше, это
ста­рый Бог сам в себе умер, не вспомнив о своих людях и ангелах :
Не читайте проповедь – не надо!, знаю всё, решаю сам, один,
и уходит пошлая награда в окруженьи безразличных спин,
«Думай, Старче, что же ты творишь?!» – сбрось с души,
182
 калённая та тема,
«Ремесло?» – как ты нам говоришь, мы же знали – это теорема!
Что доказывать, кому, зачем и как, знаем, Старче, шуточки мы эти,
ты устроил конченный бардак, что на том, да и на этом свете!
От забот, от стойкости обид до мостов, проливов и до дома,
каждый, Старче, каждый тут забыт – это точно, знаем, аксиома!
Да не плачь ты, Старче, не грусти, нет забот, а значит нет волнений,
вот вода в натруженной горсти, вот тревога старых песнопений,
не считай ты, Старче, наши вины,
не сбивай нас с ритма древних мантр,
в смыслах мы дошли до середины,
как пророчествовал сдуру ночью Сартр ...
(Анмашев, 2017: 30).
Итак, В. Ерофеев подчеркивает в своей поэме, что ему нет места в
то­талитарном социуме, отношение которого к таким, как он, непохожих,
людей с рефлексирующими, живыми душами, он воспроизводит в са­мо­
уни­чижительной форме юродства: «с извечными законами бытия нам ду­
ра­кам, не совладать», «я и дурак, и демон и пустомеля разом».
Критики, пишущие о Ерофееве и его поэме, часто считают не­об­хо­
ди­мым упомянуть об этом юродстве, имея в виду культурную традицию,
восходящую к древнерусской словесности (Власов, 2000: 13-24; Скоропано­
ва: 2015, 50-82). Юродство – это культурный феномен, характерный для
сре­дневековой Руси. Исследователь А. М. Панченко выделяет следующие
су­щностные, содержательные и формальные черты древнерусского юро­
д­ства (Седов, 2006: 50). Юродство в литературе может проявляться как ге­
рой-юродивый и связанный с ним комплекс мотивов (например, у До­сто­
ев­ского ), особый язык (у Хлебникова) и т.д. Средневековое юродство, как
и античный кинизм, были для своих эпох чем-то вроде постмодернизма.
«Жизнь юродивого, как жизнь киника, – это сознательное отрицание кра­
соты, опровержение общепринятого идеала прекрасного, точнее, пе­ре­ста­
но­вка его с ног на голову. . .» (Лихачев.., 1984: 72).
Рассмотрим один из самых интересных и важных подтекстов в по­
эме. Это – библейский подтекст, который не обходят своим вниманием
исследователи творчества Ерофеева. «В свете категорий авторского кру­
гозора поэма «Москва-Петушки» предстает в виде апокрифического ева­н­
ге­лия от Ерофеева, в котором пьяница и сквернослов Веничка, по принципу
ка­рнавальной обратности, обретает облик Сына Божьего, посланного в
мир людей, вкусившего все страдания человеческие и распятого злой си­
лой этого мира» (Седов, 2006: 16). Гибель Венички в финале поэмы, рас­
сма­­тривается как «смерть… энтропия… или переход в иную плоскость»
(Воль­фсон, 2003: 51), как метафора несвободы человека в тоталитарном
183
го­сударстве. Мир, в котором обитают герои поэмы Ерофеева, абсурден. В
нем нет места человеку с добрым, искренним сердцем и чистой, детской
ду­шой – Веничке. Этот герой поэмы похож на князя Мышкина из романа Ф.
М. Достоевского «Идиот», «князя – Христа».
Веничка пытается сопротивляться дьявольскому началу, которое
оли­цетворяет в поэме Кремль, – средоточие несвободы и зла. Это соп­ро­ти­
вле­ние выливается в стремление уехать из официозной Москвы в тёплые,
ду­шевные, идиллические Петушки. Но это лишь иллюзия возможности на­
йти выход. В первой главе, «Москва. На пути к Курскому вокзалу», герой
вы­бирает свою дорогу: «Я пошел направо, чуть покачиваясь от холода и от
го­ря…». Здесь пародируется традиционная фольклорная ситуацию, когда
ге­рою на распутье приходится выбрать свою дорогу. Веничка выбирает
путь направо, где ему «самому – смерть», таким образом, уже в первой
гла­ве читатель знает, чем закончится история. Веничка рассуждает о сво­ей
свободе выбора, хорошо понимая, что путь его уже предопределён сис­те­
мой, такие как он в этом социуме выжить не могут. Можно уловить иронию
в его рассуждениях, результатом которых становится выбор смерти: «Если
хо­чешь идти налево, Веничка, иди налево, я тебя не принуждаю ни к чему.
Если хочешь идти направо – иди направо».
На первых же страницах ерофеевской поэмы возникает мотив жер­
твы, связанный с образом Христа. Однако Христос принёс себя в жертву
лю­бви к ближнему, а ерофеевский герой отделяет себя от мира людей, вы­
ра­жая тем самым его неприятие. «Да брось ты, – отмахнулся я от себя, –
раз­ве суета мне твоя нужна? Люди разве твои нужны? Ведь вот скупитель
да­же, и даже Маме своей родной, и то говорил: «Что мне до тебя? А уж тем
бо­лее мне... что мне до этих суетящихся и постылых?»; «Вот что дали мне
лю­ди взамен того, по чему тоскует душа»; «Зато у моего народа – какие гла­
за! <…> Полное отсутствие всякого смысла – но зато какая мощь!»; «Я огл­
янулся – пассажиры поезда «Москва–Петушки» сидели по своим местам
и грязно улыбались». Он людей иронично называет «публикой», иногда
– «тре­звой публикой» (глава «85-й километр – Орехово-Зуево»), а иногда
– «стадом» («Дрезна – 85-й километр»), и даже «палачами» («Москва.
Ре­сторан Курского вокзала»). Таким образом, Веничка отказывается от
жертвенной миссии Христа во имя любви к людям, но не в его власти из­
бежать голгофы. Для того, чтобы читателю был понятен этот парадокс, Еро­
феев предлагает ему прислушаться к ещё одной теме, звучащей в по­эме
– теме детства, которая всегда связана с темой смерти: «Однажды, на моих
глазах, два маленьких мальчика, поддавшись всеобщей панике, по­бе­жали
вместе со стадом и были насмерть раздавлены – так и остались ле­жать
в проходе, в посиневших руках сжимая свои билеты…» /«Дрезна – 85-й
километр»/ (Ерофеев, 2001: 115). Тема детства пришла в поэму через ин­
184
те­ртекстуальное окно из романа Достоевского «Братья Карамазовы» и этот
ли­тературный подтекст подчёркивается деталями, призванными указать
чи­тателю на аллюзию, связанную с знаменитой речью Ивана Карамазова,
суть которой в том, что дети, не выдержав жизни в жестоком мире, вы­нуж­
де­ны возвратить Творцу билет.
Тема детства развивается в поэме в связи с сыном Венички, герой
бо­ится за него, здесь этот мальчик выступает в роли младенца-Христа, ко­
то­рый тоже в Петушках и к нему Веничка спешит: «А там, за Петушками,
где сливаются небо и земля, и волчица воет на звезды, – там <…> в дымных
и вшивых хоромах <…> распускается мой младенец, самый пухлый и кро­
ткий из всех младенцев <…> Помолитесь, ангелы, за меня. Да будет светел
мой путь, да не преткнусь о камень, да увижу город, по которому столько
томился» («Реутово – Никольское») (Ерофеев, 2001: 52). «Боже милостивый,
сде­лай так, чтобы с ним ничего не случилось и никогда ничего не случалось!..
Сделай так, Господь, чтобы он, даже если и упал бы с крыльца или печки,
не сломал бы ни руки своей, ни ноги. Если нож или бритва попадутся ему
на глаза – пусть он ими не играет, найди ему другие игрушки, Господь. Ес­ли
мать его затопит печку <…> оттащи его в сторону, если сможешь. <…> Ты …
зна­ешь что, мальчик? Ты не умирай…» /«Салтыковская – Кучино»/ (Еро­фе­
ев, 2001: 58).
В предыдущей главе «Никольское – Салтыковская», Веничка сра­вни­
вает себя с детьми-жертвами: «Но почему же смущаются ангелы…? <…> Что
ж они думают? Что <…> меня, сонного, удавят, как мальчика, или за­ре­жут,
как девочку?» Испытывая «скорбь и страх», Веничка стремится к це­ли –
заменить собой ребенка-Спасителя, подвергающегося опасности, от­вести
от него смерть. Когда Веничку порежут, он обратит к себе самому уве­ще­
ва­ния, которые первоначально были предназначены для больного мла­
ден­­ца: «встань, оботри пальто, почисти штаны, отряхнись и иди. Попробуй
хоть шага два <…>Ты же сам говорил больному мальчику»: «Раз-два-туф­ли
на­день-ка как ти-бе-не стыдна-спать…» (Еро­фе­ев, 2001: 157) Вновь ставя
се­бя на место ребенка-Христа, Веничка подтверждает сделанный выбор,
за­мыкая круг.
Веничку покидают ангелы, и отныне он беззащитен, но обретает
смысл пути. «Вот и я теперь: вспоминаю его «Противно» и улыбаюсь, тоже
бла­женно. И вижу: мне издали кивают ангелы – и отлетают от меня, как
обе­щали». По мере приближения конца герой все более отдает себе отчет
в том, что происходит. «Все ваши путеводные звезды катятся к закату; а ес­
ли и не катятся, то едва мерцают. Я не знаю вас, люди, я вас плохо знаю, я
ре­дко на вас обращал внимание, но мне есть дело до вас: меня занимает,
в чем теперь ваша душа, чтоб знать наверняка, вновь ли возгорается зве­
зда Вифлеема или вновь начинает меркнуть, а это самое главное» (Еро­
185
фе­ев, 2001: 150). В этом контексте дважды с некоторыми вариациями
пов­торенная в поэме формула: «Верю, и знаю, и свидетельствую миру» –
бли­же всего стоит к новозаветному: «И мы видели и свидетельствуем, что
Отец послал Сына Спасителем миру». В ерофеевской пародийной сфере
Ве­ничка свидетельствует миру о своем желании спасти «самое главное» –
мла­денца, «звезду Вифлеема».
Смеющиеся ангелы, предающие Веничку в финале поэмы, свидетель­
ст­вуют не об изначальном подлоге, а о том, что герой–жертва, как и весь
мир, окончательно отдан во власть темных сил – после появлений Сатаны
(«Усад – 105-й километр»), Сфинкса («105-й километр – Покров»), Эриний
(не­христианских, языческих божеств – «Леоново – Петушки») и четверых
с кла­ссическими профилями. В тринадцатую пятницу происходит подмена
ис­тинного ложным: вместо ангелов, сопровождавших Веничку в начале
пути, и детей (понятия, постоянно взаимосвязанные в поэме) в финале
яв­ляются демоны и жестокие, бесчеловечные дети (сцена глумления над
тру­пом). Примечательно, что искушающий Веничку Сатана предъявляет к
не­му не вполне мотивированное сюжетом и отсутствующее в евангельских
те­кстах требование: «Смири свой духовный порыв…» («Усад – 105-й ки­ло­
метр»), то есть в данном случае: откажись от своей миссии, что для Венички
не­приемлемо.
«Москва - Петушки» с Веничкой Ерофеевым, обреченным существовать
сре­ди жертв антропологической утопической катастрофы – социальных
му­тантов, «недочеловеков» с «неблагородными физиономиями», – это
«сумма модерна», «сумма авангарда», общий неутешительный итог ито­
гов, безотрадное отрицание отрицания, погружение в бездну «самого
дерь­мового ада», где «утром – стон, вечером – плач, а ночью – скрежет
зу­бовный».
Антиутопизм позиции главного героя поэмы «Москва – Петушки», по­
зи­ции тотального отрицания навязываемых идеологических, нравственных,
ху­дожественных ценностей, уход в царство полной свободы, обусловил ис­
пользование автором определенных художественных приёмов, мо­ти­вов, в
том числе и связанных с юродством. Это определяет специфику ин­тер­тек­
сту­альных подтекстов поэмы.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

• ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ МИР.., 2003 – Художественный мир Венедикта Ерофеева.
Са­ратов, 2003;
• АНМАШЕВ, 2017 – Анмашев Михаил. Стихопульсы. М., 2017;
• БАРТ, 1994 – Барт Ролан. От произведения к тексту, – Р. Барт. Избранные ра­бо­
ты. Семиотика. М., 1994;

186
• БАХТИН, 1975 – Бахтин Михаил Михайлович. Вопросы литературы и эстетики:
Ис­следования разных лет. М., 1975;
• ВЛАСОВ, 2000 – Власов Эдуард. Бессмертная поэма Венедикта Ерофеева «Мос­
к­ва-Петушки». М., 2000;
• ВОЛЬФСОН, 2003 – Вольфсон Илья Владимирович. Исповедь изгоя. Развитие
жан­ра у писателя с измененным мышлением, – Художественный мир Ве­не­
дик­та Ерофеева. Саратов, 2003;
• ГАЙСЕР-ШНИТМАН, 1989 – Гайсер-Шнитман Светлана. Венедикт Ерофеев
­«Мо­­­с­ква-Петушки» или The rest is silence: Thèse… Lang, 1989;
• ЕРОФЕЕВ, 2001 – Ерофеев Венедикт. Собрание Сочинении. Т. 1. М., 2001;
• КРИСТЕВА, 1994 – Кристева Юлия. Революции поэтического языка, – Вестник
МГУ. Серия 9: Филология. №5, 1994;
• КУДРИН, 2009 – Кудрин Олег. Код от Ве­ни­чки. СПб., 2009;
• ЛИХАЧЁВ.., 1984 – Лихачёв Дмитрий Сергеевич, Панченко Александр Ми­хай­
ло­вич, Понырко Наталья Владимировна. Смех в древней Руси. Л., 1984;
• СЕДОВ, 2003 – Седов Константин Федорович. Опыт прагма-семиотической ин-
терпретации поэмы В.В. Ерофеева «Москва-Петушки» – Художественный мир
Ве­недикта Ерофеева. Саратов, 2003;
• СКОРОПАНОВА, 2015 – Скоропанова Ирина Степановна. Карта пост­мо­дер­
нистского маршрута: «Москва-Петушки» Венедикта Ерофеева, – И. С. Ско­ро­па­
но­ва. Русская постмодернистская литература. Учебное пособие. М., 2015.

liliana janaSia, joni marRania

interteqstualuri qveteqstebi da antiutopia

venediqt erofeevis poemaSi `moskovi-petuSki~
`moskovi-petuSki~ rusi mwerlis venediqt erofeevis po­emaa
pro­ zaSi, romelic metafizikuri da postmodernistuli na­ war­
moebia. interteqstualoba postmodernizmis poetikisTvisaa da­
maxasiaTebeli da poemas mraval, sivrcesa da droSi kavSiris TiT­
q­
mis armqone kadrad hyofs. totalitaruli sistemis pirobebSi
ada­mianis sulis kvdomis ambavi or punqts, moskovs (kurskis sad­
gu­ri) da petuSkis Soris, mudmivad cvlad da cvalebad sivrcesa
da droSi viTardeba. es surrealisturi sivrcea, romelic gmiris

187
ga­
regnuli alkoholuri TrobiT iqmneba. es sivrce sizmarsac
hgavs, rac absurdis tradiciasa da antiracionalizmisaken mis­
wra­febas usvams xazs da am poemis Sinaarsis antiutopiur aspeqts
ga­
napirobebs rogorc mxatvruli pirobiTobis erT-erT formas.
mTa­ vari gmiris poziciis antiutopizmi, romelic Tavsmoxveuli
ide­ ologiuri, zneobrivi da mxatvruli Rirebulebebis to­ ta­
luri uaryofis poziciaa, da sruli Tavisuflebis samefoSi
­­

ga­
dasvla gansazRvruli mxatvruli xerxebisa da motivebis
ga­­mo­yenebas ganapirobebs da es, sxvaTa Soris, sigiJesTanacaa da­
kavSirebuli, rac poemis interteqstualuri qveteqstebis spe­ci­
fikas gansazRvravs. am naSromSi ganxilulia poemis mraval kon­
te­q­stTagan erT-erTi, bibliuri qveteqsti da xazi gaesmis masSi
ar­sebul mwyobr religiur koncefcias _ winaswarmetyvelis gzas
jvri­saken tanjvis gavliT.

LILIANA JANASHIA, JONI MARGANIA1

INTERTEXTUAL SUBTEXT AND DYSTOPIA IN POEM

“MOSCOW-PETUSHKI” BY VENEDIKT YEROFEYEV

“Moscow-Petushki” is a poem in prose by Russian author Venedikt Yerofe-

yev, a metaphysical and Postmodernist work. Intertextuality that is characteristic
of the poetic style of Postmodernism divides the poem in numerous pictures
that are almost disconnected both in space and time. The story of the death of
human soul unfolds between two points _ Moscow (Kursk railway station) and
Petushki, a constantly changing and fluctuating space and time, a surrealistic
space created by the externally alcoholic intoxication of the hero. This space also
resembles a night dream, which puts an emphasis on the tradition of absurdity
and the aspiration towards anti-rationalism, determining the dystopian aspect
of the content of this poem in prose as a form of imaginative conventions. The
dystopian nature of the main hero’s position, a position of total repudiation of
imposed ideological, moral, and artistic values, departure to the kingdom of full
freedom leads to the use of specific artistic devices and motives, including those
linked to madness. This determines the specific features of intertextual subtexts
of the poem. This work deals with one of the numerous subtexts of the poem,
the Biblical subtext. It underscores the existing harmonious religious conception,
the Biblical path of the Prophet to His cross via ordeal.
1
Liliana Janashia _ PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University; Joni
Mar­gania _ PhD in Philology, Sokhumi State University.
188
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

jambul anCabaZe1

kidev erTxel nestor lakobas politikuri

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb

`soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis (humanitarul

da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria)~ XIII da XV tomebSi
da­ibeWda Cveni ori werili, romelic XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi
afxazeTSi ganviTarebul movlenebs Seexeba (anCabaZe, 2015; anCabaZe,
2016). statiebSi didi adgili davuTmeT cnobili afxazi politikuri
da saxelmwifo moRvawis, 1922-1936 wlebSi afxazeTis avtonomiuri
respublikis mTavrobis meTauris (erT dros afxazeTis centraluri
aRmasrulebeli komitetis (cak) Tavmjdomareobasac iTavsebda) Ta­
na­mdebobaze nestor lakobas saqmianobas. am sakiTxze muSaobisas
Zi­riTadad veyrdnobodiT mravalricxovan saarqivo masalas, rom­
lebmac mogvca SesaZlebloba warmogveCina zemot xsenebuli pi­
ro­vnebis, rogorc politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawis realuri
sa­xe, rom man saTave daudo erTmmarTvelobis tradicias da dro­
Ta ganmavlobaSi gamousworebel diqtatirad Camoyalibda. mas
afxazeTis mmarTvelobis TiTqmis yvela eSelonSi uamravi opo­
nen­ti hyavda, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi ukompromisod eb­
r­Zodnen misi muSaobis mankier stils. winamdebare statiaSi Cven
war­movadgineT aRniSnuli problemis Semdgomi kvlevis Sedegebi.
upirveles yovlisa, dagvainteresa afxazeTSi cnobili saxelmwifo
da sazogado moRvawis, 1925-1930 wlebSi respublikis cak-is Tav­
m­
j­ domaris, mwerlisa da dramaturgis samson Wanbas mosazrebam
nes­tor lakobas moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
s. Wanba afxazeTSi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. is da­
ibada 1886 wlis 18 ivniss s. aTaraSi (oCamSiris r-ni); daw­ ye­
bi­Ti
ga­naTleba miiRo drandis saeklesio samreklo skolaSi. Sem­ deg
swav­las agrZelebs soxumis mTielTa saswavlebelSi. dam­Tav­re­bu­
li aqvs quTaisis sasoflo sameurneo skola. quTaisSi swa­ v­
lis
1
jambul anCabaZe _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
189
periodSi aqtiurad monawileobda carizmis winaaRmdeg or­ga­ni­ze­
bul demonstraciebSi, risTvisac mas policia sdevnida. igi ca­
ri­zmis didmpyrobelur politikaze werda: `CrdiloeTidan mo­fe­
nilma Savma Rrubelma ukuni Rame Camoawvina~ (mosia, 2013: 106, 107).
s. Wanba 1907 wels maswavleblad iwyebs muSaobas s. ku­ to­
ulis orklasian skolaSi. 1914 wels igi amTavrebs xonis sa­ mas­
wavleblo seminarias. 1916 wlidan soxumis samaswavleblo se­ mi­
nariis maswavlebelia (mosia, 2013: 107); 1921-1925, 1930-1932 wlebSi
afxazeTis ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris Tanamdeboba ekava; 1925-
1930 wlebSi cak-is Tavmjdomarea; 1934-1937 wlebSi afxazeTis mwe­
ralTa kavSirs ganagebda. erT dros gazeT `afsni yafSs~ re­da­q­to­
ro­bda. 1916 wels is gamodis literaturul sarbielze; 1919 wels
ga­moaqveyna romantikuli poema `mTis qalwuli~. igi afxazeTis
dra­maturgiis fuZemdebelia. mis kalams ekuTvnis piesebi: `gan­de­
gi­li~ (1920w.), `afsni hanumi~ (1931w.), `RmerTi saboiTi~ (1927w.),
`wa­rs­ulidan~ (1932w.) `kiarazi~ (1931w.) aseve moTxrobebi: `se­ i­
di­­
yo~ (1934w.), novelebi: `o, alah~ (1930w.) `papiseuli keris qva~
(1935w.) (Сагария, 1983: 344, 345) da sxva. literaturis istoriis spe­
ci­­alistebi miiCneven, rom afxazur literaturaSi romanis Janrs
s. Wanbam Cauyara safuZveli.
s. Wanba uaRresad negatiur Sefasebas aZlevs afxazeTis
mTa­ vrobis Tavmjdomaris postze n. lakobas saqmianobas. is aR­
ni­
Snavda, rom afxazeTis xelmZRvanel muSakebs Soris da­ pi­
ris­
pireba tradiciad iqca. amis mizezad respublikis mma­r­TvelobaSi
n. lakobas mier Seqmnili arajansaR garemos asa­ xe­
lebda: `Cven
vgrZnobdiT, rom yovelive es adre Tu gvian ze­dapirze amo­tiv­
ti­v­deboda~ (Sssa: f. 151). amasTan kmayofilebas ga­ moTqvamda
imis gamo, rom es anomalia, rogorc TviTon ambobda, mxo­ lod
Ci­­­
nosnebis dapirispirebiT Semoifargla da mosaxleobis mRe­
l­varebaSi ar gadaizarda: «Он вылился только в конфликт меж­ду
нами – вышестоящими работниками, так, как мог быть и был бы со­
ве­р­шенно худший исход – волнение трудящихся, терроризованных ста­
вленниками Н. Лакоба» (Sssa: f. 151). n. lakobas, rogorc Ta­vi­seburi
diqtatoris sakiTxi, _ aRniSnavs s. Wanba, _ mravaljer gan­xilula
xelisuflebis maRal instanciebSi: `misi muSaobis sti­ li mec
ar momwonda, magram mxars vuWerdi im imediT, rom is, ro­gorc
xelmZRvaneli, Seicvleboda ukeTesobisaken, kolegebis mi­ marT
gaxdeboda Semwynarebeli da yuradRebiani, miiRebda maT sa­sar­
geb­lo rCevebs da a.S. amasTan, werilobiT axsna-ganmartebebSi qve­
teqstebiT Sevaparebdi frazebs misi mxridan kolegialobis prin­
cipis ignorirebis Sesaxeb~.
190
 s. Wanba mxars uWers z. benias1 (`z. benias werili `afxazeTis
saqmis Semswavlel komisias~) mo­saz­rebas, rom n. lakoba ver itanda
saRad moazrovne kolegebs: «Каж­дый из нас желавших искренно
приносить пользу трудящимся, он выдел каких то конкурентов и ста­
ра­лся стущевать всех» (Sssa: f. 152). mas, Turme, uyvarda ga­mo­Tqma:
«Су­­хум­ским округом управлял один окружной начальник и очевидно он
всегда при­держивался этого, за­бывая, что окружной начальник управлял
Аб­ха­зию старое время. Для него не существовал не ЦИК, не областной
ко­митет КПГ в Абхазии в этих органах всегда проводились желание Н.
Ла­коба... Даже глухое недовольство со стороны коллег ка­рались все­
воз­можными способами. Кто высказывал против, то он ста­новился
его ми­шенем и перебросивался в лучшим случае на другую ра­боту, а
худших – выметал... Таким образом никто не мог проявить ни­ка­­кой
инициативы, не только в центре, но и на местах и это вылилось в то
что теперь все парализованы и терроризованы. Никто не имеет сво­
его мнение» (Sssa: f. 152). s. Wanba, rogorc misi kolegebi, Ta­ vis
gan­ cxadebaSi gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobs n. lakobas ga­ re­mo­
cvas, naTesavebs da axloblebs. misi TqmiT, rogorc centrSi,
ise adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi maT garantirebuli hqondaT ma­
Ra­­li Tanamdebobebi. TiToeuli maTgani Tavs yovlisSemZled Tv­
li­ da. isini Riad acxadebdnen, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ne­
bis­­mier komisars gadaayenebdnen: «Фактически власть в Абхазии
со­­с­редоточивалось в руках только Н. Лакоба, его родственников и при­
бли­­женных. У нас существовал олигархический метод правления силом
до­­ходивший до самодурства» (Sssa: f. 152-153), _ aRniSnavda s. Wanba.
afxazeTis sakiTxze amierkavkasiis mTavrobasa da partiis sam­
x­
reT komitetis warmomadgenlebis mier gamogzavnil moxsenebiT
ba­raTebSic mkafiod iyo xazgasmuli respublikaSi damkvidrebuli
oli­ garqiuli mmarTvelobis araerTi faqti. n. lakobas zem­ d­
go­
mi organoebidan mravaljer miuRia miTiTeba respublikis mmar­
TvelobaSi Seqmnili uaRresad seriozuli problemebis aR­mo­saf­x­v­
1
z. benias imJamad afxazeTis miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo komisris Tanamdeboba
eWira. is aRSfoTebas ver malavda n. lakobas yovlad miuRebeli mankieri
mu­Saobis stilis gamo, romelic ukve diqtatorul elfers iRebda. man
erT-erTma pirvelma werilobiT mimarTa amierkavkasiis mTavrobis mier
Se­qmnil `afxazeTis saqmis~ Semswavlel komisias, romelSic moTxrobilia
af­xazeTis mmarTvelobis organoebSi Seqmnili uaRresad arajansaRi si­
tu­aciis Sesaxeb, romlis Semoqmedi n. lakoba iyo. benia miuTiTebs mis
de­spotizmisken midrekilebaze, kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli sasargeblo
rCe­vebis ignorirebaze, kritikuli SeniSvnebis avtorTa mimarT represiis
da SantaJis meTodebis gamoyenebaze, naTesavebis aRzevebaze da a.S. ana­
lo­giuri gancxadebebiT zemdgom organoebs mimarTavda afxazeTis mTa­v­
ro­bis wevrTa umravlesoba.
191
re­lad, magram mas am mimarTulebiT Tavi ar Seuwuxebia, odnavadac
ar Seucvlia muSaobis stili da kvlavindeburad erTpirovnulad
wyvet­da respublikisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. is mtkivneulad
re­agirebda aramarto oficialur SeniSvnebze, aramed megobrul
rCe­vebzec. amis Sesaxeb vrclad aris moTxrobili z. benias werilSi,
rom­lis Sinaars sruliad iziarebs s. Wanba (Sssa: f. 153). is ambobs,
rom `xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi n. lakobasTan erTad Sevi­
kri­beT erT-erTi kolegis binaSi (saubaria alanias binaze _ j.a.)
Sekrebis monawileebma erTxmad davafiqsireT n. lakobas mmar­
Tve­lobis periodSi daSvebuli seriozuli Secdomebi, romelic
da­uyovnebliv gamosworebas moiTxovda. SevexeT sakadro cvli­
lebebs, SevTavazeT Tanamdebobidan gaeTavisuflebina ara­kom­pe­
ten­turi, uvargisi kadrebi, misi favoritebi. erT-erTi maTgani iyo
af­xazeTis vaWrobis Tavmjdomare, romlis mimarT mosaxleobas
se­riozuli pretenzia hqonda. Cveni gulwrfeli sasargeblo
rCe­vebi man ar miiRo, ukiduresad gaRizianda, SantaJis eniT sa­
ub­robda, TiTqos yvela CvenTaganis Sesaxeb raRac informacias
flo­bda. alanias daesxa Tavs mas Semdeg, roca man kategoriulad
mos­Txova xeli aeRo naTesavebis aRzevebaze~.
am Sexvedris Semdeg s. Wanba sabolood darwmunda imaSi, rom
lakoba mis mier damkvidrebul mmarTvelobis maxinj stils ar
Seicvlida. is ambobs: «После этого мы убедились в том, что он на­
всегда останется глух к голосу своих товарищей и абсолютно нет воз­
мож­ность с ним работать. Товарищи разошлись и подали заявление о
не­возможности работать в связи создавшийся ситуаций» (Sssa: f. 153).
bo­los Wanba wers: `lakobas mier Seqmnili uaRresad arajansaR
situaciasTan Segueba SeuZlebelia. Tu Tqven gindaT (mimarTavs
zem­dgom organoebs _ j.a.) respublikaSi gajansaRdes situacia,
dam­kvidrdes saRi azrovneba da Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba, au­ci­
le­belia afxazeTSi Seqmnili problemebi erTxel da samudamod
ga­daiWras~ (Sssa: f. 154). s. Wanba problemebis gadawyvetas n. la­
ko­bas Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebaSi xedavda.
interess iwvevs aseve afxazeTis umaRlesi sasamarTlos im­Ja­
mindeli Tavmjdomaris vladimer agrbas werili respublikaSi Seq­
mnili politikuri situaciis Semswavleli komisiis1 saxelze, rom­
lis Sinaarsi sruliad exmianeba Cvens mier zemoT naxsenebi maRali
Ta­namdebobis pirebis gancxadebebs. vl. agrba aRniSnavs, rom sab­
Wo­Ta xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli dReebidan afxazeTis xe­
li­suflebis warmomadgenlebs ar hqondaT SesaZlebloba emuSavaT
1
etyoba `afxazeTis saqmis~ Semswavleli komisiis Tavmjdomare iyo l.
be­­ria. misi gvari sxva sabuTebSic figurirebs.
192
mSvid garemoSi, imTaviTve Seiqmna intrigebisa da dapirispirebis
at­mosfero. n. lakobas mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze
ga­moCenam kidev ufro daZaba situacia. principuli, gamocdili
kad­ rebi soliduri staJiT iZulebiT tovebdnen samsaxurs, xSir
Sem­TxvevaSi afxazeTs, vinaidan Sin darCenis SemTxvevaSi maT ara­
sa­imedo elementebis rigebSi ricxavdnen, rac Sinapatimrobis
tol­fasi iyo (Sssa: f. 1169). n. lakobas, rogorc respublikis me­
Taurs, unda ezruna Tanamoazreebisagan Semdgari, mWidrod Sek­
ru­ li, megobruli gundis Seqmnaze. man piriqiT, dapirispirebis,
ur­TierTqiSpis, gautanlobis atmosfero Seqmna. is mxolod na­Te­
savebs da axloblebs endoboda, maTi umravlesoba sisxlis sa­mar­
T­lis damnaSaveebi iyvnen, miuxedavad amisa iniSnebodnen maRal,
sa­pasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze. is maTi erTguli mfarveli
iyo. n. lakobas naTesavebis winaaRmdeg Tu sisxlis samarTlis
saq­me aRiZvreboda da sagamoZiebo procesi maT sasargeblod ar
warimarTeboda, saqmis prokurorebsa da gamomZieblebs sam­sa­xu­ri­dan
dauyovnebliv aTavisuflebdnen (Sssa: f. 169), _ aRniSnavs vl. agrba.
vl. agrba, rogorc misi kolegebi aRSfoTebas ver malavda
imis gamo, rom n. lakoba saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs
wyve­tda erTpirovnulad. xolo misgan gansxvavebuli poziciis ko­
le­ gebs mowinaaRmdegebad miiCnevda. nebismieri sakiTxisadmi maT
gan­sxvavebul midgomas, Tundac is sazogadoebisaTvis uaRresad
sa­sargeblo yofiliyo sakuTari avtoritetis Selaxvad aRiqvamda
(Sssa: f. 169). zemdgom partiul da sabWoTa organoebs masTan da­
pi­rispirebul kolegebze uaryofiT, cru informacias awvdida,
xo­lo sakuTari avtoritetisa da damsaxurebis warmosaCenad Zal-
Rones ar iSurebda (Sssa: f. 170).
vl. agrba adasturebs z. benias mier mowodebul informacias,
rom afxazeTSi dasasveneblad Camosuli maRali rangis sakavSiro,
sam­xareo Tu respublikis Tanamdebobis pirebTan kolegebs ukr­
Za­lavda Sexvedrebs, misi an Zmis mixeil lakobas gareSe, imis Si­
SiT, rom maT ar miewodebinaT informacia afxazeTSi Seqmnili ara­
jansaRi viTarebis Sesaxeb, romlis Semomqmedi TviTon iyo (Sssa:
f. 170). vl. argba, rogorc misi kolegebi gamohyofs alanias (is
afxazeTis mTavrobaSi maRali Tanamdebobis piri iyo _ j.a.) binaSi
mom­xdar incidents, romlis Sesaxeb sakmarisad aris moTxrobili
be­nias gancxadebaSi, amitom mizanSewonilad ar vTvliT am in­ ci­
den­tis xelaxali detaluri ganxilvas. 1

bolos vl. agrba akeTebs daskvnas: «Будущий уверенным в том,

что Н. Лакоба некогда не изменится, не нахожу возможным в дальнейщем
1
am incidentis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: anCabaZe, 2016: 333-335.
13. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 193
с ним работать. Отозвание Н. Лакоба безусловно благоприятно от­ра­
зится на деятельность ответственных работников Абхазии, так как
каждый комиссариат будет работать в соответствии декретом со­
вет­ской власти, а не диктовку Н. Лакоба, не будет тех интриг, которые
воз­никли благодаря многочисленных его агентов и родственников»
(Sssa: f. 170).
n. lakobas mimarT ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen mmarTvelobis
sa­
Sualo safexuris Cinovnikebic. maT mxridanac igzavneboda sa­
Civ­ris werilebi mmarTvelobis umaRles instanciebSi. am mxriv sa­
interesoa gudauTis miliciis yofili ufrosis v. vardanias we­
ri­li. is wers, rom `gudauTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili
la­kobas gvars samefo gvarad aRiqvamda, xolo lakobas miiCnevda
«Го­сударем Абхазии»~ (Sssa: f. 173). n. lakobas naTesavebi SiSis zars
scemen mazris xelmZRvanelobas _ aRmaskomis Tavmjdomares, par­
tiuli komitetis mdivans, mec rogorc miliciis ufross da sxva
Cinovnikebs2, rodesac gudauTaSi nestor lakoba, misi deda, me­
uR­le, Zma mixeili Camodiodnen yvela cerebze unda vmdgariyaviT.
wi­naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobas davkargavdiT (Sssa: f. 173).
v. vardania saintereso istorias hyveba misi Tanamdebobidan
ga­Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. is ambobs: gudauTis bavSvTa saxlSi sa­
ze­imo RonisZieba tardeboda. mas Cemi meuRle eswreboda. am Ro­
nis­Ziebaze mowveuli iyvnen n. lakobas deda da meuRle (Sssa: f.
173). Turme moxda ise, rom Cemi meuRle maT Soridan miesalma «А
не отвесила им поясной поклон» (Sssa: f. 174). amiT ganawyenebul n.
lakobas meuRles Riad ganucxadebia, rom is miaRwevda Cems ga­
Ta­­visuflebas samsaxuridan. sami dRis mere miviRe brZaneba Cemi
ga­Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelsac xels awerda n. lakobas Zma
af­xazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile mixeil la­
koba (Sssa: f. 174). amasTan dakavSirebiT Sevxvdi n. lakobas, ma­
interesebda Cemi gaTavisuflebis mizezi, man mipasuxa, rom da­
miT­xoves samsaxuridan dabali politikuri momzadebis gamo. es
maSin, rodesac TviT Sinagan saqmeTa komisariatis mTeli Se­mad­
genloba mixeil lakobas CaTvliT politikuri momzadebis mxriv
Cemze gacilebiT sustni iyvnen (Sssa: f. 174). es sakiTxi par­ti­
is afxazeTis saolqo komitetis ganxilvis sagani gaxda. er­ T­
xmad aRiniSna, rom me usafuZvlod viyavi gaTavisuflebuli. ami­
tom saolqo komitetma SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa centralur
sa­­kontrolo komisias Cemi Tanamdebobaze aRdgenis Sesaxeb, sa­
kon­­trolo komisiam es sakiTxi dadebiTad gadawyvita, magram n.
lakobam uari Tqva Suamdgomlobis dakmayofilebaze da Cems ad­
gil­ze Tavisi naTesavi, vinme filia daniSna (Sssa: f. 174). bolos
194
var­dania wers: `n. lakobias da misi ojaxis wevrebisa da naTesavebis
uko­ntrolo parpaSis gamo, gudauTis mazraSi ukiduresad mZime
si­tuacia Seiqmna romelic dauyovnebliv reagirebas moiTxovda~
(Sssa: f. 174).
amrigad, ukve sam werilSi Cven ZiriTadad warmovaCineT XX
saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis I naxevarSi afxazeTis mTavrobis me­
Ta­­ uris n. lakobas politikuri portreti, romelic sakmaod
kri­­ tikuli gamodga. Cven veyrdnobiT utyuar, umeteswilad
axal saarqivo masalebs, romelic moviZieT Sinagan saq­meTa sa­mi­
nistros (yofili partiul) arqivSi. saintereso ma­ sa­
lebs wa­vaw­
y­
diT saqarTvelos kp-s yrilobebis, plenumebis ste­ no­grafiul
Ca­
nawerebSi, amierkavkasiis samxreT komitetisa da mTa­ vrobis
warmomadgenelTa moxsenebiT baraTebSi, afxazeTis ma­ Rali Ta­
nam­ debobis pirebis sajaro gamosvlebSi da werilobiT gan­ cxa­
de­ bebSi, TviTon n. lakobas mier gakeTebul gancxadebebSi da
sa­jaro gamosvlebSi, romlebic naTels hfenen misi, rogorc yov­
lisSemZleobis maniiT Sepyrobili diqtatoris saqmianobas. n.
lakobas qmedebebi vnebda afxazeTis socialur-ekonomikuri gan­
vi­­
TarebisaTvis jansaR procsebs, swored amis gamo respublikis
cen­­traluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare s. Wanba, ro­
me­lic samarTlebrivad pirveli piri iyo, sajarod gamoxatavda
uk­mayofilebas mis mimarT, ufro metic, gancxadebebiT mimarTavda
ami­erkavkasiis da saqarTvelos xelisuflebas misi gadayenebis Se­
sa­xeb, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi TviTon datovebda Tanamdebobas
(Sssa: f. 152). afxazeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa um­ rav­
le­­ sobam analogiuri gancxadebiT mimarTa zemdgom organoebs
Se­­
sabamisi zomebis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli maT­ ga­
ni gadadgomiT imuqreboda. asec moxda, male erTi meoris mi­ yo­
lebiT Tanamdeboba datoves saxalxo komisrebma z. beniam, n. aqi­
r­Tavam, baxtaZem, umaRlesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem v. agr­bam
da sxvebma. moulodneli iyo n. lakobas Zmis respublikis Si­ na­
gan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgilis, mixeil lakobas da bi­
Za­­Svilis, soxumis miliciis ufrosis, vasil lakobas gancxadebebi
Ta­­ namdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb (Sssa: f. 163, 164, 165).
sa­­­interesod migvaCnia mixeil lakobas gancxadebis motivi, amitom
sa­­Wirod CavTvaleT misi ucvlelad citireba:
«Председателю комиссии Т. Берия мотивом моего ухода из службы
то, что являюс братом Нестора Лакоба по матери (моя настоящая фа­
ми­лия Григолия) и что из этого провоцируют Н. Лакоба.
Зам. Нарком Внутренних дел
М. Лакоба»
195
 CvenTvis ar iyo cnobili, rom mixeil lakoba yofila n.
la­ kobas Zma dedis mxridan, gvarad grigolia. migvaCnia, rom m.
la­ kobas gancxadeba Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb
gan­pirobebuli iyo misi naxevarZmis gadarCenis surviliT. mas,
et­yoba, gacnobierebuli hqonda Seqmnili situaciis simZime, rom
par­ tiis saolqo komitetidan dawyebuli xelisuflebis TiTqmis
yve­la struqturis warmomadgenlebi uaRresad negatiurad iy­vnen
ganwyobil n. lakobas mimarT, Tumca panikis safuZveli ar ar­
sebobda, mas erTguli mfarveli hyavda stalinis saxiT da si­coc­
x­lis bolomde arxeinad ijda Tavis sayvarel savarZelSi.
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (n. lakoba 1936 wlis dekembris bo­
los q. TbilisSi gardaicvala) afxazeTSi situacia kardinalurad
Se­icvala, romelic Semdgomi ganxilvis sagania.

samson Wanba (1886-1937)

/foto: http://apsnyteka.org/1341-chanba_s_na_puti_k_soznatelnosti.html/

196
 bibliografia:

• Sssa _ saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi. f. 14, aRw.

2, saq. 361;
• anCabaZe, 2015 _ anCabaZe jambul. afxazeTSi ganviTarebuli po­li­ti­
ku­ ri procesebis zogierTi detali (XXs. 20-iani wlebi), _ soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universitetis Sormebi. humanitarul da socialur-po­
li­tikur mecnierebaTa seria. t. 13. Tb., 2015;
• anCabaZe, 2016 _ anCabaZe jambul. nestor lakobas politikuri por­
t­retisaTvis, _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sormebi. hu­ma­ni­
ta­­rul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria. t. 15. Tb., 2016;
• mosia, 2013 _ mosia tite. narkvevebi afxazuri literaturis is­to­ri­
idan. Tb., 2013;
• КУПРАВА, 1983 – Куправа Арвелод Эрастович. Успехи культурной революции в
Аб­хазии (1933-1937), – История Абхазской АССР (1933-1937). Редакторы: З. В.
Ан­чабадзе, Г. А. Дзидзария, А. Э. Куправа. Сухуми, 1983;
• САГАРИЯ, 1983 – Сагария Баджгур Еснатович. Культурное строительство в Аб­
ха­зии (1926-1932 г г.) , – История Абхазской АССР (1933-1937). Редакторы: З. В.
Ан­чабадзе, Г. А. Дзидзария, А. Э. Куправа. Сухуми, 1983.

JAMBUL ANCHABADZE1

ONCE MORE ABOUT POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF NESTOR LAKOBA

We have already dedicated two scientific articles to this issue and have
shown serious gaps in the work of N. Lakoba. Presente work is again related to
this issue. On the background of the analysis of numerous archival materials, we
finally concluded that while serving as chairman of the Abkhazian government,
he led the tradition of self-governance and formed as an irrepressible dictator
over time.

Jambul Anchabadze – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.

1

197
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

merab kalandaZe1

dimitri uznaZis da ivane gvelesianis `axali istoriis~

saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Taobaze

araerTgzis SevxebivarT am Temas da dagvifiqsirebia Cveni

po­zicia (kalandaZe, 2013: 101-102; kalandaZe, 2016(a): 41; kalanda­
Ze, 2016(b): 109). amjerad mizanSewonilad miviCnieT maszed sagange­
bod gagvemaxvilebina yuradReba da specialuri msjelobis sagnad
gveqcia.
d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis `axali istoriis~ pirveli erov­
nu­li saskolo saxelmZRvanelo badebs mTel rig sakiTxebs, romel­
sac aucileblad unda gaeces damajerebeli pasuxi. amjerad, SeZ­
lebisdagvarad SevecdebiT gavaSuqoT Semdegi sakiTxebi:
a. iyvnen Tu ara d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani am saxelmZRvane­
los avtorebi?
b. es saxelmZRvanelo rusi istorikosis p. vinogradovis sa­
xel­mRvanelos Targmans warmoadgens, rogorc amas fiqrobda zo­
gierTi?
g. Tu arc erTi iyo da arc meore, maSin raRa rCeba? rogor
Se­iZleba Sefasdes maTi roli am saqmeSi? rogor esaxebodaT maT
am saqmeSi TavianTi wvlili? maTi saxiT saxelmZRvanelos Semadge­
nel-avtorebTan xom ar gvaqvs saqme?
am sakiTxis gamorkveva sainteresoa da aqtualurad migvaCnia.
is kidev ufro met naTels mofens istoriul mecnierebaSi, konk­
retulad ki axal istoriaSi, akademikos d. uznaZis wvlils da
saSualebas mogvcems warmovaCinoT misi moRvaweobis erTi sain­
tereso waxnagi, romelic qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis SedarebiT
naklebad iyo cnobili.
aqve davZenT, rom istoriul mecnierebaSi akademikos d. uz­
naZis wvlilis gaSuqeba advili saqme ar gaxlavT da didi sifrTxi­
les da saTuT mopyrobas moiTxovs. am dargSi mis mier Setanili
1
merab kalandaZe _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profe­
sori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
198
wvlilis rogorc Seufasebloba, romelmac Tavis kulminacias,
piks, sabWoTa xanaSi miaRwia, ise usaSvelod gandideba, apologe­
tu­ri Sefaseba, albaT, mainc did sifrTxiles moiTxovs da mizan­
Se­wonili ar iqneboda. erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda
aR­movCndeT. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia. unda vecadoT, ga­
movZebnoT Sualedi gza, oqros Suaguli, romelic saSualebas
mogvcems kargad gamovkveToT rogorc Suqi, ise Crdili da Seveca­
doT avxsnaT maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi. es iqneboda swori midgoma.
swored, am kriteriumiT vxelmZRvanelobdiT Cvens SromebSi, ro­
melic am dargSi akad. dimitri uznaZis wvlils aSuqebs.
1918 wlamde saqarTvelos skolebSi msoflio istoria iswav­
leboda rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT, romelic umTavre­
sad, konservatiul-monarqistuli poziciebidan iyo dawerili (we­
reTeli, 1978).
mkveTrad Seicvala viTareba 1918 wlidan, rodesac saqarTve­
lom damoukidebloba aRidgina. dRis wesrigSi dadga msoflio is­
toriis pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis dawera.
cxadia, es ar iqneboda advili saqme da did dros da Zalisxmevas
mo­iTxovda. suverenul saqarTvelos respublikas haeriviT Wird­
eboda msoflio istoriis axali erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRva­
ne­loebi. dro ar iTmenda. saswrafod unda moeZebnaT Seqmnili
si­tuaciidan gamosavali. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. amis ga­
reSe qarTul skolaSi msoflio istoriis swavleba, faqtobrivad,
Se­uZlebeli iqneboda. saqarTvelos demokratiuil respublikaSi
1918-1921 wlebSi msoflio istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloe­
bis bumi, mniSvnelovanwilad, amiT aixsneba (uznaZe, 1916; uznaZe,
1919; uznaZe, 1920; uznaZe, 1922; uznaZe.., 1919; uznaZe.., 1920; lavisi,
1918; naTaZe, 1919; wereTeli, 1919; wereTeli, 1920(a); wereTeli, 1920(b);
vulfiusi, 1919(a); vulfiusi, 1919(b); dundua, 1920; gvelesiani, 1920;
avaliani, 1920(a); avaliani, 1920(b); WumburiZe, 1920).
qarTul skolas msoflio istoriis swavlebis dros swori
kursi unda hqonoda dasaxuli da swori gziT midioda. pirveli
na­biji kargad gaTvales. daiwyo muSaoba msoflio istoriis pir­
vel erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze. es iyo swori midgoma.
gan­sauTrebiT mtkivneulad migvaCnia, rom umTavresad, politi­
kuri kataklizmebis gamo, dawyebuli saqmis bolomde miyvana ver
moxerxda da pirvelsave nabijebze Sewyda.
saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg qarTul skolaSi msoflio
is­toriis swavlebam sul sxva xasiaTi SeiZina, romelic Tavdapirve­
li gzis gagrZelebad, wingadadgmul nabijad, Znelia miviCnioT
(mamukelaSvili, 1993: 3-27; mamukelaSvili, 1996: 78-82).
199
 maS ase, qarTul skolas msoflio istoriis swavlebis saqmeSi
swori kursi unda hqonoda aRebuli da swori gziT midioda. es im
periodis ganaTlebis sistemis kidev erTi plusi iyo (WumburiZe,
2000). didi albaTobiT es gza gagrZeldeboda da dawyebul saqmes
bolomde miiyvandnen, magram es ase ar moxda. saqarTvelos isto­
riis `patara oqros xana~ _ sakmaod xanmokle aRmoCnda. saqarTve­
los gasabWoebis Semdeg msoflio istoriis swavlebam, Seswavlam,
popularizacia, sul sxva xasiaTi miiiRo (kalandaZe, 2016(g); kalan­
daZe, 2017).
***
akad. d. uznaZe (1886-1950) farTo diapazonis mecnieri iyo. man
Tavisi wvlili Seitana ara marto fsiqologiaSi, filosofiaSi, ped­
agogikaSi, aramed istoriaSi. am kuTxiT mis saqmianobas farTo sazo­
gadoeba SedarebiT naklebad icnobs. am sferoSi d. uznaZis wvlil­
isadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba, ra Tqma unda, cariel niadagze
ar aRmocenebula da mkveTrad gamokveTli politikuri sarCuli
gaaCnda. totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis Zalisxme­viT istori­
ul mecnierebaSi misi wvlili TandaTan miviwyebas mieca, rac 1918-
1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis warmatebi­
sadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebis logikuri Se­ degia. aseTi
iyo politikuri neba. Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba.
d. uznaZem Tavisi wvlili Seitana istoriul mecnierebaSi.
is iyo skolaSi istoriis kargi maswavlebeli da man aqtiuri mo­
na­
wileoba miiRo 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikaSi gamocemuli msoflio istoriis pirveli erovnuli
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnis mamuliSvilur saqmeSi. Sei­
Zleba es Zalian cota iyo, magram es araa patara saqme da misi
gverdis avla, wayrueba, swori ar unda iyos. istoriuli mecnier­
ebis winaSe akad. dimitri uznaZis mTavari damsaxureba, vfiqrobT,
swored, amaSi mdgomareobda.
d. uznaZis CarTuloba msoflio istoriis pirveli erovnuli
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnis saqmeSi, ra Tqma unda, SemTx­
veviT ar yofila da misi pedagogiuri saqmianobis logikur gagr­
Zelebad gvevlineba. is, rogorc maswavlebeli, kargad acnobi­
erebda, rom skolas esaWiroeboda msoflio istoriis normaluri
saxelmZRvanelo.
***
am sami versiidan, romelic SeiZleba iyos WeSmaritebasTan
yvelaze axlos. d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani am saxelmZRvanelos1 av­
1
saqme Seexeba gamoCenili rusi istorikosis profesor p. vinogradovis
saxelmZRvanelos (Виноградов, 1901).
200
torebad, mTargmnelebad, Tu Semdgenel avtorebad unda miviCni­
oT?
daviwyoT imiT, iyvnen Tu ara d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani am sa­
xel­mZRvanelos avtorebi. amis gamorkveva gacilebiT ufro advi­
li iqneba. ra Tqma unda, d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis `axali isto­
riis~ pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmRvanelo ar warmoadgens
originalur naSroms. movTxovoT d. uznaZes originaluri sasko­
lo saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna im mokle droSi, swori ar iqneboda da
hiperkritikuladac migvaCnia. sxvaTa Soris, am sakiTxs, swored, am
kuTxiT Sexedes d. uznaZem da i. gvelesianma. isini arsad acxadeben,
rom saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi iyvnen. es iyo swori midgoma. erTi
SexedviT, SeiZleba ise Candes, TiTqos saxelmRvanelos avtorebi
isini iyvnen, magram es mxolod zedapirze Zevs da sinamdvileSi
saqme ase martivad rodis. Tu isini miiCnevdnen, rom saxelmZRvane­
los avtorebi iyvnen, maSin ra saWiro iyo axsna-ganmarteba, winasi­
tyvaobis dawera? etyoba, isini fiqrobdnen, rom saxelmZRvanelos
avtorebi ar iyvnen da winasityvaobac, swored, amitom daurTes.
albaT, ase ufro logikuri iqneboda vifiqroT. es swori nabiji iyo.
maT scades SeevsoT is vakuumi, romelic am dargSi qarTul
istoriografiaSi arsebobda. es, cxadia, Zalian kargi iyo. d. uz­
naZes da i. gvelesians saxelmZRvanelos avtorobis pretenzia ar
gaaCniaT da maTi roli gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebulad esaxebaT.
es iyo erTi versia.
axla modiT, ganvixiloT meore versia. iyo Tu ara d. uznaZis
da i. gvelesianis axali istoriis saxelmZRvanelo rusi istoriko­
sis profesor pavle vinogradovis `axali istoriis~ saskolo sa­
xelmZRvanelos Targmani, rogorc amas zogierTebi fiqrobdnen.
aseTma azrma ukve maSin gaiJRera da mas momxreebi SeiZleba dRe­
sac gamouCndnen. d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis `axali istoriiis~
saskolo saxelmZRvanelos pirveli recenzenti fiqrobs, rom es
iyo Targmani (`ganaTleba~). erTi SexedviT, es marTlac ase Cans da
ze­dapirze Zevs, magram sinamdvile ar unda iyos ase martivi.
etyoba, d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani grZnobdnen, rom maTi es
nabiji azrTa sxvadasxvaobas gamoiwvevda da jansaR paeqrobas war­
moSobda da Seecadnen sakiTxSi kidev ufro meti sicxadis Setanas.
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime garemoebaze, romelic sain­
tereso SeiZleba iyos.
es Targmani rom yofiliyo, maSin d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani
sul sxvagvarad moiqceodnen da saxelmZRvanelos satitulo fur­
celze Tavis gvars ar daawerdnen. radgan es gza airCies, etyoba,
miaCndaT, rom saxelmRvanelo Targmani ar iyo. umjobesi iqnebo­

201
da movusminoT Tavad d. uznaZes da i. gvelesians: `Cveni `axali
istoria~, umTavresad, vinogradovis istoriis saxelmZRvanelos
mixedviT aris Sedgenili. masalis danawileba da gaSuqeba TiTqmis
savsebiT am wignidan aris amoRebuli, TviT teqstic ki Zalian xSi­
rad iqedan aris naTargmni, magram Cvens Sromas Targmans mainc ver
vuwodebT, imitom, rom rogorc teqstSi, ise masalaSic, imdeni
cvlileba SevitaneT, rom Cvenma naSromma vinogradovis wignTan
SedarebiT gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo~ (uznaZe.., 1919).
rogorc xedavT, d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani ar fiqrobdnen,
rom isini saxelmZRvanelos mTargmnelebi iyvnen. sakiTxisadmi ma­
Ti damokidebuleba SemoqmedebiTia da scildeba ubralo Targman­
is CarCoebs. amitom, d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis `axali istoriis~
saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Targmanad miCneva, rogorc amas Cadis
saxelmZRvanelos pirveli recenzenti, albaT, mainc did sifrTx­
iles moiTxovs da Zalian mkacrad gveCveneba.
vfiqrobT, sasurveli iqneboda d. uznaZisa da i. gvelesians
konkretulad mieTiTebinaT is cvlilebebi, erTi-ori mainc, rome­
lic maT Seitanes p. vinogradovis axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZ­
RvaneloSi: es ufro gamWvirvale iqneboda. zemoxsenebuli fraze­
bi ki Zalian zogadia da garkveul ukmarobis grZnobas gvitovebs.
aqve unda SevexoT, erT saintereso pasaJs, romelsac princi­
puli mniSvneloba gaaCnia da saxelmZRvanelos pirvel recenzents,
rogorc Cans, afiqrebina, rom TargmanTan unda gvqondes saqme. d.
uz­naZe da i. gvelesiani pirdapir acxadeben, rom `es saxelmZR­
vanelo vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT aris Sedgenili
da mraval adgilas sityva-sityviTac aris gadmoRebuli~. riTi
aix­sneba es? Cveni azriT, aq marto TargmanTan ar unda gvqondes
saqme da sakiTxi ufro seriozulia. ra Tqma unda, aseTi damTxveva
cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula da mniSvnelovan wilad imiT
aixsneba, rom msoflio istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebis gaSuqebis
dros isini, upiratesad, progresul-liberalur Rirebulebeb­
ze akeTebdnen aqcents. saqme gvaqvs maTi istoriuli Sexedule­
bebis TanxvedrasTan, romlis gasaRebi maT msoflmxedvelobaSi
Zevs. rusi istorikosis p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelo savsebiT
Seesatyviseboda maT politikuri ideals. amitom es araa mxolod
Targmani, rogorc amas xazs usvamda saxelmZRvanelos pirveli re­
cenzenti. da mTeli es msjeloba, Cveni azriT, maTeulad SeiZleba
miviCnioT, rac imiT aixsneba, rom p. vinogradovis saxelmZR­va­ne­
loSi rogorc sarkeSi ise aisaxa d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis Se­
xe­dulebebi.
maS ase, saxelmZRvanelo ar warmoadgens rusi istorikosis p.
202
vi­nogradovis axali istoriis saxelmZRvanelos ubralo Targmans,
rogorc amas fiqrobda saxelmZRvanelos pirveli recenzenti. Cve­
ni azriT, d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani sakiTxs ufro seriozulad,
rac mTavaria, SemoqmedebiTad miudgnen, rac uwinaresad, imiT ga­
moixata, rom rusi istorikosis p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelo­
Si `sagrZnobi cvlilebebiaa Setanili, rogorc teqstSi, ise masa­
lis ganawilebaSi~. es ki ukve cota sxva ramea, vidre Targmani.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom am principul sakiTxSi d. uznaZe­
sa da i. gvelesians sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba gaaCniaT
da metad frTxilad ufro im azrisaken ixrebian, rom es saxelmZR­
va­
nelo ar warmoadgens ubralo Targmans da amas, Cveni azriT,
akeTeben savsebiT gulwrfelad. es iyo swori midgoma. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi iq d. uznaZis gvari sul sxva konteqstSi iqneboda
moxseniebuli. is advili gziT siarulis motrfiale arasodes yo­
fila, rom TargmanisaTvis rogorc avtors, Tavisi gvari miewera.
d. uznaZem da i. gvelesianma saxelmZRvaneloSi maTTvis sasurveli
cvlilebebi Seitanes, rac imiT gamoixata, rom isini cdilobdnen
rusi istorikosis saxelmZRvanelo qarTul realobasTan Sesatyvi­
sobaSi moiyvanon. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. es ukve aRaraa ubralo
Targmani isini cdiloben saqme SemoqmedebiTad miudgnen, rac mis­
asalmebeli unda iyos da imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis
fonze wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens. mTavari, swored, es iyo.
maT winaSe idga metad pragmatuli amocana. SeevsoT is vakuumi,
romelic am sferoSi qarTuli istoriografiaSi Seiqmna, ruseTi­
sagan gamoyofis Semdeg daxmarebodnen qarTul skolas, romelsac
haeriviT sWirdeboda msoflio istoriis normaluri saskolo sa­
xel­mZRvaneloebi. es iyo programa minimumi. am mokrZalebul mi­
sias d. uznaZem da i. gvelesianma SeiZleba iTqvas, rom urigod
rodi gaarTves Tavi. mTavari, swored es iyo. es maTi warmateba
iyo da amis wayrueba, gverdis avla, romelmac farTod moikida
fexi sabWoTa wlebSi, swori ar unda iyos. es im eqstremalur viTa­
re­bidan, romelic Seiqmna saqarTvelos suverenul respublikaSi
1918-1921 wlebSi, msoflio istoriaSi erT-erTi optimaluri va­
ri­anti xom ar Canda? pirveli nabijebi kargad gaTvales. metis ga­
keTeba ar dascaldaT. saqarTvelos istoriis `patara oqros xana~
metad xanmokle aRmoCnda. mravali kargi wamowyeba ganuxorciele­
be­li darCa. erT-erTi maTgani iyo msoflio istoriis pirveli
erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze muSaobis gagrZeleba da
daw­yebuli saqmis bolomde miyvana.
Tu isini arc saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi da arc mTargmnele­
bi ar iyvnen, maSin, bunebrivia, wamoiWreba erTi sakiTxi. ra roli
203
miuZRviT maT am saxelmRvanelos SeqmnaSi? rogori unda iyos maTi
wvlili am saqmeSi? d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani am saxelmZRvanelos
avtorebad an mTargmnelebad ki ara, aramed Semdgenel-avtorebad
xom ar SeiZleba moviazroT? am rakursiT sakiTxis dasma, albaT,
interess moklebuli ar iqneba da gaaCnia arsebobis ufleba. ro­
gor warmoedginaT es sakiTxi TviTon d. uznaZes da i. gvelesians?
arsebobs didi albaToba, rom d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani am saqmeSi
Tavis wvlils SeiZleba moiazreben, rogorc saxelmRvanelos Sem­
dgenel-avtorebi. vfiqrobT, swored, am konteqstSi figurirebs
maTi saxeli saxelmRvanelos satitulo furcelze. `es wigni um­
Tavresad vinogradovis istoriis saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT aris
Sedgenili, da mraval adgilas, sityva-sityviTac gadmoRebuli;
magram raki sagrZnobi cvlilebaa Setanili, rogorc teqstSi, ise
masalis ganawilebaSic, amitom Cvens Tavs neba ver miveciT, misT­
vis Targmani gvewodebina~. rogorc xedavT, aqcenti keTdeba ara
sa­xelmZRvanelos daweraze an Targmanze, aramed mis Sedgenaze.
albaT, es raRacas unda niSnavdes.
safiqrebelia, rom rusi istorikosis p. vinogradovis msgav­
sad, d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani saxelmZRvanelos avtorebad an
mTar­gmnelebad ki ar moiazrebdnen Tavs, aramed Semdgenlebad. es
iyo sakiTxisadmi saRi damokidebuleba. arsebobs didi albaToba,
rom d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis saxiT saqme gvaqvs, swored, am
saxelmZRvanelos avtor-SemdgenlebTan da ara avtorTan an mTar­
g­mnelTan, rogorc amas zogierTebi fiqrobdnen. Cveni azriT, es
ufro swori midgoma unda iyos, romelsac ufro axlo mivyavarT
re­alobasTan da Seicavs WeSmaritebis racionalur marcvals. al­
baT, urigo ar iqneboda meti gamWvirvaloba, sadac es mkafiod
iq­neboda dafiqsirebuli, Tumca amas gulisxmobdnen, da etyoba,
amitom amis gakeTeba, saWirod ar cnes.
aqve unda SevexoT or sakiTxs, romelic am TemasTan mWidro
kav­ SirSia. bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi ratom maincdamainc p.
vi­­nogradovis saxelmZRvanelo arCies? ratom mieniWa mas es upira­
tesoba? amgvari arCevani, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, da misi mizezi
maT msoflmxedvelobaSi unda veZeboT. mniSvnelovanwilad, es
imiT aixsneba, rom prof. p. vinogradovis axali istoriis sas­ko­lo
sa­xelmZRvanelo kargad Seesatyviseboda maT politikur ideals.
es imiT gamoixateboda, rom axali istoriis sakvanZo prob­lemebis
ga­Suqebisas, upiratesad, aqcenti keTdeboda progresul-liber­
alur Rirebulebebze. es iyo sakiTxisadmi mecnieruli mid­ goma,
ro­ melsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxa­ re­
ebi.
faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs maTi istoriuli Sexedulebebis dam­
204
TxvevasTan. maTi arCevani, swored, amiT iyo ganpirobebuli. am
saxelmZRvaneloSi rogorc sarkeSi, ise aisaxa maTi Sexedulebebi. es
ar iyo rusi istorikosis p. vinogradobis saxelmRvanelos ubralo
gadamRereba. amitom, Cven mTel am msjelobas maTeulad aRviqvamT.
saqme gvaqvs ara kopirebasTan, rogorc es erT SexedviT SeiZleba
Candes, aramed maT SexedulebebTan. amas, cxadia, aqvs mniSvneloba.
axla SevCerdebiT recenzentis damokidebulebaze p. vino­
gradovis saxelmZRvanelosadmi. sakiTxi aris principuli da mis
gaSuqebas aqvs mniSvneloba. maT Soris arsebuli azrTa sxvadasx­
vaobis gasaRebi, swored, aq unda veZeboT.
pativcemuli recenzenti, rogorc Cans, rusi istorikosis p.
vi­nogradovis axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloze dadeb­
iTi azrisaa, rac am Temaze misi msjelobis racionalur marcvals
warmoadgens, magram miaCnia, rom es naSromi ukve moZvelebulia,
yavli gauvida, istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens. misi
SexedulebiT sasurveli iqneboda d. uznaZes da i. gvelesians es­
argeblaT ara p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvaneloTi, aramed, sxva
rusi avtorebis saxelmZRvaneloTi, romelic misi azriT, ufro
ukeTesi SeiZleba iyos, vidre vinogradovis saxelmZRvaneloa.
modi, movusminoT TviTon recenzents: `p. vinogradovis wigni war­
moadgens seriozul wingadadgmul nabijs d. ilovaskis saxelmZR­
vanelos Semdeg, magram TandaTan, droTa ganmavlobaSi p. vinogra­
dovis saxelmZRvanelo moZvelda, yavli gauvida, ufro axalma, n.
kareevis da r. viperis saxelmZRvaneloebma Caanacvla~ (`ganaTle-
ba~). amitom, is fiqrobs, rom, albaT, gacilebiT upriani iqneboda
aqcentis gakeTeba am axal saxelmZRvaneloze (`ganaTleba~).
rusi istorikosis p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelos moZ­
velebaze apelireba, albaT, mainc didi sifrTxiles moiTxovs da
gadaWarbebuli unda iyos. es saxelmZRvanelo didi popularobiT
sargeblobda da, XXs. dasawyisSi, ramdenjerme gamoica. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom Tu ara politikur viTareba, 1917w. oqtombris
gadatrialeba, misi gadamuSaveba da gamocema kidev gagrZeldeboda.
erTi sityviT, d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis es nabiji sulac ar Canda
iseTi gaumarTlebeli, rogoc es pativcemul recenzents esaxeboda.
ra Tqma unda, varaudis doneze gamovTqvamT or versias. jer
erTi, gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia, rom d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani
apirebdnen p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelos gadamuSavebas, Sem­
dgom srulyofas, daxvewas, magram im eqstremalur situaciaSi,
drois mcire monakveTSi, faqtobrivad, caitnotSi, rogorc Cans,
amis gakeTeba ver moaswres. meore: advili SesaZlebelia, rom maT
ganzraxuli hqondaT axali istoriis sakuTari saxelmZRvanelos
205
dawera. p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelo am gzaze gadadgmuli
pir­veli nabiji iyo, romelsac wminda pragmatuli daniSnuleba
ga­aCnda da im eqstremaluri viTarebidan erT-erTi realisturi
gamosavali Canda. magram saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg viTare­
ba mkveTrad Seicvala da msoflio istoriis erovnuli saskolo
saxelmRvaneloebis Seqmnis ideam dakarga Tavisi uwindeli aqtua­
loba. ukana planze gadaiwia. erTi sityviT, am mimarTulebiT sak­
maod intensiuri muSaoba mimdinareobda, magram saqarTvelos ga­
sabWoebis Semdeg, iZulebuli Seiqnen dawyebuli saqme SeewyvitaT.
aq yuradRebas mivapyrobT or garemoebaze. jer erTi, es dava
gemovnebis sakiTxia. mas n. kareevisa da r. viperis saxelmZRvanelo
ufro moswons, xolo d. uznaZem da i. gvelesianma, p. vinogradovis
saxelmRvaneloze gaakeTes arCevani. marTlac, SesaZloa recenzen­
ti marTalia da es saxelmZRvanelo ukeTesi iyo, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis arCevani swori ar iyo da
p. vinogradovis saxelmZRvanelo ar vargoda. rogorc aRvniSneT,
es im eqstremalur viTarebidan erT-erTi realisturi gamosava­
li Canda, rasac, sxvaTa Soris, arc recenzenti ar uaryofs. es am
Temaze misi msjelobis kidev erTi plusia. movusminoT isev mas. ai,
ras wers igi: `magram miuxedavad yovelive amisa, Tu jerjerobiT
mouxerxebelia sxvanairad, Cven zogierT `originalur saxelmZR­
vaneloebs~ mainc vamjobinebT. p. vinogradovis `axali istoriis sa­
xelmZRvaneloSi~ moTavsebuli masala mecnierulis mxriv, zedmiw­
evniT umwikvloa~ (`ganaTleba~). rogorc xedavT, aq dava principul
xasiaTs ar atarebs da gemovnebis sakiTxia. `gemovnebaze ar daoben~.
meore. sikeTidan sikeTes ar eZeben. kvlav gavmeordebi, rom
Se­iZleba n. kareevisa da r. viperis saxelmZRvanelo, marTlac,
ufro ukeTesi iyo, vidre p. vinogradovisa, magram p. vinogrado­
vis saxelmRvanelos arc araferi daewuneboda. SeiZleboda ufro
ukeTesi arCevanis gakeTeba, magram arc p. vinogradovis saxelmZR­
vanelo iyo cudi. rogorc ician Tqma, `mjobnis mjobni ar daile­
vao~. es iyo swori nabiji. isini Seecadnen SeevsoT is vakuumi, ro­
melic qarTul istoriografiaSi am dargSi arseboba. d. uznaZem
da i. gvelesianma Tavisi wvlili Seitanes da SeZlebisdagvarad Se­
ecadnen win waewiaT saqarTveloSi sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali
istoriis swavleba da Seswavla, popularizacia.
sakiTxis aseTi gadawyveta, vfiqrobT, aranair Crdils ar
ayenebs sazRvargareTis qveynebis axali istoriis swavlebis, Ses­
wavlisa da popularizaciis saqmeSi d. uznaZisa da i. gvelesian­
is wvlils. aseTi skeptikuri damokidebuleba swori ar iqneboda,
to­talitarul-bolSevikuri ideologiis wisqvilze asxams wyals,
206
sabWoTa, marqsistul-leninuri midgomis reanimaciad gvevlineba
da miuRebeli unda iyos. axali istoriis swavlebis, Seswavlis da
popularizaciis saqmeSi d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis wvlilis Seu­
fasebloba ar ivargebda. maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom im rTul
pirobebSi risi gakeTebac SeeZloT, gaakeTes. gasagebia, rom pir­
veli nabijebi rTuli iqneboda da gaaCnda Tavisi rogorc Zlieri,
ise susti mxareebi. amaSi aranormaluri araferi yofila.
qarTul skolas msoflio istoriis swavlebis dros swori
kursi unda hqonoda aRebuli da swori gziT midioda, romelsac,
bunebrivia, gaaCnda Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. isini cdi­
lobdnen Seqmnili rTuli viTarebidan optimaluri gamosavali
gamonaxon. daiwyo muSaoba axali istoriis normaluri saskolo
saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnaze. mTavari, vfiqrobT, swored es unda iyos.
ra Tqma unda, Zalian bevri iyo problemebi da aseTi gad­
awyvetileba kargi cxovrebiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli, magram, modi,
emociebi gverdze gadavdoT da viyoT realisturebi. es iyo wmin­
da pragmatuli nabiji, romelic pirvel yovlisa, im eqstremal­
uri viTarebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic Seiqmna 1918-1921ww.
saqarTvelo suverenul respublikaSi msoflio istoriis pirvel
erovnul saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebze muSaobis procesSi. es im
rTuli viTarebidan erT-erTi realur gamosavali Canda da amis
gamo maTi mkacrad gansja advili gziT siaruli iqneboda da hip­
erkritikulad migvaCnia.
Cveni frTxili varaudiT, d. uznaZisa da i. gvelesianis saxiT
saqme gvaqvs ara saxelmRvanelos avtorebTan an mTargmnelebTan,
rogorc amas zogierTebi fiqroben, aramed Semdgenel avtorebTan.
vfiqrobT, swored am konteqstSi unda figurirebdes maTi gvari
saxelmZRvanelos satitulo furcelze. rogorc Cans, swored, ase
esaxebodaT maT TavianTi roli am saxelmZRvanelosTan mimarTe­
baSi. Cveni azriT, es unda iyos swori midgoma. (maTze, rogorc
saxelmZRvanelos avtorebze apelireba wminda pirobiT xasiaTs
atarebs da ase ufro mosaxerxebeli unda Candes).

***
amrigad, didi albaTobiT, saqmis viTareba aseTi unda yofi­
liyo:
1. ra Tqma unda, d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis `axali isto­
riis~ saxelmZRvanelo ar warmoadgens originalur saxelmZRvane­
los. es, arcaa gasakviri. aseTi saxelmRvanelos dawera, cxadia
ad­vili saqme ar iyo da, pirvel yovlisa, didi Zalisxmeva da dro
Wirdeboda. saqarTvelos suverenul respublikas ki Zalian cota
207
dro hqonda. saqarTvelos istoriis `patara oqros xana~ metad
xan­mokle aRmoCnda. maT moqmedeba uxdebodaT eqstremalur viTa­
rebaSi, drois mcire monakvTSi, faqtobrivad, caitnotSi. rac mo­
aswres, gaakeTes, rac ara ganuxorcielebeli darCa, saxelmRva­
nelos avtorebad d. uznaZis da i. gvelesianis moazreba metad
am­biciuri iqneboda da gadaWarbebuli unda iyos. es am saqmeSi maT
wvlilze adekvatur warmodgenas rodi Segviqmnis. sxvaTa Soris,
arc d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani fiqrobdnen, rom isini am saxelmZ­
Rvanelos avtorebad gvevlinebodnen. es iyo swori midgoma.
2. erTi SexedviT, ise Cans da zedapirze Zevs, TiTqosda, es
aris rusi istorikosis, prof. pavle vinogradovis `axali isto­
riis~ saskolo saxelmZRvanelos Targmani, rogorc amas fiqrobda
saxelmZRvanelos pirveli recenzenti. aseT midgomas gaaCnia Ta­
visi rezoni, azri. amas, TiTqos, axlos mivyavarT WeSmaritebasTan,
magram maTi am saxelmRvanelos mTargmnelebad gamocxadeba, al­
baT mainc didi sifrTxiles moiTxovs da sakamaTo SeiZleba iyos.
Cveni azriT, es akninebs am saqmeSi maT mier Setanil wvlils. sa­
in­teresoa aRiniSnos, rom Tavad d. uznaZe da i. gvelesiani ar
fiqrobdnen, rom isini am saxelmRvanelos mTargmnelebi iyvnen. es,
albaT, raRacas unda niSnavdes. es iyo swori midgoma.
3. saqme gvaqvs rusi istorikosis p. vinogradovis axali is­
toriis saxelmZRvanelos gadmoqarTulebis mcdelobasTan, sadac
sa­xelmZRvaneloSi `sagrZnobi cvlilebebia Setanili~. es axloa
Tar­ gmanTan, magram Targmani araa. Cveni azriT, albaT, yvelaze
ufro upriani iqneboda, Tu maT saxelmZRvanelos Semdgenel av­
to­ rebad miviCnevdiT. vfiqrobT, swored, ase esaxebodaT maT am
sfe­ roSi Tavisi wvlili. amitom figurirebs wignis satitulo
furcelze maTi gvari. es iyo swori midgoma. `es wigni, umTavre­
sad, p. vinogradovis istoriis saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT aris Se­
d­genili, da mraval adgilas sityva-sityviTaa gadmoRebuli; ma­
gram ra ki sagrZnobi cvlilebebia Setanili, rogorc teqstSi,
ise masalis ganawilebaSic, amitom, Cvens Tavs neba ver miveciT,
misTvis Targmani gvewodebina~.
es ar iyo advili gziT siaruli, rogorc es Soridan SeiZle­
ba Candes. aseTi d. uznaZe arasodes ar yofila. amgvari nabiji, ra
Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo da kargi cxovrebiT rodi gaxldaT
ganpirobebuli. is, pirvel yovlisa, wminda praqtikuli pragmatu­
li mosazrebebiT iyo gamowveuli. es im eqstremaluri viTarebidan,
romelic Seiqmna saqarTvelos suverenul respublikaSi 1918-1821
wlebSi, msoflios istoriis erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloe­
bis Seqmnis dros, erT-erTi realisturi gamosavali Canda. es am
208
sferoSi qarTul sinamdvileSi arsebuli vakuumis, rodesac msof­
lio istoriis sakiTxebze, mSobliur enaze, praqtikulad araferi
ar iyo dawerili, Sevsebis mcdelobad gvevlineba. es iyo swori
nabiji. es imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fonze wingada­
dgmul nabijs warmoadgenda, Tvisebrivi siaxle iyo, rac upirate­
sad, imiT gamoixateboda, rom saqarTveloSi msoflio istoriis Ses­
wavlam, popularizaciam, samecniero-popularuli xasiaTi SeiZina
da, umTavresad, asaxva hpova msoflio istoriis pirvel erovnul
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi. metis gakeTeba maT drois im mcire
monakveTSi ubralod ver moswres. es im periodis qarTuli isto­
riografiis warmateba iyo da amis gverdis avla, wayrueba, romel­
mac farTod moikida fexi sabWoTa wlebSi, subieqturi da tenden­
ciuri iyo. amitom am monakveTis eliminireba, amoReba, am dargis
ganviTarebidan, safuZvels moklebulia da marTebuli ar iqnebo­
da. aseTi gaxldaT politikuri neba. Cven vcadeT ga­gvesworebina
es Seusabamoba da davubruneT am monakveTs arsebobis ufleba,
romelic sabWoTa periodSi, faqtobrivad, CamorTme­ uli hqonda.
am saxelmZRvaneloebma Tavisi wvlili Seitanes da SeZlebis­
da­gvarad Seecadnen win waewiaT saqarTveloSi msoflio istoriis
swa­vleba, Seswavla, popularizacia. mTavari, swored, es iyo. am sa­
xel­mZRvaneloebis mniSvneloba, vfiqrobT, swored, amaSi unda md­
gomareobdes. sakiTxisadmi midgoma mecnieruli iyo da, upirate­
sad, progresul-liberalur Rirebulebebze iyo orientirebuli,
ro­melsac, bunebrivia, gaaCnia Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi. am­
itom, am saxelmZRvaneloebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba an
apologeturi midgoma gadaWarbebuli unda iyos da umarTebulo
iqneboda. erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda aRmovCndeT. unda
vecadoT gamovnaxoT saSualedo gza, oqros Suaguli, romelic sa­
Sualebas mogvcems gamovkveToT rogorc Suqi, ise Crdili da Seveca­
doT avxsnaT maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi. es iqneboda swori midgoma.
arsebobda didi albaToba, rom es gza gagrZeldeboda, daw­
yebuli saqme bolomde iqneboda miyvanili da saqarTveloSi dai­
wereboda msoflio istoriis normaluri saerTaSoriso standar­
tebis Sesatyvisi, pirveli erovnuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi,
magram, umTavresad, politikuri kataklizmebis gamo, es ase ar
moxda. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg msoflio istoriis swav­
lebam, Seswavlam, popularizaciam, sul sxva xasiaTi miiRo, ro­
melic Tavdapirveli gzis gagrZelebad, wingadadgmul nabijad,
Znelia miviCnioT.

14. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 209

 bibliografia:

• `ganaTleba~ _ gaz. `ganaTleba~. #2, 1919;

• avaliani, 1920(a) _ avaliani simon. msoflio istoriis saxelmZRvane­
lo (XV-XVIIIss.). tf., 1920;
• avaliani, 1920(b) _ avaliani simon. msoflio istoriis saxelmZRvane­
lo (XIX-XXss). tf., 1920;
• gvelesiani, 1920 _ gvelesiani ivane. saSualo saukuneTa istoria. Se­d­
ge­ni­li profesor a. a. vasilievis saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT. saSualo
sko­­­lebisaTvis tf., 1920;
• dundua, 1920 _ dundua varlam. saSualo saukuneTa istoria. tf., 1920;
• vulfiusi, 1919(a) _ vulfiusi andrea. saSualo istoriis saxelmZR­
vanelo. quTaisi, 1919;
• vulfiusi, 1919(b) _ vulfiusi andrea. axali istoria. quTaisi, 1919;
• kalandaZe, 2013 _ kalandaZe merab. dimitri uznaZe rogorc istoriko­
si, _ `analebi~. #9, 2013;
• kalandaZe, 2016(a) _ kalandaZe merab. dimitri uznaZe safrangeTis
did revoluciaze da napoleonze. Tb., 2016;
• kalandaZe, 2016(b) _ kalandaZe merab. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
axali istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2016;
• kalandaZe, 2016(g) _ kalandaZe merab. saqarTveloSi msoflio istori­
is Seswavlis evolucia, _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli aka­
de­­miis macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnologiisa da xelovnebis is­
toriis seria. #1-2. 2016;
• kalandaZe, 2017 _ kalandaZe merab. suverenul saqarTvelos respub­li­
kaSi 1918-1921 wlebSi gamosuli msoflio istoriis pirveli erovnuli
sas­kolo saxelmZRvaneloebi, _ `analebi~. #13. Tb., 2017;
• lavisi, 1918 _ lavisi ernst. axali istoria. Targmna tr. rusaZem. qu­
Ta­isi, 1918;
• mamukelaSvili, 1993 _ mamukelaSvili naira. istoriis swavleba qar­
Tul sabWoTa skolaSi, _ aleqsandre namoraZis saxelobis krebuli.
Tb., 1993;
• mamukelaSvili, 1996 _ mamukelaSvili naira. axali istoriis swavle­
ba sabWoTa saSualo skolaSi, _ krebuli miZRvnili varlam donaZis
xsovnisadmi. redaqtori n. mamukelaSvili. Tb., 1996;
• naTaZe, 1919 _ naTaZe grigol. inglisis mokle istoria. tf., 1919;
• uznaZe, 1916 _ uznaZe dimitri. istoria. pirvelyofili kultura.
tf., 1916;
• uznaZe, 1919 _ uznaZe dimitri. Zveli istoria. wigni 1. Zveli aRmosav­
leTi da Zveli saberZneTi. tf., 1919;
• uznaZe, 1920 _ uznaZe dimitri. Zveli istoria. wigni 2. Zveli romi.
tf., 1920;
• uznaZe, 1922 _ uznaZe dimitri. Zveli aRmosavleTi da pirvelyofili
kultura. tf., 1922;
• uznaZe.., 1919 _ uznaZe dimitri, gvelesiani ivane. axali istoria
(XVIII-XIXss.). tf., 1919;
• uznaZe.., 1920 _ uznaZe dimitri, gvelesiani ivane. axali istoria
(XV-XVIIIss.). tf., 1920;

210
• wereTeli, 1919 _ wereTeli aleqsandre. msoflio istoria. wigni 1:
Zveli istoria. tf., 1919;
• wereTeli, 1920(a) _ wereTeli aleqsandre. msoflio istoria. wigni 2:
saSualo saukuneTa istoria. tf., 1920;
• wereTeli, 1920(b) _ wereTeli aleqsandre. msoflio istoria. wigni 3:
axali saukuneebi. tf., 1920;
• wereTeli, 1978 _ wereTeli qeTevan. saskolo istoriuli ganaTleba
saqarTveloSi 1804-1917 wlebSi. Tb., 1978;
• WumburiZe, 2000 _ WumburiZe dodo. ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi. Tb.,
2000;
• WumburiZe, 1920 _ WumburiZe Teimuraz. axali istoria. quTaisi, 1920;
• ВИНОГРАДОВ, 1901 – Виноградов Павел Гаврилович. Учебник всеобщей ис­то­
рии. Часть 3: Новая История. СПб, 1901.

MERAB KALANDADZE1

ON THE TEXTBOOK OF “NEW HISTORY”

BY DIMITRI UZNADZE AND IVANE GVELESIANI

The present work aims to identify one particular issue. The first national
textbook “New History” by D. Uznadze and I. Gvelesiani was translation as some
people think or they was author-compilators. The Question is interesting and
actual. His clarification have principal importance This will enable us to be more
clearer in historical science d. Uznadze’s contribution.
Such a choice, obviously, is not accidental, and is largely opaque to p. Vi-
nodov’s textbook was perfectly suited to their political ideals. While assessing
key issues of world history, they were mainly focused on progressive-liberal hon-
ors. This was a scientific approach to the issue, which naturally has its plus and
minuses. It was one of the real situations in which Georgia’s sovereign republic
was working on the first national school textbook of world history, one of the
realistic and practical solution.
The first national textbook “New History” by D. Uznadze and I. Gvelesiani
is not translation into russian textbook by russian historian P. Vinogradov as
some person thinks. We deal with a creative approach to translation, which is
p. It is an attempt to divert Vinogradov’s textbook. The author of the textbook
on this issue d. Uznadze and I. Gvelesiani’s approach is much closer and more
appealing to us. They consider themselves to be the authors of this textbook.
Perhaps it would be more correct.

1
Merab Kalandadze – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhi­
shvili Tbilisi State University.
211
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

avTandil kilasonia1

degradirebuli batonymoba _ adamianebiT vaWrobis

wyaro gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

adamianebiT vaWroba, qarTuli wyaroebis `tyvis syidva~ ga­

mowveuli iyo XVI-XVIIIss. saqarTvelosa da mis garSemo Seqmnili
rTuli mdgomareobiT: erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSliT,
iran-osmaleTis ganuwyveteli agresiiTa da am niadagze qveynis eko­
nomikuri daCixulobiT. mizezTa Soris upirvelesi mainc qveynis
sameurneo cxovrebis daqveiTeba iyo _ glexTa eqsploatacia gaiz­
arda, feodaluri wesi da rigi dairRva da saTave daedo um­Zi­mes
danaSauls _ adgilobrivi kacis qveynis gareT monobaSi gayi­d­vas.
XVIs. moyolebuli adamianebiT danaSaulebriv vaWrobas Ziri­
Ta­dad kvebavda degradirebuli batonymuri urTierToba. am dro­
idan saqarTveloSi ukve didi xnis gamarjvebul feodalizms Semd­
gomi evoluciuri ganviTarebis saSualeba moespo. epoqis saerTo
da­maxasiaTebel movlenad iqca `batonymuri rigis~ glexis sazi­
anod darRveva, socialur urTierTobaTa gamwvaveba da eqsplu­a­
taciis maxinji formebis farTod gavrceleba (jamburia, 1973: 187).
jer kidev XV saukuneSi sabolood gaqra progresuli sa­mo­ka­
rgao miwaTmflobeloba. feodalebma erT dros sagamgeod miCeni­
li miwebi samemkvidreo mamulebad gadaaqcies da aq, centraluri
xelisuflebis sisustis pirobebSi, TavianTi ganusazRvreli eko­
no­mikuri da politikuri batonoba daamyares. am procesis Sedegi
iyo samTavroTa da saTavadoTa sistemis warmoSoba, ramac gadam­
wyveti rodi Seasrula gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos soci­
alur-ekonomikursa da politikur cxovrebaSi.
XVI-XVIIIss. glexobas, qveynis ZiriTad mwarmoebel masas, eko­
no­mikuri da piradi damoukidebloba didi xnis dakarguli hqonda.
is sabolood iyo mimagrebuli mebatonis miwas, saidanac am uka­nas­
k­nelis nebarTvis gareSe wasvla ar SeeZlo.
1
avTandil kilasonia _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
212
 am periodSi termini `glexi~ ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda.
farTo gagebiT ase iwodeboda araTavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa mTe­
li klasi, viwro SinaarsiT ki mebegres, moyalnes, moinales niS­
nav­da. maT ganasxvavebdnen imis mixedviT, Tu vis ekuTvnodnen, ra
qo­nebis mflobelebi iyvnen da ra uflebriv damokidebulebaSi iy­
v­nen batonTan.
miwas, romelzec glexi ijda da Tavisi meurneoba hqonda mow­
yo­bili, `saglexo mamuli~, igive `sakomlo~ ewodeboda. qarTuli
fe­odaluri samarTliT sakomlos sruli baton-patroni feodali
iyo, romlis nebarTvis gareSe glexs misi gasxvisebis ufleba ar
hqo­nda. glexobis ekonomikur damcrobaze miuTiTebs is garemoe­
ba, rom am dros erT sakomloze ukve ori, sami da oTxi komlic
ij­ da, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi rva komlic mjdara (qsZ, II,
1965: 187). es xels uwyobda glexis miwidan mowyvetas da umiwo
glexTa kategoriis warmoSobas.
glexebis udides nawils mebegreebi Seadgendnen. maTi ZiriTa­
di valdebuleba gadasaxadebis gamoReba da muSaoba iyo. ekonomi­
ku­ri mdgomareobis mixedviT mebegre glexebi 4 kategoriad iyo­
fodnen:
I _ `kargi glexebi~, romlebic srul sakomloze ijdnen da
mTel begaras ixdidnen;
II _ `SuaTana glexebi~, romlebic naxevar sakomlos flobdnen
da, Cveulebriv, srul begaras ar ixdidnen;
III _ `mcire glexebi~, romelTa mamuli naxevar sakomloze na­
klebi iyo da begarac Sesabamisi edoT;
IV _ `SeuZlebelni~ anu `bezmisqinni~, uaRresad mciremiwiani
an umiwoebi, romelTac begara-gamosaRebTa gadaxdis unari ar Ses­
wev­daT, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevaSi mcire gamosaRebs ixdidnen.
mebegreTa dayofa `wodebrivi~ xasiaTis ar iyo da erTidan
me­ore jgufSi gadasvla batonis nebarTvas ar saWiroebda (meg­re­
la­Ze, 1965: 203-204). mebegreTa kategoriaSi Sediodnen `wyalobis
ymad~ da `nasyidad~ wodebuli glexebic.
nasyidi iyo glexi, romelic umamulod iyo gayiduli da da­
karguli hqonda miwis memkvidreobiT gadacemis ufleba. xSir Sem­
T­ xvevaSi nayids batoni isev miwaze svamda, magram es miwa masze
mkvi­drad mimagrebuli ar iyo. batons SeeZlo misi kvlav umiwod
ga­yidva. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi swored aseTi glexebi iyide­
bodnen umTavresad `TaTrebze~, Tbilisis mecixovne iranis jaris­
ka­cebze, rac, faqtobrivad, qveynis gareT gayidvas niSnavda.
`nasyidi~ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yvelaze uuflebo glexi
iyo. mas batoni TviTneburad uwesebda gadasaxads maSin, roca
213
mkvidr glexs amas tradicia ganusazRvravda. nasyidis statusi
ar­sebiTad tyvis, igive monis mdgomareobas uaxlovdeboda, mxo­
lod im gansxvavebiT, rom misi mokvla ar SeiZleboda.
nasyidTa kategoriis gaCena `batonymuri rigis~ moSlis dama­
dasturebeli movlena iyo. feodalebi TavianTi saWiroebis gamo
xSirad kanons aRrvevdnen da TviTneburad, umamulod hyiddnen
TavianT glexebs.
mTavari wyaro glexTa am kategoriis gaCenisa iyo davaliane­
ba, tyved Cavardna, SimSiloba, batonis winaSe Cadenili danaSauli
da misTanani (akofaSvili, 1962: 80). iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac gare­
moeba aiZulebda glexs Tavi nasyidad daedo da miwis memkvidreo­
biT sargeblobis uflebazec xeli nebiT aeRo.
mravali sabuTi arsebobs CamoTvlil mizezTa gamo sakuTari
Ta­vis, Svilis, Zmis da sxva axloblis gayidvisa. nasyidi glexebi
blo­ mad iyvnen qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. gansakuTrebiT mravldebian
isini XVIIs. II naxevridan (asaTiani, 1978: 213).
amave periodis dasavleT saqarTveloSic gvxvdebian umiwod
gayiduli glexebi, magram naklebad, rac imiT aixsneba, rom status­
damcrobili, umiwo glexebi tyvis syidvis farTod gavrcelebisa da
osmaleTis siaxlovis gamo advilad gaedinebodnen qveynis gareT.
`wyalobis ymad~ iwodeboda batonTan nebiT mosuli glexi,
romelsac wasvlis ufleba SenarCunebuli hqonda, mebatonesTan
sa­Tanado werilobiTi an zepiri xelSekrulebiT idga da, saWiroe­
bis SemTxvevaSi, kanoni icavda. glexTa es kategoriac umiwo da
amo­Zravebuli iyo. maSin, roca feodalur sazogadoebaSi yvelas
Tavisi patroni hyavda, misi Tavisufleba mtkice ar iyo, kidev
meti, saxifaToc iyo. isic advilad misatacebel-misaTvisebelTa
kon­tingents avsebda. XVI-XVIIss. wyalobis ymebis raodenoba cota
iyo da isini, ZiriTadad, erTi samefodan meoreSi gaqceuli an Ta­
vdaxsnilebi iyvnen.
`Tavdaxsna~ am periodis saqarTveloSi batonymobis farg­
lebSi socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi forma
iyo. es mdgomareoba saTanadod iuridiulad formdeboda da amis
da­madasturebel sabuTs `Tavdaxsnisa da azatobis wigni~ erqva
(dokumentebi.., I, 1940: 248). am instituts icnobs da ase uwodebs
mas vaxtang VI-is samarTali (qsZ, I, 1963: 547). im dros saqar­Tv­ eloSi
arsebuli viTareba _ centraluri xelisuflebis sisuste da saqa­
laqo cxovrebis ganuviTarebloba, ucxoel dampyrobTa xSiri Se­
mosevebi, mTis eqspansia, Tu tyvis syidva TavdaxsnilTa gamrav­
lebis pirobebs spobda (jamburia, 1973: 198).
XVI-XVIII saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xizan glexTa
214
ka­
te­goriis gamravleba. am terminiT erTi batonidan meoresTan
gaqceuli glexi aRiniSneboda. gaqcevis sixSire intensiuri meur­
neobis moSlaze miuTiTebda. Cveulebriv, glexebi dasavleT saqa­
rTvelodan aRmosavleTSi garbodnen. ufro xSiri iyo kaxeTSi ga­
qceva, rac gansakuTrebiT intensiuri aseve XVIIs. II naxevridan xdeba.
arsebiTad igive iyo `boganoba~. xiznoba-boganoba umiwobisa
da batonymuri eqsploataciis simZimisgan momdinareobda. am kat­
egoriis glexTa kanonmdeblobiTa da tradiciiT aRiareba XVIIIs. II
naxevarSi mTavrdeba (musxeliSvili, 1940: 316-317).
glexTa Tavisebur kategorias gviani Sua saukuneebis saqa­
rTveloSi warmoadgenda mojalabe, romelic mxolod dasavleT
saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
mo­jalabe mosaxle kaci ar iyo. is mudmivad batonis karmidamoSi
cxovrobda da yvelaze mZime da saTakilo saqmes asrulebda. ba­
tons SeeZlo misi ojaxis wevrebis cal-calke gayidva, nebismierad
dasja da sxv.
saqarTvelos ukidures Crdilo-dasavleTSi feodalur ur­
Ti­erTobebs Tavisi specifika hqonda. afxazeTSi is ufro ganuvi­
Tarebeli iyo, vidre danarCen saqarTveloSi. glexobis ZiriTadi
masa _ anxaiu _ aq jer kidev ar iyo sabolood daymevebuli, mxo­
lod misi mcire nawili iyo gadasuli mebegreTa kategoriaSi da
ba­tonymur eqsploatacias ganicdida.
dabegrilTa ZiriTad kategorias afxazeTSi amacurasku Sead­
genda, `kaci romelsac muSaoba edo~ da romelic ixdida natural­
ur gadasaxads Roris, Txis, marcvleulis da sxva naturaluri
produqtebis saxiT.
erT-erT uuflebo mwarmoebels am periodis afxazeTSi war­
moadgenda axoiu, `saWmlis momzadebeli~, igive `muSa~ Tu `mzareu­
li~. samegreloSi mas `dolmaxoresac~ eZaxdnen. axoius zogjer
megrels _ `agiruasac~ da guruls _`aguruas~ uwodebdnen. g. ZiZ­
arias ganmartebiT, am movlenaSi aisaxa batonymobis ufro adre da
Rrmad ganviTarebis faqti samegrelosa da guriaSi, meore mxriv,
axoius rigebis samegrelodan da guriidan gamoqceuli glexebiT
Sevsebis SemTxvevebi (Дзидзария, 1958: 284-285). ueWvelia, rom am ka­
te­goriis glexTa rigebis Sevsebis wyaro afxazTa TareSis Sedegad
ga­tacebuli adamianebic iyvnen.
yvelaze uuflebo glexs afxazeTSi warmoadgenda axaSvala.
mas ar gaaCnda araviTari sakuTreba, ojaxis Seqmnis ufleba da sxv.
axaSvalaTa rigebi aseve ivseboda `tyveebisa~ da `nasyidebisgan~.
maTi Sevsebis wyaro iyo agreTve `sisxlis fasSi~ aRebuli glex­
ebis `ukanono Svilebi~ (jamburia, 1973: 200-201).
215
 mTel saqarTveloSi glexTa privilegirebul fenas warmoad­
gendnen msaxurebi. batonis cxeniT xleba da laSqrobaSi monawil­
eoba msaxuris upiratesoba iyo mebegresTan SedarebiT. XVI-XVIIss
mwarmoebelTa saerTo mdgomareobis gauaresebam msaxuris social­
ur statuszec moaxdina gavlena. Tu beqa-aRbuRas samarTliT msax­
uris sisxli 1000 TeTrad iyo Sefasebuli, glexisa ki _ 400-ad (qsZ,
I, 1963: 428-429, muxlebi 7-11), vaxtangis samarTliT msaxuris sisx­
li 24 Tumania, mebegrisa ki _ 12 (samarTali.., 1981: muxlebi 32, 33).
mebegre glexis msaxurad aRzeveba mebatonis ufleba iyo.
masve SeeZlo misi damcroba _ `marTebul danaSaulze~ cemiT, dab­
miT, darbeviT, gayidviTa da sxva gvarad dasja (jamburia, 1960: 118).
mwarmoebelTa socialuri speqtris aseTi mravalferovneba
ba­tonymur urTierTobaTa daCixulobis Sedegi iyo. qveynis saer­
To ekonomikuri dacemis pirobebSi feodaluri eqspluataciis
zrda, begara-valdebulebebis gadideba, romelic ar emyarebo­
da ekonomikur aRmavlobas, kidev ufro aqveiTebda meurneobas.
sastiki mebatonis SiSiT, romelic glex saarsebo minimumsac ar
utovebda, mwarmoebeli naklebad zrunavda meurneobis ukeTesad
mowyobaze maSinac ki, rodesac mSvidobianoba iyo da sxva xelis­
SemSleli pirobebic ar arsebobda.
XVI-XVIIIss. glexTa mdgomareobis ukiduresad gauaresebis xa­
naa saqarTveloSi. damaxasiaTebelia, rom am saukuneebSi ymis val­
debuleba-gamosaRebebi 6-jer da metad gaizarda (javaxiSvili,
1948: 190). mebatoneTa mier TviTneburad gazrdil gamosaRebebs
da­emata ucxoel dampyrobTa sasargeblod SemoRebuli axali ga­
dasaxadebi _ `saTaTro~, `mali~, `sauri~, `sayaeno~ da misTanani
(javaxiSvili.., 1943: 267).
am droidan dairRva proporcia, raodenobrivi Tanafardoba
ga­batonebul da mSobel mosaxleobas Soris. ganuwyvetliv omia­
nobebs Seewira mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari, upiratesad, mwarmo­
ebeli masa. Tavadaznauroba darCenilTagan cdilobda Semcirebu­
li Semosavlis amoRebas, rac autanels xdida glexis isedac mZime
mdgomareobas.
gausaZlisi iyo glexobis cxovreba bolomouRebeli Sinafeo­
da­luri omebis gamoc. modave feodalebi arbevdnen da Zarcvavdnen
erTmaneTis yma_mamulebs, tyveebad mihyavdaT mosaxleoba, rome­
lic, viTarc `omSi naSovni~, maTi `miudevari sakuTreba~ xdeboda.
mefis xelisufleba ver axerxebda kanonierebis dacvas, ra­
sac logikurad mohyva socialur winaaRmdegobaTa gamwvaveba,
mom­ravlda sasamarTloSi Civili da dava. am davaSi, rogorc wesi,
Zlieri imarjvebda. glexi samarTals ver hpoulobda, radgan sasa­
216
marTlo, iseve rogorc mTeli saxelmwifo aparati, feodalTa xe­
lSi iyo. urCsa da momCivans mebatone sababs uZebnida, danaSauls
abralebda da qveynis gareT hyidda.
Seviwroebuli glexi gamosavals gaqceva-gaxizvnaSi xedavda,
magram amiT sakuTar Tavs met ukanonobaSi igdebda. amrigad amoZ­
ravebuli glexi advilad iqceoda sakbilod da `saqonlad~ moTa­
reSe, adamianebiT movaWre avazakebisTvis.
xSirad gaqcevis Sedegi galekeba, gaoseba da gaafxazeba iyo,
de­klasirebuli glexebi uerTdebodnene ucxo eTnoss da maTTan
erTad sCadiodnen danaSaulebriv qmedebebs. isini sakuTari Tana­
memamuleebis Cagvra-awiokebaSi momxvdurebs arafriT Camouvar­
debodnen.
gausaZlisi eqsploataciisa da gamwvavebuli socialuri ur­
Ti­erTobebis Sedegi iyo mosaxleobis ukiduresad mZime moraluri
ganwyobileba. mudmivi safrTxis, daZabulobisa da depresiis pi­
ro­bebSi ucxoobaSi gadakargva da sakuTari Tavis monad gayidvac
ar unda yofiliyo gasakviri.
`usamarTlobam gagvreka saqarTvelodam, ioramisa da beris
ymoba ar SegviZlian~, _ werdnen javaxeTs gaqcevis mizezad ymebi
danduraSvilebi (dokumentebi.., II, 1953: #110). amave periodSi mR­
vdeli nikoloz CuTkeraSvili umarTebulo zewolis gamo imuqre­
boda, `Tu ar mameSvebi, iqav urjuloSi wavalo~ (sea.., 118). igive
momCivani, romelmac wlebis manZilze ZlierTan davaSi samarTals
ver miaRwia, 1794 wels mefesTan Civis: `amas gevedrebiT, didebu­
lo xelmwifev, arc mama yofila da arc papa imisi yma da nurc me
da­mkargavT. Tqveni ymoba msurs da am usamarTlo batonyombisagan
ga­manTavisufle da Tu ara meSveleba ra, kurTxeul ars RmerTi,
sadidamac Cemi mama da biZa mosulan, mec iq waval. mravali qris­
tiani aris usjuloSi tyveT da mec iq waval~ (sea.., 118).
1742 wlis erTi sabuTiT, duxWiri cxovrebisgan gausaZlis
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili glexi sakuTar Svils yidis: `maluja­
Tis TeTrs gvTxovdnen da saqoneli sul lekma wagvarTo, ilaji
arasi gvqonda, Cemi Svili mogyide Cemis nebiTa~ (dokumentebi.., II,
1953: 434).
1768 wels Zmebi daTuna da beri lafaCebi wigns miarTmeven
gi­orgi yularaRass: `mama Cveni lekma WarebSi daiWira da dagvi­
tyveva aqeTa da iqeT bevrs vecadeniT mamis gamoxsnas, magram vera
viRoneT ra, muxls mogexviveniT da mamis daxsnas SemogevxveweniT.
Tqvenc wyalobas dagvpirdiT da mamis Cvenis daxsnasa da R˜n rom
xeli mogimarToT da mamaCveni bevrad daixsnaT Tu cotaTa, Cveni
Tavi TqvenTvis nasyidad migvicia~ (dokumentebi.., II, 1953: 434). ms­
217
gavsi sabuTebis damowmeba blomad SeiZleba.
arsebuli ekonomikuri da socialuri urTierTobebi swored
rom saukeTeso niadags qmnida adamianebiT vaWrobis ganviTarebis­
Tvis. gansakuTrebiT reliefurad es dasavleT saqarTveloSi Cans.
aq mravali nivTi, romlis SeZenis survili feodalebs hqondaT,
Turq vaWrebs SemohqondaT da mxolod adamianebze cvlidnen. `qve­
y­nis mesveuri~ adgilobrivi didebulebic daubrkoleblad eweod­
nen am danaSaulebriv gacvliT vaWrobas.
rogorc SemorCenili saistorio masala mWevrmetyvelurad
adasturebs, das. saqarTveloSi feodalur urTierTobaTa da­
Ci­xuloba martooden `batonymuri rigis~ mwarmoeblis sazianod
dar­RveviTa da mxolod begara-gadasaxadebis uzomo gazrdiT ar
amo­wurula, aq mebatoneebma ugulvebelhyves glexis yovelgvari
uf­ leba da is monis mdgomareobaSi Caayenes, osmalo vaWarTagan
TavianTvis saWiro saqoneli rom SeeZinaT, dasavleT saqarTve­
los fe­oda­lebi jer kantikuntad da farulad, Semdeg ki aSkarad
da ma­ so­brivad hyiddnen ucxoel vaWrebze TavianT sakuTar Tu
mezobe­li feodalebis ymebs (berZeniSvili, 1973: 171).
XVIIs. samegrelos socialur urTierTobaTa daxasiaTebisas
a. lamberti wers, rom `Tavadebs iseTi ufleba da mniSvneloba
aqvT samegreloSi, rogoric ar moepoveba arc erT Tavads evro­
paSi... aqauri batonis ufleba bevrad aRemateba italieli Tavadis
uf­lebas, radgan aqaur batons SeuZlia gaasamarTlos Tavisi yma
da mas ufleba ara aqvs mis ganaCenze iCivlos TviT mTavris winaSe.
ba­tons SeuZlia ara Tu daatusaRos Tavisi yma, aramed awamos da
sastikad dasajos, magaliTad, mosWras mas xeli, fexi, amoTxaros
Tvalebi, waarTvas yovelive qoneba da mouspos TviT sicocxlec.
garda amisa, Tu romelime yma uSvilod gardaicvala, misi yoveli
qoneba rCeba batons. zogjer, roca ymas marto erTi mcirewlo­
vani Svili rCeba, batoni am Svils hyidis xolme TurqeTSi da mis
memkvidreobas TviTon iCemebs~ (lamberti, 1937: 30_31).
feodaluri kanoniereba das. saqarTveloSi imdenad iyo moS­
lili, rom Cveulebrivi iyo begara-gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis
gamo glexisTvis col-Svilis warTmeva da TurqeTSi gayidva.
s. kakabaZis dakvirvebiT, imereTSi, 1540-iani wlebidan 1770-
mde, vercxli gaZvirda daaxloebiT 25%-iT, ramac gamoiwvia fase­
bis Sesabamisad daweva adgilobriv produqtsa da nedleulze.
aman gaaRariba qveyana sagareo vaWrobisas, miT umetes maSin, roca
Zi­riTadi mwarmoebeli masa _ glexoba _ mudmivi omianobis gamo
ao­xrebuli da gaRatakebuli iyo. Seqmnil viTarebaSi qveyana ver
hpo­ ulobda saTanado ekvivalents sagareo vaWrobis sawarmoeb­
218
lad. ZiriTad partniorebs erTaderT adgilobriv produqtze,
ada­ mianebze hqondaT moTxovnileba, amitomac cocxali adamiani
iyo gadaqceuli sagareo vaWrobis erT-erT ZiriTad sagnad, tyve­
ebi warmoaddgendnen im eqvivalents, romelic SesaZleblobas aZ­
lev­da gaWirvebul qveyanas ucxoeTidan Semoetana misTvis saWiro
sa­qoneli (kakabaZe, 1922: 108-109).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT logikuria, rom am
dros qveyanaSi `tyveTa~ garkeuli kontingenti mudmivad arsebo­
b­
da da maTi rigebis Semavsebeli wyaroc mravalferovani gaxda.
oq­ro-vercxlisa da fulis sinaklebis pirobebSi is brunvaSi iyo,
rogorc gacvla-gamocvlis Taviseburi saSualeba.
niSandoblivia, rom XVIIs. 20-iani wlebis qarTuli iuridiuli
sa­buTis erT-erTi saxeobis, `erTgulebis wignis~ mixedviT, rome­
lic sazogado formulebs Seicavs `salarosTan~ `tyvec~ aris nax­
senebi fulis da Rirebul nivTTa gverdiT, rac am mizniT maTi
tri­alis masiursa da Cveulebriv xasiaTze miuTiTebs: `... Tavdebo­
biTa da mindobiT ese ukunisamde JamTa gasaTavebeli uTuo da
uTu­mcao piri da fici mogaxsenen Cven... Tqvenda SvilTa Tqven­
Ta asre da ama pirsa zeda: viyvneT TqvenTvis dRes da dReis iqiT
kargni da kargis mdom­ni. ara gavnoT, ara gazianoT, ara gicruoT,
ara gityuoT, ara giCxuboT da arc RmrTisagan da kacTagan kargi
dagvemarTos imis­ni momWirveni viyuneT, Tqvenis mterisa mterni
viyuneT da moyuarisa moyuare da Tu an tyue an salaro mogvabar­
oT, uzianod da usi­rcxvod aseve mogabaroT da arc sxvis kacis sa­
Tao Tqvenze davidvaT. amis gasaTaveblad da Tavdebad momicemia
RmerTi da yovelni wmin­danni RmrTisani, zecisani da qveynisani,
xorcielni da uxor­coni~ (qsZ, III, 1970: 485-486).
tyve, rogorc sazRauris saxe fulTan da sxva material­
ur faseulobebTan erTad aris naxsenebi vaxtang VI samarTalSic.
`kari sisxlis ganCinebisa~, romelic sagangebod exeba da awesri­
gebs, `Tu rasac fers sisxlSi romel gvaris kacs ras saqonlidan
miecema~, tyve mxolod sazogadoebis zeda fenis da privilegire­
bulTa sazRauri Cans.
glexi kacisa da msaxuris sisxlis sazRaurad vaxtangis samar­
Tlis me-18 muxliT `Zroxa, cxvari, cxeni, iaraRi da saxls saxmari
rkina-rvali~ iyo ganCenili (samarTali.., 1981: muxli 185).
me-19, me-20, 21-e muxlebSi aznaurisa da samive kategoriis
Ta­ vadis sisxlis sazRaurad tyveebic aris dawesebuli (samarTa-
li.., 1981: muxli 186).
aSkaraa, rom tyve socialurad umdables safexurze mdgomi
ada­miania, is CamonaTvalSi Zroxisa da cxvris Semdeg aris dasaxele­
219
buli, rac pirdapir miuTiTebs mis monur da sruliad uuflebo
mdgomareobaze. gasarkvevi mxolod isaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, erT­
niSnad naTeli ver aris, Tu vis gulisxmobs tyveSi kanonmdebeli
_ status daqveiTebul adgilobriv glexs, Tu garedan moyvanils.
ufro es ukanasknelia savaraudo, radgan tyve glexTa kategoria­
Si ar CaiTvleba, mwarmoebelTa aseT fenas qarTuli samarTali ar
ic­nobs. am azrs isic amagrebs, rom Tavdapirvelad `tyve~ araqar­
Tvels da uTvistomos niSnavda, Semdeg ki moxda misi transforma­
cia.
pietro dela vales gadmocemiT, saqarTveloSi RaribTa Ca­
g­vra imdenad usazRvro iyo, rom isini aRar iyvnen patronebi arc
Ta­vianTi qonebis, arc Rirsebisa da aRarc sicocxlisa. `keTilSo­
bilni da warCinebulni, romelTac qarTvelebi aznaurebs uwode­
ben, arTmeven maT, rodesac ki moesurvebaT, qonebas, col-Svilsa
da, Zalze xSirad sicocxlesac (TamaraSvili, 1902: 249). aq yvelaze
mdi­dari yvelaze meti uflebiT sargeblobs, xolo `mdidris uf­le­
ba Raribis mimarT yovlad absoluturia~ (TamaraSvili, 1902: 249).
aRniSnuli avtoris Tanamedrove patri juzepe judiCec saqa­
rTveloSi gavrcelebul adamianebiT vaWrobas yma glexebze Tava­
daznaurTa ganusazRvreli uflebebiTa da maTi simravliT xsnis.
misi TqmiT, `es sazizRari Cveuleba imitom gavrcelda ase ad­
vilad, rom batonebi uRmrToni da mravlad arian, radgan saqarT­
velo savsea TavadebiT, romlebsac CvenSi baronebs vetyviT, amaT
ganusazRvreli ufleba aqvT TavianT qveSevrdomebs rac undaT is
uyon, ase rom damSleli aravin hyavT. batonebis xelSia ymaTa si­
cocxle da namusi, amitom yovladis siadviliT, rogorc ubralo
rame nivTs, osmalebze hyidian~ (TamaraSvili, 1902: 250).
msgavs gamonaTqvamTa damowmeba kidev SeiZleba. bunebrivia,
zogierT maTganSi gadaWarbebasac eqneba adgili, magram ueWvelia,
rom es aris anarekli im drois realobisa. sxvanairad warmoudge­
ne­lia, rom Tavadaznaurobas ise TviTneburad glexTa miwidan ayra
da dausjelad qveynis gareT gayidva SeZleboda.
damowmebuli cnobebi das. saqarTvelos Seexeba, magram ukeTe­
si mdgomareoba arc aRm. saqarTveloSi iyo. Jan Sardenis mixedviT,
aq `didebulebi TavianT ymebze tiranulze umetes Zalmomreobas
iCenen. aq uaresi mdgomareobaa am mxriv, vinem kolxeTSi. TavianT
yma glexebs mTeli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi sakuTari survilisamebr
amuSaveben ise, rom ar aZleven safasurs da arc sazrdos. ufleba
aqvT TavianTi vasalebis qonebaze, arTmeven Svilebs da hyidian an
monebad aqceven~ (Sardeni.., 1973: 298).
swored `batonymuri rigis~, igive feodaluri kanonierebis
220
mwarmoeblis sazianod moSlam, glexis monis mdgomareobaSi Caye­
ne­
bam da sazRvargareT daubrkoleblad gayidvis praqtikam XVI
saukunisTvis logikurad daamTavra monRolTa batonobis droid­
an dawyebuli mwarmoeblis uflebaTa xelyofis procesi da amiT
TiTqmis mouRo bolo feodalizmis upiratesobas monaTmflobe­
lobasTan SedarebiT (berZeniSvili, 1965: 92).
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom movlenebi, romlebic gviani Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ganviTarda srulebiT ar Seesabameboda
am qronologiuri cnebis stadialur Sinaarss, romlisTvisac da­
maxasiaTebeli iyo feodalur urTierTobaTa rRvevis safuZvelze
da mis wiaRSi axali, burJuaziuli urTierTobebis Casaxva, ro­
gorc es saqarTvelos msgavs dasavleT evropis sazogadoebebSi
moxda. amave saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, piriqiT, araxelsayreli
sagareo politikuri garemocvis, feodaluri daqsaqsulobis gax­
angrZlivebisa da mudmivi Sinaomebis gamo srul regresTan gvaqvs
saqme. yovelive aRniSnulma gamoiwvia qarTul feodalur sazoga­
doebaSi ukve ganvlilis reanimacia da gza gauxsna uamrav social­
ur mankierebas da, maT Soris, yvelaze uborotess _ adamianebis
ta­cebas da sazRvargareT gayidvis danaSaulebriv praqtikas.

bibliografia:

• sea.., 118 _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1450, anaw. 14, sab. 118;
• dokumentebi.., I, 1940 _ dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri isto­
riidan. t. I: batonymuri urTierToba (XV-XVIIIss.). redaqtori da win­
asityvaobis avtori niko berZeniSvili. Tb., 1940;
• dokumentebi.., II, 1953 _ dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri isto­
riidan. t. II: batonymuri urTierToba (XV-XIXss.). redaqtori niko
berZeniSvili. Tb., 1953;
• samarTali.., 1981 _ samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa. teqsti daadgina,
gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo isidore doliZem. Tb., 1981;
• qsZ, I, 1963 _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. I: vaxtang VI-is samarT­
lis wignTa krebuli. teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daur­
To isidore doliZem. Tb., 1963;
• qsZ, II, 1965 _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. II: saero sakanonmdeb­
lo Zeglebi (X-XIss). teqstebi gamosca da SeniSvnebi daurTo isidore
doliZem. Tb., 1965;
• qsZ, III, 1970 _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. III: saeklesio sakanon­
mdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIXss). teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi
daurTo isidore doliZem. Tb., 1970;
• akofaSvili, 1962 _ akofaSvili gulCina. glexTa kategoriebis sakiTx­
isaTvis XVII-XVIIIss. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, _ masalebi saqarTve­
losa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis. t. 34. Tb., 1962;
221
• lamberti, 1937 _ arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. Targmani
italiuridan a. Wyoniasi. Tb., 1937;
• Sardeni.., 1973 _ Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis
sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb). frangulidan Targmna,
gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1973;
• asaTiani, 1978 _ asaTiani nodar. glexoba XV-XVIIIss. kaxeTis samefoSi.
Tb., 1978;
• berZeniSvili, 1965 _ berZeniSvili niko. saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi. wgn. II. Tb., 1965;
• berZeniSvili, 1973 _ berZeniSvili niko. saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi. w. VI. Tb., 1973;
• TamaraSvili, 1902 _ TamaraSvili miqel. istoria kaTolikobisa qa­
rTvelTa Soris. namdvilis sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII
saukunidgan vidre XX saukunemde. tf. 1902.
• kakabaZe, 1922 _ kakabaZe sargis. saqarTvelos istoria. axali sauku­
neebis epoqa 1500-1810. tf., 1922;
• megrelaZe, 1965 _ megrelaZe darejan. glexTa ekonomikuri mdgomare­
obisaTvis XVII-XVIIIss. qarTlis masalebis mixedviT _ `macne~, istori­
is, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis seria. #5, 1965;
• musxeliSvili, 1940 _ musxeliSvili levan. dasavleT saqarTvelos
glexobis socialur-ekonomikuri kategoriebi, XVI-XVIIss., _ akad. n.
ma­ris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institu­
tis moambe. t. V-VI. Tb., 1940
• javaxiSvili.., 1943 _ javaxiSvili ivane, berZeniSvili niko, janaSia si­
mon. saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan XIXs. damdegamde, Tb.,
1943;
• javaxiSvili, 1948 _ javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria. t. IV,
Tb., 1948;
• jamburia, 1960 _ jamburia givi. dokumentebi qarTlis saTavadoebis
is­toriidan, _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis. t.
33. Tb., 1960;
• jamburia, 1973 _ jamburia givi. socialuri urTierToba da klasob­
rivi brZola saqarTveloSi XVI-XVIIss., _ wgn.: saqarTvelos istoriis
nar­kvevebi. t. IV: saqarTvelo XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XIXs. 30-ian
wlebamde. Tb., 1973;
• ДЗИДЗАРИЯ, 1958 – Дзидзария Георгий Алексеевич. Народное хозяйство и со­
ци­альные отношения в Абхазии XIXв. Сухуми, 1958

222
 AVTANDIL KILASONIA1

DEGRADED SERFDOM – SOURCE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

IN LATE MIDDLE AGES OF GEORGIA

Based on existing documentary materials and other historical sources,

the article deals with the picture of social relations in the 16-18th centuries of
Georgia. The conclusion is that, event developed in Late Middle Ages of Georgia
were not entirely coincided with stadial content of this term – further progress
of the society, gave birth bourgeoisie and forming of new capitalist society, as it
happened in West European countries, more on the contrary: Due to extreme-
ly heavy foreign and enteral conditions, political disintegration and weakened
statehood, dissolution of Feudal legacy and increase of peasants exploitation
instead of bourgeoisie, contingent of captive-slaves had been originated, who
were illegally world of Georgia.

1
Avtandil Kilasonia – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
223
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

avTandil kilasonia, beJan xorava1

glexTa gadasaxleba samegrelodan afxazeTSi

XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi
(ramdenime axali sabuTis mixedviT)

saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxis, afxazeTis Tema metad aqtu­

aluria Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi. gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva aq mimdinare eTno-demografiul procesebs uZ­
velesi droidan dRemde. am sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad pirvelxarisx­
ovani mniSvneloba aqvs dokumentur masalas _ saistorio naSTs,
romelic saxelmwifo aparatis funqcionirebis procesSi iqmneba.
swored aseTia Cven mier saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis saistorio
centralur arqivSi moZiebuli sabuTebi, romlebsac winamdeba­re
publikacia emyareba.
1861 wlis 19 Tebervals ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre II-m
(1855-1881) xeli moawera manifests batonymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb
da daamtkica glexTa mowyobis debuleba. saglexo reformis Ta­
naxmad glexebi ganTavisufldnen batonymuri damokidebulebisa­
gan, maT miiRes piradi Tavisufleba, miwa ki mTavrobam memamulis
sa­kuTrebad aRiara. glexebs dautoves mxolod miwis mcire nakve­
Tebi, e.w. `nadelebi~ im pirobiT, rom am nakveTebiT sargeblobi­sa­
Tvis garkveul vadamde memamuleebisTvis gadasaxadi exadaT, xolo
am vadis gasvlis Semdeg maTgan nakveTebi gamoesyidaT da sru­
luflebiani mesakuTreebi gamxdariyvnen. am nakveTebis gamosyid­
vamde ymobidan ganTavisuflebulebi droebiTvaldebul glexebad
iwo­debodnen. droebiTvaldebuli glexebi memamulis miwiT sarge­
blobisaTvis miwasTan dakavSirebul TiTqmis yvela reformamdel
ga­dasaxads ixdidnen. gamosyidvis vada dadgenili ar iyo. memamu­
les glexze didi uflebebi rCeboda. miwis nakveTebi, romliTac
glexebi adre sargeblobdnen, maT mTlianad ar dautoves. nadeli
1
avTandil kilasonia _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­mis saxelmwifo universiteti; beJan xorava _ istoriis doqtori, aso­
cirebuli profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti.
224
yovel ymas kanoniT dawesebuli normiT eZleoda, normis zeviT
far­Tobi ki CamoaWres da memamuleebs gadasces. amis gamo glexTa
miwaTmflobeloba reformamdel xanasTan SedarebiT zogan erTi
meoTxediT Semcirda, zogan ki sulac ganaxevrda (an­Te­lava, 1970: 273).
male, imave safuZvlebze, saglexo reforma imperiis ganapira
mxareebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic gatarda. 1864 wlis 13 oq­
tom­bers mTavrobam daamtkica `mTavari debulebebi~, romelSic
Ca­
moyalibebuli iyo Tbilisis guberniis (aRmosavleT saqarTve­
los) glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirobebi. aRmosavleT saqarTve­
los Semdeg saglexo reforma dasavleT saqarTveloSic gatarda.
qu­Taisis guberniaSi (imereTi, raWa da guria) batonymoba gauqm­
da 1865 wels, samegreloSi _ 1866 wels, afxazeTSi _ 1870 wels,
svaneTSi ki _ 1871 wels. saglexo reforma dasavleT saqarTve­
loSic imave principebiT gatarda, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarT­
veloSi, gansxvaveba iyo mxolod detalebSi adgilobrivi Tavise­
burebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. samegreloSi batonymobis gauqmebis
Sesaxeb gamocemul debulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom 1864 wlis 13
oqtombris `sjuldebani yovelTa ima nawilTaSina, romelTaca­
zeda ara dawesdebian gansxvavebani ama damatebiTa kanonTa Sina~,
gavrceldebian samegrelos, e. i. zugdidis, senakisa da leCxumis
mazris sabatono glexebzec (debuleba samegreloSi batonymobis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb, ix.: axalaia, 1958: 141; anTelava, 1970: 273).
kanoniT glexebs tyiTa da saZovrebiT sargeblobisaTvis mZi­
me gadasaxadi unda exadaT memamulisTvis. miwa ver miiRes im glex­
ebma, romelTac is reformamde ar hqondaT, agreTve Sinaymebma da
xiznebma. droebiTvaldebul glexebs nadelebiT sargeblobisTvis
gacilebiT meti gadasaxadi unda eZliaT mebatonisTvis, vidre ba­
tonymobis dros ixdidnen (saqarTvelos istoria, 1958: 491-492).
amdenad, glexebi winandelze ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi aR­
moCndnen. dasavleT saqarTvelos umiwo da mciremiwiani glexebi
saSovarze xSirad dadiodnen mimdebare mxareebSi, gansakuTrebiT
ki afxazeTSi, da zogjer iqve mkvidrdebodnen. glexTa iZulebiT,
Tu nebiT gadasaxlebis SemTxvevebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo samegre­
lo-afxazeTis urTierTobisTvis gvian Sua saukuneebSic, ufro
me­tad danaSaulSi mxilebuli glexebi garbodnen.
1864 wlis ivnisSi carizmma afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da
rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRo. Seiqmna soxumis samxedro ganyo­
fileba, romelic quTaisis general-gubernators daeqvemdebara.
soxumis samxedro ganyofileba bzifis, soxumis, abJuis okruge­
bisa da webeldis saboqaulosgan Sedgeboda (Очерки, 1960: 199-201;
Дзи­дзария, 1988: 67). afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebiTa da rusuli
15. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 225
mmar­Tvelobis SemoRebiT am mxareSi koloniuri politikuri reJi­
mi damyarda (Анчабадзе.., 1986: 87).
afxazTa 1866 wlis antirusuli da antikoloniuri ajanyebis
Ca­
xSobis Semdeg carizmma mxaris administraciuli mowyobis re­
for­ ma gaatara, romelic miznad isaxavda xelisuflebis mxridan
ad­ministraciuli kontrolis gaZlierebas. 1866 wlis 11 agvistos
debulebis Tanaxmad, soxumis samxedro ganyofileba (afxazeTi) bi­
WvinTis, drandis, webeldis, oqumis, igive samurzayanos okruge­
bad daiyo. calke administraciuli erTeulis saxiT Sevida masSi q.
soxumi. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross samxedro guber­
natoris ufleba mieniWa, Tumca nominalurad is quTaisis gener­
al-gubernators eqvemdebareboda («Кавказ», 1866; Эсадзе, 1907: 275;
Очерки, 1960: 199-201; Дзидзария, 1988: 63-70). imis gamo, rom carizms
gadawyvetili hqonda md. bzifidan md. enguramde sanapiros kol­
onizacia kazak-rusebiT, samurzayano afxazeTs SeuerTes (xo­rava,
2007: 252).
1867 wels afxazTa erTi nawili iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi
ga­daxvewiliyo. muhajirobis Sedegad mTlianad dacarielda we­
belda _ md. kodoris Sua da zemo weli, webelisa da dalis Temebi.
am Temebis TiTqmis 15 000 mosaxle ayares TavianTi samkvidrodan
da osmaleTSi gadaasaxles (amis Sesaxeb, dawvr. ix.: Дзидзария, 1975;
xorava, 2014). afxazTa osmaleTis imperiaSi iZulebiT ga­ sax­
lebis
gamo dacarielebuli miwa-wylis aTvisebis da soxumis sam­ xedro
ganyofilebis (afxazeTi) mmarTvelobis Semdgomi centralizaci­
is aucileblobam dRis wesrigSi daayena axali administraciuli
reformis gatareba, romelic 1868 wlis maisSi ganxorcielda.
gamsxvilda administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi, Seiqmna
ori okrugi _ biWvinTisa, romelic Sedgeboda gudauTisa da gu­
misTis ubnebisagan, da oCamCirisa, romelic Sedgeboda kodorisa
da samurzayanos ubnebisagan. webeldaSi, romelic gansazRvruli
iyo mTlianad kolonizaciisTvis, e. w. `dasaxlebis mzrunveloba~
Seiqmna (Эсадзе, 1907: 279).
afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg carizmma vrceli
teritoria miiRo sakolonizaciod. afxazeTis kolonizacia ru­
se­Tis saxelmwifos ekonomikur da politikur interesebSi Sedi­
oda. carizmi afxazeTis dacarielebuli adgilebis asaTviseblad
zrunvas Seudga, magram am periodSi ruseTis xelisuflebis sa­fiq­
rals warmoadgenda ara marto afxazeTis, aramed Savi zRvis mTe­
li Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros kolonizacia. ruseT-kavkasiis
omis damTavrebidan (1864w. maisi) ramdenime wlis manZilze es mxare
sruliad dacarielebuli iyo. adgilobriv mkvidrTa osmale­ Tis
226
imperiaSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebis
wi­naSe idga amocana kvlav daesaxlebina bunebiT uxvad dajil­
doebuli, magram gaukacrielebuli mxare; amasTan, aeTvisebina
misi bunebrivi simdidre _ vrceli tyeebi da nayofieri miwebi.
umTavresi mainc am mxaris mosaxleobis sakiTxi iyo. xelisufle­
bas surda, „am teritoriaze politikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad
keTilsaimedo mosaxleoba hyoloda~ (Верещагин, 1878: 7-16).
afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg carizmma mTavrisa da
sam­Tavro saxlis wevrTa vrceli samflobeloebis konfiskacia
mo­­
ax­dina. imavdroulad, 1867 wlis muhajirobis Semdeg, afxaz­
eTSi bev­ ri `Tavisufali miwa~ gaCnda. es miwebi Sevida saxazino
mi­webis fon­ dSi, romelsac kavkasiis mTielTa mmarTveloba gan­
agebda (Дья­чков-Тарасов, 1909-1910: 191; Дзидзария, 1975: 431). saxazino
mi­webis fondSi Sevida agreTve mosaxleobisagan srulad daclili
we­belda _ webelisa da dalis Temebi, romelsac igive kavkasiis
mTi­ elTa mmarTveloba ganagebda (Дьячков-Тарасов, 1909-1910: 194).
xelisuflebas surda afxazeTSi aucileblad rusebi Caesaxle­
bina, magram isini pirvel xanebSi did survils ar amJRavnebdnen:
uWi­rdaT adgilidan daZvra, aSinebdaT gadasaxlebis sirTule, ha­
vis Tavisebureba da sxv. aseT pirobebSi xelisuflebam arCevani
uc­xoelebze SeaCera da sando elementebad anatolieli berZnebi,
osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebuli somxebi da slavebi miiCnia. soxumis
samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosis, general-maior vasili geiman­
is (1867-1871) brZanebiT, osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebuli pirveli
berZeni kolonistebi 1869 wlis Teberval-maisSi webeldis sam
sofelSi Caasaxles. imave wlis ivnisSi soxumSi Camovida 1800-iani
wlebis da­sawyisidan tiraspolis guberniaSi mcxovreb bulgarel­
Ta 62 ojaxi, romlebic aseve kodoris xeobaSi daasaxles (Дьячков-
Тарасов, 1909-1910: 196-199). imavdroulad, xelisuflebam vrceli
miwa-wyali uboZa rus Cinovnikebs _ samxedro da samoqalaqo pi­
rebs, magram maT uWirdaT samsaxuris mitoveba da mxolod meurne­
obis imedad darCena, miwebis ijariT gadacemis SesaZleblobac ar
hqondaT, radgan msurvelebi ar Candnen. amitom miwebis didi naw­
ili gamouyenebeli iyo (Дзидзария, 1975: 431).
im dros, rodesac rusebi did enTuziazms ar iCendnen afxaz­
eTSi dasaxlebis mimarT, xelisuflebas ki uWirda am mxaris aTvise­
ba, miwis simwire-siviwroviT sulSexuTuli qarTvelebi dasavleT
sa­qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan, ZiriTadad, samegrelodan, moi­
wevdnen aq dasasaxleblad, rac xelisuflebis SeSfoTebas iwvevda.
1869 wlis 30 maiss quTaisis samxedro gubernatorma grafma
vladimer levaSovma (1866-1874) miweriloba gaugzavna zugdidis,
227
se­nakis da leCxumis mazrebis ufrosebs: `soxumis samxedro ganyo­
filebis ufrosma macnoba, rom am mcire xanSi oCamCiris mazraSi
gad­modian megrelebi, romelTac aqvT adgilobrivi mTavrobisagan
mow­moba afxazeTSi gadasaxlebisaTvis. radgan afxazeTSi cotaa
dar­Cenili daukavebelni adgilebi da rac darCenilia isic iqaur
umiwawylo mcxovreblebs moundeba, amitom mazris ufrosebma uka­
nve unda daabrunon amisTana gadmosaxlebulebi da Caabaron Ta­
vianT mazris ufrosebs. amasTan, soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis
uf­rosi mavaldebulebs, rom mazris ufrosebma megrelebs ar mis­
cen afxazeTSi gadasaxlebis ufleba, amisTana mowmoba ar misceT
gu­berniis ufrosobis ukiTxavad~ (Sinagani cnobebi, 1869; igive in­
formacia, ix.: Jurn. `sasoflo…~, 1869: 1-2).
xelisufleba samegrelodan afxazeTSi Casaxlebuli glexe­
bis ayras da uwindel sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabrunebasac ar
eri­deboda. quTaisis samxedro gubernatori misdami daqvemdeba­
rebuli mazrebis ufrosebs auwyebda: ,,soxumis samxedro ganyofi­
lebis naCalnikma macnoba, rom oCamCiris mazridgan iZulebuli
Se­viqeni ameyara da damebrunebina oTxi megreli glexi, romelnic
iq daesaxlnen. amisTvis ficxaT movagoneb yvela uezdis naCalni­
kebs, rom imaT uezdebidgan kvlav ar moxdes amisTana gadasaxleba
so­xumis samxedro mazraSi~ (afxazeTis.., 1870: 8).
samegrelos umiwo glexebi, romlebmac piradi Tavisufle­
ba mi­iRes, xSirad afxazeTSi Tavisufal miwebze yovelgvari ne­
barTvis gareSe mkvidrdebodnen. xelisuflebam gaiazra, rom aseT
viTa­re­baSi ikargeboda miwebi, romlebic kolonizaciisTvis iyo
gamiz­nuli (Авидзба, 1985: 38). 1872 wlis 29 maiss xelisuflebam ga­
mosca sagangebo wesebi, romlis Tanaxmadac glexebi, romlebic ga­
dasaxldnen afxazeTSi 1865 wlis 1 ianvridan, droebiT mcxovreble­
bad CaiTvlebodnen (Авидзба, 1985: 38). wesebis II punqtiT, af­xazeTSi
damkvidrebul droebiT macxovreblebs sakuTrebaSi miwis damt­
kicebis ufleba erTmeodaT. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom instruqcia
droebiT mcxovreblebs miakuTvnebda pirebs, romlebic afxaz­
eTSi 1865 wlidan gadasaxldnen. samegrelodan glexebis gadasvla
afxazeTSi swored am droidan gaaqtiurda (Авидзба, 1985: 38-39).
1866 wels kesaria SarvaSiZes Tavis mamulSi, md. cxenwyarze,
Ta­muSis TemSi berulavebis 9 komli da kvaracxeliebis 2 komli da­
usaxlebia. 1872w. dekemberSi isini ayares da samegreloSi gaasax­
les. rogorc Cans, maT moaxerxes ukan dabruneba da xelisuflebam
1873w. martSi isini isev gaasaxla samegreloSi. 1874 wels berula­
vebisa da kvaracxeliebis aRniSnuli komlebi quTaisis guberniis
samazro mmarTvelobis mier gacemuli droebiTi, erTwliani pas­
228
por­tebiT isev kodoris ubanSi, md. cxenwyarze cxovrobdnen. Ta­
muSis sazogadoebis 91 komli Suamdgomlobda mTavrobis winaSe
maT datovebasa da sazogadoebaze miweras, magram kavkasiis adgi­
lobrivma rusulma administraciam es Suamdgomloba ar Seiwynara
da mogvianebiT (1881w.) isini afxazeTidan isev gaasaxla (xundaZe,
1950: 181-182).
samegrelodan afxazeTSi gadasuli glexebi ZiriTadad samur­
zayanoSi mkvidrdebodnen. maTi umetesoba, rogorc Cans, samegre­
los zugdidis mazris mTiani zolis soflebidan iyvnen.
ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878ww. omis drosac afxazTa erTi
na­­wili iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi gadsaxlebuliyo (Дьячков-Та­­
расов, 1909-1910: 206-208; Дзидзария, 1975: 431). Tu 1867 wlis mu­
ha­
ji­ robis Sedegad mTlianad daicala kodoris xeobis zemo weli
_ webeli da dali, 1877 wlis muhajirobis Sedegad TiTqmis da­
ca­ rielda afxazeTis sanapiro zoli. carizmma vrceli miwa-wya­
li miiRo sakolonizaciod, amjerad afxazeTis sanapiro zolSi,
da mis winaSe kvlav dadga sakiTxi, vin daesaxlebinaT afxazeTSi.
maSin, cxel kvalze, 1877w. 27 seqtembers, gazeT „tifliski vest­
nik“-Si meTauris saxiT gamoqveynda cnobili sazogado moRvawis
iakob gogebaSvilis (1840-1912) werili, sadac igi werda: „axlande­
lma omma, sxva mraval SedegebTan erTad, gamoiwvia is Sedegic,
rom Cveni qveynis saukeTeso kuTxe moulodnelad gaudaburda, vi­
na­idan is miatova TiTqmis yvela misma mkvidrma mcxovrebma. Cven
vla­parakobT afxazeTisa da misi mcxovreblebis Sesaxeb, romleb­
mac datoves TavianTi samSoblo da gadasaxldnen osmaleTSi. eWvs
ga­reSea, rom es gadasaxleba droebiTi ar aris, aramed samudamoa:
afxazeTi verasodes veRar ixilavs Tavis Svilebs. es garemoeba
rigSi ayenebs sakiTxs: vin unda dasaxldes am mxareSi, romelic
samudamod datova misma mkvidrma mosaxleobam~ (Кем заселить..,
1877; i. gogebaSvili, 1952: 90).
werilis gamoqveyneba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom 1877 wels ga­
zeT `kavkaz~-is #207-Si daibeWda soxumis okrugis ufrosis apo­
lon vedenskis statia, mimarTuli gazeT `tifliski vestnik~-is
#209-210-Si meTaurebad gamoqveynebuli i. gogebaSvilis werilebis
wi­naaRmdeg. i. gogebaSvilis am werilebSi is azri iyo gatarebuli,
rom dacarielebuli afxazeTisaTvis saukeTeso kontingents me­
grelebi, imerlebi da gurulebi Seadgendnen. swored amas mohyva
a. vedenskis gamolaSqreba. mis pasuxad i. gogebaSvilma yovelmx­
riv Seiswavla sakiTxi da 1877w. 27 seqtembris gazeT „tifliski
ves­tnik“-Si vrceli statia gamoaqveyna, sadac adre gamoTqmul
mo­ sazrebas asabuTebda. rogorc gairkva, a. vedenski daeTanx­
229
ma i. go­gebaSvilis mosazrebas afxazeTSi qarTvelTa dasaxlebis
Sesaxeb, gazeTis redaqcias estumra da ganacxada, rom amieridan
im azrs eTanxmeboda, romelic gazeTSi sruli safuZvlianobiT
iyo gatarebuli (gogebaSvili, 1902; igive statia ix.: gogebaSvili,
1954: 316-317). niSandoblivia, rom qarTvelebis damkvidreba af­
xa­­
zeTSi, garkveulwilad, istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenac
iq­neboda XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi afxazeTidan qarTuli mosaxleobis
ga­modevnis gamo.
miuxedavad xelisuflebis didi mondomebisa, afxazeTis kol­
onizacia gaWianurda. rusebi ver eguebodnen afxazeTis pirobebs
_ no­tio hava, tyiani, mTiani qveyana, Waobiani sanapiro zoli; puri
aq ar modioda, marcvleuli kulturebidan modioda mxolod si­
mindi, _ yovelive es ki rusebisTvis uCveulo iyo (mesxi, 1878). sana­
piro zolSi ciebiani hava musrs avlebda kolonistebs. webelisa
da dalis maRalmTiani pirobebi ruseTis Sida guberniebidan gad­
mosaxlebuli glexebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom
afxazeTis miwebi rus Cinovnikebs dauriges, qveyana kvlav dausax­
lebeli rCeboda, miwebi ki _ daumuSavebeli. webeldaSi miwebs 24,
xolo dalSi 23 memamule flobda. isini ramdenime weliwadSi erTx­
el Tu akiTxavdnen TavianT mamulebs, romlebic daumuSavebeli
iyo (Рыбинский, 1894: 10). dalSi, sadac 1867 wlis muhajirobamde 5
aTasamde mcxovrebi iyo, XIX saukunis miwurulsac ki aravin cxov­
robda (Waraia, 1897: 268).
muhajirobis Semdeg, rodesac afxazeTis didi nawili gauka­
curda da gaveranda, xolo rusebi da ucxoelebi afxazeTSi dasax­
lebisgan Tavs ikavebdnen, dasavleT saqarTvelodan _ imereTidan
da samegrelodan siduxWireSi myofi Seviwroebuli glexoba gad­
modioda da mkvidrdeboda afxazeTSi, aSrobda Waobebs, kafavda
buCqnarebs, nar-ekals da meurneobas hkidebda xels. am movlenebis
Tanamedrove cnobili sazogado moRvawe anTimoz juReli (1846-
1925) werda: `axla afxazeTSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia aqau­
ri udaburi adgilebis dasaxleba. ukanasknelis omis (1877-1878ww.
ruseT-osmaleTis omi _ a.k., b.x.) Semdeg umaRlesi gankarguleba
iyo, rom md. kodorsa da fsircxas Sua mdebare adgilebze afxa­
zebi ar dasaxlebuliyvnen. amaT garda sxvas yvelas eZleoda neba
aq damkvidrebisa. qveyanas mileTis xalxi moawyda, magram aqauro­
bas veravin SeeTvisa garda imerel-megrelebisa da berZnebisa. am
Jamad soxumis garSemo Svidi-rva megrelebis sofelia da sami Tu
oTxi berZnebisa~ (gadaRmeli, 1883).
1878w. 19 ivniss quTaisis gubernatorma nikolai malafeev­
ma (1878-1883) werili gaugzavna kavkasiis mTielTa mmarTvelobis
230
ufross zugdidis mazridan afxazeTSi TviTneburad gadasaxlebul
glexTa sacxovreblad iq datovebis Taobaze: mosaxleobis raode­
nobasTan SedarebiT saxnavi miwebis simciris gamo zugdidis mazris
jvaris sasoflo sazogadoebaSi mravalma mcxovrebma TviTnebu­
rad datova Tavisi samkvidro adgili da sacxovreblad afxazeTSi
ga­davida, TiTqmis yvela oCamCiris okrugSi. aseTi gadasaxlebuli
kom­lebi 1873 wlamde 80-s, 1873 wlis Semdeg _ 10-s Seadgens. soxu­
mis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosma, general-maiorma p. kravCen­
kom jer kidev 1874 wlis ianvarSi gasca gankarguleba winandel
sac­xovrebel adgilebSi maTi gasaxlebis Sesaxeb, magram, rogorc
zug­didis mazris ufrosi gvatyobinebs, arc erTi am komlTagani
am droisaTvis gasaxlebuli ar aris jvaris sazogadoebaSi. gasa­
Tva­liswinebelia, rom gadasaxlebulma komlebma ukve moawyves me­
ur­neoba axal sacxovrebel adgilebSi da gasaxleba daaqcevda maT.
amdenad, maTi gasaxleba SeuZlebelia, radgan maT mier mitove­
buli miwebi ukve dakavebulia da mTel jvaris okrugSi ar aris
Ta­visufali miwa, da bolos, aseTi mniSvnelovani raodenobis mo­
saxleobis gasaxleba afxazeTidan ukanaskneli drois saomari mo­
qmedebebis gamo misi gaukacurebis Semdeg, ueWvelad gaauaresebda
qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas. vfiqrob, yvelaze ukeTesi iq­
ne­boda maTi datoveba axal sacxovrebel adgilebSi. amasTan, mi­
maCnia, rom aucileblobas ar warmoadgens davavaldebuloT afxa­
zeT­Si 1873 wlamde gadasaxlebulebi, romlebic, Sesabamisad, ver
moxvdnen axal kameralur aRweraSi, warmoadginon daTxovnis mow­
moba im sazogadoebidan, romelSic ukve ar iricxebian, sakmarisia
warmoadginon saTanado mowmobebi im sazogadoebebidan, romelSic
amJamad cxovroben. es komlebi unda daibegros gamosaRebiT da
saerobo mosakrebeliT 1875 wlis dasawyisidan, e. i. quTaisis gu­
berniaSi axali kameraluri aRweris SemoRebis droidan. rac Se­
exeba 1873 wlis mere gadasaxlebul komlebs, romlebic axali ka­
me­raluri aRweriT Cawerilni arian jvaris sazogadoebaSi, maTi
ga­daricxva unda moxdes moqmedi kanonebis dacviT. Tu eTanxmebiT
Cems mosazrebas, gTxovT gasceT Sesabamisi gankarguleba afxazeTi­
sadmi im pirebis mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb, romlebic moyvanilia Tanda­
r­Tul siaSi (sea.., 545/1666: furc. 6-7).
werils erTvis sofel jvaris mamasaxlisis maxu qardavas, so­
fel Walis mamasaxlisis zoryan fifias, da soflis mweral petre
Wan­turias mier Sedgenili sia jvaris sasoflo Temis glexebisa,
rom­lebic soxumis ganyofilebis samurzayanos ubanSi 1873 wlam­
de gadasaxldnen. siaSi warmodgenilia glexebis saxeli da gvari
da soflis saxeli, sadac isini imJamad cxovrobdnen. sia damowme­
231
bulia mazris saqmismwarmoeblis v. faRavas mier.
sof. nobakevi 33. utu Sonia sof. saberio
1. kiko Cikvatia 34. jabelia aqubar­ 62. baTu Samugia
2. jRobo Cikvatia dia 63. siso xasaia
3. qebuia anTia 35. pepu ubilava 64. sauTi aqubardia
4. gabu Samugia 36. Seto aqubardia 65. kiko fifia
5. utu Samugia 37. guma aronia
6. jaTu Samugia 38. jaba Cxopelia
7. laci Samugia 39. Tanafia ubilava sof. barRebi
8. koCi xasaia 40. Zoko lemonjava 66. baTuia fifia
9. Tamua ubilava 41. burdRu Cxope­ 67. uCaia anTia
10. utuia fifia lia 68. quTori Samugia
11. gigo fifia 42. Sova aronia 69. qoTaTi akobia
12. baTa fifia 43. maxu aqubardia 70. duda Samugia
13. kerenduxu ubi­ 44. jaTu aqubardia 71. beCu Samugia
lava 45. jviba Sonia
14. totia fifia 46. qvabania akobia
15. qereqia janjRa­ 47. qvatimia sof. gali
va qvarcxava 72. guZu matua
16. baTia janjRava 48. madvinia gvilava
17. jaTuia Cxopelia 49. gigo ukanonod
18. utu Cxopelia Sobili sof. warCeli
19. kiCora Cxopelia 73. utu ubilava
20. Zorgo Samugia 74. gusokei (?) ubi­
21. bijgva fifia sof. reCxi lava
22. gvadi goginava 50. Sardenia anTia
51. Tiyvaia anTia
sof. cxiri 52. sakva Cxapelia sof. guda
23. jRobo ubilava 53. Cito Cxapelia 75. totia ubilava
24. ivane anTia 54. koCi matua
25. utu qordava 55. baxgani qardava sof. refi
26. gudu ubilava 56. Sardeni fifia 76. toCia mircxu­
27. baTaia mania 57. gvaTi kutuias lava
28. buTia ukanonod Ze fifia
Sobili 58. beToia fifia sof. kvitouli
29. xuTuTi Samugia 59. quTari fifia 77. bijgva ardia
60. bezryva akobia
sof. Wiburixinji sof. Wiburixinji
30. WorTmania Sonia sof. dixazurga 78. betuia papava
31. saba Sonia 61. uCana markozis 79. Jordani papava
32. ivane Sonia Ze fifia 80. uCaia papava
232
 siaSi CamoTvlil 80 koml glexs ekisreba gadasaxlebis dRi­
dan, e. i. 1866 wlidan 1872 wlamde, 1873 wlis mdgomareobiT sax­
azino gamosaRebisa da saerobo mosakreblis davalianebis, samoci
maneTis (60 man.) gadaxda.
sofel jvaris mamasaxlisi maxu qardava
sofel Walis mamasaxlisi zoryan fifia
mwerali p. Wanturia.
sworia: saqmismwarmoebeli v. faRava
(sea.., 545/1666: furc. 8-9).

werils erTvis aseve sofel jvaris mamasaxlis maxu qardavas,

sofel Walis mamasaxlis zoryan fifias da soflis mweral petre
Wan­turias mier Sedgenili sia jvaris sasoflo Temis glexebisa,
romlebic soxumis ganyofilebaSi da samurzayanos ubanSi 1873
wlis kameraluri aRweris Semdeg gadasaxldnen. siaSi warmodgeni­
lia glexebis saxeli da gvari da dasaxeleba soflebisa, sadac
isi­ni imJamad cxovrobdnen. sia damowmebulia mazris saqmismwarmo­
eblis v. faRavas mier.

sof. nobakevi 7. maTeia beraxCovi (?)

1. gvaTi Samugia
2. pepu Samugia sof. Wiburixinji
3. bako aronia 8. gvaTi aqubardia

sof. dixazurga sof. saberio

4. bekva Sonia 9. Sardeni vsaia (?)
5. kiko Zaria
sof. reCxi
sof. cxiri 10. uTuTi Rurwkaia
6. gerie qardava

sofel jvaris mamasaxlisi maxu qardava

sofel Walis mamasaxlisi zoryan fifia
mwerali petre Wanturia
sworia: saqmismwarmoebeli v. faRava
(sea.., 545/1666: furc. 10).

sabuTSi aRniSnulia, rom pirveli eqvsi da merve da mecxre

gle­xebi droebiTvaldebulTa kategorias ekuTvnian, meSvide da
me­
aTe ki saxelmwifo glexebis kategorias. 1877w. mdgomareobiT
maT­ze ocdacameti maneTi (33 man.) davalianeba iricxeboda.
amdenad, jvarisa da Walis (Wale) sasoflo Temebidan samur­
233
zayanoSi gadasaxlebuli 80 komli glexi cxovrobda soflebSi:
no­bakevi (nabakevi), cxiri, Wiburixinji (Wuburxinji), reCxi, dixa­
zurga, saberio, barRebi, gali, warCeli (warCe), guda (gudava), re­
fi. siaSi ratomRac orjer aris dasaxelebuli Wiburixinji (Wu­
bur­xinji). aqvea dasaxelebuli ara samurzayanos, aramed kodoris
ub­nis sofeli kvitouli. samurzayanos ubanSi 1873 wlis Semdeg ga­
dasaxlebuli aTi glexi cxovrobda soflebSi: nobakevi, dixazur­
ga, cxiri, Wiburixinji, saberio, reCxi. orive sia Sedgenilia ru­
sul enaze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom TiToeuli glexis ukan erTi
mTliani socialuri da sameurneo ujredi _ komli idga, maSin
ga­dasaxlebulTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 450-mde unda iyos.
1878w. 30 ivnisis weriliT kavkasiis mTielTa mmarTvelobam
so­xumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufross sTxova, quTaisis guber­
natoris 19 ivnisis werilTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Seexeboda
zugdidis mazridan afxazeTSi TviTneburad gadasaxlebulTa iq
da­tovebas, mTielTa mmarTvelobisTvis Tavisi azri ecnobebina da
misi udidebulesobis, kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardlisTvis war­
sadgenad daskvna warmoedgina (sea.., 545/1666: furc. 1).
soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosma, sabolood, am sa­
kiT­xze dadebiTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, rac kavkasiis armiis mTa­
varsardalma, didma mTavarma mixeil romanovma (1862-1881) moiwo­
na da saxelmZRvanelod soxumis saadgilmamulo komisias gadaeca
(sea.., 545/1666: furc. 2). magram samegrelodan afxazeTSi gadasax­
lebis msurvelTa ricxvi ar iklebda.
quTaisis samxedro gubernatori 1880w. 23 dekembris weril­
iT samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis ufross auwyebda: samegrelos
mra­vali mcxovrebi mommarTavs TxovniT soxumis ganyofilebaSi
gadasaxlebis neba davrTo. soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis ufro­
sis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo megrelebis iq gadasaxlebis
Taobaze, maT ukanasknel xanebSi yovelTvis uari eTqvaT. soxumis
samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosebisagan uaryofiTi damokidebule­
ba am sakiTxisadmi efuZneba miwis ukmarisobas iq dasaxlebisaT­
vis. amasTan, ar iklebs megrelebis swrafva soxumis ganyofilebaSi
ga­dasaxlebaze, rac miuTiTebs iq miwis siWarbeze samegrelosTan
SedarebiT. gadasaxlebulebs SeuZliaT dasaxldnen aRniSnul mi­
webze memamuleebTan SeTanxmebiT an sasoflo sazogadoebis mier
gamoyofil miwebze maTTan SeTanxmebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi ar iqne­
ba saWiro saxelmwifo miwebis gamoyofa. aqedan gamomdinare, ar
ar­sebobs im glexebis uflebis SezRudvis safuZveli, romlebic
ba­
tonymuri damokidebulebidan gamovidnen quTaisis guberniaSi,
glexebis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo debulebis dacvis pirobebiT ga­
234
dasaxldnen soxumis ganyofilebaSi. am SetyobinebiT, maqvs pativi
umorCilesad vTxovo Tqvens umaRlesobas mauwyoT, TvliT Tu ara
SesaZleblad megrelebis gadasaxlebis daSvebas soxumis ganyo­
filebaSi zemoT aRniSnuli pirobebiT (sea.., 545/1666: furc. 12).
1881w. 18 aprils samxedro-saxalxo mmarTvelobis ufrosma
qu­Taisis samxedro gubernators werili gaugzavna: maqvs pativi
gauwyoT, rom megrelebis gadasaxleba soxumis ganyofilebaSi
Tqvens mier gasuli wlis 23 dekembris werilSi gadmocemul pi­
ro­bebze, e.i. memamuleebTan SeTanxmebiT an sasoflo sazogadoe­
bebis mier gamoyofil miwebze maTive TanxmobiT, SeiZleba moxdes
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac sabolood dasruldeba dagegmareba da
moxdeba miwebis gamoyofa soxumis ganyofilebis mTeli mkvidri
mosaxleobisaTvis, radgan amJamad jer kidev ar aris dadgenili,
rogorc maRali wodebis, ise sasoflo Temebis miwebis sazRvrebi.
vimedovneb, rom nakveTebis gamijnva soxumis ganyofilebis mTe­
li mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis mimdinare wlis Semodgomis dasas­
rulisTvis moxdeba (sea.., 545/1666: furc. 13).
ramdenime xniT adre, 1881w. 20 ianvris weriliT, soxumis
sa­adgilmamulo komisiidan kavkasiis samxedro-saxalxo mmarTve­
lobis ufross acnobes: sagangebo komisiis 1879w. 17 noembris
ga­dawyvetilebiT ganzraxulia samegrelodan gadmosul yvela
mcxovrebs, romelic cxovrobda soxumis ganyofilebaSi, samurza­
ya­noSi, 1879 wlis kameraluri aRweris Sedgenamde, 801 komls neba
da­erTos damkvidrdes sabolood soxumis ganyofilebaSi da gamo­
eyos miwebi, afxazeTisa da samurzayanos mkvidrTa Tanabrad. Tu
es nadeli SeuZlebelia gamoiyos samurzayanoSi, gamoiyos is soxu­
mis ganyofilebis sxva Tavisufal miwebze. amis safuZvelze komi­
siam nadelebis dagegmarebisas mimdinare wels, gamoiZaxa maTgan
gu­ dauTisa da gumisTis ubnebis Tavisufal miwebze dasaxlebis
msu­rvelebi. aseTi aRmoCnda 37 ojaxi, romelTac Seudgines nade­
li gumisTis ubanSi arsebuli Tavisufali miwebisagan. amJamad, gu­
da­uTis, gumisTisa da kodoris ubnebSi nadelebis dagegmarebis
damTavrebis Semdeg, komisias SeuZlia ganacxados, rom SesaZlebe­
lia aRniSnuli megrelebis dakmayofileba miwiT samurzayanoSi
(sea.., 545/1666: furc. 5). amrigad, xelisuflebam samegrelodan
so­xumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi (afxazeTSi) gadasaxlebul glex­
Ta 801 komls iq damkvidrebis neba darTo.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas: warmodgenili sabuTebidan
erT­niSnad Cans, rom carizmis kolonizatoruli politikis mesve­
urebi srulebiT ar iyvnen dainteresebuli afxazeTis dacariele­
bul miwebze mezobeli samegrelodan gadasaxlebuli glexebi
235
dam­­kvidrebuliyvnen, magram mas Semdeg, rac carizmma stiqiurad
mim­dinare procesebi ver marTa, iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo da sameg­
re­lodan afxazeTSi emigrirebuli glexebis faqtobrivi miwaTsa­
kuTrebis samarTlebrivi sanqcionireba moexdina.

bibliografia:

• afxazeTis..., 1870 _ afxazeTis ambavi, _ Jurn. `sasoflo gazeTi~. #1,

1870, gv. 8;
• `sasoflo…~, 1869 _ Jurn. `sasoflo gazeTi~. #14, 1869, gv. 1-2;
• sea.., 545/1666 _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. saistorio centraluri
arqivi, fondi 545, saqme 1666.
• saqarTvelos istoria, 1958, _ saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi dro­
idan XIX saukunis dasasrulamde. niko berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.,
1958;
• Sinagani cnobebi, 1869 _ Sinagani cnobebi, _ gaz. `droeba~. #29, 17
(29) ivlisi, 1869;
• anTelava, 1970 _ anTelava irakli. saglexo reforma saqarTveloSi, _
wgn.: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. V: saqarTvelo XIX saukunis
30-90-ian wlebSi. tomis redaqtori ir. anTelava. Tb., 1970;
• axalaia, 1958 _ axalaia irakli. saglexo reforma samegreloSi. soxu­
mi, 1958;
• gadaRmeli, 1883 _ gadaRmeli [juReli anTimoz]. afxazeTi, _ gaz.
„droeba“. #240, 29 noemberi, 1883;
• gogebaSvili, 1902 _ gogebaSvili iakob. usamarTlo braldeba, _ gaz.
`ive­ria~. #108, 25 maisi, 1902;
• gogebaSvili, 1952, _ gogebaSvili iakob. vin unda iqnes dasaxlebuli
af­xazeTSi, _ wgn.: i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. 1. Tb., 1952;
• gogebaSvili, 1954, _ gogebaSvili iakob. usamarTlo braldeba mesamoce
wlebis moRvaweebze, _ wgn.: i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. t. 3. tomi Se­ad­
gina, moamzada dasabeWdad da komentarebi daurTo v. qajaiam. Tb., 1954;
• mesxi, 1878 _ mesxi sergi. abxazeTis dasaxlebaze, _ gaz. „droeba“.
#24, 2 Tebervali, 1878;
• Waraia, 1897 _ Waraia petre. miwaT-mflobeloba afxazeTSi, _ gaz.
`kvali~. #13, 1897;
• xorava, 2007 _ xorava beJan. afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi, _ wgn.: nar­kve­
ve­bi saqarTvelos istoriidan. afxazeTi uZvelesi droidan dRemde.
mTa­­vari redaqtori j. gamaxaria. Tb., 2007;
• xorava, 2014 _ xorava beJan. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba. Tb., 2014;
• xundaZe, 1950 _ xundaZe trofime. carizmis sakolonizacio politikisa­
Tvis afxazeTSi, _ a. s. puSkinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pe­da­
go­giuri institutis Sromebi. t. VIII, Tb., 1950;
• «КАВКАЗ», 1866 – gaz.: «Кавказ». №76, 1866;
• КЕМ ЗАСЕЛИТЬ..., 1877 – Кем заселить Абхазию, – gaz.: «Тифлисский вестник».
№210, 27 сентября, 1877;
• ОЧЕРКИ, 1960 – Очерки истории Абхазской АССР. Ч. 1. Сухуми, 1960;
236
• АВИДЗБА, 1985 – Авидзба Владимир Джамалович. Проведение в жизнь кресть­
ян­ской ре­фор­мы в Абхазии. Сухуми, 1985;
• АНЧАБАДЗЕ.., 1986 – Анчабадзе Зураб Вианорович, Дзидзария Георгий Алексе­
евич, Куправа Арвелод Эрастович. История Аб­хазии. Сухуми, 1986;
• ВЕРЕЩАГИН, 1878 – Верещагин Арсений Васильевич. Черноморское прибрежье
Кавказа и его колонизация. СПб., 1878;
• ДЗИДЗАРИЯ, 1975 – Дзидзария Георгий Алексе­евич. Махаджирство и проблемы
истории Аб­ха­зии XIX столетия. Сухуми, 1975;
• ДЗИДЗАРИЯ, 1988 – Дзидзария Георгий Алексе­евич. Присоединение Абхазии к
России, – wgn.: Г. А. Дзидзария. Труды. Т. 1: Присоединение Абхазии к России, на­
ро­дное хо­­зяйство и социальный строй дореформенной Абхазии. Сухуми, 1988;
• ДЬЯЧКОВ-ТАРАСОВ, 1909-1910 – Дьячков-Тарасов Александр Николаевич. Аб­
ха­зия и Сухум в XIX столетии, – Известия Кавказского отдела императорского
рус­ского ге­огра­фи­­чес­ко­го общества. Т. 20. №2. Тфл., 1909-1910;
• РЫБИНСКИЙ, 1894 – Рыбинский Герасим Антонович. Сухумский округ. Абхазия
в сельско-хо­зяйственном и бытовом отношении. Тфл., 1894;
• ЭСАДЗЕ, 1907 – Эсадзе Семен Спиридонович. Историческая записка об уп­рав­ле­
нии Кавказом. Т. I, Тфл., 1907.

AVTANDIL KILASONIA, BEZHAN KHORAVA1

IMMIGRATION OF PEASANTS FROM MINGRELIA TO ABKHAZIA

IN THE 70-IES OF 19TH CENTURY
(ACCORDING TO SOME RECENT DOCUMENTS)
The ethno-demografic processes going on in the territory of present-day
Abkhazia for centuries have always been an actual problem in the Georgian his-
toriography.
The present article deals with the study of some episodes of immigration
of peasants from Mingrelia to Samurzakano Abkhazia (the present Gali region)
on the basis of the factual material.
The number of the immigrants, the names and the surnames of each of
them, their descent and the place of settling have been ascertained.
The immigration of the peasants went on spontaneously due to the des-
titution and the shortage of land in Mingrelia after the peasant reform. It is em-
phasized that tsarism didn’t plan the colonization of Abkhazia vacated from the
indigenous population with the Mingrelian peasants but being unable to con-
duct the processes in the desirable direction it was obliged to yield and legiti-
mize to the immigrants the lands which were in their actual ownership.
1
Avtandil Kilasonia – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University; Be-
zhan Khorava – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
237
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

bondo kupataZe1

monastris `mcveli cixeebi~ tao-klarjeTSi

istoriul samxreT saqarTveloSi, romelic amJamad TurqeTis

respublikis ukidures Crdilo-aRmosavleT provinciebs Seadgens
(arTvinis, arzrumis da ardahanis vilaieTebi) qarTuli kultu­
ru­ li memkvidreobis mravali Zegli mdebareobs. maT Soris aris
sa­fortifikacio nagebobaTa nairsaxeoba, romelsac Cven pirobiT­
ad `monastris mcvel cixeebs~ vuwodebT. am tipis cixe-simagreebi
sa­gangebod Sendeboda sakaTedro taZris an monastris siaxloves
ma­Ral mTaze da mis mTavar daniSnulebas warmoadgenda sasulie­
ro savanis binadarTa uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa da TavSesafari
mtris Semosevis an raime bunebrivi kataklizmis SemTxvevaSi.
2014-2017 wlebSi rusTavelis fondis finansuri mxardaWer­
iT `sazRvargareT arsebuli qarTuli materialuri da sulieri
mem­kvidreobis samecniero kvlevebis~ grantis farglebSi `Turqe­
Tis saqarTveloSi~ 7 kompleqsuri eqspedicia ganaxorciela Tsu
sa­qarTvelos istoriis institutma (eqspediciis wevrebi: jaba sa­
mu­Sia, bondo kupataZe, giorgi bagrationi, nino silagaZe, aleqsand­
re boSiSvili, leri TavaZe, akaki Ciqobava, oqropir jiquri, mzisa
bus­kivaZe, levan silagaZe).
eqspediciebis ganmavlobaSi moxda 112 safortifikacio nage­
bobis Seswavla, azomva, fotofiqsacia. maT Soris 14 fortifika­
cia SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `mcveli cixeebis~ tips. maTgan 4 for­
ti­fi­kacia saepiskoposo taZris (dadaSeni, wurwyabi, axiza, tbeTi),
xolo 8 fortifikacia monastris (mere-ali, hovaRi, Satberdi, ie­
ni-rabaTi, vaCeZori, esbeki, oSki, solomonisi) siaxloves mdebare­
obs an mis sivrceSia integrirebuli.
am kategoriis cixe-simagreebs ganekuTvneba agreTve iSxnis
da xanZTis `mcveli cixeebi~. iSxnis cixe pirvelad eqvTime Taya­
i­
Svilma moixsenia (TayaiSvili, 1960: 7) bolo periodSi `samxreT
1
bondo kupataZe _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, ivane
ja­vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
238
kavkasiis da anatoliis kvleviTi centris~ jgufma scada iSxnis
cixis adgilmdebareobis dadgena (tao-klarjeTi, 2017: 255). ana­
logiurad, xanZTis monastris zemoT cixis nangrevebs miakvlia
`turistuli resursebis kvlevis centris~ da kavkasiis universi­
tetis eqspediciam (axali arqeologiuri..., YouTube). Tumca orive
maTgani saZirkvlis donezea dangreuli da amdenad statiaSi maT
ar SevexebiT.
meres cixe samcxis regionis focxovis provinciis centra­
lur nawilSi mdebareobs. amJamindeli fosofis ilCes adminis­
traciul centr fosofidan (mosaxleoba _ 2400 kaci) 3 km-Si, sof.
meres (Tanamedrove sof. CaqirkoCis _ Çakırkoç) maxloblad, md. fo­
cxovis wylis marjvena napirze, kldovan goraze dgas meres cixe
(41°29’46.12”N; 42°43’3.28”E). meres cixe sxvadasxva dros aRweres: iv.
gvaramaZem, pr. uvarovam (Уварова, 1894: 102), v. devickim (Де­ви­ц­кий,
1905).
termin meresTan dakavSirebiT saintereso etimologiuri
ver­­sifikaciebi arsebobs. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT: `mere _ swori
va­ke~. iv. javaxiSvili azustebs am ganmartebas: `yovel vake adgils
me­­re ar ewodeboda, aramed mxolod wylis sanapiroze mdebares~.
mi­­sive dakvirvebiT, saqarTveloSi 11 toponimi da hidronimia mere
fu­Zis Semcveli. dimitri baqraZis azriT, `mere xangrZlivad nasven
miwas ewodeba~ (jiqia, 1958: 442), msgavsi Sexedulebisaa g. SaraSi­
Zec, romlis azriT, gurul dialeqtze `mere dabali, noyieri sax­
navi adgilia~ (SaraSiZe, 1938: 40).
meres fortifikaciis mSenebloba mWidrod unda iyos dakav­
Si­rebuli mis maxloblad arsebul mniSvnelovan sasuliero cent­
rTan _ alis monasterTan.
alis monasteri focxovis xeobis da mTlianad samcxis umni­S­
v­nelovanesi religiuri centri iyo XI-XIV saukuneebSi. alis monas­
tris gaZlierebam da avtoritetis zrdam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia meres cixe-simagris politikuri statusis zrdaze. alis
monastris mfarvelebi da Semwirvelebi iyvnen meres cixis mflo­
beli bocosZeTa feodaluri saxli. XII saukunidan yveliscixis
mni­ Svnelobis damcrobam agreTve xeli Seuwyo meres focxovis
provinciis centrad gadqcevas. meres eklesiis da cixe-mamulis
Sesaxeb informacia mogvepoveba XIII-XIVss. alis monastrisadmi bo­
Zebul istoriul sabuTebSi.
boco, TuRli, Salva da aliCayis mier alis mTavarmowamisadmi
ga­cemul sigelSi naTqvamia: `merisa RrmTismSobelisa kalamaelni
sxeds da maT raic Sehxudebis puri mas, igini muna moiRebdnen da
sxuas yvelasa als moiRebden, vire kalamaelTa sxvagan davsxmide.
239
da rai sxuagan davsxam, maSin ganaRamaca yuelai als moiReb. da ra­
zomica da asisa litrisa zeTisagan ormocsa litrasa zeTsa alis
mTavarmowamisa winaSe moiRebden da rai kalamTni sxvagan wamovi­
den, mas ormocsac als moiRebden~ (SaraSiZe, 1982: 32).
meore saintereso dokumentia sargis bocos Zis dawerili
alis monastrisadmi (XIVs.), saidanac Cans, rom meres cixe swored
bo­cosZeTa sakuTrebaSia, radgan sargis bocos Ze Tavis mkvidr
mamuls, sof. sakires (gvarebiT: ilaronisSvili da kiriasSvili)
Tavisi sulis saoxad swiravs alis monasters. Sesabamisad sofelze
dakisrebul yvela valdebulebas monasters uboZebs. maT Soris,
soflis mier meres patronisTvis saSeSed gadasaxdeli wliuri 120
TeTri amieridan monasters samwirvelod unda mieces (SaraSiZe,
1982: 43).
meres cixe Soridanve advilad SesamCnevia da strategiuli
mdebareoba gaaCnia. ketavs focxovis xeobaSi Sesasvlels. md. fo­
cxoviswylis da mis mcire Senakadis xerTvisTan arsebul goraze
dgas E-W wagrZelebis didi zomis marTkuTxa trapeciis formis
cixe (zoma: 100m.X25m.). cixe ZiriTadad dangreulia. CrdiloeTis
mxares mxolod 1 godolis naSTia SemorCenili.
SedarebiT sruladaa SemorCenili samxreT kedeli, romlis
aR­mosavleT nawilSi fiqsirdeba galavnis 2 fragmenti, xolo da­
sav­leT nawilSi ufro didi fragmenti galavnisa, romlis SuaSic
koSkia (simaRle 8m. Tumca XXs. dasawyisSi koSkis simaRle daaxlo­
ebiT 20m. iyo da naTlad ikveTeboda misi formac _ simaRleSi
Se­viwroveba). devickis cnobiT, swored am koSkis dasavleTiT iyo
ci­xeSi Semosasvleli karibWe, romelic amJamad aRar ikiTxeba.
koSks gaaCnda 3 sarkmeli. maTgan 2 dRes aRar arsebobs (isini
Cans devickis mier Sesrulebul CanaxatSi, mdebareobdnen koSkis
zeda nawilSi da cixis gareT gadahyurebdnen). amJamad SemorCeni­
li mesame sarkmeli koSkis qveda nawilSia da cixis interiers uyu­
rebs. am sarkmels qmnis 4 didi zomis damuSavebuli lodi. marcx­
ena lodis zeda nawilSi gardamavali mxedruliT Sesrulebuli
samstriqoniani warweraa ganTavsebuli (savaraudod XV-XVIss.).
meres cixes etyoba gadakeTebis kvali. galavanSi ikveTeba mi­
nimum 2 fena. galavnis qveda registri ufro didi zomis qviT aris
na­
gebi da kiri Zlier gamoqarulia. zeda fenis lodebi Sedare­
biT momcro zomisaa da kiris kvalic aSkarad ikiTxeba. devickis
mi­
xedviT, samxreT galavanze garedan miSenebuli iyo 2 godoli
(mrgvali da oTxkuTxa). dResdReobiT es godolebi saerTod aRar
ikiTxeba da sruladaa dangreuli.
devickis aRwerilobidan Cans, rom XXs. dasawyisSi cixis gare
240
galavani (rabaTis galavani) jer kidev ikiTxeboda. dResdReobiT
mxolod qvebis grovaa darCenili.
aseve, devickis aRwerilobiT, im dros cixis interierSi kar­
gad Canda sxvadasxva damxmare sameurneo nagebobebis kvali, rac
dRes ukve aRar aRiqmeba. mxolod cixis galavnis siaxloves fiq­
sirdeba rezervuari.
cixis galavnis gareT, samxreT-aRmosavleT ferdobze mde­
bareobs eklesiis naSTi (romelic giorgi bagrationma azoma 2007
wels). meres eklesia, rogorc Cans, RvTismSoblis saxelobisaa.
am­
gvarad ixsenieba is alis mTavarmowamisadmi Salva da amirbar
bo­cosZeTa mier gacemuli Sewirulebis wignSi (SaraSiZe, 1982: 32).
taos regionSi gamorCeuli da originaluri safortifikacio
na­
gebobaa hovaRis cixe-monasteri. igi mdebareobs olTisi-Tor­
Tumis mTavari gzis gadasaxvevidan 25 km-Si Tanamedrove sof.
ala­Tarlas (qarTulad: `lamazi, mewamuli mdelo~) maxloblad.
am xeobis mTavari mdinare CrdiloeTiT miedineba da olTisiswy­
als uerTdeba. mdinaris marcxena sanapirodan amaRlebul goraze,
sofelSi misvlamde, dgas hovaRis cixe da sasaxle. mas pirobiTad
hovaRi-2 SeiZleba vuwodoT, radgan gviandeli (aTabagebis peri­
odis) nagebobaa. mdinaris marjvena sanapiroze mdebare soflis
Tavze aRmarTul kldovan masaze ki gaSenebulia cixis kompleqsi.
aqedan qedze gadadis bilikebi amier taosken, esbekis da anZavis
gavliT Cadis oluri-iusufelis gzatkecilamde.
hovaRis cixe-monasteri anu hovaRi-1 (z. d. 1650m; 56m.X37m.)
(ad­gilobrivTa artikulaciiT _ `hovaqkale~) gaSenebulia E-W mi­
mar­Tulebis qedis Txemze. cixeSi mTavari Sesasvleli iyo dasav­
leT mxridan, sadac xelovnurad mosworebuli baqania.
am kompleqsis originaluroba mdgomareobs SemdegSi. misi
Se­sw
­ avlis Semdeg Camogviyalibda mosazreba, rom Tavdapirvelad,
al­ baT taoSi samonastro cxovrebis aRorZinebis (IX-Xss.) peri­
odSi, aq unda yofiliyo samonastro kompleqsi. Semdgom ki unda
mom­xdariyo monastris sivrcis gamagreba da safortifikacio kom­
pleqsSi integrireba. is, rom aq odesRac iyo monasteri, unda mi­
uTiTebdes mcire sivrceze eklesiaTa simravle.
aq faqtiurad aq 4 eklesiaa: 1. mcire darbazuli eklesia dgas
ci­xemde asasvlel Sua gzaze, cixidan aRmosavleTiT, kldis ferd­
ze mosworebul baqanze; 2. erTnaviani eklesia galavnis gareT, ci­
xis karibWis siaxloves; 3. oTxsarTuliani mTavari koSkis meore
sar­Tulze ikiTxeba sakurTxevlis TaRi, xolo kedlis gayolebaze
ni­Sebia; 4. cixis centrSi dgas ornawiliani kamarovani eklesia.
yvela eklesiaSi SemorCenilia freskuli mxatvrobis nimuSe­
16. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 241
bi, rac savaraudod XIIIs. zemoT ar unda midiodes. cixis galava­
nTan arsebul darbazul eklesiaze ki freskuli warwerebicaa. mo­
nas­tris arsebobis sasargeblod unda metyvelebdes albaT sofel
alaTarlas (saxelic mianiSnebs) nayofiereba da simdidre.
cixis galavanSi CaSenebulia 5 godoli. aRmosavleTis mxares
aris erTi mrgvali godoli, CrdiloeTis mxares aseve mrgvali,
mxo­lod SedarebiT momcro godoli. dasavleTis mxares oTxkuT­xa
godoli. Semdeg kidev ori godolia dasavleTidan samxreTis ga­
g­rZelebaze. galavnis Tavze mravlad aris SemorCenili salodee­
bi. aRmosavleTis godolze magaliTad 3 salodea. cixes etyoba
sam-oTxjer gadakeTebis kvali, Tumca saTofeebis ararseboba mi­
uTi­ Tebs, rom XVII s-ze gvian gadakeTeba aRar unda momxdariyo
da am droisTvis savaraudod am cixes ukve unda daekarga Tavisi
mni­Svneloba.
hovaRis cixe kopasZeTa feodaluri saxlis sakuTrebaSi unda
yo­filiyo. XI saukuneSi gadawerili svinaqsaris, romelic xelna­
werTa erovnul centris A koleqciaSi 97 nomriT inaxeba, erT
nusxa-xucuriT Sesrulebul XV saukunis minawerSi ixsenieba hov­
aRis mcxovrebi rusia kopasZe. man mociqulTa saxelobis taZarSi
bzobis brwyinvale dResaswaulze aRapi ganaCina.
Satberdis monastris mcveli cixe. Satberdis monasteri
`klarjeTis aTormetTa udabnoTa~ Soris gamorCeuli mniSvnelobi­
saa. am monastris skriptoriumSi Seiqmna `Satberdis krebuli~, ga­
daiwera mravali xelnaweri, aq moRvaweobda mravali cnobili sa­
suliero moRvawe.
bolo periodSi ganaxlda Satberdis monastris mdebareobis
Taobaze saukunis winandeli msjeloba. pirvelad, Satberdis lo­
kalizacia moaxdina niko marma (Марр, 1911: 139) da daukavSira is
portas monasters, romelic sruliad samarTlianad vaxtang jo­
baZem xancTis monastrad cno (jobaZe, 2007: 53-54). amdenad Riad
darCa Satberdis mdebareobis sakiTxi, romelic Semdeg daukav­
Sires ieni rabaTis eklesias (xoStaria, 2005).
Satberdis mdebareobis Sesaxeb axali versia Turqma isto­ri­
kos­ma mine qadir-oRlum wamoWra da Satberdi daukavSira sofel
bo­selTas (amJamindeli saxeli: oqumuSlari) maxloblad tyeSi ar­
sebul masStabur, sakmaod dazianebul nagebobebs. am mosazrebis
sasargeblo mTavari argumenti iyo toponimi _ `SaberTa~, rogorc
uwodebda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am nangrevebs. SemdgomSi es
Tvalsazrisi mravalma mkvlevarma gaiziara (saqarTveloSi am mo­
sazrebas pirvelad mxari Temur xuciSvilma dauWira da sakiTxis
popularizaciac moaxdina (T. xuciSvili.., 2004).
242
 Cven boselTas pirvelad 2007 wels vewvieT sofel zeiTinli­
kidan (amJamad Woroxis xeobis datborvis gamo gzebi sagrZnoblad
aris Secvlili). Tavis droze pirveli STabeWdileba aq monastris
arsebobis sasargeblod Segveqmna, amis sasargeblod metyvelebda
geografiuli mdebareobac (siaxlove opizasa da xanZTasTan, Zli­
er daSorebuli ieni-rabaTisgan gansxvavebiT). aq mniSvnelovani
mo­nastris arsebobis sasargeblo damatebiT argumentad SeiZleba
mi­viCnioT es sakmaod didi zomis da arcTu iolad misasvleli
cixe. vinaidan es cixe ar mdebareobs strategiuli mniSvnelobis
gzis siaxloves da sxvagvarad aq misi arseboba axsnas saWiroebs.
er­TaderTi, rac tovebs eWvis safuZvels monastris arsebobisT­
vis, aris artefaqtebis simwire, warweraTa ararseboba... aq arqe­o­
lo­­giuri gaTxrebi bevr kiTxvas mofenda naTels.
sofeli oqumuSlari (Zveli saxeli _ boselTa) mdebareobs
ma­Rali mTebiT garSemortymul nayofier da tyian xeobaSi. sof­
lidan cixe samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 1km fexiT savalzea.
sofeli da cixe simaRliT erT donezea, Tumca cixemde misasvle­
lad soflidan jer xeobaSi veSvebiT, Semdeg ki ferdobs avuyvebiT
Satberdis (SaberTa, boselTa) cixisken. cixe monastris nangrevebs
dahyurebs zemodan da N-E/S-W wagrZelebis koncxis naxevar peri­
met­ rzea (z. d. 1160m. zoma: 53m.X33m.) gaSenebuli. vinaidan cixes
sami mxridan akravs sruliad miuvali kldovani masivi, SeiZleba
iT­qvas, rom boselTas cixe gamorCeulad daculi da Znelad misad­
go­mia. Satberdis cixe erTianad naSeni Cans, ar etyoba gadake­Te­
bis kvali. amasTan reliefis sirTulidan gamomdinare cixis su­
b­­
struqcia, romelic daferdebuli kldovani masis gasworebas
iT­ valiswinebda, nagebia didi zomis lodebiT, xolo Tavad cixe
sa­­Sualo zomis riyis qviT. mSeneblobaSi aqtiuradaa gamoyenebu­
li xis Zelurebi, romlebsac kedlis gamagrebis mizniT galavanSi
ata­ndnen. amJamad mravali xvrelia SemorCenili galavanSi.
Satberdis cixe-simagres aqvs 2 karibWe: Crdilo-aRmosavleTi­
dan (eklesiis gverdze) da samxreT-dasavleTidan (mTavari koSkis
gver­dze). amasTan samxreT-dasavleT TaRovani gasasvleli koncx­
is daboloebaze arsebul mcire kldovan tafobze gadis da ar
uka­­v­Sirdeba raime gzas, Cixia.
cixeSi Sesasvlelamde (Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare cixis
karibWemde) miuyveba viwro, kldeSi safexurebad nakveTi derefa­
ni, romelic Tavis droze SesaZlebelia ormxrivi galavniT iyo
da­­culi. Tumca amJamad, mxolod qarafis mxares aris galavnis
naS­Ti SemorCenili. am karibWeSi SesvlisTanave marjvniv gvxvdeba
na­xevrad dangreuli mcire zomis samnaviani bazilika, romlis sa­
243
kurTxevlis mxares Semdgom SemoSenebulia cixis galavani. amJamad
Se­morCenilia centraluri navi, sadiakvne, samkveTlo, xolo da­
sav­­leT nawili mxolod gegmis doneze ikiTxeba. eklesiis qvemoT
da galavnis siaxloves SesaZlebelia iyo saZvale. cixis mTavari
ka­­ribWidan 10 metrSi, eklesiis samxreT-dasavleTiT aris didi
zomis (daaxloebiT 2m. simaRlis) lodi, romelzec amokveTilia
or­­nawiliani wyalSemkrebi Tavisi rezervuariT.
viwro bilikiT gzas vagrZelebT mTavari koSkisken. mTavari
koS­ki oTxkuTxa oTxsarTuliani nagebobaa. pirveli sarTulis in­­
te­rieri ZiriTadad miwiT aris amovsebuli, aq oTxive kuTxeSi Ti­
To mcire niSia.
Satberdis cixis mTavar koSkSi Sesasvleli meore sarTulis
do­nezea (Sesasvleli karis zomebia: 2m.X0,7m.). am karis Tavzea sar­
k­­meli, xolo maTgan marjvniv TiTo-TiTo sarkmeli meore da me­
same sarTulis doneze (am sarkmelebze Semdgom cixis galavani
mi­ uSenebiaT garedan da amouqoliaT). mTavari Semosasvlelidan
da­­axloebiT 20 santimetrSi iwyeba es galavani da sanaxevrod mainc
moicavs sarkmels. SemorCenilia meore-mesame sarTulebs Soris
ia­takis kvali xis boZebis saxiT.
mesame sarTulze 3 daaxloebiT erTnairi zomis (40sm.X15sm.)
sa­ r­
kmelia (pirobiTad: aRmosavleT, samxreT da CrdiloeT ked­
lebze), mesame sarTulze samxreT-dasavleT kedlis centraluri
na­ wili ukavia maRal TaRovan niSs (simaRle _ 2m, sigane _ 0,8m,
si­Rrme _ 0,2m). mesame sarTulis aRmosavleT kuTxeSi mowyobilia
mci­re samlocvelo.
cixis meoTxe sarTuli faqtiurad qongurebis donea. amasTan
sa­naxevrod dazianebuli. SedarebiT SemorCenilia Crdilo-dasav­
leTis kedeli. qongurebTan siaxloves Cans samzirebi.
mTavari koSkis substruqciis mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebulia
di­­di zomis lodebi. Tavad koSkis mSeneblobaSi agreTve gamoye­
ne­­bulia sapire qvebi da sufTad aris nagebi. misgan gansxvavebiT
ci­­xis galavani ZiriTadad mcire zomis riyis qviT aris naSeni da
ki­ris fena Warbad Cans. galavani rom mogvianebiT aris miSenebuli
amas kargad adasturebs is faqti, rom sqeli (2m. siganis) galavnis
bo­­lo koSkzea miSenebuli uSualod sarkmelTa perimetrze, ramac
sar­kmelebis gauqmeba gamoiwvia (sainteresod gamoiyureba kedlis
ga­samagrebeli xis mori, romelic pirdapir sarkmelSi aris gamo­C­
rili). mSeneblebs sxva arCevani am SemTxvevaSi ver eqnebodaT, ra­
dgan koSkis gverdiT qarafia da iq galavani ver gaivlida imgva­rad,
rom koSki cixis interierSi moqceuliyo. amdenad, koSki galavnis
bunebriv gagrZelebad iqca da cixis damcavi galavnis nawi­lic gax­
244
da. analogiurad cixis karibWesTan arsebuli samnaviani ek­lesiis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxezec SemoSenebulia galavani.
Cveni azriT, zemoTxsenebuli detalebis (cixis galavnis mor­
geba ukve arsebul nagebobebze reliefis sirTulidan gamomdin­
are) gaTvaliswinebiT Satberdis cixeze SesaZlebelia mSeneb­lobis
2 periodis gamoyofa: I periodi Satberdis monastris da­arsebasTan
qronologiurad axlos unda iyos (IX-Xss.) da am peri­ods SeiZle­
ba mivakuTvnoT mTavari koSki da eklesia, romelic koSkis aSen­
ebis Semdgom aSenda (im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom koSkSi sam­
locveloa mowyobili, rac eklesiis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi nakleb
aucileblobas warmoadgenda); II periodad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT
cixis perimetris galavniT SemozRudvis faqti, rac aixsneba monas­
trisTvis gansakuTrebuli safrTxis SeqmniT. es SeiZleba iyos ro­
gorc XIs. (bizantielTa an selCukTa Semosvla regionSi), agreTve
XIII-XIVss. (monRoloba; an jayelebis aqtiuri qtitorobis periodi).
banas da kolas provinciebis damakavSirebeli Zveli gza ru­
sul 5-versian rukebze sakmaod datvirTulia safortifikacio
nagebobebiT. maT Soris aris kalmaxis cixe. mTavari gzidan marcx­
niv mdebareobs gadasaxvevi da sakmaod mixveul-moxveuli da Rrma
xeoba, romelic garkveuli manZilis gavlis Semdeg farTovdeba
da mis dasasruls N-E/S-W wagrZelebis koncxze, dgas sakmaod da­
zianebuli kalmaxis cixe (z. d. 1670m; 105m.X30m.). am cixidan Zalian
kargad Cans mTeli garemo. amasTan erTi mxare gaSlili, farTo ve­
lia. savaraudod aq unda momxdariyo is cnobili brZola, romel­
ic ixsenieba JamTaaRmwerelTan, rodesac samcxis spasalari sargis
jayeli ebrZoda SemoWril Turqebs, daaxloebiT 1246 wels da Sesa­
Zlebelia es veli avnisvake iyos (JamTaaRmwereli, 2008: 565). kalmax­
is cixis mopirdapired mdebareobs, kldovan masivSi nakveTi solo­
monisis qvabovani kompleqsi. igi daaxloebiT 6-7 senakisgan Sedgeba.
kalmaxis cixe saistorio wyaroebiT kargad cnobili safor­
tifikacio nagebobaa. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad augiaT somex
mTavrebs VIIIs. II naxevarSi. somxuri wyaroebi azusteben misi aSen­
ebis TariRs da miaweren 782 wels aSot sumbatis Zes (aSot `msak­
eri~, bagratuni) (TayaiSvili, 1938: 55).
kalmaxis cixe upirvelesad taos politikuri da administra­
ci­uli centria (baxtaZe, 2003: 261). Tumca vfiqrobT Tavisuf­lad
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `mcveli cixis~ kategorias, vinaidan mis
garemomcvel teritoriaze mravlad aris eklesiebi, senakebi da
rac mTavaria solomonis qvabovani monasteri. Sesabamisad ase­ Ti
masStaburi da mniSvnelovani cixe bunebrivad SeiTavsebda sa­ mo­
nastro savanis dacvis funqcias. monastersa da cixes Soris mWi­
245
dro kavSiris damadasturebelia matenadaranSi daculi XIII s-is
qar­ Tuli saxarebis minawerebi, sadac ixsenieba merab kalmaxeli
(beri meTode) da misi papa rati tataSvili (tao-klarjeTi, 2012:
22). es saxareba, gadawerili savaraudod solomonisis monasterSi,
garkveuli periodi inaxeboda swored kalmaxis cixeSi. agreTve aq
gadawerili Cans xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi 1520 w. da­
TariRebuli merab kalmaxelisa da misi meuRlis elenes qtito­robiT
melqisedekis mier gadawerili saxareba (tao-klarjeTi, 2012: 25).
kalmaxis cixe pirvelad aRwera e. TayaiSvilma 1902 wlis eq­
spediciis dros (Такайшвили, 1909: 80-83). Semdeg moinaxula ag­re­
Tve 1907 wlis eqspediciis dros (TayaiSvili, 1938: 29). Tumca igi
solomon-kalad moixseniebda cixes, vinaidan adgilobrivi mosa­
x­
leobac amgvarad uwodebda da Zveli toponimi dakarguli iyo.
so­fel solomon-yalas qvemoT mdebareobs kiaRmis-alTis eklesiis
nan­grevi. adgilobrivi (Turqulenovani) mosaxleoba am cixes qa­
mxiss eZaxis.
toponim `kalmaxidan~ Sua saukuneebis somxurisTvis damaxasi­
aTebeli l-R Tanxmovnebis monacvleobiT miviReT gasomxurebuli
versia _ kaRmixi/kiaRmisi, Semdeg ki somxuridan Turqizebuli
versia _ qamxisi. dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umetesoba fiqrobs,
rom es unda iyos swored kalmaxis cixe _ taos administraci­
uli erTeulis, kalmaxis saerisTavos centri. cixis qveda nawil­
Si Cans rabaTis kvali, xolo mopirdapire mTaze kldeSi nakveTi
so­ lomonisis monasteri. e. TayaiSvili kalmaxis cixed miiCnevda
ni­akomis cixes, romelic vaCeZoris monastris `mcveli cixea~ (Ta­
yaiSvili, 1938: 54).
kalmaxis cixeSi Sesvla amJamad SesaZlebelia CrdiloeTis
mxri­dan. es aris afeTqebiT gamongreuli galavnis qveda nawili.
ga­lavnis es kedeli TiTqmis srulad aris SemorCenili da 10 met­
ramde simaRlisaa. cixis interieri sakmaod amovsebulia nayari mi­
wiT da sxvadasxva donis iarusebs qmnis. interierSi mravlad aris
cixe-simagris infrastruqturis Semadgeneli nagebobebis naSTebi.
maT Soris centrSi didi zomis kldeSi nakveTi saTavso-rezervu­
ari, romelic amJamad sanaxevrod dangreulia. aqaurTa warmodge­
niT es mefeTa dasabrZanebeli unda yofiliyo (amas TavgamodebiT
gvimtkicebda Cveni megzuri axalgazrda).
meore, oTxkuTxedi formis rezervuari (zomebi 2m.X1,5m.)
cixis centrSi mdebareobs. Tavis droze sakmaod maRali unda yo­
filiyo (amJamad mxolod 0,5m. simaRlisaa). amiT mTavrdeba cixis
CrdiloeTi nawili, centrSi cixis perimetri viwrovdeba da gada­
dis samxreTiT, sadac odnav iSleba sivrce. galavani daaxloebiT
246
60sm. sisqisaa.
kalmaxis cixe erT-erT yvelaze gamagrebuli cixea. cixeSi
Se­sasvleli mxolod koncxis CrdiloeTis viwro mxridanaa. sava­
raudod centraluri karibWec aqedan unda yofiliyo, Tumca amJa­
mad misi kvali naklebad ikiTxeba. cixis samxreT nawilSi kidev
erTi didi rezervuaria (zoma: 2,5m.X1,5m.X0,8m.).
cixis samxreT nawilSi galavani koncxis bolomde ar midis,
ara­med SemaRlebaze sruldeba. koncxis bolo ki galavnis miRmaa.
Se­saZlebelia am nawils garnizoni iyenebda damxmare saTavsoebis
funqciiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi nagebobaTa naSTebi TiTqos ikiTxeba.
kalmaxis cixis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs 3 sakmaod didi zo­
mis rezervuaris arseboba. mravlad unda yofiliyo sameurneo da
sac­xovrebeli nagebobebi. cixis ZiriTadi nawilis samxreT mxare­
Si Cans sakmaod didi, amJamad safuZvlianad dangreuli Senobis
kva­li. es aRmoCnda eklesia, romelic TayaiSvilTan ixsenieba (Та­
кайшвили, 1909: 80-83). mis dros sakmaod srulad arsebuli kupel­
hale, amJamad ki Zirfesvianadaa dangreuli. eklesiis zomebi daax­
loebiT 10m.X7m. unda yofiliyo. eklesiis gverdzea rezervu­aris
naSTi.
kalmaxis cixis mopirdapire kldovan masivze, cixidan Crdi­
lo-aRmosavleTiT kldeSi nakveTi 3 eklesiaa, romlebic cixidan
ar Canda (adgilobrivi mosaxleoba: `kaia kilises~ (kldis eklesia)
uwodebs). odnav CrdiloeTiT kidev erTi eklesia, kldis siRr­
meSi gamokveTili. es ukanaskneli bolo dros gamoCnda, oqros ma­
Zieblebs gamouTxriaT miwisgan. daaxloebiTi zomaa: 5m.X3m. sima­
Rle 3m. sakurTxevlis niSi _ 1,5m. diametrzea gamoTxrili. win
aris miwiT amovsebuli kldeSi nakveTi Sesasvleli kari, romelic
da­­axloebiT 70sm.-ze Seisvleba. mis Tavzea mcire zomis ovaluri
formis sarkmeli (diametri 20sm). interieri minimum 1m. doneze mi­
wiT aris amovsebuli. sakurTxevlis gverdze sadiakvnes da samkve­
Tlos niSebia. daaxloebiT adamianis simaRlis nakveTi TaRedia.
sam­xreT kuTxeSi saZvalec Cans.
danarCeni 3 kldeSi nakveTi eklesia, pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT
kldis mimarTulebiT aris gamokveTili, rasac bunebrivia Tavad
kldis mdebareobac (E-W wagrZelebis qedia) uwyobda xels. II da III
eklesia identuri gegmisaa. amaTgan II eklesia ufro srulad aris
SemorCenili. darbazuli tipis mcire eklesiaa (zoma: 4m.X2m.) Crdi­
loeT mxares aris 3 TaRedi (centraluri-simaRle 1,2m, gverdebze
_ odnav dabali), sakurTxeveli odnav aris gamokveTili eklesiis
mTliani gegmisgan. Sadiakvne SeWrilia kldeSi Rrma niSis saxiT.
III eklesiac darbazuli tipis mcire eklesiaa, mxolod ufro
247
didia zomiT (6m.X3m.). mwyemsebi, rogorc Cans, aq xSirad anTeben ce­
cxls da kedeli Semurulia. TaRedebi II eklesiasTan SedarebiT ufro
farTo da uxeSad damuSavebulia. centraluri TaRedi odnav viwro
da momcro zomisaa, marjvena da marcxena ki daaxloebiT Tanabaria.
IV eklesia mdebareobs yvelaze marcxniv. misi gegma gansxvave­
bulia II da III eklesiebisgan. zoma: 3,55m.X2,78m. sakurTxevelTan
amo­­kveTilia saxate-sanawile; kldeSia amokveTili sarkmeli-niSic.
IV (mcire) eklesiis marcxniv kldeSi amokveTilia 2 qvabi (wriuli
da oTxkuTxedi gegmis). qvabebic da eklesiebic sxvadasxva doneze
Zlier aris miwiT amovsebuli.
jamSi es kldeSi nakveTi 4 eklesia da 2 qvabi ramdenad SeiZ­
le­ba samonastro kompleqsad qceuliyo Zneli saTqmelia. arqiteq­
turuli stilis mixedviT isini sxvadasxva periods ganekuTvnebian.
pirveli adreulia (IV-VIss.), danarCenebi mogvianebiT aris nakveTi
(VIII-IX da XII-XIIIss.).
imier da amier taoTa sazRvarze (md. TorTomiswylis da ban­
aswylis xeobaTa Soris 3 paralelur xeobaSi) mdebare cixeebi md.
ol­ Tisiswylis marcxena Senakadebis xeobaTa teritoriazea (ga­
dasaxvevebi iSxani-oloris mTavari gzidan). maTgan pirvelia esbe­
kis cixe darijas xeobaSi, misi paraleluri xeobis cixea anZavi,
mom­devno xeobis ki qoroRlis cixe.
darijas xeobis bolo emijneba hovaRis xeobis dasasruls,
swo­red maT Soris qedi unda warmoadgendes imier da amier taoTa
sazRvars, es gza unda yofiliyo Zvelad iSxnis da olTisis umo­­
klesi damakavSirebeli gza. darijas xeobaSi Sesasvleli iwyeba iS­
xnis gadasaxvevidan 5 km-Si mTavari gzidan marjvniv. gadasaxvevi­dan
6 km.-is gavlis Semdeg farTo zeganze gvxvdeba esbekis monasteri.
garSemo veli agraruli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod nayofieria, rac
Sua saukuneebSi aq samonastro cxovrebis ganviTarebis karg piro­
bas qmnida. esbekis monasteri sxvadasxva periodSi nagebi 4 ekle­
siisgan Sedgeba. maTgan uadresi arqiteqturuli stiliT VIs. unda
iyos. meore mcire zomis eklesiaa, qveda nawilSi saZvaliT da Tav­
ze samrekloTi. mesame gumbaTovani eklesiaa (savaraudod IX-Xss.),
romlis sakurTxevelze SemorCenilia freskuli warweris naSTi.
es eklesia originaluri arqiteqturis nimuSia, ramdenadac sa­
diakvne da samkveTlo gadadis galereaSi, romelic taZris Crdi­
loeT da samxreT kedels ekvris. eklesiis gadaxurva dazianebu­
lia. meoTxe eklesia gviandeli bazilika, wiTeli aguriT nagebi,
ga­lavniT SemosazRvruli, kldis pirze mdebareobs. aq gvxvdeba
sa­naTlavi, saZvale, romelic oqros maZieblebs uTxriaT.
samwuxarod, amJamad samonastro kompleqsis eklesiebSi sof­
248
lis macxovrebelTa saTive, sawyobi da sxva sameurneo daniS­nu­le­
bis saTavsoebia mowyobili. msgavsi mdgomareobaa vaCeZoris monas­
terSic.
samonastro kompleqsis zemoT, sofel Tivasoris esbekis ub­
nis samxreT nawilSi, maRal mTaze, z. d. 1180 metrze mdebare­
obs esbekis cixe. cixis win turistuli samenovani (Turqul-qar­
Tul-inglisur enebze) baneria cixis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod qarTuli
va­­rianti meqanikuri Targmania da teqsti bundovania.
esbekis cixe strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilzea aSenebu­
li. garda imisa, rom esbekis monastris mcveli cixea, is feodalis
rezidenciac unda yofiliyo. taos cixeTa umravlesobis msgavsad
esbekis cixe rTul reliefzea nagebi. amdenad cixis Sida sivrcis
ZiriTadi nawili kldovan masivebs da ferdobs ukavia, xolo cixis
pra­qtikuli sivrce mcirea.
cixe 2 iarusisgan Sedgeba. qveda doneze Sesvla SesaZlebelia
galavnis gamonangrevidan. mis marcxniv aris naxevrad wriuli formis
3-sarTuliani godoli. iqve naxevrad Cangreuli, miwaSi Rrmad CaSen­
ebuli da aguriT TaRovani gadaxurvis sameurneo saTavso-rezer­
vuaria, romelic, rogorc Cans, macivris funqciasac asrulebda.
cixis samxreT-dasavleT mxare sacxovrebeli zonaa. am zonis
centralur nawils warmoadgens 2-sarTuliani rezidencia, Tavze
ba­qaniT. uSualod ebjineba galavans da galavnis mxares sakmaod
datvirTulia saTofurebiT. gamonangrevi galavnidan marjvniv
kldeze aRmaval galavanze miSenebulia kidev erTi koSki.
vaCeZoris monastris mcveli cixea niakomi. e. TayaiSvili mas
kal­maxis cixed miiCnevda da mis mier aRmoCenili vaCeZoris monas­
tris `mfarvel cixes~ uwodebda (TayaiSvili, 1938: 55). es cixe mde­
bareobs taoskaris xeobaSi. xeobis bolodan sof. Cataqsumde (Zve­
li saxeli: taoskari) manZilia 9km., xolo sof. baSqaiamde (Zveli
saxeli farisosi) 18km. sof. baSqaiadan gruntis Zalian cudi gza
Sedis niakomis xeobaSi. 5km.-Si sruldeba samanqano gza da bilikiT
mivdivarT niakomis cixisken (z. d. 1450m; 37m.X25m.).
niakomis cixe zemodan dahyurebs vaCeZoris monasters, STam­
beWdavi xedi da bunebaa. cixis samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares aris de­
da­cixe da sacxovrebeli zona, romlis SigniT aris 3-sarTuliani
oTxkuTxa koSki baqaniT, aqvs 4 salode da 2 samziri. dedacixis
Cr­diloeT galavani dangreulia. cixis dasavleT galavanTan aris
rezervuari TaRovani gadaxurviT (zoma 2m.X3m.). cixis teritoriaze
ar SeimCneva eklesiis kvali, rac am tipis cixeebisTvis ar SeiZleba
tipiurad CaiTvalos. ukidures SemTxvevaSi dedacixis koSkSi mainc
iqneboda samlocvelo mowyobili, Tumca amJamad es ar ikiTxeba.
249
 adgilobrivebi niakoms uwodeben vanqis (anu taZris) cixes.
agreTve `TeTrcixesac~, rac unda aixsnas dangreuli kedlis aRd­
genisas gamoyenebuli kiris Warbi raodenobiT da Sesabamisad Te­
Tri feriT.
iusufeli_TorTomis gzaze uzunderesTan, mTavari gzidan
marcxniv xeobaSi, sof. safajas samxreT-dasavleTiT, saSualo sima­
Rlis goraze dgas oSkisoris cixe (z. d. 1300m; 52m.X30m.). oSkisoris
cixe azordis mopirdapire xeobaSi mdebareobs, romelic sivris
qedamde aRwevs. am qedis gadaRma ki olTisis qveyana iwyeba. amdenad
es cixe azordis provinciis umniSvnelovanesi cixea, akontroleb­
da TorTomis xeobaSi mimaval da olTisis mxareSi gadamaval gzas.
oSkisoris cixe Crdilo-aRmosavleTi samxreT-dasavleTi mi­
mar­Tulebis koncxzea gaSenebuli. cixe 2-iarusiania: I iarusi _ aR­
mosavleT nawili ukavia cixis ZiriTad sivrces, mkveTri daqanebis
ferdobia. aq aRmosavleT kedeli TiTqmis mTlianad Cangreulia;
II iarusi _ cixis dasavleT nawilia, sadac mdebareobs dedacixe.
cixeSi Sesasvleli karibWe CrdiloeT mxares kargad aris
SemorCenili. cixe 2 mxridan Seuvalia, xolo CrdiloeT da aRmo­
savleT mxares SedarebiT advilad misadgomi. cixidan aRmosavle­
TiT ferdobze Cans mravalricxovani qvayrilebi, sxvadasxva nage­
bobaTa kvali. rac unda miuTiTebdes aq rabaTis arsebobaze.
amJamad srulyofilad aris SemorCenili samxreT-dasavleT
mxaris galavani _ 3-sarTuliani trapeciis formis godoli _ sa­
c­ xovrebeli zona (6m.X3/4m.), romelic cixis oTxkuTxedi gegmi­
dan ganzea gasulia. godols samive mimarTulebiT samziralebi
ax­lavs. sacxovrebeli zonis gverdze, CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs 2
qvevri (mcire zomisaa, albaT sazedaSea). maT gverdzea dazianebu­
li wylis rezervuari (SigTavsi nalesia; diametri _1m, SemorCe­
nili nawilis simaRle _ 0,5m). meore didi rezervuari ufro da­
zianebulia da arc nalesobis kvali ar Cans. qvevrebis pirdapir
3m.-Si mdebareobs darbazuli tipis mcire eklesia (zoma: 2m.X4m.).
Sesasvleli kari samxreTidan aqvs. eklesiis aRmosavleT kedeli
ebjineboda dedacixis galavans. aqve iyo dedacixeSi Sesasvleli.
cixidan aRmosavleTiT 200 metrSi, soflis ganapiras, james
mo­pirdapired gauyveba biliki tyisken, sadac daaxloebiT 10m. si­
maRlis kldovan koncxze dgas darbazuli tipis mcire eklesia
(8m.X3m.). koncxis daferdebuli formis gamo aaSenes substruqcia,
ro­melzec eklesia aSenda.
Zlier dazianebulia samxreT kedeli, saidanac unda yofili­
yo taZarSi Sesasvleli. saerTod aRar aris taZris gadaxurva. Se­
da­ rebiT SemorCenilia sakurTxevlis mxare. sakurTxevlis afsi­
250
da­Si SemorCenilia freskuli mxatvrobis kvali. erT freskaze
ni­m­bic Cans. agreTve Zlier gadasuli qarTuli warweris kvali
(6 aso-niSani). eklesia mSeneblobis stilis mixedviT savaraudod
X-XIss. unda iyos. mxatvroba odnav gviandeli, XI-XIIss. oSkisoris
ci­xe qarTul sazogadoebas pirvelad gaacno samecniero proeq­
tis `wmida andria mociqulis gzaze~ eqspediciam 2009 wels, Tumca
mecnierulad kompleqsi aqamde Seuswavlelia (berZeniSvili, 2009).
`monastris mcveli cixeebis~ kategorias mivakuTvnebT ie­
ni-rabaTis zemoT mdebare cixes, romelsac xeobis saxelis mixed­
viT pirobiTad vuwodebT longoTxevis cixes (z. d. 1220m; 49m.X25m.)
(ad­gilobrivi, eTnikuri somxuri warmoSobis mosaxleoba uwodebs
_ lakomaryales). artanujidan ieni-rabaTamde 15km, xolo cixem­
de kidev 2km (aqedan 1,5 samanqano gruntis gzaa).
taZris mdgomareoba TiTqmis ucvlelia 2003 wlis Semdeg, rac
ad­vili asaxsnelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am adgilis izolirebas gare
samyarosgan, sul 1 ojaxi cxovrobs maxloblad. taZris win, iseve
rogorc am regionis cnobili Zeglebis umravlesobis SemTxvevaSi
dgas baneri samenovani warweriT (Turquli-inglisuri-qarTuli).
Tumca ki informacia mwiria da qarTul enaze Zlier damaxinjebu­
li (Google-s saTargmni programiT). ieni-rabaTis samxreT karibWis
Tavzea gadakeTebis Semdgom gadatanili taZris ZiriTadi ornamen­
taciebi, maT Soris mcire zomis bolnuri jvris tipis ornamenti.
longoTxevis cixe mdebareobs kldovan koncxze, romelic
ga­dahyurebs mdinare longoTxevs. koncxi naxevarkunZulis formi­
saa, sami mxridan miuvalia da mxolod aRmosavleTis mxridan ukav­
Sir­deba xmeleTs. cixes ormagi funqcia aqvs. erTis mxriv is xeo­
bis Camketia, amavdroulad `taZris mcveli cixis~ funqciac aqvs.
ad­­gilze misvlisas cixe Seusvleli aRmoCnda, radgan mTavari ka­
rib­ Wis win kldeSi nakveTi misasvleli kibe droTa ganmavlobaSi
ga­cvda da Zlier damreci Seiqmna, pirdapir ufskruls Cahyurebs,
am­denad, Sesvla didi riskis Semcvelia. qvemodan aRmosavleTis mx­
ridan cixeze ikiTxeba galavnis 2 naSTi, wriuli burji. kuTxova­ni
galavnis qvemoT aris cixeSi Sesasvleli karibWe.
sxva safortifikacio nagebobebTan SedarebiT `mcveli cixee­
bisTvis~ damaxasiaTebelia: 1. maSin rodesac tao-klarjeTis ci­xe-
simagreTa umetesoba Znelad misadgom, maRal mTazea nagebi, `mcve­
li cixeebi~ SedarebiT advili misadgomia da mTavari gzebidan
Zi­riTadad moSorebulia. es adasturebs, rom am tipis cixeTa mTa­
vari funqcia aris monastris usafrTxoebis dacva; 2. `mcveli cix­
is~ interieri did sivrces moicavs, rom masSi mravali damxmare
na­gebobebi da saTavsoebi ganlagdes. Sesabamisad, `mcveli cixeebi~
251
ZiriTadad masStaburi nagebobebia mZlavri TavdacviTi sistemiT;
3. `mcveli cixeebis~ Sida sivrceSi mniSvnelovani ad­ gili ukavia
qri­stianul sakulto nagebobebs: eklesiebs, samlo­c­veloebs. maTi
sim­
ravle TvalSisacemia sxva safortifikacio na­ ge­bobebTan Se­
darebiT.

danarTi
(cixe-simagreTa gegmebi Sesrulebulia
arqiteqtor giorgi bagrationis mier)

esbekis cixe. gegma

kalmaxis cixe. gegma

252
 meres cixe. gegma

niakomis (vaCeZoris) cixe. gegma

253
 safajas (oSkisoris) cixe. gegma

Satberdiscixe. gegma

254
 hovaRi. cixe-monasteri. gegma

bibliografia:
• axali arqeologiuri.., YouTube _ axali arqeologiuri aRmoCena tao­­
-klarjeTSi, _ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bUrBuDfOdY (08.­06.­2016);
• giorgi merCule, 2007 _ giorgi merCule. SromaY da moRuawebaY Rirsad
cxorebisaY wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi arqimand­
ri­tisaY xancTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSeneblisaY, da mis Tana PsenebaY
mra­valTa mamaTa netarTaY, _ wgn.: Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeg­
lebi 3 tomad. t. 2: originaluri teqstebi da axali qarTuli Targma­
ne­bi. Tb., 2007;
• JamTaaRmwereli, 2008 _ JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane, _ wgn.:
qarTlis cxovreba. r. metrevelis redaqciiT. Tb., 2008;
• samxreT saqarTvelos.., 1982 _ samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masa­
lebi (XIII-XVss.). teqstebi da gamokvlevebi momzadebulia qr. SaraSiZis
mier. Tb., 1982;
• tao-klarjeTi, 2012 _ tao-klarjeTi. xelnaweri memkvidreoba. xel­
nawerTa erovnuli centri. Tb.-baTumi, 2012;
• tao-klarjeTi, 2017 _ tao-klarjeTi. istoriisa da kulturis Zeg­
le­bi. katalogi. Tb., 2017;
• baxtaZe, 2003 _ baxtaZe mixeil. erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi.
255
 Tb., 2003;
• berZeniSvili, 2009 _ berZeniSvili daviT. mexuTe eqspediciis dRiu­
ri, _ kreb.: `andria pirvelwodebulis nakvalevze~. Tb., 2009;
• TayaiSvili, 1938 _ TayaiSvili eqvTime. arqeologiuri eqspedicia ko­
la-olTissa da sofel CanglSi 1907 wels. parizi, 1938;
• TayaiSvili, 1960 _ TayaiSvili eqvTime. 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqs­
pedicia samxreT saqarTveloSi. 50 suraTiT da 151 tabuliT. ak. Sani­
Zis re­daqciiT. Tb., 1960;
• jiqia, 1958 _ jiqia sergi. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari. wigni
III: gamokvleva. Tb., 1958;
• SaraSiZe, 1938 _ SaraSiZe gigo. guruli leqsikoni. Tb., 1938;
• jobaZe, 2007 _ jobaZe vaxtang. adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
monast­rebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi. Tb., 2007;
• xoStaria, 2005 _ xoStaria daviT. klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastre­
bi. seria: `samxreT kavkasia da anatolia~. t. 3. Tb. 2005;
• xuciSvili.., 2004 _ xuciSvili Temur, Sengelia kaxa, maWavariani Salva,
si­lo­gava valeri. Satberdis monastris lokalizaciis problemisaTvis,
_ sa­­istorio Studiebi. Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis enisa da
kulturis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis kaTed­
ris samecniero SromaTa krebuli. t. 5. Tb., 2004;
• ДЕВИЦКИЙ, 1905 – Девицкий В. Древности Поцховскаго участка», – «Сборникь
материаловь для описания местностей и племень Кавказа». Вып. 35, 1905;
• МАРР, 1911 – Марр Николай Яковлевич. Георгий Мерчул. Житие св. Григория
хандзтииского. Грузинский текст, введение, издание, перевод, с дневником по­
ез­дки в Шавшию и Кларджию, – «Тексты и ро­зыскания по армяно-грузинской
филологии». Т. 7, 1911;
• ТАКАЙШВИЛИ, 1909 – Такайшвили Еквтимэ. Христианские памятники. Пу­те­
шес­твие по Тифлисской губерний и Карской области (Экскурсия Е. Такайшвили
1902 г. Описание церквей Чилдырского участка Ардаганского округа Карской
об­ласти). Издание Московского Археологического общества, с приложением
26 таблиц и 108 цинкографий. Под редакцией П. С. Уваровой, – «Материалы по
ар­хеологии Кавказа». Вып. 12. М., 1909;
• УВАРОВА, 1894 – Уварова Прасковья Сергеевна. Посховский участокь. Хри­ст­ и­
ан­ские памятники, – «Материалы по археологии Кавказа». Вып. 4. М., 1894.

256
 BONDO KUPATADZE1

“GUARDING FORTRESSES” OF MONASTERIES IN TAO-KLARJETI

In historical South Georgia, presently constituting extreme north-eastern

provinces (Vilayets of Artvin, Erzerum, and Ardahan) of the Republic of Turkey,
there are a number of monuments belonging to Georgian cultural heritage.
Among them, there is a kind of fortification facilities which we tentatively refer
to as “guarding fortresses of monasteries.” Such fortresses were specially con-
structed close to a monastery, above a high mountain, and its principal function
was to provide security of and shelter for inmates of a cloister in case of either
an invasion or a natural disaster.
In 2014-2017, with the funding provided within the framework of the pro-
gram Georgia’s Material and Cultural Heritage by the Rustaveli National Sci-
ence Foundation, under the aegis of the grant project “Turkish Georgia,” seven
complex expeditions were conducted by the Institute of Georgia’s History, TSU.
During the expeditions, 112 fortification facilities were studied, measured, and
photographed. Eleven fortifications among them can be assigned to the type of
“guarding fortresses.” They are located either close to a monastery (Hovaghi,
Mere-Ali, Shatberdi, Yeni-Rabati, Vachedzori, Esbeki, Oshki, Kalmakhi) or are in-
tegrated into their vicinity. The “guarding fortresses” of Ishkhani and Khandzta
belong to this category as well; however, both of them have been destroyed to
the fundaments, and, hence, we did not deal with them in the present paper.
Compared to other fortification facilities, “guarding fortresses” have been
characterized by the following: 1. While most of Tao-Klarjeti’s fortresses have
been erected on hard to reach, high mountains, “guarding fortresses” are easier
to reach and mostly remote from main roads. This is to confirm that the principal
function of such fortresses was to guard monasteries and not to control strate-
gic roads; 2. An interior of “a guarding fortress” comprises a large area in order
to provide room for various facilities and amenities. Therefore, “guarding for-
tresses” are predominantly large-scale constructions with a powerful defensive
system; 3. Within the internal area of “guarding fortresses,” a significant place is
occupied by Christian cult facilities: churches, chapels. Their numbers are salient
as compared with other fortification facilities.

1
Bondo Kupatadze – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
Uni­versity.
17. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 257
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

koba okujava1

SafsuRuri jvari

bizantiis imperiis dacemis, erTiani qarTuli monarqiis daS­

lis da Sav zRvaze osmaleTis gabatonebis Semdeg, Cerqe­ ze­
TSi
qris­tianuli religiis nacvlad mahmadianoba vrceldeba, Tum­ ca
kav­
kasiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi qristianobis kva­ li kidev
didxans SemorCa. 1864 wlis muhajirobamdis Cerqe­zebi sxva Zvel
religiur dResaswaulTa Soris gansakuT­ rebulad aRniSnavdnen
RmrTis gamocxadebas da RvTismSoblis zecad amaRlebas, romlebic
qristianul aRdgomas da mariamobas Seesabamebodnen (okujava,
2016: 375).
CerqezebSi qristianuli religiisgan gansakuTrebiT jvris
Ta­yvaniscema SemorCa, Tumca saistorio wyaroebSi kargad Cans,
rom XIX saukunis Sua xanebisTvis maT jvris Zveli mniSvneloba da­
viw­yebuli hqondaT.
jvris Tayvaniscema gansakuTrebiT iyo SemorCenili Cerqe­
ze­Tis zRvispira nawilSi _ SafsuReTSi, sadac danarCeni Cerqe­ze­
Ti­sgan gansxvavebiT, qristianobis dakninebis miuxedavad, islami
far­Tod ver gavrcelda, samagierod kargad Semoinaxa Tavi warma­r­
Tobam. SafsuReTSi yoveli didi warmarTuli dResaswauli wminda
tyeSi, swored jvris win sruldeboda (okujava, 2005: 77).
yoveli is adgili, sadac jvari iyo gamosaxuli, SafsuReTSi
wmin­dad iTvleboda. es iyo upirveles yovlisa eklesiaTa nangrevebi.
SemorCenili Cveulebisamebr, Zveli eklesiidan gamohqondaT jva­
ri, hkidebdnen wminda tyeSi da sxvadasxva religiur rituals as­
rulebdnen. masve eTayvanebodnen meomrebi omSi wasvlisas, uxu­
ce­sebi _ saxalxo krebis dawyebis win da a.S. weliwadSi eqvsjer _
Te­bervlis, aprilis, ivnisis, agvistos, oqtombris da dekembris
pir­vel kviras _ SafsuRebi wminda tyeSi ikribebodnen da jvris pa­
tivsacem rituals asrulebdnen. k. koxis Tanaxmad „maT ar icodnen
1
koba okujava _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universiteti.
258
jvris mniSvneloba, magram mas pativs miagebdnen, radgan amgva­rad
iqceodnen maTi winaprebi~ (К. Кох, 1974; 626).
SafsuReTis wminda tyeebSi mravali jvari iyo aRmarTuli.
is, ZiriTadad, xis, iSviaTad ki qvis iyo, rodesac is gacvTeboda,
axliT Secvlidnen. Zvels iqve tovebdnen, sanam srulad ar
daiSleboda. aqauri mosaxleoba jvars saswaulmoqmed Zalas
miawerda, romelsac adamianis gankurnva SeeZlo da madlierebis
niSnad mas msxverpls swiravdnen (okujava, 2005: 78).
J.-v.-e. tebu de marinis Tanaxmad, gelenjikis midamoebSi, zRvis
sanapirodan odnav moSorebiT, wminda tyeSi uxeSad gamoTlili
jva­ ri idga. aq veravin bedavda ara Tu xi moWras, aramed xeze
daki­ du­li nivTebis xelis xlebasac: `jvari maTSi winaprebisagan
iyo Se­morCenili, Tavad ki misi mniSvneloba ar icodnen~ (Тебу де
Мариньи, 1974: 303).
amave avtoris mixedviT, SafsuReTSi mravali religiuri ri­­
tu­ ali swored jvarTan axlos sruldeboda. qudmoxdili da na­
ba­dmosxmuli uxucesi jvris win aRavlenda locvas. zvarakad Se­
wiruli saqonlis Tavsac Semoqmedis pativsacemad jvarTan ax­los,
xeze an boZze Camohkidebdnen. garda amisa, warmatebuli laS­q­ro­
bidan dab­runebuli SafsuRi Cveulebisamebr sxvadasxva nivTs jvars
swi­ ravda da maT imave jvarze, an im xeze Camohkidebda, ro­ mel­
zedac TviT es jvari iyo mimagrebuli (Тебу де Мариньи, 1974: 316).
j. belis cnobiT, SafsuRebi yovel meore Tves, kviraobiT
jvars eTayvanebodnen. isini grovdebodnen zRvis sanapirosTan
mdgar erT-erT jvarTan, misgan moSorebiT muxls iyridnen da lo­
c­vebs aRavlendnen. Semdeg ori uxucesi, romelTac xelSi puri da
Sua­TiT1 savse jami ekavaT, uaxlovdebodnen jvars da evedrebo­
d­­nen, rom maTi saWmel-sasmeli kurTxeuli yofiliyo. dasasruls
pu­­ri da SuaTi danarCen mlocvelebs urigdebodaT (Белл, 1974: 470).
j. beli Tavadac daswrebia erT-erT rituals, romelsac yva­
fis midamoebSi mcxovrebi SafsuRebi jvris pativsacemad asru­
leb­ dnen. dResaswaulSi ormocdaaTamde uxucesi monawileobda.
yo­­velma maTganma saWmlis gasawyobad erTi an ramdenime magida mo­­
itana, saxlidan wamoRebul xorags msxverplad Sewiruli ori an sami
Txis xorcic emateboda. magidebi jvarTan axlos iyo da­dgmuli. aq
yvela quds ixdida, magram jvarTan sami Tu oTxi m­locvelis gar­da
aravin midioda. isini RmerTs sTxovdnen aecilebina maTTvis omi,
Wiri da sxva ubedurebani, ewyalobebina uxvis mosavali da bed­
niereba. dasasruls erT-erTi uxucesTagani jvarTan xorcsa da
SuaTs akurTxebda da damswreebs urigebda (Белл, 1974: 506).
1
SuaTi _ Taflisa da fetvisagan damzadebuli erTgvari sasmeli.
259
 j. bels morigi warmarTuli rituali aseve zRvispireTSi
fSa­­dTan axlos aqvs aRwerili. dResaswauli wminda muxnarSi tar­­
deboda. yvelaze didi xis maxloblad aRmarTuli iyo jvari, rom­
lis Zelzec uwin imgvarsave ritualebSi gamoyenebuli jvrebi iyo
mimagrebuli. mlocvelebi qudmoxdili evedrebodnen Weqa-quxilis
suls, rom daecva isini, aeridebina maTTvis da maTi ojaxebisa­Tvis
mexi da sxva ubedurebani (Белл, 1974: 508).
Cerqezebs swamdaT, rom yoveli vaJi, rodesac garkveul
asaks mi­aRwevda, RmrTis kuTvnili iyo da misTvis msxverpli unda
Se­ewi­raT. es didi ritualic, romelSiac mahmadiani Cerqezebic
Rebulobdnen monawileobas, SafsuReTSi, kerZod fSadSi, wminda
muxnarSi aRmarTuli jvris win sruldeboda.
dResaswauli didi RmerTisadmi aRvlenili locviT iwyeboda.
mas yovelive sikeTes Txovdnen, evedrebodnen ubedurebis aci­le­
bas. uxucesi, romelic rituals xelmZRvanelobda, marjvena xe­
l­Si SuaTiT savse jams ikavebda, marcxenaTi _ purs da locvas
war­­moTqvamda. is Semdeg pursa da jams sxvebs gadascemda, maTgan
mo­rigs iRebda da kvlav loculobda, rasac sxvebic xmamaRla
ime­o­rebdnen. isini, uxucesis zurgs ukan myofni, yoveli locvis
dasasruls qudmoxdilni da daCoqilni TaviT miwas exebodnen.
aqve, jvarTan, msxverplad swiravdnen xbos, cxvars da or
Txas. TiTo saqoneli or-or kacs mohyavda. uxucesi morig locvas
war­­moTqvamda, msxverpls Tavze kaTxidan ramdenime wveT SuaTs
da­­apkurebda, cvilis sanTliT Tavze Tmas mouwvavda da daklavda.
igive uxucesi, nabadmosxmuli da kverTxiT xelSi, jvris win
gawyobil magidebs akurTxebda, ris Semdegac lxini iwyeboda. dRe­
saswauli sxvadasxva saxis garTobiT sruldeboda (Белл, 1974: 510).
belis dRiurSi aseve aRwerilia SemTxveva, Tu rogor eTayva­ ne­
bodnen qudmoxdili meqorwile SafsuRebi fSadsa da gelenjiks
Soris mdebare erT-erT sofelSi aRmarTul Zvel jvars (Белл,
1974: 487).
j. longvorTi, romelic 1839 wels belTan erTad cxovrobda
CerqezeTSi, wers: `fSadTan axlos, zRvis sanapirodan odnav mo­­
SorebiT, borcvze xis Zveli jvari iyo aRmarTuli. rodesac mas
mivuaxlovdiT, Cerqezma megzurebma qudebi moixades. roca vkiT­
xeT, Tu ratom moiqcnen ase, mxrebi aiCeCes da mogviges, rom am­­
gvarad iqceodnen maTi winaprebi. jvarze aRTqmis dadebisas da
ava­dmyofTa gankurvnis niSnad Sewiruli tansacmlis naWrebi iyo
Ca­mokidebuli~ (Лонгворт, 1974: 542).
imave fSadis xeobaSi jvris win Sesrulebuli erT-erTi
warmarTuli rituali sainteresod aqvs aRwerili t. lapinskis,
260
1858 wlis zafxulSi:
wminda muxnarSi mdebare sakurTxevlis SuaSi aRmarTuli iyo
uxe­Sad gamoTlili xis Zveli jvari. aqve axalgazrda mamakacebs
rqe­biT ekavaT 4 xari, 8 cxvari da 8 Txa. jvarTan axlos, qvis fi­­laze
didi jamebiT elaga puri, namcxvrebi, Tafli da karaqi, qo­T­nebiT rZe
da SuaTi. sakurTxevlis pirdapir, msxverplad Sesa­wi­ri saqonlebis
SuaSi idga maRali, qudmoxdili Warmagi uxucesi. gverdiT ori
ymawvili edga: marcxniv mdgoms erTmaneTSi Calagebuli 3 jami
ekava, marjvniv mdgoms _ mrgval dafaze dalagebuli 3 sxvadasxva
zomis dana. sakurTxevlisgan odnav moSorebiT qudmoxdili
mamakacebi idgnen, maT ukan ki _ qalebi. jvrisgan asiode nabijis
moSorebiT ocdaaTamde koconi enTo da didi qvabebiT wyali duRda.
uxucesma locva daiwyo. is mTeli gulisyuriT loculobda
jvris win, Tumca misi mniSvneloba arc icoda. xelebs xan maRla
aR­marTavda, xan jvriseburad mkerdze miidebda. mis moqmedebas yo­
ve­li mamakaci imeorebda. locvas, romlis drosac xSirad ismoda
didi RmerTisa da mariam RmrTismSoblis saxelebi, mamakacebTan
er­Tad qalebic imeorebdnen. daaxloebiT 15 wuTis Semdeg locva
Sew­yda da siCume Camovarda. jer uxucesma, Semdeg sxva mamakacebmac
qudebi daixures. uxucesi marjvniv mdgom ymawvils miubrunda, da­
fidan dana aiRo da axlo mdgoms gadaawoda, man momdevnos da a.S.
dana xelidan xelSi gadadioda, vidre is yovelma mlocvelma ma­
makacma ar daikava da ukanve uxucess daubrunda. Semdeg uxucesi
marcxniv mdgom ymawvils miubrunda da jami gamoarTva. missave
ni­Sanze eqvsma Zlierma axalgazrdam sakurTxevelTan msxverplad
Sesawiri pirveli xari moiyvana, waaqcia da ase ekavaT manam, sanam
uxucesma morigi locva warmoTqva. is msxverplad Seswires, xolo
misi sisxli jamSi Caaqcies. aseTive wesis SesrulebiT darCenili
3 xaric Seswires msxverplad, ris Semdegac dakluli saqonlebi
ko­conTan gadaitanes. uxucesma jvris win kvlav daiwyo locva,
ra­sac sxvebic imeorebdnen. imave wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg, meore
daniT cxvrebi Seswires msxverplad, xolo maTi sisxliT meore
jami gaavses. dakluli cxvrebic aseve koconTan gadaitanes.
uxucesma morigi locva daiwyo, ris Semdegac mesame daniT
Txebi Seswires msxverplad. msxverplSewirvis rituali mokle lo­
cviT dasrulda.
msxverplad Sewiruli saqonlebis sisxliT gavsebuli xis
3 jami jvarTan axlos, qvis filaze dades. mlocvelebi jamebis
ir­g­vliv Segrovdnen da sisxls an tansacmels usvamdnen, an
TiTze icxebdnen, rac avadmyofobisgan da avi Tvalisgan dacvis
saSualebad miaCndaT.
261
 religiuri ritualis pirveli nawili dasrulda. axalgazr­
do­bam koconebTan gadainacvla, dakluli saqonlebi gaatyaves,
xorci daWres da vaxSmis momzadebas Seudgnen.
ritualis momdevno nawilSi mxolod daojaxebulebi monawi­
le­obdnen. qalebica da mamakacebic rig-rigobiT eaxlebodnen
jvarTan axlos mdgom uxucess da TavianT Txovnasa Tu saCivars
mo­axsenebdnen. uxucess yovelive es RmerTisTvis unda gadaeca.
dResaswaulis mesame nawilSi aseve daojaxebulebi monawile­
obdnen. uxucesi sakurTxevels miuaxlovda, xelSi puri aiRo da
xalxs mimarTa: `puri, romelic moarTviT did RmerTs, mis magida­
ze ido da wmindad iqca. miirTviT es puri da es Tqven bednierebas
mogitanT~. man puri wvril-wvrilad datexa da iqve mdgomT
dauriga. Semdeg aiRo SuaTi savse jami da TiToeuls Seasva. bolos
uxu­cesma kidev erTxel warmoTqva locva, romelic sxvebmac gaime­
ores. amiT RmrTismsaxureba dasrulda da vaxSami daiwyo.
vaxSmis nawili, RmrTis pativsacemad jvarTan axlos
gawyobili, xeluxlebeli rCeboda. swamdaT, rom RmerTi RamiT
misi wilis wa­ saRebad msaxurebs gamoagzavnida, rac qveynisTvis
sikeTis momaswavebeli iyo (Лапинский (Теффик-Бей), 1995: 84-87).
SafsuReTSi erT-erTi umTavresi warmarTuli salocavi mdi­
nareebis _ aSesa da fsezuafes _ saTaveebSi mcxovrebi hakucTa Te­
mis wminda tyeSi iyo. aq yovelwliurad Sobis, aRdgomis, mariamobis
da sxva didi qristianuli dResaswaulebis Tanadroulad aRa­
vlendnen locvebs da swiravdnen msxverpls. religiur rituals
mRvdlis darad Semosili uxucesi xelmZRvanelobda, romelsac
xelT jvari epyra. jvari rkinis an xis iyo. ritualis dasrulebis
Semdeg mas erT-erTi xeze miaWedavdnen. es wesi saukuneTa gan­
mavlobaSi sruldeboda da amitom xeebze uamravi jvari iyo mi­
Wedebuli (Ржондковский, 1867).
jvris Tayvaniscema SafsuReTSi XXs. 30-ian wlebamdisac iyo
SemorCenili. muhajirobas gadarCenil SafsuRTa STamomavlebi
tuafsis maxloblad mdebare wminda tyeSi, muxis maxloblad xis
jvars aRmarTavdnen da aq aRavlendnen locvebs did RmerTis,
mariam RmrTismSoblis da Weqa-quxilis RmerTis pativiscemad
(Шилинг, 1931: 45).
SafsuRebi Cveulebisamebr jvars aRmarTavdnen xolme saxnav-
saTesad gamzadebul miwis nakveTzec, ris Semdegac am savargulis
xelyofas veravin bedavda (Лавров, 1959: 198).
SafsuRebSi miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli TamaSobac
yofila cnobili, romelic gazafxulze, Tesvis win imarTeboda da
jvari (jor) ewodeboda. TamaSis monawileni 2 jgufad iyofodnen.
262
TiToeuli maTgani anTebuli CiraRdnebiT RamiT sxvis naTesSi unda
SeWriliyo, raTa bevri tyve Caegdo xelT. tyved Cavardnilebi
TamaSs eTiSebodnen. TamaSis msvlelobisas sruldeboda simRera,
romliTac jvars uxv mosavals evedrebodnen.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sityva `jvari~ SafsuReTis toponimiaSic
figurirebs. magaliTad, tuafsis raionSi erT-erTi qeds ewodeba
joreyoTxir, rac `jvris qeds~ niSnavs. aqauri uxucesebis
gadmocemebiT warsulSi am qedze wminda muxnari yofila da aq
aRmarTuli jvrebis win maxlobeli soflebidan amosulni locvebs
aRavlendnen.
`jvari~ figurirebs SafsuReTis hidronimiaSic. magaliTad,
tu­afsis raionSi, mdinare aguis marjvena Senakads ewodeba jore­
yofs. eTnologiuri masalebiT, joreyofsis xeobaSi mravali
wminda muxa mdgara. yoveli muxis qveS aRmarTuli iyo xis jvari
da iq religiuri ritualebi sruldeboda (Меретуков, 1990: 62).
SafsuRuri jvari, rogorc amas XIXs. I naxevris sa­ is­
torio
wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, gansxvavdeboda Cveulebrivi jvrisgan.
mag., tebu de marini mas samyura balaxs adarebs. swo­red amgvari
jvari ixila man gelenjikis maxloblad, zRvis sa­na­pirodan odnav
moSorebiT mdebare wminda tyeSi (Тебу де Мариньи, 1974: 303).
l. lavrovi, romelic 1930 wels eTnologiur kvleva-Ziebas
awarmoebda SavizRvispira SafsuRebSi aRniSnavs, rom CerqezTa
jva­ri rusuli aso-niSnis `Т~-s msgavsia, e.i. is ara oTxmklaviani,
aramed sammklaviani iyo (Лавров, 1959: 198).
SafsuRebSi da saerTod CerqezebSi jvars aRniSnavdnen sit­y­
viT `jor~ (janaSia, 1968: 70), rac qarTuli `jvari~-s Zvel formas
warmoadgens. es faqti ki aSkarad metyvelebs im garemoebaze, rom
kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi qristianoba ZiriTadad sa­
qarTvelodan vrceldeboda.
CerqezeTSi qristianobis dasustebis Sedegad jvarma jer
qris­­
tianuli mniSvneloba dakarga, Semdeg formac da uZlieres
war­marTul kerpad gadaiqca.

bibliografia:
• okujava, 2005 _ okujava koba. SavizRvispira adiRebis warmarToba.
Tb., 2005;
• okujava, 2016 _ okujava koba. mariamobis dResaswauli SavizRvispira
adiRebSi, _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi. humanita­
rul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria. t. XV, Tb., 2016;
• janaSia, 1968 _ janaSia simon. eqspedicia adiRes avtonomiur olqSi,

263
 _ wgn.: s. janaSia. Sromebi. t. 4: eqspedicia adiRes avtonomiur olq­
Si, eTnografia, afxazuri xalxuri sityviereba. red.: v. Tofuria, q.
lom­TaTiZe, r. janaSia. Tb., 1968;
• БЕЛЛ, 1974 – Белл Джеймс. Дневник пребывания в Черкесии в течение
1837, 1838, 1839гг., – wgn.: Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы в известиях ев­
ро­­пейских авторов XIII­-XIXвв. Составление, редакция переводов, введение
и вступительные статы к текстам В. Гарданова. Нальчик, 1974 (SemdegSi _
АБКИЕА);
• КОХ, 1974 – Кох Карл. Путешествие по России и в Кавказские земли, _ wgn.:
АБКИЕА..;
• ЛАПИНСКИЙ (ТЕФФИК-БЕЙ), 1995 – Лапинский (Теффик-Бей) Теофил. Горцы
кав­ка­за и их освободительная борьба против Русских. Перевод В. Гарданова.
Нальчик, 1995;
• ЛОНГВОРТ, 1974 – Лонгворт Дж. Год среди Черкесов, _ wgn.: АБКИЕА..;
• ТЕБУ ДЕ МАРИНЬИ, 1974 – Тебу де Мариньи, Жак-Виктор-Эдуард. Путешествия
в чер­кесию, _ wgn.: АБКИЕА..;
• РЖОНДКОВСКИЙ, 1867 – Ржондковский А. Экспедиция в Хакучи 1865 года, –
«Кавказ». №97, 1867;
• ЛАВРОВ, 1959 – Лавров Леонид Иванович. Доисламские верования Адыгейцев
и ка­бар­дин­цев, – Труды института этнографии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая.
Но­вая серия. Т. 51. М., 1959;
• ШИЛИНГ, 1931 – Шилинг Евгений Михайлович. Черкесы, – Религиозные ве­ро­
ва­ния народов СССР. Сборник этнографических материалов. Составители: М. Г.
Левин, М. Т. Маркелов, М. С. Плисецкий, С. А. Токарев, С. И. Толстов. Т. 2. М.-Л.,
1931;
• МЕРЕТУКОВ, 1990 – Меретуков К. Х. Адыгейский топонимический словарь. Ма­
йкоп, 1990.

msxverplSewirva jvrisadmi fSadis wmida WalaSi (tebu de marinis naxati)

264
 KOBA OKUJAVA1
THE SHAPSUGH CROSS
Shapsughia was one of the regions of Circassia, which was located at
North-East Black Sea Coast. In 18th-19th centuries the Shapsughs had the religion
formed as a result of merging of pagan, Christian and partly Muslim religions. In
Shapsugh, each great religious was performed in front of the Cross in the Holy
Forest. The Shapsughs and the Circasses denoted the cross with a word Juar//
Jor, which is the old form of “Cross”. This fact indicates that Christianity was
mainly spread from Georgia in the Western Caucasus.As a result of the weaken-
ing of Christianity in Circassia, the Cross lost its old significance and became a
powerful pagan idol.

1
Koba Okujava – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
265
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

ZURAB PAPASKIRI1

THE ETHNO-DEMOGRAPHIC PICTURE OF THE PRESENT-DAY ABKHAZIA

FROM THE ANCIENT TIMES TILL OUR DAYS.

THE GENERAL SURVEY2

The ethnical situation was always complex in the present-day Abkhazia.

There can be no doubt today that approximately from the middle of the 1st mil-
lenia B.C. when the first specific written data became available in the ancient
Greek historical sources, the present-day Abkhazia was settled by the Colchians
(Megrelians-Zans, Svans), who represented the Georgian tribes: Kolas, Koraxs,
Colchis, Heniokhs, maybe even Moskhis-Meskhis (Inadze, 1999: 61, 67; Inadze,
1992: 8; Muskhelishvili, 1999: 115). The Colchians were considered as a collec-
tive name, therefore it is possible that it united some non-Georgian (maybe,
Abkhaz-Adigh) tribes too (Papaskiri, 2004: 31).
Beginning from the 1st-2nd cc. A.D. the new tribes, namely Sanigs (from the
1st c. B.C.), Apsils, Abazgs, later Misiamians, appeared at the territory of the pres-
ent-day Abkhazia. There is no doubt in the Georgian origin of Sanigs and Misim-
ians, as well as of the Lazs, who were living in the southern and, possibly, even
in the northern part of the present-day Abkhazia. Meanwhile, most scholars
consider the Apsils and the Abazgs as the ancestors of the present-day Abkhazs.
They were settling in a small area of the present-day Abkhazia (approximately
between the rivers Galidzga or Mokvi and Kelasuri). It is clear that the Georgian
tribes – Lazs, Sanigs and Misimians – were the main population of the region.
At the same time, it should be mentioned that notwithstanding the fact whether
the Apsils and Abazgs were the ancestors of the present-day Abkhazs or not, or
whether they lived originally in Abkhazia or not, the present-day Abkhazs, as an
ethnos, were formed in Georgia, namely in Abkhazia and they represent the
symbiosis of the Adigh-Circassian and Georgian (mainly Megrelian) tribes.
1
Zurab Papaskiri – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Sokhumi State University.
2
am statiis qarTuli originali gamoqveynda krebulSi: `eTnikuri da re­
ligiur-konfesiuri…~, 2013: 86-99; igive publikacia ix., agreTve, Cvens
wig­nSi (z. papasqiri, 2016: 380-392).
266
 Abkhazia remained ethnically diverse in the Middle Ages too, although the
main population were the Georgian tribes. It was true during the existence of
the kingdom of the “Abkhazs”. Although the leaders of this political unit were de-
noting themselves as the kings of the “Abkhazs”, it was not the national state of
the ethnical Abkhazs, as it is groundlessly stated by the Abkhaz historians. From
its foundation, the kingdom of the “Abkhazs” was the Georgian national state.
Moreover, the foundation of the kingdom of the “Abkhazs” was a milestone in
the history of the Georgian statehood. It was, in substance, the first Georgian
national state with Georgian national Christian ideology and Georgian state lan-
guage in the Western Georgia. Leon II and his heirs, irrelevant of their ethnical
descendance (it does not matter whether they really had the Abkhaz-Apsua or-
igins or not), were the Georgians in the political, state, and cultural essences.
They were building the unified Georgian (not just Western Georgian) state – “Sa-
kartvelo” and not the national Abkhaz state – “Apsny”.
This western Georgian state, the kingdom of the “Abkhazs”, was the legal
successor of the Ancient Colchis and of the Lazika-Egrisi kingdoms of the later
times. From the times of Leon II, the founder of the kingdom of the “Abkhazs”,
there were three administrative units – Saeristavos – fully or partially located
directly within the territory of the present-day Abkhazia. Only one of them was
called with the tribal name – Abkhazeti. According to Z. Anchabadze, it covered
territory from Anacopia (New Athos) to Nikofsia (northern to the present-day
Tuapse) (Anchabadze, 1959: 177). This is a clear evidence that the Abkhaz tribes
mainly lived within the territory of the above-mentioned Saeristavo. As it is cor-
rectly mentioned by the academician N. Berdzenishvili, “the tribal belonginess
was the defining principle for the creation of Saeristavo, the administrative unit
during the feudal era” (Berdzenishvili, 1966: 278).
Based on the incorrect understanding (by academician K. Kekelidze,
whose opinion was later shared by S. Kaukhchishvili) of one reference (“At that
time the eristavis in Imeria, beyond the mountains of Likhi, were Baram Var-
danisdze in Svaneti, K’akhaber in Rach’a and Tak’veri; Otagho Sharvashidze was
in Tskhumi, Amanelisdze in...”) (Istoriani da azmani.., 1959: 33-34; The History
and Eulogy.., 2014: 142. Digital version see at: [https://archive.org/stream/kar-
tliscxovreba_201409/Kartlis%20Cxovreba%202012%20Eng_djvu.txt]; Emphasis
added – Z.P.) during a certain period historians had wrong notion that during
the reign of King Tamar the Saeristavos of Abkhazeti and Tskhumi were merged
into one administrative unit because of their alleged sameness in ethnical com-
ponent, i.e. they were settled by the tribes who had the Abkhaz (Apsua) ori-
gins (Anchabadze, 1959: 177-178). Later, after the more thorough study of the
Tamar’s Chronicle, the scholars (Tskitishvili, 1966: 222-227; Antelava, 1988: 42-
47; Gogoladze, 1995: 12-14; Bakhtadze, 2003: 45-49) came to a well-grounded
conclusion that Amanelis-dze had to be the Eristavi of Tskhumi, not the Eristavi
267
of Argveti, as it was considered by K. Kekelidze.1 Based on above-said, it is clear
that there was no merger of Tskhumi and Abkhazeti Saeristavos. Thus, there is
no reason to believe that the population of those Saeristavos was ethnically the
same.
Of course, all this does not mean that the Akbhazs could not live outside
the Abkhazeti Saeristavo, in Tskhumi Saeristavo or anywhere else within the oth-
er region of the Georgian kingdom. Nevertheless, the fact that during the rule
of Leonids (9th-10th cc.) and the successors to Bagrat III, i.e. in the unified Geor-
gian kingdom, the name “Abkhazeti” was given to a specific region, the northern
part of the present-day Abkhazia, and it did not cover the territory of Tskhumi
Saeristavo, clearly shows that the ethnical Abkhazs were settled in the Abkhazeti
Saeristavo. Meanwhile, if the ethnical Abkhazs were living within the territory of
Tskhumi Saeristavo, and this was the defining factor in the administrative-state
division, it is impossible to understand why the Saeristavos of Abkhazeti and
Tskhumi were created as a separate units from the beginning, during the reign
of Leon II, who is credited with the administrative division of country by the
Georgian historical tradition (Vakhushti, 1973: 780).
The ethnical, social, cultural, and economic situation at the territory of the
present-day Abkhazia was drastically changed in the 15th-16th cc. In a short time
Abkhazia, the highly developed feudal region where the Georgian Christian cul-
ture and literacy were flourishing, became an underdeveloped province with the
primitive patriarchal system and revived pagan beliefs. Historians connect the
changes in the social, economic and cultural life of Abkhazia with the ethnical
and demographic processes that were happening in the region, i.e. with the ap-
pearance of the new wave of the related highland tribes. The Georgian historical
perception has clearly fixed the capture of the territory of Odishi “till the Egrisi
River” by the newly-came Djiks and Abkhazs and their settlement there (“the Ab-
khazs were settling”) (Vakhushti, 1973: 780). Therefore, any statement that the
Abkhaz-Apsuas were the only aborigine population of the present-day Abkhazia
(from the river Psou to the river Enguri) has no ground and cannot hold water.
At the end of the 17th c., when the border of the Abkhazian principality
reached the banks of Enguri River, the Apsua-Abkhazs began to settle south-
ern to riv. Ghalidzga too. According to one story, which definitely is based on
historical reality, Kvapu Sharvashidze had brought to his domain several noble
families, namely Anchabadzes, Emukhvaris, Inal-ipas (Inalishvilis), Marghanias,
Zvanbaias, Lakerbaias, Akirtavas, etc., from the Bzipi Abkhazia (Khorava, 1996:
116-117). Kvapu himself had founded the Samurzakano branch of Sharvashidzes
(the territory between the rivers Ghalidzga and Enguri is called Samurzakano).
1
Despite this, the latest edition of “Kartlis Tskhovreba” (The Georgian Chronicles) does
not take into account the well-founded and reasonable conjecture of the above-men-
tioned scholars and repeats the version belonging to Kekelidze and Kaukhchishvili (See:
Istoriani da azmani sharavandediani.., 2008: 408; The History and Eulogy.., 2014: 142).
268
Besides the above-named noble families, there also were moved the Abkhaz
peasants with their families. Despite this the population of the Ghalidzga-Enguri
interfluve remained mainly Georgian (Megrelian). As for the other parts of the
present-day Abkhazia, especially the region between Tskhumi-Sokhumi and riv.
Ghalidzga, the aborigine Georgian (mainly Megrelian) population had to leave
and resettle in the central regions of Samegrelo-Odishi. The part of them were
captured and sold into slavery, the others were forcibly moved to Bzipi region.
There is no doubt that the most part of the Abkhazs, who live today in
the Bzipi-Gudauta region and have the Georgian (Megrelian) surnames, are the
descendants of those Georgians (Megrelians) who were forcibly removed from
their lands and were resettled in the Bzipi Abkhazia. (At the same time, it does
not mean that there was no Georgian population in that region previously.) The
same can be said about the Abkhazs, who live in the region of Ochamchire-Tk-
varcheli, although there are many among them, who have Georgian (Megrelian)
surnames, but have “forgotten” their Georgian roots few decades ago, either
during the nationalist-separatist regime of Nestor Lakoba (1920s and the first
part of 1930s) or in the 1960s-1980s when the pro-Abkhaz nationalist-separatist
situation was created once again.
Therefore, the statements of our Abkhaz colleagues (among them T.
Achugba (Achugba, 2006; Achugba, 2010) has to be mentioned particularly) that
the Abkhaz-Apsuas1 were the only aborigine population at the territory of the
present-day Abkhazia, are utter nonsense and cannot withstand any substan-
tial scholarly criticism (See: Bakhia-Okruashvili, 2010; Kvashilava, 2011: 9-11;
Kvashvilava, 2012; Toria, 2011). The separatist historians and politicians are ac-
tively speculating about the ethno-demographic situation in Abkhazia following
the departure of the Muhajirs. Their leader in this “battle” is Stanislav Lakoba,
one of the standard-bearer of the separatist ideology. He has started his insinua-
tions in a book which was published in 1990 (Lakoba, 1990) and then continued
to expand them in his following publications. His libel on I. Gogebashvili’s 1877
article in the newspaper “Who Should Populate Abkhazia” should be especially
mentioned (Tiflisskij.., 1877). S. Lakoba considers this work to be the first policy
statement from the Georgians and says that it started a “hundred years’ war” of
Georgians against the Abkhazs (Lakoba, 1993).
The Georgian scholars, first of all, S. Lekishvili, who used the same statis-
tical data, on the basis of the scholarly analysis of other documental sources,
showed the absurdity of the ethno-demographic picture of Abkhazia of the end
of 19th c. and of the first half of the 20th c., which was given by S. Lakoba (Leki-
shvili, 1990: 9, 14). In the latest years the previously unknown documents were
1
The term Apsua is used in order to differentiate the predecessors of the Abkhazs in
general, among whom were the Georgian (mainly Megrelian) tribes too, from the Ab-
khaz-Apsua population who descend directly from the Adigho-Abkhazs.
269
brought to the daylight by various scholars. They clearly show that there was
Georgian (mainly Megrelian) population not only in the Southern Abkhazia, but
also north to the Gumista River before the 1860s-1870s (in 1830s) (Gasviani,
1998: 153-161; Khorava, 2004: 123-170). Some other data also proves that the
Georgians were the main population of Sokhumi before the 1866 departure of
the Muhajirs. For example, the official edition of the Russian administration in
the Caucasus, the newspaper “Kavkaz” was mentioning that on March 3, 1866
the specialized school for the girls was open in Sokhumi and five Abkhaz girls,
among others, were accepted. The reporter was writing: “I heard that many Ab-
khaz parents want to send their daughters to this school but have troubles with
their housing, since there is no permanent local Abkhaz population in Sukhumi
(Emphasis added – Z.P.) and they do not want to house them with the Russians
or Megrelian merchants (Emphasis added – Z.P.) because of their poorness or
of their religious prejudices.” This publication clearly shows that the permanent
local population of Sokhumi, even before the 1866 uprising, were not the Ab-
khazs, but the Georgians (Megrelians). There is also an interesting document,
according which in 1864 the population of Sokhumi was comprised from: “a.
Locals: Megrelians 450, Greeks, 217, Armenians 78, Russians 25. b. Outsiders:
foreigners 320, officers 42, officials 42, merchants 5. No Turk or Abkhaz has set-
tled in town” (Lekishvili, 1990: 14; Emphasis added – Z.P.).
While analysing the ethno-demographic situation in Abkhazia during the
last quarter of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 20th c., we cannot avoid men-
tioning one more insinuation of the Abkhazian separatist “historiography”, this
time regarding the ethnical belonginess of the so-called “Samurzakanoans”. The
Abkhaz scholars (first of all, S. Lakoba and T. Achugba) add them to the Abkhazs
and are trying to increase the number of the Abkhazs in artificial way. Their rea-
soning is based on some (very unreliable) statistical data of the 1886 and 1897
censuses when the Samurzakanoans were intentionally counted as the Abkhazs.
The Georgian scholars (A. Totadze, S. Lekishvili and others) have shown the in-
correctness of their reasoning and gave the specific numbers how the exact
number of the Abkhazs was changing from census to census. Thus, in 1886 the
Abkhazs were 28323, while the Samurzakanoans were 30640. Nevertheless, the
total number of the Abkhazs, according to the census, was 58963. It is easy to
find out that the total number was received by adding the number of the Samur-
zakanoans to the number of the Abkhazs proper. Moreover, there exists other
statistical data, which is avoided by S. Lakoba. According to 1883 census, the
number of the Abkhazs is 27526 and the number of Samurzakanoans is 25424.
In 1914 the Abkhazs were 42073. In 1917 their number decreased and became
38121, while in 1923 it was equal to 36816 (Lekishvili, 1990: 9).
Along with the decrease in the number of the Abkhazs, the Georgian pop-
ulation was increasing. If in 1886 (when the Samurzakanoans were added to the
270
Abkhazs) the Georgians were only 25873, in 1923 their number became 71181.
The most interesting event happened in 1926 when the number of the Abkhazs,
in three years, increased from 36816 to 55918. As it is correctly mentioned by
S. Lekishvili, there were neither demographic factors (emigration, repressions,
epidemic diseases, etc.) which would result in significant decrease the num-
ber of the Abkhaz population in 1897-1923 nor the demographic explosion in
1923-1926 that would increase the population by nearly 20000 (Lekishvili, 1990:
9). The only explanation to this can be the manipulation with the number of
the Samurzakanoans. During the censuses of 1886, 1897, and 1926 they were
counted as the Abkhazs, while in 1914, 1917, and 1923 the were counted as the
Georgians. It should be mentioned that even Nestor Lakoba, the leader of the
Abkhaz Bolsheviks, was officially talking in 1926 that the “number of the Ab-
khazs was around 57-60 thousand if stretching a point. Why stretching a point?
Because several thousands are considering themselves as the Abkhazs, but their
language was not the Abkhaz, but the Megrelian.” N. Lakoba even admitted that
the Megrelians were Georgians and they had to be considered as Georgians (La-
koba, 1987: 213).
Despite the above-mentioned, we cannot deny that there really was mi-
gration of the Georgian (mainly Megrelian) population from the neighbouring
regions to Abkhazia beginning from the 1860s-1870s. At first Russian Imperial
government did not pay attention to this process, but soon they found that “the
Georgians, mainly Megrelians, were strongly opposing the development of the
Russian civic-mindedness in Abkhazia” (Silagadze.., 2001: 309). The Russian ad-
ministration in Caucasus prevented the migration of the peasants from Zugdidi
and Senaki Uyezds to the inner parts of Abkhazia. It is known that in 1872 Em-
peror Alexander II approved the special “rules” that “had to prevent the migra-
tion to the Abkhazian lands of the settlers from Western Georgia” (Lakoba, 1990:
40) Those “rules” were an addition to the “regulations” of 1870, according which
the government was giving the status of the “finally settled” to the persons who
lived in Abkhazia before January 1, 1865. The others were considered only as a
“temporary settlers”. The breaking of the rule was strictly prohibited. S. Lakoba
refers to the fact which was mentioned in the Georgian media of those times
(newspaper “Sasoplo gazeti”) that the Megrelian peasants who had settled in
the Ochamchire “okrug” were expelled from there by the head of the Sokhumi
department (Lakoba, 1990: 40).
Beginning from 1890s, the imperial administration was no longer hiding
its discriminative policy towards Georgians. From this point of view, the spe-
cial attention has to be given to the “Aide-mémoire regarding the colonization
of Sukhumi okrug” which was written by colonel Bracker, the Head of the Ad-
ministration of Sukhumi okrug in 1895. It says: “The settlement of the foreign
elements in Sukhumi okrug, which was allowed at the beginning... especially
271
the migration of Megrelians, has to be stopped immediately. It is desirable to
preserve more free lands to settle solely Russian people” (Lakoba, 1990: 40;
Emphasis added – Z.P.).
Regarding the the ethno-demographic processes in Abkhazia, one of the
key issues in the Abkhaz separatist ideology is the so-called “mass settlement of
the Georgians” in Abkhazia in 1930s – beginning of 1950s. Basically, this term
covers the process of the organized migration of people, who lost their homes
to the earthquake in the Western Georgia. According to separatists, this was the
intentional action from the Georgian Communist government, which had the
purpose of Georgianization of Abkhazia. Based on the proper data, the Georgian
historiography has shown that beginning from the Ancient times to the 20th c.
the Georgians were always prevailing in numbers over the Abkhazs in Abkhazia.
Therefore, the demagogical statements from certain Abkhaz historians and pol-
iticians that the Georgian majority in Abkhazia was formed only in 1830s-1840s
thanks to the “organized mass settlement” of the Georgians, are false and rep-
resent the falsification of the historical reality. There is no doubt that the Abkhaz
population in Abkhazia would be greater in numbers in 1930s-1940s if there
were no migration of the “Muhajirs”, which was inspired and provoked by Rus-
sian Empire. It also cannot be denied that after the migration of the “Muha-
jirs” from Abkhazia, their place was taken by the representatives of other na-
tions: Russian, Armenians, Greeks, and, of course, Georgians (especially, from
Western Georgia). Nevertheless, our Abkhaz colleagues forget the fact that the
number of the Russians in Abkhazia was increased 70 times (nearly the same
rate is correct for the Armenian population of Abkhazia too) in 1886-1989. They
count only Georgians, who have migrated not to other country, but to one of
the ancient provinces of their own country – Georgia. Yes, we have to remind
to everyone, do they like it or not, historically Abkhazia always was a part of
the unified Georgian ethnical, cultural, political, and state universe. It was the
native land not only for the Abkhazs, but, first of all, even to a greater degree,
for the Georgians too. Therefore, the migration of Georgians from one part of
their country to another cannot represent the political action against anyone. Of
course, it is correct for organized settlement of the Georgians, which took place
in 1937-1953 too.
We have also to point out that it was one country, one state, which was
officialy called “Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic” and “Abkhazian Autonomous
Soviet Socialist Republic” was its part. Therefore, the migration of the popula-
tion from one region to another within one state cannot be a criminal action, as
it is declared by some Abkhaz historians and politicians. Their statements simply
have no logical sense. Moreover, there is no secret that there had been only one,
Soviet citizenship during the Soviet times and everyone in the Soviet Union was
the “citizen of the Soviet Union”, not the citizen of Georgian SSR (and of course,
272
no one could be a citizen of the Abkhazian ASSR). Hence, any citizen of this
country could chose the permanent place of residence throughout the whole
country. (Because of the existence of residence permit, there were some re-
strictions for acquiring registration in the big cities.) As for the “organized reset-
tlements” (we do not mean in this case the forced expulsion of certain nations,
who were declared “guilty”), they were common in the Soviet Union and Abkha-
zia was not an exception. Usually they were caused by economic reasons. One
can remember the settlement of hundred of thousands of Russians in Kasakh-
stan, where the virgin lands had to be cultivated. The Russians in great numbers
were moving to the national republics when the giant industrial objects were
built. One need not go far to find examples. Several Russian settlements were
founded in Zugdidi, Tsalendjikha and Gali regions when Enguri hidroelectrical
plant and Enguri pulp and paper mill were built in Zugdidi region.
The tragical events of 1992-1993 which resulted in the ethnical cleans-
ing of the aborigine Georgian population in Abkhazia, drastically changed the
ethno-demographic picture of the region. According to the census, which was
conducted by the separatist regime in 2011, there are 240 705 permanent res-
idents in Abkhazia. Among them 122 175 /50.8%/ are Abkhazs, Georgians – 46
199 /19.3%/, Russians – 22 064 /9.2%/, others – 5 167 /1.21%/ (The Popula-
tion…). This statistical data is dubious in many aspects, but the “demographic
explosion” among the Abkhazs is out of any bounds. Even the Russian experts
paid attention to this and were surprised by the record increase among the Ab-
khaz population. They use relevant data to prove the falsification. For example,
known Russian journalist A. Epishev writes that “in the Soviet times from 1959
to 1989, during 30 years, the Abkhaz population was increasing by approxi-
mately 1000 people a year. Meanwhile, in the hard post-war eight years, from
2003 to 2011, the increase was nearly 28,000, around 3,500 per year,” and
asks: “Is it possible?” (Epishev, 2012; Emphasis added – Z.P.) The 2011 census
data contradicts with the observations of the Abkhaz specialists too. The known
Abkhaz economist B. Baratelia says that in the post-war Abkhazia “the birth-
rate has dropped by 47 children annually” (Kuchuberia, 2007). Even the Abkhaz
experts, who heavily antagonized against Georgians, are paying attention to the
“non-natural” increase of the Abkhaz population (Sharia, 2012), which can be
explained only by adding the number of Georgians to the Abkhazs (of course, if
the whole data is not falsified).
This is a brief picture of the ethno-demographic processes at the territory
of the present-day Abkhazia from the Ancient times till our days.

18. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 273

 bibliografia:

• eTnikuri da religiur-konfesiuri.., 2013 _ eTnikuri da religi­

ur-konfesiuri urTierTobebi saqarTveloSi: istoria da Tanamedro­
veoba. regionalur-respublikuri samecniero konferenciis masalebi.
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti. hu­
manitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, eTnologiis saswavlo-samecnie­
ro instituti. Tb., 2013;
• papasqiri, 2016 _ papasqiri zurab. saqarTvelo. istoriuli warsuli
da Ta­namedroveoba. Tb., 2016;
• ISTORIANI DA AZMANI.., 1959 – Istoriani da azmani sharavandediani (“Histories and
Praises of Crowned Monarchs”), – Kartlis Tskhovreba (The Georgian Chronicle). Geor-
gian Text verified according to all basic manuscripts by Simon Kaukhchishvili. Vol. 2.
Tb., 1959;
• ISTORIANI DA AZMANI.., 2008 – Istoriani da azmani sharavandediani (“Histories and
Praises of Crowned Monarchs”), – Kartlis Tskhovreba. Editor in Chief Roin Metreveli.
Tb., 2008 /in Georgian/;
• THE HISTORY AND EULOGY.., 2014 – The History and Eulogy of Monarchs. Translat-
ed and with commentary Dmitri Gamq’relidze, – Kartlis Tskhovreba /A History of
Ge­orgia/. Editor in Chief of the Georgian and Russian editions: Academician Roin
Met­reveli; Editor in Chief of the English edition: Professor Stephen Jones. Artanu-
ji Publishing. Tb., 2014. Digital version see at: https://archive.org/stream/kartliscx-
ovreba_201409/Kartlis%20Cxovreba%202012%20Eng_djvu.txt;
• THE POPULATION… – The Population of Abkhazia /in Russian/ (http://www.ethno-ka-
vkaz.narod.ru/rnabkhazia.html);
• TIFLISSKIJ.., 1877 – Tiflisskij Vestnik (Тифлисский вестник), №№ 209, 210, 243, 244,
245, 246, 248, 249), September-November 1877 /in Russian/ (http://abkhazia.narod.
ru/gogeba.htm);
• VAKHUSHTI, 1973 – Prince Vakhushti. Description of Georgian Kingdom, – Kartlis
Tskhovreba (A History of Georgia), Vol. 4. The Georgian text prepared according to all
the main manuscripts by Simon Kaukhchishvili. Tb., 1973;
• ACHUGBA, 2006 – Achugba Teimuraz. On the Problems of National Self-Conscious-
ness of the Population of South-Eastern Abkhazia. Sukhumi, 2006 /in Russian/
(http://apsnyteka.org/927-achugba_t_izbrannye_stati.html#6);
• ACHUGBA, 2010 – Achugba Teimuraz. Ethnic history of the Abkhazians in the 19th-
20th ce­nturies. Ethnopolitical and Migratory Aspects. Sukhumi, 2010 /in Russian/
(http://aps­nyteka.org/file/Achugba_Etnicheskaya_istoriya_abkhazov_19-20_.pdf).
• ANCHABADZE, 1959 – Anchabadze Zurab. From the History of Medieval Abkhazia.
Su­khumi, 1959 /in Russian/;
• ANTELAVA, 1988 – Antelava Ilia. Materials for Clarification and Interpretation of the
text of “The History and Eulogy of Monarchs”, – In: Il. Antelava. Georgian Histori­cal
sources of the 11th-15th centuries. Tb., 1988 /in Georgian/;
• BAKHIA-OKRUASHVILI, 2010 – Bakhia-Okruas­h­vi­li Salome. The Identity of Samur-
zakanoans and So­­me Historical and Ethnol­ogical Problems Related to It, – In: Nodar
Shengelia – 75. Tb., 2010 /in Georgian/;
• BAKHTADZE, 2003 – Bakhtadze Mikheil. Institute of Eristavoba in Georgia. Tb., 2003;
• BERDZENISHVILI, 1966 – Berdzenishvili Niko. Issues of Georgian History. Vol. 3. Tb.,
1966 /in Georgian/;

274
• EPISHEV, 2012 – Epishev Andrey. Enough to feed Abkhazia! 2012 /in Russian/ (http://
news-ru.blogspot.com/2012/02/blog-post_19.html);
• GASVIANI, 1998 – Gasviani Geronti. Abkhazia. Old and New Abkhazians. Tbilisi, 1998
/in Georgian/;
• GOGOLADZE, 1995 – Gogoladze Dermisha. On the Issues of the Ethnos Aboriginality
and the Identity of the Ethnoses in the “Apkhazs Saeristavo,” Present-Day Abkhazia.
Tb., 1995 /in Georgian/;
• INADZE, 1992 – Inadze Meri. Issues of Ethnical and Political History of Ancient Abkha-
zia, – Matsne, History Series. #1, 1992 /in Georgian/;
• INADZE, 1999 – Inadze Meri. Problems of the Ethnopolitical History of Ancient Ab-
khazia, – Investigations in the History of Abkhazia/Georgia. Tb., 1999 /in Russian/;
• KHORAVA, 1996 – Khorava Bezhan. The Relationship between Odishi and Abkhazia in
the 15th-18th Centuries. Tb., 1996 /in Georgian/;
• KHORAVA, 2004 – Inadze Meri. The 1867 Abkhaz Muhajirs. Tb., 2004 /in Georgian/;
• KUCHUBERIA, 2007 – Kuchuberia Anzhela. Every year in Abkhazia, 47 children are
born less than in the previous year, – The Caucasian knot (Kavkazskij uzel). 25.12.2007
/in Russian/ (http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/131606);
• KVASHVILAVA, 2012 – Kvashvilava Irma. Mythology of Abkhazian Historiography
about Sa­murzankano. Tb., 2012 /in Georgian/;
• KVASHVILAVA, 2011 – Kvashilava Kakha. From the Historical Past of Samurzakano.
The Turn of XVII-XVIII Centuries – 1840. Tb., 2011, /in Georgian/. (https://www.aca-
demia.edu/27954810/FROM_THE_HISTORICAL_PAST_OF_SAMURZAKANO.pdf).
• LAKOBA, 1987 – Lakoba Nestor. Articles and speeches. Sukhumi, 1987 /in Russian/;
• LAKOBA, 1990 – Lakoba Stanislav. Essays on the Political History of Abkhazia. Suku-
mi, 1990 /in Russian/;
• LAKOBA, 1993 – Inadze Meri. Hundred Years’ War of Georgia against Abkhazia.
Gagra. 1993 /in Russian/;
• LEKISHVILI, 1990 – Lekishvili Solomon. In Answer to Historian’s S. Lakoba, – “Public
Education” (Newspaper “Sakhalkho ganatleba”), June 14, 1990 /in Georgian/;
• MUSKHELISHVILI, 1999 – Muskhelishvili David. The Historic Status of Abkhazia in
Georgia’s Statehood, – Investigations in the History of Abkhazia/Georgia. Tb., 1999 /
in Russian/;
• PAPASKIRI, 2004 – Papaskiri Zurab. Essays on the History of Contemporary Abkhazia.
Part 1: From Antiquity to 1917. Tb., 2004 /in Georgian/;
• SHARIA, 2012 – Sharia Vitali. Political demography, – The Echo of the Caucasus.
03.01.2012 /in Russian/ (http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/24441325.
html);
• SILAGADZE.., 2001 – Silagadze Apolon, Guruli Vakhtang. Historical-Political Essays.
Tb., 2001;
• TORIA, 2011 – Toria Malkhaz. Theoretical Justification of Ethnic Cleansing in Mod-
ern Abkhazian Historiography. 25/11/2011 (http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/
cnid__10378/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx);
• TSKITISHVILI, 1966 – Tskitishvili Giorgi. To the Understanding of One Passage from
“The History and Eulogy of Monarchs”, – Georgia in the Epoch of Rustaveli. Tb., 1966
/in Georgian/.

275
 zurab papasqiri1

Tanamedrove afxazeTis eTno-demografiuli iersaxe

uZvelesi droidan dRemde.

zogadi mimoxilva

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria eTnikurad yovelTvis

war­moadgenda urTules regions, Tumca gadaWriT SeiZleba imis
kon­statireba, rom dawyebuli Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan,
ro­didanac xerxdeba Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis eTno-tomobrivi
vi­
Tarebis Sesaxeb konkretuli werilobiTi informaciis moZieba
Zvel berZnul saistorio wyaroebSi, amJamindeli afxazeTis teri­
toriaze qarTveluri tomebi TiTqmis yovelTvis Seadgendnen eT­
nikur umravlesobas. naSromSi mocemulia Tanamedrove afxazeTis
eTno-demografiuli viTarebis zogadi suraTi uZvelesi droid­
an XXI damdegis CaTvliT da gaqarwylebulia separatistuli ide­
ologiis mesveurTa falsifikatoruli mtkicebebi afxazeTSi qa­
rTvelTa mxolod XIX saukunidan (muhajirobis Semdgomi xanidan)
gansaxlebis Sesaxeb.

1
zurab papasqiri _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
276
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

kaxaber fifia1

brZola aleqsandres memkvidreobisaTvis

Zv.w. 323-321ww. kraterosi
aleqsandre makedonelis moulodneli sikvdiliT dasrulda
mso­flio monarqiis Seqmnis erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi pro­
eq­
ti. evropa-aziis vrcel sivrceebSi gadaWimul imperias, rom­
lis SemadgenlobaSic makedonia-saberZneTisa da evropuli sam­
f­lo­ beloebis garda Sedioda mcire azia, irani, siria, egvipte,
centraluri aziisa da indoeTis nawili, gardauvali daRupva
eloda. ukve aRar arsebobda is, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi, Tumca
um­Zlavresi _ ukve TiTqmis RmerTis rangSi ayvanili aleqsandres
faq­tori, romlis garSemoc iyvnen gaerTianebuli msoflios
sxva­dasxva xalxebi, romlebsac manamde SesaZloa erTmaneTis ar­ ­
sebobazec ki warmodgena ar hqondaT. aleqsandres imperiis mTel
teritoriaze gaurkvevlobam daisadgura. umemkvidreod dar­ Ce­
nil samefo karze aravin icoda rogor moqceuliyo, rogor ema­
rTaT saxelmwifo, daenawilebinaT is Tu SeenarCunebinaT misi er­
Ti­anoba. aleqsandres sikvdiliT daiwyo axali epoqa, epoqa mi­ si
strategosebis zeobisa. istoriis asparezze gamodis manamde ale­
q­
san­dres CrdilqveS myofi ambiciuri sardlebis mTeli pleada,
rom­lebmac saTave daudes axal, boboqar periods msoflio is­to­
riaSi _ diadoxosebisa da epigonebis xanas.
aleqsandresa da diadoxosebis Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi
uzarmazari mecnieruli memkvidreoba arsebobs. gasagebi mizezebis
gamo, es epoqa yovelTvis warmoadgenda mkvlevarTa gansakuTrebuli
yu­radRebis obieqts da mis Sesaxeb msoflios sxvadasxva enaze im­
de­nia dawerili, rom ubralod mkvlevarTa gvarebis CamoTvlac ki
Sors wagviyvans. amdenad, erTi SexedviT Zalze Znelia rame axa­li
iTqvas am periodze, Tundac iohan gustav droizenis fu­ n­
da­
men­
turi naSromis Semdeg, sadac skurpulozuradaa Seswavlili di­
1
kaxaber fifia _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
saxelmwifo universiteti.
277
ado­xosebis istoria (Дройзен, 1995: t. 1-3); magram, ra Tqma unda, es
imas ar niSnavs, rom am mimarTulebiT yvelaferi Seswavlilia da
da­matebiT kvlevas ar saWiroebs.
miuxedavad istoriografiuli bazis mravalferovnebisa, bu­
neb­rivia, yvela sakiTxi Tanabrad ver iqneba Seswavlili. magaliTad,
Tu diadoxosTa nawilis (ptolemaiosi, selevkosi, evmene, antigone)
mo­ Rvaweoba monografiuladaa Seswavlili, sxvebis Sesaxeb aseTi
kvleva ar arsebobs, bevri maTganis moRvaweobis aRwera ki mxo­lod
enciklopediuri xasiaTis statiebiT Semoifarg­ leba. amdenad, am
mimarTulebiT kvleva-Zieba jer dasrulebuli araa, miT ufro,
rom qarTul istoriografiaSi, Tu ar CavTvliT saberZneTis is­
to­ riisa da aleqsandre makedonelis Sesaxeb ramdenime gan­ ma­
zo­
gadebel naSromsa Tu saxelmZRvanelos, araTu calkeuli di­ado­
xo­sebis, aramed mTlianad am epoqis Sesaxeb faqtobrivad araferi
da­werila.
winamdebare naSromiT viwyebT samecniero publikaciaTa axal
cikls _ ,,brZola aleqsandres memkvidreobisaTvis. diadoxosTa
omebi~, sadac calkeuli diadoxosebis (kraterosi, perdika, evmene,
li­simaxe, antigone, antipatrosi, kasandre, demetriosi, selevkosi,
pto­lemaiosi da sxv.) politikuri portretebisa da moRvaweobis
Tan­ mimdevruli gadmocemiT, SevecdebiT gavaSuqoT msoflio is­
to­ riis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi epoqa _ postaleqsandreuli
xana.
kraterosi (Krateros/Craterus/Κρατερός) iyo pirveli diado­ xo­
si, romelic emsxverpla ale­ qsandres sardlebs Soris da­ pi­
ris­
pirebas. amitomac qronologiuri principiT, swored misi moR­
va­
weobis gaSuqebiT daviwyebT diadoxosTa epoqis mecnierul
re­­konstruqcias.
kraterosi aleqsandres erT-erTi uaxloesi TanamebrZoli
da gamoCenili sardali iyo. misi mefesTan siaxlove antikur wya­
ro­ebSi mkveTradaa xazgasmuli. antikuri avtorebi krateross, he­
fes­ tionTan erTad, mefis yvelaze erTgul da sando adamianad
miiCneven. arianes (daaxl. ax.w. 95-175ww.) cnobiT, Tu hefestioni
ale­qsandresTvis `sakuTar Tvalebze Zvirfasi iyo~, krateross igi
`yve­laze erTgulad Tvlida da Tvalis CiniviT ufrTxildeboda~
(Arr., Anab., VII, 14,6; 12,3). plutarqes (ax.w. 46-126ww.) cnobiT ki, ale­
qsandre krateross didad afasebda da `xSirad ambobda, rom he­
festioni aleqsandres megobaria, xolo kraterosi ki mefis me­go­
ba­rio~ (Plut., Alex., 47,5). kraterossa da hefestions Soris, imave
plu­tarqes cnobiT, faruli mtroba arsebobda da maT Soris xSirad
xde­boda dapirispireba (Plut. Alex., 47). kraterosisa da hefestionis
278
es xSiri dapirispireba, rogorc Cans, naTlad gamoxatavda me­
fis karze arsebul sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris arsebul wi­
na­aRmdegobas. plutarqe pirdapir ambobs, rom hefestioni ama­
r­ Tlebda aleqsandres daaxloebas barbarosebTan da TviTonac
ba­Zavda mas amaSi, maSin, roca kraterosi makedonuri tradiciebis
er­Tguli rCeboda. amitom mefe barbarosebTan urTierTobaSi he­
fes­tions eyrdnoboda, xolo berZen-makedonelebTan saqmeebis mo­
gva­rebas krateross andobda (Plut., Alex., 47,5). Tumca, miuxedavad
ami­sa, zogierTi mkvlevari gamoricxavs am dapirispirebis po­li­
tikur safuZvels da mis mizezad kraterossa da hefestions So­ris
arsebul pirad `konkurencias~, mefis karze kraterosis `pi­rve­l­
ka­cobis~ survils miiCnevs (Berve, 1926: 226).
kraterosi makedoniaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda.
mas imdenad didi gavlena da avtoriteti hqonda, rom, plutarqes
cno­­biT, aleqsandres sikvdilis Semdeg mis Semcvleladac ki mo­
ia­z­rebdnen da bevrs surda is qveynis mmarTveli gamxdariyo
(Plut.,­ Eum., 6). kraterosi mefis uaxloesi garemocvis, hetairTa
(`me­fis megobrebi~, amxanagebi) razmis wevri iyo (Curt., VI, 8,17;
IX, 6,6). hetairTa razmi warmoadgenda mZimed SeiaraRebul ka­ va­
le­­­
rias, makedonuri armiis yvelaze elitarul SenaerTsa da
um­­Tavres damrtymel Zalas (Разин, 1999: 214; Tarn, 1948: 10, 153).
mas­Si iricxebodnen mxolod aristokratiuli warmomavlobis ma­
ke­­
donelebi. Sesabamisad, kraterosic warmoSobiT makedoneli
di­­debuli yofila. wyaroebi mis warmomavlobas kidev ufro ako­
n­kreteben: arianes mixedviT, kraterosi iyo warCinebuli ma­ke­do­
nelis, aleqsandres Svili orestidis olqidan (Tanamedrove sa­
ber­ZneTisa da albaneTis sazRvarze arsebuli mTiani raioni _ k.f.)
(Arr., Ind., 18,5; Arr., Anab., I, 25,9); antikuri avtorebi icnoben kra­te­
rosis dedas _ aristopatrasac (Strabo, XV, 35); xolo cnobili ad­
mi­rali amfoteri kraterosis Zma yofila (Curt., IV, 8,15; Arr., Anab.,
I, 25,3-9).
kraterosma samxedro kariera, rogorc Cans, daiwyo misi
mSo­bliuri qalaqidan rekrutirebuli SenaerTis meTaurobiT. mis
gan­kargulebaSi iyo makedonuri mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebis,
pe­Zetairebis (sityva-sityviT niSnavs `qveiT hetairs~ _ k.f.) taq­si­
si (Arr., Anab., I, 28,3; II, 23,2; IV, 23,1; VI, 6,1; Шахермайр, 1984: 65). taq­
si­si warmoadgenda falangis ZiriTad taqtikur erTeuls. maTi
for­mireba, rogorc irkveva, xdeboda teritoriuli niSniT (Diod.,
XVII, 57; Arr., Anab., I, 2,6; II, 9,3; Шофман, 1960: 189; Ashley, 2004: 22-52) da
kra­ terosic orestididan gawveuli SenaerTis taqsiarxi yofila
(Berve, 1926: 446; Дройзен, 1995 (1): 132-133).
279
 aRsaniSnavia, rom taqsisi makedonuri armiis sakmaod msxvi­li
SenaerTi iyo. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom aziaSi gadasrolil ma­ke­do­
nur armiaSi iyo sul 6 taqsisi, TiToeul maTganSi 1500 meomriT
(Дро­йзен, 1995(1): 132; Коннолли, 2009: 59-61). amasTan, aleqsandres
ar­miaSi, romelic wyaroTa umravlesobis monacemebiT 40 000 ar
aRe­mateboda (Arr., Anab., 1, 11,3; Just., XI, 6,2; Diod., 17, 17,3-4. Sdr.:
Plut., Alex., 15), sakuTriv makedonelebis raodenoba arc Tu ise di­
di iyo. diodores cnobiT, aleqsandres armiaSi mxolod 12 000
qveiTi da 1 500 cxenosani iyo makedoneli, danarCenebi ki _ da­
ravebuli meomrebi da mokavSireebi iyvnen (Diod., XVII, 17,3-4).
qi­­
aqe­­
dan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom erTi makedonuri taqsisis, anu
1500-kaciani brigadis meTauroba sakmaod sapatio saqme iyo da me­
fis didi ndobis maCvenebelia. antikuri wyaroebic kargad icnoben
am taqtikuri erTeulis strategosebs _ perdikas, kins, amintas,
me­leagres, filipes da krateross.
taqsiarxis rangSi ibrZoda kraterosi Zv.w. 334w. granikosis
brZo­laSi, sadac berZen-makedonelebma sastikad daamarcxes mci­
re­azieli satrapebis armia. aleqsandrem brZolis win mZimed Se­i­
araRebuli qveiTebi or nawilad gayo da flangebze ganalaga. Tvi­
Ton uSualod marjvena flangs Caudga saTaveSi, marcxena flangis
me­Tauroba ki, sadac mokavSireebTan erTad ganlagebuli iyvnen fi­
lipesa da meleagres SenaerTebi, parmenions daavala. amave fla­ngze
idgnen kraterosis falangistebic (Arr., Anab., I, 14,3). kraterosis
strategosul niWze metyvelebs is, rom momdevno, Zv.w. 333 wels
isosis brZolaSi is ufro maRali rangis meTauria. arianes cnobiT,
am umniSvnelovanes brZolaSi kraterosi meTaurobda ara mxo­lod
Tavis taqsiss, aramed mTlianad falangasa da qveiTebis marcxena
frTas (Arr., Anab., II, 8,4). Sesabamisad, mis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo
meleagres, ptolemaiosisa da amintas SenaerTebi. amdenad, iso­
sis brZolaSi krateross didi pasuxismgebloba daekisra. masa da
aleqsandres Soris idga mxolod parmenioni, romelic xe­l­m­ZRva­
ne­lobda mTlianad makedonuri armiis marcxena flangs, sadac
zemoT dasaxelebuli nawilebis garda idga iliriuli, Trakiuli
da Tesaliuri kavaleria (Arr., Anab., II, 8,4; Curt., III , 9,7).
momdevno samxedro operaciebSic kraterosi monawileobs
taq­sisebis meTauris rangSi; xSirad ki parmenionis aryofnis Sem­
TxvevaSi cvlis mas da mis funqciebs asrulebs. krateross gan­
sa­
kuTrebiT gamouCenia Tavi tvirosis alyis dros. garkveuli
dro­ iT, Zv.w. 332w. dasawyisSi, rodesac aleqsandre sadamsjelo
ope­raciebs atarebda libanis mTianeTSi arabuli tomebis wi­ na­
aR­mdeg, is perdikasTan erTad, tvirosis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
280
ma­kedonuri nawilebis mTavarsardalia (Arr., Anab., II, 18,6; Curt.,
IV, ­3, 1,11; Polyaen., IV, 13). ax.w. IIs. avtori polieni samxedro saq­
mis Sesaxeb Tavis enciklopediur naSromSi `strategemebi~, sa­dac
is mimoixilavs antikuri xanis mefeebisa Tu sardlebis gmi­ rul
saqcielsa da samxedro eSmakobebs, saWirod miiCnevs cal­ke aRniSnos
kraterosis strategosuli niWi. misi cnobiT, tvi­ro­sis alyis dros,
finikielebi moulodnelad Tavs dasxmian ma­ ke­­
donelebs, romlebic
qalaqis materikTan damakavSirebeli mi­­wayrilisa da saalyo for­ti­
fikaciebis aRmarTviT iyvnen da­ka­ve­buli. Tavdasxma imdenad mZlavri
da moulodneli yofila, rom ma­ kedonelebs winaaRmdegoba ver
gauweviaT da gaqceulan. kra­ teross swrafad Seufasebia Se­ qm­nili
mdgomareoba da saerTo uka­ndaxevis brZaneba gaucia. ioli ga­mar­j­
vebiT frTaSesxmulma tvi­ ro­selebma ukandaxeul makedonelebs de­
vna dauwyes da rodesac uk­ ve sakmao manZilze daSordnen qalaqs,
kra­ terosma moulodnelad kon­ trSetevaze gadasvlis brZaneba gas­
ca. viTareba radikalurad Se­icvala. axla ukve mdevris rolSi ma­ke­
donelebi aRmoCndnen da didi zianic miayenes gaqceul tviroselebs
(Polyaen., IV, 13). mar­Talia, kraterosis meTaurobis dros ar momxdara
tvirosis aRe­ ba da es mxolod aleqsandres dabrunebis Semdeg
xangrZlivi da sisxlismRvreli brZolebiT moxerxda, magram, rogorc
Cans, mas qalaqze gadamwyveti ieriSis drosac mniSvnelovani misia
hqon­da dakisrebuli. kraterosi amjerad ukve navarqosis rangSi gve­
v­
lineba da tvirosis aRebis operaciaSi, igi, kretis mefe pi­ Ta­ go­
rasTan erTad, sardlobs makedonuri sazRvao flotis mTel mar­c­
xena frTas (Arr., Anab., II, 20,6; Curt., IV, 3,11). tvirosis aRebas udi­desi
mniSvneloba qonda. makedonelebma amjerad ukve zRvazec da­amyares
Tavisi batonoba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc aRvniSneT, kraterosi xelm­
ZRvanelobda tvirosis alyas, ar arsebobs araviTari miniSneba imis
Sesaxeb, rom man ierarqiulad gadaaswro parmenions. mogvianebiT,
gavgamelas brZolaSi Zv.w. 331w. 1 oqtombers is kvlav parmenionis
da­qvemdebarebaSia. es ukanaskneli, isosis brZolis msgavsad, me­
Ta­ urobda makedonuri armiis mTel marcxena flangs. swored am
flangze, mokavSireebisa da Tesaliur kavaleriasTan erTad gan­
lagebuli iyo kraterosis peZetairebic, xolo kraterosi iTv­
leboda ara mxolod Tavisi taqsisis, aramed am frTaze gan­la­ge­bu­li
yvela qveiTi SenaerTis meTaurad (Arr. Anab., III, 11,10; Diod., XVII, 57,3).
Zv.w. 331w. miwuruls sparseTSi mimdinare saomari operaciebis
aR­werisas antikuri avtorebi kvlav ixsenieben krateross. mas gan­
sakuTrebiT gamouCenia Tavi uqsiebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mTi­
eli uqsiebi akontrolebdnen persepolisisaken mimaval ga­ sa­
s­
v­
281
le­lebs da uars acxadebdnen damorCilebodnen aleqsandres. maT
winaaRmdeg saWiro gaxda masStaburi samxedro RonisZiebebis ga­
tareba. makedonuri jari or nawilad iqna gayofili. erTs uSu­
alod aleqsandre meTaurobda, meores ki kraterosi. swored am
uka­nasknelis SenaerTebs auRiaT is strategiulad mniSvnelovani
maR­ lobebi, romelic akontrolebda persepolisisaken mimaval
gzas (Arr., Anab., III, 17, 2-6; Diod., XVII, 67, 4-5; Curt., V,3, 1-16).
am droidan aleqsandre ukve xSirad orad yofda ZiriTad
ar­mias da, rogorc wesi, mis did nawils yovelTvis krateross
an­dobda (Heckel, 1972: 123). analogiuri taqtikiT daumarcxebiaT
ma­kedonelebs sparseTis satrapi ariobarzanic. ariobarzanma
40 000 meomriT daikava persidis karebi (xeoba, romelzec gadi­
oda persepolisisaken mimavali gza) da damcavi kedliTac Ca­ke­ta.
aleqsandrem armiis nawili banakSi datova kraterosis me­Ta­uro­
biT, TviTon ki TiTqmis gauvali gziT gverdi auara sparselTa po­
ziciebs da zurgidan daartya mters. imavdroulad Sturmi da­iw­yo
kraterosmac. ormxriv dartymas sparselebma ver gauZles da sas­
ti­kad damarcxdnen (Arr., Anab., III, 17, 4-9; Diod., XVII, 68, 4-9; Curt., V, 4).
persepolisis aRebis Semdeg kraterosis gavlena kidev ufro
ga­izarda. mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, is parmenionTan erTad xel­
m­ZRvanelobs aqemenidTa saganZuris persepolisidan ekbatanaSi ga­
da­tanas (Шофман, 1976: 310; Berve, 1926: 221), magram, rogorc arianes
cno­bidan irkveva, es misia parmenions daekisra (Arr., Anab., III, 19,7),
xolo kraterosi ekbatanidan, aleqsandresTan erTad, devnili da­
ri­osis kvaldakval kaspiis karebisaken daiZra (Heckel, 1972: 125). ek­
batanaSi yofnis periodidan TandaTanobiT daiwyo kraterosis um­
Ta­vresi konkurentis, parmenionis dasusteba, romelic aleqsandres
stra­ tegosTa Soris udavod yvelaze gavleniani figura iyo. pa­
r­menioni da misi Svilebi, romlebic aseve elitur SenaerTebs
me­Taurobdnen, aleqsandres megobrebadac iTvlebodnen da ma­ ke­
donur armiaSic didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen (Curt., VII, 2,33).
Tumca, parmenionis aseTi gavlena da misi mudmivad yvelaze mni­S­v­
ne­lovan da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze yofna, rogorc Cans,
ara imdenad aleqsandres surviliT unda aixsnas, aramed imiT, rom
me­fe ver axerxebda mis moSorebas (Шифман, 1988: 97-98). mas Semdeg
ki, rac aleqsandrem gadamwyveti gamarjvebebi moipova dariosze,
Zv.w. 330w. Suaxanebidan daiwyo parmenionis kraterosiT Canacvleba.
es naTlad gamoCnda maSin, roca ekbatanidan CrdiloeTisaken da­
Z­ruli armiis ZiriTadi nawilis sardlad, anu im Tanamdebobaze,
ro­ melic adre yovelTvis parmenions ekava, kraterosi dainiSna
(Arr., Anab., III, 21,2). damarcxebuli dariosis devnis operaciaSic
282
kra­ terosi aleqsandresTan erTad umaRlesi mTavarsardalia.
ale­qsandre meTaurobs uSualod mdevarTa razms, kraterosi ki
Zi­riTad armias (Arr., Anab., III, 21,2; 23,2; Curt., V, 6, 1; VI, 4,2). hirkaniaSi
kra­terosi didi warmatebiT ebrZvis tapurebs, xolo arianaSi mom­
xdari mZlavri antimakedonuri gamosvlebisas, is meTaurobs ar­mi­
is did nawils (Arr., Anab., III , 23,2,6; 25,6,8; Curt., VI, 4,2).
Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi Catarebulma kampaniam (Шифман, 1988:
122-127), naTlad aCvena, rom kraterosi aleqsandres upirve­lesi
mxe­ darTmTavari gaxda (Heckel, 1972: 127). Zv.w. 330w. Semodgomaze,
„fi­lotas SeTqmulebis“ gamJRavnebis Semdeg, kraterosi sabolood
ga­Tavisuflda mZlavri konkurentebisagan. aleqsandres brZanebiT
sik­vdiliT daisajnen parmenioni da misi Svili, hetairTa razmis
me­Tauri filota, romelsac kraterosi aseve politikur metoqed
mi­iCnevda. kraterosma imTaviTve radikaluri pozicia daikava eW­
v­mitanil SeTqmulTa mimarT. swored kraterosTan, hefestionTan,
per­dikasa da ramdenime uaxloes megobarTan moTaTbirebis Semdeg
ga­dawyvita aleqsandrem filotas dapatimreba (Plut., Alex., 48; Curt.,
VI, 8,17; 11, 10,14-19). krebaze mTavar bralmdeblad kraterosi ga­
mo­vida, romelic arwmunebda aleqsandres, rom aucilebeli iyo
fi­lotas moSoreba. kurcius rufusis cnobiT, am TaTbiris Semdeg
ale­qsandrem yvela megobari, maT Soris hefestionic ki daiTxova da
kra­terosTan gaagrZela saubari, Tumca misi Sinaarsi rufusisaTvis
uc­nobia (Curt., VI, 11,11). kraterosi iyo erT-erTi maTgani, vinc
aq­tiurad moiTxovda filotas wamebas misgan aRiarebis miRebis
miz­ niT. kurciusis cnobiT, is uSualod monawileobda filotas
wa­mebaSic ki (Curt., VI, 11,17-19), Tumca ariane arafers gveubneba amis
Se­saxeb (ix.: Шахермайр, 1984: 155-156). yovel SemTxvevaSi faqtia,
rom kraterosma parmenionis ojaxis ganadgurebaSi mniSvnelovani
ro­li iTamaSa.
krateross mefisadmi erTguleba araerTxel daumtkicebia
centraluri aziisa da indoeTis urTulesi operaciebis dros. Zv.w.
329 wlidan kraterosi aqtiurad ibrZvis baqtria-sogdianaSi. aq is,
iseve, rogorc adre hirkaniaSi laSqrobebisas, ZiriTad makedonur
ar­mias sardlobs, xolo aleqsandre uSualod armiis avangards,
spe­ cialuri misiebisTvis gankuTvnil jarebs xelmZRvanelobs
(Heckel, 1972: 134). kraterosi xelmZRvanelobs qalaq kiropolisis
al­yas (Arr., Anab., IV, 3,1-4; Strabo, 11,517), amarcxebs spitamenis uZ­
li­eres kavalerias, baqtrias wmends skviTebisagan, Zv.w. 327w. sas­
ti­ kad axSobs paretakeneSi ajanyebasa da aqrobs winaaRmdegobis
uka­nasknel kerebs Sua aziaSi (Arr. Anab., IV, 2,2; 17, 1-2; Curt., VII, 6,16;
7,9,20- 22; VIII, 1,6). sayuradReboa, rom kraterosi, romelic rangiT
283
pe­Zetairebis taqsiarxi iyo, Sua aziis movlenebis dros kavaleriis
msxvi­ li SenaerTebis meTauradac gvevlineba. antikuri wyaroebi
spi­tamenisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg brZolebis aRwerisas
xSirad ixsenieben kraterosis cxenosanTa razmebs (Arr., Anab., IV,
16,5-7; 17, 1-2; Curt., VIII, 1,6).
cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 331w. bolodan aleqsandrem armiaSi re­fo­
r­mebis gatareba daiwyo. am droisTvis ukve cxadi gaxda, rom ga­dam­
w­yvet brZolebSi samgzis damarcxebuli aqemenidebi axlo xanebSi
axa­ li generaluri brZolis gamarTvas ver SeZlebdnen. amitom
Sem­ dgomi bataliebisaTvis saWiro iyo rogorc taqtikuri, aseve
or­ ganizaciuli TvalsazrisiT ufro mobiluri armia (Нефедкин,
2007: 13-14; Hammond, 1998: 117-125). Zv.w. 330w., filotas dasjis
Sem­deg, reformebi Seexo kavaleriasac. arianes cnobiT, hetairTa
ka­valeria, romelsac adre filota meTaurobda, aleqsandrem
cal­keul nawilebad gayo (Arr., Anab., III, 27, ,4). reformis Sedegad,
cxe­nosani jaris ZiriTadi erTeuli gaxda hiparqia. rogorc Cans,
kra­ terosi reformis gatarebisTanave gaxda erT-erTi hiparqiis
me­Tauri. amdenad, Sua aziaSi kraterosis gankargulebaSi myofi ka­
va­leria mis hiparqias warmoadgenda (Клейменов, 2014: 18-19; Heckel,
1972: 53. Sdr.: Hammond, 1994: 76). yovel SemTxvevaSi, mogvianebiT,
ro­ gorc qvemoT vnaxavT, hidaspesTan momxdar brZolaSi ariane
pir­dapir ixseniebs kraterosis „sakuTar“ hiparqias.
aziaSi warmatebuli laSqrobebis Semdeg kraterosis Se­
na­­­­e­rTebi SeuerTda indoeTisken mimaval ZiriTad armias. ale­q­
san­ dres rwmunebiT kraterosi kvlav awarmoebs mravalmxriv da
far­TomasStabian RonisZiebebs _ ipyrobs axal teritoriebs, xel­
m­
ZRvanelobs axali qalaqebisa da gamagrebuli punqtebis mSe­ neb­
lo­bas, axSobs ajanyebebs da meTaurobs samxedro flotsac (Arr.,
Anab., IV, 22-25; V, 20,2; VI, 15,7; 27,3; Arr., Ind., 18,5; Curt., VIII, 5,2; IX, 8,3;
X, 1,9).
am periodisaTvis, rogorc irkveva wyaroTa monacemebiT
(plu­tarqe, ariane, kurciusi) kraterosi mefesTan yvelaze da­ax­
loebuli da sando sardalia. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevari gan­ s­
xavebulad fiqrobs. mag., j. lenderingi ar gamoricxavs, rom in­
do­eTSi yofnisas aleqsandresa da krateross Soris urTierToba
uk­ ve gafuWebuli iyo da es ukanaskneli TandaTanobiT kargavda
me­ fis keTilganwyobas. amis dasamtkiceblad mkvlevars moaqvs is
faq­ti, rom Zv.w. 326w. porosis winaaRmdeg hidaspesTan gamarTul
cno­bil brZolaSi aleqsandres brZanebiT kraterosi ariergardSi
iqna datovebuli, mas brZolaSi uSualo monawileoba ar miuRia
da brZolis mTelma simZimem uSualod aleqsandresa da kenosze
284
ga­daiara (ix.: Lendering, 2001). Tumca, am mosazrebas realuri sa­
fuZ­veli ar gaaCnia. marTalia, am brZolaSi aleqsandres gverdiT
ib­rZoda yvela cnobili sardali: lisimaqe, perdika, hefestioni,
pto­ lemaiosi, selevkosi, kenosi, demetriosi da sxv., xolo kra­
te­rosi mdinaris meore napirze iqna datovebuli, magram es ale­
qsandres taqtikuri svla iyo. ariane pirdapir wers, rom kra­
te­ rosis banakSi datoveba Semdegi garemoebiT iyo nakarnaxevi:
ma­kedonelebsa da porosis armias erTmaneTisagan hyofda mdi­na­re
hidaspe. aleqsandrem kargad icoda, rom im adgilas, sadac ga­
nlagebuli iyo porosis banaki da sanapiro Caketili iyo mra­val­
ric­xovani jariTa da rac mTavaria, sabrZolo spiloebiT, mdinaris
ga­dalaxva SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amitom aleqsandrem armiis erT
na­wilTan erTad, mdinare mtrisagan farulad, moSorebiT gadalaxa.
ale­qsandres gegmis Tanaxmad krateross, romlis gankargulebaSic
iyo hiparqiebi (kavaleriis nawilebi), alketasa da poliperxontis
qve­iTebi, mdinare unda gadaelaxa da brZolaSi unda Cabmuliyo
mxo­lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu porosi mTeli Tavisi ZalebiTa da yve­
la spiloTi gadavidoda Setevaze ukve meore napirze myofi ale­
qsandres winaaRmdeg da Tavis banakSi ar datovebda rezervs; an
kidev maSin, Tu brZolis bedi ukve gadawyvetili iqneboda da kra­
terosis dasvenebul meomrebs unda daesrulebinaT indoelTa ga­
na­dgureba (Arr., Anab., V, 11-12). es asec moxda da brZolis daskvniT
fa­zaSi kraterosma gadalaxa hidaspe, misma meomrebma Caanacvles
ale­ qsandres daRlili mebrZolebi, axali ZalebiT gaagrZeles
ukan­daxeuli indoelebis devna da didi zianic miayenes mters (Arr.,
Anab., V, 18).
garda amisa, am brZolis Semdegac krateross Zalze sapatio
mi­sia daekisra. mas unda exelmZRvanela aleqsandres brZanebiT
md. hidaspes sanapiroze daarsebuli qalaqebis _ bukefaliasa
da nikeas mSeneblobisaTvis (Arr., Anab., V, 19,4; 20,2). misdami me­fis
maRali ndobis maCvenebelia isic, rom indoeTidan ukan dab­ru­ne­
bisas aleqsandrem armiis is nawili, romelic araxoziis gziT bru­
nde­boda sparseTisaken, krateross Caabara.
kraterosi sicocxlis bolomde aleqsandres erTguli darCa.
ro­ gorc ukve aRiniSna, is hefestionis Semdeg aleqsandresaTvis
yve­laze sando adamiani iyo. aleqsandres damokidebuleba kra­te­
rosisadmi naTlad gamoCnda Zv.w. 324w. suzas qorwilSi, roca me­
fis surviliT makedonurma samxedro elitam iqorwina sparsel
di­debulTa qaliSvilebze. magram, sxva strategosebisagan gan­
sxva­vebiT hefestionma da kraterosma, iseve rogorc aleqsandrem,
iqo­rwines uSualod aqemenidTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebze.
285
kra­terosma colad SeirTo dariosis Zmis, oqsiarTis qaliSvili
ama­strisi (Arr., Anab., VII, 4,5; Plut. Al., LXX, 3; Diod., XVII, 107,6). amdenad,
igi aleqsandres nebiT gaxda aqemenidTa samefo ojaxis wevri da
ama­ve dros daunaTesavda aleqsandresac.
aleqsandres kraterosisadmi gansakuTrebuli ndobis ma­Cve­
nebelia imave wels kraterosisaTvis sapatio da amave dros Zal­
ze sapasuxismgeblo movaleobebis dakisreba. Zv.w. 324w. opi­ s­
Si
makedonel jariskacTa amboxis Semdeg krateross daevala ve­ te­
ran­ Ta nawilis dabruneba makedoniaSi (Arr., Anab., VII, 8-12; Curt., X,
2,8-30; X, 10,15; Diod., XVII, 109,1-3; XVIII, 4, 1; Plut., Alex., 71; Just., XII, 11-12).
ari­anes cnobiT, aleqsandrem veteranebs Tavisi keTilganwyobis
niS­nad winamZRolad da mfarvelad dauniSna Tavisi yvelaze erT­
gu­li da sayvareli sardali kraterosi (Arr., Anab., VII, 12,3). imave
dros makedoniidan gamoZaxebul iqna balkaneTis mmarTvelad da­
tovebuli antipatrosi, romelic aleqsandres aryofnaSi iTv­le­
bo­da makedoniis taxtis regentad (Arr., Anab., VII, 12,4; Curt., X, 10,15;
Just., XII, 12, 8-9). antipatrosi, romlis xelSic Tavmoyrili iyo Warbi
Za­laufleba, mizezTa gamo (olimpiada-antipatrosis gauTavebeli
da­pirispireba; antipatrosis simpaTiebi filota-parmenionisadmi;
mi­si survili gamxdariyo damoukidebeli moTamaSe da sxv. _ ix.:
Дро­йзен, 1995(1): 492-493) ukve miuRebeli gaxda aleqsandresTvis. ma­
kedonia-saberZneTis gamgebloba gadaeca krateross. arianes cno­biT
am periodisaTvis kraterosi avadmyofobisagan Zalze da­sus­tebuli
iyo. amitom mas TanaSemwed dauniSnes poliperxonti, ro­ melsac
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda Seecvala sardali (Arr., Anab.,VII, 12,3-4).
imperiis evropuli nawilis gamgeblad daniSvna, rac gu­lis­
x­mobda sakuTriv `makedoniis, Trakiisa da Tesaliis marTvasa da
eli­nuri Tavisuflebis dacvas~ (Arr., Anab., XII, 12,4), kraterosis,
ro­gorc samxedro-politikuri moRvawis didi aRiareba iyo. am sa­
pa­tio, magram imavdroulad Zalze sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze
da­niSnul pirs mefis usazRvro erTgulebasTan erTad didi sam­
xe­dro da politikuri gamocdilebac unda qonoda. aleqsandrem,
ro­gorc Cans, gaiTvaliswina isic, rom kraterosi makedoniaSi sa­
yovelTao siyvaruliTa da didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda (Plut.,
Eum., 6). ase rom, is balkaneTis mmarTvelis Tanamdebobaze sa­uke­
Teso kandidatura iyo. uRalato da mefis ideebis usityvod gam­
ziarebel krateross, berZen-makedonelebisaTvis frTxilad un­da
STaegonebina aleqsandres axali _ `msoflio monarqiis~ idea (Ша­
хер­майр, 1984: 248).
amdenad, rogorc vnaxeT, wyaroTa erTsulovani mowmobiT,
opi­sis ajanyebis Semdeg aleqsandrem brZolisaTvis gamousadegar
286
me­omarTa nawili kraterosis meTaurobiT samSobloSi daabruna.
mag­ram, amis Semdeg wyaroTa monacemebSi Tavs iCens zogierTi wi­na­
aR­mdegoba. arianes, kurciusisa da iustines cnobis Tanaxmad, mefis
brZa­nebiT, krateross unda Seecvala antipatrosi, am ukanasknels
ki, samSobloSi dabrunebuli veteranebis sanacvlod babilonSi
un­da Caeyvana makedonel axalwveulTa razmebi (Arr., Anab., VII, 12,4;
Curt., X, 10,15; Just., XII, 12,8-9). amasTan, kurcius rufusis mixedviT,
kra­teross saidumlod davalebuli hqonda antipatrosis mokvlac
(Curt., X, 10,15). Tumca, es ver Sesrulda. Tu kurciusi marTalia, ma­
Sin gaugebaria diodore sicilielis cnoba, rom krateross da­va­
lebuli qonda kilikiaSi samxedro flotis ageba, romliTac ale­
sandres unda gaelaSqra karTagenis winaaRmdeg (Diod., XVIII, 4,1-4,
q­
12,1). plutarqe ki, romelic mogviTxrobs veteranTa samSobloSi
dab­ runebis Sesaxeb, arafers ambobs antipatrosis babilonSi da­
barebaze. piriqiT, misi cnobiT, aleqsandrem antipatross we­ ri­
lobiT ubrZana, rom makedoniaSi dabrunebul meomrebs igi di­di
pativiT mopyroboda da ,,yvela Sejibrebasa da Teatralur sa­na­xa­
oba­ze sapatio adgilebze daesva” (Plut., Alex., 71,5).
Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi, antikur wyaroTa umrav­le­so­
ba­ze dayrdnobiT, miRebulia, rom krateross unda Caenacvlebina
an­tipatrosi. Cvenc, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, viziarebT am Tvalsazriss.
Tum­ca, isic faqtia, rom aleqsandres es gankarguleba ver Ses­rul­
da. samecniero literaturaSi am faqts ZiriTadad imiT xsnian,
rom kraterosma ver moaswro makedoniaSi Casvla. igi jer kidev
gza­Si iyo, roca moulodnelad aleqsandre gardaicvala. amitom
re­ alurad man ver SeZlo makedoniaSi Zalauflebis xelSi aReba
(ix., mag., Ранович, 1950: 82). Tumca, Cven es mosazreba miuReblad
mi­­gvaCnia. cnobilia, rom kraterosi veteranebTan erTad opisidan
ga­vida daaxl. Zv.w. 324w. agvistoSi (Шофман, 1976: 312). igi 9-10 Tvis
Sem­degac ki, roca moulodnelad Zv.w. 323 w. 13 ivniss aleqsandre
gar­ daicvala, opisidan arc Tu ise Sors, kilikiaSi imyofeboda.
yo­vel SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom kraterosi evropisaken Zalze ne­
la midioda. faqtia isic, rom kilikiaSi myofi kraterosi, ro­
melsac makedoniaSi antipatrosi unda Seecvala, flotis age­bi­Taa
dakavebuli (Diod., XVIII, 4,1-4,12,1). zogierTi mkvlevari cdi­ lobs
antikur wyaroTa monacemebis Sejerebas da Tvlis, rom ma­ ke­
do­ niisaken mimaval krateross aseve evaleboda flotis ageba,
romelsac monawileoba unda mieRo aleqsandres mier dagegmil
mo­maval grandiozul laSqrobaSi karTagenis winaaRmdeg (Lendering,
2001). magram, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom kraterosisaTvis, ro­ me­
lic makedoniaSi sruliad konkretuli mizniT midioda _ mas un­da
287
Seecvala antipatrosi, romelsac aleqsandre ukve aRar en­doboda
_ daevalebinaT dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis da­sa­mor­Ci­le­
blad gamiznuli flotis ageba, rac did energiasa da dros mo­
iT­xovda. aseve miuReblad migvaCnia i. droizenis mosazreba, rom
an­tipatross maSinaTve ki ar unda moexsna Tavisi uflebamosileba
da saCqarod wasuliyo babilonSi, aramed unda ganegrZo Tavisi
mo­valeobis Sesruleba kraterosis mosvlamde, rac veteranTa ne­
li moZraobis pirobebSi SesaZloa wlobiT gaWianurebuliyo (Дро­
йзен, 1995(1): 492-493). aseT SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, ra azri hqon­
da antipatrosis, romlisac `mefes gansakuTrebiT eSinoda~ (Plut.,
Alex., 74), babilonSi dabarebasa da mis postze kraterosis da­ ni­
S­
vnas, Tu es wlebis manZilze mainc ver ganxorcieldeboda; Tu
kra­terosis makedoniis saTaveSi mosvla droSi gawelil procesad
iyo gaTvlili, maSin ra saWiro iyo misi winaswari deklarireba da
antipatrosis gaRizianeba, romelsac isedac eSinoda, rom par­me­
nionis beds gaiaziarebda (Diod., XVII, 118,1-2; Just., XII, 14,5); mefis es
fiqciuri gadawyvetileba xom axali uTanxmoebebis mizezi gax­de­
bo­da?
sainteresoa, rom aleqsandres am gadawyvetilebas ukavSi­
rebs antikur wyaroTa nawili mis sikvdilsac. kraterosis da­
niS­vna imperiis evropuli nawilis mmarTvelad da antipatrosis
ba­bilonSi dabareba imTaviTve aRqmul iqna, rogorc sadamsjelo
Ro­nisZieba am ukanasknelis mimarT (Diod., XVII, 118,1; Just., XII, 14,1-2;
XII, 14,5; Curt., X, 10,14); antikur avtorTa mowmobiT, antipatrosi,
ro­melic isedac SeSfoTebuli iyo filota-parmenionisaTvis ga­
motanili sasikvdilo ganaCeniT (Diod., XVII, 118,1), eWvobda, rom mas
babilonSi sastikad gauswordebodnen; amitom amjobina da­ es­
wro
aleqsandresTvis da es ukanaskneli moawamvlina (Just., XII, 13,8-9; XII,
14,1-9; Diod., XVII, 118,1-2; Curt., X, 10,14-17). Tanamedrove is­to­ri­og­
rafiaSi, arianesa (Arr., Anab., VII, 25,1; 27) da plutarqes (Plut., Alex.,
75-76) cnobebze dayrdnobiT, aleqsandres mowamvlis versia Zi­ri­
Ta­ dad uaryofilia (ix.: Шофман, 1976: 390-402); magram, erTi ram
fa­qtia _ es versia cnobilia yvela antikuri avtorisaTvis, maT
So­ris arianesa da plutarqesTvisac, da miuxedavad imisa iziareben
isi­ni mas Tu ara, yvela maTgani am versias antipatrossa da mis
ojaxs ukavSirebs.
aleqsandres sicocxlis bolo wlebSi misi da antipatrosis
ur­TierTobis sakiTxi erT-erTi rTuli da mravalplastiani pro­b­
le­maa, romelic dakavSirebulia aleqsandresadmi antagonisturad
gan­wyobili Zalebis aqtivizaciasTan. am sakiTxs Cven aq dawvrilebiT
ar SevexebiT, miT ufro, rom is ar warmoadgens Cveni kvlevis obi­
288
eq­ts. ubralod gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom kiTxvebze, romelic zemoT
wa­moiWra, jerjerobiT damajerebeli pasuxi ar arsebobs. Tumca,
ze­moTqmulidan gamomdinare, erTi ram cxadia: kraterosis droSi
ga­welili mgzavroba makedoniisaken da antipatrosis mier postis
Se­narCuneba, babilonis samefo karsa da pelas Soris mimdinare
ra­Rac kuluaruli politikuri intrigebis nawilia, romelic an­
ti­kur xanaSive iqca aTasgvari spekulaciis sagnad.
aleqsandres sikvdilma, rogorc aRiniSna, makedonur banakSi
di­di dabneuloba gamoiwvia. imTaviTve iCina Tavi sxvadasxva da­
jgufebebs Soris winaaRmdegobam. babilonSi mowveul iqna TaT­
bi­ri, romelsac eswreboda yvela strategosi antipatrosisa da
kraterosis garda. Sexvedraze gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi Tval­saz­
risi. aleqsandres uaxloesi megobari, hetairTa hiparqiis me­ Ta­
uri perdika, romelsac mefem sikvdilis win saxelmwifo beWedi
ga­dasca rogorc Tavis memkvidres (Diod., XVII, 117,3; XVIII, 2,4; Curt., X,
5,4; Just., ХII, 15,12), nearxosi da meleagre mxars uWerdnen imperiis
er­Tianobis SenarCunebas, Tumca amis misaRwevad maT sxvadasxva Se­
xeduleba hqondaT: perdikas azriT, unda moecadaT sanam gaC­n­de­
bo­da taxtis kanonieri memkvidre roqsanasagan; sazRvao flotis
sar­dlis, nearqosis azriT, taxtze unda asuliyo herakle _ ale­
qsandresa da satrap artabazis qaliSvilis, barsinas Svili, ro­
me­lic am droisaTvis dedasTan erTad cxovrobda pergamosSi;
xo­lo qveiTi jaris meTauri meleagre, romelic yvelaze metad
ga­modioda makedonuri tradiciebis damcvelad, argeadTa samefo
sax­lis warmomadgenlis, filipe II-is ukanono Svilis, gonebasusti
ari­daiosis gamefebas iTxovda. erTiani saxelmwifos SenarCunebis
wi­naaRmdeg gamovida ptolemaiosi. man wamoayena winadadeba, rom
saerTod ar iyo saWiro mefis arCeva da mmarTveloba unda ga­da­
scemoda strategosTa sabWos, romelsac imperia calkeul re­gi­
one­bad unda daenawilebina (Curt., X, 6; Just., XIII, 2; Дройзен, 1995(2): 7-9).
Tavdapirvelad miRebul iqna perdikas winadadeba. momavali
me­fis regentebad ki dainiSnen aziaSi _ perdika da leonatosi, xo­
lo evropaSi _ kraterosi da antipatrosi (Curt., X, 7,8-9; Just., XIII,
2,13-14). amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kraterosi saerTod ar
imyofeboda babilonSi, is imdenad angariSgasawev Zalas war­mo­ad­
gen­da, rom erT-erT umaRles xelisuflad dasaxelda.
Tumca, babilonSi mdgomareoba sul ufro rTuldeboda.
per­dikas winadadebas mxari dauWires hetairebma da kavaleriam,
e.i. makedonuri armiis aristokratiulma frTam, qveiTebma ki me­
fed aridaiosi gamoacxades (Diod., XVIII, 2; Curt., X, 7-8; Just., XIII, 3; Arr.,
Post Alex., 3). amdenad, memkvidris sakiTxis niadagze makedonuri ar­
19. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 289
mia or nawilad _ falangistebad da kavaleriad gaixliCa. Tum­
ca, am etapze evmenes Carevis Sedegad konfliqtis Tavidan aci­
le­ ba moxerxda (Plut., Eum., 111). kavaleria-qveiTebs Soris Sedga
Se­Tanxmeba _ kavaleria mefed cnobda qveiTTa mier wamoyenebul
kan­didats _ aridaioss, xolo Tavis mxriv, falangistebi pirobas
deb­dnen, rom Tu roqsanas vaJi eyoleboda, masac aucileblad me­
fed aRiarebdnen (Just., XIII, 4,1-3; Curt.,. X, 7,8-9; Diod., XVIII, 2,4). am­de­
nad, am kompromisuli gadawyvetilebiT, qveynis evropul da azi­ur
nawilebs cal-calke mefeebi da Sesabamisad, regentebi unda hyo­
lo­ daT. am SeTanxmebis Sedegad leonatosi CamoSorda regentis
Ta­namdebobas da misi adgili meleagrem daikava; amis Semdeg ki
Tanamdebobebi gainawiles: antipatrosi dainiSna evropaSi gan­la­
gebuli jarebis mTavarsardlad, perdika _ xiliarxad (adre he­
fes­ tioni iyo am Tanamdebobaze _ k.f.), meleagre ki hiparqosad.
rac Seexeba krateross, man miiRo makedoniis prostasia (προστασία
τής βασιλείας), samefos mcvelis (Arr., Post alex., 4; Just., XIII, 4, 5; Curt., X,
7, 8-9; Diod., XVIII, 3,1-2), anu, rogorc Cans, aridaiosis xelisuflebis
re­gentisa da proteqtoris Tanamdeboba. garda amisa, pompeus
tro­gusis (Zv.w.I _ ax.w. Iss.) cnobiT, romlis naSromis fragmentebma
Cve­namde moaRwia ax.w. II-IIIss. avtoris iustines mier Sesrulebuli
epi­tamiis (amonaweri) saxiT, kraterosma aseve miiRo samefo xazinis
gan­kargvis ufleba (Just., XIII, 4, 5). amdenad, miRweuli SeTanxmebiT
Se­icvala umaRlesi samxedro xelisufleba da arsebiTad re­ or­
ganizebul iqna evropuli nawilis mmarTveloba. rac Seexeba aR­mo­
savleTis satrapiebs, isini Zveli mmarTvelebis xelSi darCa (Дро­
йзен, 1995(2): 12).
ase rom, rogorc vnaxeT, kraterosma amjeradac SeinarCuna
sta­­tus-kvo da igi imperiis erT-erTi umaRlesi xelisufalia.
Tum­ca, sxva saqmea ramdenad realuri iyo mis xelSi arsebuli Za­
la­­ufleba.
mkvle­varTa nawilis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kraterosi
da antipatrosi ar imyofebodnen babilonSi, maTi poziciebi ar
Se­r­yeula, strategosTagan veravin gabeda maTi interesebis Se­
la­x­va da maTi ambiciebi bolomde iqna dakmayofilebuli (ix. mag.,
Fοn­tana, 1959: 165; Шофман, 1984: 69). antipatrosTan dakavSirebiT
ze­moT motanili mosazreba ZiriTadad sworia. man marTlac Se­ina­
rCuna Tavisi statusi. pirvel etapze babilonSi myofTagan, ro­
mel­ Tac isedac mozRvavebuli hqondaT uamravi problema, Riad
ve­ravin gamovidoda antipatrosis winaaRmdeg, romelic wlebis
gan­mavlobaSi erTpirovnulad marTavda makedonias; imperiis ev­
ro­pul nawilSi antipatross konkurenti ar yavda da bunebrivia,
290
mas Zalauflebas veravin Seecileboda. Tumca, unda iTqvas isic,
rom mogvianebiT babilonSi miRebul iqna antipatrosisaTvis gar­
kveulwilad miuRebeli gadawyvetilebebic da misi gavlenac ram­
de­nadme SeizRuda. mag., satrapiaTa gadanawilebisas perdikam
an­
tipatrosis gamgeblobaSi moqceuli teritoriebidan gamoyo
Tra­kia da igi calke satrapiis saxiT gadasca Tavis erTgul me­go­bar
lisimaxes (Diod., XVIII, 4; Just., XIII, 4, 16; Arr., Post Alex., 7), xolo da­nar­Ceni
nawilis, anu makedoniis, epiris, iliriisa da saberZneTis mmar­Tve­
lo­ba gadanawilda antipatrossa da krateross Soris, romelmac
es uflebamosileba miiRo rogorc prostatma (Дройзен, 1995(2):
24). am gadawyvetilebiT ki antipatrosi, bunebrivia, kmayofili
ver iqneboda. Tumca, rogorc Cans, makedoniis mmarTvels es ar
ga­umJRavnebia, ramdenadac aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyo mis
wi­naaRmdg aemoqmedebinaT aleqsandres brZaneba misi kraterosiT
Sec­vlis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba krateross, vfiqrobT, aq ramdenadme gansxvavebul
vi­TarebasTan gvaqvs saqme. unda aRiniSnos, rom babilonSi miRebuli
kom­promisuli SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb wyaroTa monacemebi sakmaod
bun­dovania. arianes mixedviT, samefos umaRlesi xelisufleba
kra­­terosis xelSi gadavida, xolo aziaSi samxedro xelZRvaneloba
per­dikas daekisra (Arr., Post Alex., 4). diodores cnobiT ki, uma­
R­­
lesi xelisufali perdika iyo, romelic yvelas meTaurobda
(Diod., XVIII, 2-3). rogorc Cans, axalSeqmnili saxelmwifo sistemis
prob­lema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom aq erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad ar
iyo gamijnuli calkeul ierarqTa ufleba-movaleobani. mag., ga­
u­rkvevelia sad gadioda zRvari perdikasa da kraterosis fun­
qciebs Soris. amasTan, kraterosi saerTod ar imyofeboda ba­
bi­lonSi da realurad prostatis funqciasac xiliarxi perdika
iTa­vsebda (Шахермайр, 1984: 274). amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom
sa­trapiaTa gadanawilebas perdika axdens, axal satrapebsac is aZ­
levs brZanebebs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalauflebasac ar­
Tmevs maT (Ранович, 1949: 81; Шахермайр, 1984: 274). faqtobrivi Za­
la­ufleba rom xiliarx perdikas xelSi iyo, amas naTlad mowmobs
Sem­degi faqtic: samSobloSi mimaval krateross aleqsandres gan­
kargulebiT davalebuli hqonda grandiozuli proeqtebis gan­xor­
ci­eleba, romlebic uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovda. Tumca, ukve
re­gentis rangSi myofi kraterosisaTvis aseTi raodenobis fulis
ga­dacema, perdikasaTvis miuRebeli iyo. amitom man makedonel me­
omarTa krebas gaauqmebina aleqsandres es brZaneba (Diod., XVIII, 3,1;
Дройзен, 1995(2): 26-28). yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sa­mar­
Tlianad migvaCnia i. droizenis Sexeduleba, rom `makedoniis pro­
291
stasia~ realurad pativis meti araferi iyo (Дройзен, 1995(2): 26-28).
amdenad, am etapze, garemoebaTa gamo, kraterosi sxva re­gen­
teb­ Tan SedarebiT `dazaralda~. marTalia, man miiRo makedoniis
sa­mefo ierarqiaSi erT-erTi umaRlesi Tanamdeboba, magram, faq­
tia, rom misi realuri uflebamosilebis areali bevrad Sez­ Ru­
duli iyo, vidre Tundac antipatrosisa, romelic flobda faq­
to­ briv Zalauflebas balkaneTSi, rom araferi vTqvaT xiliarx
per­dikaze. krateross, antipatrosisagan gansxvavebiT, ubralod
ar gaumarTla. mas aleqsandres sikvdilma, rogorc aRvniSneT,
gza­Si, kilikiaSi mouswro. amdenad, man ver SeZlo balkaneTSi an­
tipatrosis Secvla da Zalauflebis xelSi aReba, romelic mas
kanonierad ekuTvnoda. amasTan is babilonidan, movlenaTa epi­
cen­tridanac Sors aRmoCnda. aseT viTarebaSi, cxadia, makedoniis
pro­ statoba realurad Zalagamoclili iyo da mxolod sapatio
ti­tuls-Ra warmoadgenda. ase rom, aleqsandres uaxloesma Ta­na­
mebrZolma da megobarma, amasTan makedonur armiaSi yvelaze po­
pularulma sardalma miiRo erTi SexedviT maqsimumi, Tumca faq­
tob­rivad meore planze gadainacvla.
Tumca, male movlenebi kaleidoskopuri siswrafiT ganvi­Tar­
da da dramatuli xasiaTi miiRo. perdika-meleagres dapirispireba
me­leagres sikvdiliT dasrulda, ris Semdegac umaRlesi Za­ la­
uf­lebiT aRWurvilma perdikam moaxdina satrapiebis pirveli ga­
danawileba: ptolemaiosma miiRo egvipte; laomedonma- siria; fi­
lotam _ kilikia; piTonma-midia; pevkestam-sparseTi; evmenem _
ka­
padokia, paflagonia da ponto-trapezuntis raionebi; antigo­
nem, romelic jer kidev Zv.w. 333 wlidan marTavda frigias, da­
ma­tebiT miiRo likia da pamfilia; karia gadaeca asandross, le­
ona­toss _ mcire frigia, xolo menandres _ lidia; Sua aziis
sat­rapiebi isev Zveli mmarTvelebis xelSi darCa (Diod., XVIII, 3,1-4;
Plut., Eum., 3,2; Just., XIII, 4,10-23; Curt., X, 10, 1-5; Arr., Post Alex., 6). rac
Seexeba evropas, aq, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, antipatrosi kra­
terosTan erTad, romelic jer kidev kilikiaSia, inawilebs uma­
R­les xelisuflebas da marTavs makedonias, saberZneTs, epirs,
ili­ rielebsa da trebalebs; xersonesi, Trakia da mis mimdebare
pon­tospira raionebi ki lisimaxes gankargulebaSia.
ramdenadac kraterosi da antipatrosi ar imyofebodnen ba­
bi­lonSi, orive mefis meurveoba da amdenad, mTeli Zalaufleba
per­dikas xelSi aRmoCnda, rac sxva diadoxosTa ukmayofilebas iw­
vevda. perdikas winaaRmdeg iwyeba koaliciebis Seqmna rogorc da­
sav­leTSi, aseve aziaSi. iwyeba permanentuli konfliqtebi TiTqmis
yve­la mimarTulebiT. perdikas winaaRmdeg gamodian antigone,
292
pto­lemaiosi, xolo dasavleTSi-antipatrosi. es ukanaskneli per­
dikas politikas makedoniisaTvis da mTlianad imperiisaTvis saf­
r­Txed miiCnevda. maTi politikuri Sexedulebebi radikalurad
gan­sxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan: perdika aleqsandres ideebis mim­
de­vari iyo, antipatrosi ki ar iziarebda maT (Fοntana, 1959: 165).
Tavdapirvelad kraterosi ar aqtiurobs da iqmneba STa­beW­
di­leba, rom momlodine pozicia uWiravs. Tavisi msofl­ mxe­
dve­
lo­ bidan gamomdinare mas TiTqos perdika-evmenes anu imperiis
er­Tianobis damcvelTa mxare unda daeWira. amasTan, krateross
ale­ qsandres gankargulebiT, antipatrosis sagamgebloSi ka­ no­ni­
eradac ekuTvnoda mTeli Zalaufleba da mas erTi SexedviT am
mimarTulebiT unda hqonoda pretenziebi. aq, Cveni azriT, ga­oce­
bas iwvevs erTi faqti. pelaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba TiTqos xel­
sa­yreli iyo imisaTvis, rom krateross daewyo brZola balkaneTSi
re­aluri Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad. man, bunebrivia, kargad
ico­ da pelas samefo karze sxvadasxva politikur jgufebs So­
ris arsebuli ZalTa balansi da antipatrosis mimarT ar­ se­
buli
aSkara antagonizmi. antipatrosis dauZinebeli mteri oli­mpiada,
ro­ melic jer kidev Zv.w. 334 wlidanve dauRalavad eb­ rZoda
antipatross, miaRwia imas rom aleqsandres antipatrosi Ca­ ana­c­
v­
lebina kraterosiT, aleqsandres sikvdilis Semdegac aTasgvar
in­
trigebs xlarTavs, qmnis makedoniis mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg
axal kavSirebs da molaparakebas awarmoebs strategosebTan am
ukanasknelis mosaSoreblad (mag., perdikas sTavazobs Tavis qa­
li­ Svils, kleopatras; Tavis mxriv, igive kleopatra colobas
hpi­rdeba leonatoss _ mizani igivea _ Caanacvlon antipatrosi;
an­
tipatrosis winaaRmdegia aseve gavleniani kinana-evridikas
jgufi _ ix.: Diod., XIII, 8-15; Just., XIII, 5-6; Arr., Post Alex., 13-14; Дройзен,
1995(2): 45-75). aseT viTarebaSi maTTvis bunebrivi mokavSire unda
yo­filiyo kraterosi. Tumca, wyaroebi arafers gveubnebian maT
Soris Ria an Tundac saidumlo urTierTobaze. piriqiT, kra­ te­
ro­ si antipatrosis mxares iWers da mas did daxmarebasac uwevs
sa­berZneTSi dawyebuli ajanyebis CaqrobaSi.
aleqsandres sikvdilisTanave mTeli egeosis zRvis auzi
ajan­yebebis talRam moicva. makedonelTa batonobis winaaRmdeg aq­
tiurad gamovidnen aTeni, etolia, lokrida, Tesalia da sxva ol­
qe­bi. antipatrosi energiulad Seudga ajanyebis CaxSobas, magram
ber­Znebma is qalaq lamiaSi alyaSi moamwyvdies. antipatrosma da­
xma­rebisTvis mimarTa frigiis mmarTvel leonatossa da kilikiaSi
myof krateross. antipatrosis dasaxmareblad leonatosis mos­v­
lis Semdeg berZnebi iZulebuli gaxdnen lamiis alya moexsnaT. maT
293
mTeli Zalebi frigiis satrapis winaaRmdeg mimarTes da ga­mar­j­ve­
bac moipoves (Diod., XVIII, 12-15; Just., XIII, 5,5-15).
Zv.w. 322w. maisSi an ivnisSi, e.i. aleqsandres sikvdilidan mTe­
li erTi wlis Semdeg makedoniis prostatma Tavisi kilikiuri flo­
tiT helespontSi Secura da aziidan evropaSi gadavida. krateross
Tan axlda 10 000 makedoneli veterani, 1000 sparseli mSvildosani
da 1500-mde cxenosani. man SeuCereblad gaiara makedonia, gadavida
Te­saliaSi da SeuerTda antipatrosis armias. kraterosma mTa­
var­sardloba dauTmo antipatross, rogorc makedoniisa da sa­
berZneTis sruluflebian strategoss (Diod., XVIII, 16,4-5). kra­te­
ro­ sis es nabiji Cemi azriT imiT unda aixsnas, rom mas kargad
hqo­ nda gaTvlili Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da icoda, rom Tavisi
mci­rericxovani armiiT ver SeZlebda mrisxane metoqeebisaTvis
sa­Tanado winaaRmdegobis gawevas. makedonelTa gaerTianebulma
laS­ qarma imave wlis agvistoSi kranionTan brZolaSi daamarcxa
ber­ Znebi, strategosTa kavSiri ki kraterosisa da antipatrosis
qa­liSvilis, filas qorwinebiT ganmtkicda (Diod., XVIII, 18,7).
gamarjvebulma makedonelebma ajanyebis iniciator aTenSi
gar­ni­zoni Caayenes da oligarqiuli mmarTveloba daamyares (Plut.,
Phoc., 28; Diod., XVIII, 18,3-5), xolo Zv.w. 322w. miwuruls kra­ te­
­
rosisa da antipatrosis meTaurobiT etoliaSi SeiWrnen. eto­li­
elebma datoves dasaxlebuli punqtebi da mTebs Seafares Tavi.
isini SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis iyvnen ganwiruli. Tumca, eto­
li­elebi daRupvisagan moulodnelma SemTxvevam ixsna (Diod., XVIII,
24-25). maTTvis yvelaze kritikul dros makedonelTa banakSi ga­
mo­cxadda aziidan gamoqceuli satrapi, cnobili strategosi an­
ti­gone, romelmac kraterossa da antipatross amcno perdikas
in­trigebisa da samomavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb: perdika apirebda ga­
hyroda antipatrosis qaliSvils, nikeas, colad SeerTo ale­ qsa­
ndres da, kleopatra, ris Semdegac ukve makedoniis samefo sax­lis
warmomadgenelis rangSi elaSqra evropaSi da Zalaufleba wa­ er­
T­mia antipatrosisaTvis. balkaneTis mmarTvelebma gadawyvites
sas­wrafod daedoT zavi etolielebTan da gaelaSqraT aziaSi.
maT aseve gaiyves momavali gavlenis sferoebi: aziis hegemoni kra­
terosi unda yofiliyo, xolo evropis mmarTvelis posti an­ ti­
patross darCeboda (Diod., XVIII, 25,3-5; Just., XIII, 6,4-7). ase rom, per­
di­kas winaaRmdeg Seikra mZlavri koalicia, romelSic Sediodnen
an­tipatrosi, kraterosi, antigone da ptolemaiosi. Zv.w 322 welsve
ko­alicia aqtiur moqmedebebze gadavida. sabrZolo operaciebi
pa­ralelurad mimdinareobda mcire aziasa da egvipteSi.
Zv.w. 321w. adre gazafxulze perdika mefeebis TanmxlebiT eg­
294
vip­tisaken daiZra ptolemaiosis winaaRmdeg. man mcire aziaSi datova
ev­mene, romelic daniSna mcire azia-armeniaSi dislocirebuli ja­
re­bis mTavarsardlad da gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebebic mi­
ani­Wa. evmenes evaleboda jarebis koncentrireba helespontTan,
ra­Ta ar daeSva evropidan mowinaaRmdegis gadmosvla. garda amisa,
he­lesponti unda Caeketa egeosis zRvaSi myof flotsac (Diod.,
XVIII, 29, 1-4; Just., XIII, 6, 8-17). Tumca, ,,evropeli diadoxosebic” ene­
r­giulad amoqmednen. imave wlis gazafxulzeve makedonuri armia
kra­terosis sardlobiT ukve helesponts miadga. kraterosTan
er­Tad imyofeboda antipatrosic, antigone ki, rogorc Cans, ko­
aliciiis flots sardlobda. koaliciis laSqrobam aziaSi Ta­
vi­dan erTi SexedviT TiTqmis triumfaluri xasiaTi miiRo. kra­
te­ross imdenad didi gavlena da avtoriteti qonda makedonur
ar­miaSi, rom evmenes daqvemdebarebaSi myofma strategosma, TviT
per­ dikas Zmam, alketam uari ganacxada sabrZolo operaciebSi
mo­nawileobaze im motiviT, rom misi jariskacebi ara Tu ar ib­
r­Zolebdnen kraterosis winaaRmdeg, aramed ukve mis mxares ga­
da­sv­lasac ki apirebdnen. evmenes ganudga da kraterosis mxares
ga­davida armeniis satrapi neoptolemaiosi (Plut., Eum., 5; Diod., XVIII,
29, 4-5; Just., XIII, 8, 2-3), arc lidiisa da kilikiis satrapebi iy­ vnen
bolomde sando. aseT viTarebaSi evmenem CaTvala, rom he­ les­
pon­ tis dacvas azri ar hqonda da Tavis satrapiaSi, kapadokiaSi
dab­ runda. kraterosi mcire aziaSi gadavida evmenes winaaRmdeg
sa­brZolvelad. helespontis gaswvriv ganlagebuli evmenes Se­ na­
erTebi kraterosis gamoCenisTanave mis mxareze gadavidnen. an­ti­
pat­ros-kraterosis mxares gadavida perdikas mier helespontis
da­sacavad datovebuli sazRvao flotis sardali klitosic. ase
rom, evropeli sardlebi winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadavidnen mcire
azi­aSi. aziaSi strategosebma Tavisi jarebi or nawilad gayves.
erT nawils kraterosis sardlobiT evmene unda gaenadgurebina,
xo­lo meore, antipatrosis meTaurobiT, kilikiisken daiZra per­
di­kas winaaRmdeg (Diod., XVIII, 29,6; Plut., Eum., 6).
kraterossa da evmenes Soris gadamwyveti brZola moxda Zv.w.
321w. aprilSi. evmenes, romelic aleqsandres mdivani iyo da ar
hqo­nda didi samxedro gamocdileba, kraterosis tolfas figurad
ara­vin miiCnevda. Tumca, man kargad gaTvala momavali operaciis
taq­tikuri mxare. kraterosis Zlieri qveiTebis sapirwoned man ga­
moiyvana mravalricxovani da mZlavri kavaleria. kraterosma ver
Seafasa Tavisi mowinaaRmdege. igi darwmunebuli iyo rom ev­ me­
nes makedonuri SenaerTebi misi, anu jariskacebis sayvareli mxe­
darTmTavris danaxvaze miatovebdnen azielTa banaks da didi Za­
295
lis­xmeva ar dasWirdeboda darCenilebis gasanadgureblad. Tumca
ev­mene imdenad Wkviani gamodga, rom esec ki gaTvala. man armiaSi wi­
nas­war gaavrcela xma, rom unda ebrZolaT ara kraterosis, aramed
ne­optolemaiosis winaaRmdeg. garda amisa, uSualod kraterosis
wi­naaRmdeg man gamoiyvana ucxoelTa kavaleria, romelsac ubrZana
swra­ fad daertyaT mowinaaRmdegisaTvis, sanam qveiTebi uSualo
kon­taqtSi Sevidodnen erTmaneTTan. yvelasda gasaocrad evmenem
brwyi­nvale gamarjveba moipova. kraterosi ki, romelic mowinave
ri­gebSi gmirulad ibrZoda, mZimed dauWria viRac Trakiel me­
omars. brZolis velze dacemuli, agoniaSi myofi sardali icno
ev­menes strategosma gorgiasma, romelmac mas mcvelebi miuCina.
ev­menes am droisaTvis ukve ganadgurebuli yavda makedonelTa
mar­cxena frTa neoptolemaiosis meTaurobiT (Plut. Eum., VII; Diod.,
XVIII, 30-31; Just., XIII, 8). plutarqes gadmocemiT, evmenem, rogorc ki
ga­igo kraterosis ubedurebis ambavi, maSinaTve misken gaemarTa.
man cocxals miuswro Tavis Zvel megobars da Serigebis niSnad
xe­li gauwoda; igi mwared dastiroda kraterossac da sakuTar
Ta­v­sac, radgan wvlili miuZRoda mis sikvdilSi (Plut., Eum., 7, 7-8).
sa­xelovanma strategosma evmenes xelSi dalia suli. is gaxda di­
ado­xosTa omis pirveli msxverpli.
amrigad, antikur wyaroTa calsaxa mowmobiT kraterosi gaxl­
daT aleqsandres erT-erTi gamorCeuli da niWieri mxedarmTavari,
rom­lis saxelTan araerTi gamarjvebaa dakavSirebuli. magram, mi­
uxe­davad amisa, is ramdenadac kargi Semsrulebeli da kargi meomari
iyo, imdenad uiniciativo politikosi aRmoCnda. mas, rogorc Cans,
ar qonda arc politikur kuluarebSi moqmedebis niWi da arc imis
unari, rom movlenaTa ganviTarebisaTvis misTvis sasurveli mi­
mar­Tuleba mieca; kraterosis mdgomareoba da didi avtoriteti
iZ­leoda imis saSualebas, rom is gamxdariyo im dauRalav di­ado­
xosTagan erT-erTi, romlebmac monarqis gvirgvini daidges da
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes; Tumca mas politikur al­
RosTan erTad, rogorc Cans, garkveulwilad windaxedulebac ak­
lda, ris gareSec diadoxosebis boboqar epoqaSi rTuli iyo sa­ku­
Ta­ri ambiciebis realizeba.

296
 bibliografia:

• PLUT. _ plutarqe. rCeuli paraleluri biografiebi. ZvelberZnulidan

Targmna, Sesavali werili da ganmartebebi daurTo ak. uruSaZem. Tb.,
1957;
• ARR., POST ALEX. – Arrian’s Events after Alexander (Photius’ Excerpt), _ eleqtr.
versia: http://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/arrians-events-after-alexan­
der­-photius-excerpt/;
• DIOD. – Diodorus Siculus. Library of History. With an English Translation By Russel M.
Geer. Vol. 9. Cambridge, 1962;
• BERVE, 1926 – Berve, Helmut. Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographischer Gru­n­
dlage. Bd. II. München, 1926;
• ASHLEY, 2004 – Ashley, James R. The Macedonian Empire. London, 2004;
• FΟNTANA, 1959 – Fοntana M. J. Le lotte per la successione di Alessandro Magno dal
323 al 315, _ Atti della Accademia di scienze, Lettere ed Arti di Palermo. Ser. 4, vol
18, parts 2. Palermo, 1959;
• HAMMOND, 1994 – Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. Collected Studies.
Vol. 3: Alexander and His Successors in Macedonia. Amsterdam, 1994;
• HAMMOND, 1998 – Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. The Genius of Ale­xa­
nder the Great. University of North Carolina Press, 1998;
• HECKEL, 1972 – Heckel, Waldemar. The Marshals of Alexander’s Empire. London-
New York, 1992;
• LENDERING, 2001 – Lendering, Jona. Craterus, – eleqtr. versia: http://www.
livius.org/articles/person/craterus/;
• TARN, 1948 – Tarn, William Woodthorpe. Alexander the Great. Vol. 2. Cambridge,
1948;
• ARR., ANAB. _ Арриан. Поход Александра. Перевод с латинского М. Е. Сергеен­
ко,­ пре­дисловие О. О. Крюгера. М., 1993;
• ARR., IND. – Арриан. Индия. Перевод С. П. Кондратьева, _ Вестник древней
ис­тории. №2, 1940;
• POLYAEN – Полиэн. Стратегемы. Под общей редакцией А. К. Нефёдкина. СПб.,
2002;
• CURT. – Квинт Курций Руф. История Александра Македонского. Перевод М. Е.
Сер­геенко. М.,1993;
• STRABO – Страбон. География. Перевод, статья и комментарий Г. А. Стра­та­
нов­ского. Л., 1964;
• JUST. – Марк Юниан Юстин. Эпитома сочинения Помпея Трога «Historiarum Phi­
li­ppicarum». Перевод А. А. Деконского и М. И. Рижского. M., 2005;
• ДРОЙЗЕН, 1995(1) – Дройзен, Иоганн Густав Бернхард. История эллинизма. T. I:
Ис­тории Александра Великого. Ростов на Дону, 1995;
• ДРОЙЗЕН, 1995(2) – Дройзен, Иоганн Густав Бернхард. История эллинизма. T.
2: История диадохов. Ростов на Дону, 1995;
• Дройзен, 1995(3) – Дройзен, Иоганн Густав Бернхард. История эллинизма. T. 3:
История эпигонов. Ростов на Дону, 1995;
• ВЭРРИ, 2009 – Вэрри, Джон. Войны античности. От греко-персидских войн до
па­дения Рима. М., 2009;
• ДЕЛЬБРЮК, 2005 – Дельбрюк, Ганс. История военного искусства в рамках по­ли­
ти­ческой истории.  М., 2005;
297
• КЛЕЙМЕНОВ, 2014 – Клейменов Александр Анатольевич. Таксис Кена и его ги­
ппархия: анализ одного парадокса кадровой политики Александра Ма­ке­до­нс­ ­
ко­го, _ Научные ведомости Белгородского государственного уни­вер­си­те­та
(Ис­тория. Политология. Экономика. Информатика). №8 (179) . Выпуск 30. Бел­
город, 2014;
• КОННОЛЛИ, 2009 – Коннолли, Питер. Греция и Рим. Эволюция военного ис­кус­
ст­ва на протяжении 12 веков. М., 2009;
• НЕФЕДКИН, 2007 – Нефёдкин Александр Константинович. Конница эпохи эл­ли­
низма (военный и социальный аспект). Автореферат диссертации на со­ис­ка­
ние ученой степени доктора исторических наук. Ставрополь, 2007;
• РАЗИН, 1999 – Разин Евгений Андреевич. История военного искусства. Т. 1.
СПб.,1999;
• РАНОВИЧ, 1950  – Ранович Абрам Борисович. Эллинизм  и  его историческая
роль. М.-Л., 1950;
• ШАХЕРМАЙР, 1984 – Шахермайр Фриц. Александр Македонский. M., 1984;
• ШИФМАН, 1988 – Шифман Илья Шолеймович. Александр Македонский. M.,
1988;
• ШОФМАН, 1960 – Шофман Аркадий Семенович. История античной Македонии.
Ч. 1. Казань, 1960;
• ШОФМАН, 1963 – Шофман Аркадий Семенович. История античной Македонии.
Ч. 2. Казань, 1963;
• ШОФМАН, 1976 – Шофман Аркадий Семенович. Восточная политика Алек­сан­
д­ра Македонского. Казань, 1976;
• ШОФМАН, 1984 – Шофман Аркадий Семенович. Распад империи Александра
Ма­кедонского. Казань, 1984.

aleqsandre makedoneli da kraterosi lomze nadiroben (mozaika, q. pela)

/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craterus#/media/File:Alexander_craterus.jpg/

298
 KAKHABER PIPIA1

THE STRUGGLE FOR THE HERITAGE OF ALEXANDER IN 323-321 BC.

KRATEROS.

Krateros (Craterus, Κρατερός) was a valuable ally of Alexander, the nota-

ble macedonian from the region of Orestida. He was one of the most influential
members of the hetairoi. His career started as commander of one of the pha-
lanx brigades. In this position Krateros was present during the battle near the
river Granicus (June 334). Krateros commanded the phalang and all infantry on
the left wing in Battle of Issus in 333 BC. Early in 332, during the protracted
siege of Tyre, Krateros and Perdikkas were entrusted with the command of the
besieging forces in Alexander’s absence; When Alexander had prepared a formi-
dable fleet, during the naval attack on Tyre, Krateros commanded the ships on
the left wing. In the military sphere, there is no further mention of Krateros until
331 and the battle of Gaugamela. During this battle, he was, again, commander
of a phalanx battalion, of the phalanx and all infantry on the left wing. In Hyr-
cania Krateros was sent on a mission against the Tapurians. At the Battle of the
Hydaspes River in 326 BC he commanded the rearguard; his men crossed the
river only during the final stages of the battle.
After the revolt of the army in Opis 324 BC Krateros was commissioned
by Alexander to return the veterans to Macedonia and replace Antipater as
strategists from Europe. Craterus was in Cilicia, where he was building the fleet,
when Alexander unexpectedly died in Babylon. Almost immediately, the Greeks
revolted (the Lamian war). In Babylonia, Alexander’s generals were discussing
the future, but Craterus was not there, and even though it was agreed that he
would be one of the two regents of the new king. When Antipater requested
his help in the Lamian war, he sailed with his Cilician navy to Greece and helped
suppressing the revolt in 322 BC. In the last months of 321, when Antigonus rose
in rebellion against Perdiccas and Eumenes, Krateros joined him, alongside An-
tipater and Ptolemy. Krateros was killed in battle against Eumenes in Asia Minor
in 321 BC.

1
Kakhaber Pipia – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
299
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

roin yavreliSvili1

ramdenime Turquli dokumenti trapizonis

sazavo molaparakebebis Sesaxeb2

1917 wlis Tebervlis demokratiuli revoluciam daamxo ru­

seTis TviTmpyrobeluri reJimi. am dros pirveli msoflio omi
grZeldeboda, romlis erTi fronti _ ruseT-osmaleTis da­pi­ris­
pi­
rebis saxiT _ kavkasiaSic mimdinareobda. petrogradTan zavis
da­
debiT da omis SewyvetiT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo
sta­mboli, radgan igi erTdroulad oms awarmoebda antantis sa­
xel­mwifoebTan da marcxs marcxze ganicdida (svaniZe, 1997: 172).
1917 wlis 17 (30) noembers kavkasiis frontis jarebis mTa­var­
sardalma generalma mixeil prJevalskim werili miiRo kav­ kasiis
frontis osmaleTis jaris sardal general vehib faSasgan, ro­
melic winadadebas iZleoda, Sewyvetiliyo saomari moqmedebebi da
daewyoT molaparakeba droebiTi zavis dadebis mizniT (Док. №8:
11-12). ukve 21 noembers (4 dekembers) es SemoTavazeba ganixila da
dadebiTad gadawyvita amierkavkasiis komisariatma (Док. №14: 18-24).
1917 wlis 5 (18) dekembers erzinjanSi daido droebiTi zavi
ami­erkavkasiis delegaciasa da osmaleTis warmomadgenlebs Soris
(Док. №№8, 10: 11, 13).
erzinjanis droebiTi zavis teqstSi osmaleTis delegaciis
wi­
nadadebiT Seitanes Semdegi formulireba: `Tu ruseTis res­
pub­ likasa da centralur saxelmwifoebs Soris daideba saerTo
za­
vi, maSin yvela misi punqti savaldebulo gaxdeba kavkasiis
fron­tisTvisac~ (Док. №11: 14). am muxlis Setana xelSekrulebaSi
ami­erkavkasiis delegaciis aSkara Secdoma iyo. delegatebisadmi
Sed­genil instruqciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami amis Sesaxeb. e.i. de­
le­gaciam ar daicva maTTvis micemuli danasaqmi (svaniZe, 1997: 176;
1
roin yavreliSvili _ istoriis doqtori, profesori, samcxe-javaxeTis
saxelmwifo universiteti.
2
statia moxsenebis saxiT wakiTxul iqna IV saerTaSoriso konferenciaze
`tao-klarjeTi~ (Tbilisi, 2016w.).
300
Док. №13: 16-18).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osmaleTis delegaciam Tavisi davalebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili warmatebiT Seasrula da moipova
dip­lomatiuri upiratesoba momavalSi kavkasiis frontTan da­ka­v­
Sirebul saerTaSoriso molaparakebebze (yavreliSvili, 2016: 172-
180).
1918w. 3 marts xeli moewera brest-litovskis xelSekrulebas,
rom­­lis mixedviTac ruseTs unda gamoeyvana Tavisi jarebi ar­ta­
anis, yarsis da baTumis olqebidan (svaniZe, 1996: 302) da am mxa­re­Ta
be­di TviTgamorkvevis saxiT unda gadawyvetiliyo (nozaZe, 1989: 18).
osmaleTis mTavroba Cqarobda brest-litovskis xel­ Sek­
ru­
le­bis realizacias. 25 Tebervals (10) marts RamiT amierkavkasiis
mTa­vrobam amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis jarebis mTavarsardal general
ev­geni lebedinskis saxelze general vehib faSasgan miiRo depeSa,
sa­dac igi saubrobda brestis zavis pirobebze, moiTxovda yarsis,
ar­taanis da baTumis olqebis saswrafod daclas da miuTiTebda,
rom maT ganaaxles saomari operaciebi da daikaves trapizoni
(svaniZe, 1998: 21; Док. №№31, 49: 47-49, 86).
osmaleTis mTavroba ar daeloda imierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan
sazavo molaparakebis dawyebas da ganaaxla saomari operaciebi,
rac ewinaaRmdegeboda erzinjanis zavis pirobebs (m. svaniZe, 1998:
21; Док. №№31, 49: 47-49, 86).
amierkavkasiis komisariats da osmaleTs Soris winaswari mo­
la­parakebebis Sedegad miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad
mxa­reebs q. trapizonSi unda moewviaT konferencia, sadac unda Se­
emuSavebinaT maT Soris samSvidobo sazavo xelSekrulebis muxlebi
(m. sva­niZe, 1997: 170-179; Док. №№35, 42: 52, 67).
1918w. 16 Tebervals (1 marts) Catarda amierkavkasiis seimis
sxdoma (Док. №45: 73-83), romelzedac ganixiles trapizonis kon­
fe­renciasTan dakavSirebulis sakiTxebi. konferenciaze seimis de­
le­gacias unda exelmZRvanela seimis mier SemuSavebuli `ZiriTadi
de­bulebebiT~. es direqtivebi iTvaliswinebda 1914 wels ruseT-os­
ma­leTs Soris kavkasiaSi arsebuli sazRvris aRdgenas da agreTve,
de­legacias unda ebrZola aRmosavleT anatoliis TviTgamorkvevis
uf­lebisaTvis, kerZod, osmaleTis somxeTisaTvis avtonomiis mi­ni­
We­bisaTvis (svaniZe, 1998: 19; Док. №46: 83-84).
sazavo konferenciis delegacia Sedga Semdegi SemadgenlobiT:
xe­lmZRvaneli _ a. i. Cxenkeli, wevrebi _ h. b. abaSiZe, m. g. gajinski,
i. b. haidarovi, g. b. gvazava, r. n. kaCaznuni, g. m. lasxiSvili, m. i.
me­xtievi, x. b. xas-memedovi, a. i. xatisovi, a. a. Seix-ul-islamovi.
par­ tiuli kuTvnilebiT _ 2 social-demokrati, 2 daSnaki, 2 mu­
301
sa­vateli, 1 warmomadgeneli muslimur socialuri blokidan, 1
_ muslimuri social-demokratiuli partiidan, 1 _ ruseTis mu­
slimTa partiidan, 1 social-federalisti da 1 nacional-de­mo­k­
ra­ti (Док. №46: 84).
7 marts amierkavkasiis delegacia Tbilisidan baTumSi, xolo
me­ore dRes baTumidan kreiser `karol karlosiT~ trapizonSi ga­
em­gzavra da imave dRes trapizonSi Cavida (svaniZe, 1998: 22; Док.
№53: 89; n. zosiZe, 1998: 28).
osmaleTis delegacia kreiser `berk-i satvetiT~ (E. Şahin,
2002: 286) 1918w. 12 marts (Şahin, 2002: 289) trapizonSi Cavida. de­
legaciaSi Sediodnen: Tavmjdomare _ husein rauf (orbai) bei, pi­
rveli rangis kapitani, sazRvao departamentis Stabis ufrosi. wev­
re­bi: mehmed nusreT bei _ osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros
iu­ridiuli sammarTvelos sakonsultacio ganyofilebis ufrosi;
eqimi vice-polkovniki Tevfiq salim (saRlam) bei _ osmaleTis III
armiis sanitaruli ganyofilebis ufrosi; maiori husrev (gerede)
bei _ III armiis operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi; iusuf riza bei
_ delegaciis mdivani, partia `erToba da progresis~ centraluri
apa­ratis yofili deputati trapizonidan; riza efendi _ sarezervo
oficeri (delegati) da mdivani; abdulhamid bin mahmud mefendi _
sazRvao Zalebis ufrosi kapitani; leitenanti afganli abdurahman
efendi da ismail hami efendi _ sarezervo oficeris movaleobis
Semsruleblebi. sul 9 kaci (svaniZe, 1998: 22; Kurat, 1970: 467-468;
Şahin, 2002: 278-279).
1918w. 12 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens
tra­­pi­
zonSi osmaleTis samSvidobo delegaciis meTauris rauf
beis depeSas osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrosadmi. am do­ku­­
mentidan irkveva, rom vehib faSam enver faSasgan miRebuli in­st­ ­ru­
q­ciis safuZvelze, kavkasiis rusuli armiis meTaurs general le­
be­dinskis jer kidev molaparakebebis dawyebamde depeSa gaugzavna
(Док. №49: 86) da brestis zavis Tanaxmad yarsis, artaani da ba­
Tu­ mis olqebis evakuacia moiTxova (Док. №47: 85). amierkavkasiis
se­imis meTaurma nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZem depeSiTve upasuxa vehib
fa­Sas moTxovnas da, amasTanave, acnoba, rom xom ar niSnavda Tur­
qe­bis zemoaRniSnuli winadadeba uars sazavo molaparakebebis
daw­yebaze amierkavkasiis delegaciasTan. is aqve miuTiTebda, rom
ami­erkavkasiis mTavroba ar cnobda saxalxo komisarTa sabWoebis
mTa­vrobas da amierkavkasiis mTavroba warmoadgenda damoukidebel
po­litikur erTeuls (Док. №51: 87-88). trapizonis konferenciis
da­wyebamde aRniSnul depeSaze n. CxeiZem pasuxi ver miiRo, ris
ga­moc amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem evgeni gegeWkorma
302
igi­ve Sinaarsis depeSa gadaugzavna imierkavkasiis samSvidobo
de­legaciis meTaurs osmaleTis delegaciis meTaurisTvis tra­
pi­
zonSi gadasacemad. Cxenkelma aRniSnuli depeSa rauf beis ga­
da­sca. maTi saubridan dasturdeba, rom rauf bei ar flobda
in­
formacias vehib faSas mier CxeiZis depeSisadmi pasuxis ga­
ce­mis Sesaxeb da werilobiTi pasuxis gacemas molaparakebebis
msv­lelobis dros Sepirda (Док. №52: 88-89; Şahin, 2002: 292-293).
os­maleTis delegaciisTvis aRniSnuli 3 sanjayis Tema metad mni­
Svnelovani iyo. rauf bei Tavis depeSaSi miuTiTebs, rom igi Se­
ecada daerwmunebina amierkavkasiis delegacia molaparakebebis au­
ci­leblobaSi da saqme waeyvana maTi megobruli damokidebulebis
mo­sapoveblad, radgan instruqciis mixedviT micemuli davalebis
Se­sruleba _ dRis wesrigSi Setaniliyo sami sanjayis sakiTxi, sxva­
gvarad SeuZlebeli Canda. dokumentSi naTqvamia:
`dRes CavediT trapizonSi. ori dRis win Camosulma kavka­
si­is delegaciam, romelic jer kidev ar gadmosula Tavis ge­
mi­dan, Tavisi warmomadgenlebi gamogvigzavna. maT gadmogvces,
rom kavkasiis delegaciis xelmZRvaneli Cveni delegaciis xel­m­
ZRvanelTan iTxovs oficialur Sexvedras. maTi es moTxovna mi­
Rebul iqna da Sexvedra Catarda xmeleTze am SexvedrisTvis sa­
gan­gebod momzadebul adgilas. maTi delegaciis xelmZRvanelma
iki­Txa Cveni maRalaRmatebuli mTavrobis kavkasiis damoukidebel
mTav­robasTan samSvidobo molaparakebebis gamarTvis survilis
Se­saxeb. am kiTxvidanve gamomdinare, kavkasiis delegaciis ba­Tum­
Si Casvlis Semdeg miRebuli depeSis pasuxi warmoadgines da na­
Tar­gmni werilobiTi saxiT gadmogvces. es aris misi umaRlesoba
mTa­varsardlis movaleobis Semsruleblis mier vehib faSas Su­
ama­vlobiT kavkasiis mTavrobisadmi gagzavnili depeSis pasuxi.
sa­nam daviwyebdiT samSvidobo molaparekebebs, molaparakebebTan
da­kavSirebul Cvens xelT arsebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT mi­
vaniSne da vkiTxe, rom apirebdnen Tu ara samSvidobo mo­la­pa­ra­
kebebis dawyebas. aRmoCnda, rom isini apirebdnen, rom an unda Se­
as­rulon micemuli davaleba, an kategoriuli damokidebulebis
de­monstrirebiT dagvSordnen. maT, Ramis saaTebSi gadmogvigzavnes
si­tyvieri Setyobineba, am SetyobinebaSi Canda, rom isini iCendnen
ka­tegoriul damokidebulebas sami sanjayis sakiTxisadmi, ro­
mel­Ta Sesaxebac aris muxli Cvens mier ruseTTan xelmoweril
zav­Si da romelic, misi umaRlesobis brZanebis mixedviT, unda Se­
gve­tana am molaparakebebis pirobebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi
ka­tegoriulobis ganeitralebis mizniT, maTTvis gasacemi pasuxi
un­da yofiliyo yovelmxriv gaazrebuli. Cven pasuxad vuTxariT,
303
rom misi aRmatebuleba Cveni mTavroba miesalmeba kavkasiis res­
pu­blikis mTavrobis Seqmnas da ganviTarebas. aqvs survili, rom
masTan gulwrfeli molaparakebebi awarmoos. SevecadeT da­
gverwmunebina isini da saqme wagveyvana maTi megobruli da­mo­ki­
debulebis mosapoveblad~ (Şahin, 2002: 292-293; avtoris mier mi­Ti­
Tebuli dokumenti: Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt (SemdgomSi: ATASE), A.
4-3671, K. 2921, D. 511. F. 1-103, 1-104, 1-105).
1918w. 12 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens ve­hib
faSas pasuxs rauf beis moTxovnaze. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rauf
bei Tavis moTxovnaSi 3 sanjayis Sesaxeb informaciis da­zustebas
mo­iTxovda. 12 marts rauf beim zemoaRniSnuli mdgo­ma­reobis Se­
saxeb informacia Tevfik salimis da husrev beis sa­Su­alebiT ve­
hib faSas acnoba (Şahin, 2002: 294; avtoris mier mi­ TiTebuli do­
ku­men­ti: ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2914, D. 475, F. 4-9; ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2918,
D. 28-496, F.1-1). vehib faSa Tavis pasuxSi, romelic man rauf beis
isev salim beis saSualebiT acnoba, ganmartavs, rom brestis zavis
Se­sabamisad man moiTxova amierkavkasiis armiis mTa­varsardlisgan
sa­mi sanjayis daclis TariRis dazusteba. do­ku­men­tSi naTqvamia:
`brest-litovskSi xelmowerili zavis Sesabamisad, ru­
se­­­­
Tis mTavrobam yarsis, artaanis da baTumis sanjayebis da­ c­
la­ s­­
Tan dakavSirebiT aiRo valdebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare,
ru­­­seTis kavkasiis armiis mTavrsardlobisgan zemoaRniSnuli
san­­­jayebidan rusuli samxedro SenaerTebis gayvanis TariRTan
da­­­kavSirebiT moviTxove informacia. aqve mivuTiTe, rom amas ar
hqo­­nda raime ultimatumis saxe. samxreT kavkasiis mTavrobasTan
sa­­zavo molaparakebebis dawyebisTvis, ruseTTan jer kidev or­
m­xri­vad gadawyvetili sakiTxebis mowesrigebisTvis da imis ga­
Tva­­ liswinebiT, rom orive mxaris warmomadgenlebi imyofebian
tra­­pizonSi, mosaparakebebis dasawyebad ver vxedav raime wi­na­aR­
m­degobas~ (Şahin, 2002: 294-295; avtoris mier miTiTebuli do­ku­men­
tebi: ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2912, D. 464, F. 5-12; ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2921, D.
511, F.1-95).
1918w. 13 martiT wliT daTariRebuli dokumenti vehib fa­
Sas werilia trapizonSi osmaleTis delegaciis wevris husrev fa­­
Sa­sadmi. igi miuTiTebs, rom delegaciis meTauri rauf bei aRar
un­­da daelodos instruqciebs stambolidan da dauyovnebliv unda
Se­udges molaparakebebs. amasTanave, ar unda amoiRos delegaciis
dRis wesrigidan baTumis, yarsis da artaanis sanjayebis daclis
sakiTxi:
`Cemo keTilo, miviRe Tevfiq salim beis depeSa. saswrafod ga­
ve­­ci pasuxi. mas gavacani, aseve, is pasuxebi, romlebic gadavugzavne
304
kav­kasiis mTavrobis parlamentis Tavmjdomares da mTavrobis me­
Ta­urs miRebul depeSaze. aqedan gamomdinare, brestis zavis Se­
sa­­­bamisad, Cveni SekiTxva rusuli armiis mier baTumis, ardaganis
da yarsis vilaeTebi daclis vadis Sesaxeb, ar iqneba amoRebuli
sa­­zavo molaparakebebis pirobebidan. ar aris aucilebeli, rom
aR­­niSnul muxlTan dakavSirebiT rauf bei daelodos raime in­s­
t­ruqcias stambolidan. vfiqrob, saWiroa, molaparakebebis da­u­
yov­­nebliv dawyeba~ (Şahin, 2002: 295; avtoris mier miTiTebuli do­­
kumenti: ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2920, D. 16-507, F.1).
1918w. 10 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens ve­
hib faSas depeSas gegeWkorisa da Cxenkelisadmi, sadac gamoTqmulia
mza­dyofna samSvidobo molaparakebebis dasawyebad:
`samSvidobo molaparakebis sawarmoeblad SerCeuli Cveni
war­­­momadgenlebi trapizonSi ukve Cavidnen. molaparakebebis da­u­
yov­­nebliv dawyebis mizniT, me vTxove Cvens warmomadgenlebs, rom
da­­kavSirebodnen Tqvens warmomadgenlebs da molaparakebebisTvis
Se­ r­Ceul adgilze Sedgomodnen TavianT saqmianobas. vfiqrob,
rom momzaddeba orive mxarisTvis misaRebi da samarTliani zavi.
gTxovT, miiRoT Cemi pativiscema~ (Şahin, 2002: 295-296; avtoris mi­
er miTiTebuli dokumenti: ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2921, D. 159-510, F.1-50).
1918w. 14 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti aris enver faSas
de­­peSa vehib faSasadmi. masSi gansazRvrulia osmaleTis samSvidobo
de­­­legaciis kompetenciebi. delegaciis movaleobaSi Sedis Se­ is­
wav­­­los amierkavkasiis delegaciis samSvidobo winadadebebi da mi­
awo­­dos saTanado informacia osmaleTis mTavrobas:
`trapizonSi Casulma Cvenma warmomadgenlebma unda Se­ is­
wav­lon samxreT kavkasiis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis da­mo­ki­
de­­buleba, pirobebi da winadadebebi samSvidobo zavis Taobaze.
Se­m­deg, es yvelaferi unda acnobon mis aRmatebuleba Cvens mTa­
v­­robas da Seamzadon safuZveli samSvidobo zavisTvis. isini ar
arian uflebamosili damoukideblad daiwyon samSvidobo mo­
la­­parakebebi. mas Semdeg rac, misi aRmatebuleba Cveni mTavroba
Se­­iswavlis samxreT kavkasiis mTavrobis sazavo pirobebs da am
sa­kiTxisadmi maT damokidebulebas, SearCevs da gaagzavnis mo­la­
pa­rakebebis pirobebis da kompetenciisTvis Sesabamis sam­Svi­do­bo
delegacias~ (Şahin, 2002: 301; avtoris mier miTiTebuli do­ku­men­ti:
ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2921, D. 511-510, F.1-111).
1918w. 6 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens os­
ma­ leTis mTavrobis iuridiuli sammarTvelos mier SemuSavebul
in­struqcias. is 2 muxlisagan Sedgeba; II muxli ki 12 punqtisgan.
I muxlSi moTxrobilia 3 sanjayis ruseTis imperiisadmi ga­­da­
20. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 305
ce­mis mokle istoria, ganmartebulia brestis zavis IV muxli da es
sa­kiTxi miCneulia molaparakebebis principul sakiTxad. II mu­x­lSi
mi­TiTebulia, rom osmaleTis samSvidobo delegacia kargad un­da
gar­ kveuliyo koaliciuri delegaciis arsSi. naTqvamia, rom mo­
la­ parakebebis msvlelobisas maqsimalurad unda gamoyenebuliyo
ami­­erkavkasiis delegaciaSi Semavali muslimi wevrebis faqtori.
mxo­­lod amierkavkasiaSi arsebul situaciaSi garkvevis Semdeg, Se­
sa­Z­lebeli gaxdeboda sazavo pirobebSi Setaniliyo ZiriTadi da
da­matebiTi muxlebi.
`I. baTumis, yarsis da artaanis sanjayebis bedi gansazRvrulia
ru­­seTTan xelmowerili samSvidobo zavis mixedviT, Semdegi sa­
xiT: 1877-1878ww. osmaleT-ruseTis omis semdeg, ruseTis mi­
er kontribuciis saxiT moTxovnili pirobis erTi nawilis
da­­k­mayofilebis Sesabamisad, osmaleTis mxridan iZulebiT daT­
mo­ bili teritoria unda daicalos rusuli samxedro na­ wi­
le­
bis­gan da partizanuli razmebisgan. usafrTxoebis pirobebis da
sa­zogadoebrivi wesrigis damyarebamde, es teritoriebi un­da da­
ikavon osmaleTis policiurma Zalebma. zemoxsenebuli san­ja­ye­bi
aRar Sevlen ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, romelmac uari Tqva am re­
gi­onis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevaze. am mxareebis momavali unda ga­
da­­w­ydes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis da osmaleTis mTavrobis mier
er­­Toblivad. amgvarad, radgan sami sanjayis bedi gadawyvetil iqna
ru­­seTTan xelmowerili zavis mixedviT, kavkasiis respublikasTan
xel­­mosaweri zaviT gasaTvaliswinebeli teritoria, aRniSnuli sa­
mi ­sanjayis gamoklebiT, unda ganisazRvros danarCeni teritoriiT
da dRis wesrigSi unda Caisvas rogorc mTavari sakiTxi.
II. meore mxriv, kavkasiis respublikam, upirvelesad un­ da
war­moaCinos Tavisi arsi. miRebuli informaciidan unda ga­keT­
des Semdegi analizi, rom radgan iq imyofeba koaliciuri de­
le­­gacia, gasarkvevia, romel sazRvrebSi da ra erovnebis mo­sax­
le­­ obisgan Sedgeba koaliciaSi Semavali TiToeuli mTavroba.
amis garkvevis Semdeg, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba rom ze­
mo­­aRniSnuli mTavrobebidan romelimes mosaxleoba umetesad
mu­ s­limia, saWiro gaxdeba gairkves, Tu ramdenad sworad aris
ga­n­sazRvruli maT mTavrobaSi proporciuli umravlesoba. imi­sa­
Tvis, rom molaparakebebis dros ar mieces upiratesoba ara­mus­
lim warmoadgenlebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, miuRebeli iq­neba
um­ravlesobis daqvemdebareba umciresobis mier. miT­ume­tes, rom
ase­Ti principiT moqmed koaliciuri delegaciis si­coc­xlis­una­
ri­anoba xanmoklea da masTan xelmowerili samSvidobo zavic xan­
mo­kle iqneba.
306
 zemoaRniSnuli ori ZiriTadi principis dadgenis Semdeg, sa­
Wi­­ro gaxdeba samSvidobo zavSi qvemoT moyvanili muxlebis Setana.
am­­gvarad xelmosawer samSvidobo zavSi ZiriTadi da damatebiTi
mux­­lebis gaerTianeba moxerxdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT
cal-calke xelmoweras azri aRar eqneba.
1. xelSekrulebis pirvel muxlSi unda iyos aRniSnuli, rom
das­­rulda saomari moqmedebebi da samSvidobo zavis xelmomweri
mxa­­reebis Tanacxovreba, dRidan xelmowerisa, iqneba mSvidobiani
da me­gobruli.
2. kavkasiis respublika iRebs valdebulebas, rom ze­mo­aR­
niS­­nul sami sanjayidan da sxva dakavebuli teritoriebidan Tavis
sam­­xedro SenaerTebs, wiTelgvardielTa polkebs da partizanTa
raz­mebs gaiyvans.
3. politikuri urTierTobebis dawyebasTan erTad ganaxl­
de­ba urTierTobebi sakonsuloebis doneze.
4. daiwyeba xelaxali ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da xeli mo­
ewe­reba Sesabamis xelSekrulebas am sferoSi. am xalSekrulebis
mux­lebis mixedviT daregulirdeba saqonelgacvla mxareebs So­ris.
5. iqidan gamomdinare, rom osmaleTis saxelmwifos da kav­ka­
siis respublikas Soris ar arsebobs araviTari xelSekruleba, Se­
Tan­xmeba, dokumenti da sxva, orive mxare iRebs valdebulebas, rom
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmosawerad moamzadebs farTo savaWro
xel­Sekrulebas da savaWro urTierTobebisTvis aucilebel sxva
dokumentacias. aseve, zemoaRniSnili dokumentaciis xel­ mo­we­
ram­­de, mxareebi savaWro da sakonsulo sakiTxebSi imoqmedeben sa­
er­TaSoriso normebis mixedviT da `mometebuli xelSewyobis pri­
n­­cipiT~ paritetul safuZvelze.
6. gaicvleba xeibari da samxedro samsaxurisTvis gamo­usa­
degari samxedro tyveebi. darCenili sxva samxedro tyveebi, sam­
xed­ ro da disciplinirebul RonisZiebebs daqvemdebarebuli
yve­­la pirovneba gaicvalos mxareebis mier Seqmnil `sagangebo ko­
mi­sariatebis~ mier. samxedro tyveebis transportirebis xarjebze
pa­suxismgebelia mxare, romelmac tyveebi aiyvana. samoqalaqo pi­
re­bi dauyovnebliv unda iqnen gaTavisuflebulni. sacxovrebel
ad­gilamde maTi transportirebis xarjebze pasuximgebelia mxa­
re, romelmac tyveebi aiyvana an am sakiTxis mogvarebiT da­in­te­re­
se­buli qveyana.
7. sakonsuloebis Senobebze, maT avejze, momsaxure per­so­
nalis zaralsa da mis aRdgenaze pasuxismgebelia mozarale qve­ya­na.
8. manam, sanam kavkasiis respublika gaxdeba saerTaSoriso sa­
fos­to da satelegrafo kavSiris wevri, safosto da satelegrafo
307
kav­Sirebi unda ganxorcieldes safosto da satelefono xel­Sek­
ru­lebebis Sesabamisad.
9. xelSekrulebis xelmomwer mxareebis teritoriebze ga­
mo­­ qveynebuli kanonebi saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, unda iq­
nas ga­uqmebuli. aseve, erT-erTi mxaris qveSermdomTa mier me­ore
mxa­ris teritoriidan gamosatani nebismieri nivTi unda gan­xor­
ci­­­eldes omamdeli mdgomareobis Sesabamisad (aRniSnulTan da­­ka­
vSirebuli proceduris wesi unda dadgindes SemdegSi da ecnobos
osmaleTis delegacias). omis mZime pirobebidan ga­ mom­di­
nare,
mxareTa qveSermdomebs eZlevaT ufleba isargeblon erTi ro­
me­lime mxaris mier Tavisi qveSermdomebisTvis dawesebuli ga­
ma­
rtivebuli procedurebiT. mxareebi iReben valdebulebas,
ad­­ re romelime mxaris mier meore mxaris qveSevrmdomebisadmi
da­­kavSirebiT gatarebuli sxva da sxva RonisZiebebis Sedegad Ca­
mo­ rTmeuli, likvidirebuli, sekvestrirebuli, konfiskacia ga­
ke­Tebuli qoneba da sxva daubrunon mepatrones da aunazRauron
ase­Ti RonisZiebebis Sedegad miyenebuli zarali.
10. xelSekrulebis xelmomwerma mxareebma unda gamoacxadon
am­nistia meore mxaris qveSermdomebTan dakavSirebiT.
11. kavkasiis respublikaSi mcxovreb muslimebs aTi wlis gan­
mav­lobaSi mieceT ufleba moaxdinon kuTvnili qonebis gasxviseba
da miRebul sazRaurTan erTad gadasaxldnen sxvagan.
12. xelSekrulebis ratificirebuli teqstebi ZalaSi unda
Se­vides mxareebs Soris gacvlis Semdeg. aRniSnuli teqstebi ori
Tvis ganmavlobaSi an SesaZleblobis mixedviT ufro adre vadaSi,
ga­icvalos qalaq stambolSi (Şahin, 2002: 303-305; avtoris mier mi­
TiTebuli dokumenti: BOA,HR. HMŞ. İŞO, No107/10).
1918 wlis 20 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti aris enver
fa­Sas daSifruli depeSa vehib faSasadmi. igi miuTiTebs osmaleTis
sa­
gareo politikaze da aRniSnavs, rom kavkasiaSi, garda yarsis,
ba­Tumis da artaanisa, osmaleTis mflobelobaSi unda gadasuliyo
axal­cixis da erevnis mxareebi;
`kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi, Cvens sagareo politikasTan da­
kavSirebiT, Cemi Sexeduleba aseTia: axalcixis da erevnis mxa­
re­ebis CaTvliT, Zveli baTumis, yarsis da artaanis livebi unda
dar­Ces Cvens sazRvrebSi. amgvarad, Cven davrCebiT mosazRvred
kav­kasiis aRmosavleT regionSi mcxovreb muslim mosaxleobasTan.
ri­ Tac mzad viqnebiT yovelTvis aRmovuCinoT maT yvelanairi
dax­mareba. aseve, mivexmarebiT muslimebs, rom momavalSi gaxdnen
da­moukideblebi da gaTavisufldnen rusebis da somxebis (daS­
na­kebis) zewolisgan, Semovidnen Cveni mfarvelobis qveS an mo­
308
ma­valSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedegad SemogvierTdnen an
da­ gveqvemdebaron. dRevandel situaciaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia
Sem­degi, rom daRestnis, baqos, ganjis, aseve, yubanis da soxumis
mus­limebic ki unda iyvnen Tanxmobasa da karg damokidebulebaSi
kav­kasiis macxovrebelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan elementTan
qar­TvelebTan. aseve, kavkasiis seimSi yvela mxridan unda ga­ig­zav­
nos delegati da unda moipovon umravlesoba. mxolod am Sem­T­
xvevaSia SesaZlebeli Seiqmnas Zlieri safuZveli momavalSi Zli­
eri islamuri mTavrobis CamoyalibebisTvis kavkasiis sxvadasxva
re­gionebSi, an isini cal-calke Seqmnian mTavrobebs da Semdeg
ga­erTiandebian. momavalSi, ruseTidan anu CrdiloeTidan mo­ma­
vali safrTxeebis aRsakveTad aucilebelia muslimebis kav­Si­ri
qarTvelebTan da qarTvelTa keTilganwyobis mopoveba. au­ ci­
lebelia iniciativis gamiCena da xelSewyoba, rom usaTuod da­
Restnidan, soxumidan da sxva regionebidan gamoigzavnon de­le­ga­
tebi samSvidobo molaparakebebSi monawileobis misaRebad (Şa­hin,
2002: 306-307; avtoris mier miTiTebuli dokumenti: ATASE, A. 4-3671,
K. 2914, D. 475, F.4-18, 4-19).
1918w. 22 martiT daTariRebuli dokumenti aris osmaleTis
III armiis meTauris vehib faSas direqtiva trapizonSi myof os­ma­­
le­ Tis samSvidobo delegaciis wevris Tevfiq salim beisadmi. is
mo­ iTxovs, rom kargad Seiswavlon amierkavkasiis mTavrobis ar­
si, maTi miznebi da amocanebi, muslim delegatTa poziciebi aR­
ni­ S­
nul mTavrobaSi. aseve, aRniSnulia, rom kavkasiaSi sakuTari
in­­teresebis gatareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda qarTvelebis gareSe.
ami­tom, maTTan unda gamoiZebnaT molaparakebebis misaRebi forma:
`samxreT kavkasiis mTavrobis mier trapizonSi movlenil
de­legaciis wevrebTan saubrisas yuradReba unda mieqces Cveni
Sem­degi miznebis da amocanebis Sesrulebas: unda SeviswavloT am
mTa­vrobis Seqmnis mizezebi, maTi miznebi da amocanebi, survilebi,
Tu sxvebTan SedarebiT ra procentuli SemadgenlobiT arian am
mTa­vrobaSi muslimebi warmodgenili, ra poziciebi ukaviaT maT am
mTa­vrobaSi da ra donis gavlena aqvT, ra formiT apireben Cvens
mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu molaparakebebi gag­
r­Zeldeba, Cveni delegacia axlo kontaqtSi unda Sevides kavkasiis
de­legaciis muslim wevrebTan, unda
Seiswavlos maTi miznebi da damokidebulebebi, miiRos maTgan
in­formacia da moaxdinos kavkasieli muslimebis organizeba. am­
gva­ rad, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba maTi yovelmxrivi uzrunvelyofa
da CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiaSi Zlieri da damoukidebeli is­
la­­muri Zalebis daxmareba. erTi sityviT, dRevandel viTarebaSi
309
kav­­kasiis respublikaSi Semavali islamuri Zalebis momavlis ma­­
Ti survilisamebr mosawyobad saWiro safuZvelebisTvis au­ ci­ ­
le­beli pirobebze unda daviTanxmoT qarTvelebi, rom mus­lim­Ta
uf­lebebi ayvanil iqnas am respublikaSi Semavali sxva ara­muslimi
war­ momadgenlebis proporciuli uflebebis do­ ne­
ze. amgvarad,
Se­saZlebeli gaxdeba gaZlierdes kavkasiis mTa­v­robis muslimTa
mi­ znebi, ufro mosaxerxebeli forma mieces Cvens momaval ur­
Ti­erTobebs maTTan da gaxdes warmatebuli. aqe­dan gamomdinare,
ze­moaRniSnuli miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda wa­ri­marTos de­
legaciebs Soris molaparakebebi da gatardes saTanado Ro­ ­
nisZiebebi kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb in­ for­
mi­ re­­
bulia mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsruleblis aparati~
(Şa­hin, 2002: 307-308; av­toris mier miTiTebuli dokumentebi: ATASE,
A. 4-3671, K. 2918, D. 28-496, F.1-77; ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2917, D. 475, F.4-17,
4-35).
1918w. 12 apriliT daTariRebuli dokumenti enver faSas mi­­
er vehib faSasadmi gagzavnili gankargulebaa. aq kidev erTxelaa
gan­ martebuli kavkasiis sakiTxebSi misTvis adre micemuli in­ s­­­
t­
ru­qciebi. is Tvlis, rom Zlieri kavkasiuri saxelmwifos Se­sa­q­m­
nelad aucilebelia qarTvelebis da muslimi mosaxleobis er­­To­
b­
livi moqmedeba. Tumca, aqve ganmartavs, rom 1878w. da­ kar­ gu­­
li
te­ritoriebi unda daubrundes osmaleTs; baTumis sa­kiT­x­Si sa­qar­
T­­velos pirdeba ekonomikur SeRavaTebs. am sakiTxSi Se­sa­Z­leb­lad
Tvlis samokavSireo xelSekrulebis gaformebasac:
`rogorc Tqvens aRmatebulebas adrec gacnobeT, Cveni mizania
samxreT kavkasiSi mcxovrebi muslimTa nawilis (romlebic TiT­qmis Se­
dis 1878 wlamde arsebuli Cveni sazRvrebis farglebSi) uSu­alod Se­mo­
er­Teba. xolo, sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis da iq macxovrebeli xalxs
mi­eces damoukidebloba da saSualeba, rom Seq­mnan Zlieri kavkasiuri
kon­federaciuli saxelmwoifo. Cveni sur­vili aris, rom qarTvelebi da
mus­limebi am sakiTxSi iyvnen erT­sulovnebi da Cven maT am mimarTulebiT
gavuwevT daxmarebas. qar­Tvelebma unda icodnen, rom baTumis sakiTxSi
maT miecemaT sxva­da­sxva uflebebi ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. amas gar­
da, gavuwevT Ta­nadgomes zustad iseve, rogorc muslimebs da Tu eq­
ne­baT amis sur­vili, davdebT samokavsireo xelSekrulebasac. maT Se­
uZ­ liaT gve­ ndon Cvens sityvebSi. somxur sakiTxSi Cveni survilia,
vi­­mo­qmedoT qarTvelebTan erTad. Tu maT eqnebaT survili imisa, rom
Ta­vianT sazRvrebSi somxebs mianiWon avtonomia, amasac dav­Tan­x­mdebiT.
cxa­dia, rom Cvens Soris sazRvrebis sakiTxebi Semdgom unda mogvardes.
am mimarTulebiT muSaobis dros vTvli, rom maT un­da mieceT saTanado
ga­rantiebi (E. Şahin, 2002: 307-308; avtoris mi­er miTiTebuli dokumentebi:
310
ATASE, A. 4-3671, K. 2921, D.511, F.1-209).
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zemoT ganxiluli dokumentebi war­­
moadgenen saintereso wyaros im periodis saqarTvelos is­to­ri­is Se­sas­
wav­lad.

bibliografia:

• zosiZe, 1998 _ zosiZe nugzar. trapizonis sazavo konferencia. do­ku­

men­te­bis krebuli. baTumi, 1998;
• nozaZe, 1989 _ nozaZe viqtor. saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola
mes­xeTis gamo. Tb., 1989;
• svaniZe, 1996 _ svaniZe mixeil. brestis zavi da saqarTvelo, _ qarTu­
li dip­­lomatia. weliwdeuli. t. 3. Tb., 1996;
• svaniZe, 1997 _ svaniZe mixeil. erzinjanis droebiTi zavi, _ qarTuli
di­p­lomatia. weliwdeuli. t. 4. Tb., 1997;
• svaniZe, 1998 _ svaniZe mixeil. trapizonis konferencia (1918 wlis 14
mar­ti _ 14 aprili), _ qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. t. 5. Tb.,
1998;
• yavreliSvili, 2016 _ yavreliSvili roin. osmaleTis delegaciis da­
nasaqmi erzinjanis droebiTi zavis molaparakebebis dros, _ `gulani~.
#19. axalcixe, 2016,
• KURAT, 1970 – Kurat, Akdes Nimet. Türkiye ve Rusya (1798-1919). Ankara, 1970;
• ŞAHİN, 2002 – Şahin Enis. Trabzon ve Batum Konferansları ve Antlaşmaları (1917-
1918). Ankara, 2002;
• ДОК. №8 – №8. Выписка из журнала засеѣданія Закавказскаго Комиссаріата.
21 ноября (4 октября) 1917 года, – Документы и матерьялы по внѣшней поли­
ти­кѣ Закавказья и Грузіи (Semdgom: Документы и матерьялы...). Тфл., 1919;
• ДОК. №10 – №10. Ответь на турецкое предложеніе перемирія, – Документы
и ма­терьялы...;
• ДОК. №11 – №11. Телеграмма Главнокомандующему Англійской Мессопота­м­
с­кой арміей, – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №13 – №13. Инструкція предсѣдателю комиссіи по выработкѣ условій
перемирія, – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №14 – №14. Текстъ перемирія, – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №31 – №31. Телеграмма Вехиба-Паши о переходѣ турецкихъ войскъ въ
наступленіе. 30 января (12 февраля) 1334 г. (1918 г.), – Документы и мате­рь­
ялы...;
• ДОК. №35 – №35. Журнала засеѣданія Закавказскаго Комиссаріата. 1 (14) фев-
раля 1918 г., – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №45 – №45. Докладъ комиссіи о мирѣ на Засеѣданіи Закавказскаго Сейма.
16 февраля (1 марта) 1918 года, – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №46 – №46. «Основныя положенія» по вопросу о мирѣ, принятыя Закав­

311
 каз­с­кимъ Сеймомъ. Принято единогласно на засеѣданіи 16 февраля (1 марта)
1918 г., – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №47 – №47. Сообщеніе о сдачѣ большевиками туркамъ округовъ Арда­га­
на, Карса и Батуми, – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №49 – №49. Радіотелеграмма Вехиба-Паши съ требованіемъ эвакуацій
Кар­са, Ардагана и Батума, – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №51 – №51. Радіотелеграмма Н. С. Чхеидзе въ ответъ на требованіе
Ве­хиба-Паши – Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №52 – №52. Телеграмма прѣдседателя Закавказскаго Правительства
прѣ­­дседателю Закавказской мирной делегаціи. 25 февраля (10 марта) 1918 г.,
– Документы и матерьялы...;
• ДОК. №53 – №53. Стенографическій отчетъ засеѣданія Закавказскаго Сейма.
Тиф­лисъ 26 февраля (11 марта) 1918 г., – Документы и матерьялы....

akaki Cxenkeli husein rauf (orbai) bei

312
 ROIN KAVRELISHVILI1
SEVERAL TURKISH DOCUMENTS ABOUT
TREBIZOND PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
This article briefly describes nine documents about the recent history of
the South-West Caucasus published by Turkish historian Enis Şahin. The docu-
ments are the orders of the Ottoman’s peacekeeping delegation in Trabzon; Rauf
Bay, Enver Pasha, the Ottoman Foreign Ministry, Commander of the 3rd Ottoman
army, Wehib Pasha, Hüsrev Pasha, a member of the Ottoman delegation in Tra-
bzon, E. Gegetchkori, A. Chkhenkeli. They are official correspondence between
the Ottoman Government Legal Department. They clearly show preliminary po-
sitions of delegations of Ottoman and Transcaucasian Commissary on the of-
ficial negotiations issues. In the preliminary instructions given to the Ottoman
delegation, the Ottoman delegation’s attitude towards the three sanjaks – Kars,
Ardahan and Batumi and the vision of both sides about the solution of this prob-
lem are clearly shown. According to the documents, the competences of the
Ottoman peacekeeping delegation are defined. In several documents, the pol-
icy of the Ottoman government in the Caucasus and directly to Georgia is well
illustrated. It is stated that in the Caucasus except Kars, Batumi and Ardahan,
Ottoman ownership should be transferred to Akhaltsikhe and Yerevan. However,
it is clear that it would be impossible for Ottoman to carry out its interests in the
Caucasus without Georgians. Therefore, it was necessary to find an acceptable
form of negotiation with Georgians.

1
Roin Kavrelishvili – PhD in History, Professor, Samtskhe-Javakheti State University.
313
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

vaxtang Samugia1
`kozakis memorandumi~ _ xelidan gaSvebuli Sansi
Tu ruseTis morigi maxe

1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi moldovasa da separatistul

ti­­raspols Soris araerTi xelSekruleba gaformda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom xSir SemTxvevaSi es SeTanxmebebi dnestrispireTis araRiare­
buli respublikisa da moldovis saministroebs, maT Soris Soris
Zalovani struqturebis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac ki formdebo­
da. es kiSiniovSi politikosTa erTi nawilis gaRizianebas iwvev­
da, radganac msgavsi Sinaarsis dokumentebs isini separatistu­
li xelisuflebis erTgvar aRiarebad aRiqvamdnen. oficialur
ki­Siniovsa da tiraspols Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebebis
umetesoba urTierTTanamSromlobasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliq­
tis Sedegad ganadgurebuli infrastruqturis aRdgenas exeboda.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani 1997 wlis 8 maiss, moskovSi xelmowe­
ri­li memorandumi iyo. mas xels ruseTis, ukrainisa da moldo­
vis prezidentebi da dnestrispirel separatistTa meTauri, igor
smirnovi awerdnen (Штански, 2004: 77). xelSekruleba dapirispire­
buli mxareebis Serigebis erTgvar preludiad unda qceuliyo.
1993 wels dnestrispireTis konfliqtis mogvarebis procesSi
Su­amavlis roli, ruseTTan erTad, gaerTianebuli erebis organi­
zaciamac ikisra. 1995 wels Camoyalibda saSuamavlo jgufi `euTo
5~. masSi ruseTis federacia, ukraina, aSS, euTo da evrokavSiri
Sedioda. molaparakebebis procesi kiSiniovsa da tiraspolisa da
`euTo 5~-is warmomadgenlebTan erTad 5+2 formatSi mimdinareob­
da (malaSxia, 2010: 242).
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli aqtivobebisa, realuri nabijebi
konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi ar gadadgmula. Tumca erTi, me­
tad mniSvnelovani garemoeba am konfliqtur regions postsabWoTa
sivrceSi arsebuli sxva cxeli wertilebisagan mniSvnelovanwilad
1
vaxtang Samugia _ doqtoranti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti.
314
gamoarCevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT, mdinare dnestris napirebze, aq­
tiuri sabrZolo moqmedebebis dasrulebis Semdeg, aRar isvrian.
iq arc periodulad saomari moqmedebebis eskalaciasa da mis Tan­
mdev eTnikur wmendas aqvs adgili.
2003 wels ki dnestrispireTis konfliqtis istoriaSi mniSv­
ne­lovani faqti moxda. saubaria e.w. `kozakis memorandumze~, ro­
melic avtoris, ruseTis federaciis prezidentis specialuri
war­momadgenlis, dimitri kozakis azriT, konfliqtis mogvarebis
ga­ranti unda gamxdariyo (Отказ.., 2003).
memorandumis SemuSaveba 2003 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo molda­
veTis xelisuflebis TxovniT. am dokumentis Seqmnis preistoriad
Se­iZleba CaiTvalos 2001 wlis Tebervlidan xelisuflebaSi mol­
daveTis respublikis komunisturi partiis yofnis pirveli wlebi.
riggareSe saparlamento arCevnebze rusuli enis meore saxelmwi­
fo enis SemoRebis da moldaveTis ruseTisa da belorusis kavSiris
nawilad (sabaJo kavSiris winamorbedi) gaxdomis dapirebis Sedegad
gamarjvebis Semdeg, moldavelma komunistebma gaaqtiures TanamS­
romloba moskovTan da dnestrispireTis daregulirebis procesi
(Цэрану, 2010).
2001 wlis gazafxul-zafxulSi, moldaveTis axalma prezi­den­
tma, komunisturi partiis Tavmjdomarem vladimir voroninma oTxi
Sexvedra gamarTa dnestrispireTis liderTan igor smirnovTan,
rac konfliqtis uswrafesi daregulirebis imeds badebda. Tumca
ag­vistos TveSi molaparakebis procesi moulodnelad Sewyda sxva­
da­sxva mizezebis gamo: dawyebuli voroninsa da smirnovs Soris
ar­sebuli piradi antipaTiiT, damTavrebuli ekonomikur sferoSi
se­riozuli winaaRmdegobebiT. kiSiniovsa da tiraspols Soris Ta­
namSromlobis periodi mwvave dapirispirebis periodma Secvala.
meores mxriv, sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda urTierTobebi kiSiniovsa
da moskovs Soris. 2001 wlis noemberSi qveynebma xeli moaweres
ru­seTis federaciasa da moldaveTis respublikas Soris mego­
brobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas (Договор.., 2001).
Sedegad, dnestrispireTi ormagi wnexis qveS aRmoCnda. saqme
iqa­mde mivida, rom 2001 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac dnestrispi­
re­Tis regionSi saprezidento arCevnebi mimdinareobda, rusul
pre­saSi dnestrispireTis xelmZRvanelobis diskreditaciaze gami­
znuli farTo kampania daiwyo. maT adanaSaulebdnen oligarqul
struqturebTan kavSirebSi da gansxvavebulad moazrovneTa devna­
Si (vardaniani, 2016). kiSiniovis mizans dnestrispireTis xelmZRva­
ne­lobis Secvlis aucileblobaSi moskovis darwmuneba warmoadgen­
da. `smirnovTan Cven gadawyvetilebamde ver mivalT~, _ acxadebda
315
maSin voronini (Чубашенко, 2008). miuxedavad amisa, smirnovma Zala­
ufleba SeinarCuna, Tumca dnestrispireTisadmi ruseTis ndoba
na­wilobriv Seirya.
am atmosferom molaparakebis proceszec iqonia gavlena,
romelSic 2002-2003ww. ganmavlobaSi mxareTa Soris urTierTndo­
ba ukve aRar SeiniSneboda. maSin aSkara gaxda, rom mesame mxaris
zemoqmedebis gareSe Sedegi miRweuli ver iqneboda da, imdenad,
ramdenadac yvelaze gavleniani moTamaSe ruseTi iyo, moldave­
Tis xelisuflebam moskovs daxmareba sTxova Zireuli dokumentis
Se­muSavebaSi (vardaniani, 2016). moskovi daTanxmda da am samuSaos
ku­ratorad kremlis administraciis xelmZRvanelis maSindeli mo­
adgile d. kozaki daniSna.
d. kozakis pirveli viziti kiSiniovsa da tiraspolSi 2003
wlis 8 ivliss Sedga. rogorc Semdgom gairkva, oTxi Tvis ganmavlo­
baSi kozaki `maqoseburi diplomatiis~ reJimSi periodulad xan
vo­­ronins xvdeboda, xan smirnovs da yoveli Sexvedris Semdgom
Cndeboda momavali memorandumis calkeuli punqtebi an mTeli ax­
ali gverdebi. Sedegad, axal dokumentSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
kon­fliqtis orive mxaris poziciebi da seriozuli kompromisebis
Sedegs warmoadgenda (Рябков, 2013).
dokumentis SemuSaveba mimdinareobda daxurul reJimSi,
xo­lo d. kozakis vizitebi regionSi warmodgenili iyo rogorc
mxo­lod ruseTis survili, daxmareboda mxareebs mimdinare sa­
kiT­­xebis mogvarebaSi. memorandumi oficialurad wardgenil iqna
2003 wlis 17 noembers moldovaSi ruseTis maSindeli elCis iuri
zub­kovis (aqtiurad monawileobda dokumentis SemuSavebaSi) da
mo­ldaveTis respublikis prezidentis vladimir voroninis Sexve­
d­­raze. daregulirebis gegmis arsebobis Sesaxeb gzavnili molda­
veTis dasavleli partniorebisTvis sruli moulodneloba iyo.
is siswrafe, romliTac xelisuflebas da sazogadoebas waredgi­
na memorandumi, aSkarad metyvelebda rusebis survilze, daeswro
da­savleTisTvis an, rogorc minimum, ar mieca misTvis saSualeba,
xeli SeeSala ruseTis iniciativisTvis.
memorandumi 18 punqtisagan Sedgeboda. moldova federal­
ur respublikad unda gardaqmniliyo da axali konstitucia mie­
Ro. memorandumSi subieqtebis ufleba-movaleobebze, saxelmwifo
enis statusze da ruseTis federaciis rolze iyo saubari. masSi
ag­reTve naTqvami iyo, rom moldova 1990 wlis 1 ianvris sazRvreb­
Si aRsdgeboda, Tumca ki amisaTvis kiSiniovs Zireuli cvlilebebi
da reformebi unda ganexorcielebina. ase, magaliTad, is neitra­
lur da demilitarizebul saxelmwifod unda qceuliyo. Tavis mx­
316
riv, dnestrispireTis araRiarebuli respublika, iseve rogorc
ga­gauziis avtonomiuri olqi, gansakuTrebul statuss iRebda. sa­
xel­mwifo enad moldovuri da rusuli cxaddeboda (Меморандум
Козака, 2003).
sanam moldaveTis sazogadoeba dokuments ecnoboda, dnest­
ri­spireTSi forsirebulad emzadebodnen misi xalxisaTvis `Tavze
mosaxvevad~, romelic gaognebuli iyo moldovasTan kompromisze
wasvlis mzaobiT. 2003w. 20 noembers Catarda igor smirnovis pres­
konferencia, romelzec is arwmunebda sazogadoebas da medias,
rom `memorandumi mZime, magram xalxisaTvis metad saWiro komp­
ro­misi~ iyo. man isic aRniSna, rom ruseTi apirebda 20 wlis vadiT
dnestrispireTSi samxedro bazis ganTavsebas. igor smirnovis mi­
er am miznebis gaxmovaneba adasturebda ruseTis sakuTar ZalebSi
darwmunebulobas. imave periodSi, moldovelma Jurnalistebma ga­
aJ­Reres kuluaruli informacia, romelic, maTi mtkicebiT, dmi­
tri kozakisa da ruseTis saelCos mrCevlis oleg astaxovis saub­
ris Sinaarss asaxavda. kozaki kiTxulobda, iyo Tu ara yvelaferi
mzad memorandumis xelmosawerad da xom ar ecdeboda dasavleTi
pro­cesisTvis xelis SeSlas. `yvelaferi kontrolqveSaa, dasav­
leTi saqmis kursSia, problemebi ar iqneba~, _ TiTqos ase upasuxa
as­taxovma kozaks (vardaniani, 2016).
Tumca, rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, movlenebi sul sxva
mi­marTulebiT ganviTarda. 2003 wlis 24-dan 25 noembris Rames
ki­SiniovSi vladimer putinis CamosvlisTvis emzadebodnen da im
Rames voroninze dasavleTis mxridan umZlavresi zewola mimdina­
re­obda. erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad, aSS-s elCma hizer hojesma
vo­ronins magidaze daudo saqaRalde dokumentebiT da uTxra: `aq
Tqveni vaJiSvilis biznesis Sesaxeb informaciaa. Tuki ar gsurT
problemebi, uari TqviT xelmoweraze~. igive versiiT, zewola mim­
dinareobda evrokavSiris sagareo politikis da evrokavSiris umaR­
lesi warmomadgenlis xavier solanasa da iaap de hoop sxeferis
(euTos maSindeli Tavmjdomare) mxridan (vardaniani, 2016).
kiSiniovi acxadebda, rom punqti ruseTis samxedro bazis gan­
Tavsebis Sesaxeb dokumentSi ukanasknel momentSi gaCnda (Отказ..,
2003) da is ar moewona voronins da bunebrivia, arc dasavleTis
qveynebs. memorandumis avtorma, dimitri kozakma gazeT `komer­
santi~-saTvis micemul interviuSi uaryo `ucnobi~ punqtis Sesax­
eb gancxadebebi da waradgina memorandumis asli, romelSic yove­
li gverdi parafirebuli iyo rogorc igor smirnovis, agreTve
vladimer voroninis mier (Колесников, 2005).
2011 wels, moldaveTSi euTos misiis yofilma xelmZRvanelma
317
uiliam hilma faqtobrivad daadastura, rom kozakis memorandu­
mis xelmowera dasavleTis zewolis Sedegad CaiSala. amerikel­
ma dip­lomatma ganacxada, rom ukanasknel momentSi memorandumSi
namd­vilad gaCnda 3 punqti, romelTagan erT-erTi exeboda ruse­
Tis 20-wlian samxedro warmomadgenlobas, procesis realizaci­
is garantis saxiT. `es damatebebi miRebuli iqna daregulirebis
pro­cesSi warmodgenil dasavlel partniorebTan SeuTanxmeblad.
...ruseTs es sakiTxebi yvela SuamavalTan da moldaveTisa da dne­
strispireTis warmomadgenlebTan erTad rom ganexila, gada­
wyve­tileba, SesaZloa, sxvagvari yofiliyo,~ _ ganacxada hilma
(Фурцева, 2011). man faqtobrivad brali dasdo kozaks da mTlianad
ruseTis momlaparakeblebs tyuilSi da dasZina, rom samxedro ba­
zis Sesaxeb is avbediTi punqti ar iyo Sesuli dokumentis im vari­
antSi, romelic 2003 wlis 17 noembers oficialurad gasajarovda
(Фурцева, 2011).
samxedro bazis yofnis Sesaxeb punqtis saxiT `ruseTis pro­
vokaciis~ Sesaxeb versia umTavresad iTvleba moldaveTis poli­
tikur da saeqsperto wreebSi. amasTan erTad, 2003 wels memora­
n­dumis xelmoweris procesis mTavar xelSemSlel faqtorad
iT­vleba dnestrispireTisTvis vetos uflebis Sesaxeb punqti, ro­
melic maT aZlevdaT SesaZleblobas daeblokaT nebismieri sagare­
opolitikuri iniciativa, romelic SeewinaaRmdegeboda tiraspo­
lis interesebs (da, ra Tqma unda, moskovis interesebs). amis gamo,
mra­vali kiSinioveli politologi da Jurnalisti am dokuments
ua­ryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs (vardaniani, 2016). miuxedavad imisa,
rom am dokuments mxareTa daaxloebisTvis sakmaod karg saSuale­
bad Tvlian, isini darwmunebulebi arian, rom rusuli samxedro
ba­zis da vetos uflebis Sesaxeb punqtebis CaTvlis xelmowera mem­
orandums ruseTis xelSi arsebul Zalian Zlier berketad aqcev­
da. es ki kremlis gavlenas regionze gazrdida da am ukanasknels
ev­­rointegraciis yvelanair Sanss mouspobda.
yvelaferTan erTad, memorandumis xelmoweraze uaris Tqmam
gamoiwvia moldaveT-ruseTis urTierTobebis mkveTri gacieba,
ro­melic mas Semdeg aRarc dabrunebula 2001-2003 wlebis doneze.
meores mxriv, dnestrispireTis konfliqtis daregulirebam gada­
iwia mravali wliT da amJamad warmoadgens `molaparakebisTvis ar­
sebuli molaparakebebis~ mdored mimdinare process, romelsac
ara­nairi realuri Sedegi ar mohyveba (vardaniani, 2016).
2008 wels, memorandumis xelmoweris CaSlidan 5 wlis Tav­
ze, araRiarebuli dnestrispireTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom
gamoaqveyna specialuri gancxadeba, romelSic gaakritika molda­
318
ve­Tis xelisufleba. `memorandumis punqtebis realizacias mniS­
vnelovnad unda SeezRuda dnestrispireTis politikuri damo­
uki­debloba da CaeSenebina moqmedi saxelmwifoebrioba axal
fe­deralur politikur sistemaSi~, _ acxadebda tiraspoli da
brals debda kiSiniovs imaSi, rom maT uari Tqves dokumentze,
romelic faqtobrivad daasrulebda dnestrispireTis de faqto
damoukideblobas (Шувалов, 2008). `memorandumis principebis mxa­
rdaWeriT, dnestrispireTis xelmZRvaneloba wavida mZime kom­
promisze respublikis da dnestrispireTis mosaxleobis inte­re­
se­bidan gamomdinare~, _ iTqva dnestrispireTis de faqto sagareo
sa­qmeTa saministroSi 2008 wels. dokumentis xelmoweris CaSlam
`sa­bolood dausva wertili moldaveTis mxarisadmi, rogorc mo­
laparakebebisTvis mzad myofi partniorisadmi ndobas~ (Шувалов,
2008).
`kozakis memorandumis~ arSemdgar xelmoweras moldovuri po­
litikuri sazogadoebac araerTgvarovnad afasebs. e.w. `prorusu­
li~ ZalebisaTvis es iyo realuri Sansi, romelsac dnestrispire­
Tis konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mogvareba SeeZlo, Tumca, maTi
azriT, es aSS-sa da evrokavSiris interesebSi ar Sedis, rac gaxda
ki­dec maTi mxridan eqs-prezident vladimer voroninze zewolis
mizezi (vardaniani, 2016). `prodasavlurad~ ganwyobili moldove­
li politikosebi ki voroninis am gadawyvetilebas im iSviaT gamo­
nak­lisad moixseneben, rodesac imdroindeli prezidenti sworad
mo­iqca. maTi azriT, Tu moldova federalur yaidaze moewyoboda,
rac `kozakis memorandumiT~ iyo kidec gaTvaliswinebuli, qveynis
ev­ropul struqturebSi integrirebis process wertili daesmebo­
da. amis mizezi ki gansakuTrebuli uflebebis mqone dnestrispi­
re­Tisa da sxva, metwilad prorusulad ganwyobili mosaxleobiT
da­saxlebuli regionebi iqnebodnen (vardaniani, 2016).
Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moldovam `kozakis memorandu­
m­ze~ xelis armoweriT uari Tqva teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdge­
nis rusul scenarze. faqtia, rom politikur samyaroSi uangaro
si­keTis cneba ar arsebobs da is sazRauri, romelsac `mSvidobis
mtredis~ rolSi Sesuli kremli iTxovda sanacvlod, moldo­ve­le­
bi­saTvis Zalian Zviri iqneboda, radganac arCevani teritoriul
mTli­anobasa da suverenitets Soris idga. nebsiT Tu uneblied,
eqs-prezidentma vladimer voroninma memorandumis xelmoweris
CaS­liT, arCevani am ukanasknelis sasargeblod gaakeTa.

319
 bibliografia:

• vardaniani, 2016 _ interviu politologiis magistr ernest vardani­

an­Tan, 22.01.16;
• malaSxia, 2010 _ malaSxia SoTa. konfliqtebis anatomia. Tb., 2010;
• ДОГОВОР.., 2001 – Договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве между Российской Фе­
де­­рацией и Республикой Молдова. 19 ноября 2001 года, – http://kremlin.ru/sup-
plement/3400 (bmuli ukanasknelad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• КОЛЕСНИКОВ, 2005 – Ъ-Колесников Андрей. Дмитрий Козак: он просил про­
ще­ния и называл себя обманщиком. 25.11.2005, – https://www.kommersant.ru/
doc/629697 (bmuli ukanasknelad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• МЕМОРАНДУМ КОЗАКА, 2003 – Меморандум Козака, – https://regnum.ru/ne­
ws/458547.html (bmuli ukanasknelad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• ОТКАЗ.., 2003 – Отказ Молдовы подписать «Меморандум Козака» - НТВ, – ht­
t­ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZBRFUJVBio&t=8s&pbjreload=10 (bmuli uka­
nas­kne­lad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• РЯБКОВ, 2013 – Рябков Леонид. Экс-президент Молдовы сравнивал подписание
«Ме­­морандума Козака» с падением Берлинской стены…, – http://www.kp.md/
da­ily/26163.5/3050796/ (bmuli ukanasknelad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• ФУРЦЕВА, 2011 – Фурцева Елена. Американский дипломат: Запад не мог сог­
ла­ситься на военное присутствие России на Днестре, – gaz.: «Новый день», 29
но­ября, 2011, – https://newdaynews.ru/kishinev/360592.html (bmuli ukanaskne­
lad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• ЦЭРАНУ, 2010 – Цэрану Анатол. Эволюция государственной политики и пар­
тийных платформ в Республике Молдова в вопросе урегулирования при­дне­с­
тровского конфликта (2001-2010), – http://www.ipp.md/old/public/files/Public­a­
tii/2010/Taranu_pdf.pdf (bmuli ukanasknelad nanaxia 11.12.2017);
• ЧУБАШЕНКО, 2008 – Чубашенко Дмитрий Александрович. Отношения меж­
ду Молдовой и Приднестровьем при Воронине, – «Приднестровье XXI». Ин­
тер­­­нет-издание тираспольской школы политических исследований. Вып. №16
(09.2008) /http://www.pmr21.info/article.php?art=95 (bmuli ukanasknelad na­
na­xia 11.12.2017)/;
• ШТАНСКИ, 2004 – Штански Нина. Переговорочный процесс между Прид­нес­т­
ров­ской Молдавской Республикой и Республикой Молдова в документах. Бен­
деры, 2004;
• ШУВАЛОВ, 2008 – Шувалов Максим. МИД ПМР: ноябрь-2003 окончательно
раз­рушил доверие к руководству Молдавии, – gaz.: «Новый день», 25 ноября,
2008, – https://newdaynews.ru/pmr/208311.html (bmuli ukanasknelad nanaxia
11.12.2017).

320
 VAKHTANG SHAMUGIA1

“KOZAK MEMORANDUM” – THE LOST CHANCE OR

ANOTHER RUSSIAN TRAP

In 1992, after five months of combat actions, Moldova lost control over
its Transnistrian region. The scenario of this conflict is quite similar to other con-
flicts that have occurred in the post-Soviet space, where the separatists were
able to emerge victorious due to the Russian support. However, there was one
circumstance, which made the Transnistrian conflict different from others: there
were no ethnic cleansing or genocide in Transnistria. That provided more chanc-
es to the peaceful politics and negotiations. The Russian Federation took a role
of the main peacekeeper. The Special Representative of Russia’s President, Dim-
itry Kozak had developed a memorandum, based on which Moldova would be
transformed into the neutral, federative state, including the Moldovan Transnis-
trian Republic. The 18-point Agreement would grant several Privileges to Transn-
istria (For example, veto in foreign affairs matters). In the meantime, the Russian
military base would remain in Moldova for the next 20 years. The agreement
was pllaned to be signed on 25 November 2003 but on the night before the offi-
cial ceremony Vladimer Voronin, then President of Moldova, refused to endorse
such decision. What was the reason of this? Could the “Kozak Memorandum”
become the guide for the peaceful settlement of conflicts in different regions
of the world, or on the contrary, was it a malicious plan of Russia to return Mol-
dova to its sphere of influence? These questions are still not answered in Mol-
dova. The pro-Russian Moldovans are of opinion that Moldova had lost chance
to reunify, while the pro-West Moldovans claim that this decision saved their
sovereignty.
The Moldovan society and Western countries had reasonable suspicion
that with the mentioned memorandum, Russia would attempt not to unify Mol-
dova but would put the country under its firm dependence. As a result, due
to pressure from both internal and external forces, Voronin refused to sign the
mentioned memorandum and play the Russian game.

1
Vakhtang Shamugia _ Post-Graduate Student, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Universi­
ty.
21. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 321
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

levan WabaSvili1

Tixis WurWlis erTi saxeobis warmomavlobis

sakiTxisaTvis

saqarTvelos brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri kulturebisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Tixis WurWlis saxeobebis didi mravalferovneba.
amave dros gxvdeba iseTi saxeobebic romlebic mravalricxovnebiT
ar gamoirCeva. amis safuZvelze Cndeba interesi maTi warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb. erT aseT saxeobas Rrufexiani Tasi warmoadgens. Tixis
Wur­ Wlis es forma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi brinjaos xanaSi
sxva­ dasxva periodebSi gxvdeba. dadasturebulia is adre-Sua da
gvi­ anbrinjaos xanaSi. sainteresoa ramdenadaa dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva periodis erTi da igive formis WurWeli.
saqme gvaqvs tradiciis gagrZelebasTan Tu erTi da igive fenomenis
sxvadasxva periodSi xelaxla gamoCenasTan.
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi am WurWelis ramdenime
da­­­saxeleba gxvdeba: k. ficxelauri mas `maRal Rruquslian jams­
an Tass~ (ficxelauri, 1973: 140) uwodebs. a. ramiSvili mas­`va­
za~-s uwodebda (ramiSvili, 2004: 74). gxvdeba sxva da­sa­xe­­lebac,
magaliTad: `fexiani WurWeli~ (abduSeliSvili, 1980: 62). cno­ bi­
lia, rom saqarTvelos brinjaos xanis arqeologiaSi jer­je­robiT
ar aris SemuSavebuli Tixis WurWlis saxeobebis gan­ sa­
z­R­
vris
principebi. sazRvargareT iSviaTad, magram mainc gxvdeba cal­
keuli aseTi mcdelobebi. erT-erTi aseTi principia pro­po­r­ciis
indeqsis (Tixis WurWlis simaRlis Sefardeba piris di­ a­
me­trTan)
mixedviT saxeobebis gansazRvra (Boroffka, 1994: 115-116). aqe­dan ga­
mo­mdinare am WurWels pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos `Rru­qus­liani~
an `Rrufexiani Tasi~.

adrebrinjaos xana
aseTi formis WurWeli gxvdeba jer kidev adrebrinjaos
1
levan WabaSvili _ doqtoranti, asistenti, soxumis saxelmwifo universi­
te­ti.
322
xanaSi _ mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi. sofel urbnisTan Seswavlil
qva­­cxelebis namosaxlaris C1 fenaSi aRmoCenilia erTi qusliani
Wur­Weli (javaxiSvili .., 1962: 31, 70, 72, tab. XXVIII-4). aseTi Wur­
Weli cnobilia aseve aragvis xeobidanac, qvemo aranisis na­ mo­
sax­larze (mircxulava .., 1992: tab. CIII; Rlonti, 2006: 53, tab. VII
/tab. I1-2/. alaznis velze iltos mravalfenianis namosaxlarze,
mtkvar-araqsul fenaSi gamarTul #1 da #2 ormosamarxebSic
aris dadasturebuli Rrufexiani Tasebi (Дедабришвили, 1969: 46-
48, tab. 6-2, 7-1) /tab. I3-4/. Rrufexiani Tixis WurWeli ufro xSi­
rad gxvdeba mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis samxreT re­gi­
onebSi. cnobilia is levantedan kirbeT-keraqis keramikaSi (Ami­ran,
1952: 92-93. tab. I-7; Amiran, 1965: 167, tab. I-6; Amiran, 1968: tab.
2; Nigro, 2009: tab. 2-6), aseve namosaxlarebidan tel ta­ inatidan
(amuqis veli, TurqeTi) da geoi Tefedan (Crdilo-da­sav­leT irani)
(Sagona, 1984: tab. 36-7, 108-3).
mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semdeg adreyorRanuli kulturis
arc martyofis da arc bedenis etapis Zeglebze aseTi formis
Wur­Weli jerjerobiT dadasturebuli ar aris.

Suabrinjaos xana
Suabrinjaos xanis dasasruliT TariRdeba Sida qarTlSi, waR­
v­lis samarovnis #141 samarxSi aRmoCenili WurWeli. es WurWeli
Sav­prialaa da misi simaRle daaxloebiT 13 sm-ia (ramiSvili, 2004:
74, tab. XLVIII-745, nax. 50-745) /tab. III1/.
saqarTveloSi, Suabrinjaos xanaSi gansxvavebuli formis
fe­­xiani Tixis WurWelic aris cnobili. mesxeTSi, axCiis #14 go­
ra­samarxSi aRmoCenili iqna 6sm. simaRlis movardisfro Ti­ xis
fe­xiani WurWeli, romlis Sidapiric nasvretebiT aris da­ fa­ru­
li. aRniSnuli WurWels `sokosebri formis~ WurWeli uwo­ des
(ja­fariZe.., 1981: 74, sur. 28-278) /tab. III3/. msgavsi mcire zo­ mis
WurWeli aRmoCenili iqna Sida qarTlSi, nataxtari III sa­ma­rovnis
#21 katakombur samarxSic. es WurWelic moyavisfro mo­var­dis­f­
roa, misi simaRle 4,5 sm-ia (Садрадзе, 1993: 46, tab. XXXI-7) /tab. III4/.
axCiis samarovnis #9 gorasamarxSi ki erTi oryuriani da­bal­qus­
li­ani WurWelia (simaRle 12,2sm.) aRmoCenili (jafariZe.., 1981: 56,
tab. 19-182) /tab. III2/.

Suadan gvianbrinjaoze gardamavali xana

Suadan gvianbrinjaos xanaze gardamavali xanis Zeglebze
Rru­fexiani Tasebi SedarebiT ufro didi raodenobiT aris war­
mod­genili. k. ficxelauris mixedviT, aseTi WurWeli gardamavali
323
xa­nisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, nawilobriv saxeSecvlili farTod
aris is gavrcelebuli gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli safexuris
Zeg­lebSic, gvianbrinjaos xanis Semdgom safexurebze igi iSviaTia
(ficxelauri, 1973: 140; Пицхелаури, 1979: 72-73). gardamavali xa­nis
Zeglebze da Semdgom gvianbrinjaos xanaSic es WurWeli ori gan­
s­xvavebuli zomis egzemplarebiT aris warmodgenili. gxvdeba ro­
gorc `didi~ (simaRle daax. 15sm da meti) (ficxelauri, 1973: tab.
LII, LIII-1, LV-1) /tab. IV1-2/, aseve `mcire~ zomis (simaRle 10 sm-mde)
egzemplarebi (ficxelauri .., 1982: 9. tab. IV-5, 8) /tab. IV3-4/.

gvianbrinjaos xana
gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli safexurze, centra­ lur­ amier­
kav­
kasiuri arqeologiur kulturaSi es WurWeli farTod aris
gav­rcelebuli da is am kulturis damaxasiaTebel artefaqtad mi­
iCneva (ficxelauri, 2005: 64). am periodis Zeglebze is gxvdeba ma­
ga­liTad fevrebis samarovnis #38 samarxSi (abduSeliSvili, 1980:
62. tab. XIIb-3) /tab. V1/, bakurcixis (adgili gorielebi) samarxSi /
tab. V2-3/, pirdapiri miwebis samarovnis #2 samarxSi, werovnis sa­ma­
rovnis #75 samarxSi, somxeTSi, yaraSambis samarovnis #47 da #60
samarxebSi da sxva (ficxelauri, 2005: tab. XL, XC, XCIII, XCIV, CLXVI,
CLVIII).

liToni-keramika
Tixis WurWlis am formas ukavSirdeba kidev erTi saintereso
pro­blema. es aris liTonis WurWlis keramikuli imitaciebis sa­
ki­Txi. cnobilia, rom liTonis WurWlis gaCenasTan erTad, ro­me­
lic preistoriul xanaSi da Semdegac gansakuTrebulad Zvirfas
nivTebs warmoadgenda, Cndeba aseve maTi minabaZebi romlebic sxva
ufro xelmisawvdomi masalisgan iyo damzadebuli. aseTi fa­ q­
tebi cnobilia brinjaos xanaSic (WabaSvili, 2012: 5-11) da mo­gvi­
anebiTac antikur epoqaSi (Гагошидзе, 1979: 82; Vi­ckers, 2004: 63-69).
Suadan gvianbrinjaos xanaze gardamaval xa­na­Si gamoCenili Rru­
fexiani WurWeli k. ficxelauris mixedviT Tri­ aleTis XV go­
rasamarxSi aRmoCenili liTonis aseTive WurWlis /tab. II2/ mi­
ba­ZviT aris damzadebuli (Пицхелаури, 1979: 72-73). aR­ niSnuli
Se­xeduleba misaRebia, radgan brinjaos xanaSi msgavsi Sem­Txvevebi
xSi­rad fiqsirdeba (Кушнарева, 1959: 405-406; Кушнарева, 1965: 94-
95; Махмудов.., 1968: 25; Rigter, 2002: 308-309). amasTan erTad imave
Tri­aleTis XV gorasamarxidan momdinare ki­dev erT liTonis qva­
biseburi formis WurWelsac gaaCnia ke­ra­mi­ku­li imitacia gar­da­ma­
va­li xanis ZeglebSi (Пицхелаури, 1979: 73).
324
 zemoT xsenebuli liTonis Rrufexiani WurWeli TrialeTis
XV gorsamarxidan kidev imiT aris aRsaniSnavi rom igi formiT da
aseve saxeluris gakeTebis principiT hgavs mikenis V WasamarxSi
aRmoCenil vercxlis aseTive WurWels (Collon, 1982: 100, tab. 2) /
tab. II1/.

TariRi
sainteresoa is, Tu rogor TariRdeba Rrufexiani Tasebis xe­
l­a­xali gamoCena Suabrinjaos xanaSi. TrialeTis XV gorasamarxi,
sa­­
idanac liTonis Rrufexiani WurWeli momdinareobs e. gogaZis
mi­­
er TrialeTis kulturisaTvis SemuSavebuli sam safexuriani
qro­­nologiuri sqemaze yvelaze gviandeli, mesame safexuris Zeg­
lia (gogaZe, 1972: 95). TrialeTis es gorasamarxi, k. rubinsonis
mi­er SemuSavebuli qronologiis mixedviTac, Suabrinjaos xanis
kom­­ pleqsebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gviandelia (Rubinson, 1976:
148-179; Rubinson, 1977: 243-247). waRvlis samarovnis #141 or­ mo­
sa­marxi ki Suabrinjaos xanis dasasruliT TariRdeba da igi ga­
ni­xileba rogorc TrialeTis III jgufis gorasamarxebze ufro
gvi­­andeli Zegli (ramiSvili, 2004: 178). axCiis #14 gorasamarxis
zus­ ti TariRi ucnobia. mesxeTis gorasamarxebi zogadad Tri­
ale­Tis kulturis mogviano periodis Zeglebs warmoadgens. isi­ni
bevr saerTos pouloben Sida qarTlis Suabrinjaos xanis gvi­ ani
pe­riodis iseT ZeglebTan rogoricaa nulis da qvasaTalis sa­ ma­
ro­ vnebi. ivaraudeba, rom TrialeTis kulturis mesxeTSi Se­ mos­
v­­
la arauadres Zv.w. XVIIs. II naxevarze adre ar unda momxdariyo
(ja­­fariZe.., 1981: 169-170). nataxtari III samarovnis #21 katakombur
sa­­marxi ki Suabrinjaos xanis II safexuriT, Zv.w. 1800-1600 wlebiT
Ta­­riRdeba (Садрадзе, 1993: 66).
amrigad, WurWlis am formis gamoCena Suabrinjaos xanaSi am
pe­­riodis dasasruls unda momxdariyo.

daskvna
Tixis WurWlis es saxeoba ara mxolod samxreT kavkasiis brin­
ja­ os xanisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is gxvdeba bevr regionSi
sxva­­dasxva dros, magaliTad: dasavleT anatoliaSi, adrebrinjaos
xa­­naSi demirji huiuqi sariketis samarovnis #368 samarxSi (Se­eher,
2000: tab. 43.G.368-b); centralur aziaSi gvianbrinjaos xanis da­
sa­wyisSi (Kaniuth .., 2006: 89, tab. 15; Vinogradova, 2007: 54-57, tab. 3,
4) da sxva. amis gamo, rom es WurWeli farTod gavrcelebul fe­
no­ mens warmoadgens, kvlevis dRevandel etapze SeuZlebelia im
re­­gionis gansazRvra, romlis gavleniTac SeiZleboda is samxreT
325
kavkasiaSi gamoCeniliyo.
amrigad, Tixis WurWlis es forma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
gxvdeba jer adrebrinjaos xanaSi, mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi. Sem­
d­gom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi is wyvets arsebobas da
xe­laxla Cndeba Suabrinjaos xanaSi. agrZelebs arsebobas Su­adan
gvi­ anbrinjaos xanaze gardamaval xanaSi da gvianbrinjaos xa­ nis
adreul safexurze. Suabrinjaos _ Suadan gvianbrinjaoze gar­da­
ma­vali _ da gvianbrinjaos xanis WurWlebis erTmaneTTan kavSiri
aS­karaa. am periodebSi maTi gavrceleba savaraudod TrialeTis XV
gorasamarxis liTonis WurWlis minabaZebis damzadebas uka­v­Sir­deba.
calke sakiTxia, ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am periodis
Wu­ r­Wlebis prototipebad miCneuli iqnes adrebrinjaos xanaSi,
mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi gavrcelebuli WurWeli. aseTi mo­saz­
re­­ba dasaSvebia, Tumca amave dros SeiZleba imis daSvebac, rom
Su­­abrinjaos xanaSi am formis WurWeli gare gavlenebis Sedegad
iyos gaCenili.

ilustraciebis aRweriloba

tab. I.
1. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Tixis WurWeli qvemo aranisidan (Rlonti, 2006: tab.
VII, masStabi 1:2).
2. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Tixis WurWeli qvemo aranisidan (Rlonti, 2006: tab.
VII. masStabi 1:2).
3. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Tixis WurWeli iltos namosaxlaridan (Де­даб­ри­шви­
ли, 1969: tab. 71, masStabis gareSe).
4. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Tixis WurWeli iltos namosaxlaridan (Дедаб­ришви­
ли, 1969: tab. 62, masStabi 1:2).

326
 tab. II.
1. vercxlis WurWeli mikenis V Wasamarxidan (Karo, 1930: tab. CXXXV909a, masStabis
ga­­reSe).
2. brinjaos WurWeli TrialeTis XV gorasamarxidan (gogaZe, 1972: tab. 229, mas­S­
tabi 1:2).

tab. III.
1. Suabrinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli waRvlis samarovnis #141 samarxidan (ra­mi­
Svi­li, 2004: tab. 50745, masStabi 1:2).
2. Suabrinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli axCiis samarovnis #9 gorasamarxidan (ja­fa­
ri­Ze.., 1981: tab. 19182, masStabi 1:2).
3. Suabrinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli axCiis samarovnis #14 gorasamarxidan (ja­
fa­riZe.., 1981: tab. 28278, masStabi 1:2).
4. Suabrinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli nataxtari III samarovnis #21 gorasamarxidan
(Са­драдзе, 1993: tab. XXXI7, masStabi 1:2).

327
 tab. IV.
1. Suadan gvianbrinjaos xanaze gardamavali Tixis WurWeli zemo bodbis #4 go­
ra­­samarxidan (Пицхелаури, 1979: tab. VI25, masStabi 1:2).
2. Suadan gvianbrinjaos xanaze gardamavali Tixis WurWeli zemo bodbis #4 go­
ra­samarxidan (Пицхелаури, 1979: tab. VI26, masStabi 1:2).
3. Suadan gvianbrinjaos xanaze gardamavali Tixis WurWeli brimawyalis #1 go­
rasamarxis #1 samarxidan (Пицхелаури, 1979: tab. X5, masStabi 1:2).
4. Suadan gvianbrinjaos xanaze gardamavali Tixis WurWeli brimawyalis #1 go­
rasamarxis #2 samarxidan (Пицхелаури, 1979: tab. XIa4, masStabi 1:2).

tab. V.
1. gvianbrinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli fevrebis #38 samarxidan (m. abduSeliSvili,
1980: tab. XIIb3, masStabi 1:2).
2. gvianbrinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli, bakurcixidan (k. ficxelauri, 1973: tab. XL,
mas­Stabi 1:2).

328
 bibliografia:

• abduSeliSvili, 1980 _ abduSeliSvili malxaz. fevrebis samarovnis

ram­­denime ormosamarxis daTariRebis sakiTxisaTvis, _ kaxeTis ar­qe­
olo­gi­uri eqspediciis Sromebi. #4. Tb., 1980;
• gogaZe, 1972 _ gogaZe elguja. TrialeTis yorRanuli kulturis pe­ri­
odi­­za­cia da genezisi. Tb., 1972;
• mircxulava.., 1992 _ mircxulava guram, orjonikiZe aleqsandre, min­
di­aSvi­li g., ja­fariZe oTar. adrebrinjaos xana. _ saqarTvelos ar­
qe­ologia. 8 tomad. mTa­ vari redaqtori o. lorTqifaniZe. t. II: ene­
oliT-brinjaos xana. to­mis redaqtori o. jafariZe. Tb., 1992;
• ramiSvili, 2004 _ ramiSvili aleqsandre. brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri
Zeg­le­bi waRvlSi, _ xaSuris arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sromebi. #1.
Tb., 2004;
• ficxelauri, 1973 _ ficxelauri konstantine. aRmosavleT sa­qar­T­ve­
los tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi. Zv.w. XV-VIIss. Tb., 1973;
• ficxelauri, 2005 _ ficxelauri konstantine. cen­tra­lur­ami­er­kav­ka­
si­uri arqe­ologiuri kultura Zv.w. XIV-XIIIss. kulturis arsi, da­ma­xa­
si­aTebeli niSnebi, gavrcelebis farglebi. Tb., 2005;
• ficxelauri ..., 1982 _ ficxelauri konstantine, menabde c. gadrekilis
ar­qe­olo­giuri Zeglebi, _ kaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sromebi.
#5. Tb., 1982;
• Rlonti, 2006 _ Rlonti m. reliefurornamentiani WurWeli ara­ gvis
xe­obidan, _ Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi. #17-18. Tb., 2006;
• WabaSvili, 2012 _ WabaSvili levan. TrialeTis kulturis liTonis
Wu­­r­Wlis analogebis Sesaxeb keramikul produqciaSi, _ amirani. kav­
ka­­­s­io­lo­giis saerTaSoriso samecniero kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi in­s­
ti­­tutis moambe. #24. Tb., 2012;
• javaxiSvili.., 1962 _ javaxiSvili aleqsandre, Rlonti l. urbni­ si I.
qvacxelebis (tvlepia-qoxis) namosaxlarze 1954-1961ww. Ca­ta­rebuli
gaTxrebi. Tb., 1962;
• jafariZe.., 1981 _ ja­fariZe oTar, i. kikviZe, g. avaliSvili, a. we­­reTeli.
mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi (1970-
1977ww.). Tb., 1981;
• AMIRAN, 1952 – Amiran R. B. K. Connections between Anatolia and Pa­lestine in the
Early Bronze Age, – Israel Exploration Journal. Vol. 2, №2, 1952;
• AMIRAN, 1965 – Amiran R. Yanik Tepe, Shengavit, and the Khirbet Ke­rak Ware, –
Ana­tolian Studies. Vol. 15, 1965;
• AMIRAN, 1968 – Amiran R. Chronological Problems of the Early Bronze Age. Early
Bronze I-II: The city of Arad. Early Bronze III: The Khirbet Kerak Ware, – American Jo­
urnal of Archaeology. Vol. 72. №4, Oct., 1968;
• BOROFFKA, 1994 – Boroffka N. G. O. Die Wietenberg-Kultur. Ein Beitrag zur Er­for­
schung der Bronzezeit in Südosteuropa, – Universitätsforschungen zur prähisto­ri­
schen Archäologie. Band 19. Bonn, 1994;
• COLLON, 1982 – Collon Dominique. Some Bucket Handles, – Iraq. Dedocated to
Pro­­fes­sor Se­ton Lloyd in Honor of His Eightienth Birthday. Published by the Bri­tish
School of Archaelogy in Iraq. Vol. 44. 1982;
• KANIUTH ..., 2006 – Kaniuth K., Teufer M., Vinogradova N. M. Neue bro­n­zezeitliche

329
 Fu­n­de aus Südwest-Tadžikistan, – Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan.
Band 38. Berlin, 2006;
• KARO, 1930 – Karo G. Die schachtgräber von Mykenai. Band 2: Tafeln. München,
1930;
• NIGRO, 2009 – Nigro L. Khirbet Kerak Ware at Jericho and the EB III Change in Pa­les­ti­
ne, – A timeless Vale. Archaeological and related related essays on the Jordan Val­ley
in honour of Gerrit van der Kooij on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Edi­tors
L. Petit, E. Kaptijn, – Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Vol. 19. Leiden, 2009;
• RIGTER, 2002 – Rigter W. Metallimitationen in spätbronzezeitlicher troianischer Ke­
ra­mik. – Mauer Schau. Band I. Festschrift für M. Korfmann, R. Aslan, S. Blum, G. Kastl,
F. Schweizer, D. Thumm (Hrsg.). Remshalden-Grunbach, 2002;
• RUBINSON, 1976 – Rubinson Kares S. The Trialeti Culture. Ph.D. Dissertation. Depar­
t­ment of Art History and Archaeology. Columbia University. Ann Arbor, MI., 1976;
• RUBINSON, 1977 – Rubinson Kares S. The chronology of the Middle Bronze Age Kur­
gans at Trialeti, – Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. №7. Los Angeles, 1977;
• SAGONA, 1984 – Sagona Antonio Guiseppe. The Caucasian region in the early Bronze
Age, – British Archaeological Raports. International Series. №214. Oxford, 1984;
• SEEHER, 2000 – Seeher J. Die bronzezeitliche Nekropole von Demircihüyük-Sariket.
Aus­­grabungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts in Zusammenarbeit mit dem
Mu­seum Bursa 1990-1991, – Istanbuler Forschungen №44. Tübingen, 2000;
• VICKERS, 2004 – Vickers M. Was ist Material wert? Eine kleine Geschichte über den
Stellenwert grichischer Keramik, – Antike Welt. №2. Mainz, 2004;
• VINOGRADOVA, 2007 – Vinogradova N. M. Relative und absolute Chronologie ag­­ra­
ri­scher Fundorte der Spätbronzezeit in Südwest-Tadžiskistan, – Archäologische Mi­t­
te­ilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 39. Berlin, 2007;
• ГАГОШИДЗЕ, 1979 – Гагошидзе Юлон Михайлович. Самадло (результаты рас­
ко­­пок). Тб., 1979;
• ДЕДАБРИШВИЛИ, 1969 – Дедабришвили Ш. Ш. Памятники эпохи ранней и сре­
д­ней бронзы, – Труды Кахетской Археологической экс­пе­ди­ции. №1. Тб., 1969;
• КУШНАРЕВА, 1959 – Кушнарева Каринэ Христофоровна. Поселение эпохи бро­
н­зы на хол­ме Узерлик-тепе около Агдама, – Материалы и исследования по Ар­
хе­­ологии СССР. №67. М.-Л., 1959;
• КУШНАРЕВА, 1965 – Кушнарева Каринэ Христофоровна. Новые данние о по­
селении Узе­р­лик-те­пе около Агдама, – Материалы и исследования по Ар­хе­оло­
гии СССР. №125. М.-Л., 1965;
• МАХМУДОВ .., 1968 – Махмудов Ф. А. , Мунчаев Рауф Магомедович, На­ри­
манов И. Г. О древ­нейшей металургии Кавказа, – Советская Археология. №4.
М., 1968;
• ПИЦХЕЛАУРИ, 1979 – Пицхелаури Константин. Восточная Грузия в конце бронзо­
во­го ве­ка, – Труды Кахетской Археологической экспедиции. №3. Тб., 1979;
• САДРАДЗЕ, 1993 – Садрадзе В. Г. Археологические памятники «Мцхе­та Великой»
эпохи средней бронзы. Вопрос хронологии и периодизации па­мя­тн ­ и­ков Шида-
Картли. Тб., 1993.

330
 LEVAN TCHABASHVILI1

REGARDING THE ORIGIN OF ONE TYPE OF POTTERY

The article addresses one form of pottery disseminated in the Bronze Age
of Georgia – hollow leg vase. This form of pottery is found in the Early Bronze Age
– in the Kura-Araxes Culture. It was discovered, for example, in Kvemo Aranisi
settlement in Aragvi Valley, in Ilto settlement in Kakheti. This form of pottery is
not found after the Kura-Araxes Culture. It is not discovered on monuments of
the Early Kurgan Culture. It appears again in the Middle Bronze Age. Metal vessel
of such form is known in the Trialeti 15th grave mound. It should be mentioned
that this vessel is analogous to the silver vessel discovered in the Mycenae V
shaft grave, according to the British scientist D. Collon. Pottery of the same
form is found in the grave №141 of Tsagvli cemetery. This form of pottery is
disseminated in the intermediate period from the Middle to Late Bronze Age.
Samples of two different sizes are found in this period – “small” (up to 10 cm
high) and “average” (about 15 cm and higher). This form of pottery is found at
the initial stage of the Late Bronze Age in a slightly changed form. After that it
ceases to exist.
As it seems, the prototype of this form of pottery disseminated from the
end of the Middle Bronze Age is the metal vessels of Trialeti XV grave mound.
It is known that together with appearance of metal vessels which represented
particularly valuable items in the pre-historic era and afterwards, their imitations
appeared which were made of other, more affordable material. Such facts are
known in the Bronze Age and later, in the antique period as well. This form of
pottery is widespread beyond borders of Caucasus too. It is found in various
regions, at various times. Due to the above, it is difficult to specify the region under
whose influence it might have been disseminated in the Kura-Araxes Culture.
The question whether the hollow leg vases of the Kura-Araxes Culture
represent prototypes of the Middle Bronze Age vessels of such form remains
open.

1
Levan Tchabashvili – Post-Graduate Student, Assistant, Sokhumi State University.
331
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

ramaz Wanturia1

carizmis rusifikatoruli politika afxazeTSi

XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi socialur-politikuri
vi­Tareba saqarTveloSi ukiduresad daiZaba. esaa batonymobis ga­uq­
mebis wina periodi, rodesac feodalur-batonymuri sistemis kri­
zi­sma Tavis piks miaRwia. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom saqarTvelos
yve­la kuTxeSi revoluciuri afeTqebebis realuri pirobebi Se­iq­
m­na. saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs ramdenadme fexs ubamda
af­ xazeTis glexobac (Wanturia, 2006: 55). am dros xSiri iyo da­
umo­ rCilebloba mosaxleobis mxridan rusuli mmarTvelobis wi­
naaRmdeg. XIXs. 60-iani wlebidan, rusuli administraciis wi­na­aR­m­
deg aqtiurad gamodioda fsxus mosaxleoba.
1860 wels gamocxadda laSqroba maT winaaRdeg. operacias
xel­­mZRvanelobda general yorRanovi. amas ajanyebulTa mxri­
dan 60 kacis sikvdili mohyva. imave wlis 18 agvistos isini me­
fis erTgulebaze daafices, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
emu­­qrebodnen sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadawviTa da naTesebis ga­
na­dgurebiT (Олонецкий, 1960: 188). 60-ian wlebSi es movlenebi ga­
x­Sirda bzifis afxazeTSi, sadac gaqceuli mosaxleoba dasaxlda
sof. aWandaraSi da daikaves miwebi, romelic ekuTvnoda Tavad
gi­­orgi dimitris Ze ServaSiZes (Дзидзария, 1955: 189).
es is periodia, roca reforma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi uk­
ve gamocxadda. saglexo reforma Tanabrad aRaSfoTebda, rogorc
aR­ mosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobas, ro­ me­
lic maqsimalurad cdilobda Tavisi ekonomikuri privilegiebis
Se­narCunebas (Wanturia, 2006: 57). mTavrobiseuli scenari, sag­
le­ xo reformis gatarebisa aranakleb ukmayofilebas iwvevda
gle­­­xobis mxridanac. am mxriv ar aRmoCnda gamonaklisi arc af­
xa­­
zeTi, sadac 1866w. ifeTqa saxalxo ajanyebam, romelSic gle­
1
ramaz Wanturia _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universite­
ti.
332
xe­­ bTan erTad monawileoba miiRes rusuli kolonialuri
xe­­­­li­suflebis damyarebiT ukmayofilo Tavadaznaurobis mni­S­v­
ne­ lovanma nawilma. ufro metic, dasawyis etapze swored Ta­ va­
da­­ znaurobis warmomadgenlobis didi nawili warmoadgenda am
gamosvlis warmmarTvel Zalas da aZlevdnen mas mkveTrad ga­ mo­
xatul antirusul xasiaTs. cnobilia afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTa­v­
ris mixeil SarvaSiZis vaJis giorgi SarvaSiZis mowodeba: `Tu dav­
marcxdebiT, gadavsaxldebiT TurqeTSi~ (scssa, w. 1: saq., 247, f.
10). g. ZiZaria amas xsnis im garemoebiT, rom Tavadaznauroba sar­
geblobda glexobis klasobrivi SezRudulobiT da maTi pa­tri­ar­
qa­luri TviTSegnebiT (Дзидзария, 1955: 4).
rogorc cnobilia, 1864w. gaauqmes afxazeTis samTavro da
Se­ moRebul iqna `samxedro-samoqalaqo mmarTveloba~. afxazeTi
ga­mocxadda soxumis samxedro ganyofilebad. samTavros gauqmebiT
da ruseTis uSualo mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT ukmayofilo iyo
Tavadaznaurobis mniSvnelovani nawili. amaze miuTiTebs mogvi­ane­
biT 1886w. ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdgom, webeldeli Tavadi konSokva
mar­Sanias Cveneba, romelic aRniSnavs, rom mTavris dasaflavebisa
da Tavad giorgis moqvidan wasvlis Semdgom, aznauri husein la­
ker­ baia, jer giorgis, Semdeg aleqsandre SarvaSiZes sTavazobda
ru­sebis winaaRmdeg SurisZiebas mTavris mkvlelobis gamo. maT es
winadadeba sixaruliT miiRes. SeTqmulebs agreTve SeuerTda mra­
vali Tavadi da aznauri. SurisZieba dagegmili iyo Cerepovisa da
izmailovis mkvlelobiT da xalxis abuntebiT. didi xnis gan­ mav­
lobaSi TaTbirobdnen soxumSi myofi giorgi da aleqsandre Sar­
va­SiZeebi iqvemyof Sirinbei marSaniasTan (scssa, w. 1: saq., 247, f.
6). es naTlad adasturebs imas, rom maRali wodebis ukmayofileba
ru­suli mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT iyo gamowveuli.
mTavris ojaxis gasaxlebiT da uSualod rusuli mmar­ T­
velobis SemoRebiT ukmayofilo aRmoCnda glexoba. mTavris oja­xis
gasaxlebis Semdeg mis mamulebze mcxovrebi glexebi mZime mdgo­ma­
reobaSi Cavardnen. `mas Semdeg, rac afxazeTis mTavris ojaxi ga­
asa­xles da maTi mamulebi gadaeca xazinas, am mamulebze mcxovreb
yma-glexebs gadasaxadebi gauzardes (rusulma xelisuflebam _
r.W.) da isini ukve yvelaze mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi aR­
moC­ndnen mTels afxazeTSi~ (scssa, w. 1: saq., 76, f. 256).
rusuli xelisuflebis politika adgilobrivi Ta­va­da­z­na­
uro­bis uflebebis Selaxvis da Sesustebisaken iyo mimarTuli. ra
Tqma unda, maT ar SeiZleboda ar egrZnoT viTarebis Secvla. Tan­
daTan matulobda mousvenroba, fiqri momavalze da momavali saf­
r­Txisagan Tavis daxsnis survili. bevri maTganisTvis TurqeTis
333
te­ritoriaze gaqceva da TavSesafris povna saukeTeso gamosavali
Se­iqmna. erTaderTi, rac maT akavebdaT is iyo, rom SezRuduli hqo­
ndaT xelqveiTebis wayvana (Историческая.., 1907: 268). garkveuli ro­
li iTamaSa religiurma faqtormac. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi afxazeTSi
is­lamis gavrcelebas, Sedegad mohyva mahmadianur TurqeTTan me­
ti siaxlove. afxazTa mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT (bzi­
fis mxare da abJuis nawili) gamahmadianda. ruseTis xe­ li­suf­
leba imTaviTve jiqur Seudga afxazobis `morjulebas~, ra­ mac
ukuSedegi gamoiRo da piriqiT religiur antagonizmSi ga­ da­iza­
rda. mosaxleobas arCevani ar rCeboda, d. sviatoslav-mirski mi­
si­onerebis moRvaweobis Sedegebs ase axasiaTebda: «По недостатку у
нас нравственных элементов для такой деятельности все наши попытки в
этом деле имеют какой-то характер, смею сказать, недостойный такой вы­
сокой и священной цели, и поэтому в место успеха возбуждают часто лишь
справедливые нарекания и ненависть. В Абхазии по этому вопросу слу­
чилось и существует то же, что везде» (Дзидзария, 1955: 118). erTi sit­
y­viT, mahmadianoba iqca sakmaod mZlavr iaraRad portas mxridan,
af­xazeTSi proTurquli orientaciis gasaRviveblad. mosaxleoba,
faq­tobrivad, yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe, TandaTanobiT ga­
newyo TurqeTSi gadasasvlelad. sakmarisi iyo mxolod, Ta­vi­suflad
migeca neba am miswrafebisTvis da aseve saWiro iyo os­ ma­
leTis
Tanxmoba gadasaxlebulTa misaRebad (scssa, w. 1: saq., 191, f. 29).
rogorczemoT moyvanili faqtebidan Cans, 1866w. ajanyebis
win xelisuflebis RonisZiebiT ukmayofiloa ara marto maRali
wo­ debis warmomadgenlebi, aramed dabali wodebac. amas emateba
erT-erTi mTavari faqtori _ religiuri xasiaTis ganxeTqileba.
Tu rogor afasebda afxazeTSi Seqmnil am mdgomareobas kav­
kasiis mefisnacvali, didi mTavari, mixeil nikolozis Ze Cans im
werilidan, romelic man miswera imperator aleqsandre II-s: `rac
Seexeba imas, rom bzifis olqSi aRelvebulia mosaxleoba, mtki­ced
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amis mizezi im pirTa SecdomebSia sa­Zi­ebeli,
romlebic Semdgom ajanyebulebis mier iqnen daxocilni (Ис­то­ри­
ческая.., 1907: 257), magram es ajanyeba ar SeiZleba dabraldes mxo­
lod rus Cinovnikebs Cerepovsa da koniars, radgan maT TavianTi
mo­qmedeba 1866w. 15 ivliss daiwyes, xolo ajanyeba 26 ivlisiT
Ta­ riRdeba. unda vifiqroT, rom am ajanyebisTvis mzadeba ufro
ad­re daiwyo, radgan aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi iseTi organizebuli
aja­nyebis mowyoba, romelic 1866w. lixnis ajanyeba iyo, ver mo­es­w­
reboda. e. i. Cerepovisa da koniaris moqmedebebma mxolod biZgi mis­
ca am ajanyebas, ubralod adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ubralo sa­babs
eZebda ajanyebisTvis da es mizezic aRmoCnda (Дзидзария, 1955: 131).
334
 1866 wlis ajanyeba saerTo saxalxo gamosvla iyo. is, pirvel
rigSi, atarebda antikoloniur xasiaTs, Tumca udavod socialuri
pro­ blematikac kvebavda. amaze naTlad metyvelebs im periodSi
xal­xSi gavrcelebuli xmebi. reformis batonymuri arsis Taobaze,
rom­lis gasatareblad afxazeTSi mosamzadebeli muSaoba ukve mim­
di­nareobda (Дзидзария, 1955: 131).
ajanyebis inspirireba modioda Tavadaznaurobis mxridanac,
rom­ lebic Seecadnen glexobaSi mosalodneli miwis reformis,
uva­rgisobis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas da am niadagze are­
u­lobis gamowvevas soxumis ganyofilebis macxovreblebs Soris
(scssa, w. 2: saq., 2761, f. 13).
afxazeTis mosaxleobas Zvirad daujda TavianTi gabeduli ga­
mos­vla, romelic iyo mimarTuli ruseTis imperiis kolonialuri
po­litikis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis imperiis administraciam afxazeTSi
did­Zal jars mouyara Tavi da ajanyeba ulmobeli sisastikiT Ca­
axSo (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT: Дзидзария, 1955: 182-184).
sayuradReboa is werili, romelic dimitri ivanes Ze se­ mi­
ono­ vma general maior staroselskis miswera 1866 wlis ambebis
Sem­dgom. am werilidan Cans, rom dimitri semionovi soxumis gan­
yo­filebaSi saSiSroebis aRmosafxvrelad soxumisa da webeldis
mxa­ris afxazebisgan daclis aucileblobas miiCnevda, radgan, ro­
go­rc is aRniSnavda, nakleb SesaZlebelia aq mcxovrebi afxazebi
ru­suli mmarTvelobisTvis keTilganwyobilni gaxdnen. rusi mo­xe­
le agreTve saWirod Tvlida, afxazTa ganiaraRebas da samxedro
na­wilebis mier fsxus dakavebas (scssa, w. 1: saq., 191, f. 13-14). gar­
da amisa, d. semionovs miaCnda, rom erTaderTi gamosavali, af­xa­
zebisagan Tavis dasacavad, maTi TurqeTSi gadasaxleba iyo. Tu es
ar moxerxdeboda, _ miuTiTebda is, `maSin ramefrad unda Se­vam­ci­
roT maTi mtruli ganwyobileba Cvendami (scssa, w. 1: saq., 191, f. 14).
d. semionovis es mosazrebebi ar gaiziara general-maiorma
d. staroselskim. misi azriT ar iyo mizanSewonili am mxaris ga­
uka­crieleba da aseTi sastiki zomebis gatareba afxazebis mimarT
(scssa, w. 1: saq., 191, f. 21), Tumca aqve acxadebda, rom principSi isic
ana­logiur azrze idga da problemis realurad gadaWris gzad,
ase­ve Tvlida afxazebisa da webeldelebis gadasaxlebas (scssa, w. 1:
saq., 191, f. 22). rogorc momdevno werilSi vkiTxulobT `1866 wlis
za­fxulSi afxazeTSi momxdarma ambebma naTelyo, rom aucilebelia
ra­dikaluri zomebis miReba afxazebis mimarT, raTa maTi mtruli
gan­wyoba rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg aRmofxvril iqnas.
mtru­li ganwyobilebis Seqmnis mTavari mizezi imaleba mosaxleobis
mu­sulmanur nawilSi, ZiriTadad maRal fenebSi, romlebic uk­ ma­
335
yofilo arian xelisuflebis, romelmac ganusazRvra maT ga­nu­saz­
Rvreli Tavisufleba, ukanono moqmedebebisa da SezRuda maTi xe­
li­suflebisadmi daumorCilebloba, rasac mxars uWeren garedan~
(scssa, w. 1: saq., 191, f. 27) (igulisxmeba TurqeTis xelisufleba _ r.W.).
1866w. afxazeTSi momxdari ajanyeba udavod iyo antirusuli
ga­mosvla da is garkveul wilad exmianeboda im ganmaTavisuflebel
mo­Zraobas, romelsac eweodnen ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebi
ko­loniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg.
mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma gaauqma afxazeTis samTavro da da­iw­
yo afxazeTSi muhajiroba, 1867w. carizmma miiRo didi teritoria
ko­lonizaciisaTvis. afxazeTi kolonizacia ruseTis saxelmwifos
eko­nomikur da politikur interesebSi Sedioda, amitomac carizmi
ene­rgiulad Seudga am gegmis ganxorcielebas. am periodSi ruseTi
ara mxolod afxazeTis kolonizacias, aramed Crdilo-aRmosavleT
Sa­vizRvispireTis xelSi Cagdebasac gegmavda (Хорава, 2013: 72).
1866w. 10 martis `debulebis~ mixedviT, Savi zRvis sanapiro
zo­ li gankuTvnili iyo `sanapiro sasoflo dasaxlebebisaTvis~
ker­Zod _ rusebisaTvis. maTTvis gankuTvnili iyo mTeli rigi Se­
Ra­vaTebi. am mxaris saukeTeso miwebi miisakuTres imperatorma da
misma naTesavebma, mefisnacvalma kavkasiaSi, aseve msxvilma sam­xed­
ro da samoqalaqo Cinovnikebma (Хорава, 2013: 73).
ruseTis aseTi politikis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi 1866 wlis
aja­nyebis sastikad CaxSobis Semdegac ar Senelebula. magram am­je­
rad es gamosvlebi politikurTan erTad socialur xasiaTsac ata­
reb­da (Wanturia, 2006: 82). mosaxleobam protestis sxva formasac
mi­marTa, kerZod saCivrebi, gadasaxadebze uaris Tqma, gaqceva, me­
mamuleTa miwebis miTviseba (ZiriTadad es memamuleebi rusebi iy­
v­nen _ r.W.), individualuri terori da sxv.
bunebrivia, amgvar gamosvlebs ar SeiZleboda realuri gav­le­
na moexdina xelisuflebis politikaze. amasobaSi mTavroba ge­g­ma­
zo­mierad axorcielebda dasaxuli gegmis realizacias. afxazeTis
ko­lonizacia iseTive principiT unda ganexorcielebinaT, rogorc
Ta­vis droze Savi zRvis olqSi ganaxorcieles (Хорава, 2013: 76).
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT ruseTis imperiuli politika af­
xazeTis mimarT, es iyo ruseTis xelisuflebis zraxvebi xel­ Si
Caegdo SavizRvispireTis es nawili da zogadad samxreT kav­ka­sia,
rasac gegmazomierad da mizandasaxulad axorcielebda ad­gi­lob­
rivi mosaxleobis Seviwroeba-gadasaxlebiT da maT adgilze uc­xo
tomis CasaxlebiT, romlebic imperiisaTvis ufro sandod da da­
say­rden Zalad miaCndaT.

336
 bibliografia:

• scssa, w. 1 _ scssa, fondi 545, aRw. I, wigni 1;

• scssa, w. 2 _ scssa, fondi 545, aRw. I, wigni 2;
• Wanturia, 2006 _ Wanturia ramaz. saxalxo ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra­
oba afxazeTSi XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. Tb.,
2006;
• ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ.., 1907 – Историческая записка об управлении кавказом. Т. 1.
Составил редактор Семен Эсадзе. Тфл., 1907;
• ДЗИДЗАРИЯ, 1955 – Дзидзария Георгий Алексеевич. Восстание 1866 года в
Абхазии. Сухуми, 1955;
• ОЛОНЕЦКИЙ, 1960 – Олонецкий Алексей Алексеевич. Крестьянская реформа в
Абхазии, – Очерки истории Абхазской АССР. Ч. 1. Сухуми, I960;
• ХОРАВА, 2013 – Хорава Бежан. Мухаджирство Абхазов 1867 года. Тб., 2013.

RAMAZ TCHANTURIA1

RUSSIFICATION POLICY OF TSARIZM IN ABKHAZIA

IN 60TH-IES OF 19TH CENTURY

Abkhazia is characterized by difficult economic and social conditions

in the 60th-ies of the 19th century. This is accompanied by the abolition of the
principal and the harassment of the local nobility and the peasants, which led
to the dissatisfaction of the population towards the Russian colonial policy. This
dissatisfaction was characterized by small demonstrations in the early 60s of the
19th century, which resulted in great public revolt in 1866.
This revolt was directed against the Russian colonial policy, which became
clear after its severely suppression. From the end of the 60th-ies of the 19th
century, the massive outflow of indigenous peoples starts, which was assisted
by Russian Empire, and the Russian authorities began to settle foreign tribes on
their territories. Settlers were given all kinds of privileges in order to lodge the
territories emptied by Abkhazians. This was the colonial policy of the Russian
government, which was implemented according to plans in this part of the Black
Sea coast.
1
Ramaz Tchanturia – PhD in History, Sokhumi State University.
22. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 337
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

revaz xvistani, leri jiblaZe1

protokolxuri da dolmenuri kulturebis Sexvedrebi

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze
(zogadi mimoxilva)

protokolxuri kulturis2 qronologia-periodizacias, gav­

rcelebis arealebs, ZiriTad maxasiaTebel elementebsa da am kul­
turasTan dakavSirebul sxva problemur sakiTxebs araerTi gamokv­
leva mieZRvna, romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. winamdebare
statiaSi gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT am kulturasTan dakav­
Sirebul zogierT aspeqtze, rogoricaa protokolxuri da dol­
menuri kulturebis Sexvedrebi Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis teri­
toriaze da maTi urTierTmimarTebis garkveva. marTalia, am sakiTxs
samecniero literaturaSi garkveuli yuradReba aqvs daTmobili,
magram igi specialuri kvlevis sagani ar gamxdara.
sadReiso monacemebis mixedviT ise Cans, rom kolxeTis dab­
lo­bis zRvispira sanapiro zoli da misi mimdebare teritoria
1
revaz xvistani _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
saxelmwifo universiteti; leri jiblaZe _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doq­
to­ ri; saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oT. lorTqifaniZis saxelobis
ar­­qeologiis centri, ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.
2
termini protokolxuri kultura pirvelad moixsenia l. soloviovma
sam­­xreT-dolmenuri kulturisagan gasamijnavad (Соловьев, 1958: 162).igi
md. enguridan adleris zRvispira zolamde gamoyofda samxreT-dolme­
nur kulturas, romlis yvelaze cnobil Zeglebad Tvlida oCamCiris na­
mosaxlarsa da eSeris dolmenebis qveda fenas. l. soloviovis azriT, am
kulturas md. engurTan emijneboda monaTesave kultura,romlis yve­
la­ ze cnobil Zeglebad miaCnda dablagomi, anakliis dixa-guZuba (I) da
kol­xeTis dablobis sxva namosaxlarebi (Соловьев, 1958: 151,162). saerTod
ki protokolxuri da Zveli kolxuri kultura (periodi an epoqa) sa­me­c­
ni­ero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli iqna prof. T. miqelaZis mier. pr. I
etapSi igulisxmeba adrebrinjaos xana, Zv.w III. aTaswleulis meore naxe­
vari; pr. II etapSi _ Suabrinjaos xana (daaxloebiT Zv.w. XX-XVIss.); Zvel­
kolxur I da II etapebSi _ gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis periodi
(Zv.w. XV-VIIss.) (miqelaZe, 1974: 49; jiblaZe, 2007: 104-117).
338
un­da yofiliyo protokolxuri kulturis (I, II etapi _ adre da
Su­abrinjaos xana) formirebis mTavari kera,sadac mikvleulia am
kulturis yvelaze uadresi Zeglebi.1
protokolxuri kulturis (I etapi) yvelaze adreuli da­
naSrevebi Cans samxreT-dasavleTi kolxeTis dablobis zRvispira
sanapiro zolSi ispanis namosaxlaris qveda horizontis saxiT.2
sa­varaudod, aq iwyeba am kulturis Casaxva da radiacia kolxeTis
dablobis mTiswina da mTian zonaSi.
samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev adre gamoiTqma mosaz­
reba, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba kolxeTis dablo­
bis samosaxlod aTviseba (jafariZe, 1976: 73). dasaSvebad miaCniaT
am procesebSi monawileoba mieRo kolxeTis mTianeTis ufro ad­
reuli (eneoliTis xana) namosaxlarebidan (aTara, oqumi da sxv.)
Ca­mosul tomebs (fxakaZe 1993: 83).
protokolxuri kultura cnobilia sami kategoriis Zeglebis
mixedviT: namosaxlarebi, ganZebi (ori Tu sami ganZi, asve liTo­
nis inventaris calkeuli aRmoCenebi) da iSviaTad samarovnebi (ga­
gida). kolxeTis dablobze es kultura ZiriTadad gamovlenilia
mravalfenian xelovnurad gamarTul borcvebze, romlebic zog­
jer gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis fenebTan erTad urTierTmo­
na­cvleoben (fiCoris centraluri borcvi, anaklia II, anaklia I,
no­ siri III, nakarRali, cvane da sxv).zogjer protokolxuri pe­
1
fiqroben, rom protokolxuri kulturis nacvlad ufro sasurvelia
ga­­moviyenoT termini kolxeTis dablobis adrebrinjaos xanis kultura,
ra­­dgan igi ufro istoriuli da zogierT aspeqtSi eTnikuri xasiaTisaa
(fxakaZe 1993: 32-41; Пхакадзе, 2009-2010: 75). garda amisa Tvlian, rom es
termini ufro iZleva saSualebas gamoiyos arqeologiuri kultura, mi­si
Sida periodizacia da lokaluri variantebi. xandaxan kolxeTis dablo­
bis adre da Sua brinjaos xanis xelovnurad gamarTuli borcvTa kul­
turebis nacvlad iyenebs termins dasavlur kolxuri kultura (go­gaZe
1997: 33, 58). Tumca, ZiriTadad kermikuli masalis tipologiuri monace­
mebis mixedviT zogjer am termins moxseniebuli kulturis lokaluri
variantebis aRmniSvnelad xmaroben,romelSic zogadad gamoyofen 3 lo­
kalur variants: centraluri, dasavleTi kolxeTis kulturis lokalu­
ri variantebi; III variants akuTvneben dolmenur kulturas (Гогадзе 1990:
113-117; gogaZe 1997: 33-34)..
2
pr. I etapis adreuli safexuris Zeglebs tradiciuli (SedarebiTi) me­To­­
diT vaTariRebT Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevriT (Zv.w. XXV-XXIVss.).
samwuxarod, am safexuris Zeglebidan mxolod ispanis namosaxla­ris qve­
da horizontidan gvaqvs C-14 TariRi. kerZod, nimuSebi TБ-82, ТБ-233-Zv.w.
3175±287w.; Zv.w. 3225±283w. (m. qlarqis sakalibracio mrudis ga­moyenebiT)
(qavTaraZe, 1981: 75-76). iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu ra­dionaxSirbadis
la­boratoriaSi daimonis mrudis gaTvaliswinebiT am ho­rizontis asaki
udris 5100±159 _ Zv.w. 3150w., 5130±92 _ Zv.w. 3180w. (Апа­кидзе .., 1987: 23).
339
riodi sa­ mosaxlo borcvebze calkea warmodgenili (fiCoris #6
borcvi). es kultura gvxvdeba mTiswina terasaze gamarTul am ka­
tegoriis Zeglze (Semoqmedi), torfqveSa namosaxlarebze (onwyo­
SiaSi, ispani, Wo­lipa), bunebrivad gamarTul borcvebze (dablago­
mi, bagratis taZris midamoebSi-arqielis gora) da zemo imereTis
platoze-mtk­var-araqsul, bedenur da TrialeTur kulturebTan
erTad (argve­Tis zeda horizonti, jieTi IV-V fena, iTxvisi-Cila­
Tas borcvi, mo­dinaxe-Suabrinjaos xanis 7,14,21,23 samarxebi (fxa­
kaZe 1993: 73; lanCava.., 2004: 11-13; lomTaZe, 2000: 5-17; jiblaZe, 2007:
26; sadraZe.., 2007: 24-32).
dResdReobiT protokolxuri kulturis namosaxlarebi, ro­
melTa koncentracia SeiniSneba md. enguris qvemo welis auzSi da
mis mimdebare teritoriaze, mcire raodenobiTaa gamovlenili.
Se­saZloa, amis mizezi isic iyos,rom holocenis xanaSi mimdinare
tra­ nsgresiisa da fanagoriuli regresiis Sedegad es zRvispira
na­mosaxlarebis kulturis Zeglebi ganadgurda da sxva periodis
ZeglebTan erTad torfqveS moeqca (Хахутаишвили, 1984: 146-151;
Джанелидзе, 1980; sadraZe.., 2007: 24-32; papuaSvili.., 2013).
fiqroben, rom am procesebis Sedegad kolxeTis dablobis
zRvispira zolSi neoliTuri xanisa da ufro adreuli doneebi 25-
30 m. siRrmeSia daZiruli. SesaZloa holocenis xanaSi mimdinare
am movlenebis Sedegad iyos gamowveuli is arsebuli lakuna, ro­
melic SeiniSneba kolxeTis dablobis SavizRvispira zolSi md.
Coloqsa da engurs Soris mdebare teritoriaze adre da Sua­bri­
njaos xanis Zeglebis ar arsebobiT. rogorc Cans, im zonaSi, sa­dac
zRvis moqmedeba aqtiuri iyo, protokolxuri kulturis Zeg­lebi
ganadgurda da torfqveS moeqca. gadarCa mxolod isini, rom­
lebic maSindeli zRvis sanapirodan ramdenadme dacilebuli iyo
da zRvis aqtiuri moqmedeba SedarebiT ver miswvda (fiCori, na­
karRali, anaklia pirveli, anaklia meore, Semoqmedi da sxv.). aseve,
savaraudod, vgulisxmobT im gauTxrel Zeglebsac, romlebic
ganfenilia md. enguris qvemo welis auzis orive sanapiroze da
momavalSi Catarebuli gaTxrebis Sedegad didi albaTobiT mo­sa­
lodnelia adre da Suabrinjaos xanis fenebis gamovlena. iqneb
erT-erTi mizezi holocenis xanaSi mimdinare procesebia, romlis
Sedegad dRemde kolxeTis dablobze aRniSnuli periodebis sama­
rovnebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisisis garda, mikvleuli ar aris.
Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze dolmenuri nagebobe­
bi ga­movlenilia daaxloebiT 31 punqtSi (papuaSvili.., 2006, 127-
129), romelTa didi nawili dazvervebis Sedegad zedapiruladaa
ga­movlenili da gauTxrelia.saerTod dolmenuri nagebobebi gav­
340
r­celebuli iyo Savi zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv 480 km. sigrZeze
(gavrcelebis sifarTe aris 30 km-dan 75 km-mde) dawyebuli tama­
nis naxevarkunZulidan q. oCamCiremde. rogorc aRniSnaven (Zveli
mo­nacemebiT),1 daaxloebiT 194 punqtSi 564 dolmenuri nagebobaa
gamovlenili, romlebic ganlagebulia zRvis donidan 250-400 m
simaRleze, zogierTi ki _ 700-800 m-ze. gvxvdeba zRvis donidan
1029 m-is simaRleze am tipis nagebobebic (Марковин, 1978: 55, 59,
ruqa 20; Марковин, 1994: 228-231).
Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi dolmenebi jguf-jgufad gvxv­
de­ ba rogorc zRvispira ise Sida mTian mxareSi. isini iyofian 3
jgu­ fad: momcro, saSualo da mozrdil dolmenebad (jafariZe,
1976: 87; jafariZe 2003: 132; fxakaZe 1992: 240). Tavis droze am tipis
me­­galiTur nagebobaSi 3 fena gamoyves (b. kuftini): brinjaos ad­
re­ uli safexuri (Zv.w III aTaswleulis dasasruli), Sua bri­ njaos
xana da mesame fena ki ganisazRvra kolxuri monetiT (ja­fariZe,
1976: 217). ufro gvian am klasifikacias daumates gvian bri­njaos
xana (jafariZe, 1976: 217). adre brinjaos xanis masalebi Zi­riTadad
war­ modgenilia momcro da saSualo zomis dolmenebSi. ro­ gorc
mom­cro, aseve mozrdili am rigis nagebobebs upiratesad tra­pe­
ciis forma aqvT (jafariZe, 2003: 132). kavkasiis dolmenebis war­
mo­mavlobaze, gavrcelebis gzebze da am kulturis Seswavlis
sa­kiTxebze araerTi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli amitom sityvas ar ga­
va­­grZelebT (dawvrilebiT ixileT: Марковин, 1978: Марковин, 1994:
226-253; jafariZe, 1976: 180-182; jafariZe, 2003: 132-134; jafariZe,
2006: 44-50).
afxaz da rus mkvlevaTa nawils (l. soloviovi, v. bJania i.
vo­­ronovi, m. inal-ifa, i. wvinaria) Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis
ad­­­
re da Suabrinjaos xanis Zeglebi SehyavT samxreT-dolmenuri
(oCa­mCiruli)kulturis wreSi (Соловьев, 1958; 150-151; Соловьев,
1960; 69; Воронов, 1971: 17; Бжания, 1973: 65-71).2
Cveni varaudiT am kulturis wreSi ramdenadme gansxvavebul
da monaTesave Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis teritoriaze arsebul
1
amis Semdeg gamovlenili da Seswavlili iqna araerTi dolmenuri nage­
boba
2
uaRresad tendenciurobiT gamoirCeoda XXs. 60-ian wlebSi af­xazeTSi
mcxovrebi rusi arqeologis l. soloviovis mier gamoTqmuli mo­sazreba,
romlis Tanaxmad Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze kolxeTis dab­lobze
mosaxleobis Secvla ukavSirdeboda mcire aziidan gadmosaxlebul qaS­
qebs. TiTqosda maT aq moitanes Taviseburi Tixis WurWeli da sakuTari
me­talurgia da mis matareblad afxazur-adiReuri eTnosi Ca­Tvales. l.
soloviovisa da misi kolegebis es tendenciuri mcdari debulebebi ara­
erTxel samarTlianad iqna gakritikebuli (jafariZe, 1976: 233; fxakaZe
1993: 96; l. jiblaZe, 1997: 104).
341
dolmenebTan erTad (kiur-dere-eSera, azanTa, suli da a.S.), mcda­
rad aris gaerTia­ne­buli oCamCiris namosaxlari. es Zegli soWi-ad­
leris tipis ori qvis ToxiTa da e.w. kibisebur-ornamentiani kera­
mikiT, marTlac uka­ vSirdeba e.w. samxreT-dolmenur kulturas.
magram oCamCiris na­mosaxlaris identuri keramikuli masala moi­
cavs TiTqmis mTeli kol­xeTis dablobis teritorias da igi Ziri­
Tadad protokolxuri kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
q. soxumis samxreTiT istoriuli samurzayanos teritoria,
romelic sruliad gansxvavebuli reliefiT xasiaTdeba. igi ufro
gaSlilia da TandaTanobiT kolxeTis dablobze gadadis (jafa­
riZe, 2006: 45). aq dolmenuri tipis samarxebi TiTqmis ar gavrce­
lebula. es mxare qarTveluri mosaxleobis sacxovrisi iyo. ro­
gorc Cans, dolmenuri mSeneblobis tradiciam kolx mosaxleobaSi
fexi maincdamainc ver moikida (jafariZe, 2006: 45). vfiqrobT, Ta­
namedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze gamovlenili dolmenebi (aq Zi­
riTadad gvxvdeba qvis filebisagan Sekruli trapeciis formis
do­lmenebi) unda iyos saerTo dolmenuri kulturis Semadgeneli
na­wili oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom igi mTlianad aris moqceuli
protokolxuri kulturis arealSi.
rogorc Cans, dolmenebi ekuTvnoda im xalxs, romlebsac mu­
dmivi binadari adgili ar gaaCnda, eweoda momTabare cxovrebas
da dakavebuli iyo mesaqonleobiT. aseT cxovrebas xels uwyobda
maTi ganlageba ityian masivebSi, sadac mesaqonleobis ganviTare­
bi­saTvis xelsayreli pirobebi arsebobda. SemTxveviTi ar unda
iyos is faqtic, rom saerTod dolmenuri kulturis nabinadari
ad­gilebi Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis teritoriis farglebs ga­
reT iSviaTadaa cnobili.1
sainteresoa,rom adre brinjaos dasasrulisa da Sua brinja­
os im namosaxlarebze (axrakapSi, pali, guandra, Sroma, gumisTa I,
gumisTa II, kamani I, maWara II-III fenebi, ivaSCenko da sxv.), romelsac
Cven Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze dolmenur kulturas
va­kuTvnebT, yvelgan Txeli kulturuli fenebia gamovlenili da
arsad ar Cans xangrZlivi, intensiuri cxovrebis kvali. SesaZloa
es faqti imis maCvenebeli iyos, rom moxseniebuli Zeglebi sezonu­
ri, droebiTi sadgomebi iyo. aq macxovrebeli xalxi damjdar mi­
waTmoqmedebas ar misdevda da maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo mecx­
1
cnobilia mxolod orad-ori namosaxlari dolmenuri kulturis gav­r­
ce­lebis arealSi. erTi mdebareobs md. yubanis marcxena Senakad md. be­
laias sanapirosTan axlos deguan-daxovski (adiRia), meore ki gelenjikis
koncxTan. degen-daxovskSi gamovlinda metalurgiul warmoebasTan da­
kavSirebuli nivTebi: Tixis yalibebi, yuadaqanebuli culis yalibis mo­
deli, 17 cicxvi da a. S. (Марковин, 1978: 32-235, 257-258, sur. 128-16,129-1,4).
342
vareoba-mesaqonleoba.
mkvlevarTa nawili afxazeTis teritoriaze gamovlenil
dolmenebs akuTvnebs kolxeTis dablobisa da misi borcvovani zo­
lis adre brinjaos xanis kulturas (jafariZe 1976: 190-191; fxaka­
Ze 1992: 238-239; fxakaZe 1993: 83, 110).1 TiTqosda am erTgva­rovani
kulturis wreSi md.gumisTis CrdiloeTiT gamoyofen lokalur
variants Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSnebiT: dakrZal­
vis wesi, dolmenebi, dasaxlebebi terasaze, soWi-adleris tipis
qvis Toxebi da sxva niSnebi, romlebic ufro ganicdida Crdilour
gav­lenebs maikop-novosvabodnaias mxridan (baramiZe 1999: 24). da­
saSvebad miaCniaT am regionis Zveli afxazuri eTnosisadmi mikuT­
vneba. ufro farTo speqtrSi warmoudgeniaT es sakiTxi. kerZod,
Tvlian, rom dolmenebis gavrcelebis mTeli areali Crdilo-da­
savleT kolxeTis teritoriis CaTvliT afxazur-adiReuri tome­
bis gansaxlebis adgili unda yofiliyo (Марковин, 1978: 183-291).
amitom swored am tomebs ukavSireben samarxebis mSeneblobas.
zogierTi mkvlevari dolmenuri kulturis matareblad
Tvlis protokolxuri kulturis mosaxleobis nawils, romelic
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi tovebs dablob zonas da inacv­
lebs mTaSi. am eTnokulturul Zvrebs ukavSireben Tanamedrove
afxazeTis teritoriaze dolmenebis gaqrobas (baramiZe 1998: 132).
ramdenad swori unda iyos arqeologiurad am momentis dakav­ Si­
reba (meoradi dakrZalvis rituali, samkauli, dolmenuri arqite­
qtura) brilisa da Tlias samarovnebTan, Zneli saTqmelia.
miRebulia dolmenebis daTariReba Zv.w 2000-1600ww. (l. so­
lo­viovi), Zv.w III-II aTaswleulis mijniT (b. kuftini), 2400-2200ww.
(adreuli jgufis) da 2200-1800ww. (gviandeli jgufis). yvelaze
adreul uxvrelo dolmenebs sazRvraven Zv.w. XXVII-XXVI saukunee­
biT, yvelaze gviandels ki _ Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebiT (jafariZe,
1976: 183-192; jafariZe, 2006: 47).
amdenad, Cven saqme unda gvqondes meurneobis xasiaTiT sru­
liad gansxvavebul or kulturasTan. protokolxuri kultura
es aris ZiriTadad baris Zeglebis kultura, romlis matarebeli
uZvelesi qarTveluri eTnikuri nakadi _ svanurenovani mosaxle­
oba _ misdevda damjdar miwaTmoqmedebas. amis damadasturebelia
na­mosaxlarebze gamovlenili xangrZlivi cxovrebis amsaxveli in­
tensiuri kulturuli fenebi, mravalricxovani samiwaTmoqmedo
1
ufro konkretulad afxazeTis teritoriaze gamovlenil eSeris dol­
me­nebis adreul fenebs, anaklia pirvelTan (qveda fena) da oCamCiresTan
er­Tad aerTianeben kolxeTis dablobisa da misi borcvovani zolis ad­
re­brinjaos xanis kulturaSi, romelsac safuZvlad daedo dasavleT sa­
qar­Tvelos neoliTi (jafariZe 1976: 190-191; fxakaZe 1993: 83,110).
343
iaraRebi, marcvleuli kulturis mravalgvari jiSebi da a.S. dol­
menebi ki rogorc aRiniSna mesaqonle xalxis kulturaa, romle­
bic eweodnen momTabare cxovrebas da xSirad icvlidnen nabinadar
adgilebs. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTSi dolmenebi (fsxu, sanCari,
dou, azanTa, suli, CxalTa, jampali da a.S.) upiratesad ukavSir­
deba iseT adgilebs, sadac bilikebi da gadasasvlelebi gadioda,
romliTac sargeblobda mwyemsebi cxvris faris gadarekvis dros
(Марковин, 1978: 55).
unda vifiqroT, rom dolmenuri kulturis matarebeli xal­
xi unda yofiliyo pirveli mimgnebi da amTvisebeli kodorisa da
bzifis saTaveebSi mdebare samTamadno warmoebis Zeglebis, rom­
lebic ganlagebulia subalpur-alpur zonebSi da erTmaneTs uka­
vSi­
rdebodnen uZvelesi samimosvlo gzebiTa da bilikebiT. sava­
raudod isini misdevden mesaqonleobas(momTabare cxovrebas),
xSi­rad inacvlebden sacxovrebel adgilebs maRalmTian saialaRo
sa­
Zovrebze, mudmiv moZraobaSi iyvnen da icvliden sacxovrebel
teritoriebs. amitomac Wirs maTi nabinadari adgilebis moZieba. mTian
afxazeTSi spilenZis madnis eqsploataciis dasawyisi Zi­ ri­
Ta­ dad
qronologiurad TanxvedraSia dolmenebis qveda fenebis asak­Tan.
amrigad, vfiqrobT,rom kolxeTis dablobis adre da Sua­
brin­jaos xanis kulturebis gavrcelebis arealebSi Sedis mTe­
li Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis teritoria ufro mZlavrad q.
soxumamde, SedarebiT sustad ki md. fsoumde. aq maT aqvT Se­xved­
rebi gansxvavebul da monaTesave samxreT dolmenur da soWi-ad­
leris tipis qvis Toxebis matarebel kulturebTan, romelebic
mTel rig Zeglebze araerTi elementebis mixedviT vlindeba
(jiblaZe, 1997: 118). Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze gav­r­ce­
lebuli momdevno gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis kolxuri kul­
tu­ra,zogierTi lokaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mZlav­radaa warmodgenili, rac sxva mkvlevarebTan erTad Cvens
mier araerTxel aRiniSna (jiblaZe, 1997: 119; jiblaZe, 2007: 120).
sainteresoa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari kolxuri kulturis aR­
mniSvnelad igive mniSvnelobiT xelovnurad iyenebs termins oCam­
Ci­
ruli kulturis gvian safexurs (Воронов, 1971: 20), romelic
aras­worad migvaCnia. vfiqrobT, md. gumisTasa da md. fsous So­
ris moqceuli teritoria unda iyos kolxeTis dablobis adre da
Suab­rinjaos xanas kulturebisa da dolmenuri kulturis Sexved­
rebis adgili, sakontaqto zona. protokolxuri da dolmenuri
kul­turebis Tanxvedris Zeglebad migvaCnia (gumisTa I, jampal I,
pali, axra-kapSi, aWandara, kamani I da sxv.) (jiblaZe, 2007: 107).
afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi gamovlenili dolmene­
344
bi, rogorc Cans, saerTo dolmenuri kulturis Semadgeneli nawi­
li unda iyos. isini atareben ramdenime gansxvavebul lokalur
xa­siaTs, romelic gamoixateba mTeli rigi niSnebis mixedviT: tra­
peciiseburi formis dolmenebi, saCxeruli tipis liTonis yuadaqa­
nebuli culebi, kaJis isrispirebi da a.S. es gamowveuli unda iyos
imiTac, rom isini moqceulni arian dasavleT saqarTvelos adre
da Sua brinjaos xanis (protokolxuri kultura) kulturebis
are­alSi, ufro mZlavrad md. gumisTamde, ufro sustad ki mis
Crdi­loeTiT. is dolmenebi romlebic gamovlenilia md.gumisTisa
da fsous teritoriebs Soris ufro ganicdis Crdilo kavkasiis
dol­ menuri kulturis gavlenebs. es gamoixateba dolmenebis xe­
lovnuri miwayrilis qveS moqcevaSi, xuabis dolmenis yuaxvreli­
ani liTonis culiT, soWi-adleris tipis qvis Toxebis gavrcele­
biT, gansxvavebuli Tixisa da kaJis nawarmiT da a.S.

345
 bibliografia:
• baramiZe, 1998 _ baramiZe malxaz. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi Zv.w. II-I
aTa­ s­ wleulis pirvel naxevarSi (ZiriTadi problemebi). disertacia,
war­­­­­dgenili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis
mo­­­sa­po­veb­lad. xelnaweri. Tb., 1998;.
• baramiZe, 1999 _ baramiZe malxaz. Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis arqeologi­
uri kulturebi da maTi eTnikuri atribucia, _ saqarTvelo-afxaze­
Tis mo­ambe. #2-3. Tb., 1999;
• gagoSiZe.., 2004 _ gagoSiZe iulon, maxaraZe g., qoriZe e., gogiberiZe n.
iT­­xvisis namosaxlari, _ arqeologiis Jurnali. Salva amiranaSvilis
sa­­xelobis saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumi. #3. Tb., 2004;
• gogaZe, 1997 _ gogaZe elguja. kolxuri kulturis genezisis erTi as­
peqtis Sesaxeb, _ kreb.: guria. t. 2. Tb., 1997;
• lanCava.., 2004 _ lanCava omar, isakaZe r. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi bag­
ra­tis taZris interierSi, _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba. t. 8. qu­Ta­isi,
2004;
• lomTaZe, 2000 _ lomTaZe g. modinaxes Suabrinjaos xanis samarxebi, _
arqeologiis Jurnali. #1. Tb., 2000;
• miqelaZe, 1974 _ miqelaZe Teimuraz. Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aR­
mo­sav­leT SavizRvispireTis istoriidan. Tb., 1974;
• papuaSvili.., 2006 _ papuaSvili nana, jiblaZe leri, papuaSvili revaz.
kol­xeTis eneoliTis, adrebrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis samarovne­
bis gav­rc ­ elebis ruka, _ Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi. #17-18,
2006;
• papuaSvili.., 2013 _ papuaSvili revaz, papuaSvili ioseb. Savi zRvis pa­
le­or ­ e­Jimi da misi gavlena kolxeTis dablobis dasaxlebebze (Zv.w. III-I
aTas­wleulebSi). Tb., 2013;
• sadraZe.., 2007 _ sadraZe vaJa, jiblaZe leri, papuaSvili revaz. proto­
kolxuri namosaxlarebis Seswavlis istoriisaTvis, _ kreb.: guria. t.
5. Tb., 2007;
• inaniSvili.., 2010 _ inaniSvili givi, maisuraZe besarion, gobejiSvili
ger­mane. saqarTvelos uZvelesi samTamadno da metalurgiuli warmo­
eba (Zv.w III-I aTaswleulebi). Tb., 2010;
• fxakaZe, 1978 _ fxakaZe guranda. mtkvar-araqsisa da adrebrinjaos xa­
nis kulturebis zogierTi Sexvedra dasavleT saqarTvelos terito­
ri­aze, _ saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi. iv. javaxiSvilis
sa­­xelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis arqe­
olo­giuri kvlevis centri. Tb., 1978;
• fxakaZe, 1992 _ fxakaZe guranda. eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xana dasavleT
sa­qarTveloSi, _ saqarTvelos arqeologia. t. 2. Tb., 1992;
• fxakaZe, 1993 _ fxakaZe guranda. dasavleT amierkavkasia Zveli wel­Ta­
R­­ric­xvis III aTaswleulSi. Tb., 1993;
• fxakaZe, 1999 _ fxakaZe guranda. kolxeTis dablobis adrebrinjaos
xa­nis kul­­turis kvlevis zogierTi aspeqti _ Ziebani saqarTvelos ar­
qeologiaSi. #2. Tb., 1999;
• qavTaraZe, 1981 _ qavTaraZe giorgi. saqarTvelos eneoliT-adrebrinja­
os xanis arqeologiuri kulturebis qronologia axali monacemebis
Suq­­ze. Tb., 1981;
346
• jafariZe, 1976 _ jafariZe oTar. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriis
sa­kiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1976;
• jafariZe, 2003 _ jafariZe oTar. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 2003;
• jafariZe, 2006 _ jafariZe oTar. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis dolme­
nebi, _ Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi. #17-18, 2006;
• jiblaZe, 1997 _ jiblaZe leri. kolxeTis dablobis brinjaos xanis na­
mosaxlarTa stratigrafia, qronologia periodizacia (fiCoris cen­
traluri borcvis masalebis mixedviT). Tb., 1997;
• jiblaZe, 2007 _ jiblaZe leri. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTas­wle­
ulebis namosaxlarebi. Tb., 2007;
• АПАКИДЗЕ.., 1987 _ Апакидзе Андрия, Бурчуладзе А. Радиоуглеродное да­ти­ро­
ва­ние археологических и палеоботанческих образцов Грузии. Тб., 1987;
• БЖАНИЯ, 1973 – Бжания Вадим Викторович. Поселения Очамчирской культуры
в горах Аб­ха­зии, – Кавказ и Восточная Европа в древности. Посвящается па­мя­
ти Е. И. Крупнова. М., 1973;
• ВОРОНОВ, 1971 – Воронов Юрий Николаевич. История Абхазии от древнейших
вре­мен до ран­него средневековья. Автореферат дисертации на соискание
уче­ной сте­пе­ни кан­­ди­дата исторических наук. М., 1971
• ГОГАДЗЕ, 1987 – Гогадзе Элгуджа М. Хронология памятников Колхидской куль­
туры эпо­хи Средней бронзы и некоторые вопросы культурной отрибуции ва­ри­
ан­тов об­­ще­колхидской культуры эпохи ранных металлов, – Кавказ в системе
па­­ле­о­ме­­таллических культур Евразии. Материалы I симпозиума – «Кавказ и
Юго-восточная Европа в эпоху раннего металла» (Телави-Сигнахи 1983). Ре­да­к­
то­ры: Док­­тор исторических наук К. Н. Пицхелаури, доктор исторических наук Е.
Н. Черных. Тб., 1987;
• ДЖАНЕЛИДЗЕ, 1980 – Джанелидзе Н. Палеография в Грузии в Голицене. Тб.,
1980;
• МАРКОВИН, 1978 – Марковин Владимир Иванович. Дольмены Западного Кав­
ка­за. М., 1978;
• МАРКОВИН, 1994 – Марковин Владимир Иванович. Дольмены Западного Кав­
ка­за, – Эпоха бро­нзы Кавказа и Средней Азии. Ранняя и средняя бронза Кавказа.
От­ветственные ре­­да­кто­ры тома доктора исторических наук К. Х. Кушнарева, В.
И. Марковин. М., 1994 (el. versia: http://apsnyteka.org/1198-epokha_bronzy_
ka­vkaza_i_srednei_azii.html);
• ПХАКАДЗЕ, 2009-2010 – Пхакадзе Гуранда. Колхидская раннебронзовая куль­ту­
ра, – Археология Кавказа. №2-3. Посвящается светлой памяти академика Отара
Лор­­­дкипанидзе. Тб., 2009-2010 (el. versia: http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitst­re­
am/­1234/142389/1/Arxeologia_Kavkaza_2009-2010_N2-3.pdf);
• СОЛОВЬЕВ, 1958 _ Соловьев Лев Николаевич. Новый памятник культурных
свя­зей Кав­каз­­ского Причерноморья в эпоху неолита и бронзы. Стоянка во­рон­
цовской пе­­щеры, _ Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и ис­то­
рии АН Гру­зин­ской ССР. Т. 29. Сухуми, 1958;
• СОЛОВЬЕВ, 1958 _ Соловьев Лев Николаевич. Погребение дольменной културы
в Абхазии и прилегающей части Адлерского раиона, _ Труды Абхазского инс­ти­
ту­та язы­ка, ли­тературы и истории АН Грузинской ССР. Т. 31. Сухуми, 1960.
• ХАХУТАИШВИЛИ, 1984 _ Хахутаишвили Давид. Природа и человек в Приморском
по­­­лосе Колхиды в э эпоху Голицена, _ Кавказо-Ближневосточный сборник. Т. 8.
Тб., 1984.

347
 REVAZ KHVISTANI, LERI JIBLADZE1

INTERACTION OF PROTO-COLCHIS AND DOLMENIAN CULTURE

ON THE MODERN ABKHAZIAN TERRITORY
(GENERAL REVIEW)

It is likely that the Coastline of Kolkheti lowland and its surrounding ter-
ritory has been the main point of Proto-Colchis culture formation (I, II stage –
Early and Middle Bronze Age) in these places has been found the earliest mon-
uments of the mentioned culture. We consider that whole North-West Colchis
territories are included in the areas of extension of Early and Middle Bronze Age
of the Colchis lowland, strongly to Sokhumi and more weakly to river Psou. Here
they meet to different, relative cultures of stone hoes of South – Dolmenian and
Sochi-Adleri.

1
Revaz Khvistani – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University; Leri
Jibl­adze – Doctor of Historical Sciences; Center of Archaelogy of the Ot. Lordkipanidze
Na­tional Museum of Georgia, Senior Researcher.
348
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

leri jiblaZe1

boris kuftini _ kolxeTis dablobis

brinjao-adrerkinis xanis qronologia-periodizaciis
gamorCeuli mkvlevari

kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis xanis qronolo­

gia-periodizaciis sakiTxebis Seswavlas XX saukunis 30-iani
wlebis Sua xanebidan safuZvlad daedo namosaxlarebis masalebi.
pirveli Zeg­lebi, sadac warmoebuli iqna arqeologiuri samuSaoe­
bi. es iyo: qvalonis naoxvamu, anaklia I, oCamCire, dablagomi da
Semdeg ki yu­levis namosaxlari (xoStaria, 1946: 77-82; Куфтин, 1950:
1,121-274). am periodSi jer kidev ar arsebobda xelsayreli piro­
bobebi sistematuri arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebisa da mecnierebis
am dar­ gis ganviTarebisTvis. namosaxlarebis SeswavlaSi idgme­
boda pir­­ veli nabijebi; ar arsebobda Sesadarebeli masalebi da
absolu­ tu­ri daTariRebis meTodebi. yovelive amis gamo Zalze
Zneli iyo calkeuli qronologiuri periodebisa da etapebis ga­
moyofa. Tumca mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawilis mier dazvervebiTa
da mci­re masStabis gaTxrebis CatarebiT iyo garkveuli cda kolx­
eTis dab­ lobis brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebis (naox­
vamu, oCam­Cire, yulevi) pirveli zogadi qronologiiis gadmocemi­
sa (Кру­п­нов, 1934: 108-110; Иващенко, 1936: 36; Иессен, 1937: 251-252;
Гоголишвили, 1940: 109-110; nioraZe, 1941: 323-336; xoStaria, 1944:
77-82). maT mier ZiriTadad swored iqna gansazRvruli samosa­xlo
borcvebis qronologiuri CarCoebi. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi
adgili hqonda Zeglebis ramdenadme daZvelebasa da Znelad dama­
jerebel gazviadebul TariRebs.
swored am periodSi, rodesac saWiro iyo arqeologiuri
mec­­nierebis swori mimarTulebiT ganviTareba, kolxeTSi samecnie­
ro asparezze gamoCnda b. kuftini. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar
1
leri jiblaZe _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori; saqarTvelos erovnu­
li muzeumis oT. lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiis centri, ufro­
si mecnier-TanamSromeli.
349
Se­uswavlia naoxvamu da anaklia I,1 gamTxrelebis informaciaze da­
yrdnobiT gadmogvca aRniSnul ZeglTa sruli stratigrafiuli
daxasiaTeba, gamoyo calkeuli fenebi, qronologiuri etape­
bi da periodebi. Seiswavla monapovari masala. pirvelma mogvca
kol­­ xeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis xanis keramikis daxasi­
aTeba da mecnieruli ganzogadeba. yovelive es aisaxa mis mier
ga­­moqveynebul naSromSi (Куфтин, 1950). aRsaniSnavia, rom b. kufti­
nis mier qronologia-periodizaciaze gamoTqmuli mecnieruli
debulebebi, dResac ZalaSi rCeba da bevri araferi Secvlila.
cnobilma mecnierma xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, mcire, wina
azi­­isa da sxva regionebis masalebTan urTierTSedarebisas moiZia
gar­ kveuli paralelebi, Seqmna daTariRebis erTgvari myari say­
r­­denebi, romelic gamoiyena kolxeTis dablobis namosaxlarebze
calkeuli qronologiuri etapebisa da periodebis gamoyofisas.
b. kuftinma naoxvamus namosaxlarze 3 kulturuli fena ga­
mo­yo, romelTagan qveda miakuTvna Suabrinjaos xanis dasasruls,
mom­devno Sua fena ki gvianbrinjaos etaps (Куфтин, 1950: 152; 193-
238, sur. 48). am Zeglis zeda fenis daTariRebisas erTmaneTis
Se­satyvisad xSirad iyenebs terminebs: aRmosavleT SavizRvis­ pi­
reT­­ Si yvelaze adreuli berZnuli kolonizaciiis Tanadrouli,
kol­­xur-yobanuri periodi, gvianbrinjaos dasasruli da adrerki­
nis xana (Куфтин, 1950: 114,182, 188, 193, 237). mas Semdeg kolxeTis
dablobze gaiTxara brinjao-adrerkinis xanis araerTi namosax­la­
ri, sadac, bunebrivia, sxva problemebTan erTad ganxiluli iqna
qro­ nologiis sakiTxebic. sainteresoa, dRevandeli monaceme­ biT
rogor gamoiyureba b. kuftinis naoxvamus qronologiuri cxri­
li, ganicada Tu ara raime seriozuli cvlilebebi. SeiZleba iT­
qvas, rom am Zeglis swori qronologiur CarCoebSi moqceva da­
dasturda Waladidis zurgas, namWeduris, nosiri III-is, fiCoris
centraluri borcvisa da sxva gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis
na­mosaxlarebis staratigrafiuli WrilebiTa da nivTieri ma­
saliT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT
1
b. kuftinma, n. xoStariasTan erTad, monawileoba miiRo dablagomis na­
mo­saxlarze warmoebul moklevadian da mcire masStabian gaTxrebSi.igi
me­Tvalyureobas uwevda oCamCiris namosaxlarze jer m.ivaSenkos, Semdeg
ki l. soloviovis xelmZRvaneleobiT mimdinare arqeologiur samuSaoebs.
b. kuftinma gaTxrebis dawyebamde dazverebi Caatara navsadguris mSeneb­
lobis zonaSi da daadgina am Zeglze antikuri da adreliTonebis xanis
fe­nebi (Куфтин, 1950: XXV, 265-266).man aseve dazvera oCamCiris zRvis­pi­
ra zolSi mdebare diunuri sadgomi. igi erT-erTi pirveli Seexo (l.
so­loviovTan erTad) diunuri keramikis daxasiaTebas, daTariRebisa da
fun­qcionaluri daniSnulebis sakiTxebs (Куфтин, 1950: 274-297).
350soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI
26.
yu­levis mra­valfenian namosaxlarze, sadac gamoyofili iqna gvi­
anbrinjao-adrekinis xanis sami kulturuli fena (papuaSvili, 2014:
192-205), romlis nivTieri masala TiTqmis mTlianad imeorebs na­
oxvamus qronologiuri cxrilis monacemebs. naoxvamus daTariRe­
baSi mxolod mciredi koreqtivi iqna Setanili. SedarebiT axali
mo­nacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT naoxvamus qveda fena daTariRda Zv.
kolxuri I etapis adreuli safexuriT (daaxloebiT Zv.w. XIV-XIII
ss.). naoxvamusa (qveda fena) da mis sinqronulad miCneul yulevis,
zurgas, qveda fenebisa da fiCoris centraluri borcvis (III fena)
masalebs win unda uswrebdes Tixis nawarmis erTi jgufi (anaklia I
_ mesame fena,namWeduris VI fena, fiCoris IV kulturuli fena, er­
geta IV fena),romelic Seicavs Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanis sawyisi
safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel narev keramikas.
kolxeTis dablobis zogierT namosaxlarebze swored amis
safuZvelze iqna gamoyofili gardamavali xanis Tixis nawarmi
(Zv.w. XVI-XV ss.) (Микеладзе, 1990: 14; Джибладзе, 1990: 19-23; jib­
laZe, 1997: 110-111; baramiZe, 1998: 117-129). am masalis Semcveli
fena naoxvamus namosaxlarze ar aRmoCenila. cxadia,rom yofili­
yo b. kuftins misi arseboba mxedvelobis aredan ar gamorCeboda.
b. kuftinma erT-erTma pirvelma gamoTqva mosazreba memkvi­
d­reobiTi kavSirebis arsebobaze kolxeTis Suabrinjaosa da gvian­
brinjaos xanis yuamilian da kolxuri culebis sxvadasxva saxeo­
bebs Soris (Куфтин, 1941: 17).
mkvlevarma anaklia I-is namosaxlarze 4 kulturuli fena ga­
moyo (Куфтин, 1950: 246-257). qveda fena miakuTvna adreliTonebis
xanas (adrebrinjaos periodi _ Zv.w III-II aTaswleulebis mijna),mom­
devno fenebi gansazRvra Suabrinjaos xaniT,xolo zeda fena ki
da­aTariRa arugvianes gvianbrinjaos xanis dasawyisiT (Куфтин,
1950: 152).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mis mier SemuSavebuli anaklia I-is qronolo­
gia dResac ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens kolxeTis dab­lo­
bis adre da Suabrinjaos xanis kulturebis gamoyofisas. mTavari is
aris, rom man ZiriTadad swored gansazRvra anaklia I-is kul­turuli
fenebis qveda da zeda qronologiuri CarCoebi, rac momdevno pe­
riodSi araerTxel dadastura kolxeTis dablobis te­ritoriaze
Seswavlili Zeglebis monacemebiT (ispani, fiCoris centraluri
namosaxlari, ergeta, nakarRali, fiCoris #6 borcvi da sxv.).
b. kuftini anaklia I-is Suabrinjaosa da naoxvamus gvianbrin­
jaos xanis masalas Soris gansxvavebas xsnida ara marto maT Soris
arsebuli qronologiuri sxvaobiT, aramed raRac eTnikuri da sa­
meurneo TaviseburebebiT, romelic rionis dablobis uZveles mo­
351
sax­leobas ganasxvavebda mTiswina da zRvispira mobinadreebisagan
(Куфтин, 1950: 256-257). T. miqelaZem b. kuftinis es mosazreba ar
ga­iziara, radgan misi azriT naoxvamusa da anaklia I-is tipis kera­
mika gvxvdeba rogorc mTiswina,aseve zRvispira zolSi (miqelaZe,
1974; 51). igi aseve ar daTanxma naoxvamus b. kuftiniseul daTari­
Rebas da masalaTa erTgvarovnobis gamo samive fena miakuTvna gvi­
anbrinjaos xanis adreul safexurs (miqelaZe, 1974: 51).
b. kuftins ekuTvnis oCamCirisa (l. soloviovTan erTad)1 da
dab­lagomis namosaxlarebze calkeuli kulturuli fenebis gamo­
yofa (Куфтин, 1950: 82-147). man oCamCiris uZvelesi fena eneoli­Tis
(adreliTonebis) xanas miakuTvna (Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebis mij­na)
da Wilofis anabeWdiani ZirebiT daukavSira dablagomisa da anak­
lia I-is (meore fena) namosaxlarebs (Куфтин, 1940: 12; Куф­тин, 1950:
137). b. kuftins kolxeTis dablobis am uZvelesi fene­bis daTari­
Rebisas mohyavs paraleluri masala (magaliTad Tixis WurWlis
Zirebze gamoyvanili Wilofis anabeWdebi) palestinis ene­ oliT-
adrebrinjaos xanis keramikidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevarma
dablagomis zeda horizontze mtkvar-araqsis tipis keramikasTan
erTad SeamCnia oCamCirisa da anaklia I-is uZvelesi fenebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tixis nawarmi. amiT erTgari winapiroba Seqmna
garkveul etapze kolxeTis dablobis adrebrinjaos xanisa da mt­
kvar-araqsuli kulturebis (finaluri etapi) urTierTsinqroni­
zaciisaTvis.
b. kuftinma gamoTqva mosazreba oCamCiris namosaxlarebze
aR­moCenili Savpriala keramikis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. Tixis na­
war­mis am jgufs mianiWa damaTariRebeli mniSvneloba da Soreuli
pa­ralelebi mouZebna mcire aziis, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, sirii­
sa da Sveicariis ximinjebiani nagebobebis (qveda fena) eneoliTuri
sta­diis analogiuri Tixis nawarmis saxiT (Куфтин, 1940: 12; Куф­тин,
1950: 267-268). igi amis paralelurad Tvlida,rom oCamCiris na­
mosaxlaris Savpriala keramika garkveul paralelebs poulobda
ami­erkavkasiis ciklopuri nagebobebis (beSTaSeni) Tixis WurWelT­
an (Куфтин, 1950: 12). marTalia es problemuri sakiTxi ar aris ga­
daWrili, magram erTi ram cxadi unda iyos. akad b.kuftinma am
mi­marTulebiT erT-erTma pirvelma gakvala gza da dResac kolxe­
Tis dablobis teritoriaze Savpriala keramikis warmomavlobas
1
l. soloviovs garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRvis oCamCiris namosaxlaris
Se­
swavlaSi da am Zeglis TariRis sworad gansazRvraSi. Tumca igi zo­
gierT sakiTxs metad calmxrivad da tendenciurad aSuqebda (Соловьев,
1958: 115-135).misi damsaxureba gansakuTrebiT didia aRmosavleT SavizR­
vis­pireTSi gavrcelebuli diunuri sadgomebis kvleva-Ziebisa da daTa­
ri­Rebis sakiTxebSi (Соловьев, 1958: 265-286).
352
yvelaze metad ukavSireben aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritori­
aze gavrcelebul bedenur da TrialeTur kulturebs (teqnolo­
giuri gavlenebi, gacvla-gamocvla da sxv) (jiblaZe, 2007: 50-51).
b. kuftinma pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba kolxeTis dablo­
bisa da gare samyaros brinjao-adrerkinis xanis zogierTi masalis
saxeobas Soris arsebul msgavsebaze. kerZod, naoxvamus garkveu­
li jgufis keramikasa (rqiseburi Sveriliani yurebi, parketuli
orna­menti, layuCiseburi Semkoba, Tixis WurWlis zogierTi for­
ma da a.S) da am Zeglidan momdinare brinjaos masrian isrispirs
mouZebna Soreuli paralelebi gare samyarodan (sardinia, dunais
auzi), gansakuTrebiT ki CrdiloeT italiaSi, md. pos dablobze
gav­rcelebul teraamarebis kulturis masalebSi (Куфтин, 1950: 178-
179; 223-237, sur. 63). b. kuftinma pirvelma SeniSna kolxeTis dab­
lobisa (naoxvamu, dixa-zurga, goruafili da sxv.) da teraamare­
bis samosaxlo borcvebs Soris msgavseba konfiguraciiTa da xis
ar­qiteqturiT (Куфтин, 1950: 223-224). aRsaniSnavia,rom mis mier
gamoTqmuli mosazreba kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis
xa­nis artefaqtebis kontaqtebze teraamarebisa da sxva regionebis
masalasTan specialistebi dResac xSirad imowmeben da aqtual­
urad ganixileba (T. miqelaZe, j. afaqiZe). b. kuftinma gamoTqva
varaudi,rom kolxeTis dablobis dixa-guZubebi unda ekuTvnodes
calkeul saojaxo gvarovnul dasaxlebebs. misi es mosazreba al­
baT misaRebi unda iyos (Куфтин, 1950: 172-173).
b. kuftinis Semdeg kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis
xa­nis namosaxlarebis qronologiaze araerTma mkvlevarma gaamaxvi­
la yuradReba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sakiTxebi ZiriTadad wydeboda
calkeuli regionebis, Zeglebisa da epoqebis mixedviT. maTi Sefar­
deba-sinqronizacia, kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis namo­
saxlarebis etapobrivi ganviTareba da erTiani suraTi sakmaod bun­
dovnad ikveTeboda. am naklovanebis aRmofxvra araerTma mkvle­varma
scada, romelTagan Ggvinda gamovyoT is mecnierebi, romlebmac,
Cvenis azriT, gansakuTrebuli kvali datoves kolxeTis dablobis
brinjao-adrerkinis xanis kulturebis SeswavlaSi. konkretulad
ki qronologia-periodizaciis sakiTxebis kvleva-Ziebis saqmeSi.
T. miqelaZem, pirvelma SeimuSava kolxeTis dablobis kerami­
kis etapobrivi periodizacia, romlis ganviTarebaSi oTxi safex­
uri gamoyo (T. miqelaZe, 1974: 49-57). aqedan brinjao-adrerkinis
xa­nas Seesabameba uZvelesi, (protokolxuri) da Zvelkolxuri (Zv.
k I da Zv. k. II etapebi) periodebi. gansazRvra TiTeuli etapisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli nivTieri masala, maTi qronologiuri CarCo­ ebi.
amdenad T.miqelaZem daalaga da erTian sistemaSi moaqcia bri­ n­
23. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 353
jao-adrerkinis xanis masalebi, SeimuSava protokolxuri da Zv.
ko­ lxuri keramikis ganviTarebis qronologiuri cxrili, mogvca
maTi sinqronizacia liTonis inventarTan (calkeuli aRmoCenebi,
ganZebi, samarovnebi) (Микеладзе, 1990: tab. XXXVII). stratifi­ ci­
rebuli Zeglebis mixedviT, SedarebiTi da radionaxSirbadis me­
To­debis gamoyenebiT Seqmna erTgvari myari sayrdenebi kolxeTis
dab­lobis keramikuli masalebis daTariRebisaTvis.
mkvlevari Seecada daedgina proto da Zveli kolxuri kultu­
re­bis gavrcelebis areali da scada maTi eTnikuri atribucia (mi­
qelaZe, 1974: 72). Seexo kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis
xanis namosaxlarebis (saelios kurzia, wyemi, kodori I, ispani, ana­
k­lia I da sxva) stratigrafiisa da qronologiis sakiTxebs. gansa­
kuT­rebiT sayuradReboa mis mier SemuSavebuli Waladidis zurga­
sa da namWeduris namosaxlaris qronologiuri cxrili, sadac
Se­­sabamisad gamoyo 3 da 6 (d. xaxutaiSvilTan erTad) kulturuli
fena (miqelaZe, 1978: 21-32; Микеладзе .., 1985: 9, 17, 19-20).
rogorc vxedavT, gansakuTrebulia T.miqelaZis damsaxureba
kolxeTis dablobis qronologia-periodizaciis sakiTxebis Ses­
wavlaSi.1 Tumca aqac SesaZloa garkveuli siaxleebis Setana. vfiq­
robT, mis mier gamoyofil protokolxur II etapSi nosiris Zira
fe­nebis nacvlad unda moTavsdes fiCoris centraluri borcvisa
da anaklia II-is Suabrinjaos xanis masalebi.
el. gogaZe nosiris, naWvis zugasa da kekeluris zurgas masa­
le­ bis mixedviT Seexo kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis
xa­nis namosaxlarebis qronologiisa da stratigrafiis sakiTx­
ebs (gogaZe, 1982). mkvlevarma nosiris namosaxlarze gamoyofili 4
kul­turuli fena miakuTvna Sua da gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis
sxva­dasxva safexurs. aRsaniSnavia, rom el. gogaZis mier nosiris
namosaxlaris mixedviT SemuSavebuli qronologiuri cxrili dRe­
sac samagido wigns warmoadgens specialistebisTvis.
el. gogaZem, sxva mkvlevarebTan erTad, kolxeTis dablobze
erT-erTma pirvelma Seiswavla Zv.w VIII-VII ss-ebis oCxomurisa (Cxo­
rowyus raioni) da muxurCis (matvilis r-ni), `nawisqvilaris~ sa­
warmoo namosaxlarebi. daadgina, rom am Zeglebze funqcionire­bda
feradi qvebis (kvarci, aqati,sardioni,qalcedoni da sxv.) damam­
za­ debeli mZivebis sawarmoo saxelosnoebi, maTi damuSavebisTvis
gankuTvnili mravalferovani didZali iaraRebiT (gogaZe.., 2010:
1
T. miqelaZem didi samuSaoebi Caatara kolxuri meoradi dakrZalvis
sa­marovnebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. gamoyo samarxTa tipebi, ZiriTadi dama­
xa­
siaTebeli masala da damajereblad gviCvena,rom kolxuri meoradi
dakrZalvis samarovnebi qronologiurad ganekuTvneba adrerkinis xanas
(Zv.w. VIIs.) (miqelaZe, 1985).
354
160-167; afaqiZe, 2001: 14-31).1 am tipis Zeglebi aseve gamov­linda
sof. noqalaqevis namosaxlarze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis fenaSi da
sof. banZaSi zedapirulad akrefili masalebis mixedviT (lomit­
aSvili, 1999: 47-48).2
akad. daviT xaxutaiSvilma erT-erTma pirvelma gaamaxvila yu­
radReba yulevis namosaxlaris qronologiaze, sadac sxva period­
Tan erTad gamoyo gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis kulturul fen­
ebi [miqelaZe da sxv. 1973: 48-57]3. man amiT garkveuli winapiroba
Seq­mna yulevis namosaxlarze SemdgomSi warmoebuli arqeologiu­
ri samuSaoebisas qronologiuri sakiTxebis sworad gansazRvraSi.
d. xaxutaiSvili a. inaiSvilTan erTad saTaveebSi dgas kolxeTis
dab­lobis torfqveSa namosaxlarebis (ispani) kvleva-Ziebis saqmeSi
(xaxutaiSvili, 1979: 7-11; inaiSvili, 1977: 69-90). igi holocenis xa­
naSi mimdinare axalSavzRvur transgresiasa da fanagoriul reg­
resias ukavSirebs, rogorc ispanis, aseve kolxeTis dablobis zR­
vispira sanapiro zolSi ganlagebul eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanis
fenebis torfqveS moqcevas (Хахутаишвили, 1984: 146-151). es mosaz­
reba kolxeTis dablobze momdevno periodSi dadasturda ergetis
`onwyoSiaSis~ torfqveSa da Wolipas namosaxlarebis aR­mo­CenebiT.
akad. d. musxeliSvilma Seiswavla kolxeTis dablobis Sua­
bri­njaos xanis kulturis saetapo mniSvnelobis namosaxlari
anaklia II. mas T.miqelaZesTan erTad, ekuTvnis am Zeglis pirveli
stratigrafiuli daxasiaTeba da qronologiiis sakiTxebi (Ми­ке­
ладзе, 1990: 19-20, 22).
qarTul arqeologiur mecnierebaSi preistoriis xanaSi ar
ar­sebobs sakiTxi, romelsac akademikosi o.jafariZe ar Sexebodes.
igi araerT naSromSi, romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda, gani­
xi­lavs dasavleT saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis kultu­
reb­Tan dakavSirebul problemur sakiTxebs. maT Soris zogadad
gadmogvcems kolxeTis dablobze brinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi gav­
1
s. janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumis nosir-muxurCis arqeologi­
urma eqspediciam 1982-1987ww. stacionaluri arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT
(xelmZR.: el. gogaZe) Seiswavla sof. muxurCisa da sof. oCxomuris `naw­
isqvilaris~ namosaxlarebi.
2
el. gogaZis damsaxureba aseve didia kolxeTis dablobis adrerkinis
xa­nis meoradi dakrZalvis samarovnebisa (Гогадзе, 1984: 28-54) da brin­
jao-adrerkinis xanis kulturebis sxva araerTi problemuri sakiTxebis
Ses­wavlaSi. maT Soris ki gansakuTrebiT gamovyofdiT samxreT kavkasiis,
maT Soris kolxeTis, brinjaos metalurgiuli warmoebis sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnil araerT gamokvlevas,romlis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda.
3
daviT xaxutaiSvili im periodSi iricxeboda kolxeTis arqeologiuri
eq­spediciis SemadgelobaSi da uSualod xelmZRvanelobda yulevis namo­
saxlarze mimdinare arqeologiur samuSaoebs.
355
r­celebul namosaxlarTa tipebs, iZleva keramikuli masalis da­
xa­
siaTebasa da qronologia-periodizaciis sakiTxebs (jafa­ri­Ze,
2003: 129-130,185-191, 201-202).
akad. oT. lorTqifanis damsaxureba kolxuri kulturis Ses­
wavlis saqmeSi fasdaudebelia. man Tavis naSromebSi zogadad ar­
aerTxel ganixila kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis xanis
kulturebTan dakavSirebuli problemuri sakiTxebi (Лор­д­ки­па­ни­
дзе, 1989: 189-219).1 maT Soris, sxva kategoriis ZeglebTan erTad,
Seexo aRniSnuli regionisa da periodis namosaxlarebis daTari­
Rebisa da periodizaciis sakiTxebs (Лордкипанидзе.., 1981: 92-314).
prof. g. grigolias xelmZRvanelobiT momuSave arqeologi­
ur eqspediciasTan aris dakavSirebuli kolxeTis dablobis teri­
to­ riaze araerTi brinjao-adrerkinis xanis samosaxlo borcvis
aR­moCena (grigolia.., 1973: 17-38). mas ukavSirdeba namarnus namo­
saxlarze pirveli qronologiis SemuSaveba da Jir-sukis namosax­
larze gvianbrinjaos xanis fenebis gamoyofa (grigolia.., 1973: 29-
31; grigolia, 1973: 50-58).
kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis xanis qronologiis
sa­kiTxebis SeswavlaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis prof. m. baram­
iZes, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT afxazeTis arqeologiurma eq­spe­
diciam Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis teritoriaze Seiswavla ara­­
erTi namosaxlari. maT Soris brinjao-adrerkinis xanis fiCoris
dixa-guZubaTa sistema. m. baramiZe araerT statiaSi Seexo am kom­
pleqsSi Semavali centraluri borcvis stratigrafiisa da qro­
nologiis sakiTxebs (Барамидзе, 1990: 234-241). am Zeglis masalebze
dayrdnobiT SemuSavebulma brinjao-adrerkinis xanis qronolo­
giuri skalam, garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana am sakiTxebSi. m.
baramiZis damsaxureba gansakuTrebiT didia kolxeTis dablobis
Suabrinjaodan gvianbrinjaoze gardamavali xanis fenis gamoyo­
faSi, romelic misi sadoqtoro disertaciis erT-erTi sakvanZo
sakiTxi gaxda.
g. fxakaZe garkveuli samuSaoebi Caatara kolxeTis dablobis
bri­njaos xanis namosaxlarebis qronologiis sakiTxebis Seswav­
laSi. mkvlevarma abedaTis namosaxlarze gamoyo sami kulturuli
fena da miakuTvna gvianbrinjaos xanis adreul etaps (fxakaZe, 1978:
137-173). gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi samecniero mo­Rvaweoba
kolxeTis dablobis adrebrinjaos xanis kulturis sfe­ro­Si. man
1
oT. lorTqifaniZem q. quTaissa da mis midamoebSi dazverviTi xasiaTis
samuSaoebis Cata-rebisas klasikuri xanis fenebTan erTad daTiSiZeebis,
gabaSvilebis, farnalis goraze, nasajvarebis borcvze da banojas na­
cixvaraze gamoavlina gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis kulturuli fenebi
(lorTqifaniZe, 1965: 45-48; jiqia, 2006: 36-47).
356
mogvca dasavleT amierkavkasiis adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebis pe­
riodizacia,sadac gamoyo adreuli, ganviTarebuli da fi­­naluri
etapebi. sxva kategoriis ZeglebTan erTad aq CarTo kol­ xeTis
dablobis namosaxlarebi (fxakaZe, 1993: 83). samecniero mi­moqcevaSi
Semoitana termini kolxeTis dablobis adrebrinjaos xanis kul­
tura (fxakaZe, 1999: 32-41).
kolxeTis dablobis brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlare­
bis qronologiis sakiTxebs, calkeuli Zeglebisa da regionebis
mi­­xedviT araerTi arqeologi Seexo, romelTa Soris gamovyofdiT
d. qoriZes, al. ramiSvils, v. jafariZes, a. kaxiZes, l. saxarovas,
l. fancxavas, v. bJanias, l. jiqias, c. davlianiZes, j. afaqiZes, g.
kvirkvelias, T. CigoSvils, o. lanCavas, g. TavamaiSvils, a. gabe­
lias, r. papuaSvils, i. CavleiSvilsa da sxva mkvlevarebs.
amrigad, zemoT moxseniebul mkvlevarebs didi damsaxureba
miuZRviT b. kuftinis Semdgom periodSi, brinjao-adrerkinis xanis
namosaxlarebis qronologia-periodizciis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi.
vfiqrobT, TiTeulma maTganma garkveuli wvlili Seitana am metad
problemuri sakiTxebis win wawevis saqmeSi.

tab. 1.
naoxvamus namosaxlaris qronologiuri cxrili b. kuftinis mixedviT

357
 bibliografia:
• afaqiZe, 2001 _ afaqiZe joni. kolxuri kulturis sawarmoo namosaxla­
rebis daTariRebisaTvis, _ Ziebani. #7. Tb., 2001;
• baramiZe, 1998 _ baramiZe malxaz. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi Zv.w. II-I
aTas­ wleulis pirvel naxevarSi (ZiriTadi problemebi). disertacia,
war­­­­dgenili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis
mo­­sa­po­veb­lad. xelnaweri. Tb., 1998;
• gogaZe, 1982 _ gogaZe elguja. kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis
xa­nis namosaxlarTa kultura. Tb., 1982;
• gogaZe.., 2010 _ gogaZe elguja, davlianiZe cira, fancxava leila, lo­
mi­taSvi­li daviT. qvis sawarmoo namosaxlarebi kolxeTidan, _ Ziebani
sa­qarTvelos ar­qeologiaSi. #19. Tb., 2010;
• grigolia, 1973 _ grigolia guram. barbarosebis didi qalaqis lokali­
za­­ci­isaTvis, _ Zeglis megobari. #33. Tb., 1973;
• grigolia.., 1973 _ grigolia guram, fxakaZe guranda, baramiZe malxaz,
lo­rTqifa­ni­Ze guram. dasavleT saqarTvelos saZiebo-arqeologiuri
eqs­ pediciis 1966 wlis mu­ Sa­
obis Sedegebi, _ masalebi saqarTvelosa
da ka­vkasiis arqe­olo­giisaTvis. t. 5. Tb., 1973;
• grigolia.., 2010 _ grigolia guram, oqropiriZe n., jafariZe b., wirRva­
va k., CarTolani SoTa. dasavleT saqarTvelos saZiebo-arqeologiuri
eqs­pe­di­ciis 1971 wels Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegebi, _ arqeologiu­
ri kvleva-Zieba sa­qarTveloSi 1971w. Tb., 1971;
• inaiSvili, 1977 _ inaiSvili a. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos ar­qe­­o­
logiuri eqspediciis 1974 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi (angariSi), _ sam­x­
reT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi. t. 6. Tb., 1977;
• lomitaSvili, 1999 _ lomitaSvili daviT. warmoeba Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune­
ebis kol­ xeTSi (mcire metalurgiuli saxelosno noqalaqevidan), _
res­­publi­ku­ri samecniero konferenciis masalebi. t. 5. Tb., 1999;
• lorTqifaniZe, 1965 _ lorTqifaniZe oTar. quTaisis arqeologiuri
eq­s­pediciis mier 1964w. Catarebuli muSaobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, _ XIV
sa­mecniero sesia miZRvnili 1964 wlis savele arqeologiuri kvleva-
Zi­­ebis Sedegebisadmi. Tb., 1965;
• lorTqifaniZe, 2002 _ lorTqifaniZe oTar. Zveli qarTuli ci­vi­li­
za­­ciis saTveebTan. Tb., 2002;
• miqelaZe.., 1973 _ miqelaZe Teimuraz, baramiZe malxaz, musxeliSvili
da­viT, xaxu­ta­­­iSvili daviT, fxakaZe guranda. kolxeTis arqeologiuri
eq­s­pediciis savele kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, _ savele arqeologiuri
kvleva-Zieba 1972 wels. Tb., 1973;
• miqelaZe, 1974 _ miqelaZe Teimuraz. Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aR­
mo­sav­leT SavizRvispireTis istoriidan. Tb., 1974;
• miqelaZe, 1978 _ miqelaZe Teimuraz. arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba ri­
onis qve­mo welze. Tb., 1978;
• miqelaZe, 1985 _ miqelaZe Teimuraz. kolxeTis adrerkinis xanis sama­
ro­vnebi. Tb., 1985;
• musxeliSvili.., 1973 _ musxeliSvili daviT, jiblaZe leri, papuaSvili
re­vaz, papuaSvili nana. anaklia II. Tb., 2010;
• nioraZe, 1941 _ nioraZe giorgi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi kolxidaSi,
_ aka­­­de­mikos n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kul­
358
 tu­­ris institutis moambe. t. 10. Tb., 1941;
• papuaSvili, 2014 _ papuaSvili revaz. yulevi, _ Ziebani. #22. Tb., 2014;
• fxakaZe, 1978 _ fxakaZe guranda. masalebi abedaTis dixa-guZubadan,
_ ma­­sa­lebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis. t. 6. Tb.,
1978;
• fxakaZe, 1993 _ fxakaZe guranda. dasavleT amierkavkasia Zveli wel­Ta­
R­­ric­xvis III aTaswleulSi. Tb., 1993;
• fxakaZe, 1999 _ fxakaZe guranda. kolxeTis dablobis adrebrinjaos
xa­nis kul­­turis kvlevis zogierTi aspeqti _ Ziebani saqarTvelos ar­
qe­ologiaSi. #2. Tb., 1999;
• xaxutaiSvili, 1979 _ xaxutaiSvili daviT. samxreT-dasavleT saqar­T_
ve­­los arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1979w. muSaobis Sedegebi, _ samx­
reT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi. t. 8. Tb., 1979;
• xoStaria, 1944 _ xoStaria nino. dixa-guZuba kolxeTis dablobis Zve­
li mo­saxleoba, _ saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. t.
5, #2. Tb., 1944;
• xoStaria, 1946 _ xoStaria nino. sofel yulevis arqeologiuri gamok­
v­leva, _ saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. t. 7, #1-2.
Tb., 1946;
• jafariZe, 2003 _ jafariZe oTar. saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan.
Tb., 2003;
• jiblaZe, 1997 _ jiblaZe leri. kolxeTis dablobis brinjaos xanis na­
mosaxlarTa stratigrafia, qronologia periodizacia (fiCoris cen­
traluri borcvis masalebis mixedviT). Tb., 1997;
• jiblaZe, 2007 _ jiblaZe leri. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTas­wle­
ulebis namosaxlarebi. Tb., 2007;
• jiqia, 2006 _ jiqia londa. kolxuri da ucxouri kulturis Zeglebi
`qu­Taisis qveynidan~. Tb., 2006;
• БАРАМИДЗЕ, 1990 _ Барамидзе Малхаз В. Пичорское поселение, _ Материалы
V Всесоюзного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья «Вани 1987».
Тб., 1990;
• ГОГАДЗЕ, 1984 _ Гогадзе Элгуджа М. К вопросу о хронологии и периодизации
па­­мя­тников Колхидской культуры (по материалам Носири-Мухурчи), _ ВГМГ. Т.
XXXVII-B. Тб., 1984;
• ГОГОЛИШВИЛИ, 1940 _ Гоголишвили В. М. Проблема изучения древных па­­мя­
т­ников Колхидской низменности, _ Бюллетень комиссии по изучения чет­вер­­
ти­­чного периода. № 6-7. М.- Л., 1940;
• ДЖИБЛАДЗЕ, 1990 _ Джибладзе Лери. Стратиграфия, хронология и пе­ри­оди­
за­­ция поселении Колхидской низменности в эпоху бронзы (по материалам цен­
т­рального холма Пичорского поселения). Автореферат диссертации на со­ис­
ка­ние учёной степени кандидата исторических наук. Тб., 1990;
• ИВАЩЕНКО, 1936 _ Иващенко Михаил Михайлович. Археологические откры­
тия в Абхазии, _ НиТ. № 5, 1936;
• ИЕССЕН, 1937 _ Александр Александрович. Сухумская экспедиция ГАИМКА, _
Со­ветская ар­­хе­ология. Т. 3. М.- Л., 1937;
• КРУПНОВ, 1934 _ Крупнов Евгений Игнатьевич. Археологическая экспедиция
Го­­сударственного ис­торического музея в Закавказье, _ СЭ. № 3, Л., 1934;
• КУФТИН, 1940 _ Куфтин Борис Алексеевич. К вопросу о ранных стадиях бро­н­

359
 зовой культуры на территории Грузии, _ Краткие собщения Института ар­хе­
оло­гии. Вып. 8. М-Л,. 1940;
• КУФТИН, 1941 _ Куфтин Борис Алексеевич. Археологические раскопки в Три­
алети. Тб., 1941;
• КУФТИН, 1950 _ Куфтин Борис Алексеевич. Материалы к археологии Колхиды.
Т. 2. Тб., 1950;
• ЛОРДКИПАНИДЗЕ.., 1981 _ Лордкипанидзе Отар Д., Микеладзе Теймураз К.
О де­мо­­гра­фической ситуации в Восточном Причерноморье (Колхида) в период
ве­­ликой гре­чес­кой колонизации, _ kreb.: О демографической ситуации в При­
черноморье в пе­риод великой греческой колонизации. Материалы II Всесо­юз­но­
го симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья. Цхалтубо-1979. Тб., 1981;
• ЛОРДКИПАНИДЗЕ, 1989 _ Лордкипанидзе Отар Д. Наследие древней Грузии.
Тб., 1989;
• МИКЕЛАДЗЕ.., 1985 _ Микеладзе Теймураз, Хахутаишвили Давид. Древнее
Кол­хидское по­­се­ление Намчедури. Тб., 1985;
• МИКЕЛАДЗЕ, 1990 _ Микеладзе Теймураз. К археологии Колхиды (эпоха сре­д­
ней и поз­дней бронзы-раннего железа). Тб., 1990;
• СОЛОВЬЕВ, 1939 _ Соловьев Лев Николаевич. Энеолитические селище у Оча­м­
чир­ского порта в Абхазии, _ Материалы по истории Абхазии. Сборник первый,
вып. IV. Сухуми, 1939;
• СОЛОВЬЕВ, 1950 _ Соловьев Лев Николаевич. Селища с Текстильной керамикой
юга по­бережье Западной Грузии, _ Советская ар­хе­ология. Т. 14. М.-Л., 1950;
• СОЛОВЬЕВ, 1958 _ Соловьев Лев Николаевич. Новый памятник культурных
свя­зей Кав­каз­ского Причерноморья в эпоху неолита и бронзы. Стоянка во­рон­
цовской пе­щеры, _ Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и ис­то­
рии АН Гру­зинской ССР. Т. 29. Сухуми, 1958;
• ХАХУТАИШВИЛИ, 1984 _ Хахутаишвили Давид. Природа и человек в При­мор­с­
ком по­лосе Колхиды в э эпоху Голицена, _ Кавказо-Ближневосточный сборник.
Т. 8. Тб., 1984.

360
 LERI JIBLADZE1

BORIS KUFTIN – THE DISTINGUISHED RESEARCHER OF

CHRONOLOGY-PERIODIZATION OF BRONZE-EARLY IRON AGE OF
COLCHIS LOWLAND

Many researchers have been contributed n the study of issued of chronolo­

gy-periodization of Bronze-Early Iron Age of Colchis lowland, which since 30-
ies of 20th century was based on the materials of former settlement. Among
them the huge merit of Academician B. Buphtini shall be outlined. He was the
first who based on the materials of Anaklia I and Naokhvamus has developed
chronology-periodization of monuments of Bronze Early Iron Age of Colchis Low-
land, which still remains in force. In the further period regarding the researches
of the issues of Colchis Lowland in accordance with the materials of former set-
tlement had been carried out great works by Professor T. Mikeladze, El. Gogadze,
D. Khakhutaishvili, D. Muskhelishvili, M. Baramidze and many other researchers.

1
Leri Jibladze – Doctor of Historical Sciences; Center of Archaelogy of the Ot. Lordki-
panidze National Museum of Georgia, Senior Researcher.
361
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

jemal gamaxaria, lia axalaZe, boris kvaracxelia,

beJan xorava, dazmir jojua, kaxa kvaSilava1

zurab papasqiris `WeSmaritebis metyueleba~.

gamoxmaureba wignze
„saqarTvelo. istoriuli warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~
/gamomcemloba „meridiani~. Tbilisi, 2016/

recenzia
arian mecnierebi, romelTac gangebam gansakuTrebuli misia
da­akisra. isini mTel energias da inteleqts deben iseT samecniero
kvlevebSi, romelsac aravin icis daafaseben Tu ara, samagierod,
ician rom `WeSmaritebis Ziebas~ miuZRvnes Tavi. aseT adamianebs
be­diswera TiTqos winaswar umzadebs gasavlel gzas _ rTuls, ek­
lians. isini sxvebisgan gansxvavebul pasuxismgeblobebsa da mo­
valeobebs grZnoben qveynisa da xalxis winaSe, Sesabamisad gan­ s­
xva­vebulad uyvarT da grZnoben. SedarebiT iolia iyo ubralod
kar­gi mecnieri da moqalaqe, magram ufro rTulia iyo Seni qveynis
pi­ruTvneli mematiane, misi avkargis gamziarebeli da Wirisufali.
dRes, rodesac istoria politikuri gemovnebebis, imperiuli zra­
x­vebisa da gaugonari gayalbebebis msxverplia, rodesac istoria
gas­cda mecnierebis CarCoebs da is gamoyenebulia siZulvilisa da
omis propagandis saSualebad, rTulia mkiTxvelma gaarkvio sad
aris realuri, WeSmariti istoria da sad siyalbe.
swored aseT viTarebaSi iReben sakuTar Tavze calkeuli pi­
1
jemal gamaxaria _ istoriis doqtori, afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmj­
do­maris moadgile; lia axalaZe _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profe­
sori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti; boris kvaracxelia _ istoriis
me­
cnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo
uni­versiteti; beJan xorava _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profe­
sori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti; dazmir jojua _ istoriis doq­
tori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti; kaxa
kva­Silava _ istoriis doqtori, asistent-profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo
universiteti.
362
ro­vnebebi pasuxismgeblobas da erovnuli faseulobebis dasacavad
`is­toriografiul omSi~ erTvebian. maTi Sromebi fasdaudebeli
gan­Zia aramxolod wminda mecnieruli kuTxiT, aramed warmoadgenen
qve­ynis warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis erTianobis, erovnul-sa­
xelmwifoebrivi identobis gadarCenisa da TviTmyofadobis Se­
narCunebisaTvis ideologiuri brZolis mZlavr iaraRs. am We­ S­
maritad saSviliSvilo misiis matarebel adamianTa ricxvs mi­eku­
Tvneba Tanamedrove qarTuli istoriografiis TvalsaCino war­
momadgeneli, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zu­rab
papasqiri, romlis naSromebi aris Zieba `WeSmaritebis me­ tyu­
elebisa~ antimecnierTa namuSakevis winaaRmdeg. misi bolo naS­
ro­mi `saqarTvelo. istoriuli warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~ amis
Tva­lsaCino magaliTia.
wigni warmoadgens bolo wlebSi (2008-2016ww.) avtoris mier
sxvadasxva samecniero gamocemebSi (mxolod qarTul enaze) gamo­qvey­
ne­buli naSromebis krebuls. masSi gaerTianebulia 33 dasaxelebis
pub­likacia, romlebSic siRrmiseuladaa gaanalizebuli qarTuli
po­litikuri samyaros saxelmwifoebrivi da sagareo-politikuri
is­toriiis sakvanZo problemebi Sua saukuneebSi da Tanamedrove
eta­pze; afxazeTisa da afxazTa eTnokulturuli istoriis pro­b­
le­muri sakiTxebi; istoriografiuli kvlevebi. garda amisa, wignSi
Se­sulia gamoCenil mecnierTa da mamuliSvilTa portretebi.
wigni Sedgeba ramdenime rubrikisagan:
 qarTuli saxelmwifo;
 qarTuli politikuri samyaro saerTaSoriso arenaze;
 afxazeTi _ tkivili Cveni (istoria, politika, kultura,
ideologia);
 istoriografiuli etiudebi;
 Strixebi portretebisaTvis.
rubrika: „qarTuli saxelmwifo~, romelSic warmodgenilia 4
statia, ixsneba uaRresad saWiro (aramxolod mecnieruli Tvalsa­
z­risiT) gamokvleviT: „afxazTa~ samefos erovnul-saxelmwifoeb­ri­
vi iersaxis sakiTxisaTvis~. masSi mocemulia aRniSnuli politiku­
ri erTeulis Sesaxeb arsebuli yalbi Tvalsazrisis _ TiTqos es
ga­erTianeba warmoadgendes ara qarTul, aramed sakuTriv afxazur
na­cionalur saxelmwifos _ kritika da damajereblad aris naCve­
ne­bi „afxazTa~ samefos qarTuli eTno-kulturuli da politi­
kur-saxelmwifoebrivi Sinaarsi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom z.
papasqiris es naSromi, gansakuTrebiT masSi mocemuli istori­og­
ra­fiuli memkvidreobis skrupulozuri analiziT (rac am sisru­
liT manamde ar gakeTebula), aris mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli
363
na­biji aRniSnuli problemis mecnieruli Seswavlis saqmeSi. es naS­
romi gamoqveynebulia rusul enazec da man ukve Seasrula garkveu­
li roli istoriografiuli kontrpropagandis kuTxiTac.
am Tematikis erTgvari gagrZelebaa momdevno naSromi: „guran-
duxt dedoflis rolis SefasebisaTvis gamaerTianebel moZraoba-
Si~, romelSic warmodgenilia calkeuli qarTuli samefo-samTav­
roebis erTian saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebis sawyisi etapis sruliad
axleburi xedva. kerZod, avtoris mtkicebiT, 975 wels qarTlis
mmarTvelad daniSnuli bagrat ufliswuli 978 wlamde („afxazTa~
samefo taxtze asvlamde) sulac ar yofila ucvlelad am statusSi,
rogorc es sayovelTaodaa miRebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi da
is Sida qarTlis aznaurTa moTxovniT am Tanamdebobaze Secvala
de­ dam _ „afxazTa~ mefis giorgi II-is asulma guranduxtma. aseve,
ga­dasinjulia istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi imis
Sesaxeb, TiTqos guranduxt dedofali, rogorc „afxazTa~ samefo
sa­xlis „RviZli Svili~, iyo quTaisis taxtis irgvliv danarCeni
saqarTvelos teritoriebis gaerTianebis ideuri sulisCamdgmeli
da mTavari Semoqmedi. „matiane qarTlisaYsa~ da zogierTi sxva wy­
aros monacemebis interpretaciis safuZvelze naCvenebia, rom Xs.
70-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 80-iani wlebis damdegs guranduxt
dedofali, rogorc Sida qarTlis oficialuri mmarTveli, warmo­
adgenda bagrat III-is centralizatoruli politikis mowinaaRmdege
qar­Tlis aznaurTa separatistuli amboxis medroSes, Tu ara krea­
turas mainc.
rogorc mecnierulad, ise ideologiur-politikuradac
Zal­ze aqtualuria z. papasqiris dakvirvebebi saqarTvelos saxel­
mwifoebrivi formirebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT XXs. 20-ian
wlebSi, romelic warmodgenilia statiebSi: „sabWoTa ruseTis im-
periuli politika saqarTvelos mimarT 1921-1922 wlebSi. anu imis
Se­saxeb, rogor mouRes bolo leninma da stalinma damoukidebel
qar­Tul saxelmwifos~ da „kidev erTxel afxazuri separatistuli
ide­ologiis yalbi postulatis Sesaxeb. 1921-1931 wlebSi afxazeTis
po­ litikur-saxelmwifoebrivi statusis sakiTxisaTvis~. pirvel
naS­romSi, saTanado dokumentur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, mkafi­od
aris naCvenebi im didi erovnuli Ralatis anatomia, romlis ana­
logi Znelad Tu moiZebneba 3 aTaswlovani qarTuli saxelmwifo­
ebriobis istoriaSi da romlis mTavari Semoqmedi Tavis „did mas­
wav­lebelTan~, „msoflio proletariatis beladTan~ vladimir
le­ninTan erTad swored renegati qarTveli ioseb juRaSvili iyo.
naC­venebia kremlis bolSevikuri reJimis imperiuli politikis
arsi saqarTvelos mimarT, romlis mizani iyo damoukidebeli qar­
364
Tuli saxelmwifos saboloo gaqroba da misi ruseTis komunistu­
ri imperiis farglebSi moqceva, rac miRweul iqna kidec 1922 wlis
miwuruls (statiis mokle versia dabeWdilia agreTve rusul ena­
zec).
meore statiaSi, konkretul dokumentur masalebze dayrd­
nobiT, gaanalizebulia 1921-1931 wlebSi afxazeTis saxelmwifo­
eb­rivi-samarTlebrivi statusi da erTniSnad dadasturebulia,
rom e.w. „suverenuli~ afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respub­
lika, romelic 1921-1931 wlebSi formalurad iwodeboda „xel­
Sek­rulebiT respublikad~ («договорная республика»), sinamdvileSi
mTe­ li am periodis ganmavlobaSi oficialurad Sedioda saqar­
Tve­ los ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi da „de faqto~ (ramdenadme „de
iu­redac~) ukve maSin warmoadgenda mis avtonomiur erTeuls. am
naS­romsac, garda wminda mecnierulisa, aqvs politikur-ideolo­
giuri datvirTva, radgan aRniSnuli TemiTac midis spekulireba
ara­mxolod afxazi samecniero da politikuri istebliSmentis mx­
ridan (es maTTvis dRemde rCeba separatistuli ideologiis um­
Tavres ideologiur sayrdenad), aramed am mcdari Tezisis tira­
Jirebas axdenen rusi mecnierebi da politikosebi da zogierTi
evropeli mecnieric ki (mag., cnobili germaneli samarTalmcodne,
prof. angelika nusbergeri). misasalmebelia, rom z. papasqiris es
statia gamoqveynebulia inglisur da rusul enebzec da mniSv­ne­
lo­van rols asrulebs swori da dasabuTebuli xedvis populari­
zaciis saqmeSi.
meore rubrikaSi: „qarTuli politikuri samyaro saerTaSori-
so arenaze~ _ ganTavsebulia statiebi saqarTvelos sagareo-poli­
tikuri istoriisa qarTuli diplomatiis aqtualur sakiTxebze Sua
sa­ukuneebSi da Tanamedrove etapze. aRsaniSnavia, rom prof. z. pa­
pasqiri ager ukve 40 welze metia nayofierad ikvlevs Sua saukunee­
bis saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis
is­toriis problemebs (misi orive sakvalifikacio naSromi swored
am Tematikas exeba) da damsaxurebulad iTvleba am mimarTulebis
li­ derad qarTul istoriografiaSi. warmodgenil wignSi gamoqve­
y­nebuli masalebidan, pirvel rigSi, unda gamovyoT statiebi qar­
Tul-bizantiuri urTierTobebis problematikidan:
 e.w. „bizantiuri Tanamegobrobis~ arsisa da am Tanamegob­
ro­baSi qarTuli kulturul-politikuri samyaros adgi-
lis garkvevis sakiTxisaTvis~;
 „bizantiis imperia da qarTuli politikuri samyaro IX s. I
me­oTxedSi tao-klarjeTis samTavros warmoqmna~;
 „qarTuli politikuri samyaro „bizantiur Tanamegobroba-
365
 Si~. X s. I naxevari~;
 „qarTuli „istoriuli segmentis~ damaxinjebisada ignori-
rebis Sesaxeb bizantinologiur enciklopediur gamocema-
Si~;
 „saqarTvelo-bizantia, saqarTvelo-ruseTi. erTi istori-
uli paralelis gaazrebisaTvis~.
am naSromebSi pirvelad qarTul istoriografiaSi gamaxvi­
lda yuradReba e.w. „bizantiuri Tanamegobrobis~ arsze da am Ta­
namegobrobaSi saqarTvelos rolisa da adgilis ufro mkafiod
warmoCenis aucileblobaze. am kuTxiT gaanalizebulia qarTul-bi­
zantiuri urTierTobebis calkeuli sakiTxebi VIII-Xs. I na­xevarSi.
mec­nieris savsebiT dasabuTebuli daskvniT, qarTuli kul­turul-
politikuri samyaro am periodSi sakmaod mWidrod iyo dakavSire­
buli bizantiis imperiasTan da sul cota konstanti­no­polis mx­
ridan mainc ganixileboda erTgvari bizantiuri „oikume­nes~, anu
bizantiuri „Tanamegobrobis ~ nawilad.
am Tematikisadmi miZRvnili naSromebidan Zalze sayuradRe­
bo da aqtualuria z. papasqiris SeniSvnebi qarTuli „istoriuli
seg­mentis~ damaxinjebisa da ignorirebis faqtebze, romlebic
gvxvdeba cnobil bizantinologiur enciklopediur gamocemaSi:
„bi­zantiis oqsfordis leqsikoni~ (The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
(3-Volume Set). Edited By Alexander P. Kazhdan. Prepared at Dumbarton Oaks.
Washington. Vol. I. New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1991). z. papas­
qi­rma, pirvelma qarTvel mkvlevarTagan, sagangebod Seiswavla aR­
niSnul avtoritetul gamocemaSi ganTavsebuli „qarTuli siuJe­
te­bi~ da gamoaaSkarava „enciklopediuri leqsikonis~ SemqmnelTa
ze­rele damokidebuleba bizantiis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli
qar­Tuli narativisadmi, agreTve zogadad saqarTvelos istoriis
ze­dapiruli codna.
uaRresad maxvilgonivrulia z. papasqiris mier warmodgenili
XIs. saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebisa da XX-XXI saukuneebis
mijnis saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis SedarebiTi anali­
zi, romlis safuZvelze mkvlevari akeTebs, Cveni azriT, savsebiT
da­sabuTebul daskvnas ruseTis mier axlo momavalSi (sakuTari
ge­opolitikuri interesebidan gamomdinare) saqarTvelosTan kon­
frontaciuli kursis gadasinjvisa da masTan keTilmezobluri,
konstruqciuli urTierTobis SesaZlo damyarebis Taobaze, iseve
rogorc es gaakeTa bizantiis imperiam XIs. 50-80-ian wlebSi.
saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebs wamyvani adgili ukavia
agreTve z. papasqiris naSromSi: „kidev erTxel saqarTvelos sa­ga­
reo-politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb VIII saukuneSi~, romelSic
366
ganxilulia qarTuli politikuri samyaros saerTaSoriso mdgo­
mareoba aRniSnul periodSi da naCvenebia misi roli da adgili
bizantia-arabTa saxalifos dapirispirebaSi. unda RiniSnos, rom
VIII saukunis movlenebi sagareo-politikur WrilSi ase siRrmiseu­
lad da srulad gaanalizebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi manamde
ar yofila.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri iersax­
is warmoCenis kuTxiT Zalze mniSvnelovania polemikuri xasiaTis
statia: „XII saukunis saqarTvelos saxelmwifos rolisa da adgilis
ig­norirebis erTi mcdelobis Sesaxeb~, romelSic mocemulia cnobi­
li azerbaijaneli istorikosis, selCukologis rauf husein-za­
des monografiis: „kavkasia da selCukebi~ («Кавказ и сельджуки» Баку,
2010) amomwuravi da dasabuTebuli kritika. aRniSnul monografia­
Si sruliad ignorirebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, rogorc
wam­yvani antiselCukuri Zalis roli XII-XIII saukunis damdegis kav­ka­
sia-axlo aRmosavleTis politikur procesebSi da eWvs qveSaa day­
enebuli misi hegemonoba imJamindel kavkasiaSi. z. papasqirma saTa­
na­do pirvelwyaroebisa da istoriografiuli memkvidreobis, maT
Soris, pirvel rigSi, TviT gamoCenili azerbaijaneli mecnieris,
aka­demikos zia buniatovis kapitalur gamokvlevaze dayrdnobiT,
mTli­anad gaaqarwyla r. husein-zades mcdari debulebebi da mkafi­
od aCvena saqarTvelos saxelmwifos wamyvani roli XII-XIII saukunis
damdegis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sta­
tia gamoqveynebulia rusul enazec, rac istoriuli simarTlis ga­
tanis kuTxiT metad aqtualuria.
selCukur samyarosTan saqarTvelos urTierTobebis sakiTxi
gaSuqebulia agreTve statiaSi: „manaskertis brZola da saqarTve-
lo-selCukebis urTierTobebis zogierTi aspeqti XIs. 60-iani wlebsa
da 70-iani wlebis damdegs~. masSi mecnierma ganaviTara da axali ar­
gumentebiT Seavso mis mierve jer kidev 1991 wels wamoyenebuli hi­
poTeza, romlis mixedviTac selCukTa uZleveli sulTnis alf-ar­
slanis erTgvari diplomatiuri reveransi bagrat IV-is mimarT _ am
ukanasknelis mier datyvevebuli ganZis amira fadlonis (sulTnis
mTavari dasayrdenis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi) ganTavisuflebis
sanacvlod saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gagis cixe-qalaqis gadacema _
axsnilia bizantia-selCukebis didi dapirispirebis (1071w. manask­
ertis brZolis) win saqarTvelos saxelmwifos neitralitetis
uzrunvelyofis surviliT. z. papasqiri savsebiT sworad askvnis,
rom am faqtma da agreTve warmatebulma samxedro kampaniam gan­
Zis saamiros winaaRmdeg, romelSic bagrat IV-m CarTo ovseTis
samefo, mkafiod aCvena saqarTvelos lideris gazrdili ambiciebi.
367
am aqciebma cxadyo, rom miuxedavad selCukTa damangreveli Semos­
evebisa, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo XIs. 70-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis
kvlavac rCeboda wamyvan politikur Zalad, romelic acxadebda
pretenzias hegemonobaze saerTo kavkasiuri masStabiT.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos roli da adgili saerTaSori­
so arenaze warmoCenilia agreTve statiaSi „saqarTvelo da Zveli
ru­seTi. IX-XI saukuneebis I mesamedi~ (Tanaavtori: roin metreveli),
romelSic mocemulia kievis ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris arse­
buli SesaZlo kontaqtebis zogadi analizi.
qarTuli istoriografiis udavod mniSvnelovani SenaZenia
prof. zurab papasqiris afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi, rom­
lis Sedegebis erTi nawili warmodgenilia rubrikaSi _ „afxazeTi
_ tki­vili Cveni (istoria, politika, kultura, ideologia)~ _ gan­
Tavsebul masalebSi:
 „cru istoria: recenzia oleg bRaJbas da stanislav lako-
bas „afxazeTis istoriis~ saxelmZRvaneloze~;
 ganasxvavebda Tu ara ivane javaxiSvili eTnikurad e.w.
~Zvel” da „axal~ afxazebs;
 „Tanamedrove afxazeTis eTnodemografiuli iersaxe uZve-
lesi droidan dRemde. zogadi mimoxilva~;
 „afxazTa qristianuli mentalobis sakiTxisaTvis~;
 SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
mentalitetis sakiTxisaTvis~;
 afxazeTis konfliqti 20 wlis gadasaxedidan. zogadi xed-
va~.
rogorc cnobilia, 1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTSi datrialebu­
li tragediis Semdeg droebiT Sewyda kavSiri qarTvel da afxaz
mecnierebs Soris. amasobaSi, separatistuli ideologiis mesve­
urebma, soxumis amJamindeli reJimis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT, afxa­
zur mosaxleobaSi gaaCaRes yovelgvar zRvars gadasuli antiqa­
rTuli propagandistuli kampania istoriografiis sferoSi, risi
na­
Teli dadasturebaa 2006 wels soxumSi gamocemuli „afxazeTis
is­toriis~ e.w. „saskolo saxelmZRvanelo~ (avtorebi: oleg bRaJba
da stanislav lakoba). masSi absoluturad mrude sarkeSia naCvenebi
af­xazeTis istoriuli warsuli. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc gamoexmau­
ra aRniSnul gamocemas iyo prof. z. papasqiri, romelmac qarTul
da rusul enebze gamoaqveyna vrceli recenzia. am publikaciebSi
mo­cemulia afxazi istorikosebis mier Sedgenili „saxelmZRvane­
los~ amomwuravi, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli kritika. sagangebod
unda SevniSnoT, rom prof. zurab papasqiri, faqtobrivad, erTade­
rTia akademiuri wreebidan, vinc Riad epaeqreba separatistuli isto­
368
riografiis warmomadgenlebs da amxels maT miTologemebs, rogorc
samecniero velze da sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebebiT, aseve
socialur qselSi. romelic dRes informaciis miRebis wamyvan wy­
arod iqca. amis mkafio dadasturebaa mis mier feisbukze ganTavse­
buli polemikuri masalebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriisa da
politikis sakiTxebze, romlebic gamoqveynebulia mecnieris wignSi:
„Cemi afxazeTi. fiqrebi da mogonebebi~ (ix.: Зураб Папаскири. Моя Аб­
ха­зия. Воспоминания и размышления. Издат.: «Меридиани». Тбилиси, 2012,
gv. 499-585 /http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/29851/1/Moia_Abxaz-
ia­.pdf/).
Zalze aqtualuria publikacia SarvaSiZeTa samTavro sax­
lis­erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv iersaxe, romelic Tavis droze
ga­­moqveynda oTx enaze (qarTulad, rusulad, inglisurad da ger­
manulad). esaa ganmazogadebeli xasiaTis narkvevi, romelSic, sa­
Ta­nado pirvelwyaroebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, naCvenebia af­
xa­zeTis mTavar SarvaSiZeTa saxlis erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv da
kulturul-politikuri ier-saxe. savsebiT marTebuladaa aRni­ S­
nuli, rom SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze da mogvianebiTac (afxazeTis samTavros ga­
uqmebamde da Semdgomac) erTmniSvnelovnad ansaxierebdnen saer­
To-qarTul erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul-politikur
samyaros da Tavs moiazrebdnen qarTuli politikuri elitis ga­
nu­yofel nawilad.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania statiebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis
eT­no-demografiul da religiur-sarwmunoebriv iersaxezec. maTSi
damajerebladaa naCvenebi, rom dRevandeli afxazeTis teritori­
aze, dawyebuli Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan, rodi­danac xerx­
deba Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis eTno-tomobrivi viTarebis Ses­
axeb konkretuli werilobiTi informaciis moZieba Zvel berZnul
sa­istorio wyaroebSi, qarTveluri tomebi TiTqmis yovelTvis Se­
adgendnen eTnikur umravlesobas (winaaRmdeg separatistuli ide­
ologiis mesveurTa falsifikatoruli mtkicebebisa afxazeTSi
qarTvelTa mxolod XIX saukunidan _ muhajirobis Semdgomi xani­
dan _ gansaxlebis Sesaxeb).
calke unda gamovyoT statia: „afxazeTis konfliqti 20 wlis
ga­dasaxedidan. zogadi xedva~, romelSic gaanalizebulia bolo 20
wlis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da mocemulia pos­
t­konfliqturi periodis zogadi Sefaseba. mkvlevari sworad
askvnis, rom e.w. kremlis mer SemuSavebulma „afxazurma proeqtma~
ver gaamarTla, risi dadasturebaa Tundac is problemebi, rom­
lebic dro da dro Tavs iCenen oficialur moskovsa da mis mi­er­
24. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 369
ve „suverenul saxelmwifod~ aRiarebul afxazeTs Soris (konf­
li­ qtebi afxazTa mxridan rusi erovnebis moqalaqeebis kuTvnili
sax­ lebisa da binebis „eqspropriaciis~ faqtebis gamo; zogadad
uZ­ ravi qonebis dakanonebis sakiTxi; sasazRvro dava sof. aibgas
ku­ Tvilebis irgvliv; istoriografiuli koliziebi; dapirispire­
ba saeklesio sferoSi; afxazuri sazogadoebis protesti moskovis
mxri­dan afxazeTisaTvis gamoyofili finansuri saxsrebis gakont­
ro­lebis mcdelobis gamo da a.S.).
statiaSi: „ganasxvavebda Tu ara ivane javaxiSvili eTnikurad
e.w. „Zvel~ da „axal~ afxazebs~ gaanalizebulia didi mecnieris dak­
virvebebi abazg-afsilebze. masSi gakritikebulia calkeul mkvle­
var­ Ta mcdelobebi iv. javaxiSvili warmoaCinon am bolo dros
qar­ Tul istoriografiaSi fexmokidebuli midgomis _ gamijnon
eTnikurad gvian antikuri xanisa da adre Sua saukuneebis „aba­
zg~-„afSil~-„afxazebi~ Tanamedrove eTnonimis „afsua~-„afxazis~
ma­ tarebeli xalxisagan _ erT-erT avtorad. iv. javaxiSvilis naS­
romebidan statiaSi moyvanili mravalferovani masala erTniSnad
adasturebs, rom amgvari mtkiceba sruliad usafuZvloa, da rom
sa­xelovani mecnierisTvis araviTari „Zveli~ da „axali~ afxazebis
pro­blema ar arsebula da mas odnavadac ar eeWveboda „abazg~-„af­
SilTa~ da Tanamedrove afsua-afxazTa identuroba.
prof. z. papasqiris es da sxva afxazeTmcodneobiTi publika­
ci­ebi, garda wminda mecnierulisa, uaRresad aqtualuria praqti­
ku­li TvalsazrisiTac. isini gamiznulia qarTul da afxazur sa­
zo­ gadoebebs Soris dReisTvis arsebuli gaucxoebis daZlevisa
da rusuli imperiuli Zalebis mier moSlili qarTul-afxazuri
is­ toriul-kulturuli erTobis aRdgenisaken. es ki aris myari
ide­ ologiuri sayrdeni droebiT CamoSorebuli afxazeTis saer­
To-qarTul politikur-saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi reintegrire­
bi­saTvis, romelSic afxaz xalxs miecema erovnul-saxelmwifoeb­
rivi da kulturul-ekonomikuri interesebis realizaciis yvela
Se­ saZlebloba. mecnieris swored am miswrafebas xvdebian Cveni
opo­nentebi, rogorc afaxazeTSi, ise ruseTSi. amis naTeli maga­
liTia Tundac ruseTis imperiulad ganwyobili politikuri iste­
bliSmentis odiozuri warmomadgenlis konstantine zatulinis
gaRizianebuli „gamoxmaureba~ z. papasqiris erT-erT naSromze (ix.:
Константин Затулин. Яд или противоядие – что выбрать умам в Абхазии /
http://www.materik.ru/rubric/detail.php?ID=11734/). aqve siamovnebiT gvi­
nda aRvniSnoT, rom gamosacemad gamzadebulia da farTo mkiTxve­li
male miiRebs z. papasqiris wigns inglisur enaze: “On the National, Po­
li­tical, Ethnical, and Cultural Identity of Contemporary Abkhazia.From Ancient
370
Ti­mes till the Present Day”, romelSic gaerTianebulia avtoris mier
sxva­dasxva dros adgilobriv da ucxour gamocemebSi gamoqveynebu­
li inglisurenovani statiebi. maTSi erTniSnad aris naCvenebi, rom
dRe­ vandeli afxazeTi rogorc eTnokulturulad, ise politi­
kur-saxelmwifoebrivad yovelTvis iyo saerTo qarTuli sivrcis
nawili.
rubrikaSi: „istoriografiuli etiudebi~ _ warmodgenil sta­
tiebSi gaanalizebulia calkeuli qarTveli istorikosebis sa­me­c­
ni­ero memkvidreoba. pirvel rigSi esaa werili: „didgoris epopeis
pi­ruTvneli matiane _ SoTa mesxias „ZlevaY sakvirveli,~ romelic wi­
nasityvaobis saxiT daerTo gamoCenili istorikosis, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentis, prof. SoTa mesxias
am SesaniSnavi naSromis uaxles, saiubileo gamocemas. aranakleb sa­
in­teresoa akademikos roin metrevelis Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvni­
li narkvevi: „erTiani saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevari~, romelSic
war­moCenilia mecnieris wvlili erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli istoriis kvlevis sfero­
Si. aRniSnulia, rom akad. r. metrevelis daviT aRmaSeneblisa da
Ta­mar mefisadmi miZRvnili fundamenturi monografiebi da erTi­
ani saqarTvelos istoriis amsaxveli sxva publikaciebi udavod
sa­etapo mniSvnelobisaa da maTi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebe­
lia Zlierebis zenitSi myofi gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwi­
fos saSinao da sagareo politikuri procesebis gaazreba da Sem­
dgomi mecnieruli damuSaveba.
dabolos, rubrika: „Strixebi portretebisaTvis~, romelSic
uda­vod gamorCeulia statia: „cxovreba da Rvawli eqvTime TayaiSvi­
lisa~. masSi warmoCenilia zogad-erovnuli masStabis didi moRva­
wis eqvTime TayaiSvilis mowameobrivi cxovreba. sagangebodaa aR­
niSnuli, rom eqvTime TayaiSvili _ didi ilias budidan afreni­li
da misi SaravandediT naTelmosili mamuliSvili, romelmac mar­T­
lac iliaseuli paTosiTa da SeupovrobiT ganagrZo saqarTvelos
in­teleqtualuri, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi da sulieri gajan­
saReba-aRorZinebis saqme, ivane javaxiSvilTan da sruliad saqar­
Tvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTan, uwmides da unetares ambrosi
aR­msarebelTan erTad warmoadgens XX saukunis saqarTvelos sim­
bolur saxes. aqve warmodgenilia statiebi Tanamedrove qarTuli
is­toriografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebze: roin metrevelze
(„kaci iSviaTi Tanadgomis unariT~), givi wulaiaze („zogierTi Stri­
xi givi wulaias mecnieruli da moqalaqeobrivi iersaxisaTvis~). am
da sxva memuaruli xasiaTis narkvevebSi awgardacvlil kolegebze:
ira­kli axalaiaze („iSviaTi SemarTebisa da boboqari sulis adamiani
371
_ profesori irakli axalaia~), Teimuraz mibCuanze („cnobili mec-
nieri, Rirseuli moqalaqe _ Teimuraz mibCuani~), valerian Waniaze
(„sikeTiT aRsavse kaci _ valerian Wania~) mocemulia maTi mecnieru­
li da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis avtoriseuli xedva; moyvanil­
ia farTo sazogadoebisaTvis naklebad cnobili araerTi faqti,
rom­lebSic Cans samecniero inteligenciis am TvalsaCino warmo­
madgenelTa maRali mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi avtoriteti,
adamianuri keTilSobileba da gulisxmiereba.
memuaruli xasiaTisaa agreTve publikacia saqarTvelos ero­­
vnul gmirze Jiuli Sartavaze: „soxumi _ 1993. Sexvedrebi Jiuli
SartavasTan~, romelSic yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ucnob de­­
talebze didi mamuliSvilis, saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis zva­
ra­kad Sewiruli raindis moRvaweobis soxumuri periodidan da mis
fonze warmoCenilia saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiris gancdebi, ma­
Ra­li pirovnuli Tvisebebi, ubraloeba. erTgvar mosagonars war­
mo­adgens cnobili afxazi mecnieris, saxelmwifo da sazogado mo­
Rva­wis, akademikos lorik marSanias xsovnisadmi miZRvnili Zalze
Tbi­li werili: „sworupovari raindi maruSianTa jilagisa _ lorik
ma­r­Sania~.
aseTia zogadad prof. zurab papasqiris axali wignis Sinaarsi.
rogorc vxedavT, masSi ganTavsebuli statiebi Suqs fenen saqar­
Tve­ los istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis araerT umniSvnelovanes
pro­blemas, xolo avtoris mier warmodgenili calkeuli dakvir­
vebebi da miRebuli daskvnebi axali sityvaa qarTul istoriogra­
fiaSi. gamoqveynebuli masalebis mniSvnelovani nawili, rogorc
Si­naarsiT, ise moculobiT, bevrad scildeba statiis formats da,
faqtobrivad, damoukidebel monografiul gamokvlevas warmo­
adgens. ufro metic, mTlianobaSi, z. papasqiris wigni saqarTve­
los istoriul warsulsa da Tanamedroveobaze Tematurad da
stru­qturulad Sekrul monografiadac SeiZleba CavTvaloT.

372
 JEMAL GAMAKHARIA, LIA AKHALADZE, BORIS KVARATSKHELIA,
BEZHAN KHORAVA, DAZMIR JOJUA, KAKHA KVASHILAVA1

“TALKING THE TRUTH” OF ZURAB PAPASKIRI.

REACTION ON BOOK
“GEORGIA. HISTORICAL PAST AND PRESENT”
/Publishing House “Meridiani”. Tbilisi, 2016/

REVIEW

This article presents a review on defending of Professor Zurab Papaskiri’s

new book which is united his articles published during last years.

1
Jemal Gamakharia _ PhD in History, Deputy of Chairman of the Supreme Council of
Au­tonomous Republic of Abkhazia; Lia Akhaladze _ PhD in History, Associate Professor,
Sokhumi State University; Boris Kvaratskhelia _ Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate
Pro­fessor, Sokhumi State University; Bezhan Khorava _ PhD in History, Associate Profes-
sor, Sokhumi State University; Dazmir Jojua _ PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhu-
mi State University; Kakha Kva­shilava _ PhD in History, Assistant Professor, Sokhumi State
University.
373
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

beJan xorava1

mniSvnelovani gamokvleva saqarTvelos

istoriul geografiaSi

recenzia

`istoriuli geografiis erT-erTi mTavari amocana qveynis

istoriul-geografiuli mxareebis Seswavlaa. am mxriv qarTul is­
toriul geografiaSi mniSvnelovani samuSaoa gaweuli. axlaxan, am
mimarTulebiT, kidev erTi mniSvnelovani SenaZeni gakeTda. iv. ja­
vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis vaxu­
Sti bagrationis geografiis institutma gamosca Rvawlmosili
mec­nieris, geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor koba
xa­raZis uaRresad saintereso naSromi `saqarTvelos istoriuli
geografia. aWara~ (Tb., 2017).
koba xaraZe qarTuli geografiuli skolis erT-erTi Tval­
saCino warmomadgenelia. igi farTo diapazonis mecnieria, misi
kvlevis sfero moicavs saqarTvelos fizikuri, socialur-ekono­
mikuri, politikuri geografiis sakiTxebs, saqarTveloSi geogra­
fi­uli codnis istorias, amasTanave SesaniSnavi kartografia.
koba xaraZe didi xania warmatebiT ikvlevs saqarTvelos isto­
ri­uli geografiis sakiTxebs. wlebis win gamoica misi uaRresad
mni­Svnelovani gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiiis
cik­lidan _ `saqarTvelos istoriuli geografia. qvemo qarTli~
(1991), `saqarTvelos istoriuli geografia. Sida qarTli~ (1992),
`sa­qarTvelos istoriuli geografia. zemo qarTli~ (2000), `kaxe­
Tis istoriuli geografia. XVIIIs.~ (2010). imave xanebSi gamovida koba
xa­raZis `saqarTvelos istoriuli geografia~, damxmare saxelmZ­
Rvanelo (2003). winamdebare wigni warmoadgens samxreT-dasavleT
sa­qarTvelos erT-erTi istoriul-geografiuli mxaris _ aWaris
ga­mokvlevas.
1
beJan xorava _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universiteti.
374
 istoriuli geografia geografiisa da istoriis mijnaze
war­­moSobili disciplinaa. am TvalsazrisiT, mxaris istori­
ul-geografiuli Seswavla gulisxmobs istoriuli da geografi­
uli komponentis kvlevas, ramdenadac istoriuli geografia
sa­­zogadoebis istoriuli warsulis geografiis, istoriuli war­
sulis geografiuli mxaris Seswavlas gulisxmobs.
koba xaraZe aWaris istoriul geografias didi xania ikvlevs.
man araerTi statia uZRvna aWaris bunebis Zeglebs, istoriul gze­
bsa da mimosvlis saSualebebs, istoriul demografias, mosaxleo­
bisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis retrospeqtul kartografirebas,
to­ponimebis Seswavlas. saxelmZRvaneloSi `saqarTvelos istori­
uli geografia~ saqarTvelos sxva istoriul-geografiul mxare­
ebTan erTad mniSvnelovani adgili aWarasac eTmoba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs fundamenturi ganmazoga­
de­beli naSromi `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis nar­
kve­vebi. aWara~ (t. 1-4, baTumi, 2007-2012), sadac mxaris istori­
ul-geografiuli narkvevic Sedis, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aWara
is­­toriul-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT naklebad aris Seswavlili.
aWa­ ris istoriis, geografiis, istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs
ikv­levdnen xariton axvlediani, iuri sixaruliZe, Salva varSaniZe,
vaxtang SamilaZe, sergo gogitiZe, nadim niJaraZe, nadia jibuti,
Saqro falavandiSvili da sxvebi, ukanasknel xans am mimarTulebiT
nayofierad muSaoben eTnologi roin malaymaZe, istorikosi simon
gogitiZe da sxvebi, magram yovlismomcveli, ganmazogadebeli naS­
romi am mxaris istoriul-geografiaze ar gvqonda.
aWaris istoriul-geografiuli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT ua­
R­resad mniSvnelovania qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi, rogoricaa
ba­sili zarzmelis `serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~, giorgi merCu­
les `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, tbel abuserisZis `cxovreba
qviT­ xuroisa basilisa~, vaxuSti bagrationis `aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa~. aRsaniSnavia aseve XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa
da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli da ucxoeli mogzaurebisa da
mkvlevrebis giorgi yazbegis, zaqaria WiWinaZis, dimitri baqraZis,
Tedo saxokias, Jiul muries, praskovia uvarovas, nikoloz Savro­
vis, jiford palgrevis da sxvaTa Canawerebi, narkvevebi. am da sxva
saistorio wyaroebTan erTad, koba xaraZe farTod iyenebs mis mi­
er adreul wlebSi warmoebuli savele dakvirvebebis masalebs,
rac naSroms friad faseuls xdis.
naSromSi ganxilulia iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: aWaris fi­
zi­kur-geografiuli da istoriuli sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebis
Ta­viseburebebi da resursebi, bunebis Zeglebi da maTi dacva, mxa­

375
ris ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, istoriuli gzebi da mimosvlis
sa­Sualebebi, istoriuli demografia, mosaxleobisa da dasaxle­
buli punqtebis retrospeqtuli kartografireba. naSroms axlavs
mosaxleobisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis retrospeqtuli da to­
ponimTa gavrcelebis rukebi, Sedgenili avtoris mier. mkvlevari
saTanado yuradRebas uTmobs geografiuli saxelwodebebis kv­
levas _ maT etimologiasa da lokalizacias. amdenad, naSromSi
war­modgenilia istoriuli geografiis Seswavlis yvela sfero.
rodesac aWaris istoriul ganviTarebas exeba, koba xaraZe
ar­kvevs am mxaris istoriul sazRvrebs. rogorc irkveva, wyaroebis
mixedviT, aWaris saxelwodeba pirvelad `somxur geografiaSi~ (VIIs.)
gvxvdeba. momdevno xanaSi igi moxseniebulia stefane mtbevaris ha­
giografiul TxzulebaSi `martviloba miqael gobronisi~ (Xs.); mas
ixsenieben bizantiis imperatori konstantine porfirogeneti (Xs.)
da leonti mroveli (XIs.). aWaris sazRvrebi saukuneebis ganmavloba­
Si xSirad icvleboda. saistorio tradiciiT, romelic `qarTlis
cxovrebaSia~ daculi, aWara zemo qarTlis qveyanaa. leonti mrov­
elis cnobiT, farnavazma oZrxis erisTavs `misca tasis kariTgan
vidre arsianTamdis, nostis Tavidan zRuamdis, romel ars samcxe
da aWara~. gvianantikuri da feodaluri xanis tradiciebiT aWaras
samxreTiT SavSeT-imerxevis Temebi esazRvreboda, xolo Crdi­
lo-dasavleTiT sazRvari aWara-guriis mTebis mijnaze gadioda. 
saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiaSi aWara klarjeT­
Tan erTad abuserisZeTa saerisTavoSi Sedioda, xolo XIII sauku­
nis Sua wlebidan samcxe-saaTabagos erT-erTi saerisTavo iyo.
XV saukunis Sua wlebSi yvaryvare II jayelma (1451-1498) giorgi
VIII-sTan (1446-1466) brZolaSi daxmarebis gamo, aWara guriels ga­
dasca. XVI saukunis dasawyisSi mzeWabuk aTabagma (1500-1515) aWara
guriels waarTva, Tumca imereTis mefem bagrat III-m (1510-1565) igi
1535 wels mas daubruna.
gvianfeodalur xanaSi aWaris teritoria SezRudulia. vaxuS­
ti batoniSvilis cnobiT, `mzRvris (mas) aRmosavleTiT mTa aWara­
sa da zarzmas Sorisi; da gardavals mas zeda gza samcxes; samxriT
mTa aWarasa da liganis-xevs Sorisi; dasavliT mdinare Woroxi;
CrdiloT mTa guriasa da aWaras Sorisi~. am periodSi aWara or na­
wilad iyofoda: zemo aWara da qvemo aWara, mis centralur nawils
ki Suaxevi warmoadgenda. Tavis mxriv TiToeuli maTgani mraval
ad­ ministraciul erTeulad _ xevad iyo danawevrebuli. qveynis
ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis ganviTareba dakavSirebu­
li iyo sxvadasxva periodSi dawinaurebul centrebTan: didaWara,
xixani, xula, Suaxevi, qeda.
376
 XVI saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aWara Turqebma daipyres. samasi
wlis Semdeg, 1878 wels es mxare saqarTvelos daubrunda. saqarT­
veloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos
revkomis 1921 wlis 16 ivlisis dekretiT, aWara amJamindel saz­
RvrebSi avtonomiur respublikad gamocxadda.
zogierTi mkvlevari istoriul aWaras Tanamedrove admin­
istraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis farglebSi ganixilavs, sxve­
bi ki aWaris dasavleT sazRvrad mdinareebis Worox-aWariswylis
Sesayars miiCneven da, amdenad, aWaras mxolod aWariswylisa da
misi Senakadebis xeobebiT sazRvraven. niSandoblivia, rom vaxuS­
ti bagrationis Tanaxmad, aWara aWariswylis auzSia dafiqsirebu­
li, amasTanave swavluli batoniSvili am mxares samcxe-saaTabagos
SemadgenlobaSi aRwers. mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom unayofoa
kamaTi antikuri da feodaluri xanis aWaris sazRvrebis Sesaxeb.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi es regioni an misi garkveuli nawili sxvadasxva
politikur erTeulSi Sedioda. aseT viTarebaSi, rogorc akad.
vax­tang SamilaZe aRniSnavda, Znelia vimsjeloT aWaris mkveTrad
da­dgenil da ucvlel sazRvrebze (SamilaZe, 1993: 504-505). koba xa­
ra­Ze mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobs aseve aWaris administraci­
ul erTeulebs, maT cvlilebebs; ikvlevs mosaxleobis istoriul
vi­Tarebas.
naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba aWaris istorul
gzebsa da mimosvlis saSualebebs. aWaris gzebis ganviTarebaze me­
tyvelebs Zveli qvis TaRovani xidebi. rogorc irkveva, ukanask­
nel periodSi warmoebuli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad aWaraSi 25-mde
Zve­li qvis TaRovani xidi gamovlinda. friad mniSvnelovania, rom
naSromSi dafiqsirebulia qvis Zveli xidebi, romlebic dRes ukve
aRar arseboben, magram maT Sesaxeb cnobebi istoriulma wyaroebma
Se­mogvinaxa.
avtori mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs aWaris istoriuli de­
mografiis kvlevas. mxaris mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi XVI sa­
ukunidan SemogvrCa. `zemo aWaris livis davTari~ osmalTa mier
aWaris aRweris pirvel dokuments warmoadgens. osmalTa uRelqveS
mo­qceuli aWaris umcires administraciul erTeuls nahie (Temi)
warmoadgenda. ufro msxvili erTeuli iyo kaza. aWara or sanja­
yad iyo gayofili da axalcixis (Cildiris) vilaieTSi Sedioda. aR­
wera moicavs zemo da qvemo aWaras, romlebic wvril erTeulebad,
nahiebad aris dayofili. davTari mravalmxriv aris sainte­ reso.
masSi xeobis yvela sofelia dasaxelebuli da saintereso in­
formacias iZleva mxaris demografiis Sesaxeb. SemorCenilia ase­ve
XIX-XX saukuneebis statistikuri monacemebi: osmaleTis, Semdeg
377
mefis ruseTis da sabWoTa periodSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRw­
eris masalebi. statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze koba xaraZem
moaxdina mosaxleobisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis retrospeqtuli
kartografireba, e.i. arakartografiuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT
Seadgina istoriuli rukebi. miRebuli kartografiuli gamosax­
ulebebi saSualebas iZleva gaizomos XIX saukunis aWaris admin­
istraciuli erTeulebis farTobi. rogorc aRmoCnda, osmalTa
batonobis periodSi aWaris farTobi 3888 kv.2 Seadgenda, rac 988
kv.2-iT metia aWaris dRevandel farTobTan (2900 km.2) SedarebiT,
xolo dasaxlebul punqtTa raodenoba 79 iyo. manve Seadgina XIX-XX
saukuneebSi aWarisa da masSi Semavali administraciul-teritori­
uli erTeulebis mosaxleobis statistikuri monacemebis cxrili.
aWarisa da misi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis
de­mografiul monacemTa statistikur-kartografiuli anali­
zis safuZvelze mkvlevarma gansazRvra: mosaxleobis saSualo
sim­Widrove 10 kv.2-ze, mosaxleobis simWidrove farTobis yovel
kva­dratul kilometrze. Sedgenili cxrilisa da kartogramebis
mixedviT naTeli warmodgena iqmneba XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa
da XX saukunis aWaris dasaxlebul punqtTa da mosaxleobis saSu­
alo simWidroveze. mosaxleobis aRwerisa da sxva monacemebis sa­
fuZvelze Sedga mosaxleobisa da dasaxlebul punqtTa simWidro­
vis rukebi, rac mosaxleobis cvalebadobis dinamikas gviCvenebs.
koba xaraZe detalurad Cerdeba aWaris toponimebze. Tanamed­
rove qarTuli istoriografiis fuZemdeblebi ivane javaxiSvili,
si­mon janaSia, niko berZeniSvili qveynis, mxaris warsulis Seswav­
lis saqmeSi geografiuli saxelwodebebis Seswavlas did mniSvne­
lobas aniWebdnen (javaxiSvili, 1965: 28-68; janaSia, 1988: 250; ber­
ZeniSvili, 1964: 359).
naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba saxelwodeba `aWaris~
eti­mologias. miCneulia, rom saxelwodeba `aWaris~ etimologia
sabolood garkveuli ar aris. zogi mkvlevari mas satomo saxelT­
an _ `eger~, `Wan~ (nikoloz adonci, niko mari, pavle ingoroyva)
an biZerebTan (simon gogitiZe) akavSirebs; sxvebi _ geografiul
sa­xelTan aWi (simon janaSia). mkvlevarTa nawili saxelwodebas wya­
lTan akavSirebs (mose janaSvili) an Tvlis, rom termini aWara
Tav­dapirvelad md. aWariswylis saxelwodeba unda yofiliyo, Sem­
deg ki olqze gavrcelda da mdinaris xeobaSi mdebare miwa-wylis
aRmniSvnel terminad iqca (iuri sixaruliZe).
koba xaraZe aanalizebs saxelwodeba `aWaris~ etimologias,
mohyavs sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi da sakuTar mosazrebasac
gvTavazobs. misi azriT, saxelwodeba `aWara~ bunebrivi pirobebis
378
terminis mixedviT Serqmeuli saxelwodebaa da dakavSirebulia qv­
abulTan (`Wa~). saxelwodeba Tavdapirvelad gavrcelebuli iyo md.
aWariswylis auzze, romelic qvabuls warmoadgens (xaraZe, 2017: 126-
127). es aris erT-erTi saintereso mosazreba, romelsac uTuod aqvs
arsebobis ufleba, danarCens ki momavali kvleva-Zieba gviCvenebs.
uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom koba xaraZis mier mTlianad
aRi­wera aWaris toponimia, moxda geografiuli saxelwodebebis
lo­ kalizeba da retrospeqtuli kartografireba; toponimebi
Seswavlil da daxasiaTebul iqna istoriul-geografiuli aspe­
qtebiT; moxda toponimebis klasifikacia, gamoiyo uZvelesi,
struqturaSecvlili, aRdgenili, gadaadgilebuli, Tanamedrove
ga­xmovanebis, nasoflarTa da sxva fondebi. amasTanave, Sedga to­
ponimTa ganlagebisa da Tematuri rukebi. wyaroebis analizma da
adreul wlebSi Catarebuli savele samuSaoebis Sedegad moZiebuli
masalebis Sejerebam mkvlevars saSualeba misca daedgina rigi ge­
ografiuli saxelwodebebis etimologia, moexdina maTi lokalizeba.
geografiuli saxelwodebebis etimologia, maTi lokalizeba
uaRresad aqtualuri sakiTxia. amis naTeli dasturia isic, rom
ukanasknel xans zogierTma mkvlevarma damkvidrebuli Tvalsaz­
risi ama Tu im punqtis lokalizebis Sesaxeb eWvqveS daayena. mag­
aliTad, arqeologma guram grigoliam gamoTqva mosazreba, rom
cixe-qalaqi petra mdebareobda ara Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapi­
ro­ ze, boboyvaT-cixisZiris midamoebSi, aramed Savi zRvis samx­
reT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, xofasa da arxaves Soris teritori­
aze. rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, petras axlac uwodeben am
teritoriaze maRal, cicabo kldovani reliefis sanapiro zols,
romlis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, sof. pironiTTan, maRal
borcvze, SemorCenilia didi cixis nangrevebi, romelsac adgilob­
rivi mosaxleoba jixas (cixe) uwodebs. igi srulad akontrolebda
rogorc sazRvao, ise saxmeleTo magistralebs (grigolia, 2009: 34-
35). Tumca 2017 wlis zafxulSi cixisZirSi Catarebulma gaTxre­bma
daadastura, rom esaa namdvilad petra.
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom naSromSi srulyofilad aris
Seswavlili soflebis mdebareoba, saxelwodebis etimologia, ma­
terialuri kulturis Zeglebi _ cixeebi, eklesiebi, bunebis Ze­
glebi; saistorio wyaroebis cnobebi maT Sesaxeb, soflebis ub­
nebi, mikrotoponimebi. aWaris soflebis magaliTze kargad Cans,
rom qarTul soflebSi, Cveulebriv, gvarebad da ubnebad cxov­
robdnen. zemo aWaraSi jer kidev kargad aris es SemorCenili. mag­
aliTad, Rorjomis Temis 15 soflidan 11 sofeli gvarebis mixed­
viT atarebs saxels: adaZeebi, gorgaZeebi, vanaZeebi, vaSaymaZeebi,
379
labaiZeebi, mekeiZeebi, mexelaSvilebi, minTaZeebi, stefanaSvilebi,
tunaZeebi, winwkalaSvilebi.
saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis erT-erTi mTavari amo­
canaa saqarTvelos Seswavla mdinareTa xeobebis mixedviT. qarTul
istoriografiaSi mdinareTa xeobebis istoriul-eTnologiuri
Seswavlis kargi tradicia arsebobs, rasac sergi makalaTiam Cauyara
safuZveli. man bevri gaakeTa qarTlis mdinareTa xeobebis mxareT­
mcodneobiTi Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. aWaris mdinareTa xeobebis
istoriul-eTnografiuli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani
samuSaoa gaweuli aWaris mkvidri eTnologebis nodar kaxiZis (kax­
iZe, 1974), mariam Salikavas (Salikava, 2009), roin malaymaZis (malay­
maZe, 2008) mier. koba xaraZem didi samuSao Caatara aWariswylis
auzisa da Woroxis qvemo welis istoriul-geografiuli Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT. naSromSi aRwerilia da Seswavlilia aWariswylis,
Rorjomiswylis, sxalTis, Ciruxiswylis (mareTis), Wvaniswylis,
akavreTis, maWaxlis, kintriSis xeobebi, agreTve nigali (Woroxis
xeoba) da aWaris zRvispireTi. mkvlevarma dawvrilebiT Seiswavla
am mikroregionis dasaxlebuli punqtebi da materialuri kul­
turis Zeglebi, dasaxlebuli punqtebis istoria, etimologia.
aWaris mravalferovani bunebrivi pirobebis gamo mTel mxa­
reSi gavrcelebulia bunebis saintereso Zeglebi. k. xaraZe daw­v­
rilebiT Cerdeba nakrZalebze, bunebis zogierT Zeglze da aRwers
maT: CanCxalos samyinvaro, mTisubnis sayinule, sanalias lodebi,
qvakaca, kaloTas qvis sveti, Ciruxiswylis eroziuli mowmeebi, cix­
isZiris gaxvretili klde, Caqviswylis Woromebi, qvakibis erozi­
uli safexurebi, goderZis uReltexilis namarxi tye, preistori­
uli daTvis nafexurebi, aWaris wiTelmiwebi, mwvane tba, Waoburi
mdi­nare ispanis WaobSi, maxunceTis CanCqeri, sanalias CanCqeri da
unikaluri silamazis sxva CanCqerebi (xaraZe, 2017: 33-57). bunebis
Zeglebis aRweras saintereso fotoilustracia axlavs. mkvlevari
yuradRebas amaxvilebs bunebis Zeglebis popularizaciasa da ke­
Tilmowyobaze, maTi rekreaciuli mizniT gamoyenebaze (CanCqerebi,
tbebi, kldis svetebi, mineraluri wylebi, Waobebi, gadaadgile­
buli lodebi da sxv.), maTi dacvis aucileblobaze. amasTanave,
aR­saniSnavia, rom avtoris mier Sedgenilia aWaris araorganuli
bunebis Zeglebis ruka (masStabi 1:200000).
akad. niko berZeniSvili xazs usvamda, rom istoriuli geo­
gra­fiis erT-erTi mTavari amocana istoriuli rukebis Sedgenaa,
yvela movlena drosa da sivrceSi unda iqnes kartografirebuli.
am amocanasac warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi koba xaraZem. mis mier Sed­
genilia aWaris zogadgeografiuli, sxvadasxva periodis adminis­
380
traciul-teritoriuli dayofis, bunebis RirsSesaniSnaobebis,
Zve­
li gzebis, giorgi yazbegis mogzaurobis marSrutis da sxva
rukebi.
amdenad, koba xaraZes yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba istori­
uli-geografiis Seswavlis arc erTi sfero. is uxvad iyenebs qa­
rTul da ucxour saistorio wyaroebs, romelTa monacemebi Se­
jerebulia avtoris mier adgilze warmoebul dakvirvebebTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom naSromi samecniero Janrs ganekuTvneba, ar
aris dawerili rTuli samecniero eniT da advilad ikiTxeba. wigni
maRal poligrafiul donezea gamocemuli, kargad aris ilustri­
rebuli, erTvis rukebi, agreTve pirTa da geografiul saxelTa sa­
Zieblebi, rac friad mniSvnelovania am saxis naSromisTvis. SeiZleba
Tamamad iTqvas, rom koba xaraZis naSromi `saqarTvelos istoriuli
geografia. aWara~ qarTuli istoriuli geografiis kargi SenaZenia.

bibliografia:

• berZeniSvili, 1964 _ berZeniSvili niko. istoriuli geografiisaT­

vis, _ wgn.: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. w. 1. Tb.,
1964;
• grigolia, 2009 _ grigolia guram. cixe-qalaq petras lokaliza­cia-
ide­ntifikaciisaTvis, _ kreb.: bizantinologia saqarTveloSi. 3. Tb.,
2009;
• kaxiZe, 1974 _ kaxiZe nodar. maWaxlis xeoba. istoriul-eTnografi­
uli narkvevi. baTumi, 1974;
• malaymaZe, 2008 _ malaymaZe roin. liganis xeoba. istoriul-eTnolo­
giuri gamokvleva. Tbilisi, 2008;
• xaraZe, 2017 _ xaraZe koba. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografia. aWara.
Tb., 2017;
• Salikava, 2009 _ Salikava mariam. Wvanis xeoba. istoriul-eTnologi­
uri gamokvleva. baTumi, 2009;
• SamilaZe, 1993 _ SamilaZe vaxtang. `aWaris~ administraciul-geografi­
uli lokalizaciisa da da etimologiis sakiTxisaTvis, _ wgn.: saqarT­
velosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli termino­
logia. Tb., 1993;
• javaxiSvili, 1965 _ javaxiSvili ivane. saqarTvelos saistorio ge­o­
gra­fia VII-XIIs. q. S., _ wgn.: iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w.
2. Tb., 1965;
• janaSia, 1988 _ janaSia simon. SavizRvispireTis saistorio geogra­
fia, _ wgn.: s. janaSia. Sromebi. t. 6. Tb., 1988.

381
 BEZHAN KHORAVA1

AN IMPORTANT RESEARCH IN HISTORICAL

GEOGRAPHY OF GEORGIA

REVIEW

This article presents a critical review on defending of famous Georgian

Geographer Koba Kharadze’s new monograph “The Historical Geography of
Georgia. Adjara” (Tbilisi, 2017).

1
Bezhan Khorava _ PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
382
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

istoria, arqeologia, eTnologia

goCa jafariZe1

soso margiSvili. miTebi da realoba daviT

aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb.
omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg.
Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `siesta~, 2006. 363 gv.

recenzia

daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweoba yovelTvis ipyrobda da ip­

y­robs qarTvel mkvlevarTa yuradRebas. amis magaliTia, Tun­dac,
ar­qeologiis centris mecnier-TanamSromlis, udrood gar­ da­cv­
lili mkvlevris soso margiSvilis sarecenzio naSromi, ro­melic
di­di mefis epoqas exeba.
am naSroms, avtoris sicocxleSive, gamoexmaurnen qarTveli
mkvlevrebi: dadebiTad (musxeliSvili, 2007: 6) da kritikuladac
(samuSia, 2007; xelaxla daibeWda orjer: samuSia, 2008: 157-166;
samuSia, 2017: 327-340; mogvianebiT mkveTrad kritikuli da ua­ r­
yofiTi _ sandoZe, 2013: 107-110; ukanasknel xanebSi aseve kri­ ti­
kuli Sefaseba am naSromisa ix.: papasqiri, 2015: 14-15, 28-30, 34).
misi ganxilva moewyo sa­ qarTvelos televiziis erT-erT arxze.
mec vapirebdi maSin re­ cenziis gamoqveynebas, magram da­ ma­
yovna
saz­RvargareT dip­lo­matiur samuSaoze mivlinebam, xolo Sem­deg,
sruliad mo­ ulo­ d­
ne­
lad, gardaicvala wignis avtori. aseT vi­Ta­
re­baSi ioli ar iyo msje­ loba wignis av-kargianobaze. kri­ ti­kul
Se­niSvnebze mTavari mo­pasuxe am qveynad aRar aris. magram naS­rom­
Si dasmuli da ax­le­burad ganxiluli principuli sakiTxebis sim­
ravle mibiZgebs da­vub­runde mis ganxilvas.
s. margiSvili winasityvaobaSi werda, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis
epoqis Sesaxeb konceptualur SexedulebebSi aSkarad SeimCneva wi­
1
goCa jafariZe _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, iv. ja­
va­xiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tsu aR­mo­sav­
leT­ mcodneobis institutis xelmZRvaneli, saqarTvelos sagangebo da
sru­luflebiani elCi.
383
na­­aRmdegobebi, romlebic am periodis ufro Rrmad Seswavlisa da
istoriuli sinamdvilis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT, axsnas moiTxovs.
kerZod:
`_ samecniero literaturaSi ar aris axsnili (yovel Sem­T­
xve­vaSi damajereblad), Tu ratom datova uyuradRebod seljukTa
im­periam saqarTvelos samefos mxridan xarkis Sewyveta?
_ rogor moxda, rom rodesac daviT aRmaSenebeli saqar­Tve­
los teritoriaze Camosaxlebul Tu samomTabarod Semosul Tur­
q­menebs ebrZoda da anadgurebda, seljukTa imperia da mTlianad
sel­jukTa samyaro am procesSi ar ereoda da neitralur ma­yu­reb­
lad rCeboda?
_ ratom iTvlebodnen samecniero literaturaSi seljukebi
mom­Tabareebad, rodesac cxovrebis es forma maT didi xnis da­to­
ve­buli hqondaT da im droisaTvis savsebiT ganviTarebul (Tumca
ag­resiul) saxelmwifoebs edgnen saTaveSi?
_ ratom iyo miCneuli daviT aRmaSenebeli jvarosanTa mo­
kav­Sired da ierusalimis aRebis monawiled, rodesac amis Sesaxeb
jva­rosnuli laSqrobebis mravalricxovani qronikebi arafers iu­
wye­bian?
_ rogor moaxerxa daviT aRmaSenebelma 220 aTasi yivCaRis
sa­ qarTveloSi gadmoyvana da dasaxleba, rodesac am raodenobis
mom­Tabareebi Tavis mSobliur stepebSic ver axerxebdnen konso­
li­­direbas?
_ rogor SeZlo saqarTvelos mefem maTgan mudmivi armiis Se­
q­mna, rodesac mudmivi armiebi im epoqaSi ar arsebobdnen?
_ rogor aRmoCndnen jvarosani raindebi didgoris velze,
ro­desac iq moxvedra maT fizikurad ar SeeZloT?
_ rogor Semovida saqarTveloSi il-Razis 300 aTasiani ar­
mia, rodesac xalxis aseT masas araTu erTad brZola, aramed gada­
ad­gilebac ki ar SeeZlo?~ (margiSvili, 2006: 8-9).
s. margiSvili aRniSnavda, rom misi naSromi iyo dasaxelebul
kiT­xvebze pasuxis gacemis mcdeloba da amis gakeTebas gulmodgined
Se­ecada. mkvlevari darwmunebuli iyo, rom mis mier gamoTqmuli be­
v­­ri mosazreba da miRebuli daskvna sakamaTo iqneboda da saamisod
mza­dyofnas gamoTqvamda (margiSvili, 2006: 9).
sakamaTo sakiTxebi da miuRebeli Tvalsazrisebic marTlac
rom bevria da Sevecdebi vuCveno, Tu ra aris dadebiTi da ra _
mi­uRebeli s. margiSvilis naSromSi, romelic gamiznulia ara im­
de­­nad farTo mkiTxvelisTvis, ramdenadac specialistebisTvis. me
miz­­nad ar visaxav Sevexo yvela sakiTxs, miT umetes, rom araerTi
maT­ gani sakmaod daSorebulia sakvlevi Temisgan. arc wminda sa­
384
m­­­xedro sakiTxebs Sevexebi, magram rCeba sakmaod mniSvnelovani
pro­blemebi politikuri istoriidan.
sarecenzio naSromis 10 TavSi Tanamimdevrulad aris gan­xi­
lu­li geo-politikuri viTareba amierkavkasiasa da wina aziaSi XI
sa­ukunis II naxevarSi (margiSvili, 2006: 10-21); cvlilebebi geo-po­
litikur viTarebaSi amierkavkasiisa da wina aziis regionebSi XI-
XII saukuneebis mijnaze (margiSvili, 2006: 22-36); jvarosanTa Se­
teva seljukebze; bizantielTa kontrSeteva seljukebze; sa­ qar­
T­ velos samefo; aqtiuri politikis dasawyisi (xarkis Sewyveta,
te­ ritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis dasawyisi, brZola Turqmen
mom­TabareTa winaaRmdeg) (margiSvili, 2006: 37-49); saqarTvelos sa­
mefo seljukTa imperiis winaaRmdeg: samSvilde _ omis dasawyisi
sel­jukTa imperiasTan; TrialeTis brZola; 1115-1120 wlebis kam­
pa­nia (margiSvili, 2006: 50-61); muslimuri koalicia didgoris
brZo­ lis win (jihadi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg; koalicia da mi­ si
mxedarTmTvrebi; koaliciis samxedro Zalebis raodenoba; sel­
ju­ kuri armiis organizacia da sabrZolo taqtika (margiSvili,
2006: 62-92); saqarTvelos samefos armia didgoris brZolis win
(margiSvili, 2006: 93-121); didgoris brZola istoriografiasa
da werilobiT wyaroebSi (margiSvili, 2006: 122-169); didgori _
omis kulminacia (margiSvili, 2006: 137-169); omis dasasruli sel­
ju­ kebTan: Tbilisis aReba; teritoriuli mTlianobis aR­ d­genis
dasasruli; laSqroba SirvanSi da zavi seljukebTan; 1124 wlis
kam­ pania; anisi _ axali strategiuli mimarTuleba (margiSvili,
2006: 170-181); qarTuli samxedro xelovneba daviT aR­ ma­
Se­
neb­
lis xanaSi (samxedro reforma; SeiaraReba, meomrebi, armia da
brZolis warmoebis meTodebi; daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tavisi epo­
qis didi mxedarTmTavari) (margiSvili, 2006: 182-202). garda am Zi­
riTadi sakiTxebisa, mkvlevarma Caatara sakmaod xSiri eqs­kur­sebi
saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rogorc daviT IV-is wina, ise Sem­de­g­d­ro­
indel epoqebSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom movlenebis Se­ fa­
se­
be­
bi­sas,
misi toni xSirad kategoriulia.
sarecenzio wignis ukve Sesaval Tavebsa da paragrafebSi
gvxvde­ ba iseTi Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic istoriografiaSi dam­­k­
vid­ rebul da sayovelTaod aRiarebul WeSmaritebebTan wina­ aR­
mde­­gobaSia. arakvalificiurad aris dawerili geopolitikuri vi­­
Tareba amierkavkasiasa da selCukTa eqspansiis wina periodSi. uxe­Si
Secdomebia daSvebuli momcro paragrafSi `seljukTa eqs­pan­siis wina
periodi~ (margiSvili, 2006: 10-11). sruliad mo­ulo­­dnelad, vigebT,
rom `seljukTa gamoCenamde aRniSnuli re­ gi­
onebis politikur
dominantebs bizantiis imperia da arab aba­ sidTa da fatimidTa
25. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 385
saxalifoebi warmoadgendnen.… XI sa­uku­nis SuaxanebisTvis arabTa
xalifati ukve daSlil imperias war­moadgenda, romlis nawilebzec
warmoqmnili iyo ramdenime da­moukidebeli muslimuri saxelmwifo,
romelTaganac ori, abasidebisa da fatimidebis saxalifoebi,
mar­ Talia kvlav uZlieres qve­ ynebad rCebodnen, magram srul he­
gemonobasa da `msoflio batonobaze~ pretenzias veRarc ac­xa­deb­
d­nen~ (margiSvili, 2006: 10).
sinamdvileSi abasianTa saxalifo faqtobrivad daiSala ukve
X saukunis Sua xanebSi da 945 wels, roca buveianebma daikaves
baR­­dadi, maT CamoarTves abasian xalifas saero funqciebi da Se­
unarCunes mxolod sasuliero xelisufleba. amieridan, xalifebs
ix­seniebdnen xutbasa da monetebze, magram maT aRar hqondaT re­
aluri politikuri Zalaufleba da, cxadia, selCukTa gamoCenisas
sa­xalifo aRar warmoadgenda uZlieres qveyanas. selCukebma bolo
mo­uRes buveianebs da xalifas uwindeburad sasuliero meTauris
fu­nqcia dautoves. rac Seexeba msoflio batonobaze pretenzias,
es selCukTa gamoCenisas jer kidev hqonda fatimianTa saxalifos
da axlo aRmosavleTis dasavleT nawilSi swored fatimianebi da
bi­zantielebi uwevdnen erTmaneTs metoqeobas.
s. margiSvilis Tanaxmad, bizantiasa da arabul samyaros So­
ris gavlenis sferoebis axali gadanawilebis Semdeg, XI saukunis
Sua xanebisTvis, arabuli saSiSroeba saqarTvelosTvis safrTxes
aRar warmoadgenda (margiSvili, 2006: 10). cxadia, ase iyo, mag­ram
arabTagan es safrTxe ukve didi xniT adre Sewyda. arc is Se­
esa­bameba sinamdviles, rom selCukTa Semosevebis win `aseve kle­
bulobda safrTxis xarisxi bizantiis imperiis mxridanac, rom­
lis Setevebisgan Tavis dacva saqarTvelom, giorgi I-s (1014-1027)
mefobisas, sakmao warmatebiT moaxerxa~ (margiSvili, 2006: 10). si­
na­mdvileSi, giorgi I damarcxebuli gamovida basil II-sTan mZafr
konfrontaciaSi da iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi vaJi bagrati mZe­ v­
lad gaegzavna konstantinopolSi, rac ar SeiZleba warmatebad Ca­
iTvalos. Tavisi mefobis dasawyisSi bizantielTagan didi pro­
b­
lemebi hqonda bagrat IV-sac, xolo Semdeg am problemebs mas
uq­­m­nida liparit baRvaSi, romlis ukanac bizantia idga.
Semdeg paragrafSi `seljukTa eqspansia~ (margiSvili, 2006:
11-15) mkiTxveli igebs, rom `sxvadasxva Turqul-Turqmenuli to­
mebis marbieli Semosevebi bizantiis teritoriebze, mcire azi­aSi,
seljukTa gamoCenamdec, sakmaod didi xnis dawyebuli iyo. bi­
zantiis xelisuflebas maT winaaRmdeg, jer kidev imperator ba­
sil II-is droidan, mZlavri TavdacviTi sistema hqonda Seqmnili,
ris meSveobiTac imperia Turqul-Turqmenuli tomebis Semosevebs
386
met-naklebi warmatebiT umklavdeboda~ (margiSvili, 2006: 13). es
pa­saJi motanilia samecniero literaturis damowmebis gareSe da
arcaa gasakviri. basil II-is dros bizantiaze Turqul-Turqmenuli
to­mebis Semosevebi ar momxdara. sxva ambavia, rom imperias se­ri­
ozul problemas uqmnidnen paWanikebi, an uzebi, romlebic Tur­
qu­li modgmis ki iyvnen, magram ara Turqmenebi da Tanac es ar
xde­boda mcire aziaSi.
paragrafSi `saqarTvelos samefo seljukTa eqspansiis pe­ri­
od­Si~ (margiSvili, 2006: 16-21) s. margiSvils gauCnda kiTxva, Tu ra­
tom Tqves uari jer kidev maliq-Sahis dros `Tavisi Zlierebis ze­
nitSi seljukebma saqarTvelos samefos (da masTan erTad, kaxeTis
sam­Tavrosa da derbend-Sirvanis) dapyrobaze da yovelwliuri xar­
kis miRebiT dakmayofildnen. …erTaderTi logikuri motivacia
un­da mdgomareobdes imaSi, rom am droisTvis axali teritoriebis
Se­yvana imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRar warmoadgenda seljukTa
stra­ tegiul mizans~ (margiSvili, 2006: 17). aq, s. margiSvilma Se­
mo­­
itana selCukTa dapyrobiTi politikis erTi damaxasiaTebeli
ni­Sani, rasac pirobiTad `seljukuri marao~ uwoda. selCukTa mi­
er teritoriebis dapyroba da aTviseba xdeboda maraoseburad,
`sa­k­
maod mkacri TanamimdevrobiT da rogori warmatebulic ar
un­da yofiliyo maTi marbieli laSqroba Soreul distanciebze,
Tu darbeuli erTeuli ar mdebareobda ukve dapyrobilisa da aT­
visebulis gverdiT, isini mis SenarCunebas ar cdilobdnen~ (mar­
gi­Svili, 2006: 17).
selCukebisadmi miZRvnil samecniero literaturaSi termini
`seljukuri marao~ da misi Sefaseba1 ukanasknel xanebamde ar
Sem­xvedria da Cans, is margiSvilis Seqmnilia. siaxles, Tu is da­
sa­buTebulia, mivesalmebi. sxva saqmea, ramdenad marTebulia es
ter­ mini. mkvlevarma moitana `seljukuri maraos~ magaliTebi da
aR­niSna, rom `1067 wels alf-arslanma qarTlic uproblemod da­
ikava da Tbilisic iolad aiRo, magram isini seljukTa uSualo
mma­rTvelobaSi ar Seuyvania, radgan `seljukuri marao~ (e.i. maT
mier aTvisebuli teritoriebi) jer kidev sakmaod Sors im­ yo­
feboda saqarTvelos sazRvrebisgan. `seljukuri marao~ mas mi­
ad­ga maSin, rodesac seljukTa dapyrobiTi potenciali ukve da­
qveiTebis gzaze idga, xolo seljukTa imperiis winaSe axali amo­
ca­nebi iyo Camoyalibebuli imperiis sazRvrebis mTlianobisa da
cen­ traluri xelisuflebis hegemoniis SenarCunebis saxiT ukve
dap­ yrobil teritoriebze~ (margiSvili, 2006: 18). im viTarebaSi,
1
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `seljukuri maraos~ kritikuli
Se­faseba ix.: faRava 2015: 20, Sen. 52.
387
ro­ca daiwyo dapirispireba rumis sultanTan da dasavleTiT
dab­rkolda eqspansia, `seljukebisTvis ise aqtualuri aRar iyo
axali miwebis SeerTeba da swored es iyo mizezi im viTarebisa,
rom giorgi II-is mxridan xarkis gadaxdis valdebulebas Semdgom
wlebSi aRar mohyva mTeli samefos okupacia~ (margiSvili, 2006: 19).
saqme ase ar aris. dasavleTiT selCukTa eqspansia ase mar­
ti­vad ar SeCerebula. Turq-selCukebma swored XIs. 89-90-ian
wleb­Si daipyres sabolood CrdiloeTi mesopotamia, sadac arabi
uka­­ilianebi da qurTi marvanianebi batonobdnen. maT xelT igdes
ag­
reTve vanis tbis saamiroebi. am droisTvis e. w. `seljukuri
ma­
rao~, Tu am termins mainc gamoviyenebT, saqarTvelos mimar­
Tu­­lebiT ukve gaSlili iyo. selCukebma gaauqmes ganjis Se­da­di­
anTa saamiro. sultanma ganja uboZa sav-Tegins, romelic 1085-
1086ww. gardaicvala. arrani da, saerTod, aRmosavleTi ami­ er­
kavkasia, mtkvris da arezis auzebi iktebad daurigda Turq ami­
rebs. arrani da azerbaijani warmoadgendnen karg bazebs sa­qar­T­
velos winaaRmdeg laSqrobebisTvis. amdenad, am droisTvis sel­
CukTa samxedro potenciali sruliadac ar iyo amowuruli. mag­
ram, gansxvavebiT muslimuri axlo aRmosavleTisagan, sadac ide­
ologiuri dapirispireba dampyroblebTan ar momxdara da erTi
mus­limi (arabi Tu qurTi) gamgebeli meorem (Turqma) Secvala,
gan­sxvavebiT somxeTisgan, romelic datova damarcxebulma bi­zan­
tiurma armiam da administraciam, xolo demoralizebul da mci­
re­ricxovan somxeTis feodalTa klass faqtobrivad ar gauwevia
ara­viTari winaaRmdegoba selCukebisTvis, qarTulma feodalurma
sa­
zogadoebam, qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam ixmara yvela Ro­ ne
_ SeiaraRebuli Tu mSvidobiani, raTa Tavidan aecilebina sel­Cu­
kebisgan qveynis sruli okupacia. es gza iyo Tundac giorgi II-is
Tanxmoba saTurqo xarkis gadaxdaze (da ara e.w. `seljukuri ma­
rao~), riTac saqarTvelos sulis moTqmis saSualeba mieca.
omis da mSvidobis islamuri koncefciiT, roca mowinaaRmdege
mxa­
re Tanxmdeboda omis gareSe xarkis gadaxdaze, muslimebi mo­
va­
leni iyvnen es winadadeba mieRoT. giorgi II swored xarkis (am
Sem­TxvevaSi jizias) gadaxdis pirobiT damorCilda maliq-Sahs da
amiT, misi samflobelo gadaiqca muslim Turq-selCukebisTvis za­
vis, sazavo xelSekrulebis (dar as-sulh) mxared. safiqrebelia,
rom, TandaTan, xarkis damZimebasTan, da, Sesabamisad, qarTvelebis
wi­
naaRmdegobasTan erTad, selCukebi Tavad daarRvevdnen zavs
da saqarTvelos aneqsiis sakiTxi ueWvelad dadgeboda dRis wes­
rigSi. magram movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. maliq-Sahis gar­
da­cvalebisTanave (1092w.) did selCukTa saxelmwifoSi daiwyo Si­
388
na­brZolebi, ramac misi daasusteba ganapiroba.
II TavSi s. margiSvilma ganixila cvlilebebi geopolitikur
vi­TarebaSi XI-XII ss. mijnaze: jvarosanTa gamoCena, bizantielTa da
fa­ timianTa kontrSetevebi selCukebze, ismailitTa gamosvlebi,
sel­ CukTa imperiis rRvevis procesi. is marTebulad werda, rom
Sida dapirispireba selCukTa samyaros SigniT aranakleb mwvave iyo,
vidre mTlianad seljukebisa _ jvarosnebTan, an ismailitebTan.
jvarosanTa pirveli laSqrobis win did selCukTa saxelmwifo
ar warmoadgenda monoliTs. jvarosanTa gamoCenam ganapiroba axlo
aRmosavleTSi ZalTa balansis gadanawileba. s. margiSvili aseve
marTebulad aRniSnavda, rom am dros saqarTvelos samefosTvis
Zi­riTadi safrTxe momdinareobda misi sazRvrebis samxreTiT
gan­fenili seljukuri saemiroebidan, romlebic seljukTa (aw
ukve eray-iranis) imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen da ro­gorc
teritoriebis sididiT, aseve samxedro potencialiTac ga­mo­ir­Ce­
od­nen (margiSvili, 2006: 32). yvelaze saSiSad is miiCnevda ganZis
(ganjis) saemiros, Semdeg xlaTis saemiros, aqtivobiT gamorCeul
biT­lisisa da arzanis ahdabian emirs TuRan arslan kuzians (mar­
giSvili, 2006: 32-33). saqarTvelosTvis erTgvar bariers qmnida
tra­ pizonis `fema~ (sic) seljukTa Zlieri erTeulebis, rumis sa­
sul­ Tnosa da daniSmendianebis saemirosTan, romlebisTvisac sa­
qar­ Tvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi aSkarad ar warmoadgenda
stra­tegiuli interesis sferos. nakleb saSiSroebas qmnida sa­qar­
Tve­losTvis anisis, yarsisa da erzrumis saemiroebi (margiSvili,
2006: 32). xelsayrelma geo-politikurma viTarebam SesaZlebloba
mis­ca saqarTvelos samefos daewyo aqtiuri qmedebebi seljukTa
wi­naaRmdeg (margiSvili, 2006: 37).
isev da isev dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli sagareo-
po­litikuri faqtori iyo mTavari da xelSemwyobi saTurqo xarkis
Sew­yvetisas. an ratom ar mohyva xarkis Sewyvetas seljukTa mxridan
dam­sjeli RonisZieba.
s. margiSvilma gaiziara is Tvalsazrisi, rom daviT aR­ma­Se­ne­
blis mier seljukebisTvis xarkis Sewyveta mohyva jvarosnebis mi­er
antioqiisa (1097w.) da ierusalimis aRebas (1099w. 15 ivlisi). is mi­
iC­nevda, rom, jer erTi, antioqiasTan `berkiarukis gankargulebiT
jva­rosanTa winaaRmdeg gamovida mosulis emiri kerboga, romlis
sar­ dlobis qveSac uzarmazarma armiam moiyara Tavi... kerbogas
laS­qrobiT berqiaruki aSkarad ormagi miznis miRwevas cdilobda,
jvarosnebis gandevnasa da seljukTa imperiisagan siria-pa­ les­
tinis naxevrad gamdgari emirebis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi dab­ru­
nebas~. magram `berkiarukis gegma ver ganxorcielda, 1098 wlis iv­
389
lisSi antioqiasTan kerbogas armia... jvarosnebma gaanadgures. am
damarcxebas seljukTa imperiaSi Sokis msgavsi efeqti hqonda, rad­
gan msgavsi masStabis samxedro katastrofa seljukTa imperias jer
ar hqonda gancdili~. jvarosanTa winaaRmdeg gamosuli mosulis
emi­ris kerbogas uzarmazari armiis damarcxebam Zalian daasusta
seljukTa imperiis centraluri xelisufleba da urTulesi pro­
b­lemebi Seuqmna berkiaruks. xolo meore _ sultans aujanyda misi
Zma muhamed tapari. xuTi generaluri brZola sultan barqiaruksa
da muhamed tapars (romlis xelSic, margiSvilis marTebuli Se­
niSvniT, `mocemuli momentisaTvis koncentrirebuli iyo sa­ qar­
Tvelos samxreTiT ganfenili seljukTa samflobeloebis po­
ten­ciali~ (margiSvili, 2006: 38) da `taxtisaTvis atexili am gra­
n­
diozuli omis masStabebi imis maCvenebelia, rom seljukTa is
sam­xedro potenciali, romelsac unda aRedgina maTi hegemonoba
sa­qarTveloze, mTlianad am konfliqtSi iyo CarTuli~ (mar­gi­
Svili, 2006: 39). daskvna aseTia: `amgvarad, Seqmnili viTarebis gaT­
valiswinebiT, daviT aRmaSeneblis nabijis (xarkis Sewyvetis) Se­
faseba da imis axsna, Tu ratom datoves upasuxod es aqti sel­ju­
kebma, sakmaod advili unda iyos. sultan berkiaruks, romelsac
sa­marTlebrivi logikiT unda moeTxova xarkis gadaxdis aRdgena
da­viT aRmaSeneblisgan, saqarTvelosTvis aRar ecala da, albaT,
arc samxedro Zalebis gagzavna SeeZlo mis winaaRmdeg, berqiarukis
sam­­xedro potenciali mTlianad dakavebuli iyo jer jvarosnebTan,
xo­lo Semdeg muhamed taparTan brZolaSi~ (margiSvili, 2006: 39).
daviT aRmaSeneblis mier saTurqo xarkis Sewyveta da sel­
Cuk­ Ta umoqmedeba mis am nabijze dawvrilebiT aris Seswavlili
Cems monografiaSi `saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis is­
lamuri samyaro~ (jafariZe, 1995). aq ganxilulia is sagareo po­li­
tikuri faqtorebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves mefes Seewyvita sa­
Turqo xarki. qarTul istoriografiaSi sakamaTod qceul ori Se­
sa­Zlebeli faqtoridan: jvarosanTa gamoCena da ierusalimis aReba
da SinabrZolebi did selCukTa saxelmwifoSi, upiratesoba mieniWa
am ukanasknels. mokled, magram amomwuravad iqna daxasiaTebuli is
re­gioni, sadac gamoCndnen jvarosnebi 1097 wels. naCvenebia, rom
mci­ re azias, CrdiloeT mesopotamias (edesa), CrdiloeT sirias
(an­tioqia) da palestinas, sadac jvarosnebs warmatebebi xvdaT
wi­lad, samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, 1097-1099 wlebSi ar
hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba saqarTvelosTvis. erTaderT sa­
xel­mwifos, romelis dasustebac, udavod, xelsayreli iyo misTvis,
war­ moadgenda rumis _ mcire aziis selCukTa sasultno. magram
1097-1099 wlebSi mcire aziis selCukebi jer kidev Sors iyvnen
390
sa­qarTvelos sazRvrebidan da ar uqmnidnen pirdapir samxedro
sa­frTxes daviT IV-is samefos.
sakamaTo ar aris is, rom 1097-1099 wlebSi, roca jvarosnebma
did warmatebebs miaRwies axlo aRmosavleTis dasavleT nawilSi,
saqarTvelo politikurad dakavSirebuli iyo did selCukTa sa­
xelmwifos centralur nawilTan _ dasavleT iranTan da era­yTan,
romelTac jvarosnuli laSqroba ar Sexebia. selCuki sul­ tnebi
sa­qarTveloze TavianT kontrols axorcielebdnen jva­ ro­ sanTa
laSqrobebis miRma darCenil azerbaijansa da arranSi kon­cen­tri­
re­buli Turqmenebis meSveobiT.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, romelic ixseniebs frankebis
ga­mosvlas, e.i. jvarosanTa pirvel laSqrobas, amave dros ar exe­ba
umniSvnelovanes Zvrebs, romlebic moxda did selCukTa sa­ xel­
mwi­foSi maliq-Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg. es iyo didi aSliloba, ra­
mac ukiduresad daasusta imperia da gamoiwvia misi daSla. na­wi­
li qarTveli istorikosebisa zogadad aRniSnavs am faqtoris ga­
dam­wyvet mniSvnelobas daviT IV-is mier saTurqo xarkis Sewyvetis
saq­meSi. did selCukTa saxelmwifoSi mimdinare SidabrZolebi sa­
sultno taxtisaTvis dawvrilebiT qarTul istoriografiaSi pir­
velad Cems monografiaSi iqna ganxiluli. 1099-1104 wlebSi ma­liq
Sahis vaJebi barqiaruki da muhamadi erTmaneTTan samkvdro-sa­
sicocxlo omSi Caebnen. `am xangrZlivma Sinaomma gamofita da da­
auZlura iran-erayis da arran-azerbaijanis selCukTa samxedro
Za­lebi. amieridan, 1104 wlamde, sasultno taxtisTvis mebrZol ma­
liq Sahis vaJebs saqarTvelosTvis aRar ecalaT (vwer imas, rasac
Cve­ni naSromis citirebis gareSe imeorebda margiSvilic). swored
es momenti gadamwyveti iyo imisTvis, rom gaZlierebul daviT IV-s,
ro­melmac manamde warmatebiT gadaWra saSinao problemebi, xarki
Se­ewyvita Turq-selCukebisTvis da aSkarad dapirispireboda maT~
(jafariZe, 1995: 24).
1099w. Semodgomas, roca did selCukTa saxelmwifos cen­ t­
ra­­lur nawilSi aSliloba daiwyo, me ganvixilav daviT IV-is mier
sa­Turqo xarkis Sewyvetis qveda qronologiur zRvarad.
aqcentireba qerboRas laSqrobis Sedegad barqiarukis da­
sus­ tebaze da damarcxebiT gamowveul Sokze, razedac saubrobs
s. margiSvili (margiSvili, 2006: 38), gadaWarbebulia. mosulis _
am naxevradavtonomiuri aTabagis gankargulebaSi iyo CrdiloeT
me­sopotamiisa da siriis samxedro resursebi. mas SeeZlo ga­mo­eye­
nebina moxaliseebic islamuri samyaros sxva nawilebidanac. mag­
ram is, Tu ra samxedro Zalebi gaugzavna barqiarukma qerboRas,
uc­no­bia. orientalistebi (Bosworth, 1968: 103; Cahen, 1969: 166: Lewis,
391
1974; 187), romlebic werdnen selCukebisa da jvarosnebis ur­
TierTobebis sawyisi etapis Sesaxeb, erTsulovanni arian imis Ta­
obaze, rom didi selCukebisTvis jvarosanTa problema im dros
jer kidev ar arsebobda da jvarosanTa pirvel laSqrobas ar
mouxdenia didi STabeWdileba islamis samyaroze. cnobili in­
gliseli orientalisti hamilton gibi werda: `arcerTi aR­mo­sav­
luri wyaro ar adasturebs, rom qerboRas hyavda ufro meti Za­
le­bi, vidre es iyo sakuTari da Tavisi mcire vasalebis _ damaskos
da himsis jarebi…. saWiroa gavixsenoT, rom qerboRam, miuxedavad
imi­sa, rom oficialurad iyo aRiarebuli mosulis gamgeblad, es
qalaqi xelT igdo avanturistTa ZaliT mxolod 2 wliT adre da
rom jvarosanTa mosvlamde selCukTa armiebi Cabmuli iyvnen sam­
xe­dro moqmedebebSi da Semdeg TiTqmis dauyovnebliv xangrZliv
sa­moqalaqo omebSi barqiaruksa da muhameds Soris. saeWvoa, rom
qer­boRas ZalebSi iyo selCukTa erTi eskadronic ki da misi sa­
ku­Ta­ri jaris raodenoba SeiZleba Sefasdes... 3 aTasi mxedariT~
(Gibb, 1935: 742).
s. margiSvili wers: `jafariZis mixedviT, jvarosnul faq­tors
mxolod moraluri mxardaWeris mniSvneloba hqonia sa­qar­Tve­lo­
s­Tvis; rogor SeiZleba `moralur mxardaWeras~ miekuTvnos is ga­
re­moeba, rom jvarosanTa gamoCeniT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis
xa­naSi (gansakuTrebiT mefobis pirvel periodSi, xarkis Sewyvetis
mo­mentSi) amierkavkasiis politikuri asparezidan savsebiT ga­mo­
Ti­ Suli aRmoCndnen iseTi agresiuli da ambiciuri erTeulebi,
ro­ gorebic iyvnen rumis sasulTno da daniSmendidebis saemiro,
ri­Tac saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT mimarTuleba sruliad
usa­ frTxo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos
me­fes naklebad uxdeboda aqeT yuradRebis koncentrireba da
sam­xedro Zalebis dakaveba. `moralur mxardaWeraze~ meti iyo
1099 wels jvarosanTa mier seljukTa imperiis uzarmazari ar­
mi­is ganadgureba antioqiasTan mosulis aTabeg kerbogas me­ Ta­
urobiT, ramac seljukebi srul SokSi Caagdo. rogor unda mi­
va­kuTvnoT `moraluri daxmarebis~ faqtors is garemoeba, rom
ise­Ti Zlieri seljukuri erTeulebis, rogoric iyo mardinis,
xla­Tis, biTlisis, mosulis da sxva ufro wvrili saemiroebis da
rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amierkavkasiis samxreT regionebSi ga­
fan­ tuli momTabare Turqmenebis samxedro potenciali TiTqmis
mTli­ anad jvarosanTa saxelmwifoebze aRmoCnda mijaWvuli, ris
gamoc daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodSi, saqarTvelos wi­ na­
aRmdeg mobilizeba da konsolidireba, maT mxolod erTxel mo­
axer­xes. advili warmosadgenia saiT SeiZleboda mimarTuliyo es
392
gi­ganturi Zala da ramdeni `didgoris~ gamarTva dasWirdeboda sa­
qar­Tvelos, jvarosnebis saxiT am ZalisTvis mudmivi mizidulobis
veq­tori rom ar Seqmniliyo. rasakvirvelia, seljukTa imperiaSi
mim­dinare Sida winaaRmdegobrivi procesebi aseve mniSvnelovani
xel­Semwyobi faqtori iyo saqarTvelosTvis, magram imis `awonva~
Tu romeli iyo ufro mniSvnelovani, SeuZlebelia da arc aris
saWiro. saqarTvelos imdroindeli warmatebebi mravali sxva­das­
xva procesis (pirvel rigSi, swori mmarTvelobis Sedegad sa­qar­
Tvelos gaZlierebis, jvarosnebis gamoCenisa da seljukTa im­
periis rRvevis) kompleqsurad mimdinareobis Sedegi iyo~ (mar­gi­
Svili, 2006: 218).
aseTi vrceli amonaridi SemTxveviT ar movitane.
winaswar aRvniSnav, rom aseT `awonvas~ (rac, sxvaTa Soris,
is­torikosis movaleobaa) s. margiSvili drodadro Tavs aridebda,
ro­ca es awyobda, magram mis gareSe, faqtobrivad, iolad fons ver
ga­dioda. mas daaviwyda, rac dawera: rom `rumis sasulTnosa da
da­niSmendianebis saemiroebisTvis saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis
epo­qaSi aSkarad ar warmoadgenda strategiuli interesis sferos.
xo­lo anisis, yarsisa da erzrumis saamiroebi nakleb saSiSroebas
q­mnida saqarTvelosTvis~ (margiSvili, 2006: 32).
jvarosanTa laSqrobebis epoqaluri mniSvnelobis Sexseneba
Cem­Tvis zedmetia. me ar mixsenebia sityva `moraluri mxardaWera~,
aR­vniSne, rom 1097-1099 wlebSi (da ara momdevno periodSi) jva­ro­
san­Ta mier antioqiisa da ierusalimis aRebas mxolod moraluri
mni­Svneloba SeiZleba hqonoda saqarTvelosTvis, vinaidan an­ ti­
oqiasa da ierusalimSi jvarosanTa politikuri erTeulebis Ca­mo­
yalibebis Semdeg saqarTvelo martodmarto aRar rCeboda is­la­
mur garemocvaSi. mis brZolas islamur eqspansionizmTan, rasac
Turq-selCukebi axorcielebdnen, axali stimuli eniWeboda.
ufro metic, aRvniSne isic, ris gauTvaliswineblobac, faq­
tobrivad akrZaluli ileTis gamoyenebiT, misayvedura s. mar­gi­
Svilma. `XIIs. dasawyisidan jvarosnebma TavianT frontebze mi­
izides CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi koncentrirebuli Turqmenebi,
xo­lo 1110-1115 wlebSi ki did selCukTa regularuli samxedro
Se­naerTebic da amiT obieqturad Seuwyves xeli qarTveli xalxis
brZo­las Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg~ (jafariZe, 1995: 22). es im­de­
nad TvalSi sacemia, rom gamiCnda kiTxvac: xom ar arsebobda raime
kav­Siri edesis graf balduin II-sa da daviT IV-s Soris am dros?
sam­wuxarod, saamiso pasuxs werilobiTi wyaroebi ar gvaZleven.
mag­ram aseTi kavSiri romc gamovricxoT, `jvarosanTa brZolebi
Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg am dros amsubuqebda saqarTvelos
393
mdgo­mareobas da piriqiT~ (jafariZe, 1995: 30).
xom SeiZleboda saqarTvelos mier saTurqo xarkis Sewyvetas
sel­CukTa sxva politikuri erTeulebis reaqcia gamoewvia? es ar
mox­da da soso margiSvili werda: `xarkis Sewyvetis warmatebiT
gan­xorcielebas udavod Seuwyo xeli im garemoebamac, rom sa­qar­
TvelosTvis seljukuri samyaros danarCen nawilebsac ar eca­
laT. mcire aziis rumis sasulTno da daniSmendidebis saemiro,
jva­ros­nebsa da bizantiis imperias eomebodnen~ (margiSvili, 2006:
40). SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, ecalaT ki manamde am politikur er­
Teulebs saqarTvelosTvis? iqneb saqarTvelos isini TavianT va­sa­
lad, an momaval vasalad ganixilavdnen? cxadia, ara.
Setakebebi daniSmendianebsa da qarTvelebs Soris, rogorc
es uC­vena g. alasaniam, ueWvelad iyo, magram araarsebiTi (alasania,
2007: 197-124). rumis selCukTa sasultno ki im dros saqarTvelos
te­ri­toriulad ar esazRvreboda. Cemi kritikis dros margiSvils
er­Txel kidev daaviwyda, adre ras werda: `rumis sasulTnosa da
da­niSmendianebis saemiroebisTvis saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis
epo­qaSi aSkarad ar warmoadgenda strategiuli interesis sferos~
(margiSvili, 2006: 32), rom `am seljukur erTeulebs, pirvel rig­
Si, saqarTvelosTan axlos mdebare rumis sasulTnos da da­ ni­
S­
mendidebis saemiros, ramdenadac isini ukve gamoyofilni iyvnen
sel­jukTa imperiidan, ar gaaCndaT araviTari samarTlebrivi mo­
ti­vacia saqarTvelosTan urTierTobebSi Carevisa~ (margiSvili,
2006: 40). maSasadame, Tu maT ar hqondaT raime motivacia, aq sadao
aRa­raferia da saWiro yofila raRaceebis `awonva~?1
daviT IV-is mier saTurqo xarkis Sewyvetaze selCukTa pa­si­
uroba margiSvils mainc aocebda, sakmarisi ar aris is, rom omebiT
ga­
mofitul sasultno taxtis pretendentebs saqarTvelosTvis
1
`awonvis~ miRma darCa Tbilisis aReba daviT aRmaSeneblis mier. mar­gi­
Svili wers, rom `Tbilisis aRebis drois Sesaxeb erTiani azri ar ar­se­
bobs. zogi monacemiT daviT aRmaSenebels Tbilisi didgoris brZolis
dam­TavrebisTanave auRia, zogierTi ki, 1122 wlis dasawyisSi (mesxia,
1972: 112-113). vfiqrobT, amis dadgenas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar unda
hqo­ndes, radgan erTi ram faqtia: Tbilisis aReba didgoris brZolis
Sem­dgom samxedro operacias warmoadgenda, rac am or movlenas Soris
pir­dapir kavSirze unda miuTiTebdes~ (margiSvili, 2006: 323). Tbilisis
aRebis mniSvneloba ganuzomelia da roca mefem daibruna qalaqi `oTxas
wel qonebuli sparsTa~, imsaxurebs imas, rom TariRic mivuTiToT. mi­
T­umetes, Tu samxedro istorias vwerT, radganac TariRis mixedviT vi­
gebT, qalaqi ieriSiT aiRes Tu alyis Sedegad. qarTuli wyaroTi, es
mox­da didgoris brZolidan meoresa welsa, al-farikis cnobiT _ hijriT
515 wlis bolos, xolo Cemi gaangariSebiT, 1122w. 10-18 Tebervals (ja­fa­
riZe, 1995: 50-52), ris Sesaxebac margiSvili dums.
394
mar­Tlac ar ecalaT. is eZebda sxva mizezebsac da rogorc Tavad
fiq­ robda, naxa isini. mkvlevari, romelic daupirispirda miTebs
da­viT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, am SemTxvevaSi Tavad mo­
gvev­lina axali miTologiis Semqmnelad.
`seljukTa mxridan srulma umoqmedebam aSkarad daarwmuna
sa­qarTvelos mefe Semdgomi qmedebebis SesaZleblobebSi, ris Se­
mdegac qveynis xelisuflebis winaSe dadga ori globaluri amo­
ca­na~: qveynis gaerTianebis procesis dasruleba da Turqmen mom­
Ta­bareTa TareSis aRkveTa. `orive amocanis realizacia adre Tu
gvian seljukTa samyarosTan oms niSnavda. daviT aRmaSeneblis
wi­naSe idga urTulesi strategiuli problema: mas rac SeiZleba
did­ xans unda SeenarCunebina mSvidoba seljukTa imperiasTan da
ma­TTan omis dawyebamde unda moexdina qarTuli teritoriebis na­
wi­lobrivi gaerTianeba mainc~ (margiSvili, 2006: 40-41).
daviTi mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad saWiroebda mokavSires da
aseTi mokavSire, margiSvilis Tanaxmad, gaxda, arc meti da arc
naklebi, barqiaruki. amaSi Turme Tavad sultani iyo dain­te­re­se­
buli: `jvarosnebTan brZolaSi dasustebuli seljukTa didi sul­
Ta­ ni (vimeoreb, aseTi ram ar momxdara _ g.j.) ramdenjerme idga
da­marcxebis pirze da aseT viTarebaSi, muhamed taparis mxares
da­matebiTi samxedro mokavSiris gamoCena, rogoric saqarTvelos
sa­mefo SeiZleboda yofiliyo, omis beds albaT am ukanasknelis
sasargeblod gadawyvetda. SesaZloa, swored es garemoeba iyo
is motivacia, ris gamoc daviT aRmaSeneblis neitralitetis sa­
na­cvlod, seljukTa iran-erayis sasulTno saqarTvelos mxridan
xar­kis Sewyvetas daTanxmda da misi sruli damoukidebloba amiT
iu­ridiuladac aRiara~ (margiSvili, 2006: 39).
aris ki amis damadasturebeli werilobiTi wyaro?
aseTi wyaro ar arsebobs, amas s. margiSvilic aRniSnavda, mag­
ram Tvlida, rom `xarkis Sewyvetaze seljukTa sasulTnos sru­li
umoqmedoba, SesaZloa, swored amis maCvenebeli iyos~ (mar­gi­Svi­li,
2006: 39). man mxedvelobaSi gauSva is garemoeba, rom muhamed ta­
pari, romelsac Tavad hqonda taxtze pretenzia, sruliadac ar
iq­neboda mowadinebuli, rom daviTs misTvis xarki Seewyvita.
WeSmariteba aris is, rom barqiarukisa da muhamadisTvis uf­
ro mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi iyo sasultno taxti da isini im
dros ar fiqrobdnen saqarTvelos momaval gaZlierebaze. maT sa­­
qarTvelosTvis ara marto ar ecalaT, aramed ubralod, didi su­
rvilis miuxedavadac, ar hqonodaT unari, rom moexdinaT reaqcia
me­fis nabijze.
soso margiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, kaxeTis SemoerTebas sel­
395
juk­Ta iran-erayis imperia gasakviri simSvidiT Sexvda, rac swored
da­viT aRmaSeneblis da seljukTa didi sulTnis, barqiaruks Soris
ar­sebuli savaraudo SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
magram riT avxsnaT erwuxis omi, romelic TariRdeba 1104
wliT. is xom mohyva kaxeTis SemoerTebas? es brZola margiSvilis
az­riT ar unda iqnas ganxiluli, rogorc selCukTa imperiis qme­
deba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. am brZolaSi daviT aRmaSenebels ka­
xe­Tisa da ganZis saemiros gaerTianebuli Zalebi daupirispirdnen
er­TmaneTs. ganZis saamiro mocemul momentSi Turme Tavad iyo
da­pirispirebuli imperiis centralur xelisuflebasTan. ganZis
saamiro am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda rogorc lokaluri erTeuli
lo­kaluri interesebis Sesabamisad (margiSvili, 2006: 43). erwuxis
omSi is `monawileobda ara rogorc seljukTa imperiis nawili da
imperiuli politikis realizatori, aramed rogorc saqarTvelos
samefos uSualo mezobeli saxelmwifo erTeuli, romelic kargad
xe­davda im safrTxes, rasac mas uqmnida saqarTvelos samefos gaZ­
li­ereba~ (margiSvili, 2006: 44).
es kidev axali miTia daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobidan, miTi,
ro­melic Cven Tvalwin Seiqmna da romelsac hyavs konkretuli av­
tori _ soso margiSvili.
sinamdvileSi (jafariZe, 1995: 27) ganja da arrani war­ mo­ad­
gendnen taxtis pretendent muhamed b. maliq Sahis dasayrdens
tax­ tisaTvis barqiarukis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. varaudoben, rom
swored am dros ganjaSi daidga sasultno taxti, romlis Se­ sa­
xe­bac mogvianebiT werda an-nasavi (ан-Насави, 1973: 286). ganja faq­
tobrivad iyo selCuk ufliswulTa, am SemTxvevaSi taxtis pre­ten­
dent muhamedis domeni. muhamedma ganja 1092 wels miiRo sa­ mar­
Tavad (jafariZe, 1995: 16). iyo mkvlevarTa cda, rom 1104 wli­sTvis
ganja Sarvan-Sahebis samflobelosTvis miekuTvnebinaT, ri­si usa­
fu­ Zvlobac naCvenebia Cems monografiaSi. 1004 w. ianvarSi bar­ qi­­
arukma da muhamedma gaiyves did selCukTa saxelmwifo da orivem
mi­­
iRo sultnis tituli. muhameds miekuTvna Crdilo-dasvleTi
ira­ni, siria, al-jazira (diar-baqri q. mavsiliTurT) da hamdalah
yaz­vinis cnobiT, arranTan da somxeTTan erTad _ saqarTveloc (ja­
fa­riZe, 1995: 17).
amis Sesaxebac saubaria Cemi monografiis I TavSi, magram, ro­
gorc Cans. margiSvilma ar CaTvala is yuradRebis Rirsad. ham­
da­lah yazvinis cnobidan aSkaraa, rom 1104 wels, im wels, roca
mo­xda erwuxis brZola, sultani muhamadi iyo ara lokaluri in­
te­resebis mqone lokaluri gamgebeli, aramed imperiis interesebis
ga­momxatveli. swored did selCukTa imperiis interesebis ga­mom­
396
xatvelma da sultnis rangSi aRvlenilma muhamedma da ara bar­
qi­
arukma moaxdina reaqcia kaxeTis SeerTebaze. amitomac aris
aR­niSnuli qarTul wyaroSi, rom erwuxTan sultnis uricxvi spa
omobda (da aq daiRupa misi aTabagic) (cxovreba mefeT-mefisa da­vi­
Ti­si, 1955: 328).
s. margiSvili sxva argumentebiTac Seecada Tavisi Tval­saz­
ri­sis dasabuTebas: `is garemoebac, rom aRmosavluri wyaroebi
(pir­vel rigSi, al-husainis, ibn al-asirisa da sxva avtorTa e.w.
`mso­flio istoriebi~), romlebic sakmaod detalurad aRweren
sel­jukTa imperiaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan movlenebs da, gan­sa­kuT­
rebiT, omebs, erTi sityviTac ki ar ixsenieben erwuxis brZolas,
gan­sxvavebiT didgoris brZolisa da SirvanSi daviT aRmaSeneblis
laS­qrobisagan, rac imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom erwuxis brZola
ar ganixileboda rogorc seljukur sivrceSi momxdari movlena
da seljukTa iran-erayis imperias mis mimarT aranairi interesebi
ar gaaCnda~ (margiSvili, 2006: 43).
arabi Tu sparseli avtorebi werdnen TavianT da ara _ saqar­
Tve­ los istorias. amdenad, aRmosavlur wyaroebSi SeuZlebelia
asa­xuliyo saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli yvela brZola. maga­
li­Tad, isini duman saqarTveloSi murvan yrus laSqrobaze, anda
abu l-kasim ibn abi-s-sajis Semosevebze. arabi avtorebidan ba­
si­anis brZolaze (1202w.) saubrobs mxolod ibn al-asiri da isic
ga­kvriT. is rom aRmosavlur wyaroebs erwuxis brZola gamorCaT,
sru­liadac ar iZleva safuZvels Sorsmimavali daskvnisaTvis.
margiSvilis mier SeTxzuli morigi miTia daviT IV-is da sel­
Cu­ki sultnis SeTanxmeba TurqmenTa Taobaze.
is garemoeba, rom selCukebs reaqcia ar hqondaT Turqme­
neb­Tan mefis brZolebze, s. margiSvils maT Soris kavSirs afi­ q­
re­­
binebs. mkvlevris azriT, Turqmenebi selCukebisTvis ka­non­­ga­
re­Se (?) iyvnen. daviTi ebrZvis Turqmenebs, maT ki ar ex­ma­
rebian.
`Turqmen momTabareebTan sabrZolvelad daviT aRmaSe­nebels sakmao
Ta­visufleba gaaCnda, radgan maT winaaRmdeg gan­xor­­cielebuli
sam­xedro operaciebi sakuTriv samefos Sida te­ritoriaze, ver
gamoiwvevda oms seljukebTan, romlebsac ara­viTari samarTlebrivi
motivacia (da albaT arc survili) ar eq­nebodaT, faqtiurad, ka­non­
gareSe myof TurqmenTa dasacavad, ro­melTa gamoc masStabur oms
saqarTvelos samefosTan isini ar da­iwyebdnen~ (margiSvili, 2006: 45).
s. margiSvilis daskvniT: `seljukTa imperia daviT aRma­Se­
neb­lis brZolas TurqmenebTan ar ganixilavda rogorc brZolas
maT winaaRmdeg, radganac saqarTvelos mefe (seljukebisagan aRi­
are­buli) Tavisi qveynis sazRvrebidan aZevebs momTabareebs, rac
397
sa­qarTvelos suverenul uflebas warmoadgenda da rogorc Cans,
sel­jukTa xelisufleba am uflebis realizacias savsebiT kanonier
qme­debad miiCnevda daviT aRmaSeneblis mxridan~ (margiSvili, 2006:
46).
amrigad, s. margiSvilma jer gamoigona SeTanxmeba daviTsa da
bar­qiaruks Soris, da mere am SeTanxmebis safuZvelze daviT aR­
ma­Senebels miaRebina ufleba dausjelad ebrZola TurqmenebTan.
mag­ram SeuTanxmda daviTi muhamed tapars, romelic oficialurad
sul­tani gaxda 1104 wels? amaze pasuxs mkvlevari ar iZleva.
is, rom did selCukTa saxelmwifos mesveurebi cdilobdnen
mom­Tabare Turqmenebis gansaxlebas saxelmwifos centraluri na­
wilis gareT, didi xania cnobili faqtia mkvlevarTaTvis. bi­zan­
ti­is sazRvrebze gansaxlebulma Turqmenma Raziebma didi roli
iTa­maSes imperiis dasustebaSi. mZlavr faqtors saqarTvelos xe­
lisuflebis dasustebaSi aseve saqarTvelos teritoriaze gan­sax­
lebuli Turqmenebi warmoadgendnen. gamodis, rom selCuki sul­
tnebi, romlebmac Tavidan marTlac moiSores urCi elementi, ax­la
maT kanongareSe ganixilavdnen da cdilobdnen maT saerTod mos­
po­ba-ganadgurebas, im totis moWras, romelic mezobel qveyanaSi
maT sayrdeni unda gamxdariyo.1
saqarTvelos samefos romel suverenul uflebazea saubari
sel­CukTa TvalSi? romel suverenul uflebas aRiarebdnen selCuki
sul­tnebi, romlebic saqarTvelos imperiis Semadgenel nawilad ga­
ni­xilavdnen? Cven vwerT istorias da ara popularul-fantastur
nar­kvevs. roca gvaqvs ramdenime cnoba da jaWvis Sesakvrelad gva­
k­lia mxolod erT rgoli, SeiZleba am rgolis Sesaxeb varaudis ga­
moT­qma. magram SeuZlebelia mcdar wanamZRvrebze Teoriis Seqmna
da erTi ucnobiT meore ucnobis amoxsna.

daviT aRmaSenebeli da jvarosnebi

margiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, politikuri mokavSireobis ga­
re­Se samxedro TanamSromlobac SeuZlebelia. vinaidan man ver da­
ina­xa raime politikuri siaxlove jvarosanTa saxelmwifoebTan,
mi­iCnia, rom `qarTuli armiis SemadgenlobaSi jvarosani raindebis
ga­moCenis albaToba Zalian mcire (praqtikulad, nulis tolia)
unda yofiliyo~ (margiSvili, 2006: 108).
ioane bagrationis cnobas balduinis idumlad saqarTveloSi
1
sxvaTa Soris, s. margiSvils ekuTvnis `aRmoCena~ imis Taobaze, rom, Tu­
rme, arsebobda gansxvaveba momTabare Turqmenebsa da selCukebs So­ris,
ris arcodnaSic man qarTuli istoriografiac daadanaSaula (margi­Svi­
li, 2006: 208-209). magram es didi xniT adre iyo cnobili qarTvel mkvle­
var­TaTvis, ix., magaliTad, Sengelia, 1968: 130-31, 160-63, 352.
398
mos­ vlis Sesaxeb, rac araerTxel aris dasaxelebuli qarTvel
mkvle­ var­Ta mier, margiSvili uaryofs, rac savsebiT misaRebia,
Tumca ki am cnobis warmomavloba dRemde gasarkvevia.
sxva masalis safuZvelze, margiSvili uCvenebs, rom uSualod
did­ goris brZolis win ierusalimis samefosa da saqarTvelos
Soris faqtobrivad ar iyo samxedro-politikuri kavSiri (mag.,
margiSvili, 2006: 113 da Smd.). il-Razim didi daTmobebiT mo­ ax­
dina ierusalimis samefos neitralizacia da balduin II, am mxriv,
pragmatikosi aRmoCnda. Cans, mas ar SeeZlo gamoegzavna jva­ ro­
san­Ta razmi daviTis dasaxmareblad, romelsac dasWirdeboda
mtruli vrceli teritoriis gadmoWra. vin iyvnen is frankebi,
rom­­lebic, goties cnobiT, mainc monawileobdnen brZolaSi? mar­
giSvili miiCnevs, rom isini iyvnen franki moqiravneebi. magram Tu
jvarosnebisTvis Zneli iyo gadaelaxaT didi manZili da Se­ mo­
suliyvnen saqarTveloSi Tundac sazRvao gziT, rogorRa mo­axe­
rxes es moqiravne frankebma? am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar Cans.
axla rac Seexeba qarTvelebisa da jvarosnebis sxva SesaZlebel
kav­Sirebs. is, rom qarTvelebi (iberielebi) monawileobdnen pirvel
jva­rosnul laSqrobaSi, dasturdeba fulxeriusis cnobiT, rac
ara aqvs ganxiluli margiSvils. ucnobia, vin iyvnen konkretulad
es iberielebi, mefis mier wargzavnilni, Tu moqiravneebi. magram
1110 da 1115 wlebis daviTis samxedro aqtivoba mowmobs imas, rom
is saqmis kursSi iyo, Tu ra xdeboda jvarosanTa frontebze. wya­
roebis uqonlobis gamo dRes SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT imis Ta­
obaze, Tu ra gziT moipova amis Sesaxeb informacia mefem, msto­
vrebis saSualebiT, Tu TviT jvarosnebisgan.
daviT aRmaSeneblisa da jvarosnebis urTierToba Cans kidev
erTi faqtiT, romlis Sesaxebac araferi icoda s. margiSvilma.
1929w. naSromSi `sxivi dasavalisa~, z. avaliSvilma sqolioSi
mok­led SeniSna, rom evropul wyaroebSi zogjer daviTis Sesaxeb
`mcdari cnobebic gvxvdeba, magaliTad, 1136w. normandiaSi myof
mwe­rals Tavis qronikaSi Semdegi, jvarosan raindTagan gagonili
Seutania: 1123-1124 wlebSi daviT qarTvelTa mefes da Toros ki­
likiis mTavris Zmas erT sulTanTan tyved daWerili raindebi
maT saxlSi antioqiaSi wamoeyvanaT~ (avaliSvili, 1929: 107). Tavis
wya­rod z. avaliSvilma orderik vitalis (orderikus vitalisi)
`saeklesio istoria~ daasaxela, magram Semdgomi kvleva aRar ga­
agrZela. mis Semdeg, ramdenadac viciT, am sakiTxiT seriozulad
sxva mkvlevrebi ar dainteresebulan. sabolood ki gasarkvevi
dar­ Ca, Tu ratom iyo, an iyo Tu ara aRniSnuli cnoba mcdari
da konkretulad, vin iyo is sulTani, romlis mier datyvevebuli
399
jva­rosnebis gamoxsnaSi daviTma monawileoba miiRo.
me Tvali gavadevne am informacias. irkveva, rom es sultani
il-Razis ZmisSvili _ balakia, romelmac 1123w. daatyveva mefe
bal­duin II da is xarputis cixeSi gamoketa adre datyvevebul sxva
jvarosan raindebTan erTad. balduinma SesZlo xarputis ci­ ta­
del­Si somxebisa da sirielebis daxmarebiT ganeiaraRebina dacva da
xelT igdo cixe. Joselini da ramdenime raindi man jvarosnebTan
gag­ zavna dasaxmareblad. balaki xarpurts Semoewyo, araerTgzis
Ses­Tavaza balduins danebeba da bolos SturmiT aiRo qalaqi. da­
t­yvevebuli balduini man axla harranis cixeSi gamoketa, xolo
ara­ erTi misi mxlebeli sikvdiliT dasaja. es ambavi, romelsac
or­ derik vitalisi mogviTxrobs, Sesulia jvarosanTa omebis is­
to­riaSi da sxva avtorebsac (maT Soris _ maTe edesels) aqvs moT­
xro­bili.
orderik vitalisi gadmogvcems, rom balakma araerTgzis
moT­ xova balduins gaeTavisuflebina xarputSi dakavebuli misi
co­lebi, romelTagan erTi damaskos aTabegis asuli iyo. sabolood
bal­duini daTanxmda, gaaTavisufla isini da Tan xuTi raindi ga­
ayola, romlebic axla balakma daakava. qronisti aRwers maT Tav­
ga­dasavals tyveobaSi. isini baRdadis xalifasTanac gagzavnes da
isev balakTan daabrunes. sabolood, arTukianma raindebi ga­aTa­
visufla da, orderik vitalisis Tanaxmad, isini antioqiaSi dab­
rundnen qarTvelTa mefis _ daviTis da somexi mefis Torosis xel­
SewyobiT. cnobaSi asaxuli ambebis qarga ZiriTad detalebSi re­
aluria, aseve realuria personaJebi (balaki, balduini, Joselini).
Car­Tulia qarTvelTa mefe daviTi. Cans, rom daviTsa da jvarosnebs
So­ris mainc arsebobda raRac iseTi axlo kavSirebi, rac mas ubi­
Z­ge­bda Careuliyo datyvevebul jvarosan raindTa gamoxsnaSi (ja­
fariZe, 2013: 219-225).
jvarosnebTan saqarTvelos kavSiris uaryofis dros, s. mar­
gi­Svilma, Tavisi am Tu im mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad, gaakeTa
vrce­ li eqskursebi daviT IV-is Semdegdroindeli saqarTvelos
is­toriaSi. sakmaod rTuli problemebis gadawyvetas is Seecada
for­sirebulad. es ki erT, garkveul qronologiur CarCoebSi moq­
ce­ul, monografiaSi, Cemi azriT, SeuZlebelia.
magaliTad, margiSvili gamoricxavs jvarosnebTan samxedro-
po­litikur mokavSireobas Tamaris drosac. amis sawinaaRmdego
ara­feri maqvs. magram rodesac is, Tavisi Tezis dasasabuTeblad,
imo­wmebs saladinisadmi Tamaris ficis wigns, romelic TariRdeba
1185 wliT da miiCnevs, rom jvarosnebTan qarTveli mefis SesaZlo
mo­kavSireobis sakiTxs es dokumenti savsebiT unda xsnides sakvlevi
400
Te­mebis rigebidan, swored naCqarevi daskvnis Sedegia. mkvlevari
wers: `am metad mniSvnelovani dokumentis Sinaarsi, sadac Tamar me­
fe ficis saxiT pirobas aZlevs saladins, rom igi (e.i. saqarTvelos
sa­mefo) Tavs ar daesxmis saladinis samflobeloebs da misi mtrebis
mte­ri iqneba, ar tovebs eWvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra politikur kurss
atarebda saqarTvelo jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT da
rogori iyo misi `mokavSireobis~ xasiaTi dasavleT evropel ka­
To­likeebTan~ (margiSvili, 2006: 108).
s. margiSvili am SemTxvevaSi ar dainteresebula Tu rogor
da sad unda dasxmoda Tamari saladins maSin, roca or qveyanas So­
ris saerTo sazRvari ar arsebobda. is ubralod imeorebs am do­
kumentis aRmomCenis prof. m. Toduas Tvalsazriss da amave dros,
imowmebs Cems zemoxsenebul monografiasac. magram, Cans, kar­ gad
ar waukiTxavs is. me da Tamaz natroSvilma vuCveneT, rom am `fi­
cis wignis~ Sedgenis TariRi emTxveva vanis tbis sanapiroebze
Sah-ar­menTa saxelmwifoSi warmoqmnil krizisul situacias 1185w.
(nat­roSvili.., 1982: 129-134; jafariZe, 1995: 129-134) da mas ara aqvs
saerTo jvarosnebTan.
antijvarosnul aqciad miaCnia s. margiSvils Tamaris mier
tra­­­pizonis imperiis daarseba (margiSvili, 2006: 108-109). daviT
aR­­maSeneblis epoqisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi trapizonis Tema sru­
li­ad zedmetia. magram avtorma, romelic gvpirdeboda axal, kar­
di­­
nalurad gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebs saqarTvelos istoriis
sxva­ dasxva sakiTxze, iCqara gaecno mkiTxvelisTvis sakuTari
Tval­ sazrisi. margiSvili werda, rom `basianis brZoliT, Tamar
me­fem, romelsac am droisaTvis aSkarad ukve dagegmili hqonda
bi­zantiaze laSqroba, neitralizeba gaukeTa seljukTa rumis sa­
sulTnos, romelic am regionis erT-erT mTavar politikur Za­las
warmoadgenda da advilad SeeZlo Tamaris bizantiaSi laS­q­ro­bi­sa­
Tvis xelis SeSla~ (margiSvili, 2006: 327).
mkvlevars, romelic flobda monacemebs imdroindeli sam­
xed­ro resursebis Sesaxeb, aseT Sorsmimavali dakvnisgan Tavi un­
da Seekavebina. garda amisa, unda gavixsenoT, rom omi rumis sel­
Cu­kebTan Tamars ar dauwyia, is daiwyo ruqn ad-dinma da es moxda
1202 wlis zafxulSi. sultans rom omi adre daewyo, maSin Tamari
iZu­ lebili iqneboda gamowveva mieRo. miuxedavad brwyinvale ga­
mar­jvebisa, saqarTvelos samefos am dros ar gauvrcelebia Ta­vi­si
gavlena arzrumis mimarTulebiT (rac mogvianebiT moxda), xo­ lo
ruqn ad-dinma SesZlo arzrumSi araloialuri salTukianis nac­v­
lad Tavisi Zma daesva taxtze.
rac Seexeba teritoriebs, sadac Camoyalibda trapizonis im­
26. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 401
pe­
ria, im droisaTvis isini warmoadgenda upiratesad bizantiis
sam­
flobeloebs da maTze rumis sultans xeli ar miuwvdeboda
(ja­fariZe, 1995: 158).
margiSvilis Tanaxmad, `problemebi ar unda SeeqmnaT sel­ju­
kebsac, romelTa samflobeloebic bizantiuri teritoriebis sam­x­
re­TiT iyo gaSlili. marTalia, komnenosTa warmatebiT seljukebi
kar­gavdnen Sav zRvaze gasasvlels samsun-sinopis raionSi, magram
Tamars seljukTa saSiSroeba ukve neitralizebuli hqonda ori
wliT adre, basianis brZolaSi maTi armiis sastiki damarcxebiT,
ris gamoc isini ganviTarebul movlenebSi jer-jerobiT ver Ca­
ere­odnen~ (margiSvili, 2006: 276).
sinamdvileSi saqme sxvagvarad iyo. erTaderTi punqti, ro­me­
lic warmoadgenda selCukTa gasasvlelsa da dasayrdens Sav zRvaze
da romelsac mniSvnelovani adgili eWira ruqn ad-dinis gegmebSi,
iyo samsuni. amrigad, rumis sultani Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis
mni­
Svnelovan nawilSi ver daabrkolebda qarTvelTa laSqris
moqmedebas. rac Seexeba mis pasiurobas samsunis dakargvis dros,
is SeiZleba aixsnas sasultnos Sidapolitikuri viTarebiT. 1204
wlis pirvel naxevarSi ruqn ad-dini dakavebuli iyo Tavis ZmasTan
muhi ad-din mas’ud SahTan brZoliT da misi rezidenciis _ ankaras
alyiT. sultanma mxolod 1 ivliss igdo xelT es qalaqi da sastikad
gauswora angariSi Zmas da mis ojaxs. or frontze brZola, Cans,
aRemateboda ruqn ad-dinis Zalebs. 6 ivliss is gardaicvala. misi
mcirewlovani vaJis mmarTveloba 1204 w. bolomde gagrZelda. am
pirobebSi selCukebi iZulebuli gaxdnen Serigebodnen samsunis
dakargvas.

didgoris brZola
s. margiSvilma samecniero brunvaSi Semoitana kancler go­
ties cnobis axali inglisuri Targmani. sxva mxriv, mas ara aqvs
moxmobili raime axali wyaro. is ar icnobs safuZvlianad aR­
mosavlur wyaroebs, magram kategoriulad msjelobs maT av­ kar­
gianobaze. aviRoT Tundac sibt ibn al-jauzis (da ara _ aras­
wo­
rad dasaxelebuli al-jauzis anda ibn al-jauzis, romelic
iyo papa sibt ibn al-jauzisa) informacia, romelic mas miaCnia
ori­ginalurad da Zalze Rirebulad.1 sinamdvileSi sibt ibn al-
1
`Zalian mokle, magram Cveni azriT, Zalze Rirebulia al-jauzis cnobebi
didgoris brZolis Sesaxeb. sul ramdenime frazaSi al-jauzi axerxebs
da­asaxelos brZolis mizezi (Tbilisis Seviwroeba daviTis mxridan), ko­
aliciis organizatorebi, brZolis adgili (Tbilisidan naxevari dRis
sa­
valze), brZolis aSkarad CasafrebiTi xasiaTi (daviT mefe mTebidan
da­esxa mters) da Sedegi, il-Razis armiis sastiki damarcxeba. aqvea da­
402
jauzi kompilatoria. ZiriTadad misdevs ibn al-azrak al-farikis,
faqtobrivad axals arafers iZleva da, amasTan, tovebs brZolasTan
da­kavSirebul araerT detals, Tundac daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
Tbilisis aRebis TariRs _ hijriT 515 wlis miwuruls, rasac wers
al-fariki (ix. jafariZe, 1995: 47, Sen. 24). amaSi mkiTxveli ad­vi­lad
darwmundeba, Tu erTmaneTs Seadarebs ibn al-azrak al-fa­ rikis
da sibt ibn al-jauzis cnobebs (o. cqitiSvilis da e. si­xa­ru­liZis
TargmanebSi).
s. margiSvili aRniSnavs, rom il-Razis, romlis interesebic
si­riaSi iyo koncentrirebuli, `saqarTvelos mimarT ar gaaCnda
da arc SeiZleboda hqonoda raime konkretuli mizani teritoriis
Se­Zenisa an nadavlis mopovebisa. erTaderTi motivacia, ris gamoc
mas saqarTveloSi SeiZleboda elaSqra, unda yofiliyo mxolod
da mxolod religiuri~ (margiSvili, 2006: 62). saqarTvelos sam­xed­
ro-politikurma warmatebebi SemaSfoTebeli da miuRebeli iyo
seljukTa centraluri Tu regionaluri xelisuflebisaTvis. da­
vi­Tis winaaRmdeg seljukTa xelisuflebam gamoacxada saRvTo omi
_ jihadi da uxmo `jihadis gmirsa da religiis damcvel il-Razis
da mouwoda seljukTa teritoriebze mcxovreb yvela WeSmarit
mus­lims saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg saRvTo omisaken~ (margiSvili,
2006: 64)1.
sxvaTa Soris, jihadis arsi, konkretuli, maT Soris qarTuli,
ma­salis mixedviT, aseve gvaqvs garCeuli Cvens zemoxsenebul mo­
no­grafiaSi, romelsac s. margiSvilma am SemTxvevaSic gverdi au­
ara. saerTod, qristianuli samyaros, kerZod ki saqarTvelos wi­
naaRmdeg SeteviTi, agresiuli omebi mimdinareobda islamis dro­
cu­ li Zalian sayuradRebo miTiTebebi imis Sesaxeb Tu saiT moZraobda
mus­limebis armia (Tbilisis karisken) da rom misi mokavSireebi brZolis
vel­ze mosulni ar iyvnen~ (s. margiSvili, 2006: 135). ix., agreTve, gv. 147,
sa­dac meordeba misi cnobis aRtacebuli Sefaseba: `Zneli saTqmelia, `ra
un­doda~ al-jauzis, rodesac igi werda Tavis cnobas didgoris brZolis
Se­saxeb, magram es cnoba, rom Zalian realuris STabeWdilebas tovebs da
ama­ve dros sxva wyaroebze ukeT (SeiZleba iTqvas, daviT aRmaSeneblis me­
matianezec ki) rom warmoaCens daviT aRmaSeneblis strategiul niWsa da
mxe­darTmTavrobis unars, es ganviTarebul movlenaTa analiziT savsebiT
cxa­dia~.
1
s. margiSvili wers, rom rojeris damarcxebis Semdeg il-Razim miiRo
`re­ligiis (alahis) damcvelis~ sapatio tituli~ (margiSvili, 2006: 62, 83),
rac uxeSi Secdomaa. saxelSi najm ad-din il-Razi, nawili najm ad-din
aris tituli (lakabi) da niSnavs sarwmunoebis varskvlavs, xolo me­ore
_ il-Razi (‘alami, sakuTari saxeli) Sedgeba ori sityvisagan: Turq. il
(xalxi) da arab. Razi (mebrZoli) da niSnavs xalxTmbrZols (we­re­Te­li,
1951: 173).
403
SiT. religiuri momenti Cans il-Razimdec. jihadis, saRvTo omis
ide­ologia asabuTebda da amarTlebda Turq-selCukTa eqspansias
da agresias, magram mxolod jihadis ideiT atacebuli il-Razi ar
da ver wamovidoda Soreul saqarTveloze salaSqrod.
s. margiSvili axasiaTebs koaliciis monawileebs, il-Razis,
tuR­ ril ibn muhameds, tuRan-arslans da dubais ibn sadakas.
mkvlevari gamoricxavs tuRrilis monawileobas koaliciaSi misi
asakis gamo da imis safuZvelze, rom didgoris brZolamde ganjis
laSqari gaanadgura daviT aRmaSenebelma.
daviTis laSqrobebi tuRrilis samflobeloebze didgoris
brZo­lamde cnobilia qarTul istoriografiaSi, amis Sesaxeb vwerdi
mec da damatebiTi argumentic movitane daviTis RonisZiebebis
rea­ lurobis sasargeblod. magram, bardavamde Turqmenebis dar­
beva jer kidev ar niSnavs ganjis armiis ganadgurebas. Cem naSromSi
ganxilulia maTe urhaecis cnobac: didgoris omamde saqarTveloze
ganZakis qveynis erT-erTi amiras xazis Tavdasxma. es Tavdasxma
sastiki marcxiT dasrulda.
amira xazis, romlis vinaobac daudgenelia, margiSvili miiCnevs
ram­ denime tomis gaerTianebis liderad, vinaidan momTabareebi
maSin erTiandebodnen, rodesac laSqrobisTvis emzadebodnen
(margiSvili, 2006: 140) da es laSqroba iqneboda didgoris brZo­la.
magram maTe urhaeli sruliad aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom xazi, ro­
melic manamde `keTilganwyobiT morCilebaSi imyofeboda sa­qar­T­
velos mefe daviTTan~, daesxa Tavs qarTvelebs.
me mivuTiTe, rom es amira ucnobia aRmosavluri wyaroebisTvis.
xa­zi ar aris arc tuRrili da arc misi aTabagi qenToRdi, rom
is albaT iyo arran-saqarTvelos sasazRvro zolSi romelime
ami­ra, rom saxeli xazi, igive arab. Razi, rac mebrZols niSnavs,
Cve­­ulebriv gamoiyeneboda epiTetad Turqi da saerTod muslimi
ami­rebisTvis, romlebic saRvTo oms awarmoebdnen `urwmunoTa~
winaaRmdeg. margiSvili, romelic xSirad gverds uvlis Cem naSroms,
faqtobrivad mis vinaobaze axals verafers ambobs, samagierod
uSvebs terminologiur Secdomebs, wers hazis, hazavaTs (mar­gi­
Svi­li, 2006: 232-33), nacvlad Razis da RazavaTisa. kidev gveqneba
saSualeba msgavsi Secdomebis dafiqsirebisa.
ibn al-azrak al-fariki erTaderTi werda, rom koaliciis mo­
na­wileebs ver SeuerTda tuRrili. jer kidev v. minorski fiqrobda,
rom amis mizezi iyo sultan mahmudTan misi dapirispireba da es
sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi sadao gaxda. margiSvilis Ta­nax­
mad, daviTma didgoramde ori TviT adre gaanadgura ganZis armia.
es, tuRrilis mcirewlovanebasTan erTad gaxda imis mizezi, rom
404
tuR­rilma ver miiRo koaliciaSi monawileoba.1 magram ra vuyoT
sxva wyaroTa erTsulovan monacemebs? saqarTveloSi tuRrilis
marcxs aRniSnaven XIIs. istorikosebi: al-‘azimi (Cahen, 1938: 388)
(gard. 1161w.) _ halabidan da maTe urhaeli (davlianiZe, 1966: 246)
_ edesidan, romlebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad iReb­ dnen
TavianT informacias. damaskoeli ibn al-kalanisi (gard. 1161w.)
vinc erT-erTi pirveli Seexo il-Razis kampanias, marTalia, kon­
k­retulad ar asaxelebs damarcxebulT, magram miuTiTebs ko­ali­
ciaSi tuRrilis monawileobaze (History of Damascus.., 1908: 326). mo­
gvi­anebiT imaves aRniSnavs ibn al-‘adimi (ibn al-‘adim, 1954: 200; g.
kutalia, 1974: 503). ibn al-asiri ki, romlis originaluri in­for­
maciis wyaro didgoris brZolis Sesaxeb, dRemde ucnobia, brZo­
lis velidan gaqceulTa Soris asaxelebs tuRrilsac (Ibn al-Athir,
1966: 567). es cnobebi al-farikisTan SedarebiT ufro sando da
mi­­saRebi Cans.2 miuxedavad imisa, rom al-fariki kargi da sando
av­toria, araa uSecdomo da ar SeiZleba yvela mis informacias
brmad vendoT.
rac Seexeba tuRan arslans, isev al-farikis Tanaxmad, is ver
SeuerTda il-Razis. sxva raime wyaro, gansxvavebiT tuRrilisgan, ar
gvaqvs da amdenad, al-farikis cnobis WeSmaritebis dadasturebis
sa­Sulebac ar gagvaCnia. margiSvilma, miuxedavad amisa, misi mo­na­
wi­leoba brZolaSi ueWvelad miiCnia.
il-Razis mokavSire iyo misi siZe dubais ibn sadaka. roca
is­­toriul pirovnebebs vaxasiaTebT, sizustis dacvaa saWiro.
du­­­baisis titulia nur ad-daula/davla (Suqi dinastiisa, an sa­
xel­ mwifosi) da ara ad-dauli. margiSvili wers, rom is ata­ re­
bda arabeTis mefis titulsac da Semdeg eWvi Seaqvs am ti­ tu­
lis realur ZalaSi, rom `es ase ar iyo. arabeTis samefo da Se­
sa­­bamisad, arabeTis mefis tituli, ar arsebobda~ (margiSvili,
1
margiSvilis azriT (margiSvili, 2006: 141), didgoramde daviTma ga­ na­
xorciela Rrma prevenciuli reidi ganZis saemiros teritoriaze da ga­
anadgura formirebis procesSi myofi ganZis armia, ris gamoc ganZa ga­
moaklda mokavSireebs.
2
al-farikis cnobas sarwmunod miiCnevda v. minorski. ibn al-asirze
da­yrdnobiT is Tvlida, rom tuRrili ver SeuerTda il-Razis da misi
geg­mebi CaiSala imitom, rom sultanma mis winaaRmdeg gagzavna jarebi
(Minorsky, 1953: 30), magram, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ibn al-asiris Ta­na­x­
mad, konfliqti tuRrilsa da mahmuds Soris moxda didgoris omamde _
ara ugvianes 1121w. martisa da maSinac saqme omamde ar misula. cxadia,
es ambavi ver SeuSlida xels arranis gamgebels monawileoba mieRo ko­
ali­ciur laSqrobaSi. aseve miiCnevda S. mesxiac (mesxia, 1972: 99-100). mi­
uxedavad imisa, rom mahmuds koaliciis iniciatorad Tvlida, r. kiknaZem
ga­iziara v. minorskis Tvalsazrisi (kiknaZe, 1960: 122-23).
405
2006: 69). cxadia, ar arsebobda. ubralod, dubaisi, mamis msgavsad,
ata­­rebda ara arabeTis mefis (rogorc amas margiSvili SecdomiT
gvTavazobs), aramed arabTa mefis (maliq al-‘arab) tituls. sxvaTa
Soris, dubaisis survilze, saqarTvelodan dabrunebis Semdeg,
il-Razisgan mieRo halabi, pirvelad me aRvniSne, il-Razisadmi
miZRvnil statiaSi (jafariZe, 1990: 212).
s. margiSvili aRniSnavda, rom didgoris brZolaSi ver mi­
iRebda monawileobas 200-300 aTasi muslimi. sawinaaRmdego ara­
fe­ri maqvs. sxva rom ara, es sakiTxi margiSvilamde 16 wliT ad­re
ganvixile statiaSi `najm ad-din il-Razi~ da aRmosavluri wya­
roebis safuZvelze vuCvene koaliciis monawileTa (il-Razi, du­
bais ibn sadaka da tuRrili) SesaZlebeli samxedro resursebi.
aR­vniSne, rom es monacemebi gasaTvaliswinebelia mkvlevarTa mi­er,
romlebic didgoris brZolis Sesaxeb weren. garda amisa, ibn al-
asiri il-Razis laSqars 30 aTasamde meomriT sazRvravs (ja­fa­riZe,
1990: 224, Sen. 96). arsebobda skepticizmi am ricxvisadmi da pir­
velad vuCvene misi usafuZvloba.1 es raodenoba figurirebs am av­
toris Txzulebis dRemde arsebul gamocemul yvela da mis erT-
erT uZveles xelnawerSic. am dazustebisa da Semdeg muslimTa
ko­aliciis samxedro resursebisTvis masalis moZiebisaTvis ram­de­
nime weli damWirda. sabolood, erT sqolioSi Caetia is, ris Cve­
ne­basac xelaxla da ufro vrclad Seecada margiSvili. swored es
naS­romi, miuxedavad imisa, rom is solidur krebulSi daibeWda da
ico­da kidec, s. margiSvilma Segnebulad ar daasaxela,2 vinaidan
1
ibn al-asiris Txzulebis al-qamil fi T-Ta’rix kritikuli teqstis
ga­ mocemamde, m. defremerim Tavis vrcel naSromSi (Defrémery, 1849: 457-
522) Seitana am istorikosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, mis xelT
arsebuli xelnaweris safuZvelze. didgoris brZolis aRweris dros
(Defrémery, 1849: 483) xelnawerSi il-Razis laSqris raodenoba ara­ sru­
lad iyo dasaxelebuli: `is aRwevda ... aTass.~ nakluli cifri _ `30~
de­ fremerim aRadgina abu l-faraj ibn al-‘ibris cnobiT, romelic
da­ imo­wma sen-martenisa da d’ossonis mixedviT (Saint-Martin, 1828: 265;
d’Ohsson, 1828: 166). asea ibn al-‘ibris Txzulebis `Ta’rix al-muxTasar
ad-duval~ Tanamedrove gamocemaSic (ibn al-‘ibri: 202). iv. javaxiSvils
eW­ vi Sehqonda defremeriseul aRdgenaSi (`Tavdapirvels ibn al-asiris
de­ danSi iqneb 300 000, an 400 000 aqvs~ _ javaxiSvili, 1983: 202, Sen. 4;
ix., agreTve, mesxia, 1972: 103). magram `30~ kargad ikiTxeba ibn al-asiris
Txzu­lebis erT-erT uZveles, 1287w. nusxaSi (ssr kavSiris mecnierebaTa
aka­demiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis xelnaweri, #373, pa­gi­na­
ciis gareSe, 514 wlis ambebi, qveTavi: „islamis qveynebis winaaRmdeg qar­
TvelTa gamosvlis moxsenieba~) da asea ibn al-asiris Txzulebis yve­la
gamocemaSi. amdenad skepticizmi arabi istorikosis cnobisadmi usa­fuZ­
v­­­loa.
2
es Cans s. margiSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamocemul mis wignSi,
406
`si­axle~, rasac gvTavazobs Tavis wignSi, sxvasTan unda gaeyo da
sxvi­si prioriteti eRiarebina.
margiSvilis mTel wigns gasdevs imis mtkiceba, rom daviT aR­
ma­Seneblis epoqaSi didi samxedro SenaerTebi ar monawileobdnen
brZo­ lebSi. es zogjer momabezrebelic xdeba. rogorc ar unda
Se­vitanoT eWvi samxedro Zalebis gazviadebul raodenobaSi, pra­q­
tikulad SeuZlebelia zusti ricxvebis dasaxeleba. yvela is ric­
xvi, rasac margiSvili gvTavazobs, empiriulia, bunebaSi ar ar­
sebobs da mxolod misi Tvalsazrisia. amas soso margiSvili Ta­va­
dac aRiarebs.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobiT, koaliciuri laSqari
sul­tanma Sehyara. vin iyo sultani? Cveulebriv aRniSnavdnen, rom
is mahmud b. muhamadia. pirvelad sargis kakabaZem gamoTqva mo­
saz­ reba da Semdeg me davasabuTe, rom is SeiZleboda yofiliyo
san­jari (jafariZe, 1995: 48-49). am daskvnamde midis margiSvilic
(mar­giSvili, 2006: 235), magram winamorbedTa dausaxeleblad, rac
mec­nieruli eTikis darRvevaa. samwuxarod aseTi SemTxvevebi mis
naS­romSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba.
margiSvili damowmebis gareSe imeorebs Cems mier 1110 wlis
stra­ tegiuli viTarebis ganxilva-Sefasebas, sadac vwerdi or
fron­ tze (jvarosnebTan da saqarTvelosTan) selCukTa brZolis
Se­saxeb (jafariZe, 1995: 26-27, 30; Sdr.: margiSvili, 2006: 53, 55).
is aseve imeorebs Cemeul mignebas, rodesac juveinisa da
al-hu­sainis cnobebis safuZvelze saerTo davinaxe im bral­de­bebs
So­ris, romelsac muslimebi uyenebdnen qarTvelebsa da bizan­ti­
elebs (jafariZe, 1995: 222-223; Sdr.: margiSvili, 2006: 272). kvlav
da­mowmebis gareSe!
xandaxan saqme iqamdec midis, rom margiSvili TiTqmis ucvle­
lad imeorebs Cem winadadebebs. me vwer: `did selCukTa saxelmwifoSi
mSvi­doba damyarda, magram is didxans ar gagrZelebula. imave
wels saxelmwifos dasavleT sazRvrebTan gamoCndnen jvarosnebi~
(jafariZe, 1995: gv. 16). margiSvili imeorebs: `stabiluroba mis­
Tvis didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1098 wels berkiarukis imperiis
far­glebSi gamoCndnen jvarosnebi~ (margiSvili, 2006: 37).
sxva mkvlevrebis damowmebis gareSe margiSvili exeba saqar­
Tve­loSi Camosaxlebul yivCaRTa raodenobas da maTi gansaxlebis
ad­gilebs. s. pletnevam pirvelad ivarauda, rom saqarTveloSi
gad­mosul yivCaRTa raodenoba iyo 25-30 aTasi (Плетнева, 1990: 96).
25 aTass, am avtoris dausaxeleblad, wers margiSvilic (mar­gi­
sadac Cemi zemoTaRniSnuli statiaa damowmebuli: s. margiSvili, 2008:
244, Sen. 61.
407
Svili, 2006: 98).
v. SuSarini da m. murRulia aRniSnavdnen, rom daviT aR­ ma­
Se­­nebelma yivCaRebs Turqmenebisgan gawmedili saZovrebi dauTmo
(Мур­гулия.., 1998: 150). imaves, am avtorebis dausaxeleblad, aR­
niSnavs margiSvilic: daviTs yivCaRebi Turqmenebis saZovrebze
unda daesaxlebina da `maT (an maTma garkveulma nawilma) nam­dvi­
lad miiRo Turqmen momTabareTagan gawmendili saZovrebi~ (mar­gi­
Svili, 2006: 48-49, 102-103).
n. berZeniSvilma daadgina manglisidan veris xeobaSi Semavali
gza, risTvisac moixmo dasturlamalis monacemebi fanjebis gzis
ke­Tilmowyobaze (berZeniSvili, 1966: 54). igive gaimeora mar­ gi­
Svilma, saTanado damowmebis gareSe (margiSvili, 2006: 319-20).
aseve ar `gaumarTla~ maia stefnaZes, romlis statiaSi `tra­pi­
zo­nis imperiis daarsebis mizezebisTvis~ gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi
ram­denjerme aqvs gamoyenebuli margiSvils damowmebis gareSe (ste­
f­­naZe, 2000: 165, 168, 170; Sdr. margiSvili, 2006: 108, 110, 274, 277).1
sa­magierod, is qmnis kidev erT axal miTs, rom `arsebobs mtki­ce
ar­gumentacia imisa, rom Tavisi mefobis dasasruls, Tamar me­fem
omic ki daiwyo jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg~ (margiSvili, 2006: 108).
s. margiSvilis Tanaxmad: `rogorc Cans, didgorSi mus­ li­
muri armiis ganadgurebis Semdeg aRmosavleTis qveynebSi am ka­
tas­trofuli marcxis Semdeg damkvidrda is ZiriTadi versia, rom­
lis mixedviTac muslimuri armia Setyuebul da damarcxebul iq­na
CasafrebiT brZolaSi~ (margiSvili, 2006: 135-36). me kargad vic­nob
aRmosavlur wyaroebs, magram aseTi `versia~, `CasafrebiTi brZo­
la~ didgorSi ar Semxvedria. is margiSvilis Tvalsazrisia, rom­
lis winaaRmdegac metyvelebs yvela wyaro.
rogorc iTqva, margiSvilis Tanaxmad il-Razis mxolod re­
li­ giuri motivi amoZravebda (`erTaderTi motivacia, ris gamoc
il-Razi saqarTveloSi unda wasuliyo, rCeba mxolod `religiis
dam­cvelis tituli~, romelsac il-Razi, rogorc Cans, Zalian uf­
r­Txildeboda~ (margiSvili, 2006: 234). wyaroebis mixedviT ki Cans,
rom il-Razis moRvaweobaSi religiuri motivs didi mniSvneloba
ar eniWeboda.
margiSvili me makritikebs da usafuZvlod miiCnevs Turqmenul
1
magaliTad, m. stefnaZe wers: `IV jvarosnuli laSqrobis organizatorebma
saqarTvelos mTavrobas daaswres konstantinopolis dapyroba~, ris gamoc
Tamaric da aleqsi komnenosic konstantinopolis nacvlad trapizonis
samefo taxts dasjerda (stefnaZe, 2000: 168). imaves imeorebs margiSvili,
rom jvarosanTa mier konstantinopolis aRebam xeli SeuSala Tamaris
gegmis ganxorcielebas (margiSvili, 2006: 274) da Semdeg: `Tamari aSkarad
dakmayofilda trapizonis imperiis formirebiT~ ( margiSvili, 2006: 110).
408
faq­tors, rac misi laSqrobis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli motivi
Se­iZleba gamxdariyo. avtori wers: is `rom il-Razim saqarTveloSi
ilaS­qra Turqmenebis (e.i. momTabareebis) dasaxmareblad, romel­
Tac eomeboda daviT aRmaSenebeli, ar unda iyos realuri... da­viT
aRmaSenebeli momTabareebs ukve 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sel­ju­ke­
bi­sTvis xarkis Sewyvetis Semdeg) eomeboda da am drois manZilze
sel­jukTa xelisuflebi maT ar daxmarebian. saeWvoa, rom il-Razis
ise­Ti Zlieri survili gasCenoda maTi daxmarebisa momTabareebTan
da­viTis brZolis 21-e wlisTavze, rom Seewyvita jvarosnebTan
warmatebiT mimdinare omi da wasuliyo saqarTveloSi maT ga­ da­
sarCenad~ (margiSvili, 2006: 234).
il-Razi iyo ara selCukiani, aramed momTabare TurqmenTa,
ker­Zod dogeris tomis beladi. zemoxsenebul monografiaSi me
vwe­rdi, rom il-Razis saqarTveloze laSqrobas ganapirobebda ara
ubralod Turqmenebis daxmareba anda gadarCena, aramed `Tur­qme­
nuli faqtoric~, maTi saCivrebis dakmayofileba. qarTvelTa sa­ni­
mu­Sod dasja karg Sanss aZlevda arTukians ganemtkicebina Tavisi
gav­lena momTabareebze, rac erTgvarad Seirya 1120 w. antioqiaze
misi laSqrobisas (jafariZe, 1995: 45).
al-farikis Tanaxmad, Tbilisis muslimma mosaxleobam swo­
red il-Razis sTxova Caebarebina qalaqi (sixaruliZe, 1985: 87). me
vwerdi, rom saqarTveloze Zlevamosili laSqroba da Tbilisis
da­ufleba saSualebas miscemda arTukians Seeqmna vrceli sa­xel­
mwifo Tbilisidan halabamde da Turqmenebze dayrdnobiT Ca­ re­
uliyo im brZolaSi, romelic selCukebsa da daviT IV-s Soris ami­
erkavkasiaSi gasabatoneblad mimdinareobda (jafariZe, 1995: 46).
margiSvils es SeuZleblad miaCnia, vinaidan il-Razis saamiso re­
sursi ar gaaCndao. magram gana ase fiqrobda arTukiani? ga­ mar­
jvebebiT aRlaRebuls SeiZleboda saamiso iluziebi hqonda. faq­
tia, man realurad ver Seafasa mowinaaRmdege.
s. margiSvilis monografiaSi zogjer zedmeti yuradRebaa
ga­maxvilebuli wvrilmanebze. magaliTad, daiWra Tu ara TavSi il-
Ra­zi da riTi mokvda is. me ver vxedav raime mizezs, rom uarvyoT
mi­si TavSi daWris ambavi, rasac iuwyeba kancleri gotie. sxva saq­
mea, ramdenad seriozuli iyo es Wriloba _ mZime Tu msubuqi.
cxa­dia, mZimed daWris SemTxvevaSi il-Razi ver gaagrZelebda da­
uyovnebliv Tavis aqtivobas. amdenad, Wriloba msubuqi unda yo­
fi­liyo. magram Rirda ki amis Sesaxeb vrceli pasaJi? es ar aris
mec­nieruli diskusiis sagani da mas samecniero popularul li­te­
ra­turaSi SeiZleba mivuCinoT adgili.
gaugebaria skepticizmi imis Taobaze, mouwoda Tu ara si­
409
t­y­viT daviTma meomrebs (margiSvili, 2006: 126-27). me ver vxedav
sa­amiso safuZvels. brZolis win meomrebis sityviT gamxneveba iyo
Cve­ulebrivi praqtika. mTel fronts misi sityvebi ver gawvdeboda,
mag­ram mimarTva Tavisuflad SeeZloT moesminaT winamdgomT.
margiSvili wers, rom absoluturad yvela gamocemaSi, ro­me­
lic didgoris brZolas exeba, miTiTebulia, rom saqarTvelos me­
fem sakuTari armiis ukandaxevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Caxerga
niC­bisis xeobidan gamavali gzebi, rac didgoris brZolis mogebis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan pirobad iTvleba (margiSvili, 2006: 126.). es
ukve wvrilmani ar aris. avtorma erTxel kidev daadastura, rom
xSi­rad Segnebulad an Seugnebulad ugulebelyofs winamorbedTa
Sro­mebs. Cemi monografia ar miekuTvneba am `absoluturad yvela
ga­mocemas~.
ZiriTad teqsts mosdevs SeniSvnebi da literatura (mar­gi­
Svili, 2006: 204-337), romelic ratomRac ar aisaxa naSromis sar­
Ce­vSi (gv. 4-5), iseve rogorc ar aisaxa masSi Semoklebebis sia (gv.
338), bibliografia (gv. 339-350) da saZieblebi (gv. 351-362).
margiSvils damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli aqvs uaxlesi li­
te­ ratura. maT Sorisa kancler goties antioqiis omebis axali
in­glisuri Targmani, aseve sruli da nawilobrivi inglisuri da
rusuli Targmanebi maTe urhaelis, zahir ad-din niSapuris, ibn
al-asiris da juveinis Txzulebebisa, uaxlesi dasavluri da ru­
su­li literatura, kerZod, dasavleTis mkvlevarTa Sromebis ru­
su­li Targmanebi (magaliTad, Jan riSaris Латино-Иерусалимское
ко­ролевство). me pativs vcem yvela im mkvlevars, romelic fex­da­
fex misdevs uaxles samecniero publikaciebs. amave dros ugu­l­
ve­belyofilia rigi Sromebisa, romelTa gamoyeneba iyo saWiroc
da aucilebelic. gaugebaria, ratom ar gamoiyena man ibn al-azrak
al-farikis informaciis inglisuri (Minorsky, 1949) da qarTuli (e.
si­xaruliZe) Targmanebi didgoris brZolis Sesaxeb, anda juveinis
cno­bebis qarTuli Targmani (r. kiknaZe) da mravali sxv.
aRmosavluri teqstebis rusuli Targmanebi motanilia sak­
ma­od didi kupiurebiT rusulad da, roca is sistematur xasiaTs
iRebs, damRlelia. cxadia, ukeTesi iqneboda al-fariki Tu ju­
veini mogvetana qarTul TargmanebSi, rac didi xania arsebobs (r.
kiknaZe, e. sixaruliZe).
bevri xarvezia aRmosavluri terminebis gadmocemisas. ume­
te­soba arasworadaa motanili. es imis gamo, rom soso margiSvili
sus­tad icnobs qarTul orientalistur literaturas. ubralod,
un­da Caexeda `narkvevebSi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriidan
(fe­odaluri xana)~ (v. n. gabaSvilis redaqciiT, 1957), sxva qarTul
410
ori­entalistur publikaciebSi da maSin dawerda ara mancikerts,
xa­lifats, femas, saemiros, emirs, guliams, aramed _ manaskerts,
sa­xalifos, Temas, saamiros, amiras, Rulams. dawerda `nizam al-
mulqs~ da ara `nizam al-mulks~, `maliq Sahs~ da ara `maliq Saxs~,
`iktas~ da ara `iqtas~, `siaseT names“ da ara `siaset names“, `sel­
Cukebs~ da ara `seljukebs~. Cemi monografiis yuradRebiT gac­
nobis SemTxvevaSi (Tumca sakmaod xSirad imowmebs miTiTebis ga­
reSe) aRar dauSvebda mravalricxovan uzustobas, roca `g~-s, `T~-
s, `q~-s, `x~-s nacvlad wers `R~-s, `t~-s, `k~-s, `h~-s da piriqiT.
ara­ bi avtorebis saxelebi xSirad gadmocemulia arasworad. ibn
al-azrak al-fariki, an al-fariki misTvis ibn al-farikia, sibt ibn
al-jauzi _ al-jauzi, ibn al-kalanisi _ al-kalanisi, ibn al-asiri
_ al-asiri, ibn al-vardi _ al-vardi. CemTvis problema ar aris
miv­xvde, who is who, magram ra vuyoT sxva mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebiT
axa­lgazrda Taobas, romelic axla gamodis samecniero asparezze?
saZieblebi savsea xarvezebiT. pirTa saZieblebi dawyobilia
sa­­kuTari saxelebis mixedviT magram pirTa saZieblis aseTi da­la­
geba absoluturad miuRebelia. miT umetes, roca is iwyeba im sa­
xe­lebiT, sadac figurirebs arabuli gansazRvruli artikli `al~.
da Tu mainca da mainc sakuTar saxelebze aviRebT gezs, maSin al-
hu­saini aris ara sakuTari saxeli, aramed nisba, misi sakuTari
saxelia ‘ali. istoriul pirTa saZiebelSi ilRazis ZmisSvili ba­
la­­ki seljuki amiraa da amave dros arTukidi, e.i. Turqmeni. ra
Tqma unda, is Turqmeni iyo, magram ara selCukTa sagvareulodan
da sarecenzio wignis avtors, romelmac damoZRvra qarTveli
mkvle­varebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra gansxvavebaa selCukebsa da Tur­
qmenebs Soris, es kargad unda codnoda. dubais ibn sadaka _ sa­
Zi­eblebSi hilis (unda hilas) Seixad gvevlineba, teqstSi ki xan
ara­bTa da xan, arabeTis mefea, maSin roca misi tituli iyo arabTa
me­fe (maliq al-arab). monRoli sardali jebe _ iqca jvebed! xar­
vezebia sxvaganac. geografiul saxelTa saZiebelSi gvaqvs ma­zan­
da­ri da ara mazanderani, maiafarakani da ara maiafarikini, xisni
ka­­
ifa da ara hisn qaifa. sxvaTa Soris hisn qaifa, iseve rogorc
mar­dini, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSia da ara CrdiloeT siriaSi, ro­
gorc amas wers margiSvili (s. margiSvili, 2006: 66).
literaturis rusul dasaxelebebSi mTav­ ru­
li asoebi arc­
Tu iSviaTad uadgilod aris gamoyenebuli (mar­gi­Svili, 2006:
88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 98, 102, 104 da mravali sxv.), xolo zog­ jer,
roca mTavruli aucilebelia, ixmareba patara asoebi (mar­gi­Svi­­
li, 2006: 99, 100 da sxv.). azerbaijaneli istorikosis zia bu­ ni­
atovis gvari rusulad iwereba rogorc Буниятов da ara Бу­нятов.
411
sxva mravalricxovan koreqturul Secdomebze sityvas aRar ga­
vag­rZeleb. aseTi teqnikuri xarvezebiT arcerTi met-nak­le­bad pres­
tiJuli gamomcemloba dasavleTSi msgavs naSroms ar ga­mos­cem­da.
daskvnis saxiT SemiZlia vTqva, rom s. margiSvilis bevri mcde­
lobis miuxedavad sabolood xelSi SegvrCa naSromi, romelsac
ara­friT gamyarebuli sensaciuri aRmoCenebis pretenzia aqvs, si­
namdvileSi ki mxolod gauTviTcnobierebuli mkiTxvelis Sec­do­ma­
Si Seyvana SeuZlia. avtoris ZiriTadi debulebebi ver uZlebs obi­
eq­tur samecniero kritikas da axal miTebad gvevlineba. es arc aris
mo­ulodneli, avtori arqeologi da antikuri xanis specialisti
iyo da ar iyo garkveuli arc Sua saukuneebis istoriasa da arc aR­
mo­savleTmcodneobaSi. manamde mas ar hqonia gamoqveynebuli erTi
sta­ tiac ki aRniSnuli Temis garSemo da sarecenzio wigni misi
pirveli cda iyo. avtoris gamoucdeloba adviladaa TvalSisacemi
da amiT aris ganpirobebuli is mravalricxovani Secdomebi, rom­
le­bic zemoTaa aRniSnuli.
dasasrul, da es ar exeba mxolod s. margiSvils, rodesac
mkvlevari aqveynebs Tavis naSroms, is samecniero sazogadoebis kuT­
vnileba xdeba. avtorma unda icodes, rom misi naSromis Rirsebebi
sa­Tanadod (dadebiTad Tu uaryofiTad) iqneba Sefasebuli. maxsovs,
Cemi didi maswavleblebi giorgi wereTeli da valerian gabaSvili,
1960-ian wlebSi, axalgazrdebTan saubarSi, xSirad aRniSnavdnen,
rom dasavleTSi orientalisturi samecniero literaturis ma­Ra­
li done ganapiroba swored recenzirebis maRalma donem. spe­ci­
ali­ zebul samecniero Jurnalebs ar gamoeparebaT met-naklebad
mniSvnelovani arcerTi naSromi. isini sarecenziod egzavnebaT
Se­­­
sabamisi dargebis specialistebs, ris Sesaxebac CvenSi Se­ iZ­
leba mxolod viocneboT. recenziebSi, miuxedavad avtoris ti­
tu­ lebisa, yovelgvari gadametebuli qebis gareSe, obieqturad
aRi­ niSneba naSromis pozitiuri mxare da misi xarvezebic. wi­ na­
mde­bare recenziaSi me Sevecade ganmexorcielebina da damecva es
principebi. mimaCnia, rom obieqturi recenzirebis gareSe ar un­
da rCebodes arcerTi naSromi qarTul istoriografiaSi. es xels
Seuwyobs samecniero publikaciebis donis amaRlebas, xolo ara­
ke­Tilsindisier avtorebs daabrkolebs wyal-wyala naSromebis ga­
mo­qveynebisgan.

412
 bibliografia:

• ibn al-‘adim, 1954 _ ibn al-‘adim. zubdaT al-halab. II, dimaSk, 1954
(arab. enaze).
• ibn al-‘ibri, _ ibn al-‘ibri. Ta’rix al-muxTasar ad-duval. dar al-
ma­si­ra, ba¡ruT (arab. enaze);
• cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1955 _ daviT aRmaSeneblis is­to­
rikosi. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, _ wgn.: qarTlis cxovreba.
teq­sti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xel­na­weris mixedviT s. ya­ux­Ci­­Svi­
lis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955;
• avaliSvili, 1929 _ avaliSvili zurab. jvarosanTa droidan. parizi,
1929;
413
• alasania, 2007 _ alasania giuli. qarTvelebisa da daniSmendianebis
ur­­ TierTobis warsulidan, _ kreb.: anamki. istoriul-filologiuri
Zi­ebani. Tb., 2007;
• berZeniSvili, 1966 _ berZeniSvili niko. gzebi rusTavelis epoqis
saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1966;
• davlianiZe, 1966 _ davlianiZe l. maTe urhaelis cnobebi daviT aR­
ma­Seneblis Sesaxeb, _ kreb.: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi. Tb., 1966;
• kiknaZe, 1960 _ kiknaZe revaz. XI-XII saukuneTa Tbilisis istoriidan, _
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis
in­s­titutis Sromebi. t. V, nakv. I, 1960;
• kutalia, 1974 _ kutalia guram. qemal ad-dinis cnoba didgoris
brZo­­lis Sesaxeb, _ saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe.
t. 74, #2, 1974;
• margiSvili, 2006 _ margiSvili soso. miTebi da realoba daviT aR­
ma­­Seneblis mefobis Sesaxeb. omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg. Tb.,
2006;
• margiSvili, 2008 _ margiSvili soso. Sua saukuneebis samxedro xe­lo­
v­neba da saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri istoria IX-XV sa­uku­ne­
ebSi. naw. I. Tb., 2008;
• mesxia, 1972 _ mesxia SoTa. ZlevaY sakvirveli. didgoris brZola da
Tbi­lisis SemoerTeba. Tb., 1972;
• musxeliSvili, 2007 _ musxeliSvili daviT. saintereso monografia
did­­goris brZolis Sesaxeb, _ gaz. `rezonansi~, 28 Tebervali, 2007;
• natroSvili.., 1982 _ natroSvili Tamaz, jafariZe goCa. Tamaris `fi­
cis wig­nis~ Sesaxeb, _ gaz.: `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 22 ianvari,
1982;
• papasqiri, 2015 _ papasqiri zurab. didgoris epopeis piruTvneli ma­­
ti­ane SoTa mesxias `Zleva¡ sakvirveli~ _ wgn.: S. mesxia. Zleva¡ sa­kvi­
r­­veli. Tb., 2016;
• samuSia, 2007 _ samuSia jaba. qarTvelTa didi mefe da muslimTa ko­
ali­ciis sardali didgorTan xelaxla xvdebian erTmaneTs, ramdenime
mo­­sazreba soso margiSvilis naSromze `miTebi da realoba daviT aR­
ma­­
Seneblis mefobis Sesaxeb~, _ gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 16
Te­­­bervali, 2007;
• samuSia, 2008 _ samuSia jaba. qarTvelTa didi mefe da muslimTa ko­
ali­ciis sardali didgorTan xelaxla xvdebian erTmaneTs, ramdenime
mo­sazreba soso margiSvilis naSromze `miTebi da realoba daviT aR­
ma­Seneblis mefobis Sesaxeb~, _ `mesxeTi~, X, 2008;
• samuSia, 2017 _ samuSia jaba. saqarTvelos samxedro istoria. Tb.,
2017;
• sandoZe, 2013 _ sandoZe daviT. `rodesac Tqma sjobs...~, _ `amer-ime­
ri~, #2, 2013;
• sixaruliZe, 1985 _ sixaruliZe eTer. al-fariki saqarTveloSi, _ se­
mi­tologiuri Ziebani. II, Tb., 1985;
• stefnaZe, 2000 _ stefnaZe mixeil. trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mi­
ze­ zebisaTvis, _ wgn.: qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. t. 7. Tb.,
2000;
• faRava, 2015 _ faRava irakli. mansur II ja‘farianTa samoneto emisia

414
 ma­­liq-Sahis saxeliT _ Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli bagratovanTa da
did selCukTa Soris, _ saistorio krebuli. t. 5, Tb., 2015;
• Sengelia, 1968 _ Sengelia nodar. selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI sa­uku­
ne­Si. Tb., 1968;
• wereTeli, 1951 _ g. wereTeli. arabul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb. 1951;
• iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, _ javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria.
t. 2, _ wgn.: iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. 2, Tb.,
1983;
• jafariZe, 1990 _ jafariZe goCa. najm ad-din il-Razi, _ kreb.: daviT
aR­­­maSenebeli. Tb., 1990;
• jafariZe, 1995 _ jafariZe goCa. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aR­mo­sav­
le­­­Tis islamuri samyaro. Tb., 1995;
• jafariZe, 2013 _ jafariZe goCa. orderik vitalisis erTi cnobis Se­
sa­xeb, _ aRmosavleTmcodneoba. Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fa­
kul­­­tetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis krebuli. 2, Tb., 2013;
• IBN AL-ATHIR, 1966 – Ibn al-Athir. Al-Kamil fi’t-tarikh. Vol. X. Beyrouth, 1966;
• HISTORY OF DAMASCUS.., 1908 – History of Damascus 363-555 A.H. by Ibn al-Qalā­
nisī from the Bodleian M.S. Hunt. 125, being a Continuation of the History of Hilāl
as-Sābi. Edited by H. F. Amedroz. Leiden, 1908;
• BOSWORTH, 1968 – Bosworth C. E. The Political and Dynastic History of the Ira­nian
World (A.D. 1000-1217), – Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5. Cambridge, 1968;
• CAHEN, 1938 – Cahen Claude. La Chronique abrégée d’al-‘Azimi, – Journal asiatique.
T. 230. Juillet-Septembre, 1938;
• CAHEN, 1974 – Cahen Claude. A Turkish Invasion: The Selchukids. A History of Cru­sa­
des. Edited by K. M. Setton. Vol. 1. Wisconsin, 1969;
• DEFRÉMERY, 1849 – Defrémery Charles-Francois. Fragments de géographes et d’his­
to­­riens Ara­bes et Persans inédits relatifs aux anciens peuples du Caucase et de la
Rus­sie mé­ri­di­onale, – Journal asiatique. T. 13. Juin, 1849;
• GIBB, 1935 – Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen. Notes on the Arabic Materials for
the History of the Early Crusades, – Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. Uni­ver­
si­ty of London, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1935;
• LEWIS, 1974 – Lewis Bernard. Politics and War. The Legacy of Islam. 2nd Edition. Ox­
ford, 1974;
• MINORSKY, 1949 – Minorsky Vladimir. Caucasica in the History of Mayyafariqin, –
Bul­letin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. T. XIII, pt. 1. University of Lon­
don, 1949;
• MINORSKY, 1953 – Minorsky Vladimir. Studies in Caucasian History. London, 1953;
• D’OHSSON, 1828 – D’Ohsson, Constantin Mouradgea. Voyage d’Abou-el-Cassim. Pa­
ris, 1828;
• SAINT-MARTIN, 1828 – Saint-Martin Antoine-Jean. Memoires sur l’Armenie. T. 2,
Pa­ris, 1828;
• АН-НАСАВИ, 1973 – Шихаб ад-дин Мухаммад ан-Насави. Жизнеописание сул­
тана Джалал ад-Дина Манкбурны. Перевод З. М. Буниятова. Баку, 1973;
• МУРГУЛИЯ.., 1998 – Мургулия Мелита Поликарповна, Шушарин Владимир
Пав­лович. Половцы, Грузия, Русь и Венгрия в XII-XIII веках. М., 1998;
• ПЛЕТНЕВА, 1990 – Плетнева Светлана Александровна. Половцы. М., 1990.

415
 GOTCHA DJAPARIDZE1

SOSO MARGISHVILI. MITHS AND REALITIES ABOUT

REIGN OF DAVID THE BUILDER.
THE WAR AGAINST SELJUKS WORLD.
TBILISI, PUBLISHING HOUSE “SIESTA”, 2006. 363 PAGES

REVIEW

This article presents a critical review made by the Author on monograph

by Soso Margishvili.

1
Gotcha Djaparidze _ Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi
Sta­te University, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Georgia.
416
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

gvanca abdalaZe1

2030 _ saerTaSoriso wesrigis

cvalebadobis tendenciebi

msoflios yvelaze gavleniani saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

da analitikuri centrebi sakuTari saqmianobis erT-erT priori­
te­ tad ganixilaven ara mxolod ganvlili muSaobis Sefasebas an
mim­dinare procesebis analizs, aramed iseTi politikuri dokumen­
tebis da angariSebis momzadebas, sadac momavali 10-20 wlis samo­
qmedo gegmebs, momavali globaluri tendenciebis da gamowvevebis
analizs, ganviTarebis savaraudo scenarebis ganxilvas gvTavazo­
ben. amgvari dokumentebi msjelobis sagani xdeba rogorc mediaSi,
aseve samecniero-akademiur wreebsa da politikur gadawyvetile­
baTa mimReb organoebSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi arc ise pri­
oritetulia amgvari dokumentebis samecniero wreebsa da poli­
tikis damgegmav samsaxurebSi farTo ganxilva-gaanalizeba. Cveni
statiiT gvsurs gavaaqtiuroT sakiTxi da garkveuli nabijebi
ga­
davdgaT am mimarTulebiT. statiaSi mimovixilavT gaerosa da
aSS-s dazvervis erovnuli sabWos e. w. „2030 dokumentebs“. Tumca
msgavs dokumentebs sxva organizaciebic gvTavazoben.
2015 wlis 25-27 seqtembers niu-iorkSi, gaeros Stab-binaSi,
mdgradi ganviTarebis istoriul samitze, gaeros wevrma qveynebma
miiRes dokumenti „mdgradi ganviTarebis dRis wesrigi 2030“, ro­
melic ZalaSi Sevida 2016 wlis 1 ianvridan. masSi monawileobaze
Tanxmoba ganacxada gaeros wevri 193 qveynis meTaurma (Sustainable
de­­velopment goals…). dokumenti erTgvari gagrZeleba da gaRrmave­
baa aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis (MDGs), romelic miRe­
bul iqna gaeros aTaswleulis samitze 2000 wels. igi Sedgebo­
da 8 miznisgan, romelic miRweul unda yofiliyo 2015 wlisTvis
(Mil­lenium development goals…). 2030 dokumenti (SDGs) uprecedentoa
1
gvanca abdalaZe _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, sox­
umis saxelmwifo universiteti.
27. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 417
gaeros arsebobis istoriaSi, radgan is CarTulobisken mouwodebs
yvela qveyanas miuxedavad sididisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa.
globaluri miznebi, rogorc SemoklebiT uwodeben am doku­
ments, Sedgeba 17 miznisgan da moicavs globaluri gamowvevebis
mTel speqtrs: siRaribis, SimSilis, uTanasworobis daZleva; eko­lo­
giuri problemebi; jandacvis gaumjobeseba; energousafrTxo­eba;
genderuli Tanasworoba; xarisxiani ganaTleba; infrastruqtu­risa
da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba; mdgradi ganviTareba;
instituciebis ganviTareba; mSvidoba da samarTlianoba; TanamSro­
mlobis gaRrmaveba qveynebs Soris globaluri miznebis misaRwevad...
am miznebis ganxorcielebaSi CasarTavad msoflios qveynebs
dax­marebas uwevs gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP), romelic
xelmZRvanelobs globaluri miznebis erovnuli angariSebis mom­
za­debis process da daxmarebas gauwevs msoflios qveynebs sami mi­
mar­TulebiT: globaluri miznebis miRwevis xelSewyoba; gaeros ga­
mocdilebis gaziareba da eqspertuli konsultaciebi globaluri
miz­nebis miRwevis procesSi; globaluri miznebis asaxva erovnul
geg­mebsa da politikaSi. (mdgradi ganviTarebis...). gaeros global­
uri miznebis politikis SemuSavebis Semdeg saeqsperto wreebSi ar
wydeba msjeloba am yovlismomcvel da grZelvadian politikaze.
Se­qmnilia globaluri miznebis damoukidebeli veb_gverdi (http://
www.globalgoals.org), sadac mocemulia informacia ara mxolod aR­
niSnul proeqtsa da mis farglebSi mimdinare movlenebze, aramed
veb-gverdi ne­ bismier vizitors sTavazobs calke ganyofilebas
„ra SemiZlia ga­vakeTo me“, sadac qveganyofilebebad gvxvdeba ra
Se­iZleba gake­ Tdes socialuri mediiT, rogor SeiZleba CaerTos
ara­samTavrobo seqtori, biznes seqtori... veb-gverdze ganTavse­
bulia gaidlainebi, promoebi, damxmare linqebi...
amgvari masStaburi kampania marTlac uprecedentoa kacobri­
obis istoriaSi da globalizaciis axal etapze gadasvlas gvauw­
yebs. saZiebo sistema Google „globaluri miznebis“ mxolod ing­
li­­sur enaze Caweris SemTxvevaSi 33 milionze met veb-gverds
gvTa­ vazobs. iuTubi gvTavazobs 3 milionamde videos, sadac
glo­ baluri miznebis ganmartebas da popularizacias gvTavazo­
ben cnobili adamianebi, eqspertebi, moxaliseebi, axalgazrdebi,
bav­­
Svebi... da animaciuri gmirebic ki. magaliTad, bavSvebisa da
di­debisTvis Tanabrad cnobili da sayvareli komediuri Janris
in­glisuri animaciuri serialis „mister bini“ mudmivi gmiri bini
sa­yvarel daTunia tedisTan erTad Cveuli dabneulobiT cdilobs
ga­akras globaluri miznebis plakati. Semdeg is iRebs satelefo­
no Setyobinebas: mister bin, CamotvirTe globaluri miznebis sa­
418
te­lefono aplikacia, CaerTe proeqtSi, heSTegiT „ukeTesi momava­
li“ (Mr. Bean and…).
globaluri miznebis qolgis qveS imarTeba sxvadasxva ti­
pis RonisZiebebi, maT Soris msoflio Cempionatebic ama Tu im
spor­tul saxeobebSi. Seqmnilia specialuri klipebi da simRerebi.
miz­nebis popularizaciaSi gardacvlili liderebic ki monawile­
oben. magaliTad, 17 miznidan pirveli gaxlavT „ara siRaribes“.
sa­­TauriT „mizani 1 _ ara siRaribes“ iuTubi sxva klipebTan er­
Tad gvTa­vazobs nelson mandelas istoriul gamosvlas londonSi,
tra­­ falgaris moedanze 2005 wels, romlis slogani iyo „gaxade
si­­Raribe istoria“ (Nelson Mandela…).
globaluri gamowvevebis kampaniebi masobriv gavrcelebas
aR­wevs originaluri internet gamowvevebiTa da mravalricxovani
heS­TegebiT...
gaero-s istoriuli samiti kidev ufro istoriuli gaxada pa­pi
franciskes Tanadgomam. is vrceli gamosvliT miesalma gaeros sa­
mits da xazi gausva mdgradi ganviTarebis 2030 programas. isaub­ra
programis iseT miznebze, rogoricaa siRatakisa da uTanasworo­bis
aRmofxvra, ekologiuri problemebi (am Temebs papi Tavadac xSi­
rad ganixilavs Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi). gaeros imdroindelma
ge­ neralurma mdivanma ban ki munma aRniSna, rom gaeros arsebo­
bis 70 wlian istoriaSi, es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac gaero-s
ge­ neraluri asambleis gaxsnis ceremonialSi monawileoba miiRo
ro­mis papma (Pope Francis decries…). gaero-s generaluri asambleis
Sem­­degi samitebi aqcents akeTebs globaluri miznebis sxvadasxva
as­peqtebze da akonkretebs miRwevis saSualebebs.
globaluri miznebis didi mxardaWerisa da reklamis miuxeda­
vad, aranakleb masStaburia antiglobalistebis kampania mis wina­
aR­mdeg. antiglobalistebis kritika 2030 dRis wesrigis gamoCenis­
Ta­ nave daiwyo. mravalricxovan literaturaSi magaliTisTvis
ga­movarCieT amerikeli blogerebis, maikl snaiderisa da maik adam­
sis statiebi, romlebic 2015 wlis seqtembris pirvel dReebSive
ga­moCnda, anu daaswro gaeros istoriul samits.
maikl snaideri 15-mde blogis Semqmneli da avtoria. misi an­
ti­globalisturi blogebi globalizacias akritikebs ekonomiku­
ri da religiuri argumentebiT (Blogs run by…). snaiderma Tavis
erT-erT blogze „amerikuli ocnebis dasasruli“ 2015 wlis 2 seq­
te­mbers gamoaqveyna statia „2030 dRis wesrigi: gaero axali msof­
lio wesrigis proeqts qmnis papis TanadgomiT“. snaideri CamoTv­
lis 17-ive globalur mizans, rac oficialurad 25 seqtembris
ga­ero-s samitze gaJRerda. misi azriT, globaluri elitisTvis
419
sa­SiSroebas warmoadgens xalxTa Tavisufleba da surs globalu­
ri kontrolis axal doneze ayvana. statiis dasasruls avtori
mo­uwodebs mxardamWerebs moqmedebisken, raTa globaluri elitis
xel­ Si ar aRmoCndes uprecedento Zalaufleba (The 2030 Agenda:
This month…). 2015 wlis 4 seqtembers snaideris statiis erTgvar
ga­grZelebas gvTavazobs kidev erTi cnobili blogeri maikl ale­
ni, romelic blogs „realuri ambebi“ (Natural News) maik adamsis
sa­xeliT uZRveba. adamsi ewinaaRmdegeba vaqcinacias, qimiuri medi­
ka­mentebisa da sayofacxovrebo qimiis gamoyenebas, cxovelebze sa­
medicino cdebis Catarebas, genmodificirebuli sakvebis warmoe­
bas, farmacevtuli kompaniebis bizness... aviTarebs SeTqmulebis
Te­oriebs garemos dabinZurebisa da adamianTa janmrTelobis da­
zianebis winaswarganzraxulobis Sesaxeb... adamsi Tavs janmrTe­
lobis reinjers uwodebs da mkiTxvelebs mouwodebs dasavluri
medicina alternatiuli mediciniT Caanacvlon. Tavis ideebs re­
pavs da klipebs iRebs. mis blogs 7 milionamde vizitori yavs yo­
velTve (Health ranger profile…).
2015 wlis 4 seqtembers adamsi Tavis blogze aqveynebs stati­
as: „gaero-s 2030 programa gaSifrulia: globaluri monobis pro­
eqti sayovelTao mmarTvelobis Ceqmis qveS“. adamsi gvTavazobs 17
mi­znis miseul „Targmans“. magaliTisaTvis, davasaxelebT ramdeni­
mes: `mizani 2~ SimSilis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, misi azriT gulisx­
mobs genmodificirebuli produqtis warmoebis waxalisebas; `mi­
zani 5~ genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb gulisxmobs qristianobis
kri­ minalizebas, heteroseqsualizmis marginalizebas, maskuli­
nobis demonizacias; `mizani 9~, romelic deklarirebs infrast­
ruq­ turuli proeqtebis xelSewyobas, industrializaciasa da
ino­­vaciebs, niSnavs erebis gaxlarTvas msoflio bankis kreditebSi
da korumpirebuli amerikuli korporaciebis kidev ufro met Car­
Tu­lobas msoflio infrastruqturul proeqtebSi... (UN 2030 age­
n­da decoded…).
antiglobalisturi kritika 2015 wlis Semdeg kidev uf­ro ga­­
m­ravlda. gaero-s generaluri mdivnis axalma moadgilem eko­no­­mi­
kisa da socialuri politikis sakiTxebSi liu Jenminma mra­valgzis
ga­usva xazi Tavis gamosvlebsa da interviuebSi, raoden mniSv­ ne­
lo­ vania globaluri miznebis miRweva, masSi yvela sa­ xelmwifos
mo­ nawileoba da antiglobalistebis kampania moixsenia rogorc
dabrkoleba am gzaze (Interview: Anti-globalization…). liu Jenminis az­
riT, globalizacia Seuqcevadi procesia. is gamo­ w­
vevebis winaSe
Ta­nabrad ayenebs rogorc ganviTarebul da industriul, aseve _
eko­nomikuri ganviTarebis gzaze myof sust da patara saxelmwifo­
420
ebs. amitomac, aucilebelia maTi TanamSromloba globalizaciis
procesSi. man aseve xazi gausva CineTis mzard rols globaluri
problemebis daZlevaSi (Xinhua Interview…).
aSS-s dazve­rvis erovnuli sabWo (NIC _ National Intelligence Co­
uncil) Seiqmna 1979 wels. misi mi­zania farTo sazogadoebisTvis xe­
lmisawvdomi saeqsperto dokumentebis momzadeba. sabWosTan Ta­
namSromloben eqspertebi samTavrobo, akademiuri, arasamTavrobo
da biznes wreebidan. 1997 wlidan sabWom daiwyo axali tipis doku­
mentebis _ „globaluri tendenciebi“ _ gamoqveyneba. doku­menti
qveyndeba yovel 4 we­li­wadSi erTxel aSS saprezidento ar­Ce­vnebis
Semdgom vidre prezidentis inauguraciamde da erTgvari sa­ kon­
sul­­ta­cio rCeve­bia axlad arCeuli prezidentebisTvis. dokumen­
ti warmoadgens mo­ mavali 15-20 wlis globaluri tendenciebis
strategiul mimoxilvas farTo spetrSi.
sabWos aqvs damoukidebeli veb-gverdi sxvadasxva qveganyofi­
le­bebiT, reportebis arqiviT, sasargeblo bmulebiTa da danarTe­
biT. specialuri seqcia bavSvebisTvisacaa gamoyofili. nebismi­
er in­ ternet-momxmarebels msoflios yvela regionidan SeuZlia
komentarebis gakeTeba da interaqcia sxvadasxva formiT (https://
www.dni.gov/index.php/global_trends_home).
aSS-s dazvervis erovnulma sabWom pirveli globaluri an­
gariSi „globaluri tendenciebi 2015: dialogi momavlis Sesaxeb
arasamTavrobo eqspertebTan“ gamoaqveyna 2000 wlis dekember­
Si. 100-gverdiani dokumenti dayofilia qveTavebad: mosaxleo­
ba; bunebrivi resursebi da garemo; mecniereba da teqnologiebi;
globaluri ekonomika; erovnuli da saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobe­
bi; momavlis konfliqtebi; ZiriTadi regionebi. danarTSi ganxi­
lulia globaluri momavlis oTxi savaraudo scenari. dRes sabWo
Ta­vis pirvel dokuments arasrulfasovans uwodebs, Tumca anga­
ri­Si udavod bevr iseT aspeqtze amaxvilebs aqcents, rac naklebad
aqtualuri moCanda XXs. bolos da gansakuTrebuli aq­ tualoba
SeiZina XXIs. dadgomisTanave. magaliTad, dokumentSi CaxedvisTana­
ve TvalSisacemia gansakuTrebuli aqcenti terorizmis mzard sa­
frTxeebze (Global Trends 2015…).
aSS-s dazvervis erovnuli sabWos 125-gverdiani reporti
„glo­baluri momavlis ruqa“ (Mapping the Global Future) gamoqveynda
2004w. dekemberSi. is Sedgeba Semdegi qveTavebisgan: globalizaci­
is winaaRmdegobebi; aRmavali Zalebi da geopolitikuri landSaf­
tis cvlileba; mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi; usafrTxoebis yovlis­
momcveli safrTxeebi; sajaro mmarTvelobis Sedegebi (Mapping the
Global Future…).
421
 120-gverdiani dokumenti _ „globaluri tendenciebi 2025:
tra­nsformirebuli msoflio“ gamoqveynda 2008w. noemberSi. is
Se­dgeba 7 Tavisgan: ekonomikis globalizacia; demografiuli di­
so­ nansi; axali moTamaSeebi; energo-usafrTxoeba; mzardi konf­
li­qtebi; saerTaSoriso sistemis gamowvevebi; ZalTa gadanawileba
mul­tipolarul msoflioSi. aseve mocemulia globaluri tenden­
ciebis 4 scenari (Global Trends 2025…).
166-gverdiani dokumenti „globaluri tendenciebi 2030: al­
ternatiuli samyaroebi“ gamoqveynda 2012w. dekemberSi. mas wamZR­
va­rebuli aqvs jon meinard qeinsis citata: „azri, rom momavali
iqneba gansxvavebuli awmyosgan, iseTi autanelia Cveni standartu­
li azrovnebisa da qcevisTvis, rom umravlesoba CvenTagani uars
vambobT masze“. dokumenti iwyeba sityvebiT: 2030 msoflio radi­
kalurad gansxvavebuli iqneba dRevandelobisgan.
dokumentSi megatrendebad gamoyofilia: individualuri Se­
sa­Zleblobebis zrda; Zalis difuzia; demografiuli cvlilebebi;
sakvebis, wylisa da energo resursebi. globaluri wesrigis TamaSis
wesebis cvalebadobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs miCenili kri­
zi­sisadmi midrekil globalur ekonomikas; mmarTvelobas, romel­
ic fexs ver uwyobs daCqarebul globalur cvlilebebs; gazrdili
konfliqtebis albaTobas; regionalur arastabilurobas; axali
teq­nologiebis zegavlenas; gaeros mzard rols... alternatiuli
samyaroebis gaCenaSi did rols Seasrulebs saxelmwifoTaSorisi
kon­ fliqtebis mzardi riski; mzardi uTanasworoba _ boTlidan
ga­moSvebuli jini. angariSis prognoziT, TanamSromlobis dabali
xarisxis pirobebSi aSS kargavs msoflio policielis rols; izr­
deba arasaxelmwifoebrivi aqtorebis roli saerTaSori­so poli­
tikaSi (Global trends 2030…).
tradiciisamebr, 2016 wlis dekemberSi unda gamoqveynebuli­
yo 2035 dokumenti. Tumca 2017 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda
235-gverdiani angariSi: „globaluri tendenciebi, progresis pa­
ra­doqsi“ (Global Trends. Paradox…). dokumenti ganmartavs, rom aRwe­
rili tenden­ci­ebi 2035 wlamde periods moiazrebs, Tumca gansaku­
T­rebuli aq­cen­tebi keTdeba uaxloes aTwleulze kidev erTxel,
ra­dganac uaxloes momavalSi msoflio didi turbulentobis wi­
naSe warsdgeba. swrafi teqnologiuri progresi Seqmnis sruliad
axali tipis proble­me­bsa da gamowvevebs. angariSi orientirdeba
Semdeg sa­kiTxebze: mo­mavlis ruqa; globaluri wesrigis cvlile­
bis tendenciebi; axlo momavali: mzardi konfliqti; Soreuli mo­
mavlis scenarebi.
angariSis momzadebis procesSi analitikosebs konsultacie­
422
bi hqondaT 35 qveynis mTavrobebsa da interes jgufebTan: anali­
tikuri centrebi, studentebi, mewarmeebi, qalTa organizaciebi...
angariSi gamoirCeva Temebis simravliTa da geografiuli ar­
ealis sididiT. misi prezentacia Catarda 2017w. 9 ianvars vaSing­
tonSi. 4 Tematur panelad dayofil ganxilvaSi monawileobdnen
angariSis avtorebi, miwveuli eqspertebi. ganxilvas eswrebodnen
da kiTxvebs svamdnen mediebis warmomadgenlebi. prezentaciis vid­
eo Canaweris naxva SesaZlebelia veb-gverdze (Paradox of Progress…).
angariSSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTTdeba Zalauflebis Tvisob­
riv cvlilebebze (fenomenze, rasac amerikelma politologma jo­
zef naim Zalis tranzicia da difuzia uwoda). Zala da Zalaufleba,
romelic Sedgeboda daTvladi komponentebisgan (samxedro, eko­
nomikuri, demografiuli maCveneblebi) ufro metad gaxdeba da­
mokidebuli aramaterialur ganzomilebebze (ideebi, urTierTo­
bebi...).
angariSis moculobidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia erT sta­
tiaSi misi sruli mimoxilva. gvinda Tezisebis saxiT Camovayali­
boT ramdenime sakiTxis Cveneuli Sejameba:
1. momdevno 5 wlis manZilze gaizrdeba daZabuloba rogorc
qve­ynebs SigniT, aseve qveynebs Soris. interesTa SeuTavsebloba
ci­vi omis droindel masStabebs miaRwevs. sxvaoba sazogadoebebis
Ri­rebulebebs Soris gaizrdeba. gaCndeba TanamSromlobis da kon­
frontaciis axali geopolitikuri sivrceebi da e.w. „geopoliti­
kuri ruxi zonebi“. savaWro Tu samxedro TanamSromloba naklebad
damokidebuli gaxdeba geografiul siaxloveze;
2. demografiuli problemebi axal ganzomilebas miaRwevs.
mo­saxleoba izrdeba. muSaxelis raodenoba ki mcirdeba teqnolo­
giebis xarjze. dasavleTis teqnologiurad ganviTarebul qveynebs
muSaxeliT veRar Seavsebs aradasavluri sazogadoebebi, maT amisi
unar-Cvevebi ar eqnebaT. dasavleTis qveynebSi gagrZeldeba de­
mografiuli dabereba da mosaxleobis raodenobis kleba, ganviTa­
rebad qveynebSi ki piriqiT, moxdeba demografiuli afeTqeba. 25-35
wlis perspeqtivaSi TiTqmis yvela afrikuli qveyana gaormagdeba
mo­saxleobis raodenobiT. aucilebeli gaxdeba afrikis kontinen­
tis problemebis aqtualizacia;
3. globalizaciis procesi uprecedento gaRrmavebas ganic­
dis. teqnologiuri revolucia da xelovnuri inteleqtis far­
To gamoyeneba axal masStabebs iZens. am procesSi mogebulebi da
wa­gebulebi axali konfiguraciT gadanawildebian did saWadrako
do­ neze. wagebulTa mxares SesaZloa aRmoCndnen Tavad dasavlu­
ri sazogadoebebi. marTalia, swored isini floben teqnologiebs,
423
magram teqnologiuri revolucia xels Seuwyobs saSualo fenis
eko­ nomikur stagnacias, saSualo fena ki dasavluri sazogadoe­
bebis politikur-ekonomikuri safuZvelia. sagareo faqtorebic
ar iqneba momgebiani dasavleTisTvis. axali geopolitikuri am­
biciebi ruseTis, CineTisa da sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan daa­
sustebs aSS gavlenebs. aSS-ma unda iswavlos Tavisi interesebis
arealis SezRudva;
4. wagebulTa banakSi moiazreba postsabWoTa qveynebi. maT
ver moaxerxes sruli transformacia da civi omis droindeli Ca­
mor­Cenilobis daZleva. es uTanasworoba ki mniSvnelovnad gaizr­
deba Semdgom wlebSi. post-komunisturi qveynebidan yvelaze didi,
ruseTi ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebis gaRrmavebas
nacionalizmis zrdiTa da sagareo eqspansiis gaaqtiurebiT upa­
suxebs. mogebulTa mxares aRmoCndeba mzardi ekonomikis qveynebi,
gansakuTrebiT CineTi. Tumca ruseTi da CineTi moZvelebuli ZalTa
balansis TamaSis wesebs misdeven da es TamaSi aRaravis ainteresebs.
5. progresi vs. ekologia. Tu XXs. mTavari Temebi iyo saxelmwi­
foebrivi suvereniteti da adaminis uflebebi, XXI saukuneSi mTavar
problemad klimatis cvlileba da resursebis simwire moiazreba.
6. usafrTxoebis sferoSi axal masStabebs miiRebs amJamad
ar­sebuli safrTxeebi: teqnologiuri winsvla xels Seuwyobs te­
rorizmisa da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebas, nar­
ko­gadazidvebs. gamartivdeba saomari moqmedebebis warmoeba ge­og­
ra­fiulad daSorebul teritoriebze. zRvari omsa da mSvidobas
So­ ris gaxdeba sruliad bundovani. aseve cvalebadi iqneba kon­
frontaciisa da TanamSromlobis centrebi. kidev ufro aqtual­
uri gaxdeba usafrTxoebis arasamxedro aspeqtebi, gansakuTrebiT
ki­berusafrTxoeba.
7. gaizrdeba im saxelmwifoTa ricxvi, romelTac geopoliti­
kur zegavlenebze aqvT pretenzia. saxelmwifoebis paralelurad
individebi da mcire interes-jgufebi SeZleben imoqmedon saxelm­
wifoebis msgavsad. tradiciuli politikuri Temebi dakargavs aq­
tualobas da gaCndeba axali Temebi, romelic gagvaocebs Tavisi
kompleqsurobiTa da sakiTxTa simravliT. TanamSromlobis tra­
di­ciuli formebi Seicvleba da garTuldeba.
8. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gardauvali safuZveli iqneba
ga­naTleba, teqnologiuri inovaciebi da socialuri jgufebis
nak­lebi marginalizacia, maT Soris genderuli problemebis da­
Zleva. teqnologiur inovaciebze dafuZnebuli axli produqtebis
ga­Cena gaarTulebs Rirebulebis, patentebisa da sabaJo gadasaxa­
debis tradiciulad arsebul Tvladobas, xarisxis kontrols...
424
ka­pitalizmis piramidaSi saTaveSi myofi mdidrebis 1% mogebulTa
mxares aRmoCndeba, magram maT unda gaiTvaliswinon piramidis sxva
doneebze arsebuli problemebi sakuTarive keTildReobisTvis.
9. icvleba realizmze dafuZnebuli 1945 wesrigi, sadac saer­
TaSoriso politikis mTavar aqtorebs saxelmwifoebi warmoadgen­
da. msoflio gaxdeba post-modernuli meta-narativebisa da me­
ga-aqtorebis gareSe, rac Tvisobrivad Secvlis omis, mSvidobis,
mmarTvelobis, konfliqtis, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zlierebis
Cve­ul aRqmas. informaciis simravle da urTierTgamomricxavi xa­
siaTi Seqmnis mraval realobas.
10. individi, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis aqtori,
sru­liad uprecedentoa kacobriobis istoriaSi. koordinacia da
Ta­ namSromloba individebs, interes jgufebsa da saxelmwifoebs
Soris axali tendencia gaxdeba. zesaxelmwifoebis metoqeoba Sem­
cirdeba da asparezze gamoCndeba rogorc regionaluri saxelmwi­
foebi, aseve arasaxelmwifoebrivi Zalebi.
11. axali saxis gamowvevebi gazrdis krizisebis albaTobas,
rac xels Seuwyobs populizmis zrdas, maT Soris dasavlur sazo­
gadoebebSi. gaizrdeba propaganda da dezinformacia. sajaro
mmarTveloba da erovnuli xelisuflebebi mzad unda iyvnen am axa­
li gamowvevebis dasaZlevad. mTavrobis unari miiRos swrafi gada­
wyvetilebebi myisieri safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg da akontrolos
kanonis uzenaesoba gadamwyveti gaxdeba qveynis usafrTxo arsebo­
bisTvis. fuli veRar iqneba mmarTvelobis mTavari instrumenti.
sazogadoebebi, romlebic miCveulia kanonis uzenaesobas, poli­
tikuri procesebis gamWvirvalobas da politikur Tu socialur
pluralizms, ufro advilad gauZlebs mzard turbulentobas.
12. liberaluri demokratiis gamowvevas Tavad liberaluri
de­ mokratiis safuZvlebi Seqmnis. iseTi safrTxeebi, rogoricaa
mig­ racia, populizmi, samoqalaqo dapirispireba naklebad daa­
zianebs aSS-s, magram evrokavSiris qveynebze pirdapiri zegavlena
gar­dauvalia. evrokavSiris didi saxelmwifoebi Tavs mogebulTa
mxa­res ganixilaven, magram amave dros aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT maT
mouwevT axlo aRmosavleTidan momdinare arastabilurobasTan
gam­klaveba.
13. evropis saparlamento politikur sistemebs gauWirdeba
po­litikuri moqniloba. politikuri liderobis deficiti mniSv­
nelovnad gaarTulebs axal gamowvevebTan brZolis SesaZleblo­
bas. didi investireba unda moxdes diplomatiis sferoSi. sagareo
politikaSi XXs. 90-ian wlebSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi aRar
iq­neba panacea. politikis aqtorebma unda aRiaron cvlilebebi
425
romelic moxda da moxdeba momavalSi. dasavleTma Seqmna teqnolo­
gi­ebi da masve mouwevs teqnologiuri revoluciis mZime Sedegebis
daZleva.
14. ZiriTadi gamowveva: kiberusafrTxoeba, axali geopoliti­
kuri TamaSebi, eqstremizmis zrda (ara mxolod terorizmis, ara­
med saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebis saxiT).
15. gamosavali unda moiZebnos diplomatiisa da TanamSromlo­
bis ganviTarebaSi, strategiuli komunikaciis gaRrmavebaSi, axali
aliansebisa da koaliciebis SeqmnaSi sxvadasxva Temis garSemo. me­
tad aqtualuri gaxdeba politikuri moqniloba, dialogi yvelas­
Tan da yvelaferze.
statiaSi ganxilul or angariSs Tu SevadarebT, isini Tviso­
b­rivad sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa, Tumca SesaZlebelia saerTo Temebis
ga­moyofa: globalizaciis procesis gaRrmaveba, efeqturi sajaro
mmarTvelobis aucilebloba did ekonomikur da geopolitikur
pro­ eqtebSi CarTulobisTvis, diplomatiisa da TanamSromlobis
mniSvnelobis zrda, swrafi progresis aucilebloba, axali pa­
suxismgeblobebi erovnuli mTavrobebis winaSe. garda amisa, aSS
da­zv­ervis erovnuli sabWo gansakuTrebul aqcentebs akeTebs
usafrTxoebis axali gamowvevebze _ usafrTxoebis arasamxedro
as­peqtebi, axali geopolitikuri centrebis Seqmna, aSS rolis
Semcireba saerTaSoriso politikuri wesrigis transformacia­
Si (post-amerikuli msoflio?), terorizmisa da qveyanaTaSori­
si konfliqtebis zrda, omsa da mSvidobas Soris zRvaris gabun­
dovaneba... Sidapolitikur asparezze politikuri krizisebi da
po­pulizmis zrda... tradiciuli ekonomikuri procesebis arava­
liduroba (kriptovaluta, kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, nano­
teq­ nologiebi...) SegviZlia ganvazogadoT, rom orive angariSi
aRwers saerTaSoriso wesrigis cvlilebis aucileblobas da gvaf­
r­Txilebs transformaciis sirTuleebis Sesaxeb.
arc antiglobalizmi da arc globalizaciisgan gandgomis
mcde­loba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos adekvatur pasuxad mosalodnel
turbulentur epoqaSi. globalizacia yvelas karze akakunebs. es
didi procesi monawileebs mogebulebad da wagebulebad anawi­
lebs, Tumca gandegilobis SesaZleblobas aravis miscems.
saqarTvelom, iseve rogorc sxva yvela qveyanam, unda gaanali­
zos „progresis paradoqsi“. akademiur literaturaSi unda gaRr­
mavdes kvleva da msjeloba axali Temebis garSemo. Cveni rekomenda­
ciiT, aucilebelia axali politikuri kursis SemuSaveba, sadac
maRali iqneba politikur Zalebs Soris TanamSromlobis xarisxi
da konsensusi erovnul prioritetebze. ganaTleba, teqnologiuri
426
winsvla, axali ekonomikuri iniciativebi da mdgradi ganviTareba
gardauval prioritetad unda iqces. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo­
sa da moqnili sajaro mmarTvelobis gareSe SeuZlebeli gaxdeba
Si­da Tu gare populizmis daZleva, usafrTxoebis tradiciul Tu
axal gamowvevebTan brZola. diax, momavali gansxvavebuli iqneba
awmyosgan da unda viazrovnoT arastandartulad. transformacia
qmnis kriziss, krizisi ki cvlilebebis SesaZleblobas.

bibliografia:

• mdgradi ganviTarebis... _ mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebi 2030. http://

www.ge.undp.org/content/georgia/ka/home/post_2015/sdg_overview.html;
• BLOGS RUN BY… – Blogs run by Michael Snyder. https://www.facebook.com/notes/
jesse_roberge/blogs_run_by_michael_snyder_end_of_the_american_dream_the_
economic_collapse_blog/4495815604091/;
• GLOBAL TRENDS 2015… – Global Trends 2015: A dialogue about the future with
nongovernment experts, – https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Global%20
Trends_2015%20Report.pdf;
• GLOBAL TRENDS 2025… – Global Trends 2025: A transformed world, – https://
www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2025_Global_
Trends_Final_Report.pdf;
• GLOBAL TRENDS 2030… – Global trends 2030: Alternative Worlds, – https://global-
trends2030.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/global_trends_2030_november2012.pdf;
• GLOBAL TRENDS. PARADOX… – Global Trends. Paradox of Progress, – https://www.
dni.gov/files/documents/nic/GT_Full_Report.pdf;
• HEALTH RANGER PROFILE… – Health ranger profile and history, – http://www.
healthranger.com/Health_Ranger_Biography.html;
• INTERVIEW: ANTI-GLOBALIZATION… – Interview: Anti-globalization will hinder
global development goals: senior UN official, – http://news.xinhuanet.com/en-
glish/2017_08/06/c_136502349.htm;
• MAPPING THE… – Mapping the Global Future, – https://www.dni.gov/files/docu-
ments/Global%20Trends_Mapping%20the%20Global%20Future%202020%20Proj-
ect.pdf;
• MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS… – Millenium development goals, – http://
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/;
• MR. BEAN AND… – Mr. Bean and the global goals, – https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=s8cWM_TFZwM;
• NELSON MANDELA… – Nelson Mandela speech in Trafalgar Square, – https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=1NennMCLG7A;
• PARADOX OF PROGRESS… – Paradox of Progress. Presentation, – https://www.dni.

427
 gov/index.php/digital_extras/newseum_launch_presentation;
• POPE FRANCIS DECRIES… – Pope Francis, decries global “culture of waste”, urges
action sustainable development, – http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/
blog/2015/09/at_un_pope_francis_decries_global_culture_of_waste_urges_ac-
tion_to_ensure_integral_development_for_all/;
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS… – Sustainable development goals, – http://
www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development_agenda/;
• THE 2030 AGENDA: THIS MONTH… – The 2030 Agenda: This month the UN launches
a blueprint for a new world order with the help of the pope, – http://endoftheamer-
icandream.com/archives/the_2030_agenda_this_month_the_un_launches_a_blue-
print_for_a_new_world_order_with_the_help_of_the_pope;
• UN 2030 AGENDA DECODED… – The United Nations 2030 agenda decoded: It’s a
blueprint for the global enslavement of humanity under the boot of corporate mas-
ter, – https://www.naturalnews.com/051058_2030_Agenda_United_Nations_glob-
al_enslavement.html;
• XINHUA INTERVIEW… – Xinhua Interview: Liu Zhenmin, UN under_secretary_general
for economic and social affairs, – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiqTjROwubA.

GVANTSA ABDALADZE1

2030 – CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER

The article reviews UN Global Goals (SDGs) and “Global Trends, Paradox of
progress” by National Intelligence Council. Though these two documents have
different purposes and character, it is possible to compare them and find sim-
ilarities. They both underline the deepening process of globalization and the
necessity of effective public policy to be involved in economic and geopolitical
projects as well as the rising influence of diplomacy and cooperation and the
necessity for rapid progress… Besides, National Intelligence Council emphasizes
new challenges that political elites will face – new security threats (hybrid wars,
grey zone wars); the creation of new geopolitical centers; decreasing USA role
in the process of transformation of International order (post_American world?);
spreading terrorism and raising the possibility of interstate conflicts; changing
nature of power and vagueness between wartime and peace; raising populism
and political crises in the state political systems… New technologies (crypto
currency, computer technologies, nanotechnologies…) are changing traditional
1
Gvantsa Abdaladze – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
428
economic systems and will change further in the future… To sum up, both docu-
ments describe how new actors are pushing back 1945 International order and
warn us about difficulties of transformational period.
Neither anti globalism nor isolationism is not adequate answer to the tur-
bulent period of transformation. Globalization will knock at every door. Global-
ization is dividing states into winners and losers, but is not allowing not being
involved in the process.
Georgia, as all the other countries has to analyze “Paradox of Progress”.
Academic society has to pay more attention to the new topics. In the political
process of the country it’s advisable to elaborate new political course ground-
ed on the consensus about national priorities. Education, new technologies and
sustainable development must be the main priorities. Lack of law supremacy
and public policy effectiveness will harden to overcome new challenges.

429
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

guram abesaZe1

politikis Teoria da misi funqciuri prioritetebi

politikuri tranziciis procesSi

termini `Teoria~ warmodgeba berZnuli sityvisagan `θεωρία~,

ro­melic niSnavs `ganxilvas~, `kvlevas“. politikis Teoriis qveS
mo­iazreba Sexedulebebis, ideebis, koncefciebis, paradigmebisa da
mo­ delebis erToblioba, romelic asaxavs politikuri realobis
ka­nonzomierebebs, procesebsa da ZiriTad tendenciebs. politikis
Te­oriis safuZvelze mimdinareobs politikuri kursis, politikuri
ori­entaciebisa da prioritetebis, politikuri cvlilebebis mo­
de­lebisa da paradigmebis SemuSaveba da konkretul situaciebSi
re­alizacia. politikis Teoria politikuri sivrcis realur em­
pi­riul situaciebs Seimecnebs da garkveul ideebs, paradigmebsa
da modelebs warmogvidgens, romelic politikuri programis an
koncefciis saxes iRebs. politikis Teorias gansakuTrebuli mni­
S­
vneloba eniWeba gardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi, radganac
sa­xelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebisa da politikuri tranziciis Zi­ri­
Tad modelebsa da paradigmebs warmogvidgens.
politikis Teoria eris politikur-inteleqtualur da kul­
tu­rul-RirebulebiT fenomenebs emyareba da drosa da sivrceSi
Ta­ vis ganmsazRvrul rolsa da funqciebs asrulebs. politikis
Te­ oria is fenomenia, romelic politikuri drois moTxovnebs
asa­xavs da prognozirebs movlenaTa msvlelobas. politikis Te­
oriis Sinaarsi istoriuli Tanacxovrebis droiTi procesebiT ga­
nisazRvreba da garkveul politikur sivrceSi realizdeba. `Te­
oria aris garkveuli mtkicebebis erToblioba, romelic codnis
sis­tematizacias da garkveuli fenomenis axsnas axdens. xvanairad
rom vTqvaT Teoria gvexmareba arsebuli codnis organizebaSi, sis­
tematizirebasa da kordinirebaSi. arcerTi Teoria ar dgas bo­
1
guram abesaZe _ politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universiteti.
430
lo­mde `faqtebze~, radgan is yovelTvis Seicavs daumtkicebel da
Se­ uswavlel definiciebsa da mtkicebebs. Sesabamisad, rac ufro
bev­ri fenomenis axsna SeuZlia Teorias, miT ufro Rirebulia is~
(politikis…, 2013: 47,51).
Tanamedrove qarTuli politika, upirvelesad, sivrcisa
da drois realur gaazrebas moiTxovs, romelic politikis Te­
oriaSi ideologiuri koncefciebis saxiT iqneba warmodgenili.
pra­gmatuloba da empiriuli procesebis latenturobis gaazreba
po­litikis Teoriis WeSmaritebis sinTezirebuli niSania. Ta­na­med­
ro­ ve qarTuli politikis Teoria ilia WavWavaZis mier mocemul
pa­radigmul sqemas unda emyarebodes: `... rogor gadavrCiT? wa­me­
bul­ni da sisxl-mTxevelni mamulisaTvis ramRa gvacocxla, ram gva­
su­liera? man, rom vicodiT - im dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixe-
si­magre, misi far-xmali. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT. xmali
un­ doda, xmlis Wedva vicodiT. ai, ram SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna,
ram Segvinaxa!.. im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, im droTa qar-
cecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa samWedloSi naWedni… dro­
Ta Sesaferi Rone vicodiT, droTa Sesaferi xerxi, droTa Se­sa­feri
codna gvqonda, droTa Sesaferi mxneoba da gamrjeloba~ (Wav­WavaZe,
1987: 175-176). ilia aq xazs usvams politikaSi drois faq­ toris
mniSvnelobas, romelic politikis Teoriis SemuSavebis upi­ r­
veles pirobas warmoadgens. e.i. politikis Teoria es aris gar­
k­veul politikur drosa da sivrceSi mocemuli politikuri Se­
xe­ dulebebis, ideebisa da koncefciebis erToblioba, romelSic
war­ modgenilia politikuri ganviTarebis konceptualuri mo­ de­
le­bi da paradigmebi. amerikeli politologi nil rimeri aRniSnavs,
rom politikis Teoria SemoqmedebiTi dargia da politikis did
pro­blemebs _ eTikuris, empiriulis da gonivrulis _ kritikul Ses­
wav­las warmoadgens (rimeri, 1993: 18-19).
politikis TeoriaSi farTo diskursi gaCaRda po­ li­
ti­
kuri tranziciis calkeuli sakiTxebis irgvliv. saWiro iyo pos­
t­ komunistur qveynebSi politikuri cvlilebebis pri­ ori­te­
tu­ li sakiTxebi Teoriuli kuTxiT damuSavebuliyo, romelic
da­­em­yareboda da axleburad gaiazrebda empiriul politikur pro­
ce­sebs. dRis wesrigSi dadga axali msoflio wesrigis mTeli rigi
pro­blemebisa da movlenebis Teoriuli kvlevisa da paradigmuli
ana­lizis aucilebloba. vfiqrobT, politikis Teoriis aqtualoba
or­ma mniSvnelovanma movlenam ganapiroba:
1. Tanamedrove globaluri politika Zalian swraf cvlilebebs
ga­ nicdis; darRveulia axali msoflio wesrigis konfiguracia,
glo­ balur sivrceSi daiwyo axali geopolitikuri gadanawileba,
431
`civi omis~ Semdgomi TanamSromlobiTi sivrce garkveul cvli­
le­ bebs ganicdis. amas Tan daerTo postsabWour qveynebSi po­
li­ tikuri tranziciis siZneleebi da konfliqturi situaciebis
war­ moSoba. aseTi movlenebi da misi politikuri Sedegebi axal
Te­ oriul da Rrma konceptualur gaazrebebs saWiroeben. TviT
po­litikis kvleva dadga axali Teoriuli gamowvevebis winaSe,
ro­ melmac politikuri cvlilebebis SefasebiTi elementebi wina
pla­nze wamoswia; dRis wesrigSi dadga saxelmwifoTaSoriso Ta­nam­
Sro­mlobis axali modelebisa da calkeul qveynebSi politikuri
tra­nziciis paradigmebis gaazrebis aucilebloba.
2. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi TviT­dam­kvi­d­
reba garkveul gamowvevebsa da riskebTan aris dakavsirebuli, ro­
me­lic Rrma pragmatul-Teoriul politikur kvlevas saWiroebs.
sam­wuxarod, qarTuli politikis zogierTi iracionaluri movlena
ara­sakmarisi Teoriuli da konceptualuri diskursiT iyo ga­mo­
wveuli. Tanamedrove qarTuli politikuri procesi Zalze aq­tu­
alurs xdis politikuri tranziciis Teoriuli problemebis da­
muSavebasa da tranzitologiuri sakiTxebis racionalur ga­az­re­bas.
politikis Teoriis statusi politikis samyaros SeswavlaSi
gan­m­sazRvrelia da mis gareSe seriozuli politikuri cvli­ le­
bebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia; igi politikuri sivrcis Ri­re­
bulebiT-SefasebiT paradigmebsa da modelebs warmogvidgens, ro­
me­lic empiriul situaciebSi gamovlindeba. samwuxarod, qarTul
si­namdvileSi, politikis Teoriul-paradigmul gaazrebebs naklebi
yu­radReba eqceva da aqcenti, mxolod raodenobriv-faqrobriv
mov­ lenebzea gadatanili. situaciuri analizi Teoriuli da ra­
ode­nobrivi kvlevis sinTezia, romlis gareSec problemebis ga­da­
wyve­ta da movlenebis prognozireba SeuZlebelia.
tranzitul politikur sivrceSi aucilebelia politikis Te­
ori­is problemebis kvleva da garkveuli gaazrebebis modelireba,
ro­mlebic gamoyenebiTi aspeqtebiT iqneba gajerebuli. politikis
Te­oriis arsebiTi specifikuroba SeiZleba imaSic iyos, rom misi
mi­zania gamoyenebiTi Teoriis Seqmna, romelic gadmoicema ideebSi,
pro­ gramebSi, paradigmebSi, modelebsa da scenarebSi. Teoriuli
dis­kursi erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodia gamoyenebiTi politikis Te­
ori­is SemuSavebaSi, romelic gvaZlevs konceptualur modelebsa
da paradigmebs, warmoSobs movlenebis ganviTarebis hipoTezur
va­riantebs. politikis Teoriis mecnieruloba mis gamoyenebiTY da
pra­g­matul RirebulebaSi mdgomareobs.
Tanamedrove qarTul politikis mecnierebaSi politikis Te­
oriis sakvlevi problemebi yovelTvis sworad ar aris gagebuli. Za­
432
lian bevri avtori politikis Teorias politikis filosofiasTan
an politikuri moZRvrebebis istoriasTan aigivebs, rac ar SeZleba
mi­viCnioT marTebulad. Tu, Cven politikis Teorias politikis mo­
ZRvrebebis an ideebis istoriaze daviyvanT, maSin mas ekargeba Ta­
namedrove, gamoyenebiTi xasiaTi da politikur tranziciaSi, gar­
kve­uli azriT, gamousadegari xdeba. politikis Teorias ar unda
da­ukargoT Tavisi droiTi da sivrciTi xasiaTi da mniSvneloba.
po­litologi d. mileri ambobs, rom politikis Seswavla, romelSic
Ti­Toeuli axali Teoria aumjobesebs winamorbed Teoriebs. metic,
kla­sikurma Teoriebma TavianTi statusi moipoves swored analizis
me­SveobiT da isini xSirad nayofieri arian Tanamedrove politikis
Se­saxeb fiqris dros. magram istoriuli midgoma politikuri Te­
ori­ is mimarT ar gamodgeba… politikuri Teoria konkretul
da­kvirvebaTa da empiriul ganzogadebaTa sinTezirebas axdens
(politika…, 2006: 53, 55).
saqarTveloSi gamoqveynebuli bevri samecniero naSromi an
saswavlo programa am savalalo Secdomas ver ascda. Cven gvWi­
r­deba gamoyenebiTi politikis Teoria, romelic Tavis TavSi
po­litikis filosofiasa da politikuri ideebis istorias gar­
kve­uli doziT moicavs. isini SeZleba, politikis Teoriis sub­dis­
ciplinebad miviCnioT, radganac maTi ideebis RirebulebiTi ga­
azrebebis Sedegad srulyofil Terorias ver miviRebT. am ga­ge­biT,
Tanamedrove politikis Teoria aris politikuri ideebis, kon­
cefciebis, modelebisa da paradigmebis erToblioba, romelic em­
yareba politikuri procesebis konceptualur analizsa da dis­kurs;
misi RirebulebiTi da pragmatul-gamoyenebiTi aspeqtebi dro­iTi
da sivrciTi parametrebiT ganisazrvreba da politikuri sis­temis
mdgradobasa da demokratiis stabilur funqcionirebas em­yareba.
saqarTveloSi politikis Teoria tranzitologiuri pa­ra­di­
gmebiT unda iyos gajerebuli, radganac politikuri sivrce mwva­ve
gasmowvevebisa da riskebis winaSe dgas. politikuri sivrcis de­mo­
kra­tiuli da kulturul-inteleqtualuri tranzicia politikis
Te­oriis aqtualur Temad iqca. qarTuli politikuri sistema Tavis
Tvi­Tmyofad struqturas qmnis, romelic politikis Teoriis mier
Se­muSavebul paradigmul sqemebsa da modelebs unda emyarebodes.
ami­tom, aucilebelia politikuri sistemis, politikuri reJimis,
po­litikuri institutebis, politikuri aqtorebis, politikuri
ide­ologiis, politikuri procesis struqturis, adamianTa qcevis
mo­tivaciebisa da politikuri monawileobis formebis Teoriuli
da gamoyenebiTi aspeqtebis damuSaveba, romelic politikis fi­
lo­sofiis, qarTuli da msoflio politikuri azris miRwevebs da­
28. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 433
em­yareba. politikis Teoria politikuri azris memkvidreobiTi da
Ta­ namedrove elementebis sinTezirebas axdens da modelirebul
axal Teorias sTavazobs politikis aqtorebs. vfiqrobT, aseTi ga­
gebiT unda iswavlebodes da mkvidrdebodes politikis Teoria qar­
Tul sinamdvileSi da ara ganyenebuli, moZvelebuli TeoriebiTa
da ideebiT, romlis dakavSireba realur situaciebTan naklebad
mim­dinareobs.
amrigad, politikis Teoria es aris mudam ganaxlebadi, po­li­
tikuri diskursis safuZvelze miRebuli konceptualuri in­ter­
pre­ taciebisa da koncefciebis erToblioba, romelic drosa da
siv­rceSi asaxavs politikis samyaros mudam cvalebad procesebs.
po­litikis Teoria es aris tranziciis procesis konceptualuri
ide­ebisa da Rirebulebebis sistema, romelic saxelmZRvanelo kon­
cefciebsa da paradigmebs warmoadgens politikur aqtorTa mo­R­
va­weobaSi, axdens maTi saqmianobis racionalizirebas, xels uwyobs
pra­gmatuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas.
politikis Teoria drosa da sivrceSi mocemuli ideebis,
kon­ ceptualuri midgomebis, interpretaciebis, hipoTezebis, pa­
radigmebisa da a.S. erTobliobaa, romelic pragmatul da gar­dam­
qmnel rols asrulebs sazogadoebaSi. politikis Teoria kon­kre­
tul-istoriuli procesis moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes da
erTgvari orientiris rols unda asrulebdes. politikuri siv­
rce politikis Teorias konkretul situaciebSi erTgvar ga­moc­
das utarebs; Tu is politikur sivrceSi gamousadegaria, maSin
igi droiTi moTxovnis arasrulyofilebis gamo kraxs ganicdis.
is­toriam icis iseTi Teoriebi, romlebmac droisa da sivrcis mo­
Txovnebs ver gauZlo da kraxiT daasrules Tavisi arseboba. po­li­
tikis Teoria yovelTvis sicocxlisunariani da ganaxlebadi pro­
cesia, romelic SemoqmedebiT inteleqtualur fenomenebs em­ya­reba.
politikis Teoriis pragmatuloba mis racionalurobaSi
vlin­deba, romelic politikur inteleqts unda emyarebodes. sam­
wuxarod, politikaSi yovelTvis ar aris inteleqtualuri fe­no­
menis adgili da roli gaazrebuli da Sefasebuli; zogjer, po­li­
tikuri situacia iseT RirebulebiT stilSia agebuli, rom ad­gili
aRar rCeba politikur inteleqtsa da racionalur Zalebs. po­
li­ tikuri inteleqtis dakargva iwvevs iracionaluri da viwro
par­ tiul-klanuri procesebis gaZlierebas, romelic mudmivi
kri­zisebisa da konfliqtebis sindroms amkvidrebs. politika ar
arsebobs racionalurisa da iracionaluris Tanafardobis ga­
re­Se; racionaluri politikis Teoria inteleqtualuri elitis
Se­moqmedebiT potencials emyareba da iracionaluri procesebis
434
daZ­levis garantiebs iZleva.
istoriaSi, zogjer, yofila iseTi eqstremistuli da ava­ n­
tiuristuli Zalebi, romlebic saTanadod ver afasebdnen ra­ci­
ona­ lur politikur Teorias, ver axerxebdnen axal situaciebSi
ori­ entirebas. avantiurizmi damRupvelia politikaSi, romelmac
Se­iZleba eri-saxelmwifos arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos. ami­
tom, inteleqtualuri fenomenis gaZliereba politikur pro­ces­Si
pragmatuli politikis Teoriis SemuSavebis upirvelesi pi­ro­baa.
gansakuTrebiT, tranziciis procesSi myofi axali de­ mo­
kra­ tiis qveynebi ganicdian politikuri inteleqtis naklebobas,
rac iwvevs politikis Teoriis ugulebelyofas an axali Te­ori­
uli koncefciebis ar arsebobas. politikis Teoriis axali mo­
de­lebisa da koncefciebis ar arseboba iwvevs politikuri pro­
ce­sis TviTdinebaze miSvebas, rac iracionalurobis wyarod
iq­
ceva. aseT situaciebSi, avantiuristi politikuri liderebi
Ta­ vis sasargeblod iyeneben TviTdinebaze miSvebul politikur
pro­ cesebs, rac iwvevs avtoritaruli elementebis gaZlierebas.
so­ ciumis TviTSemoqmedeba da politikuri TviTdamkvidreba da­
k­
ninebuli, agresiuli da pesimisturi xdeba; sazogadoebaSi iz­
r­
deba paTologiuri instiqtebis gamovlineba da eqstremistul-
ra­dikaluri organizaciebisa da jgufebis GgaZliereba. amitom,
po­litikis Teoria SemoqmedebiT inteleqtualur fenomenebs unda
em­yarebodes, rom man Seasrulos racionalur-pragmatuli roli
cva­lebad sazogadoebaSi.
politikis Teoria swavlobs sazogadoebaSi politikis
stru­qturasa da funqciebs, politikuri sistemebisa da reJimebis
Te­ orias, politikuri xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos Teorias,
po­litikuri elitisa da liderobis Teoriebs, tranzitologiur
Te­ oriebs, politikuri cnobierebisa da ideologiis sakiTxebs,
po­litikuri aqtorebis tipebs, saerTaSoriso politikis Teorias
da sxv. misi mizania gaiazros politikuri procesis RirebulebiTi
as­peqtebi da empiriuli situaciis Sesabamisad mocemul drosa da
sivrceSi gamokveTos gamoyenebiTi aspeqtebi, paradigmebi da mo­
de­lebi.
politikis Teoria gamoiyenebs politikis mecnierebis cal­
ke­uli dargebisa da subdisciplinebis Tematur gaazrebebs, rom­
li­Tac problemis RirebulebiTi Sefaseba da daniSnuleba iqneba
gan­­xiluli. politologi nil rimeri aRniSnavda, rom `politikur
Te­oriaSi problemaTa kvleva sxvadasxva gziT xorcieldeba. fi­lo­
sofiurad, SeiZleba davadginoT problemis mniSvnelobis sa­ kiT­
xi da gavaanalizoT misi Camoyalibebis xerxi. istoriulad, Cven
435
SeiZleba davinteresdeT misi warmoSobiTa da ganviTarebiT. Se­
iZleba SeviswavloT socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi, rom­le­
bic problemas qmnian an zemoqmedeben mis gadawyvetaze. isini xSirad
erT­maneTs avseben~ (rimeri, 1993: 29).
politikis Teoria mniSvnelovan funqciebs asrulebs Ta­ na­
med­rove sazogadoebis politikuri tranziciis procesSi:
1. politikuri orientaciis funqcias, romelic gulisxmobs
ise­Ti konceptualuri modelebisa da paradigmebis Seqmnas, ro­
mel­Sic politikuri ganviTarebis prioritetuli problemebi iq­
ne­ba gaazrebuli;
2. politikuri Semecnebis funqcias, romelic gamoavlens po­
litikuri institutebisa da politikuri aqtorebis fun­ q­
ci­o­
ni­
rebis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebsa da konkretul situaciebSi po­
li­tikuri procesebis motivaciebs;
3. gamoyenebiT funqcias, romelic miznad isaxavs politikuri
pra­gmatizmis gamoyenebisa da konkretul situaciebSi politikuri
ga­dawyvetilebebis miRebis racionaluri modelebisa da pa­ra­di­g­
mebis SemuSavebas;
4. prognozirebis funqcias, romelic gamovlindeba po­ li­
ti­kuri procesis im ZiriTadi tendenciebis amocnobaSi, romelic
po­litikur tranzicias Tan axlavs;
5. politikis latenturi procesebis amocnobis funqcias,
ro­ melic gulisxmobs farulad mimdinare movlenebis gazrebasa
da saTanado empiriuli Teoriis Seqmnas;
6. politikur-inteleqtualuri fenomenis funqcias, rom­li­
Tac mimdinareobs politikuri sivrcisa da misi aqtorebis po­li­
tikur-kulturuli donis amaRleba. politikuri procesebis in­
te­leqtualizacia Tanamedrove tranziciis aucilebeli elementi
da politikis Teoriis mTavari daniSnulebaa; am fenomenis gareSe
de­mokratiis stabiluroba da samoqalaqo racionalurobis miRweva
Se­uZlebeli iqneba.
Tanamedropve saqarTveloSi politikis Teoriis mniSvneloba
gan­sakuTrebiT gaizarda, radganac politikur cvlilebebs axa­li
konceptualuri modelebi da paradigmebi esaWiroeba. misi mni­S­v­
ne­loba SeiZleba ori mimarTulebiT ganisazRvros: 1. Tanamedrove
po­litikuri procesi modernizaciis garkveul pirobebSi imyofeba,
ro­melic diskursis safuZvelze saWiroebs axali interpretaciebisa
da paradigmebis gamomuSavebas, demokratiis stabilurobisa da
po­litikuri kulturis racionalizaciis problebis axlebur ga­
az­rebas; 2. Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigi qarTul saxelmwifos
Tvi­Tdamkvidrebis procesSi urTulesi gamowvevebisa da riskebis
436
wi­
naSe ayenebs; am TvalsazrisiT, politikis Teoriis amocanaa
ax­
leburad gaiazros globaluri procesebi, gamokveTos mis aq­
to­rebTan qarTuli saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis principebi da
pri­oritetebi. qarTuli saxelmwifo Tanamedrove globalur po­
li­tikur sivrceSi metad frTxil da racionalur gaazrebebze
age­bul pragmatul politikas saWiroebs.

bibliografia:

• politika…, 2006 _ politika da politikuri mecniereba. naw. 1. prof.

m. macaberiZis redaqciiT. Tb., 2006;
• politikis.., 2013 _ politikis mecnierebis kvlevis meTodebi. jo­n­so­
ni janet butolf, reinoldsi h. t., maikof jeison d. Tb., 2013;
• rimeri, 1993 _ rimeri, nil. politikuri mecniereba. amocanebi, sfe­
ro­ebi, problemebi. Tb., 1993;
• WavWavaZe, 1987 _ WavWavaZe ilia. ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT? _ wgn.:
il. WavWavaZe. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. 4. Tb., 1987.

GURAM ABESADZE1

POLICY THEORY AND ITS FUNCTIONAL PRIORITIES

IN THE PROCESS OF POLITICAL TRANSITION

Policy theory is a necessary component of the political process. It is set out

like political ideas, concepts, paradigms and programs. The role of policy theory
in the modern world is particularly rising. This determines two main reasons: 1.
The new political reality of the world and geopolitical transformation; 2. State
self-determination processes in new democracies. Policy theory should meet the
requirements of political space and time; It’s theoretical and empirical modeling
of the political situation, gives priority of action. Policy theory rationalizes the
political process. Creation of applied political theory is especially relevant in a
transitional political space. The democratic and cultural-intellectual transition of
political space in contemporary Georgia has become an important problem of
policy theory. It’s functions are not properly understood. Modern policy theory
determines the priorities of political transition and it is realized in space and
time.
1
Guram Abesadze – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Sokhumi State University.
437
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

omar ardaSelia1

regionaluri TanamSromlobis platforma

saqarTvelosTvis: suam-i

saerTaSoriso arenaze Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos­

Tvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania regionis stabiluroba da
mSvi­dobiani Tanaarseboba mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. sxva meqani­
z­mebTan erTad amisTvis mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens regi­o­
nalur organizaciebTan efeqturi TanamSromloba. Savi zRvisa da
kaspiis qveynebis qveynebis gaerTianebul, regionaluri TanamSro­
m­lobis formats warmoadgens suam-i, romelSic samxreT kavkasiis
qveynebidan saqarTvelo da azerbaijania gaerTianebuli.
saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma, moldovam da ukrainam 1996w. ma­
is­Si avstriis dedaqalaq venaSi Catarebul konferenciaze _ „ev­
ropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semcirebis Taobaze“,
mo­nawileobis dros gamoTqves mzaoba evropis axali usafrTxoe­
bis sistemis Seqmnis procesSi aqtiuri TanamSromlobis format­
Si regionaluri organizaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, suam-i iyo pirveli
re­gionaluri organizacia romelic Seiqmna postsabWoTa sivrceSi
ru­ seTis gareSe (GUAM Organizational…; saqarTvelos warmomadgen-
loba…).
suam-is organizacia, faqtobrivad Seiqmna 1997w. oqtomberSi
strasburgSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, ukrainisa da moldovas
mi­er, magram 1999-2005 wlebSi am gaerTianebas droebiT SeurT­
da uz­bekeTi, amitom droebiT es gaerTianeba moixsenieboda, ro­
gorc suuami. 2005 wlidan isev suam-i ewoda. suam-is yovelwliu­
ri Sexve­d­rebi tardeba ialtaSi da mas suam-is qveynebis sagareo
saminist­ro­Ta sabWo marTavs, romelic organizaciis aRmasruleb­
el organod iTvleba. suam-is samuSao organoa erovnul koor­
dinatorTa ko­miteti, romelic yoveli wevri saxelmwifos TiTo
1
omar ardaSelia _ istoriis doqtori, profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo
uni­versiteti.
438
warmomadgenlisgan Sedgeba. suam-is sainformacio ofisi kiev­
Si mdebareobs. rac Seexeba suam-is samuSao Tematikas, sul rva
samuSao jgufia: energo-sainJinro; satransporto; savaWro-ekono­
mikuri; sainforma­cio saSualebebi da telekomunikaciebi; kultu­
ra; mecniereba da ganaTleba; turizmi; antiterorizmi, organize­
buli kriminalisa da narkobiznesis winaaRmdeg brZola.
marTalia Tavidan suam-is jgufi formalurad Seiqmna, rogo­
rc politikuri, ekonomikuri da strategiuli aliansi, romlis
mi­zania jgufis wevri yofili sabWoTa respublikebis damoukideb­
lo­bisa da suverenitetis ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobis gazrda, mag­
ram am deklarirebuli miznebis garda, mniSvnelovania am qveynebis
mi­er ruseTis gverdis avliT alternatiuli energomarSrutebis
mo­Zebna, axlo kavSirebis damyareba natosTan da evrokavSirTan.
suam-is farglebSi TanamSromlobis periodSi, suam-i evropa-kav­ka­
sia-aziis satransporto derefnis ganviTarebiT, regionuli eko­
no­mikuri TanamSromlobis gafarToebas eswrafvis. garda amisa, igi
arsebuli usafrTxoebis problemebis, konfliqtebis gadawyvetis
xelSewyobisa da sxva safrTxeebis aRmofxvraze dialogis Sesani­S­
navi platformaa (Аббасбейли.., 1999: gv. 257).
suam-is wevri qveynebi muSaoben regionuli konfliqtebis
mSvi­dobian gadawyvetaze suverenitetis, teritoriuli mTlianobi­
sa da yvela saxelmwifos sazRvrebis urRvevobis principidan ga­
momdinare; ibrZolon agresiuli nacionalizmis, separatizmisa da
saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg. aseve gaagrZelon urTi­
erT­qmedeba samSvidobo Zalebsa da sxva misiebSi, kerZod, gaero-Si,
euTo-Si, nato-Si (partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis programa), evropis
sabWosa da sxva evroatlantikur struqturebSi. suam-is wevre­
bis integraciisTvis ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori arsebobs.
maT Soris kaspiis auzisa da evropis damakavSirebeli navTobis
sa­transporto derefnis dafuZneba, politikuri da ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis gafarToebisa da regionSi institucionalizebu­
li usafrTxoebis Seqmnis survili, suam-is samSvidobo Zalebis Se­
qmnis survili da maTi saerTo winaaRmdegoba ruseTis hegemonobis
winaaRmdeg (Флоря, 2014).
miuxedavd imisa, rom suam-i am etapze ver Camoyalibda, ro­
gorc instituciuri formis mqone efeqturi organizacia, misi
for­ matis qveS gamarTuli Sexvedrebi saSualebas iZleva axali
va­
raudebi gamovTqvaT: organizaciis gafarToebis SemTxvevaSi,
suam-i mniSvnelovani garantori gaxdeba Savi zRvis auzis da kas­
pi­is regionis stabilurobisa. ra Tqma unda, Tu is mxardaWeri­
li iqneba aSS-s, evrokavSiris da sxva mniSvnelovani partniorebis
439
mier, romlebsac uSualo interesebi gaaCniaT am subregionis mi­
marT.
suam-i regionaluri organizaciaa da saqarTvelos da azerba­
ija­nisTvis is unda gadaiqces realur da srulfasovan organod,
ro­melic moicavs iseT mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs rogoricaa: 1. re­
gionis usafrTxoebis amaRlebis SesaZlebloba. 2. integraciuli
procesebis gaZliereba 3. saerTo politikis SemuSaveba natos da
ev­rokavSiris mimarT. 4. energetikuli da satransporto derefnis
Se­qmna Savi zRvis auzis qveynebs Soris. 5. suam-is farglebSi Tavi­
sufali savaWro zonis Seqmna da ganxorcieleba 6. evropis ekono­
mikur sivrceSi suam-is qveynebis integraciisaTvis konkretuli
nabijebis gadadgma da a.S.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs suam-s samxreT kavkasiis
qve­ynebisTvis. Tu saqarTvelosTvis suam-i regionaluri TanamS­
romlobis mniSvnelovani platformaa, azerbaijanisTvis is aris
da­savleTTan dialogis axali SesaZlebloba, romelic gamomdina­
reobs misi sagareo politikuri urTierTobebis koncefciidan,
iyos arablokuri saxelmwifo. garda amisa, energetikuli (navTo­
bi, gazi) bazis regulirebis SesaZleblobebi aZlierebs mis rols
da adgils regionSi.
2007 wels, suam-is 10 wlis iubileze, vilniusis gancxadeba­
Si gamoikveTa saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, ukrainisa da moldovas
mis­wrafebebi suam-is, rogorc regionuli organizaciis miznebTan
da­kavSirebiT: „Cven vadasturebT Cvens mzadyofnas, SevitanoT aq­
tiuri wvlili saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi, stabilurobasa da
mSvi­dobaSi yvelaze ufro efeqturi da xelsayreli gziT. ro­
gorc evropisa da aziis SemaerTebeli bunebrivi satransporto
gza, suam-i kvlav iTamaSebs sul ufro mniSvnelovan rols ekono­
mikur ganviTarebasa da regionalur integraciaSi da amgvarad
gaaerTianebs kontinentebs. aerTianebs ra sxvadasxva kulturuli,
eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs, suam-i xels
uwyobs civilizaciebs Soris dialogis sasicocxlod mniSvnelo­
vani procesis ganviTarebas, codnisa da urTierTgagebis meSveo­
biT nergavs urTierTpativiscemas“ (vilniusis samiti…). rogorc
vxe­davT, vilniusis gancxadebiT suam-is qveynebma gaafarToves
sa­moqmedo sferoebi da garda ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa win
wamowies kulturuli TanamSromloba da gamoTqves mzadyofna aq­
tiurad iTanamSromlon „nebismier evropul da aziur saxelmwi­
fosTan da organizaciasTan, romelic iziarebs suam-is principeb­
sa da Rirebulebebs“.
suam-is qveynebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia samxedro
440
kom­ponentis arseboba, romelmac samomavlod samxedro Tvalsa­z­
risiT, pirvel rigSi, ruseTis hegemonobis qveS myofi regionu­
li usafrTxoebis organizacia, dsT-s Rirebuli alternativa
un­da Seqmnas. suam-is farglebSi samxedro TanamSromloba sabo­
loo miznad natosTan institucionaluri kavSirebis damyarebas
isaxavs, maqsimum ki, aliansSi gaerTianebis miRwevisaken gadadg­
mul nabijad aRiqmeba. aSS-Si saqarTvelos elCma ganacxada, rom
„nato suam-is dedobilia“. am saerTo miznis garda, qveynebs aqvT
ga­
nsxvavebuli interesebic. azerbaijansa da saqarTvelos surT
suam-ma Seqmnas samxedro jgufi, romelic azerbaijanidan gamaval
mi­
lsadens daicavs. azerbaijans aseve surs samSvidobo Zalebis
Seqmna, romelic suam-is wevri qveynebis separatistul regionebSi
ganTavsdeba. uzbekeTs, Tavis mxriv, surda samxedro daxmareba da
islamisturi moZraobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad (Генсек ГУАМ…).
suam-s, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi saerTo interesebis safuZvelze
Seiqmna, mTeli rigi problemebi da SezRudvebi gaaCnia. maSin, ro­
desac suam-is wevrebi iziareben saerTo mosazrebas dasavleTze,
rogorc maT mier damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis mSeneblobaSi
yvelaze saimedo mokavSirisa, am qveynebis prodasavluri politi­
ka erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.
suam-is erToblivi samxedro RonisZiebebi SezRudulia wev­
ri qveynebis erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebis gansxvavebu­
li xedvebis gamo. suam-i dResac rCeba saxelmwifo gaerTianebad
garkveul sferoebSi saerTo interesebiT, magram jer kidev sru­
li­ad gansxvavebuli usafrTxoebis interesebiT. magaliTad, mil­
sadenis dacva prioritetuli mniSvnelobisaa saqarTvelosa da
aze­rbaijanisaTvis, maSin rodesac ukraina, moldava ar monawileo­
ben milsadenis marSrutebSi.
suam-is arseboba ruseTisTvis garkveul wilad gamowveva,
ro­melic mas aRiqvams rogorc dsT-s, aseve evraziuri kavSiris
konkurents. ruseTis interesSi Sedis misi maqsimaluri dasus­
teba da araqmediT unarian gaerTianebad warmodgena. miuxedavd
amisa, suam-i agrZelebs Tavis arsebobas da radganac 2017 wels
saqarTvelo iyo suam-is Tavmjdomare qveyana 2017 wels Tbilis­
Si suam-is farglebSi ramdenime RonisZieba Catarda: 1) suam-is
daarsebidan 20 wlisTavi, TbilisSi Catarebuli forumiT aRin­
iSna, sadac war­ modgenili iyo axali iniciativebi wevr saxemwi­
foebs Soris ur­TierTobebis aqtivizacisTvis; 2) suam-Si saqarT­
velos Tavm­jd ­ omareobis farglebSi, 2017 wlis 13-14 Tebervals,
qarTuli mxaris mowveviT, TbilisSi gaimarTa suam-is generalu­
ri mdivnis al­ Tai efendievis samuSao viziti TbilisSi. vizitis
441
farglebSi sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi suam-is generaluri mdi­
vani Sexvda sagareo saqmeTa ministrs mixeil janeliZes, xolo 13
Tebervals gaimarTa konsultaciebi suam-is erovnul koordina­
torTan sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilesTan, vaxtang maxar­
obliSvilTan. Sexvedrebze mxareebma ganixiles organizaciis dRis
wesrigiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi; 3) 14 Tebervals,
suam-is generaluri mdivani aseve Sexvda suam-is saparlamento
asambleaSi saqarTvelos saparlamento delegaciis wevrebs. Sexve­
d­risas qarTulma mxarem daadastura mzadyofna xeli Seuwyos
aqtiuri TanamSromlobis Semdgom ganviTarebas rogorc suam-is
sa­parlamento asambleis farglebSi, aseve sxva saerTaSoriso sa­
parlamento organizaciebTan (suam-is generalur mdivnTan…); 4)sa­
qar­Tvelos mxridan wamoiwia 2017 wels suam-Si saqarTvelos Tavmj­
domareobis programis _ „erTad Zlieri suam-isTvis“ prioritetebi
da suam-is 20 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT dagegmili RonisZie­
bebi. qarTulma mxarem daadastura sruli mzadyofna, gaagrZelos
aq­tiuri Zalisxmeva suam-is potencialis maqsimalurad gamoyenebisa
da saerTaSoriso arenaze organizaciis imijis Semdgomi ganmtkice­
bis mizniT. amasTan, xeli Seuwyos suam-is farglebSi politikuri
kon­ solidaciis gaZlierebas, dargobrivi TanamSromlobis Semdgom
ga­Rrmavebas da suam+ formatebSi partnior qveynebTan (aSS; iaponia;
viSegradis jgufis qveynebi: CexeTi, poloneTi, slovakeTi da ung­
reTi) TanamSromlobis intensifikacias; 5) 2017 wlis 27 marts saqa­
rTvelos premier-ministri giorgi kvirikaSvili kievSi mimdinare
suam-is wevr saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebis meTaurTa sxdomaze sityviT
gamovida.saqarTvelo, rogorc Tavmjdomare qveyana, miiCnevs, rom
dargobrivi TanamSromlobis warmatebuli ganviTareba politikuri
urTierTqmedebis ganmtkicebasa da wevri qveynebis erToblivi da in­
dividualuri ekonomikuri interesebis miRwevas Seuwyobs xels. aRi­
ni­Sna, rom saqarTvelos TavmjdomareobiT suam-is programa SemTx­
veviT ar iyo warmodgenili deviziT _ „erTad Zlieri suam-isTvis“,
radgan organizacias, rogorc arasdros, sWirdeba misi wevrebis
po­litikuri konsolidaciis gamyareba, raTa yvela dasaxul mizans
miaRwios.
2017w. 10 oqtombers saqarTvelos, moldovis, ukraini­
sa  da  azerbaijanis  sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma TbilisSi miiRes
er­­­
Toblivi komunike specialuri sxdomis Sedegebis mixedviT,
ro­­melic TbilisSi saerTaSoriso organizacia suam-is Seqmnis
20 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gaimarTa. dokuments zemoT xsen­
ebulma ministrebma _  mixeil  janeliZem  elmar  mamediarovma,  an­
drei galburma da pavlo klimkinma.
442
 „dRes Cven ara marto SevafseT ganvlili 20 weli, aramed Se­
vimuSaveT  axali  xedva, momavali  20 wlisTvis  Cveni  axali  xedva
gan­vixileT. es  xedva  unda  gavxadoT  nawilad  Cveni  saerTo stra­
te­gisa, romelic organizacias axal simaRleze aiyvans da Cvens Ta­
nam­Sromlobas  gaaRrmavebs~, _ ganacxada m. janeliZem erTobliv
pres konferenciaze. andrei galburis gancxadebiT, momaval wels
suam-is Tavmjdomare qveyana moldova gaxdeba (suam-is qveynebis
sa­gareo…). 
saqarTvelom suam-is samits pirvelad 2010 wels umaspinZla.
2017 wlis 8 dekembers saqarTvelom suam-is samits meored umas­
pin­Zla, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris mixeil janeliZis
si­tyvebiT: „wlevandeli weli namdvilad gamoirCeva gansakuTrebu­
li aqtivobiT, suam-is farglebSi sxvadasxva RonisZieba gaimarTa,
maT Soris Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo premier-ministrebis Sexvedra
kievSi. mTavrobis xelmZRvanelebma misces axali biZgi da impul­
si suam-is farglebSi savaWro-ekonomikuri mimarTulebebis kidev
ufro gaaqtiurebas~. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma xazi
gausva satransporto derefnis mniSvnelobas da aRniSna, rom or­
ganizaciisTvis da organizaciis wevri qveynebisTvis es umTavresi
prioritetia. mixeil janeliZis gancxadebiT, ganxorcieldeba Se­
sabamisi qmedebebi, raTa satransporto koridori gaxdes efeqtu­
ri da cnobadi globaluri masStabiT.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos pozicia aisaxa m. janeliZis gan­
cxa­de­baSi: „satransporto derefans SeuZlia mxolod sikeTis,
sta­bilurobis da ganviTarebis motana mTlianad regionisTvis. am
Ta­namSromlobisTvis Cven, ra Tqma unda, viwvevT rogorc aRmosavle­
TiT aseve dasavleTiT yvela dainteresebul mxares“ (suam-is dafu­
Z­nebis…).
miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili aqtivobebisa, monawile saxel­
mwifoebisTvis suam-i ver iqca im efeqtur regionalur organi­
zaciad, romelic maTTvis ekonomikuri da strategiuli usafrTx­
oebis uzrunvelyofas nawilobriv mainc SeZlebs. dRemde cnobili
yvela deklaracia, komunike da gancxadeba, romelic suam-is far­
glebSi iqna miRebuli erTmniSvnelovnad da xazgasmiT miuTiTebs
konfliqtebis daregulirebis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sta­
bilurobis SenarCunebisaken. suam-is erToblivi deklaraciebidan
am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa: 1. demokratiisa da ekono­
mikuri ganviTarebis organizacia suam-is saxelmwifo meTaurebis
erToblivi deklaracia konfliqtebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb; 2. kie­
vis deklaracia demokratiisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis orga­
nizacia _ suam-is Seqmnis Sesaxeb; 3. suam-is 2007 wlis 18-19 ivni­
443
sis baqos samitis deklaracia /2007 wlis 19 ivnisi/ (erToblivi
deklaraciebi…).
erToblivad gaformebuli komunikeebi: suam-CexeTis respub­
klikis Sexvedris komunike (niu-orki, 25.09.2009); suam-is samitis
komunike (kievi, 23.05.2006); suam-is baqos samitis komunike (baqo,
18-19.06.2007) (erToblivi komunikeebi…).
erTobliv gancxadebebs Soris suam-is politikuri miznebis
gan­msazRvrelia kievis gancxadeba. 2006 wlis 22-23 maiss, kievSi,
uk­­
ra­ina, suam-is wevri saxelmwifoebi da amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi Seikribnen suam-is sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis sabWos XI
sxdomasa da suam-is samitze dialogisa da TanamSromlobis gag­
r­
Zelebis mizniT. aSS-s delegacias xelmZRvanelobda evropisa
da evraziis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwis moadgile
de­­
ivid j. krameri. miRebuli iqna „suam-i _ amerikis SeerTebu­
li­Statebis erToblivi gancxadeba“ (erToblivi gancxadebebi…).
aSS-m mxari dauWira `demokratiisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
organizacia _ suam-is~ Seqmnis ideas, romlis samdivno ganTavsde­
ba kievSi, da or­ganizacias Sesabamisi daxmarebis gaweva aRuTqva.
su­am-is wevrma saxelmwifoebma daadastures TavianTi mzadyofna
iTa­ namSromlon suam-is regionSi demokratiis gaZlierebis, usa­
frTxoebis ganmtkicebis da politikuri, ekonomikuri, samecniero
da kulturuli TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis sferoSi. aSS-m miu­
loca ukrainas suam-is Tavmjdomare-qveynad gaxdoma da daadastu­
ra Tavisi mxardaWera suam-is proeqtebis ganxorcielebasa da
or­ ganizaciis mier regionuli TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
miz­nis miRwevaSi (erToblivi gancxadebebi…).
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi saqarTvelo da azerbaijani suam-
is organizaciaSi yvelaze dinamiuri da Tanmimdevruli qveynebia.
mi­uxedavad amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, is ver Camoyalibda am
organizaciis monawile qveynebis ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da
strategiuli usafrTxoebisTvis efeqtur saSualebad. amis maga­
liTia 2008 wlis agvistos omi, 2009 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi da
2014 wels aRmosavleT ukrainaSi dawyebuli ruseT-ukrainis omi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom suam-is zogierTma saxelmwifom Riad gamox­
ata sakuTari damokidebuleba am movlenebisadmi da erTmaneTisad­
mi mxardaWerac gulwrfeli iyo, es ufro monawile saxelmwifoe­
bis individualuri neba iyo, vidre suam-is erToblivi politika.
miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, suam-is, rogorc regionaluri
organizaciis SesaZleblobebi da resursebi srulyofilad ar aris
gamoyenebuli da mas didi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia Cveni qveynis da
regionis (samxreT kavkasiis) ganviTarebisTvis. suam-is qveynebis
444
resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas iZleva axlo mo­
mavalSi is gaxdes mniSvnelovani faqtori monawile qveynebis daax­
loebisa aramarto erTiani ekonomikuri da politikuri, aramed
strategiuli sivrcis Sesaqmneladac.

bibliografia:

• АББАСБЕЙЛИ.., 1999 – Аббасбейли Агалар Нариман оглы, Гасанов Али Ма­го­

медали оглу. Азербайджан в системе международных и региональных ор­га­ни­
за­ций. Баку, 1999;
• ФЛОРЯ, 2014 – Флоря Ксения. ГУАМ, или Союз обиженных на Россию (Опу­
бликовано 13.11.2014), – https://inosmi.ru/sngbaltia/20141114/224263659.html;
• vilniusis samiti… _ suam-is vilniusis samitis gancxadeba, _ http://
ge­omissionguam.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=2150&lang=1;
• saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba… _ suamSi saqarTvelos mudmivi wa­
r­­momadgenloba, _ http://geomissionguam.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id­=­6­3­
8&lang=1;
• erToblivi gancxadebebi… _ suam-i _ erToblivi gancxadebebi, _ ht­t­p­
:­//geomissionguam.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=2150&lang=1;
• suam-is generalur mdivnTan… _ suam-is generalur mdivnTan saqar­
T­­velos Tavmjdomareobis programis _ „erTad Zlieri suam-isTvis“ pri­
oritetebi ganixiles, _ http://www.mfa.gov.ge/News/suam-is-generaluri­-m­di­
van­tan-saqartvelos-tavmjdomar.aspx;
• suam-is dafuZnebis… _ suamis dafuZnebis 20 wlisTavi TbilisSi, _ ht­
t­p://netgazeti.ge/news/224769/;
• erToblivi deklaraciebi… _ suam-is erToblivi deklaraciebi, _ ht­
tp­://geomissionguam.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=2149&lang=1;
• erToblivi komunikeebi… _ suam-i _ erToblivi komunikeebi, _ http://
ge­omissionguam.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=2149&lang=1
• suam-is qveynebis sagareo… _ suam-is qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa minis­
t­rebma erToblivi komunike miiRes, _ http://saqinform.ge/news/35145/sua-
mis+qveynebis+sagareo+ saqmeTa+ministrebma+erToblivi+komunike+miiRes.html;
• GUAM ORGANIZATIONAL… – GUAM Organizational Structure – https://guam-or-
ganization.org/en/guam-organizational-structure;
• ГЕНСЕК ГУАМ… – Генсек ГУАМ: Вооруженные конфликты в Грузии, Украине,
Азербайджане и Молдове навязаны извне, – http://www.blackseanews.net/
read/128462.

445
 OMAR ARDASHELIA1

REGIONAL COOPERATION PLATFORM FOR GEORGIA: GUAM

The stability and peaceful coexistence of the region with neighboring

states is vital for the modern Georgian state on the international level; Along
with other mechanisms, this is an important tool for effective cooperation with
regional organizations. GUAM is the unified and regional cooperation format
of the Black Sea and Caspian countries, with Georgia and Azerbaijan from the
South Caucasus.
On 1996 May, the conference, “Europe, the conventional forces reduc-
tion” held in Vienna. Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine expressed their will and
re­adiness to become a member of the process to achieve new Security political
order in Europe and to have an active role to create format of regional collabo-
ration in the post-soviet countries. Guam was the first regional organization that
was created post-Soviet space.
In the article a conclusion is drawn that day GUAM as a regional organi-
zation, capabilities and resources comprehensively is not used and it is great
perspectives of our country and for the region of South Caucasus for the devel-
opment of GUAM. GUAM countries, the resources effective use of opportuni-
ties for the foreseeable future it will become an important factor participating
countries, the convergence of not only United economic and political, but also
strategic space for the security and peace.

1
Omar Ardashelia – PhD in History, Professor, Sokhumi State University.
446
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

nodar darsania1

politikisa da istoriis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis

Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovreba metad politizirebu­

lia. amitom politikuri movlenebisa da politikuri azris Seswav­
las gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.mocemuli situaciisa da
mimdinare socialur-politikuri procesebis siRrmiseuli ana­lizi
saSualebas gvaZlevs sazogadoebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis ganmsaz­
Rvreli koncefciis dasabuTebisa, romlis arss misi udi­desi aRm­
SeneblobiTi SesaZleblobebis yvelaze srulyofili re­ alizacia
warmoadgens. amave dros es aris Tanamedrove sazoga­ do­ebrivi
urTierTobebis demokratiuli da humanuri bunebis gamovlena.
saerTod, sazogadoebrivi mecniereba, kerZod ki, sazoga­do­
ebrivi disciplinebi ver iarsebebs realuri sasicocxlo pro­cesebisa
da sazogadoebrivi da politikuri saqmainobisagan mow­yve­tilad.
movlenebi, faqtebi da sazogadoebrivi problemebi ga­ mudmebiT
Tan gvdevs da, rac mTavaria, yovelTvis saWiroebs Cve­ni Sexedule­
bebis, Teoriebisa da paradigmebis ganaxlebas isto­ri­ul WrilSi.
politikuri saqmianobis xasiaTis Sesaxeb kamaTi aranakleb
mwva­vea xolme, vidre politologiis rogorc akademiur samecnie­
ro disciplinaze gauTavebeli dava. politikis inteleqtualuri
kvle­vis am erT-erT uZveles sferos Tavdapirvelad filosofiis
is­
toriisa da samarTlis dargad miiCnevvdnen. amis umTavres mi­
zans im princincipTa gamovlena warmoadgenda, rasac sazogadoeba
un­da dafuZneboda (heivudi, 2008: 27).
dRes Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinareobs politikur da sazogadob­
riv mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis sakmaod pozitiuri procesi. erTi
mxriv, es gamoixateba imaSi, rom udidesi pativiscemiT vepyrobiT
gamoCenil moRvaweTa ideur-Teoriul da SemoqmedebiT memkvi­ d­
re­­
obas. magaliTad, iseTi Rvawlmosili moazrovneebisa rogore­
1
nodar darsania _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
447
bic iyvnen: aleqsandre amilaxvari, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli,
solomon dodaSvili, dimitri yifiani, iakob gogebaSvili, niko
ni­kolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, arCil jorjaZe, ivane javaxiSvili da
sxvebi, romelTac udidesi wvlili Seitanes saqarTveloSi qarTu­
li politikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebasa da istoriuli warsu­
lis gacocxlebaSi.
rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba movwydeT da TviTizolirebuli
viyoT msoflios politikuri azrovnebisgan, saWiroa misi safuZ­
vlianad aTviseba, Seswavla, gacnobiereba. dasavleTis politol­
ogebidan saTanadod unda gaavanlizoT talkot harsonsis, devid
is­tonis, gabriel almondis, uels mitCelis, karl doiCis, nil ri­
meri divainis, hanc morgenTaus, Jam mari denkinisa da sxvaTa naS­
romebi, aseve rusi politologebis: v. pugaCovis, a. soloviovis, a.
de­midovis, a. fedosevis, k. gajievisa da maT mimdevarTa nawerebi.
amave dros ukiduresad araswori iqneboda, ubralod ukri­
tikod gadmotana saqarTveloSi im gamocdilebisa, romlebic da­g­
rovda sazRvargareT Cveni qveynis specifikurobisa da Tavisebure­
be­bis gavaliswinebis gareSe, amas ki Tan axlavs gaubraloebisa da
mim­baZvelobis gansakuTrebuli safrTxe.
Cven unda gavxdeT pragmatuli politikis TviTmyofadi, da­
moukidebeli da kargi analitikosebi. amas SevZlebT swored ma­
Sin, roca Zirfesvianad SeviswavliT msoflio istorias, im dip­
lo­­matiur midgomebs saxelmwifo moRvaweTa mxridan, romelTac
ara­­erTi katastrofa aucilebiaT kacobriobisaTvis. amis maga­li­
Te­bi ki mravalia da saqarTveloc ar aris gamonaklisi. unda aR­
vniSnoT, rom politikosisaTvis analitikuri azrovnebis garda
(romelic mas mxolod wignierebiT SeiZleba Camouyalibdes in­
te­ leqtis amaR­ lebis saxiT) aucilebelia misi qveynis istoriis
zed­ miwevniT codna msoflio istoriis WrilSi. amis miRweva ki
Se­iZleba maSin, roca gaviseigrZeganebT ama Tu im movlenisa da sa­
zogadoebrivi moZraobis msvlelobis, ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mi­­
marTulebis sistematizirebas da ganWvretas, aseve viswavliT ra­
ime gansakuTrebuli problebis gadawyvetis meqanizmebis winaswar
mosinjvas da praqtikaSi ganxorcielebas, an mis SeTavazebas cxo­
vrebaSi dasanergad. amiT gamoixateba rogorc politikuri mec­
nierebis warmomadgenelTa, ise istorikosTa saqmianobis fasda­
ude­ beli Rirebuleba. aseve mwvaved dgas politikuri analizis
obi­­eqturobis, politikuri praqtikisa da sazogadoebis momavali
gan­viTarebis modelebis Seqmnisa da prognozirebis problema, ax­
lo warsulis istoriebis magaliTze swavla.
unda aRiniSnos, rom yoveli Cvengani politikuri procesebis
448
Se­fasebisas eqceva xolme raRac subieqturi midgomis, Sefasebis­
T­vis upiratesobis miniWebisa da emociebis gavlenis qveS, rac yov­
lad miuRebelia, pragmatikosi politikuri procesebisa da movle­
nebis Sefasebisas ara mxolod unda inarCunebdes garkveulwi­lad
mi­ukerZoeblobas da sisadaves, aramed unda emyarebodes mecniere­
bis monacemebs, romelic gamoxatulia politikuri azrovnebis
cne­bebsa da kategoriebSi, es aris is, rac ganasxvavebs profesion­
alur politikas politikanobisagan (Загладин, 1990: 3).
zogadad cneba politologis rogorc mecnierebisa, politi­
kisa da politikuri ganviTarebis dinamikisa da, saerTod, am pro­
cesebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb, cxadia, ar badebs araviTar
kiTxvebsa da eWvebs, e. i. erTi mxriv, politologiis sagnis gar­
kveva erTob Zalian martivia, meore mxriv, problemebi warmoiSoba
sa­kmarisze metad. saqme is aris, rom politika da politikuri
pro­ cesi CvenSi ganixileboda momijnave disciplinebis mxridan
sxva­dasxva profesionaluri poziciisa da Tvalsazrisidan. aqedan
ga­modianre, bunebrivia, Tu ubralod SevajamebT yvela im gansxave­
bul TvalTaxedvasa da Sexedulebas, Tvisobrivad axal erTian
mTli­an disciplinas ver miviRebT (Загладин, 1990: 3).
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom politikuri azrovneba istoriasTan
mWi­dro kavSirSi ganixileba. sazogadoebaTmcodneobis istoria
gvi­Cvenebs, rom politikuri mizniT istoriuli codnis manipulire­
bas araerTgzis gamouwvevia tragikuli Sedegebi, ufro meti, sa­
zo­ gadoebriv kataklizmebsa da tragediebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
yo­velTvis Tan axlda sakuTar warsulze Sexedulebebis revizia.
sam­wuxarod, Cvens droSic isev iZulebuli varT Tvalyuri vadev­
noT araprofesionalur, gulgril damokidebulebas Cveni Tanamo­
qa­laqeebisa warsulis udavo faqtebisadmi. amgvar tendenciebs au­
ci­leblad winaaRmdegoba unda gaewios. istoriuli mecnierebis
si­Rrmiseuli codna aucilebeli nawilia politikuri kulturis,
de­mokratiisa da sazogadoebis jansaRi ganviTarebis. swored aq
iSleba vrceli veli istorikosebisaTvis, romelzec politikur
mecnierebas ar SeuZlia da arc unda hqondes pretenzia. Tumca
pretenziaze uaris Tqma unda iyos ormxrivi, Tanaziari.
rasakvirvelia, politologebis midgomas warsulisadmi Tav­
isi specifika gaaCnia. ase, magaliTad, im manevrirebaSi, romelsac
TamaSoben politikosebi, TvalsaCino adgili ukavia Seqmnil sce­
narebs _ alternativebis Ziebas ama Tu im realuri istoriuli
mo­vlenisa. es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikuri mecniere­
bis swavlebaSi. am disciplinaSi ucxouri saxelmZRvaneloebi xSi­
rad gvTavazoben politikuri brZolaSi movlenebis ganviTare­
29. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 449
bis SesaZlebeli variantebis ganxilvas. magaliTad, ruseTSi 1917
wlis Tebervlis Semdeg an 1929 wlis Semodgomis didi gardatexis
faqtorebi SeiZleboda SesaZlebloba yofiliyo 1933 wels germani­
aSi faSistebis mosvlis Tavidan acilebisa, aseve, 1945 wels aSS-is
mier atomuri bombis gamoyenebis alternativisa da ase Semdeg.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amasTanave aucileblobas warmoadgens is­
toriis Rrma codna. ramdenadac sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia politi­
kuri meqanizmis mecnieruli analizi, romelic ayalibebs, qmnis
da warmoSobs istoriul movlenas. aseTi xerxi SesaZleblobas iZ­
le­va gamovavlinoT ganpirobebuloba, winamZRvrebi konkretuli
mov­lenebisa politikuri alternativebis konstuirebisas (Ро­ма­
новская, 1991: 13-14).
kidev erTi pirdapir Sexebis wertils politikasa da istori­
ul mecnierebas Soris, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens istorikose­
bis kuT­ vnili funqcia, uzrunvelyofa politikosebisa Semowme­
buli is­ toriuli monacemebiT, istoriis mecnieruli codniT,
politiku­ ri brZolis istoriisa da istoriuli procesebis Ses­
wavliTa da a.S. politologiisTvis niSandoblivia codna imisa,
Tu rogor war­moiSvnen politikaSi „memarcxeneebi” da „memarjven­
ebi~, rogor iqmneboda parlamentebi, Tanamedrove politikuri
partiebi da a.S. codnis utyuaroba, WeSmariteba _ mecnierebis
sayovelTao ni­ Sania. am TvalsazrisiT, politika gamonaklisi ar
aris da istori­ul monacemTa mniSvneloba rom misTvis Seunacvle­
badia, cxadia (За­гладин, 1990: 236).
politikur mecnierebaSi farTod gamoiyeneba istoriuli me­
Todi. TiToeul politikur instituts, movlenas aqvs Tavisi is­
toria, amitom ar SeiZleba SemovifargloT mxolod misi Taname­d­
rove mdgomarobis SeswavliT. politikis Seswavlisas istorizmis
prin­cipis, istoriuli meTodis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs realuri
po­litikuri procesis dialeqtikis Cvenebas. politikuri sisteme­
bi, institutebi ganixileba konkretul istoriul urTierTkavSir­
Si maTi genezisisa da ganviTarebis tendenciis TvalsazrisiT (ma­
caberiZe, 2009: 20).
sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis analizisas au­ci­
le­belia gamovavlinoT garkveuli kanonzomierebani, tendeciebi
im saxiT, rom msjeloba politikaze atarebdes mecnierul xasi­
aTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom erTi mxriv, politikis Seswavlisas saWiroa
di­aleqtikis zogad kanonebze dayrnoba, meore mxriv, politika
sfe­cifikuri sferoa da aq, udavod, mas gaaCnia kanonzomierebaTa
Sec­nobis elementebi, rac aSkara gavlenas axdens mis Sedegze.
politologia warmoadgens mecnierebas, romelic swavlobs
450
po­litikuri cxovrebisa da samyaros funqcionirebis zogad ka­
non­zomierebebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, iZle­
va mi­Rebuli codnis analizs rogorc mTlianisa da misi katego­
riebis gan­martebasa da kvlevis meTodologias (Загладин, 1990: 237).
istoriuli gamocdileba mowmobs, rom politikis ganxorci­
elebas warmateba maSin axlda, Tu igi Seesabameboda sazogadoebis
gan­viTarebis tendenciebs. aq, piriqiT, politikosebi maSin ganic­
didnen marcxs, roca maTi moRvaweoba ewinaaRmdegeboda obieqtu­
ri procesebis ganviTarebas (Ахвледиани.., 1996: 267).
politika da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi aseve ganekuTv­ne­
ba rTul movlenaTa klasifikacias, romlebic vlindebian sxva­da­
s­xva fomaciaSi da eqvemdebarebian ganviTarebasa da sirTuleebis
zrdis kanonebs, radgan nebismieri mecniereba, maT Soris polito­
logiac, efuZneba misTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur formebs,
cne­bebsa da Teoriebs.
ramdenime cnobili frTiani gamonaTqvamidan erT-erTs movi­
tanT, romelic sainteresod ganmartavs istoriisa da politikis
kavSirs: „istoria aris warsulis politika, xolo politika aris
dRe­vandelobis istoria~ . aseTi ganmarteba­ni garkveulwilad WeS­
maritad unda miviCnioT, Tu mTlianobaSi avi­RebT am ori momijnave
dargis urTierTSepirobebulobas. marTalia, SeiZleba es ori
TviTmyofadi disciplina mTlad zustad ver av­sebdes erTmaneTs,
ramdenadac istoria ar Semoifargleba marto­d­marto politikiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod nawili istoriuli procesebisa da
garkveuli kvlevebi ganekuTvneba politikis sfe­ros. am nawilis
garkveva ki naTlad SeiZleba mxolod codniT, sakuTriv, politi­
kuri mecnierebis im sakiTxTa SeswavliT, rogoricaa: politikuri
movlenebi da procesebi, ideologia, politikuri institutebi da
a.S. istorikosebisTvis ki aucilebelia Tundac im saerTo sqemis
floba, politikuri mecnierebis struqtura rom hqvia, raTa is­
toriuli mecnierebidan gamocalkevdes es sfero da miewodos
politikur mecnierebas swored is masala, rom­ lebic sWirdebaT
politikosebs (Романовская, 1991: 11). Se­xebis erT-erTi wertili am
or disciplinas Soris dakavSirebu­lia aseve imasTan, rom politi­
kur azrovnebas gaaCnia Tavisi isto­ria, romelsac sakmaod xSirad
aswavlian rogorc politikuri mec­ni­erebis damoukidebel dargs.
politikuri azrovnebis istoria ki me­tad mdidari da aqtualuria
(Романовская, 1991: 11).
didi saxelmwifoebis, e.w. imperiebis istoriis codnis gareSe
war­moudgenelia maT mier gatarebul politikaze msjeloba. es ki
au­cilebelia saxelmwifoTa urTierTobaSi efeqturi diplomati­
451
uri „xelovnebis~ mniSvnelobis SeswavlisaTvis, rac xSir SemTxve­
vaSi ama Tu im imperiis winsvlaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda.
sa­yovelTaod cnobilia, e.w. did omebSi gamarjvebas saxelmwifos
mmar­Tvelis roli gansazRvravda da mis mier gatarebuli politi­
ka wyvetda. amis codna ki msoflio istoriis Seswavlis gareSe
war­moudgenelia. maSasadame, istoriisa da politikis urTierTSe­
pi­robebuloba naTelia.

bibliografia
• denkeni, 2002 _ denkeni Jan-mari. politikuri mecniereba. redaqtori:
m. macaberiZe. mTargmnelebi: m. balavaZe, n. cqitiSvili. Tb., 2002;
• macaberiZe, 2009 _ macaberiZe malxaz. politologia _ mecniereba
politikis Sesaxeb. Tb., 2009;
• heivudi, 2008 _ heivudi endriu. politika. Targmna: g. WumburiZe, z.
WeliZe. mesame gamocema. Tb., 2008;
• АХВЛЕДИАНИ.., 1996 – Ахвледиани А. А., Ковалев А. М. Собственность. Власть.
По­литика. М., 1996;
• ЗАГЛАДИН, 1990 – Загладин Вадим Валентинович. Политология в системе об­
шес­­твенных наук. М., 1990;
• РОМАНОВСКАЯ, 1991– Романовская Н. В. Политология и исторические науки, –
kreb.: Политология и современный политический просесс. М., 1991.

NODAR DARSANIA1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTORY AND POLITICS

Political reality involves the greatest possibilities of scientific analysis. In

this regard, the work has significantly complicated by the circumstances, that
we still do not have the research methods of the well-developed political pro-
cesses. There are not enough scientific personnel who will be able to work in the
field of political analysis at the appropriate methodological level. Solution of this
problem is the task of all scientific and training centers and institutions of social
science who conduct research on political and social processes.It is important
to increase the number of research in the political sphere of life, develop new
research programs, revise the structure of education and scientific centers, cre-
ate new research centers with scientific and educational institutions.It would be
more visible and timely to establish the Institute of Political Science. The work in
this field in close future, and it is quite possible today, it will bring us significant
results to the direction which is necessary for the development of the country
and society, for the well-being of our country.
1
Nodar Darsania – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
452
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

Sorena kortava1

feminuri da maskulinuri kulturebi

mocemul statiaSi kulturaTa Cveneuli analizi efuZneba

girt hopstedeseul klasifikacias.2 kulturaTa daxasiaTebisas,
viyenebT iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa individualizmi da ko­
leqtivizmi. gazomvis indikatori aris mravalkomponentiani da
Tan­mimdevrulad warmodgenili statiis CarCoebSi. kulturaTa
kv­levisas Seiswav­le­ba iseTi sferoebi, rogoricaa ojaxi da pira­
di cxovreba (Sesabamisad adreuli socializacia), samuSao da or­
ganizaciebi.
kulturaTSorisi gansxvavebis safuZveli xSirad sazogadoe­
bis fundamentaluri sakiTxia. sakiTxi amgvarad daismis, romelia
pri­oriteti, inividis roli Tu jgufis roli? Cvens samyaroSi
ada­mianebis umravlesoba iseT sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, sadac
priori­tetia jgufi, anu laparakia koleqtivizmze. aqcenti dais­
mis `Cven~ da ara `me~-ze. adreuli socializaciis fazaSi swavloben,
rom Cven jgufi pirovnebis identobisa da cxovrebis sirTulee­
bisagan Tavdacvis umTavresi wyaroa. koleqtivistur sazogadoe­
bebSi adamiani mTeli biografiis manZilze Tavisi Sida jgufis
erTguli rCeba da am erTgulebis darRveva uxamsi saqcielia.
individualistur sazogadoebebSi individis interesi jgu­
fis interesze maRla dgas. Tu koleqtivizmis pirobebSi, XXI sa­
uku­neSic gafarToebuli ojaxebi narCundeba, individualisturSi
1
Sorena kortava _ sociologiis doqtori, asistent-profesori, soxumis
saxelmwifo universiteti.
2
girt hopstede (Geert (Gerard Hendrik) Hofstede) holandieli mecnieria. da­
ibada 1928 wels. groningenis universitetSi Seiswavla socialuri fsi­qo­
logia, xolo organizaciuli anTropologia ki maastrixis universite­
t­Si; daafuZna interkulturuli kooperaciis kvleviTi instituti. misi
Zi­riTadi naSromia “Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind” (New York,
McGraw-Hill, 1991). oficialuri veb-gverdi: www.geerthofstede.nl/.
453
mxo­lod nukleanurisTvis1 aris adgili. naTesavebi gancalkevebiT
cxovroben da maT iSviaTad naxuloben. ganaTlebis mizanic damou­
kidebli moRvaweobisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis aRzrdaSi mdgoma­
reobs. individualistur sazogadoebaSi Tvlian, rom praqtiku­
lad da fsiqologiurad sazogadoebis janmrTeli wevri unda iyos
sxvi­sgan avtonomiuri.
rogori moTxovnebi aqvT individualistebs samuSaoze? maT­
Tvis mniSvnelovania piradi dro. sasurvelia samuSao, romelic
sak­maris Tavisufal dros tovebs piradi an ojaxuri cxovrebisa­
Tvis. Tavisufleba mniSvnelovania, raTa Tqveni midgoma saqmes mi­
usa­dagoT. aseve gamowveva, romlisganac pirovnuli miRwevis Seg­
rZneba gauflebaT.
koleqtivistebi samsaxurSi karg pirobebTan xSirad tre­nin­
gebs aigiveben, saTanado fizikur pirobebs da imedovneben, rom
Ta­vianT unarebs bolomde gamoavlenen.
Zneli misaxvedri araa, ratom aris piradi dro, Tavisufle­
ba da piradi gamowveva individualistisaTvis mniSvnelovani. es
xazs gausvams personalis organizaciisagan damoukideblobis xa­
risxs. sapirispiro polusis samuSao miznebi _ treningi, fizikuri
pirobebi da samuSaoze unarebis gamovlena _ miuTiTebs ras ake­
Tebs organizacia TanamSromlisTvis. es mianiSnebs TanamSromle­
bis organizaciiT gansazRvulobaze.
individualistur kulturebSi axalgazrdebSi fasobs sxve­
bis mimarT tolerantoba, sxvabTan harmonia, arakonkurentulo­
ba,2 axlo, piradi megobrebi, arsebuli mdgomarebiT, poziciiT
kmayofileba, sxvebTan solidaroba, konservatiuloba.
koleqtivistur kulturebSi axalgazrdebisaTvis umTavresia
mSoblebis pativiscema, morCileba, finansuri daxmareba da wina­
prebis Tayvaniscema, qalebis umankoeba, patriotizmi. koleqtivis­
tur sazogadoebebSi damegobrebis saWiroeba ar arsebobs. ojaxi
an jgufi adamianisTvis megobrebs avtomaturad gansazRvravs.
niSandoblivia, rom Zalauflebriv distanciasa da koleq­ti­
vizms Soris arsebobs korelacia. kulturebSi, sadac xalxi Sida
jgu­febzea mijaWvuli, rogorc wesi, Zalauflebis mqone adamiane­
b­zec arian damokidebuli. didi ojaxebis umravlesobas patriar­qa­
luri struqtura aqvs. moralur avtoritets ojaxis Tavi warmo­
adgens. kulturebSi ki, sadac Sida jgufisgan distancirebuli
1
nukleanuri ojaxi sociologiaSi ganimarteba, rogorc mxolod mSoble­
bisa da erTi Svilis, an ramdenime Svilisgan Semdgari.
2
arakonkurentulobas, romelsac platoni Tavis naSromebSi `izoTimi­ad~
moixsenebda frensis fukuiamam, romelmac Tavis naSromSi specialu­ ri
Tavi _ `Timosis aRzeveba da dacema~ _ miuZRvna (fukuiama, 1999: 192-202).
454
arian, Zalauflebis mqone personebiTac naklebad ganisazRvrebi­
an. saqme imaSi ki ar aris adamianebs sxvebis ra marTebT, aramed
ra marTebT sakuTari Tavis, raSic mdgomareobs individualizmis
stra­tificirebis arsi.
koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi sxvebTan pirdapiri konfron­
ta­cia esmiT, rogorc saCoTiro da uxamsi saqcieli. sityva `ara~
iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. moTxovnis uaryofis Serbilebuli formebia
`SeiZleba swori iyoT~ an `amaze vifiqrebT~. imave ganwyobiT naTq­
vami `diax~ yovelTvis daTanxmebas ar niSnavs. ubralod amgvarad
cdi­loben komunikaciis xazis SenarCunebas.
individualistur sazogadoebebSi ojaxSi bavSvs aswavlian
(mi­uxedavad garkveul SemTxvevebSi misi sensitiurobisa) mudam
si­marTlis Tqmas. g. hopstede aRwers indoneziaSi mrevlis mier
cno­bili bibliuri Tqmulebis Tavisebur, araswor interpretaci­
as (hopstede.., 2011: 85). Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, kacs yavda ori va­
Ji. erTxel mamam vaJebs venaxSi muSaoba sTxova. pirvelisgan uari
mi­iRo, meorisagan Tanxmoba. sinamdvileSi ki venaxSi swored pir­
velma vaJma imuSava. bibliis Tanaxmad, mamis neba pirvelma vaJma
Se­asrula. indonezielebma ki, saqcieli meore vaJs mouwones, ro­
melic mamas sityvierad ar SeewinaaRmdega da formaluri harmonia
SeinarCuna. imuSava Tu ara man venaxSi, maTTvis faqtiurad mniSv­
ne­lovani arc iyo.
koleqtivistur ojaxSi bavSvebi swavloben mudam misdion sx­
vebis azrs. ar rCeba sivrce sakuTari SexedulebisTvis. mas jgufi
ga­nsazRvravs. Tuki axali sakiTxi wamoiWra da masze ar Sejerebu­
lan, ojaxuri TaTbiris saWiroebas xedaven. Tu bavSvi mudmivad
jgu­fis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs gamoTqvams, mas znes uwuneben.
in­dividualisturi ojaxi ki moelis da xels uwyobs bavSvSi saku­
Tari Sexedulebebis formirebas.
niderlandebsa da rig sxva Crdiloevropul qveyanaSi saxel­
mwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs studentebis xarjebis solidur nawils.
1980-iani wlebis Semdgom, sistema ise Seicvala, rom ganaTlebisT­
vis gankuTvnil fuls uSualod studentebs uricxaven da ara maT
mSo­blebs, riTac studentebis damoukideblobis xarisxi izrdeba.
18 wlidan gogonebi da biWebi damoukidebl ekonomikur aqtore­
bad iTvlebian. saxlemwifo sufsidirebis gareSec, isini naklebad
arian mijaWvuli mSoblebze da saerTod ar arian damokidebuli
ga­re naTesavebze.
koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi ojaxuri movaleobebi mxo­
lod finansuri ki ara, ritualur xasiaTsac atarebs. ojaxuri
Tav­ yrilobebi, rogoricaa naTloba, qorwili da gansakuTrebiT
455
dak­rZalva, uaRresad mniSvnelovnad iTvleba da aucilebelia
maT­ze daswreba.
koleqtivisturi yaidis qveynebSi miRebulia stumroba winas­
wari gafrTxilebis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT
mso­flios yvela kuTxeSi telefonze xeli miyruebul soflebSic
mi­uwvdebaT, aseTi zaris aucileblobas ver xedaven. magaliTad,
in­doneziaSi, aRmosavleT iavas tomSi gafrTxilebis gareSe stum­
roba swored rom normaa.
koleqtivisturi tipis ojaxSi,1 harmoniasTan erTad, sircxvi­
lis koncefciac mniSvnelovania. individualistur sazogadoebas
xSi­rad danaSaulis kulturad akvalificireben. aq sazogadoebis
wesebis damrRvevs danaSaulis grZnoba awuxebs, risi safuZvelic
in­dividualurad ganviTarebuli sindisia, romelic Sinagani pi­
lotis funqcias asrulebs. misgan sapirispirod, koleqtivisturi
sazogadoeba sircxvilis kulturaa. Tu mocemuli jgufis wevr­
ma sazogadoebis wesebi daarRvia, mas danaSaulis gamo­aSkaravebis
Sem­TxvevaSi Sercxveba. sircxvilis buneba socialuria. danaSaulis
gamoaSkaraveba sircxvilis ufro didi wyaroa, vidre Tavad dana­
Sa­ulis faqti. danaSaulis grZnoba aseTi ar aris. mas ganicdian
imisda miuxedavad, yavs Tu ara Cadenil usaqcielobas mowmeni.
ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi koleqtivistur da individualistur
sazogadoebebs Soris cxrilis saxiT Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

zogadi norma da ojaxi

koleqtivistebi
adamianebi dabadebidan xvdebian
did ojaxebSi an sxva daxurul
jgu­febSi, romlebic maT erT­
gulebis sanacvlod icaven.
bavSvebi swavloben, rogor
ifiqron yvelaferze `Cven~-is
konteqstSi.
individualistebi
yvela izrdeba im principiT, rom
unda mouaros mxolod sakuTar
Tavs da uSualod sakuTar patara
ojaxs.
bavSvebi swavloben rogor if­
iqron yvelaferze `me~-s konte­
qstSi.

harmonia yovelTvis unda iyos sakuTari azrebis gulwrfelad

SenarCunebuli da unda xdebodes gamoTqma pirovnebis patiosnebis
pirdapiri konfliqtebisagan Tav­ niSania.
is arideba.

1
koleqtivisturi tipis ojaxis kargad gagebis saSualebas gvaZlevs in­
dividualisturi da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebis kriteriumebis co­
dna. profesor lali surmaniZis monografia (surmaniZe, 2001) mocemu­li
sakiTxebiT dainteresebulTaTvis SesaniSnavi damxmare saSualebaa.
456
 megobroba winaswar
gansazRvrulia.
resursebi naTesavebs unda
gauziaro.
ZiriTadia maRali konteqstis
mqone komunikacia.
sazogadoebis wesebis darRveva
iwvevs sircxvils da sakuTari da
jgufis saxis dakargvas.
sacole unda iyos axalgazrda,
gamrje da umwikvlo, saqmro unda
iyos ufrosi.
megobroba nebayoflobiTia da
xelSewyoba sWirdeba.
resursebi individualuri
sakuTrebaa. bavSvebisTvisac ki.
ZiriTadia dabali konteqstis
mqone komunikacia.
sazogadoebis wesebis darRveva
iwvevs danaSaulis grZnobas da
sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemis
dakargvas.
partnoioris mimarT
kriteriumebi ar aris winaswar
gansazRvruli.

rodesac vcdilobT feminuroba gavmijnoT maskulinobisa­

gan, biologiur gansxvavebebze ar vakeTebT aqcents. mosalodne­
lia, qali maskulinurad moiqces, xolo mamakaci ki _ feminurad.
sa­zogadoebas maskulinuri ewodeba, rodesac emociuri genderu­
li rolebi Semdegnairad aris dayofili: kaci asteriuli, Zlieri
da materialur warmatebaze orientirebuli; qali moridebuli,
na­zi da cxovrebis xarisxiT dainteresebuli. sazogadeobas femin­
uri ewodeba, rodesac kaci, iseve rogorc qali, aris moridebuli,
nazi da cxovrebis xarisxiT dainteresebuli.
g. hopstedes mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad feminuri
kul­turis matarebeli qveynebia SvedeTi, norvegia, niderlandebi,
dania da, nawilobriv, fineTic (hopstede.., 2011: 114-115).
genderuli rolebis gansxvaveba mxolod mciredaa biologi­
urad gansazRvruli. genderuli rolebis paternis stabiluroba
TiT­qmis mTlianad socializaciis xarjze mimdinareobs. magaliT­
ad, holandiur feminur kulturaSi bavSvebis socializaciisas
sqes­Ta Soris gansxvaveba SedarebiT naklebia.
rogor gamoiyureba gansxvavebebi feminur da maskulinur sa­
zo­gadoebebSi? feminur kulturebSi mniSvnelovania urTierTobe­
bi da cxovrebis xarisxi. kacic da qalic mokrZalebuli unda
iy­vnen. rogorc qali, iseve kaci, SeiZleba iyos nazi da fokuss
ake­Teb­des urTierTobebze. ojaxSi mSoblebs Tanabrad aqvT Sexeba
fa­q­tebTan da grZnobebTan. tirili daSvebuli rogorc gogosT­
vis, ase­ve biWisTvis. Tumca Cxubi orivesaTvis dauSvebelia. biWebi
da go­gonebi ar TamaSoben gansxvavebulad. Seyvarebuli wyvilis­
gan gan­ sxvavebuli standartebis midevnebas aravin iTxovs. nor­
maa, rom qmarma Seyvarebulis statusi uwindeburad SeinarCunos.
mas­kulinur kulturebSi yvelaferi sxvagvaradaa. mniSvnelovania

457
gamowveva, Semosavali, aRiareba da winsvla. mamakacebi, rogorc
wesi un­da iyvnen mimwolni, ambiciurni da Zlierni. qalebi ki nazi
da iz­runon urTierTobebze. ojaxSi mamas Sexeba aqvs faqtebTan,
de­das grZnobebTan. gogonebi tirian, biWebi ara. biWebi TamaSoben,
ra­Ta ajobon vinmes, gogonebi ki ZiriTadad imisTvis, rom erTad
iy­vnen. sacole unda iyos umwikvlo da gamrje, saqmro ki ara. ide­
aluri qmari warmoudgeniaT jansaRi, SeZlebuli da gamgebi. misgan
gan­sxvavebiT Seyvarebuli ki _ saxaliso.
maskulinuri kulturis qveynebSi, tradiciuli sazogadoebe­
bis darad, gauTxovari qali aris iSviaToba da is Zalze xSirad
diskriminirebulia. feminuri kulturis qveynebSi qalis simar­to­
ve­Si ucnaurs verafers xedaven. Tanamedrove industriul sazoga­
doebebSi mcxovreb qalebs, colis da disaxlisis garda, socialu­
ri rolis arCevis ufro didi asortimenti aqvT.1
araswori iqneba, Tuki feminurobas feminizms davukavSirebT.
fe­ minizmi xom ideologiaa, romlis mizani sazogadeobaSi qalis
rolis Secvlaa. zogierT qveynaSi SesaZloa feminizmis maskulin­
ur gamovlinebasac ki wavawydeT.
ama Tu im qveynis pozicia, maskulinoba/feminurobis ganzo­mi­
lebidan gamomdinare, seqsualuri qcevis normebzec axdens zegav­
le­nas. maskulinur qveynebSi kacebisa da qalebisaTvis gansxvavebu­
li standartebi moqmedebs. kaci mudam subieqtia, xolo qali _
obi­ eqti. SeiZleba vilaparakoT patarZlis umwikvlobis ormagi
sta­ndartis moralze, radgan mamakacebs, rogorc wesi, umwikvloe­
ba aRar moeTxovebaT. es filmebsa da fotoebSi gamosaxuli siSiS­
v­lis normebzec aisaxeba. SiSveli mamakacis Cvenebis tabu bevrad
uf­ro maRalia, vidre _ SiSveli qalisa. feminur kulturebSi ori­
ve sqesisTvis msgavsi standarti moqmedebs, Tanabrad mkacri, an
su­lac Tavisufali. aseve ar arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri siSiSv­
lesa da seqsualobas Soris. maskulinur kulturaSi seqss tabu
me­tad adevs, vidre es feminurSia, rac SiSze mimarTul kampaniaSic
aisaxeba (maskulinur qveynebSi msgavsi kampaniis warmoebisas mka­
c­rad akontroleben risi Tqma SeiZleba da risi ara). paradoq­
sia, magram, tabus gamo, aq seqsi ufro macdurad gamoiyureba da
televiziiT ufro meti implicituri seqsualuri simbolika tra­
n­slirdeba. ormagi standartebi seqsualur qcevas Semdegnairad
us­vams xazs _ kacebisaTvis es `qulebis daweraa~, qalebisaTvis ki _
eqspluataciis grZnoba. rac Seexeba erTstandartian feminur sa­
1
Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi ojaxis da piradi cxovrebis
stru­qturis cvlilebebi ganxiluli gvaqvs Cvens monografiaSi (korta­va,
2016). mocemul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT amosavali iyo britaneli so­­
ciologis entoni gidensis mosazrebebi (gidensi, 2011: 160-172).
458
zo­gadeobas, aq yuradReba mxolod ori adamianis urTierTobazea
ga­maxvilebuli.
ganaTlebas rac Seexeba, feminur kulturebSi normad `sa­
Sualo studentia” miCneuli. maskulinuri kulturebi ki win `sa­
uke­Te­so students~ wamoweven. magaliTad, holandiaSi, rogorc
amas am­bobs g. hopstede, mosalodnelia aseTi studenti masxradac
aigdon (hopstede.., 2011: 129). es gansxvaveba saklaso oTaxis qceva­
Sic Cans. maskulinur kulturaSi studentebi cdiloben sakuTari
Ta­vi warmoaCinon da erTmaneTs Riad ejibrebian. feminur kultu­
reb­Si asteriul qcevasa da warmatebis miRwevis Tavganwirul mcd­
elobebs kicxaven. maTi warmodgenebiT warmatebuloba aSkarad ar
un­da gamoCndes. maskulinur kulturaSi, skolaSi warumatebloba
ka­tastrofis tolfasia. iaponiisa da germaniis msgavs Zlier ma­
skulinur qveynebSi xSirad weren studentze, romelmac gamocda­
ze CaWris Semdgom Tavi moikla.
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba feminur da maskulinur sazogadoebebs
Soris, roca saqme exeba ganaTlebasa da momxmareblis qcevas, aseTia:
feminur kulturaSi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saSualo mosw­
re­bis studenti normaa. sust students waxalisebis mizniT aqeben.
war­matebulis ufrore SurT. skolaSi CaWra mcire mniSvnlobis in­
cidentia. bavSvebi agresiulad ar socializirdebian. studente­bi
TavianT moswrebas gadaWarbebulad ar afaseben, ris Sesabamisa­
dac mcidreba ego. dasafasebelia maswavleblis megobruloba. sam­
saxuris arCeva efuZneba individis Sinagan interesebs. qalebi da
kacebi erTsa da imave sagnebs swavloben, Tanabrad zrunaven mci­
rewlovan bavSvebze. xSirad wyvils saerTo avtomobili yavs. ufro
met sayofacxovrebo produqts SeiZenen da kiTxuloben ase­ve ufro
met mxatvrul literaturas. saubari rogorc wesi ra­por­tulia.
maskulinur kulturebSi gansxvavebuli realobaa. nor­
maa saukeTeso studenti. warmatebul students aqeben. klasSi
konkurenciaa. studentebi (moswavleebi) cdiloben miaRwion war­
ma­tebas. skolaSi sagnis Cagdeba katastrofaa. bavSvebis agresia
mi­saRebia. studentebs TavianT miRwevebze gadaWarbebuli warmod­
gena aqvT, ris Sesabamisadac aReniSnebaT egos zrda. dasafasebelia
mas­wavleblis Wkua.1 samsaxuris SerCeva karierul SesaZleblobeb­
zea damokidebuli. qalebi da kacebi gansxvavebul sagnebs swavlo­
ben. mcirewlovan bavSvebze mxolod dedebi zrunaven. qalebi Sei­
Zenen sakveb produqtebs, mamakacebi _ teqnikas; wyvils, rogorc
1
saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTlebis zogadi kriteriumebi, mos­wav­
le­Ta da studentTa realobaSi gavrcelebuli paternebi, inteleqtis
gan­pirobebuloba socialuri warmomavlobiT da aRzrdis Taviseburebe­
bi ufro Rrmad en. gidensma ganixila (gidensi, 2011: 461-498).
459
wesi, ori manqana esaWiroeba; iyideba ZiriTadad statusis Sesat­y­
vi­si produqcia; kiTxuloben dokumentur literaturas; saubari
aris reportuli.
konfliqtis gadaWris gzebze pirdapir gavlenas axdens mas­ku­
li­noba-feminurobis ganzomileba. SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva ma­
skulinur qveynebSi, rogoricaa irlandia da britaneTi, arsebobs
mo­sazreba, rom kofliqti aSkara dapirisirebiT unda gadawydes
da gaimarjvos saukeTesom. amitomac, rogorc wesi, menejmenti
pro­fkavSirebTan urTierTobas erideba da Tavad profkavSirebis
qceva amgvar damokidebulebas amarTlebs.1
niderlandebis, SvedeTisa da daniis msgavs feminur qveyneb­
Si konfliqtis gadaWra molaparakebiT urCevniaT. safrangeTSi
xSi­­ria xolme verbaluri Seuracxyofa damsaqmebelsa da profkav­
Si­rebs Soris. magram konfliqts mudam abalansebs `franguli
zo­mierebis~ grZnoba. amitomac mxareebi TanamSromloben da Tanx­
mdebian. maskulinur qveynebSi organizaciebi yuradRebas amaxvi­
le­ ben moRvaweobis Sedegebze da ajildoveben TanamSromlebs
prin­cipiT `kbili kbilis wil~. feminur qveynaSi organizacia per­
sonals ajildovebs Tanabrobis principiT iTvlaiswinebs ra Ti­
Toeulis saWiroebas.
idea, rom yvelaferi patara lamazia, feminuri Rirebule­
baa. g. hopstedes mier Catarebuli kvlevis farglebSi gamoikveTa,
rom msxvil organizaciebSi muSaobis mzardi survili maskulono­
biTaa gan­pirobebuli (hopstede.., 2011: 134). maskulinur kultur­
aSi sazogadoebis eTosi aseTia: `icxovre, rom imuSao!~; feminur
kulturaSi ki: `imuSave, rom icxovro!~.
1977 wels evrokavSirSi Catarebuli gamokvleva (hopste­
de.., 2011: 135) Semdeg kiTxvas moicavda: `Tu ekonomikuri situacia
ise gamujobesdeba, rom cxovrebis standartma aiwia, romels mi­
iCnevdiT ukeTesad Semdegi ori variantidan _ xelfasis gazrdas
(dReSi imdenive samuSao saaTiT) Tu samuSao saaTebis Semcirebas
(imave xelfasiT)~. arCevani iyo gansxvavebuli: xelfasis gazrdis
survils irlandielTa 62%, saaTebis Semcirebas niderlandelebis
64% miemxro. niderlandelebis arCevani ganapiroba ara imdenad
erovnulma simdidrem, ramdenadac feminurma Rirebulebebma. igi­
ve SegviZlia vTqvaT, oRond piruku irlandielebze.
g. hopstedes kvlevebidan gamomdinare tradiciul sazoga­
1
profkavSirebi amerikaSi Zlieri Zalaa. n. smelzeris SeniSvniT, prof­
kav­
Sirebi xSirad afinanseben politikur moqmedebaTa komitetebs da
kongresis zewoliT akanoneben arcTu samarTlian wesebs. magali­ Tad,
ase­Ti iyo gemTmSeneblobaSi fiqsirebuli fasebis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba
(Смелзер, 1994: 521).
460
doebebSi (aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi, kavkasiaSi) feminuri kultu­
ra, Sesabamisad feminuri Rirebulebebi fexs ver ikidebs ekonomi­
kuri CamorCenilobis gamo (hopstede.., 2011: 140). feminurobasa da
mas­kulinobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi did rols TamaSoben
aziis iseT mwavave problemaSic, rogoricaa gogonebis dabadebis
pre­vencia. 2000 wels aziaSi 100 milioniT naklebi qali daibada,
vidre normaluri Sobadobis pirobebSi iyo mosalodneli. de­
mografiulma disbalansma am regionSi SesaZloa, momavalSi masku­
linuri Rirebulebebis bumi gamoiwvios, rac arcTu saxarbieloa
(hopstede.., 2011: 150).
ekonomikuri sistemis `renesansi~, saSualo klasis gafarToe­
ba, demografiuli balansis dacva (qalTa Sobadobis prevenciis
aR­kveTiT) _ es is amocanebia, romlebic warmatebiT unda gadaiW­
ras feminurobis indeqsis gasazrdelad. `siuxvis, sayovelTao ke­
TildReobis sazogadeobaSi~ (frazis avtoria cnobili ekonomis­
ti jon kenet gelbreiti (John Kenneth  Galbraith, 1908-2006)) xom
Ta­­visTavad mravldeba individualisturi Rirebulebebi da fexs
iki­­debs feminuri kultura, rac pirdapir aisaxeba demokratiis xa­
ris­xze. da bolos, holandieli mkvlevaris, girt hopstedes mier
war­ modgenili faqtebi, romlebic mocemuli statiis msjelobis
sa­gani gaxda kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom marqsiseuli bazisisa
da zednaSenis mimarTeba safuZvels araa moklebuli.

bibliografia:

• gidensi, 2011 _ gidensi entoni. sociologia. saxelmZRvanelo. ingli­

suridan Targmnes T. gogoriSvilma, n. donaZem, c. xin­TibiZem. Tb., 2011;
• kortava, 2016 _ kortava Sorena. postmodernizmi da Tanamed­ro­veoba.
Tb., 2016;
• surmaniZe, 2001 _ surmaniZe lali. individualisturi da ko­leq­ti­vis­
tu­­ri sazogadoebebi. Tb., 2001;
• fukuiama, 1999 _ fukuiama frensis. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskne­
li adamiani. inglisuridan Targmna z. WilaZem. Tb., 1999;
• hopstede.., 2011 _ hopstede girt, hopstede gert ian. kulturebi da
organiza­ciebi. gonebis programuli uzrunvelyofa. Tb., 2011;
• СМЕЛЗЕР, 1994 _ Смелзер Нейл. Социология. Перевод с английского. На­учный
ре­­дактор на русском языке профессор В. А. Ядов. М., 1994 (el. versia: http://
sdo.institutemvd.by/file.php/73/Soc_faily/smelzer_sociologiya_1994.pdf).

461
 SHORENA KORTAVA1

FEMININE AND MASCULINE CULTURES

Masculine and feminine cultures are analyzed in the article. In addition,

individualism and collectivism are elaborated. They are directly linked with the
reasons of the society being open and closed. The measuring indicators include
family, work, education and human relations. The priority of individualistic com-
munities and the link of feminine gender with high-cultural traditions are re-
vealed in every aspect. Democracy depends not only on political systems, but it
is closely connected with culture and economy. Therefore, unfortunately the rise
of feminine culture is not expected in poor countries. Based on social researches
the comparative analysis of cultures considers Scandinavian countries to be the
most advanced. According to their standard of living, the basis and dichotomy
of superstructure by Marx is considered being actual. The article is based on
the culturology work and comparative analysis by Dutch scientist Geert (Gerard
Hendrik) Hofstede.

1
Shorena Kortava – PhD in Sociology, Assistant Professor, Sokhumi State University.
462
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

lia svaniZe1

fsiqologiis swavlebisa da kvlevis xedva

fsiqologia, romelic Seiswavlis fsiqikur movlenaTa ka­non­

zo­mierebebs, fsiqikis, rogorc cxovelmoqmedebis gansakuTrebu­
li formis ganviTrebasa da funqcionirebas, Seiswavlis adamianis
Sinagan sulier samyaros, misi fsiqikis ganumeorebel agebu­ le­
bas, gviCvenebs adamianis fsiqikis unikalur SesaZleblobebs ga­re
sinamdvilis Semecnebasa da gardaqmnaSi, mis yvela sulier fe­no­
mens, rogorc cnobiers, ise aracnobiers, sazogadoebis sul ufro
da ufro met yuradRebas ipyrobs. fsiqologia mowodebulia mniS­
vnelovani roli Seasrulos humanisturi mimarTulebis uzrunve­
lyofaSi, maRali Rirebulebebis formirebaSi.
fsiqologiis safuZvliani codna aucilebelia TiToeuli
ada­mianisaTvis, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaSi.
gan­sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Cemi azriT, is, rom fsiqologi­
uri codnis kompleqsi warmodgenili iyos umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mqo­ne TiToeuli pirov­ nebis codnis sistemaSi, es exeba rogorc
zo­gad fsiqologias (fsiqologiis Sesavali), ise gamoyenebiTi
fsiqologiis dargebs _ ekonomikur fsiqo­logias, iuridiul fsi­
qo­logias, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisa da marTvis fsiqologi­
as, samedicino fsiqologias, saqmiani urTierTobebis kulturas,
gan­viTarebis fsiqologias da sxva fsiqologiur dargebs.
fsiqologia mxolod gamzadebul receptebs ar warmoadgens
cxo­v­rebis yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis. igi emsaxureba adamians siRr­mi­
seulad gaerkves samyaros mravalferovnebaSi, SeZlos maRalefe­
q­
turad ganaxor­ cielos profesiuli saqmianoba, warmatebulad
iur­TierTos sxva adamia­nebTan, kargi damokidebuleba daamyaros
oja­xSi, ukonfliqto jansaRi urTierToba daamyaros studenteb­
Tan, rac kargad swavlis sawindaria.
1
lia svaniZe _ fsiqologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universiteti.
463
 diplomatiaSi da politikaSi xom fsiqologiis Rrmad cod­
nis gareSe SeuZlebelia warmatebuli saqmianoba.
nebismier sazogadoebriv-socialur institutebSi, organiza­
ci­ebSi menejmentis safuZvels warmoadgens fsiqologia. profesi­
ona­li menejeri ara spontanurad, aramed fsiqologiis Zirfesvi­
anad codnis safuZvelze wyvets yvelaze rTul problemebs da
sa­
naqebod awesrigebs pirovnebaTa Soris urTierTobebs (svaniZe,
2012: 128-139).
Tu adamianma kargad icis azrovnebis, warmosaxvis, mexsiere­
bis, temperamentis, grZnoba-emociebisa da sxva fsiqikuri movle­
ne­bis kanonzo­mierebebi, igi moswrebulad gaivlis cxovrebis ur­
Tules labirinTebSi. aseTi adamianebi advilad floben sakuTar
Tavs da pozitiurad aRiqvamen sinamdviles, maT SeuZliaT aswav­
lon garSemomyofT urTulesi situa­ciidan umtkivneulod gamosv­
lis gzebi da situaciis gakontroleba, pirovnebaTa Soris urTi­
er­Tobis codniT wesrigi daamyaron nebismier auditoriaSi.
sauniversiteto fsiqologiuri ganaTlebis koncefcia sTa­
va­
zobs imaT, visac es xelewifeba, fsiqologiis mimarTulebis
gaZli­ ere­
bas, misi mniSvnelobis win wamowevas, amiT mxolod moi­
gebs nebismieri univer­siteti. rogorc Jan piaJem brZana, `fsiqo­
logia aris mec­nierebaTa galaqtikis RerZi~. marTlac, nebismieri
mecniereba Seqmnilia adamianis fsiqikis wyalobiT, romelsac Seis­
wavlis fsi­qologia. evropis, amerikisa da aziis cnobil universi­
tetebSi fsiqologias privilegirebuli adgili ukavia.
Cven samagaliTod moviyvanT 300-wlovani istoriis mqone
sanqt-peterburgis saxelmwifo universitets. misi daarsebidanve
udidesi yuradReba eqceoda fsiqologias. amJamad fsiqologiis
fakultets aqvs 10 ka­ Tedra, rac uzrunvelyofs fsiqologebis
momzadebas 11 specia­ li­zaciiT. studentTa swavla xorcieldeba
sam ganyofilebad _ dRis, saRamos da dauswrebelze. dRis gan­
yofilebaze Rebuloben 100 students, saRamos da dauswrebel
gan­yofilebaze 75-75 students. swavla mimdinareobs programiT
_ `diplomirebuli specialisti~ 5 wlis vadiT, bakalavriati 4
wlis vadiT da `magistri~ 2 wlis vadiT. saRamos da dauswrebel
fakultetze igive programiT mimdinare swavleba, magram 1 wliT
meti droiT. yovelwliurad xdeba ara fsiqologiuri ganaTlebis
mqone 150 adamianis miReba. maTTvis swavlis vada Semcirebulia sam
wlamde `diplomirebuli specialistis~ programiT.
fakultetis wamyvan kaTedrad iTvleba `zogadi fsiqologi­
is~ kaTedra. erT-erTi Zalze seriozuli kaTedra gaxlavT _ `so­
cialuri adaptaciisa da pirovnebis fsiqologiuri koreqciis
464
kaTedra~, sadac kaTedris saZirkvels warmoadgens `iuridiuli
fsi­qologia~ (Zalian vwuxvarT, rom 2012 wels soxumis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis xelmZRvanelobam discip­
lina `iuridiuli fsiqologia~ gadauloca iuristebs, rogorc
iu­ridiuli sagani, rac saqmis ucodinrobis maCvenebelia!).
fsiqologiis kvlevisa da swavlebis koncefcia, misi Cveneuli
xedva uflebas maZlevs xazgasmiT aRvniSno Semdegi: `ekonomiku­ri
fsiqologia~ da `iuridiuli fsiqologia~ aucileblad unda iyos
specsagnebi da ara arCeviTi disciplinebi, Tavisi arsidan gamom­
dinare.
`iuridiuli fsiqologia~ aris mecniereba kanonsawinaaRmde­
go qcevaSi, procesualur qmedebaSi da sasjelis realizaciis
pro­cesSi gamovlenili da ganviTarebuli fsiqikuri kanonzomiere­
bebis Sesaxeb. igi moicavs fsiqikur movlenaTa gansakuTrebul sam­
yaros. esaa marTl­msajulebis procesSi CarTuli pirovnebis fsi­
qikis Taviseburebani da kanonzomierebebi. rogorc vrwmundebiT,
iuridiuli fsiqologiis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia marTlmsa­
ju­lebis sferos gamarTuli saqmianoba. es WeSmariteba sruliad
ga­sagebi da misaRebi unda iyos iuridiul sferoSi moRvawe yvela
pi­rovnebisaTvis.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas `ekonomikur fsiqologiaze~, mis
kavSir­ ze ekonomikis sferosTan. ekonomikuri procesebis funq­
ci­onirebis praqti­kaSi ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri da socialu­
ri komponentebi ganuyofel erTianobaSi imyofebian da romelime
maT­ganis gamoTiSvas disonansi Seaqvs sistemaSi. TiToeuli maTga­
nis Seswavla-Secnoba, amasTan erTad, gulisxmobs maTi Sinagani
ur­TierTkavSiris garkvevasa da Sesatyvisi erTiani integraluri
war­modgenis Seqmnas, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia mTeli sisruliT
ga­irkves SromiTi saqmianobis rogorc wminda ekono­ mikuri, ise
wmi­nda socialur-fsiqologiuri mxareebi.
`ekonomikuri fsiqologia~ aris mecniereba, romelic Seis­
wavlis ekonomikuri procesebis, ekonomikuri movlenebis da
ekonomi­ku­ri urTierTobebis fsiqikuri asaxvis kanonzomierebebs.
buneb­ ri­
via, `ekono­
mikuri fsiqologiis~ gareSe warmatebuli ver
iqneba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis nebismieri ekonomikuri sfe­
ro (soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis
sa­naqebod unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli problema dadebiTad aris
ga­dawyvetili).
mecnierebis im dargTa Soris, romlebmac Tavisi saxeli ukv­
davhyves, erT-erTi centraluri adgili fsiqologias ukavia, ro­
melmac srulad moicva samyarosTan adamianis damokidebulebis
30. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 465
mra­valferovneba. am mecnierebis momavali bevrad aris damoki­
de­buli imaze, Tu ramdenad nayofieri iqneba misi kavSiri iu­ris­
teb­Tan, ekonomistebTan, medicinasTan, sociologiasTan da sxva
dar­gebTan.
rodesac vexebiT fsiqologiis swavlebis da kvlevis koncef­
cias, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis
mdgo­ mareoba, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces axlis Ziebas,
ar­sebulis gaanalizebas da gadamowmebas. fsiqologs ar unda ga­
moeparos is siaxleebi, rac moipova fsiqologiurma mecnierebam,
daeyrdnos sando, profesional mkvlevarTa kvlevis Sedegebs da
sa­Wiroebisamebr gamoiyenos isini, amavdroulad daeuflos kv­
levis axal teqnologiebs.
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba Tan unda axldes fsiqologis saqmi­
anobas (rogorc praqtikul, ise Teoriul sakiTxebTan dakavSire­
biT). kvlevis uamrav meTodebs Soris, romlebsac mkvlevarebi
gvTa­vazoben, sasurvelia SeirCes iseTi advilad gamosayenebeli
teq­nologiebi, romlebic infor­maciis mopovebis da misi xarisxis,
san­doobis mixedviT, misi gamoyenebis simartivis mixedviT, araf­
riT Camouvardebian kvlevis urTulesi teqno­logiebiT miRebul
in­formacias, anu Wkvianma mecnierma, pedagogma, romelmac hipoTe­
zis saxiT mainc icis, ras da risTvis ikvlevs, SeiZleba gamoiyenos
aR­niSnuli problemis gadawyvetis nebismieri meTodi.
rogorc cnobilia, genialurma qarTvelma fsiqologma dimi­
tri uzna­Zem Tavisi sakacobrio mniSvnelobis ganwyobis zogadfsi­
qo­logiuri Teoria kvlevis xelmisawvdomi, moxdenili da efeqtu­
ri meTodiT daamtkica.
Cvens droSi fsiqologia warmodgenilia mecnieruli codnis
mso­flio sistemaSi, rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, romel­
sac aqvs ganStoebuli kavSirebi da saqmianobis mosazRvre sferoe­
bi socialur, ekonomikur, samedicino, teqnikur da sxva mecniere­
bebTan. fsiqologiis praqtikuli amocanebi mimarTulia adamianis
yo­fierebis humanizaciisaken.
saqarTveloSi (da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi) qarTveli fsi­
qo­logis mier fsiqologiis swavlebisa da kvlevis xedva warmoud­
genelia genialuri qarTveli fsiqologis dimitri uznaZis ganw­
yo­bis zogad­fsi­qologiuri Teoriis pirvel planze wamowevis ga­
reSe. msoflio fsiqologiuri codnis istoriis saganZurSi oqros
asoebiT Caiwera qarTuli fsiqologiuri skola dimitri uznaZis
ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis wyalobiT.
ganwyobis Teoriis swavleba saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleb­
elSi uamravi da metad saintereso problemebis irgvliv gaCenil
466
kiT­xvebze gascems pasuxs. amitom aRniSnuli TeoriiT dainterese­
ba da masze srulyofili warmodgenis Seqmna, dimitri uznaZis gan­
wyobis Teorias, kidev erTxel warmoaCens da aamaRlebs qarTveli
stu­dentebis _ bakalavrebis, magistrantebis, doqtorantebis ga­
naTlebis xarisxs.
oriode sityviT unda aRiniSnos is umniSvnelovanesi katego­
ri­ebi, romelic arsebiTad aris CarTuli ganwyobis TeoriaSi.
pirovnebis (subieqtis) kategoriasTan erTad ganwyobis Teo­
riaSi damuSavebulia fsiqologiis iseTi ZiriTadi kategoriebic,
ro­ goricaa qceva, cnobiereba, aracnobieri. ganwyobis TeoriaSi
sru­­lyofili, univer­ saluri zogadfsiqologiuri koncefcia am
ka­tegoriebs erTiani princi­pidan gamomdinare ganixilavs. rogor
aris masSi warmodgenili Tundac aracnobieris kategoria? arac­
nobieris sfero ganwyobis sferoa _ esaa amomavali debuleba.
ganwyoba organizmis CarCoSi moqceuli sinamdvilea, igi su­
bieqtis mdgomareobaa da cnobierebis yovelgvari Sinaarsi misi
gamovlenaa.
qcevaSi CarTuli sxeulebrivi da motoruli procesebi cno­
bierebis SemecnebiT, emociur da volitur procesebTan erTiano­
biT aRmocendeba im aracnobieri sawyisidan, rasac ganwyoba ewode­
ba. TviT ganwyoba ki Taviseburi fsiqikuri fenomenia.
rodesac subieqtze sinamdvile moqmedebs, ganwyoba, rogorc
mTliani, pasuxobs mas, igi win uswrebs fsiqo- da fiziologiurs
da maTze ar daiyvaneba. ganwyoba moTxovnilebis fonze garemos,
si­tuaciis zemo­qmedebas asaxavs.
d. uznaZis TqmiT, ganwyoba subieqtSi gadmosuli obieqturi
vi­Ta­re­baa. masSi winaswar aris momzadebuli iseTi qceva, romelic
subieqt­i­saTvis saWirocaa da SesaZlebelic.
ganwyobis fsiqologiaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba fsiqikuri
aq­tivobis prognozirebas. ganwyobidan qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis
Sesa­Zlebloba erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ganwyobis fsiqologia aris determinis­
tuli fsiqologia. ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, qcevis arcerTi
rgoli ar unda iyos amovardnili mizezobrivi jaWvidan.
unda aRiniSnos, rom d. uznaZis skolaSi yovelTvis did
mniSvne­lobas aniWebdnen fsiqologiis sxvadasxva mimdinareobebis
Seswavlas da kritikul analizs.
ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiurma Teoriam Camoyalibebis da
srul­ yofis xangrZlivi da rTuli gza gaiara. TviT d. uznaZes
mu­dam Sehqonda cvlilebebi da dazustebebi Tavis sistemaSi, sxva­
dasxva dros igi araerTi axali debulebiT da monacemiT Seivso.
467
 es tendencia SemdgomSic SenarCunda. ganwyobis fsiqologiis
mra­vali aspeqti Rrmad iqna damuSavebuli da ganviTarebuli mis
mier dafuZ­nebuli skolis sxvadasxva Taobebis mkvlevarTa mier.
bev­ri cnobili fsiqologi moRvaweobda da moRvaweobs fsiqologi­
uri mecnierebis umniSvnelovanes problemebze.
fsiqologTa saukeTeso pleada dauRalavad eweva fsiqologi­
uri mecnierebis swavlebisa da kvlevis sapatio, urTules saqmiano­
bas.
soxumis saxelmwifo universitetSi myarad moikida fexi fsi­­
qo­logiuri mecnierebis swavlebam da kvleviTma saqmianobam. mra­
valma abiturientma SemoaRo universitetis kari swavlis ga­sa­g­r­
Ze­leblad fsiqologiis mimarTulebiT.
siamayiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom fsiqologiis mimarTulebis
stu­dentebi erT-erT warCinebul studentTa nakads warmoadgenen.
isini didi interesiT da warmatebiT euflebian fsiqologiuri
mec­nierebis sxvadasxva dargebs. gaixsna fsiqologTa klubi, rom­
lis wevrebic bevr sasargeblo saqmes akeTeben.
TviT fsiqologiis mimarTuleba gamoirCeva Tavisi warmatebiT
da gamarTuli saqmianobiT.
ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT erTi guldasawyveti garemoeba:
fsiqo­ logiis mimarTulebisaTvis (fakultetis yvela mimarTu­
le­bisgan gansxva­vebiT) arcerTi sruli profesoris Stati ar ga­
imetes (sruliad gaugebari mizezis gamo!).
fsiqologiis codna SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians maqsima­
lu­rad gamoavlinos Tavisi unarebi da swori gziT warmarTos Tav­
isi cxovreba. adamians cxovreba imasve ubrunebs, _ brZana cicero­
nma, _ rasac TviTon adamiani sTavazobs sakuTar cxovrebas, ra­sac
misi saswaulebrivmoqmedi fsiqika (jansaRi fsiqika) umtkiv­neulod
axerxebs, oRond gvaxsovdes sokrates devizi `Seican Tavi Seni~.
am devizis xorcSesxma xdeba cnobierebis meSveobiT, rac fsi­qikis
ganviTarebis umaRles formas warmoadgens da romelic mxolod
adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. rodesac raimes cno­bierad
vakeTebT, maSin masze dakvirveba, Tu ra mdgomareoba­Sia Cveni cno­
biereba, niSnavs TviTcnobierebas anu TviTkont­ rols, TviTkri­
tikas, rac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavis SecnobaSi. Cve­ni qcevis Tu
azrovnebis gansja-ganxilvas udidesi mniSvneloba eni­ Weba Cveni
Semdgomi moqmedebis ukeTesad warmarTvisaTvis. `vin var me?” _ es
aris TviTcnobierebis mTavari sakiTxi, igi Cven gvexma­re­ba Sevic­
noT sakuTari Tavi, amaSi ki gvexmareba fsiqologiis co­dna, rome­
lic swavlobs fsiqikur movlenaTa kanonzomierebebs da romelic,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gacilebiT farToa, vidre cnobiere­
468
ba. cxovrebis praqtikam gviCvena, rom TviTcnobiereba rCeulTa
x­vedria. visac TviTcnobiereba sakuTari cxovrebis wesad uqcev­
ia, brZens uwodeben, anu Wkvian adamianad moixsenieben, romelsac
go­nebiT SeuZlia sirTuleSi garkveva da maTi gadalaxvis realuri
gzebis povna.

bibliografia:
• svaniZe, 2012 _ svaniZe lia. menejmentis fsiqologiis ZiriTadi prin­
ci­pebi, _ Jurn.: `kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi~. #18, 2012.

LIA SVANIDZE1

APPROACH TO STUDY AND RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology, which studies regularities of psychic phenomena, psyche as

the development and functioning of special form of life activity, studies the in-
ward mental world of the human, inimitable mental structure, shows us unique
possibilities of psyche in perception and transformation of external reality, all
its spiritual phenomena, both conscious and unconscious, attracting more and
more attention of society.
Proceeding from above mentioned, the author of article substantiates
that fundamental knowledge of psychology is necessary for every human in his/
her everyday life and activity. Author convincingly establishes the spheres of de-
velopment of the society (number of which is too big), functioning of which is
impossible without deep knowledge of psychology. We will mention only some
of them: diplomacy, politics, management in all its dimensions, jurisprudence,
economics, medicine, education and enlightenment, interrelations in all their
diversity and many other areas. Author shows how successfully the psychology
is studied in foreign countries and how endless are the possibilities given by
knowledge of psychology. After comprehensive and thorough examination of
this important issue the author offers us her own view according to which, the
whole complex of psychological knowledge should be presented in the knowl-
edge system of every Human with higher education.

1
Lia Svanidze – PhD in Psycology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
469
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

politikuri mecnierebebi,
sociologia, fsiqologia

dazmir jojua1

ruseTis saokupacio reJimi saqarTveloSi

(afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi).
misi struqturebi da meqanizmebi
winamdebare statiis Temis mniSvneloba da aqtualoba ume­tes
wilad aris ganpirobebuli imiT, Tu ramdenad aris mniSvnelova­ni
da aqtualuri okupaciis problema da deokupaciis strategia ro­
gorc Tanamedrove periodis qarTul politikaSi, iseve, zogadad,
Cve­ni sazogadoebis socialur cnobierebaSi.
paradoqsia, magram faqtia, Tanac uaRresad samwuxaro, rom
ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omisa da misi mTava­ri Se­
degis _ saqarTvelos istoriuli regionebis okupaciis _ analizu­
ri CarCo moqceulia azrTa bunebrivi sxvadasxvaobis farglebSi
da erTgvari interkonceptualuri aRqmis sibrtyezea gadatanili.
aq erTmaneTis pirispir dgas ori saazrovno sistema, azrovnebis
ori koncefcia: pirveli amtkicebs (da sruliad samarTlianad),
rom omi daiwyo ruseTma da misi mTavari Sedegic _ okupaciac _
wi­naswar dagegmili rusuli politikisa da geostrategiis produ­
q­­
tia; meore ki aviTarebs mosazrebas, rom omi daiwyo saqarTve­
los imdroindelma xelisuflebam da omisSemdgomi okupaciac am
xe­­
lisuflebis gauazrebeli, arapragmatuli da provokaciebze
ori­ entirebuli kursis Sedegia. es ukanaskneli mosazreba, ro­
gorc ityvian, araxalia, Zvelia, tyupiscaliviT waagavs drosa da
sivrceSi Caketil da periodulad wamoweul prorusul diskur­
sebs. gavixsenoT: n. Jordanias mTavrobis dadanaSauleba 1921
wlis Te­ berval-martis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dawyebaSi da g.
CiCerinis cnobili fraza: „saqarTvelo saSinlad gaTavxedda~; k.
g. ma­nerheimis dadanaSauleba ssrk-fineTis omis dawyebaSi da v.
mo­ lotovis sityvebi, rom „helsinkTan kompromisi ver moiZebna
1
dazmir jojua _ istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxumis
sa­xelmwifo universiteti.
470
fi­nelebis xisti poziciis gamo~; hafizula aminis „eqstremistuli
da voluntaristuli politikis“ dadanaSauleba avRaneTis omis
daw­yebaSi; kievis „postmaidanuri da banderuli reJimis“ dadanaSa­
uleba aRmosavleT ukrainis ambebSi da a.S. azris amgvari mimar­
Tuleba sruliad logikuria gamarjvebuli mxaris interesebiT _
ar­sebobs cnobili romauli sentencia „vaeba damarcxebulT!“.
es sentencia, albaT, Cven amgvarad unda gavigoT: damarcxe­
bulT arasodes aZleven nebas daiviwyon, rom maT damarcxeba ige­
mes omSi. magram sruliad alogikuria da garkveul gancvifreba­
sac iwvevs analogiuri azris tiraJireba damarcxebuli qveynis
mo­­qalaqeebis mxridan. Cvenis azriT, es iseTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac
az­­ris mimarTuleba gonebis sruli dabnelebisa da inteleqtual­
uri obskurantizmis xazebs uCvenebs. rogorc ityvian, azris ga­mo­
Tqma yovelTvis azrovnebas ar niSnavs. hoda, zemoTxsenebuli az­
ris gamomTqmelebi da maTi mimdevrebi xSirad apelireben swo­red
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis aucileblobiT, saWirboroto proble­me­bze
(maT Soris sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebaze da dip­lo­
matiuri doqtrinis xasiaTze) diskusiuri formatis Tu plura­
lis­turi „mozaikis“ mqone diskursis ucilobeli mizandasaxulo­
biT. Tu ar vcdebiT, diskursologiis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis jon
ro­lsis mier SemoRebuli terminebia „pluralizmis faqti“ da „wo­
nas­worobis formula“; is amtkicebda, rom Tu arsebobs „faqti“,
au­cileblad unda iyos „kontrfaqtic“; swored maTi erTdrouli
ar­seboba uzrunvelyofs demokratiul dialogs da liberalur
dis­kurss. „wonasworobis formulis“ meqanikuri gadmotana CvenT­
vis saintereso sakiTxis analitikur sibrtyeze niSnavs Zalian
mar­ tivi da erTob trivialuri „mosazrebis“ konstatacias _ Tu
ar­sebobs prodasavluri orientacia (da am orientaciis platfor­
midan danaxuli agvistos omi da omisSemdgomi okupacia), ratom ar
SeiZleba arsebobdes, da unda arsebobdes kidec, proruseTu­ li
orientaciac (da am orientaciis platformidan gaazrebuli ag­
vistos omi da „okupacia“). es „mosazreba“ wminda wylis absurdia
sa­qarTvelos faqtobrivi mdgomareobis konteqstSi, da ai, ratom:
men­taluri pluralizmi da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba marTlac diskur­
sologiis anbanuri komponentebia, magram dauSvebelia maTze ori­
entacia, rodesac diskursis Sinaarss qmnian mdgradi da Seuqceva­
di WeSmaritebebi anu iseTi „faqtebi“, romlebic TavisTavad ar
sa­Wiroeben „kontrfaqtebiT“ gawonasworebas (xom ar SeiZleba, ma­
ga­liTad, gamoTqma „ca cisferia“ gavawonasworoT kontrfaqtiuri
ga­moTqmiT „ca yviTelia“ mxolod da mxolod imisTvis, rom cis Tvi­
sebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxze azrTa sxvadasxvaobis diskursi Seiqmnas).
471
 saqarTvelos dRevandeli mdgomareobiT ruseTi aris agreso­
ri da okupanti saxelmwifo. amitom proruseTuli orientacia sa­
ga­reo-politikuri diskursis komponenti da prodasavluri ori­
entaciis kontrfaqti ki ar aris, aramed kolaboracionizmi da
sa­mSoblos Ralati. saqarTvelos moqalaqes SeiZleba hqondes nebi­
smieri sagareo orientacia, Tavisi Sinagani moTxovnilebebidan,
geo­ politikuri azrovnebidan da faseulobebidan gamomdinare,
magram Tanamedrove konkretul-istoriul viTarebaSi proruseT­
uli orientacia aris kolaboracionizmi da saxelmwifos Ralati.
es iseTi mdgomareobaa, rodesac TviT rusuli okupaciis faqti
Ta­visTavad apriorulad aqcevs proruseTul orientacias kolab­
orantul poziciad da ase iqneba es okupaciis gangrZobadobis
mTel periodSi. RmerTma gvaSoros rusuli okupaciis grZelvadi­
ani gagrZeleba da misi gadaqceva, ase vTqvaT, epoqalur movlenad.
magram rusuli okupaciis ganvlili rva weli cxadyofs: proruseT­
uli orientacia ver Tavsdeba racionaluri, logikuri, Tundac
diskursiuli azrovnebis sferoSi da ufro waagavs sabediswero
crurwmenis Tu sabWoTa „homo sovetikusuri“ inerciis gamovline­
bas. ufro metic _ dRes es aris obskurantizmi da inteleqtualu­
ri monoba. masobriv cnobierebaSi am saxadis daZlevis efeqturi
sa­Sualebaa patriotuli goniTi aqtivoba, ruseTis agresiis memo­
rializacia (magaliTad, kargia, rom Seiqmna okupaciis muzeumi),
koleqtiur mexsierebaSi patriotebis namoqmedaris rekonstruq­
cia da, paralelurad kolaboranti (garsevan WavWavaZe, orjoniki­
Ze, SevardnaZe...) da kondotieri (saakaZe, stalini...) qarTvelebis
kul­tis damxoba. es rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv azrs da masobriv
cnobierebas. xolo rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv azrovnebas da
pro­fesiul cnobierebas (am SemTxvevaSi istoriul da politikur
az­rovnebas), maT xeli unda Seuwyon patriotizmis da erovnuli
mrwamsis ganviTarebas, iseTi saazrovno sivrcis Seqmnas, romel­
Sic patriotuli goneba mudmiv reJimSi „awarmoebs“ simarTles,
ero­vnul TviTSemecnebas da cnobierul stimuls aZlevs rusuli
ag­resiis Sedegebis daZlevis saqmes.
vfiqrobT, Cvens profesiul cnobierebaSi SeuZlebelia (uf­
ro metic _ gamoricxulia)zemoTxsenebuli ori Tvalsazrisis Se­
Tavseba, Tanxvedra, miTumetes morigeba. maT Soris mkveTri zRva­
ri unda gaevlos da amgvari gamijvnis qmediT safuZvels Seqmnis
ru­seTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilze Camoyalibebuli
sa­okupacio reJimebis kompleqsuri Seswavla. rusizmis, rogorc
erTgvari sabediswero crurwmenis, daZleva mxolod rusianobis
re­aluri Sedegebis kvleviTaa SesaZlebeli. XXIs. rusianobis „kla­
472
sikur“ nimuSs ki warmoadgens Cveni okupirebuli teritoriebi, iq
Se­qmnili saokupacio-marionetuli sistemiT da mimdinare saoku­
pa­cio politikiT.
sakiTxi aqtualuria kidev erTi garemoebis gamoc: samwux­
arod, 2012w. oqtombris Semdeg sityva „okupacia“, rogorc cneba
da politikur-diplomatiuri kategoria, gaxda elastiuri da ram­
denadme bundovanic. is Zalian iSviaTad fiqsirdeba saerTaSori­so
dokumentebSi, xolo sakuTriv saqarTveloSi axsendebaT mxo­lod
agvistoSi _ 2008 wlis omis morigi wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil ofi­
cialur gancxadebebSi. es cneba Caanacvla „pragmatizmma“ da „saf­
rTxeebis Semcirebis“ doqtrinam. miiCneven, rom rac ufro nakle­
bad vixmarT (an sulac ar vixmarT) am cnebas, miT ufro naklebad
gavaRizianebT agresors, rac asaxvas hpovebs mis politikaSi. Cven
ar mivekuTvnebiT imaT ricxvs, vis gonebas da sakvlevaZiebo ka­
lams marTavs garkveuli moRvawis (Tundac araformaluri statu­
sis mqonis) da misi jgufis ideebi da marjvena, amitom pirdapir
vam­bobT: aseTi midgoma aris sruli sisulele, Tu, rasakvirvelia,
is generirebuli ar aris agresoris mier warmoebuli „rbili Za­
lis“ strategiaSi monawileobis vualirebuli amocaniT. Tu ra Se­
de­gi moaqvs ybadaRebul „pragmatizms“ da rogor aris „Semcirebu­
li“ safrTxeebi, amas naTlad aCvenebs am ramdenime xnis winaT
sa­okupacio xazis xurCis monakveTze datrialebuli Semzaravi
tra­gedia. afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli saokupacio
re­Jimebis kvleva swored imitomac aris aqtualuri, rom nakvlev­
ma garkveuli mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitanos kremlis politikis
gac­ nobierebaSi da swori, gonivruli gezi misces saqarTvelos
kurss agvistos omis Sedegebis daZlevis rTul gzaze, nacvlad
kre­ mlis poziciebis Secvlis uniadago ocnebisa da am ocnebaSi
Ca­Ziruli politikosebis da sazogadoebis nawilis gulubryvilo
obs­truqcionizmisa.
Cveni kvlevis obieqts Seadgens afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regi­
on­Si damyarebuli rusuli saokupacio reJimis analizi, iq arsebu­
li rusuli saokupacio wesrigisa da misi mmarTvelobiTi sqemebis
mi­ukerZoebeli suraTis Cveneba.
am mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinareobs kvlevis sagani _ ru­
suli saokupacio reJimis politikis da am politikis samxedro_
stra­tegiuli, sakuTriv_ politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturu­
li aspeqtebis Seswavla.
Cven SevexebiT rogorc ruseTis saokupacio politikis stra­
te­giis arsebiT sakiTxebs (anu _ raSi mdgomareobs ruseTis intere­
se­bi am sferoSi), iseve saokupacio politikis, rogorc procesis
473
sa­kvanZo problemebs (anu _ rogoria kremlis saokupacio politi­
ka praqtikaSi, ra institutebi da aqtorebi axorcieleben mas).
pirveli sakiTxis kvlevisas, garkveuli meTodologiuri „ga­
sa­Rebis“ funqciiT, Cven gvWirdeba erTgvari abstraqtuli Teore­
ti­zacia _ anu erTgvari Teoriul-ganmartebiTi wiaRsvlebi oku­
pa­
ciis analitikuri CarCos SemotaniT da masTan dakavSirebuli
spe­cialuri cnebebis dakonkretebiT. dReisaTvis mecnierebaSi mi­
Re­buli okupaciis konceptualuri CarCo aseTia:
„okupacia“ (dakaveba, dapyroba, daufleba) aris samxedro Za­
lis gamoyenebiT sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis an misi nawilis
da­kaveba (socialur da politikur terminTa, 2004: 351). sxvagva­rad
rom vTqvaT, okupacia aris danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romelic gu­
lisxmobs sxva saxelmwifos kuTvnili teritoriis dapyrobas sam­
xedro Zalis gamoyenebiT (Tanac am teritoriis SeerTebis, anu
ane­qsiis gareSe, rac Tavis mxriv, meore danaSaulebriv qmedebas
war­moadgens).
magram saerTaSoriso samarTalSi „okupaciis“ konceptual­
uri CarCo erTferovani ar aris da kidev or gagebas vxvdebiT:
1) oku­pacia, rogorc „terra nullius“ _ anu aravisi miwis daka­
ve­ba-aTviseba, iseTi teritoriis dakavebaa, romelic arc erTi
sxva sa­ xelmwifos samflobelo ar aris. aseTi gagebiT, okupacia
saxelmwifo teritoriis Seqmnis erT-erTi formaa (mag., aziisa da
afrikis teritoriebi XVI-XIXss. kolonizaciis periodSi); 2) omis
Semdeg da­ marcxebuli saxelmwifos teritoriis an misi nawilis
droebiTi dakaveba, am saxelmwifos mier sazavo xelSekrulebiT
nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebamde. okupaciis es saxeoba reg­
ulirdeba „sax­meleTo omis kanonTa da CveulebaTa Sesaxeb“ haagis
1970w. konven­ ciiT, „omis dros samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvis
Sesaxeb“ Jenevis 1949w. me-4 konvenciiT, am konvenciasTan dakav­
SirebiT 1977w. 1-li damatebiTi oqmiT, aseve sxva aqtebiT (aleq­
si­Ze.., 2005: 283). aseTebi iyo, magaliTad: germaniis teritoriis
nawilis (rainlandis) okupacia antantis mier 1919-1932ww; germani­
is mTeli teritoriis okupacia da misi dayofa oTx saokupacio
zonad 1945-1949ww; iaponiis amerikuli okupacia 1945-1952ww; avst­
riis sabWoTa okupacia 1945-1954ww; avRaneTisa da erayis okupacia
saerTaSoriso koaliciis Zalebis mier, Sesabamisad 2001-2014 da
2003-2011ww. da sxv.
samxedro okupaciis periodSi okupirebul teritoriaze dam­
yarebuli xelisufleba aris suverenitets moklebuli droebi­Ti
faqtobrivi xelisufleba, romelmac pativi unda sces iq mcxo­v­reb
adamianTa uflebebs, kulturul faseulobebs, adgilobriv ka­
474
nonebs, daicvas elementaruli wesrigi da a.S. amasTan, es xelisu­
f­leba faqtobrivi saokupacio reJimis formas da xasiaTs iZens.
sa­okupacio reJimi _ es aris saokupacio xelisuflebis organoe­
bis mier im uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebisa da
me­Todebis erToblioba, romelsac isini asruleben saxelmwifo_
oku­pantis interesebis Sesabamisad. arsebiTad saokupacio reJimi
war­moadgens im procedurebisa da RonisZiebebis kompleqss, rome­
lTa mizania okupirebul teritoriaze administraciuli struq­
turebis Seqmna da maTi saqmianobis damorCileba saxelmwifo-oku­
pan­tis umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi.
imTaviTve cxadia, rom afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis ru­
suli okupacia arc `terra nullius~-is dakavebis cnebaSi jdeba
da arc omisSemdgomi iZulebiTi okupaciis ganzomilebaSi. es aris
pir­wmindad danaSaulebrivi aqti, romelsac win uZRoda saqarTve­
los winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli farTomasStabiani agresia da
pir­dapiri samxedro intervencia 2008 wlis 7-12 agvistos.
ra Tqma unda, is, rom omi daiwyo 7 agvistos, iyo SemTxveviTo­
ba, magram is, rom omis damwyebi iyo ruseTi, es icoda yvelam; es
iyo, ase vTqvaT, faqti TavisTavad. saqarTvelos imdroindeli xe­
lisufleba da dasavleTis garkveuli wreebi didxans afrTxi­leb­
d­nen amis Sesaxeb msoflios, amxeldnen v. putinis avantiurizms,
postsabWoTa sivrceSi ruseTis batonobis aRdgenisa da terito­
riuli eqspansiis miznebs, gansakuTrebiT ki 2007w. 10 Tebervlis
mi­unxenis cnobili gamosvlis Semdeg dagegmil agresiul sagareo-
po­litikur gegmebs. magram dasavleTis zomierma eliturma jgufeb­
ma da ZiriTadSi germaniis istebliSmentis neoliberalurma da
prorusulma fraqciebma, rogorc ityvian, yuric ar Seibertyes.
ruseTisaTvis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omis warmoebis Teo­
riuli baza gaxldaT evrazianizmi da mravalpolusiani msoflios
kon­cefcia. es koncefcia, saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ZalTa centre­
bis blokur-difuziuri zrdisa da msoflio struqturis unipola­
ri­zmidan multipolarizmSi gadasvlis paralelurad, aviTarebs
ru­seTis egidiT evraziuli integraciisa da am saxiT globaluri
ru­ suli polusis Seqmnis ideas. putinis xrova am „diadi“ saqmis
ga­dawyvetas, rogorc Cans, gegmavda ori amocanis etapobrivi Ses­
rulebiT (Tanac im WeSmaritebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom nebayoflo­
biT arc erT qveyanas, TviT slavur ukrainasac, ar surda rusul
polusSi gawevrianeba da kremlis ZalTa centris orbitaze moq­
ceva): pirveli amocana iyo 1991w. 8 dekembris beloveJis xel­Sek­
rulebis Sedegebis anulireba da yvelafer imis „gamosworeba“, ra­
sac putinma „saukunis geopolitikuri katastrofa“ uwoda; me­ore
475
amocana iyo im saxelmwifoTa teritoriebis dapyroba, romle­bic
uars ambobdnen am „gamosworebis“ calkeul struqturebSi (ОДКБ,
„evraziuli ekonomikuri kavSiri“, „evraziuli sabaJo kavSiri“ da
sxv.) monawileobaze da uaris gamo warmoqmnili usafrTxoebis
vakuumis Sevsebas cdilobdnen dasavlur struqturebSi gaerTi­
ane­biT. saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebi okupirebul iqna
swo­red agresiis am oretapiani gegmis Sesabamisad. magram XXI s_
Si pirdapir intervencias da aSkara agresias esaWiroeba erTgvari
vu­alireba. agresiis gadafarvisTvis rusulma propagandam daiwyo
mtki­ceba _ TiTqos samxedro operaciis mizani iyo afxazeTsa da
cxi­nvalSi „ruseTis moqalaqeebis“ dacva da Tbilisis agresiuli
re­Jimis mxridan maTze Zaladobis prevencia. „saakaSvilis reJimi­
sagan afxazebis da osebis dacvis“ lozungi xom tyupiscaliviT
hgavs Tundac yvelaze axal lozungs _ „kievis banderuli reJimi­
sa­gan aRmosavleT ukrainis mosaxleobis dacvas“. sinamdvileSi es
yve­laferi agresiis gadafarvaa, realobaze proimperiuli kliSe­
ebis eqstrapolacia da proecirebaa da sxva araferi. Samwuxarod,
„eqs­trapolirebulTa“ da „proecirebulTa“ arcTu mcire „armia“
sa­qarTveloSic gvyavs, Tanac ara oden obivatelur fenebSi. winam­
debare statia, sxvaTaSoris, maTzecaa orientirebuli da maTi go­
neb­rivi mimarTulebis SecvlaSi mokrZalebuli wvlilis pretenzi­
ac gaaCnia.
2008 wlis 7-12 agvistos omis dros mimdinare sabrZolo moq­
me­debebis farglebSi da pirvel omisSemdgom dReebSi ruseTis Sei­
araRebulma Zalebma operatiulad daikaves saqarTvelos terito­
riis mniSvnelovani nawili _ afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis
kon­fliqturi zonebi, aseve konfliqtur regionebTan mimdebare
sa­megrelosa da Sida qarTlis didi nawili. okupaciis faqtobrivi
pro­cesis paralelurad, ruseTma 2008w. 26 agvistos, saerTaSori­
so samarTlis fuZemdebluri normebis uxeSi darRveviT, aRiara
e.w. afxazeTis respublikisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis respublikis
„da­moukidebloba“. amis sapasuxod, saqarTvelom aRniSnuli ter­
itoriebi cno ruseTis samxedro Zalebis mier ukanonod dakave­
bul te­ ritoriebad (parlamentis 2008w. 8 agvistos rezolucia),
gawyvita dip­ lomatiuri urTierToba agresorTan (3 seqtembers)
da miiRo dsT-s datovebis gadawyvetileba. 2008w. 23 oqtombers
sa­qarTvelos parlamentma miiRo organuli „kanoni okupirebuli
te­ritoriebis Sesaxeb~.
sruliad cxadia, rom ruseTi ukve 2006 wlis bolodan emzade­
bo­da saqarTveloze Ria da efeqturi samxedro dartymisTvis. isic
cxa­dia, da es araerTxel daafiqsires medvedevma da putinma 2009-
476
2014 ww. oficialur gamosvlebSi, rom am dartymis mTavari motivi
iyo saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianebis Sekaveba-ardaSveba. Tumca
isic cxadia, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi stabilurobis aRdgenisa da
saqarTvelos teritoriuli gamTlianebis „mwvane Suqi“ verc ma­Sin
ainTeba, Tu ruseTi dasavleTisagan nato-s argafarToebis myar
ga­rantiebs miiRebs. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, afxazeTsa da
cxi­nvalis regionSi rusuli intervencia (1992-1993) zustad aTi
wliT uswrebs win saqarTvelos oficialur ganacxads nato-Si gaw­
evrianebaze (2002w. noemberi).
mecnierebaSi miRebuli tipologiis farglebSi, saqarTvelo­
Si (afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi) arsebuli ruseTis saokupa­
cio reJimi unda ganimartos, rogorc im garkveuli institutebis,
principebis, normebis, wesebis da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis pro­
cedurebis erToblioba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Cveni qveynis
istoriul regionebSi procesebis marTvas ruseTis interesebis
Se­sabamisad. ruseTis saokupacio reJimi warmoadgens saokupacio
xe­
lisuflebis rusuli (saokupacio samxedro bazebis sardloba,
ru­seTis e.w. saelCoebi soxumsa da cxinvalSi, saokupacio proce­
sis regulirebis struqturebi kremlSi) da adgilobriv-marione­
tu­­li (e.w. prezidentebi, e.w. saxalxo krebebi, e.w. mTavrobebi,
e.w. raionuli administraciebi) organoebis mier iseTi politikis
ganxorcielebis process, romelic ganapirobebs rusuli sa­
okupacio wesrigisa da mmarTvelobiT-administraciuli sqemebis
fun­qcionirebas, romelTa ZiriTadi arsia saqarTvelos teri­to­
riis nawilebis damorCileba ruseTis, rogorc saxelmwifo_ oku­
pantis, umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi. reJims aqvs imperiuli diq­
tatis, proteqtoratis, politikuri vasalitetis, adgilob­ ri­vi
eTnokratiebis waxalisebis, pirdapiri samxedro iZulebis, ma­ ri­
onetul dajgufebebTan intereseTa konfliqtis da samxedro ko­
lonizaciis niSnebi, Tanac erTad aRebuli. amitom okupirebul
regionebSi TiTqmis nulovan niSnuls uaxlovdeba liberaluri
institutebis, partiuli sistemisa da warmomadgenlobiTi de­mo­
kra­tiis done, aseve adamianis uflebaTa (gansakuTrebiT galisa da
axa­lgoris raionebis qarTuli mosaxleobis elementaruli ufle­
bebis) konstituciuri garantiebi.
saokupacio sistemis faqtobrivad erTaderTi dasayrdeni
aris samxedro Zala da specsamsaxurebi, xolo saokupacio poli­
tikis mTavari mizani _ afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis aneqsia
ru­seTis samxedro, ekonomikur, samoqalaqo da socialur siste­
mebSi maTi integraciiT.
ganvlili rva wlis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis re­
477
gionSi ruseTis mier saokupacio reJimis mSenebloba istoriuli
Tva­lsazrisiT uprecedento samxedro-politikuri procesia: sa­
qar­TveloSi Semosul arc erT winandel okupants ar hqonia iseTi
dax­vewili da detalebze gaTvlili saokupacio teqnologiebi, sx­
visi teritoriis dapyrobisa da ase vTqvaT, aTvisebis iseTi „teq­
ni­ka“, rogorc gaaCnia Tanamedrove ruseTs da kremlis imperiali­
stur xrovas.
ruseTis saokupacio reJimis mSenebloba, zogadad, saokupa­
cio procesi ar iyo sworxazobrivi da statikuri. ganvlili rva
wlis ganmavlobaSi mas hqonda ramdenadme evoluciuri xasiaTi da
eq­vemdebareboda cvalebad koniunqturas. uSualod omisSemdgom
eta­pze okupirebuli gaxda ara mxolod konfliqturi regionebi,
ara­med maTi mimdebare teritoriebi. samegrelosa da Sida qarT­
lis okupacias ruseTi axorcielebda e.w. usafrTxoebis derefne­
bis da e.w. stabilurobis sartylis cinikuri Sirmis qveS.
mzardi saerTaSoriso zewolisa da saqarTvelos mier Zalis
ga­mouyeneblobis notis xelmoweris Semdeg, kremli iZulebuli
gax­da moexdina „buferuli zonebis“ deokupacia: 2008w. 9 seqtem­
bers ruseTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma datoves md. enguris marj­
vena napirze mdebare zugdidis raionis soflebi _ ganmuxuri da
xurCa, xolo 13-15 seqtembers _ foTi-senakis xazze damontaJebu­
li blok-saguSagoebisa da sainJinro-sasangre simagreebis sistema.
oqtomberSi ganxorcielda saokupacio „buferuli zonebis“
demontaJi aRmosavleT-operatiul mimarTulebaze: 3-4 oqtomb­
ers mtris Zalebma datoves karaleTi da nataxtevi, 7-9 oqtomb­
ers stacionaluri blok-saguSagoebis qseli: karaleT-cxinvalis
mimarTulebiT _ Zevera, qiwnisi, tyviavi, tirZnisi, marana, bro­
w­
leTi, meRvrekisi, ergneTi; variani-cxinvalis mimarTulebiT _
va­riani, Sindisi, fxvenisi, qvemo da zemo xviTi, qvemo da zemo ni­
qozi; mejudisxeobis mimarTulebiT _ patara da didi mejvrisxe­
vi, axalubani, dici da mereTi; qareli-yornisis mimarTulebiT _
sa­qaSeTi, atoci da gnolevi (jojua, 2010: 262, 266). „buferuli“
de­okupaciis Sedegad ganTavisuflebuli punqtebi saqarTvelos
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros speckontingentis (specialuri oper­
atiuli departamentis) nawilebma daikaves.
magram deokupaciis procesi am etapze SeCerda. saqarTvelos
Si­da teritoriebidan jarebis gayvanis Semdeg ruseTma analogiu­
ri aqcia sakuTriv konfliqtur regionebSi ar ganaxorciela, ri­
Tac uxeSad daarRvia (da dRemde arRvevs) 2008 wlis 12 agvistos
Se­Tanxmebis zogad formatsac da, gansakuTrebiT ki dazavebis Se­
Tanxmebis („konfliqtis mowesrigebis eqvsi principis“) V muxls,
478
ro­ melic iTvaliswinebs ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gasvlas
sa­omari moqmedebebis dawyebamde arsebul xazze. ruseTma araTu
da­tova Tavisi jarebi V muxliT gansazRvrul or ZiriTad seq­
tor­ Si _ afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi, aramed kidev ufro
ga­zarda maTi raodenoba.
afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi saokupacio Zalebis dato­
ve­biT da maTi samxedro komponentis gafarToebiT ruseTis agre­
siul strategiaSi gamoikveTa ori mTavari mimarTuleba: erTi
mxriv, mo­ xda erTgvari strategiuli „rekonstruqcia“ ruseTis
samxedro yo­fnisa da 2008 wlamde Tundac formalur-iuridiulad
sam­Svi­do­bo funqciis mqone samxedro misia gardaiqmna saokupacio
SeiaraRebul Zalad Sesabamisi samxedro infrastruqturiT, me­
ore mxriv, soxumisa da cxinvalis separatistulma dajgufebebma
miiRes usafrTxoebis mZlavri garantiebi, riTac saqarTvelos te­
ri­toriuli daSlis faqtori droSi gangrZobadobis riskis qveS
da­dga.
amdenad, rusuli okupacia, erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyofs ruse­
Tis samxedro yofnas saqarTvelos teritoriaze, sakuTriv saqar­
Tve­los mosaxleobisa da xelisuflebis Tanxmobis gareSe (ris ga­
moc is warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTlis uxeS darRvevas) da,
me­ore mxriv, qmnis separatizmis usafrTxoebis garantias, maTs Ta­
vdacvis sistemas da soxumisa da cxinvalis marionetuli reJime­
bis „moRvaweobiT“ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv_ teritoriuli
mTli­anobis rRvevis safuZvlebs (bunebrivia, am mTlianobis aRd­
genisa da mSvidobis mSeneblobis nebismieri modelis blokirebiT,
an winaswargamiznuli torpedirebiT).
rusuli okupaciisa da qarTuli miwa-wylis faqtobrivi samx­
edro aneqsiis „iuridiuli“ baza gaxda 2008 wlis 17 seqtembers
moskovSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebi ruseTsa da e.w. afxazeTis
res­ publikas Soris da ruseTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTis respub­
likas Soris „megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmare­
bis Sesaxeb“ (Договор о дружбе... (a)). maT xeli moaweres prezidentma
d. medvedevma da separatistuli reJimebis liderebma (s. baRafSma
da e. kokoiTim). „xelSekrulebebiT“, romelTa teqstebi tyupisca­
li­viT hgavs erTmaneTs, ruseTma aRiara afxazeTisa da e.w. samx­
reT oseTis „suvereniteti“ da „teritoriuli mTlianoba“, gansaz­
Rvra maTTan mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis warmoebis mzadyofna
da ikisra separatistuli reJimebis usafrTxoebis dacvis valde­
bu­leba, „sazRvrebis erToblivi dacvisa“ da saqarTvelos istori­
ul teritoriebze permanentuli samxedro dislokaciis saxiT.
oku­pirebul teritoriebze arsebuli politikuri warmonaqmnebis
479
usa­frTxoebis, „suverenitetisa“ da „teritoriuli mTlianobis“
dacvis sababiT ruseTma iq ganalaga samxedro bazebi (#7 _ afxaz­
eTSi da #3 _ cxinvalis regionSi, romlebic operatiuli xaziT
da­eqvemdebara Tavdacvis saministros samxreTis samxedro olqs),
xo­lo „sazRvrebis erToblivi dacvis“ Sirmis qveS _ usafrTxoebis
federaluri samsaxuris sasazRvro dacvis sammarTvelos Seiara­
Re­buli kontingenti.
17 seqtembris xelSekrulebebma uaryofiTi teritoriuli
mdgo­ mareoba Seqmnes saqarTvelosaTvis. sabolood cxadi gaxda,
rom kremli ar apirebda deokupaciis Sesaxeb „sarkozis dokumen­
tis“ V muxlis Sesrulebas. „buferuli zonebis“ demontaJis Semdeg
sakuTriv konfliqtur regionebSi ruseTis jarebis datovebam fa­
qtobrivad Camoayaliba saqarTvelo-ruseTis sademarkacio xazi:
is arsebiTad imeorebs sabWoTa periodis avtonomiuri warmo­na­q­m­
ne­bis administraciuli sazRvrebis perimetrs, warmoadgens rusu­
li „sasazRvro“ wertilebis qselisagan Semdgar saokupacio xazs
da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo teritorias hyofs or _ okupirebul
da araokupirebul _ nawilad.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi saokupacio xazi gadis ZiriTadad
md. enguris marjvena napirze (gamonaklisia Savi zRvis SesarTav­
Tan arsebuli ganmuxuri da xurCa da mdinaris zemo welze mdebare
sof­lebi _ Wale, faxulani da muJava). Sida qarTlSi ki mas amgvari
to­ pografiuli nomenklatura aqvs (aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis
mi­marTulebiT): cixisubani _ oZisi, qvemo Walis CrdiloeTiT 7km
_ kodiswyarodan CrdiloeTiT daaxl. 1,5km _ zeRduleTidan aR­
mo­savleTiT daaxl. 4km _ didi mejvrisxevi _ axalubnidan Crdi­
lo-aRmosavleTiT daaxl. 2,8km _ tyviavidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT
3km _ mereTidan CrdiloeTiT 0,5 km _ dicidan CrdiloeTiT da Cr­
dilo-dasavleTiT 1-0,3km _ tirZnisidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 5km
_ qvemo niqozi _ ergneTidan CrdiloeTiT 0,5-0,3km _ dvanidan Cr­
diloeTiT 1,2km _ dirbidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 2km _ avnevidan
CrdiloeTiT 1,4km _ breZidan CrdiloeTiT 2 km _ Walovanis aR­
mosavleTiT 9,5-10 km _ perevis aRmosavleTi kide _ md. jejora­ze
kvaisadan dasavleTiT 2km _ mamisonis sauReltexilo zonis na­wili.
aucilebeli Seiqna okupirebuli teritoriebis droebiTi
sta­ tusis dadgena, danarCeni saqarTvelos araokupirebul nawi­
l­Tan SedarebiT gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis re­
gla­ mentacia. garda amisa, bunebrivia, saWiro iyo saokupacio
xazis iqiT ruseTis faqtobrivi samxedro aneqsiis Sekavebis sa­
marTlebrivi berketebis amoqmedeba. 2008 wlis 23 oqtombers sa­
qarTvelos parlamentma miiRo „kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis
480
Sesaxeb“ (saqarTvelos kanoni.., 2008: 1-3). kanonma daadgina iuridi­
uli winaRobebis mTeli talRa rusuli saokupacio politikis
formalur-samarTlebrivi determinaciis sferoSi. afxazeTi, Ses­
abamisi sazRvao akvatoriiT da sahaero sivrciT, da cxinvalis re­
gioni, Sesabamisi sahaero sivrciT gamocxadda ruseTis samxedro
ag­resiis Sedegad okupirebul teritoriebad. ganisazRvra okupi­
rebuli teritoriebis statusi da specialuri samarTlebrivi re­
Jimi: sagangebo mdgomareoba; Tavisufali gadaadgilebis SezRudva
(mxolod saqarTvelos danarCeni Sida teritoriebidan Sesvlis ka­
tegoriuli moTxovniT); yovelgvari ekonomikuri da biznes-saqmi­
anobis akrZalva saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe
da sxv. ukanonod gamocxadda okupirebul teritoriebze moqmedi
yvela separatistuli struqtura da Tanamdebobis piri, xolo maT
mi­er miRebuli gadawyvetilebani _ baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis
armqoned.
kanoniT ruseTis federacias daekisra pasuxismgebloba oku­
pirebul teritoriebze humanitaruli mdgomareobis xasiaTze,
adamianis uflebaTa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvaze.
2009w. 30 aprils prezidentma medvedevma separatistTa lide­
re­bTan xeli moawera e.w. xelSekrulebebs „sazRvrebis erToblivi
dacvis Sesaxeb“ (Договор о дружбе (b)). saerTaSoriso normebisa da
helsinkis aqtis fuZemdebluri principebisa da muxlebis uxe­ Si
darRveviT, afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis avtono­ mi­
uri
olqis administraciuli sazRvrebi saqarTvelos danarCen ra­
ionebTan gamocxadda „saqarTvelo-afxazeTisa“ da „saqarTve­ lo-
samxreT oseTis saxelmwifo sazRvrebad“. xelSekrulebebiT dad­
ginda am „sazRvrebis“ delimitaciisa da demarkaciis procedu­rebis
Catareba. maTi dacvis mizniT ruseTma ikisra mTels perimetrze
uSiSroebis federaluri samsaxuris speckontingentis ganlageba
da Sesabamisi infrastruqturis mowyoba.
es iyo saerTaSoriso marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Serwyma
sruliad usazRvro cinizmTan da gonebriv barbarosobasTan; is­
to­riuli qarTuli teritoriebi, qarTuli civilizaciis organu­
li sivrceebi medvedevis, baRafSisa da kokoiTis sisxlSi amosvri­
li xelebisa da e.w. „saprezidento avtokalmebis“ erTi mosmiT
ga­mocxadda sakuTari sazRvrebis mqone saxelmwifoebad.
2009w. 30 aprilis ukanono xelSekrulebebiT ruseTma dro­
ebiT miaRwia Tavis mtaceblur mizans: Tu 2008w. 17 seqtembris xel­
SekrulebebiT, „qarTuli agresiisgan“ afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT
oseTis „dacvis“ motiviT, konfliqtur regionebSi ganalaga sao­
kupacio samxedro bazebi, amjerad, afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT
31. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 481
oseTis „saxelmwifoebis“ sazRvrebis dacvis cru fantomis qveS,
daiwyo saokupacio kontingentis gafarToeba uSiSroebis specna­
wilebis dislokaciiT.
2009w. maisis dasawyisSi kremlma daiwyo ukanono demarka­
cia. aRsaniSnavia, rom e.w. sazRvrebis delimitaciisas okupantebi
xel­mZRvaneloben sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli administraciuli
gamijvnis praqtikiT. arada, 1990 wlis 11 dekembris kanoniT „sam­
xreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb“ da saqarT­
velos prezidentis 1991 wlis 16 aprilis brZanebulebiT „cxinva­
lis, znaurisa da javis raionebis administraciul-teritoriuli
mowyobis Sesaxeb“, gauqmebulia saqarTvelos ssr cak-isa da saxko­
m­sabWos erToblivi dekreti „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis
Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelos ssr 1980w. kanoni „samxreT oseTis
av­tonomiuri olqis Sesaxeb“, TandarTuli rukebiTa da topogra­
fiuli sqemebiT.
ukanono demarkaciis farglebSi, okupantebma daiwyes admi­
nistraciuli sazRvrebis mTel perimetrze mavTulxlarTebis da
sa­kontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebis, e.w. sabaJo terminalebis mowyo­
ba (af­xazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis administraciuli sazR­
vris zo­gierT monakveTze ki rkina-betonis kedelic aaSenes), vi­
deo-sasignalo da sensoruli aparatebis damontaJeba, uSiSroebis
federaluri samsaxuris sasazRvro dacvis specdanayofebis gan­
lageba. ivnisis damlevisaTvis ZiriTadSi dasrulda okupirebul
teritoriebze sasazRvro-sajariso kontingentis dislokacia,
rom­lis uSualo xelmZRvanelobas axorcielebda ruseTis samxre­
Ti sazRvris dacvis Stabi general-polkovnik lisinskis meTauro­
biT («Апсныпресс».., 2010).
saokupacio xazze okupantebma Seqmnes sakmaod mZlavri da
qse­luri infrastruqtura, romelic moicavs 20-22 samxedro-sasa­
zRvro „qalaqs“ da stacionarul gasamxedroebul wertilebs.
„sasazRvro sakiTxis“ aseTi „mogvareba“ iyo rusuli agresiis
morigi etapi _ okupirebuli teritoriebis strategiuli Semor­
kalviT, okupaciis samxedro komponentebis gafarToebiT da teri­
toriebis faqtobrivi samxedro aneqsiiT.
2010 wlis 16-17 Tebervals moskovSi imyofeboda soxumis se­
paratistuli dajgufebis delegacia. 17 Tebervals prezidentma
d. medvedevma da marionetuli reJimis liderma s. baRafSma xeli
moaweres xelSekrulebebs ukanono migraciasTan brZolis, sahaero
mimosvlis, sabanko saqmianobis, samecniero-teqnikuri TanamSrom­
lobis, satransporto kavSirurTierTobebis da sxv. Sesaxeb (jo­
jua, 2010: 303).
482
 yvela maTgani, cxadia, aralegitimuria da iuridiuli Zalis
ar­mqone. magram faqtobrivi moqmedebis kuTxiT moaswaveben „damo­
ukidebeli“ afxazeTis strategiuli infrastruqturis gadasv­
las ruseTis saxelmwifosa da rusuli korporaciuli kapitalis
mflo­belobaSi, amdenad, uCveneben ruseTis saokupacio politikis
mimarTulebebs sxvadasxva sferoSi.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da saokupacio politikis
sakuTrivi sfero, cxadia, aris samxedro kolonizacia. mas are­
gulirebs e.w. SeTanxmeba afxazeTis teritoriaze gaerTianebuli
samxedro bazis Seqmnis Sesaxeb (Соглашение... (a)). dokumentis moqme­
debis vada gansazRvrulia 49 wliT, 15-wliani avtomaturi pro­
longaciis SesaZleblobiT.
SeTanxmeba, romelic warmoadgens 2008w. 17 seqtembris xel­
Sekrulebis „urTierTdaxmarebis“ seqtoris dakonkretebas da sam­­
xedro kavSiris implementacias, gansazRvravs gaerTianebuli sam­
xedro bazis funqcionirebisa da gamoyenebis wesebs. bazis mTava­ri
mizania „afxazeTis suverenitetisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyo­
fa, erToblivi brZola saerTaSoriso teroristuli formirebe­
bis winaaRmdeg“. magram es SiSveli pacifisturi teqstualizmi
mxo­lod formaluri fonia, romlis ukan imaleba ruseTis realu­
ri mizani _ saqarTveloSi grZelvadiani samxedro okupaciis uz­
runvelyofa.
SeTanxmebam specialurad gaiTvaliswina rusi samxedro mosam­
sa­
xureebisaTvis afxazeTSi miwis nakveTebis, sxva uZrav-moZravi
qonebis gamoyofa. meore mxriv, SeTanxmebaSi ganisazRvra samxedro
ba­
zebis piradi Semadgenlobisa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa statusi,
dawesda maTi samoqalaqo privilegiebi, maT Soris moqalaqeobis
gamartivebuli wesiT miRebis ufleba. analogiuri viTarebaa rus
me­sazRvreebTan dakavSirebiTac. sruliad logikuria, rom rusul
okupacias Tan axlavs samxedro kolonizaciis mZlavri tendencia.
saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriebze ruseTis saokupacio
politikis gaRrmavebis morigi etapi dadga 2014-2015ww. mijnaze.
2014w. 24 noembers soWSi xelmoweril iqna xelSekruleba ruseTsa
da e.w. afxazeTis respublikas Soris „mokavSireobisa da strate­
giuli partniorobis Sesaxeb“ (Договор о дружбе... (b)). es dokumen­
ti, misgan gamomdinare SeTanxmebebiTa da oqmebiT, qmnis saokupa­
cio procesis axal tendencias _ soxumis marionetul reJimze
pir­dapiri proteqtoratis damyarebas da afxazeTis formaluri
ane­qsiisaTvis winamZRvrebis Semzadebas. xelSekruleba iTvaliswi­
nebs koleqtiuri Tavdacvis sistemisa da saerTo socialur-eko­
no­mi­
kuri sivrcis Seqmnas, koordinirebul sagareo politikas,
483
or­mxri­vi uSiSroebis principis SemoRebas da a.S.
2015w. 18 marts gaformda moskovis „xelSekruleba mokavSire­
obisa da integraciis Sesaxeb“ (Договор о дружбе... (g)). kremlsa da
cxi­nvalis separatistul dajgufebas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi, cxin­
valis regionTan mimarTebaSi adgili aqvs ruseTis aneqsionisturi
kursis gafarToebis tendencias. amaze, sxvaTaSoris, xelSekrule­
bis garegnuli mxarec miuTiTebs _ afxaz separatistebTan xelmowe­
rili xelSekrulebis teqstSi dafiqsirebuli „strategiuli part­
nioroba“ aq Canacvlebulia „integraciiT“. xelSekrulebis ZaliT,
cxinvalis marionetuli reJimis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, Sinagan sa­
qmeTa da usafrTxoebis struqturebi, sabaJo samsaxuri mTlianad
gadadis ruseTis federaciis Sesabamisi struqturebis pirdapiri
kontrolisa da gamgeblobis qveS. amasTan, rokis gvirabis samxreT
portalze arsebuli sazRvari absoluturad pirobiTia gansxva­
vebiT md. fsouze gamavali sazRvrisgan, romelic formalurad
jer kidev inarCunebs e.w. saxelmwifoTaSoriso sazRvris atribu­
tebs (sasazRvro-gamSveb punqts, sademarkacio banerebs da sxv.).
amdenad, soxumisa da cxinvalis marionetul dajgufebebTan
2014-2015ww. dadebuli xelSekrulebebiT (maTgan gamomdinare Se­
TanxmebaTa da protokolebis seriasTan erTad) ruseTi Riad da­
adga, erTi mxriv, Rrma, yovlismomcveli okupaciis strategias da,
meore mxriv, dampyrobluri politikis aneqsionistur platfor­
maze gadasvlis kurss. sabolood Camoyalibda okupaciis struq­
tu­ruli birTvi, ase vTqvaT, okupaciis figuracia: ruseTis samxe­
dro bazebi, uSiSroebis federaluri samsaxuris speckontingenti
da soxumisa da cxinvalis marionetuli reJimebis (iseve rogorc
sa­
erTod afxazuri da osuri elitebis sxvadasxva dajgufebaTa)
mo­qmedebis sakontrolo aparati kremlSi (imperiuli kontrolis
me­qanizmebi).
ra Tqma unda, politikuri procesi da sazogadoebrivi yofi­
ereba mravalferovania da mravalwaxnagovani. saokupacio reJimi
mo­icavs sxva struqturebsac _ socialurs, ekonomikurs, humani­
taruls, sazogadoebrivs, kulturul-saganmanaTleblos da a.S.
magram mTels am mozaikaSi yvelaze arsebiTi da ganmsazRvreli
swored zemoTmoyvanili instituciuri samkuTxedia. sxva struq­
tu­ rebisa da organoebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic okupaciis
garegnul mxares, mis zedapirul Sres moicaven, samkuTxedSi Sema­
val institutTa qseli gansazRvravs saqarTvelos okupirebul
te­ritoriebze saokupacio procesis ganviTarebas da qmnis rusu­
li saokupacio wesrigis arsebobis safuZvlebs.
yvelafer amiT ki ruseTi uxeSad arRvevs rogorc saerTaSori­
484
so samarTlis fuZemdeblur normebs da saerTaSoriso sistemis
ar­sebobis civilizebul principebs, iseve msoflio Tanamegobro­
bis funqcionirebis sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebsa da procedu­
rebs.
cxadia da unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom agvistos omis­
Semdgomma situaciam, kremlis ybadaRebuli ritorikiT _ „axalma
re­alobam“ mniSvnelovanwilad mxolod axali impulsebi misca ru­
suli okupaciisa da kolonializmis im istoriul formats, ro­
melsac saqarTvelo ukve or saukuneze metia icnobs da icnobs
ara­nakleb, Tu metad ara, vidre rusuli diqtatis sxva msxver­
pli erebi. mTavari antiTeza, romliTac XIX-XXIss. ganmavlobaSi
qarTuli TviTcnobierebis struqtura gamoixateba, es aris sa­
qarTvelos damoukidebloba da ruseTis agresiuli politika.
2008-2016ww. am antiTezis gamoxatvis yvelaze metyveli „ferebis“
pe­
riodia. Tanamedrove rusuli okupacia caristuli da sabWo­
Ta okupaciebis gamoZaxilia, Cveni „rusianuli“ bedisweris morigi
etapia. magram Tanamedrove rusuli okupacia Tvisobrivad gansx­
vavebuli samxedro-politikuri formaciaa, radganac dRevandeli
ruseTi gacilebiT Zlieria da okupaciis „teqnologiebic“ radi­
kalurad modernizebuli da daxvewili aqvs. Sesabamisad, okupa­
ciis gangrZobadobis yovel droiT monakveTSi misgan momdinare
safrTxec ufro seriozuli da masStaburia.
saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriebze rusuli saokupacio
wes­rigis zogadi safuZvlebis daxasiaTebis Semdeg, cxadia, unda
ga­davideT saokupacio procesis arsebiTi tendenciebisa da ruse­
Tis saokupacio politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis analizze.
saokupacio reJimebis funqcionirebis zogadi wesi da tipo­
logiuri imperativia: Tu teritoria okupirebulia, maSin iq um­
aRlesi mmarTveloba samxedro-politikuri mmarTvelobis, arse­
biTad ki samxedro mmarTvelobis xasiaTs iZens. afxazeTsa da
cxinvalis regionSi suverenitetis realuri, uzenaesi subieqte­
bi arian kremli da adgilobrivi saokupacio jarebis sardloba,
xolo afxazuri da osuri elitebi (da maTi struqturebi) floben
Sida politikur da administraciul xelisuflebas, ase vTqvaT,
subxelisuflebas. Tumca struqturuli TvalsazrisiT es mdgoma­
reoba orxelisuflebianoba ar aris, radganac separatistuli re­
Jimebis lokalur administraciebs akontroleben rusi generlebi
da ФСБ-s oficrebi, xolo soxumisa da cxinvalis „centralur“
ad­ministraciebs _ kremlisa da ruseTis mTavrobis Sesabamisi ins­
tan­ciebi.
mmarTvelobiTi sqemebis WrilSi rusul okupacias axasi­
485
aTebs ramdenime Tavisebureba, rac ganasxvavebs mas istoriulad
arsebuli tradiciuli okupaciebisgan da, Sesabamisad, ruseTs
aZlevs vu­alirebisa da Tavisi namdvili miznebis propagandistu­
li gadafarvis SesaZleblobas. saerTod, saokupacio reJimebis
mmar­ TvelobiTi struqtura (romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs sam
Zi­riTad komponents _ mmarTvelobis sistemas, okupirebul teri­
toriaze po­litikuri procesebis kontrolis meqanizmebs da samo­
qalaqo administracias) gvxvdeba ori saxeobis _ uSualo mmarTve­
loba specialuri saokupacio organoebis meSveobiT (romelic
xorcieldeba okupant saxelmwifosTan okupirebuli teritoriis
SeerTeba-aneqsirebiT) da mmarTveloba adgilobrivi marionetuli
organoebis meSveobiT. afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi arsebuli
rusuli saokupacio sistema ZiriTadSi meore saxeobisaa, Tumca
zogierT sferoSi Seicavs pirveli saxeobis garkveul niSnebs,
kerZod: 1) cxinvalis regionSi Zlieria aneqsirebis tendencia. es
ten­dencia xSir SemTxvevaSi amodis TviT lokaluri osuri elitis
poziciebidan, radganac osuri separatizmi ufro metad orienti­
rebulia ruseTTan SeerTebis kursze, vidre afxazuri; 2) orive
okupirebul regionSi aris ruseTs mimsgavsebuli administraciu­
li dayofa da saxelisuflebo organoebis struqtura, moqmedebs
rusuli samarTali („erovnuli“ samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sirmis
qveS) da samarTalwarmoeba, rusuli ena, ruseTis moqalaqeoba, so­
cialuri dotaciis sistema da sxv.
Tumca specialuri saokupacio organoebi ar aris; rusuli
sa­okupacio sistemis struqturuli Tavisebureba da samxedro
oku­ paciis reJimis formalur-iuridiuli ararseboba, ruseTs
aZlevs vualirebis propagandistul sivrces, xolo soxumisa da
cxinvalis marionetul reJimebs _ imis mtkicebis saSualebas, Ti­
Tqos isini „damoukidebeli“ qveynebi arian da ruseTTan „megob­
rul kavSirSi“ ewevian „erovnuli saxelmwifoebis“ mSeneblobas.
saokupacio organoebis struqturisa da marionetuli reJi­
mebis xasiaTis garda, ruseTis saokupacio sistemas aqvs kidev
ori Tavisebureba: 1) rusuli okupacia igegmeboda saqarTvelos
wi­naaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebebis momzadebis (yovel SemTxvevaSi
2006w. bolodan) paralelurad, e.i. kremli imTaviTve iTvaliswi­
nebda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ara marto intervencias, ara mxo­
lod oms, aramed grZelvadian omisSemdgom okupacias. amitom es
oku­pacia warmoadgens winaswar dagegmili samxedro, politikuri,
ekonomikuri da sainformacio RonisZiebebis erTian kompleqss.
amgvari dagegmarebis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia ruseTis mier ga­
da­dgmuli destruqciuli nabijebis etapobrivi Tanmimdevroba da,
486
ase vTqvaT, erTiani xazi _ „sarkozis dokumentis“ V muxli _ sepa­
ratistuli regionebis „damoukideblobis“ aRiareba _ xelSekru­
lebebi „urTierTdaxmarebis“ Sesaxeb“ _ xelSekrulebebi samxedro
ba­zebis Sesaxeb _ SeTanxmebebi „sazRvrebis“ erToblivi dacvis
Sesaxeb _ „borderizaciis“ praqtikuli procesi; 2) rusul okupa­
cias lokalur doneze gaaCnia socioeTnikuri safuZveli _ kola­
boracionizmi: afxazi da osi eTnosebi aRmoCndnen intervenciisa
da okupaciis mxareze, uRalates TavianT istoriul saxelmwifos
da monawileoba miiRes qarTveli Tanamoqalaqeebis genocidsa da
eT­nikur wmendaSi. amitomac da im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiTac,
rom ruseTis intervenciis momentSi isini iyvnen saqarTvelos mo­
qalaqeebi, maTi qmedeba aris, separatizmTan erTad, samSoblos
Ralati da kolaboracionizmi (okupantTan TanamSromlobis for­
miT). es Tavisebureba faqtobrivad gamoricxavs okupirebul te­
ritoriebze winaaRmdegobis moZraobis Camoyalibebas, deokupaci­
is Zalismieri (partizanuli moZraoba, diversiuli aqtebi da sxv.)
da araZaladobrivi (pasiuri winaaRmdegoba, daumorCilebloba da
sxv.) aqciebis ganxorcielebas.
okupirebuli teritoriebis marTva da administraciuli da­
yo­fa, samoqalaqo saokupacio administraciis struqtura, misi
or­ganoebisa da calkeuli Tanamdebobis pirebis ufleba-movaleo­
bani gansazRvrulia e.w. afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis konsti­
tu­ ciebiT, kanonebiT, xelSekrulebebiT, SeTanxmebebiT da sxva
aq­tebiT. magram mTels am „legitimur“ sistemas sruliad abstraq­
tuli da formaluri xasiaTi aqvs.
saokupacio xazs iqiT mcxovrebi mosaxleoba monawileobs
pe­riodul arCevnebSi Tu calkeul plebiscitarul aqtivobebSi,
ir­Cevs e.w. parlamentebs, e.w. parlamentebi ayalibeben e.w. mTav­
robebs da a.S. magram realurad mTels process da mis yovel lo­
kalur tendencias marTavs ruseTi _ yvelaferi es xdeba kremli­
sa da „adgilobrivi“ saokupacio jarebis Stabis kontrolis qveS.
swo­red kremli da saokupacio jarebis sardloba iZlevian mTavar
di­reqtivebs, romlebsac axorcieleben soxumisa da cxinvalis Ci­
novnikTa marionetuli kastebi.
saokupacio reJimis pirobebSi e.w. afxazeTis respublikisa
da e.w. samxreT oseTis respublikis mTavrobaTa xelisufleba mxo­
lod formalurad vrceldeba. realurad Zalauflebas axorci­
elebs ruseTi _ kremlis Sesabamisi instanciebis, saokupacio
ja­­rebis samxedro administraciis, specialuri sakontrolo da sa­
direqtivo organoebis, afxazur da osur elitebTan mimagrebuli
sakontrolo jgufebis, aseve kontrolisa da gavlenis marTvis
487
erTgvari „asociaciebis“ qselis meSveobiT. yvela zemoTmoyvani­
li e.w. xelSekruleba Tu SeTanxmeba sxva araferia, Tu ara aseTi
mdgomareobisaTvis formaluri CarCos Semqmneli aqti _ rogorc
erTgvari saokupacio statuti da ruseTisaTvis Zalauflebis ga­
da­cemis dokumenti.
faqtobrivi mmarTvelobiTi prerogativebis kuTxiT, realu­
ri Zalauflebis mqone saokupacio xelisufleba Sedgeba sami „in­
stituciisagan“: 1) saokupacio jarebis samxedro administracia
(erT­gvari „rwmunebuli generali“ da misi Stabi); 2) ruseTis e.w.
elCebi, sinamdvileSi ki kremlis politikuri rwmunebulebi so­
xumsa da cxinvalSi da pasuxismgebelni aq ruseTis interesebis
ga­tarebaze (sxvaTaSoris, marionetuli reJimebis raionuli admi­
nistraciebis xelmZRvanelebTan arian elCs daqvemdebarebuli ad­
ministraciuli mrCevlebi); 3) ФСБ-s sasazRvro Zalebis sardali,
ro­ melic realurad kontrols uwevs Sida policiur Zalebsac.
ruseTsa da marionetul reJimebs Soris dadebuli bolo xelSe­
krulebebis analizi cxadyofs, rom omis SemTxvevaSi mTeli Zal­
aufleba unda gadavides ruseTis armiis sardlobisa da rusuli
samxedro komendaturebis xelSi.
mmarTvelobiTi iurisdiqciis teritoriuli organizaciis
ku­TxiT, okupirebuli teritoriebi iyofa or, erTmaneTisagan mk­
veTrad gamijnuli Sida sazRvrebiT gamoyofil zonad: ruseTis
samxedro bazebis dislokaciis zonad da marionetuli reJimebis
saxelisuflebo organoebis zonad. ase rom, realurad arsebobs
kremls daqvemdebarebuli samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis zona da gen­
Stabs daqvemdebarebuli samxedro mmarTvelobis zona. marionetu­
li reJimebis e.w. prezidentebi, parlamentebi, mTavrobebi, sxva
ad­ministraciuli rgolebi warmoadgenen rusuli saokupacio si­
stemis regionalur Stabebs. arsebiTad es gaxlavT mkacri verti­
kaluri daqvemdebarebis sistema, romelSic TiTqmis yvelaferi
ima­rTeba erTi imperiuli centridan, xolo soxumisa da cxinvalis
ma­
rionetuli dajgufebebi warmoadgenen ruseTis araformalur
ad­ministraciul nomenklaturebs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, marionetuli reJimebi floben gar­
kveul garegnul saxelmwifoebriv atributebs, formalurad ga­
mos­cemen kanonebs, dadgenilebebsa da gankargulebebs, magram re­
alur Zalauflebas flobs rusuli saokupacio sistema _ kremlis
sakontrolo jgufebiT, Sesabamisi dargebis saministroebiT, ar­
miis generalitetiT da specsamsaxurebis oficerTa korpusiT.
amas­Tan, rusuli saokupacio sistemis arsebiT elements warmoad­
gens marionetuli reJimebis kurirebis specialuri struqturebis
488
qseli. dReis mdgomareobiT am qselis mTavari rgolia ruseTis
pre­zidentis TanaSemwis vl. surkovis aparati, romelic kurirebs
okupirebuli teritoriebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebi­
saTvis sainvesticio programebis gamoyofas da kontrols uwevs
Tanxebis adgilze gadanawilebas (mag., 2016 wlisaTvis afxazeTi­
saTvis gamoyofili iyo 4.7 mlrd. rubli, xolo cxinvalis regio­
nisaTvis _ 1.5 mlrd. rubli).
saokupacio sakontrolo qselis mniSvnelovani organoa ase­
ve „ruseTis prezidentTan arsebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa
da reformirebis sabWo“. aq ibareben marionetuli reJimebis li­
derebs da elitis sxva warmomadgenlebs, ewyoba perioduli e.w.
„strategiuli sesiebi“ (weliwadSi saSualod 5-6 proeqti ixileba),
romlebzec muSavdeba ganviTarebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da xdeba
direqtivebis micema ruseTis saokupacio politikis strategiul
mimarTulebebze.
aRniSnuli „sabWos“ farglebSi soxumisa da cxinvalis mario­
netul dajgufebebze mimagrebulia konsaltinguri kompania “SPG”
(„stratejik partniors group“). saxelwodebis miuxedavad, is mT­
lianad dakompleqtebulia kremlis eqspertebiTa da piarteqno­
logebiT. kompania awarmoebs separatistebis strategiul konsal­
tings saSinao da sagareo politikis sakiTxebze, rasakvirvelia,
ruseTis saokupacio politikis platformaze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazuri kolaboracionizmis erTgvari
spe­cifikis gamo, rusuli saokupacio sistema afxazeTSi ganicdis
garkveul arasaxarbielo situaciebs (osuri kolaboracionizmis
Tavisebureba ki, piriqiT, is gaxlavT, rom cxinvalis dajgufeba
apriori orientirebulia ruseTTan „Zmur da saukuno SeerTebaze“
da araviTar „marionetul iniciativebs“ ar iCens), Tanac periodu­
lad. marTalia, principebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs ruseTis
saokupacio mmarTvelobas da procedurebi, romelTa meSveobiTac
imarTeba okupirebuli teritoriebi, didwilad erTmaneTis msgav­
sia orive SemTxvevaSi. magram afxazur elitaSi Zalauflebis da
interesTa Sinagani mimarTeba, afsuuri sazogadoebrivi struqtu­
ris gansazRvrul maxasiaTeblebTan kombinaciaSi, qmnis garkveul
saprotesto moZraobebs, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT _ erTgvar kon­
kurentul vels okupantTan manevrirebisaTvis. aseTi viTarebebi
periodulad yalibdeba ruseTis saokupacio politikisa da mari­
onetuli reJimis Sida politikis gadakveTis iseT „sibrtyeebze“,
rogoricaa e.w. sazRvris delimitacia-demarkaciis sakiTxi (sof.
aibga md. fsous Sua welze), maruxis uReltexilis gavliT magis­
tralis mSeneblobis sakiTxi, uZravi qonebis sakuTrebis sakiTxi,
489
moskovidan gamoyofili Tanxebis miznobrivi xarjva da sxv. am
rig­Si yvelaze bolo iyo politikuri krizisi 2016w. mais-ivlisSi,
ro­desac r. xajimbas dajgufebam SeZlo viTarebis ganmuxtva e.w.
prezidentis vadamdeli arCevnebis sakiTxis referendumze Cagde­
biT. mosalodnelia morigi krizisebic, da, SesaZloa, radikalu­
ri scenarebic. ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelos interesebSi ar Sedis
movlenaTa amgvari ganviTareba. afxazeTSi dResdReobiT ar aris
proqarTuli Zala, ris gamoc saqarTvelos ar gaaCnia taqtiku­
ri resursebi viTarebisaTvis mimarTulebis Sesacvlelad. Tum­
ca, meore mxriv da wminda obieqtur konteqstSi, aseTi krizisebi
CvenTvis mainc xelsayrelia, radganac isini: jer erTi, iwveven ma­
rionetuli reJimis Sida ryevebsa da destabilizaciebs, aseve aCe­
nen bzarebs marionetebsa da okupantebs Soris e.w. samokavSireo
urTierTobebSi; meore, kidev ufro ganamtkiceben e.w. afxazeTis
respublikis Seumdgarobisa da politikuri bankrotobis Sesaxeb
mosazrebebis srul safuZvlianobas.
amdenad, saqarTveloSi gvaqvs ori „rusuli manjou-go“, ro­
gorc politikuri koloniebi da kremlis ybadaRebuli „axali re­
alobis“ gamoxatulebani.
omebis istoria naTlad adasturebs, rom ucxoeli dampyrob­
lebis pirveli RonisZieba dapyrobil miwaze, rogorc wesi, iyo
sazRvrebis Zaladobrivi Secvla. rusi okupantebis moqmedeba ar
aris da arc SeiZleba iyos gamonaklisi: rusuli okupacia daiwyo
saqarTvelos sazRvrebis Zalismieri SecvliT, garkveul monakve­
Tebsa da seqtorebSi saxelmwifo sazRvris ukanono likvidaciiT,
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis xelovnuri danawevrebiT da
mcocavi okupaciiT anu e.w. borderizaciiT.
am SemTxvevaSi afxazuri da osuri e.w. saxelmwifoebis sa­
zRvrebis delimitacia-demarkaciis yalbi amocana gamoyenebulia
saqarTvelos teritoriis tradiciuli struqturisa da adminis­
traciul_ sivrciTi sistemis dasarRvevad.
borderizaciis procesSi absoluturad ignorirebulia saz­
Rvris dadgenis konvenciuri principebi da procedurebi; ar aris
(da, bunebrivia, arc arasodes iqneba) sadelimitacio SeTanxmeba,
romlis xelmowera da ratifikacia warmoadgens sazRvrebis gavle­
ba-demarkaciis erTaderT samarTlebriv safuZvels. uxeSad irR­
veva araTu saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgo­
mi sasazRvro da administraciul-teritoriuli kanonmdebloba,
ara­med TviT sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli iuridiuli da topo­
grafiuli aqtebi (mag., saqarTvelos ssr caki-sa da saxkomsabWos
1922w. 20 aprilis dekreti samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis
490
Seqmnis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos ssr 1980w. kanoni samxreT oseTis av­
to­nomiuri olqis Sesaxeb, am aqtebs TandarTuli rukebi da sxva
to­pografiuli masala).
saokupacio xazis gaswvriv „mcocavi okupacia“ da mavTul­
xlar­Tebis, markerebis, sasazRvro banerebis, wvetiani Robeebis da
sxva sademarkacio niSnulebis damontaJebis procesi daiwyo 2009w.
maisSi. gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xasiaTi borderizaciam SeiZina
2013w. ianvridan. 2016w. zafxulis monacemebiT, borderirebuli
xazis saerTo sigrZe cxinvalis regionSi aris 51km, afxazeTSi _
12km (es imitom, rom aq md. enguri warmoadgens bunebriv gamyofs).
borderizacias Tan sdevs ukiduresad araadamianuri, arazne­
ob­rivi da araqristianuli tendenciebi. wminda topografiulad
sa­okupacio xazi iyofa or nawilad _ sakuTriv xazad da mimdebare
saokupacio zolad. borderizaciis potenciur teritorias, cxa­
dia, warmoadgens saokupacio zolis is nawili, romelsac saqar­
Tvelo akontrolebs. saokupacio zolis obieqturad Camoyali­
bebuli sivrciTi geografia ki iseTia, rom saokupacio xazs iqiT
aris qarTuli soflebis miwis resursebi, baRebi, sasoflo-same­
urneo daniSnulebis uZravi qoneba, saxnav-saTesebi, saTibebi, aseve
sasaflaoebi da religiuri aRmsareblobis adgilebi. amitom „mco­
cavi okupaciiT“ xSir SemTxvevaSi darRveulia qarTuli mosaxle­
obis sakuTrebis, Tavisufali gadaadgilebis, miwaTsargeblobis,
re­ligiuri kultis aRsrulebis, micvalebulTa ukvdavyofis da
sxva elementaruli humanitaruli uflebebi.
rac Seexeba „mcocavi okupaciisa“ da saqarTvelos Sida admi­
nis­traciuli sazRvrebis Zaladobrivi Secvlis wminda terminolo­
giur mxares. unda iTqvas, rom rusuli saokupacio politikis „sa­
sazRvro mimarTuleba“, samwuxarod, ar warmoadgens adeqvaturi
cnebiTi aRniSvnisa da, ase vTqvaT, semantikuri konsensusis gamo­
xa­tulebas. 2012w. oqtombris Semdeg ratomRac damkvidrda cneba
„gam­yofi xazi“, rac rbilad rom vTqvaT, sisulelea, xolo mZi­
med rom vTqvaT, kolaborantuli msoflSegrZnebis gamoxatuleba.
ter­ mini „gamyofi xazi“, erTi SexedviT da zedapirulad, Tavis
TavSi Seicavs gayofadobis martiv Sinaarss, magram Rrmad Tu Ca­
vukvirdebiT, is erTbaSad moicavs saqarTvelos erovnul-teri­
toriuli interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul semantikur naRmsac,
ru­ suli sainformacio omis daxvewil enasac da qarTuli sazo­
gadoebis moWarbebuli dacinvisa da ironiis elementebsac.
termini „gamyofi xazi“ martivia, magram martivad ganzogade­
buli Sinaarsis mqone. gamyofi xazi SeiZleba iyos okeaneebs Soris,
kontinentebs Soris, saxelmwifoebs Soris, saxelmwifoTa Sig­niT
491
raonebsa da qalaqebs Soris, raionebisa da qalaqebis SigniT sof­
lebsa da ubnebs Soris. termini „gamyofi xazi“ gayofadobas ki gu­
lisxmobs, magram TavisTavad am gayofadobis mizezebsa da xasiaTs
ar afiqsirebs. amitomac is miuReblad gveCveneba.
yvelaze misaRebi da relevanturi, cxadia, gaxlavT termine­
bi „saokupacio xazi“ da mimdebare „saokupacio zoli“. am SemTxve­
vaSi sityva „saokupacio“ geostrategiul cnebaSi gadadis da sa­
kuTriv gayofadobasTan (Cveni qveynis teritoriis okupirebul
da araokupirebul nawilebad gayofasTan) erTad am gayofadobis
mizezebsac da praqtikul Sinaarssac _ okupacias _ afiqsirebs.
SeiZleba Sesabamis terminad vixmaroT aseve „sademarkacio“.
sa­demarkacio xazs, rogorc polemologiur (ZvelberZnulad: πο­λέ­
μιος _ omi, λόγος _ swavleba _ mecniereba omis Sesaxeb) termins, ori
gan­marteba aqvs: a) dazavebis dros meomar saxelmwifoTa jarebis
gammijnavi xazi, sazavo xelSekrulebiT sazRvrebis dadgenamde; b)
xazi, romelic damarcxebuli saxelmwifos teritorias saokupa­
cio zonebad hyofs. rogorc vxedavT, afxazeTis da cxinvalis re­
gionis perimetrze gavlebuli saokupacio xazebi orive am gansa­z­
R­vrebas erTbaSad akmayofilebs.
ruseTis saokupacio politikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa sa­
qarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis qarTuli mosaxleobis ge­
no­cidi da iZulebiTi deportacia, rogorc umZimesi saerTaSoriso
danaSauli. aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqturi regionebis mosaxle­
obis (upiratesad eTnikuri qarTvelebis) genocidi da eTnikuri
w­
menda aRiarebulia bevri saerTaSoriso aqtiT, dawyebuli jer
kidev gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan.
genocidisa da eTnowmendis winaswari dagegmarebis Tvalsaz­
risiT Cven raime konkretuli dokumenturi masala ar gagvaCnia.
es bunebrivicaa, rameTu raime saokupacio politikis am segmentis
da­gegmva-SemuSavebasTan, mis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul
brZanebulebebs da sxva aqtebs ruseTi dRis sinaTleze arasodes
gamoitans. Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT mxolod im mimdinare faqte­
bisa da Zalismieri eTnodemografiuli tendenciebis Sesaxeb, rom­
lebsac adgili hqonda okupirebul teritoriebze.
ra Tqma unda, genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis uSualo arqi­
te­qtorebi arian soxumisa da cxinvalis separatistuli dajgu­
febebi, romlebmac orive regionSi Seqmnes qarTuli mosaxleobis
ganadgurebisa da masobrivi gandevnis, „ganqarTvelebis“ mTeli
industria. magram „ganqarTvelebis“ barbarosuli principi Sesa­
Suri pedantobiT ganxorcielda swored ruseTis samxedro sis­
temis meSveobiT, terorisa da Zaladobis saokupacio politikaze
492
dayrdnobiT.
ruseTis saokupacio struqturebma da separatisti marione­
tebis teroristulma reJimebma uxeSad daarRvies saerTaSoriso
samarTlis mTavari da uZvelesi principi _ humanitaruli samarT­
lis elementaruli normebi. aq, upirveles yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs omisa da okupaciis pirobebSi adamianis egzistencialur
uf­ lebaTa dacvis samarTlebrivi sistemis masobrivi darRveva.
2008 wlis agvistos omis erT-erTi Tavisebureba aris daRupulTa
saerTo mocemulobaSi mSvidobiani mosaxleobis msxverplis maRa­
li xvedriTi wili _ 422 592-dan, anu 71%. SedarebisaTvis: pirvel
msoflio omSi es maCvenebeli iyo 5-6%, xolo meore msoflio omSi
_ 39-41%. SeiZleba mavanni Semogvedaon da gviTxran, rom adamia­
nuri danakargebis aseTi struqturis mizezia Tanamedrove Seiara­
Rebis teqnikuri siZliere, aviacia, saraketo kompleqsebi da sxv.
magram am SemTxvevaSi es „terminologiuri argumenti“ calsaxad
ara­marTlzomieria: msxverplis ZiriTadi nawili modis saomar mo­
qmedebaTa damTavrebis Semdgom periodze (roca dazavebis SeTanx­
meba ukve dadebuli iyo), xolo omis periodis msxverpli gamoiwvia
ruseTis armiis qmedebebma Rrma zurgis zonebSi, samxedro mo­
qmedebebis Teatridan daSorebiT ganxorcielebulma sahaero da
saraketo ieriSebma.
Tu saokupacio politikis Sida Sreebs kargad davakvirde­
biT, vnaxavT, rom ruseTi specialurad qmnis imgvar saokupacio
ga­remos, romelic ganapirobebs okupirebuli teritoriebidan
qar­ Tuli demografiuli elementis gamodevna_ neitralizacias.
es naTlad Cans saokupacio politikaSi moqalaqeoba _ pasportiza­
ciasTan dakavSirebiT.
2016w. 1 aprils amoqmedda e.w. „kanoni afxazeTis moqalaqe­
obis samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb“ da e.w. „kanoni afxazeTSi
Sesv­lasTan da afxazeTidan gamosvlasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis
Se­saxeb“ (zanTaraia, 2017). analogiuria e.w. „kanoni samxreT oseTSi
mcxovreb ucxoelTa samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb“ qarTuli
pas­­portebis mqone moqalaqeebi cxaddebian „ucxoeTis moqalaqee­
bad“, rac maT SeuzRudavs sakuTrebis uflebas, samuSaos Sovnis
uf­lebas, gadaadgilebis uflebas da sxv. dadgenilia e.w. vizebis
gacema im qveynebis moqalaqeebisaTvis, romlebic ar aRiareben e.w.
„afxazeTis respublikas“ da e.w „samxreT oseTis respublikas“.
amgvari „kanonmdeblobidan“ gamomdinareobs pasportizaciis
axa­li talRa, romelic daiwyo 2016w. ivlisidan. axali talRis mi­
zania mosaxleobis kategoriebad dayofa _ „afxazeTis moqalaqee­
bi“ da „ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi”, gamomdinare diskriminaciuli
493
SedegebiT. isini, vinc rCebian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebad, miiReben
ara moqalaqis pasports, aramed „binadrobis uflebas“ (ruseTis
„gosznakis“ mier ukve dabeWdilia 25 000 e.w. pasporti da 50 000
e.w. binadrobis ufleba). amasTan, moqmedebs e.w. parlamentis 2014
wlis dekreti, romlis ZaliTac 25 000 qarTvels gauuqmda „af­
xa­zuri pasporti“. isini ganwirulni arian „ucxoeli moqalaqis“
sta­tusisaTvis da „binadrobis uflebis“ iZulebiT aRebisaTvis.
rogorc Cans, „axali kanonmdeblobis“ realuri mizandasaxu­
lobaa _ qarTuli mosaxleobis diskriminaciisa da eTnokultu­
ruli demarkaciis procesis gaRrmavebiT eTnikuri wmendis axali
tal­RisaTvis niadagis Semzadeba. saokupacio politikis Semxvedri
erT-erTi taqtika ki _ okupirebuli teritoriebis samxedro ko­
lonizacia, ase vTqvaT, ukve aprobirebulia. aq ganlagebulia sao­
kupacio samxedro bazebi da ФСБ-s specnawilebi TavianTi piradi
SemadgenlobiT, oficerTa ojaxebiT, Sesabamisi urbanuli infras­
t­ruqturiT. samxedro kolonizaciis morigi etapi dasrulda
2016w. dekemberSi: am droisaTvis mwyobrSi Cadga ruseTis saoku­
pacio bazis samxedro qalaqi q. gudauTaSi 300-biniani orsarTu­
liani kotejebiT. es qalaqi skolebiT, baRebiT, infrastruqturis
sxva obieqtebiT, CarTul iqna „ruseTis federaciis samxreTis sam­
xed­ro olqis“ samsaxurebrivi sacxovreblis fondSi.
okupirebul teritoriebze Seqmnili humanitarul-samoqala­
qo garemo amJRavnebs msgavsebas okupaciis faSistur modeleb­
Tan da aparteidis sistemasTan. magaliTad, faSistur germaniaSi
mo­qmedi e.w. „niurnbergis kanonebis“ mixedviT, germaniis raixis
mo­saxleoba iyofoda or nawilad: „saxelmwifo kuTvnilebis mo­
saxleoba“ (e.i. yvela) da „saxelmwifo moqalaqeobis mosaxleoba“
(e.i. mxolod germanelebi). TiTqmis msgavsi sistema moqmedebda
sam­xreTafrikuli aparTeidis dros. okupirebuli teritoriebis
qarTuli mosaxleoba „ekuTvnis“ e.w. saxelmwifoebs, magram mo­
qalaqeebad ar iTvleba, e.i. is aris saxelmwifo kuTvnilebis mo­
saxleoba da ara e.w. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis „saxelmwifo­
Ta“ moqalaqeobis mqone mosaxleoba.
ruseTis saokupacio politika gansakuTrebulad da Rrmad
re­aqciul xasiaTs atarebs galisa da axalgoris raionebSi _ oku­
pirebuli teritoriebis im zonebSi, sadac, genocidisa da eTni­
kuri wmendis mizanmimarTuli kursis miuxedavad, mainc SenarCu­
ne­bulia kompaqturi qarTuli demografiuli elementi, Tanac
um­ravlesobis saxiT. aq saokupacio politika Seicavs antihumanu­
robis, daufaravi qarTvelTmoZuleobis, socialur-saganmanaTle­
b­lo aparteidis elementebs, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi rasizmis el­
494
feric dahkravs. qarTuli mosaxleobis Cagvra, misi kanonieri
uf­lebebis Zaladobrivi daTrgunva dayvanilia umaRlesi xarisxis
cinizmamde _ genocidis, aparteidis, ZaldatanebiTi asimilaciis
(af­xazebad Caweris) „maTraxTan“ erTad adgili aqvs „Taflakver­
is“ iseT zedapirul gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa saarCevno ufleba,
warmomadgenloba e.w. parlamentSi, adgilobriv administraciebSi,
marionetuli reJimis sxva struqturebSi.
ukiduresad reaqciuli xasiaTi aqvs antiqarTul saganmanaT­
leblo politikas. galis raionSi aris 31 saSualo skola, maTgan
„qveda zonaSi“ _ 11. 2015-2016ww. saswavlo wlis dasawyisidan maT
ga­uuqmes qarTuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis statusi. I-IV
klasebSi swavla mTlianad rusul enaze warmoebs, V-VII klasebSi _
rusuli ena upiratesia, xolo VIII-XI klasebSi _ qarTul enas kvi­
raSi mxolod ori saaTi eTmoba. saganmanaTleblo diskriminaciis
da qarTvelebis mizanmimarTuli rusifikaciis kurss „zurgs um­
agrebs“ saokupacio politika kulturis sferoSi.
rusuli saokupacio politikis kulturul-socioetaluri,
lingvisturi da toponimikuri Sreebi mTlianobaSi qmnian pirda­
piri kulturuli genocidis mdgomareobas. es ar gaxlavT termi­
nologiuri „sibriyve“ da arc deokupaciuri diskursis Sinagani
orientirebidan gamomdinare subieqturi gadaWarbeba. es realo­
baa. okupirebul teritoriebze rusul-separatistuli aliansi
axo­rcielebs qarTuli kulturul-civilizaciuri yofierebis mi­
zanmimarTul mospobas, xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis ganadgurebas
an specialur saxecvlilebas qarTuli kuTvnilebis gasaneitrale­
blad (rogorc iloris SemTxvevaSi). elementaruli kulturulo­
giuri sazrisiT, okupirebuli teritoriebi warmoadgens qarTuli
kulturis ganfenis sivrces, qarTuli gonis gavrcelebis vels.
swored am sivrcis Secvlisaken da qarTuli goniTi universumis
darRvevisaken aris mimarTuli imperiuli politika.
igive unda iTqvas antiqarTul da sruliad antiistoriul
to­ ponimikur cvlilebebze. eTnologebi xSirad mimarTaven aseT
me­taforas _ miwa erTgvari wignia, romelSic kacobriobis istoria
geografiuli nomenklaturiTaa Cawerilio. afxazeTi da cxinva­
lis regioni _ es is wignebia, romlebSic saqarTvelos istoria ge­
ografiuli saxelwodebebiTaa Cawerili. am regionebis toponimi­
ka, hidronimika da onomastikonis sxva plastebi _ es „miwis enaa“,
ro­melic yvelas „eubneba“ maTs qarTul kuTvnilebas. okupantebi
da separatistebi ki gegmazomierad spoben am „enas“, axorcieleben
to­ponimikis, hidronimikis da sxva yovelgvari qarTuli „nimikis“
mi­zanmimarTul amoSanTvas istoriuli qarTuli teritoriebidan.
495
 rusuli saokupacio politikis kidev erTi mimarTulebaa
ga­lis raionSi e.w. „megruli faqtoris“ xelovnuri win wamoweva.
cno­bilia, rom gansazRvruli pirobebis gamo erebisa da xalxebis
didi nawili Seicavs eTnografiul Sida jgufebs, rogorc erTgvar
Sida elementebs, romelTa Soris genetikuri kavSiri qmnis erTian
organul mTlianobas. sruliad kanonzomieri istoriuli, istori­
ul-geografiuli, demografiuli da eTnografiuli pirobebidan
gamomdinare qarTveli eric Seicavs subeTnikur jgufebs, romle­
bic gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan enis garkveuli elementebiT,
di­aleqtebiT, eTnografiuli tradiciebiT, wes-CveulebebiT da
a.S., magram maT Soris genetikuri kavSirebi da mimarTebebi qmnis
ganuyofel organul mTlianobas. swored amas ebRauWeba rusuli
im­periuli tradicia da qarTveli eris Sida segmentebis urTierT­
dapirispirebis provocirebiT cdilobs Tavisi Savbneli zraxvebis
ganxorcielebas, magram, sabednierod uSedegod.
kremlSi SesaniSnavad ician, rom galeli megrelebi ise „gans­
xva­vdebian“ danarCeni qarTvelebisagan, rogorc, vTqvaT, volog­
de­li rusi riazanelisgan an kurskeli voroneJelisgan. magram
„gaTiSe da ibatone“-s imperiuli principis Sidaerovnul sibrt­
ye­ze gadataniT da marionetuli reJimis daxmarebiT okupantebi
cdiloben gaataron danarCeni qarTvelebisagan megrelebis segre­
ga­ciis binZuri politika: uqmnian maT „damoukidebeli“ erovnu­
li ganviTarebis iluzias, gamoscemen megrul gazeTebs da enis
sa­xelmZRvaneloebs, aqvT megruli skolebis daarsebis gegmebi,
mxars uWeren zogierTi arqauli Cveulebis dakonservebas, qmni­
an megrul kulturul dawesebulebebs (sic!) da sxv. am politikis
Sor­ smimavali miznebi gasagebia _ yvelafers akeTeben imisaTvis,
rom galis mosaxleobis TviTSegnebidan amoSanTon qarTuli TviT­
cno­ biereba. magram okupantis mcdelobebs araviTari warmateba
ara aqvs da arc arasodes eqneba. galelebis mTliani masa (xazs
vus­vamT; ara umravlesoba an ZiriTadi nawili, aramed mTlianad da
uklebliv yvela) Tavis Tavs miiCnevs qarTveli eris ganuyofel da
organul nawilad. rac Seexeba calkeul jgufebs da ideebs („av­
tonomizmi“, „mafaluizmi“), es zogadi problemaa da ara konkre­
tu­lad okupirebuli teritoriebis, Tanac mas rusuli warmomav­
loba, didi xnis istoria da erTgvari tradiciac gaaCnia.
sagulisxmoa, rom saokupacio politikis am segmentSi ruse­
Ti msgavsebas amJRavnebs mxolod okupaciis faSistur modelTan.
yve­la imperia iyenebda, cxadia, „gaTiSe da ibatone“-s matricas,
magram am matricis gadatana erovnebaTSorisidan Sidaerovnul si­
brtyeze rusebamde gaakeTes mxolod germanelma faSistebma evro­
496
pis okupirebul qveynebSi: CexeTSi _ bohemielebsa da moravelebs
So­ris, poloneTSi _ kaSubebs, mazurebsa da guralebs Soris, ru­
mineTSi _ dunais valaxebsa da moldavelebs Soris, ukrainaSi _
uk­rainelebsa da rusinebs Soris.
„afxazeTis krizisis“ safuZveli da afxazeTis konfliqtis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli iyo „gaTiSe da ibatone“-s rusuli princi­
pis gamoyeneba qarTvelebisa da afxazebis erTmaneTze wakidebisaT­
vis da am gziT warmoqmnili konfliqturi potencialis sakuTari
in­teresebisaTvis gamoyenebisaTvis. magram 2008-2009 wlebidan ga­
moikveTa axali tendencia _ „gaTiSe da ibatone“-s matricis gada­
tana sakuTriv e.w. damoukidebeli afxazeTis SigniT, okupirebuli
teritoriis Sida socialur sivrceSi.
es politika aRmocenda qarTul-afxazuri krizisis provoci­
re­bisagan, rusuli imperiuli politikis antiqarTuli nakadisag­
an, magram mas am SemTxvevaSi antiafxazuri mimarTulebac gaaCnia.
rogorc viciT, afxazeTis regionis eTnikuri istoria sakma­
od rTuli procesia. istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamo afxaze­
TSi periodulad xdeboda somxuri da rusuli demografiuli
in­filtraciebi, ris gamoc aq Camoyalibda maTi raodenobrivad
so­liduri eTnikuri Temebi. demografiuli kuTxiT okupirebuli
te­ritoria warmoadgens qarTuli, afxazuri, somxuri da rusuli
eTnikuri masivebis konglomerats. garkveuli politikuri, soci­
alur-ekonomikuri, eTnopolitikuri da eTnofsiqologiuri fa­
qtorebis gamo arsebobs erovnebaTSorisi konfrontaciis bevri
kvanZi. am garemoebiT sargeblobs okupanti da misi agentura mizan­
mimarTulad qmnis afsuur-somxuri dapirispirebis kvanZebs. som­
xuri Temis moTxovnebi ukve scildeba tradiciuli erovnul-kul­
turuli avtonomiis CarCoebs da politikur-ekonomikur, ufro
metic _ Sida geopolitikur sibrtyeSi gadadis. afsuur-somxuri
winaaRmdegobebis provocireba da marTva kremls sWirdeba Zirga­
momTxreli miznebiT, marionetul reJimze zewolisaTvis.
unda vaRiaroT, afsuur-somxuri interesTa konfliqti gark­
veulwilad Sedis Cvens interesebSi im kuTxiT, rom is aryevs ma­
rionetuli reJimis Sida stabilurobas da iwvevs misi socialuri
bazis Semcirebas. magram saerTo jamSi da saokupacio politikis
aspeqtSi afsuur-somxuri krizisi ruseTis interesebSia, emsaxu­
reba ra mis imperiul ambiciebs.
ruseTis saokupacio politikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa sa­
qarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis
eko­nomikuri eqspluatacia. am sferoSi aq marTlac damyarebulia
rusuli ekonomikuri Zaladobisa da veluri eqspluataciis reJi­
32. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 497
mi. ruseTis socialur-ekonomikuri politika, Tavisi masStabebi­
dan da motivaciidan gamomdinare, emsaxureba ara “afxazeTis ek­
onomikur keTildReobas da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
uz­ runvelyofas~, aramed kremlTan dakavSirebuli samrewvelo
finansuri jgufebis materialur interesTa dakmayofilebas. gan­
sazRvrulia aseve saokupacio ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi
mi­
zani _ afxazeTis gadaqceva ruseTis ekonomikur dominionad.
af­xazeTis mier “ekonomikuri damoukideblobis miRwevis da ganvi­
Tarebis dinamiur relsebze 2025 wlisTvis gadasvlis~ ybadaRe­
buli strategia mxolod ararealisturi aberaciaa okupantis WeS­
mariti kolonialisturi interesebis gadafarvisaTvis.
marionetuli reJimi da mosaxleoba TiTqmis mTlianad damo­
kidebulia ruseTis finansur daxmarebaze. ruseTi uzrunvelyofs
sabiujeto seqtoris saxelfaso fonds da sapensio sistemas. fin­
ansuri ineqciebis ganxorcielebas xSir SemTxvevaSi “meoradi uz­
runvelyofis~ sistemis xasiaTi aqvs da gamoiyeneba saSantaJod,
sruliad araekonomikur sferoebSi separatistebze zewolisaT­
vis. finansuri daxmarebis meqanizmiT nebis sawinaaRmdego iZu­
lebis yvelaze bolo SemTxveva moxda 2016w. zafxulSi: kremlis
moTxovnam, rom samarTaldacviTi organoebis koordinaciis Sesa­
xeb e.w. xelSekrulebaSi SeetanaT specialuri muxlebi afxazeTSi
ruseTis Sss-s TanamSromelTa raodenobisa da kontrolis gazr­
dis Sesaxeb, warmoSva erTgvari interesTa konfliqti moskovsa da
soxums Soris. sapasuxod ruseTi daimuqra finansuri daxmarebis
SewyvetiT. v. surkovi orjer Cavida soxumSi da separatistul da­
jgufebas ultimatumi wauyena _ Tu Sss-ze xelSekrulebis rati­
fi­kacia ar moxdeba, finansur daxmarebas ar miiRebTo.
okupirebuli zonebis mrewveloba da agraruli seqtori Ti­
Tqmis mTlianad muSaobs ruseTze ekonomikuri resursebis koncen­
traciis principiT da am mxriv, `Suamavlis~ funqcias asrulebs
af­suuri eTnokratiis teritoriul-klanuri sistema. igive iTqmis
ruseTis sainvesticio programebzec. dReisaTvis xelmowerilia
ruseT-afxazeTis 75-ze meti e.w. SeTanxmeba da xelSekruleba, ro­
melTa jamuri efeqti iqneba regionis sruli ekonomikuri dakaba­
leba da kolonizacia. Zalian mZime mdgomareobaa galis raionSi,
sa­dac sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo Txilisa da sxva agraruli produ­
qciis rekviziciam, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi _ `Sesyidvam~ metad dabal,
araeqvivalentur fasebSi.
araswori iqneba imis Tqma, rom okupirebul afxazeTSi eko­
no­mikuri interesi kremlisaTvis ZiriTadia. is dRes samxedro-
po­­
litikuri da geostrategiuli interesebiTaa daCrdiluli.
498
magram imperiuli interesebis saerTo struqturaSi mas mainc uka­
via garkveuli adgili da rusuli `axali realobis~, saokupacio
wesrigis arc Tu ise umniSvnelo elements warmoadgens.
aseTia ZiriTad xazebSi, 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg Camo­
ya­libebuli ruseTis saokupacio sistema saqarTvelos istoriul
te­ritoriaze (afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilSi).
unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cveneuli kvleva ramdenadme arasrulyo­
filia obieqturi mizezebis gamo, saxeldobr: ruseTis saokupacio
politikis konceptualizacia da Semagreba faqtobrivi masaliT
uaRresad rTuli problemaa am politikis daxuruli xasiaTis,
kremlis dezinformaciuli propagandisa da sakuTriv okupire­
bul teritoriebze arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis
defititis gamo. Cven vcadeT mxolod rusuli saokupacio siste­
mis umTavresi faqtorebis Cveneba.
ruseTis mier Cveni qveynis istoriuli teritoriebis ukano­
no okupacia, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis fundamenturi
nor­ mebisa da saerTaSoriso sistemis funqcionirebis civilize­
buli wesebisa da procedurebis uxeSi darRveva, dafiqsirebulia
mni­Svnelovan saerTaSoriso aqtebSi:
• evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis rezolucia
1623/2008 _ `ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegebi~, §16;
• evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis rezolucia
1633/2008, §6;
• evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis rezolucia
1648/2009 _ `ruseT-saqarTvelos omis humanitaruli
Sedegebi~, §6, §24.14 da §24.15;
• euTo-s saparlamento asambleis rezolucia `saqarT­
velos mdgomareobaze~, 2012w., §4 da §7;
• evroparlamentis 2011 wlis 17 noembris rezolucia
`evropis sabWo-saqarTvelos asocirebis SeTanxmebaze
molaparakebis Sesaxeb~, paragrafi 3; evroparlamentis
rezolucia saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Se­
Tanxmebaze, 2014w. 18 dekemberi, §D da §11;
• evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis rezolucia
1016/2013 _ `saqarTvelo da ruseTi: humanitaruli md­
gomareoba konfliqtur da omisagan dazaralebul re­
gionebSi~, §8.
okupacia aRiarebulia aseve calkeul saxelmwifoTa (aSS, di­
di britaneTi, poloneTi, estoneTi, latvia, litva, rumineTi) sa­
parlamento aqtebsa da oficialur gancxadebebSi. saxelmwifoTa
um­ravlesobis da zogierTi saerTaSoriso organizaciis pozicieb­
499
Si termini `okupacia~ uSualod dafiqsirebuli ar aris, Tumca
cne­bebi _ `efeqturi kontroli” an `ukanono samxedro kontroli~
_ impliciturad da realuri Sinaarsis kuTxiT swored okupacias
gu­lisxmobs.
saqarTvelos teritoriuli krizisebis struqtura iseTia,
rom uaxloes momavalSi, samwuxarod, okupirebuli teritoriebis
sru­li ganTavisufleba da maTze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRd­
gena ararealuria. es uaRresad rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da dro­
Si gangrZobadi procesia.
am procesSi kategoriulad unda iqnas uaryofili kapitulan­
turi kursi, ybadaRebuli `pragmatizmisa~ da `safrTxeebis Semci­
rebis~ strategia, tradiciulad damkvidrebuli sagareo-politi­
kuri kodebis gadajgufeba da sxva wamgebiani nabijebi.
unda Camoyalibdes deokupaciis erTiani politikur-organi­
za­ciuli da ideologiuri sistema. am sistemasTan srul Sesabami­
so­baSi unda movides rogorc sagareo politikis konceptualuri
da doqtrinaluri safuZvlebi, iseve Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis
po­litikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
ruseTis saokupacio politika afxazeTSi, cxinvalis region­
sa da yirimSi, destruqciuli politika yarabaxSi, dnestrispire­
Tsa da aRmosavleT ukrainaSi ganxilul unda iqnas sistemur mT­
lianobaSi, radgan konkretuli Taviseburebebis miuxedavad, es
ru­seTis agresiis erTiani sistemaa. is metyvelebs ruseTis elitis
geopolitikuri azrovnebis ZiriTad mimarTulebaze: imperiis te­
ri­toriuli konsolidaciis procesi damTavrebuli ar aris; XX sa­
ukunis `mTavari geopolitikuri katastrofa~ kompensirebuli ar
aris; ruseTis sazRvrebi samxreTis, dasavleTisa da Crdilo-da­
savleTis mimarTulebebiT saboloo ar aris. es garemoeba qmnis
se­riozul gamowvevebs Tanamedrove globaluri da regionaluri
usa­frTxoebisaTvis.

bibliografia:

• saqarTvelos kanoni.., 2008 _ saqarTvelos kanoni okupirebuli te­

ritoriebis Sesaxeb. 23 oqtomberi, 2008, _ saqarTvelos sakanonmdeb­
lo macne. #28. Tb., 2008;
• aleqsiZe.., 2005 _ aleqsiZe levan, giorgaZe lali, kvaWaZe marine, korke­
lia konstantine, qurdaZe irine. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sa­
marTali. leqsikoni-cnobari. Tb., 2005;
• socialur da politikur terminTa, 2004 _ socialur da politikur
terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari. Tb., 2004;
500
• zanTaraia, 2017 _ zanTaraia Tamar. de faqto mTavrobis axali gadaw­
yve­ tileba _ galelebs binadrobis mowmobis aReba mouwevT. 4 apri­
li, 2017, _ https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/binadrobis-motsmoba-galelebist-
vis/28410172.html;
• jojua, 2010 _ jojua dazmir. ruseTis samxedro intervencia saqarT­
veloSi. 2008 wlis agvistos omi da misi Sedegebi. Tb., 2010;
• «АПСНЫПРЕСС».., 2010 – «Апсныпресс» сообщает, 2010, – gaz. «Абхазский
меридиан». №3, март, 2010.
• ДОГОВОР О ДРУЖБЕ... (a) – Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной
помощи между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Абхазия. 17 сентября
2008 года, – http://www.kremlin.ru/supplement/200;
• ДОГОВОР О ДРУЖБЕ... (b) – Договор между Российской Федерацией и
Республикой Абхазия о союзничестве и стратегическом партнерстве. 24 ноября
2014 года, – http://kremlin.ru/supplement/4783;
• ДОГОВОР О ДРУЖБЕ... (g) – Договор между Российской Федерацией и
Республикой Южная Осетия о союзничестве и интеграции. 18 марта 2015 года,
– http://kremlin.ru/supplement/4819;
• СОГЛАШЕНИЕ... (a) – Соглашение между Российской Федерацией и Республикой
Абхазия о совместных усилиях в охране государственной границы Республики
Абхазия. 30 апреля 2009 года, – http://kremlin.ru/supplement/190;
• СОГЛАШЕНИЕ... (b) – Соглашение между Российской Федерацией и Республикой
Абхазия об объединенной российской военной базе на территории Республики
Абхазия. 17.02.2010, – Бюллетень международных договоров. №8, август 2010,
стр. 60-73 (http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/international_contracts/2_contrac-
t­­/-/stora­ge-viewer/bilateral/page-85/45218).

DAZMIR JOJUA1
RUSSIAN OCCUPATION REGIME IN GEORGIA
(IN ABKHAZIA AND SHIDA KARTLI).
ITS STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS.
The main result of War of August 2008 is analyzed in the article – occupa-
tion of Georgian historical territories by Russian troops, formation of so called
republics in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region led by puppet governments. The Rus-
sian occupation regime, its military, political, bureaucratic structures and mech-
anisms are of particular interest. The main attention in the article is focused on
the analysis of political, military, socio-economic direction of Russian occupation
policy, so called agreements signed between the Kremlin and the puppet re-
gimes are reviewed, essential elements of Russian occupation order, i.e. “the
new reality” are studied. It is emphasized that the continuity in Russian occupa-
tion time threatens to security of Georgia and the entire region of Caucasus, as
well as to ethno-cultural identity of Abkhazians.
1
Dazmir Jojua – PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
501
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

samarTali

lali gabisonia1

SoTa rusTavelis politikuri da iuridiuli

msoflmxedveloba

fenomeni eris sulisa, misi poezia da mwerlobaa. Znelia isa­

ub­ro iseT genialur nawarmoebze, rogoric SoTa rusTavelis ukv­
davi `vefxistyaosania~. `biblias~ davarqmevdiT mas, qarTveli eris
biblias, romelSic cxovrebis yvela problemaze aris saTanadod
umaRles doneze gacemuli pasuxi. es is ukvdavi poemaa, romelmac
Se­saniSnavad warmoaCina qarTveli eris ganviTarebis maRali klasi
sa­zogadoebrivi cxovrebis uklebliv yvela sferoSi. ar arsebobs
moralur-zneobriv-samarTlebriv-saxelmwifoebriv-filosofiu­
ri aspeqti, romelic ganuxilveli darCa SoTa rusTavelis kalams.
`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa, xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad~ _ am erT
pa­tara genialur poetur frazaSi avtorma Caatia adamianTa sazo­
gadoebis umTavresi problema, ai, swored is sakiTxi, roca sazo­
gadoeba civilizebulad gadawyvets, kulturulad cxovrebas anu
sa­xelmwifod Camoyalibebas da, hoi, saocrebav, TiTqos cdilobs
kidec ukve Zalian didi xania, magram vera da ver gadaeCvia erT
mankierebas: samarTali ewodos ara WeSmarit samarTals, aramed
xelisuflebis kanonad qceul nebas, romelic gansxvavebuli for­
maciebisa da politikuri reJimebis pirobebSi xSirad sulac ar
iyo samarTali anu pirdapir upirispirdeboda samarTlis WeSmarit
gagebas. gustav radbruxma Tavis samarTlis filosofiaSi Tval­
saCinod ganixila es problema (Радбрух, 2004). Cven ki, saukuneebis
gadasaxedidan vucqerT `vefxistyaosnis~ am grandiozul frazebs
da amayebi varT Cveni eris filosofiur-samarTlebrivi ganviTa­
re­bis esoden maRali donis gamo.
SoTa rusTavelis mier ase xatovnad dayenebul am problemas
dRe­mde ar daukargavs aqtualoba. cnobil qarTvel iuristebs So­
ris gamovyofdiT v. abaSmaZesa da iv. surgulaZes. am ukanasknelma
1
lali gabisonia _ samarTlis doqtori, profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo
uni­versiteti.
502
ganixila SoTa rusTavelis vefxistyaosnis mixedviT sami didi sa­
kiTxi: saxelmwifos formis sakiTxi, marTali samarTlis sakiTxi
da taxtis memkvidreobis sakiTxi.
Cveni TvaliT danaxuli `vefxistyaosani~ _ es aris himni feo­
dalur monarqias, himni marTal samarTals, himni siyvarulsa da
megobrobas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom dasaxelebuli
poema mraval sxva RirsSesaniSnav Temas moicavs, Rrma aris rus­
Tavelis filosofia. fasdaudebelia `vefxistyaosnis~ literatu­
ruli, leqsikuri, Sinaarsobrivi da poeturi mravalferovneba,
os­tatoba.
avtorma Sors gauswro Tavis epoqas. politikur da samarT­
lebriv moZRvrebaTa istoriis mecnierebaSi miRebulia is faqti,
rom Teoriam, koncefciam Tu Sexedulebam SesaZloa ver gauZlos
drois gamocdas axal realobaSi; ar aris gamoricxuli konkre­
tuli moazrovnis Sexedulebam dakargos aqtualoba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom Seqmnis momentSi is epoqis mowinave ideebs asaxavda.
iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca moazrovnis Sexedulebebma, misma naazre­
vma gauZlo drois gamocdas da ar dakarga aqtualoba. WeSmarite­
bis amgvari wvdoma mxolod rCeulTa xvedria. qarTul SemTxvevaSi
Cven mxolod or moazrovnes davasaxelebdiT Tamamad: SoTa rus­
Tavels da ilia WavWavaZes.
SoTa rusTavelis genialur qmilebaSi dayenebulia mrava­
li zogadsakacobrio problema: marTali samarTlis sakiTxic xom
amgvar problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. iuridiul mecnierebaSi
iTvleba, rom `marTali samarTlis~ rusTveliseuli versia aris
specifikuri gamoTqma da igi upirispirdeba poziciur samarTals.
am mosazrebas gamoTqvams v. abaSmaZe (abaSmaZe, 1968: 354-361). axs­
na Zalian martivia: pozitiuri samarTliT adamianis mokvlas ver
gavamarTlebT, gvrCeba mxolod pozitiur samarTalTan dapiris­
pirebuli Tu ara, misgan gansxvavebuli movlena, iseTi, rogori­
caa `marTali samarTali~. Tumca, ar vTvliT, rom es erTaderTi
axsnaa im genialuri movlenisa, rasac sinamdvileSi moicavs saku­
Tar TavSi cneba `marTali samarTali~. aRniSnuli postulati WeS­
mariti samarTalia dafuZnebuli samarTianobis, humanurobisa da
Tanasworobis uryev principebs.
„Cveni azriT, gamoTqmaSi „marTali samarTali~ bunebiTi sa­
marTali igulisxmeba~ miuTiTebs iv. surgulaZe (surgulaZe, 2001:
71) da bunebiTi samarTlis amgvar axsnas gvaZlevs: `bunebiTi sa­
marTlis Teoriebi sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT sxvadasxva Sinaarsi­
sa iyo. magram saerTo niSnebic hqonda... bunebiTi samarTali war­
moadgens maradiul da ucvlel ideebs, es ideebi gamomdinareobs
TviT adamianis bunebidan an RvTis gangebiT da ar Sedis pozitiur
503
samarTalSi...~ (surgulaZe, 2001: 40).
ruis-urbnisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis ZeglisweraSi ki
weria, rom RmerTma adamians misca sjuli (anu samarTali), magram
pirvelma adamianebma eSmakis CagonebiT daarRvies RvTisgan bo­
Zebuli es sjuli (ZeglisweraY.., 106) da RmerTma sasjelad bevri
ubedureba agema adamians, raTa adamiani gons moegos da codvis
gzaze ar iaros. amitom RmerTma Seqmna moses dawerili sjuli da
misca adamians. (ZeglisweraY.., 108). aqedan gamomdinare, maradiuli
Tema marTali samarTlis Ziebisa adamianTa sazogadoebaSi saTaves
iRebs pirveli codvidan.
`marTali samarTlis~ ideaSi Cven vxedavT morals, romelmac
gaimarjva samarTalSi da miaRwia srulyofilebas. ufro zustad
Tu vityviT, konkretuli socialuri normis _ moralis _ swo­
rad gamoyeneba, samarTlis Seqmnisas, gvaZlevs brwyinvale Sedegs
_ `marTal samarTals~. am sakiTxze, rusTavelis Semdgom, mrava­
li saukunis manZilze mimdinareobda kvleva, Zieba, brZola. XX
saukuneSi samarTlis filosofiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma
gustav radbruxma swored am sakiTxze gaamaxvila yuradReba, roca
gamoikvlia moralisa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.
analizisas igi aviTarebs daskvnas: am or movlenas Soris arsebobs
konfliqti. konfliqtis mizezad avtori marTebulad miiCnevs sa­
marTlis garegan formalurobasa da xelisuflebriv bunebas, er­
Tis mxriv, da moralis Sinagan moculobiTobas, mis marwmunebel
xasiaTs, meores mxriv. marTlac, kacobrioba mieCvia xelisuflebis
kanonad qceuli nebis samarTlad miCnevas, rac gansxvavebuli po­
litikuri reJimebis pirobebSi xSirad ugulebelyofs morals da
ufro xSirad upirispirdeba mas, rac amgvari kanonebis aRsrule­
bis efeqturobaze gadamwyvet uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens. sazo­
gadoeba moralsa da kanons Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, moralis
sasargeblo gadawyvetilebas iRebs. g. radbruxi samarTlianobis
upiratesobis koncefciis momxrea, rac ar gulisxmobs moralTan
dapirispirebul kanonTa upiratesobas. samarTalsa da morals So­
ris arsebul kavSirs igi SemdegSi xedavs: „samarTali pirovnebas
aniWebs subieqtur uflebebs, uflebas aZlevs daicvas sakuTari
Rirseba da amiT Seasrulos moraluri valdebuleba sazogadoebis
winaSe. samarTali aris sinamdvile, misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom emsaxuros samarTlebriv Rirebulebebs~ (Радбрух, 2004: 201).
mTavari samarTlebrivi Rirebuleba ki swored rusTvelise­
uli „marTali samarTlis~ ideaSia Cadebuli. `marTali samarTlis~
ideis XX saukuniseuli zusti axsna mogvca g. radbruxma da is
Sem­
deg frazaSi gamoxata: samarTlianoba zneobriobaze aRmoce­

504
nebuli Rirebulebaa, amitom misi TeoriiT ZiriTadi norma yo­
velTvis zneobrivia; mis safuZvelze iqmneba moraluri kanonebi,
„saxelmwifo iniSneba kanonmdeblad mxolod im pirobiT, rom igi
sakuTar Tavsac SeboWavs (daibams) sakuTari kanonebiT. es bune­
biT-samarTlebrivi principia, romelic gulisxmobs xelisuflis­
Tvis kanonmdeblis funqciis miniWebas, rac gaunxrel kavSirSia
meore bunebiT-samarTlebriv principTan: xelisufali pirvel
rigSi TviTon unda daemorCilos mis mier gamocemul kanonebs.
is politikuri Zala, romelzec gadadis saxelmwifo xelisufle­
ba, iRebs Tavis Tavze samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos valdebulebas.
xelisufali maSinaTve kargavs kanonSemoqmedis uflebas, rogorc
ki Sewyvets sakuTari kanonebis Sesrulebas~ (Радбрух, 2004: 202).
swored amgvari fuZemdebluri principi, Cadebuli xelisuflebis
filosofiaSi, qmnis `marTal samarTals~, romelsac XII saukuneSi
sa­xeli moufiqra genialurma poetma saqarTveloSi.
daskvnis saxiT gvinda moviyvanoT zviad gamsaxurdias Sesa­
niSnavi sityvebi, riTac srulad gamovxatavT Cvens saboloo sa­
Tqmels: `vefxistyaosani aris sibrZnis wigni, romelic metyvele­
bs alegoriul, enigmatur enaze, TandaTanobiT cxadi gaxda, rom
rusTveli, iseve rogorc Zveli da Suasaukuneobrivi msoflios mi­
Tografosebi da poetebi, igavuri, alegoriuli eniT gvesaubreba
yofierebis uRrmes WeSmaritebaze, rameTu misi mizani gacilebiT
ufro aRzevebulia da mravalmniSvnelovani, vidre aRmosavlur
literaturaSi gavrcelebuli da kliSeebad qceuli,zRapruli
elementebis Semcveli samijnuro motivebis leqsad Txroba~ (gam­
saxurdia, 1991: 4).

bibliografia:

• ZeglisweraY... _ ZeglisweraY ruis-urbnisis krebisaY, _ wgn.: qarTuli

samarTlis Zeglebi. t. 3. saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX­
ss.). teqsti gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. dol­
iZem. Tb., 1970;
• abaSmaZe, 1968 _ abaSmaZe vaxtang. feodaluri saqarTvelos politi­
kur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan. Tb., 1968;
• gamsaxurdia, 1991 _ gamsaxurdia zviad. vefxistyaosnis saxismet­yve­
le­ba. Tb., 1991;
• surgulaZe, 2001 _ surgulaZe ivane. narkvevebi saqarTvelos politi­
kur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan. Tb., 2001;
• РАДБРУХ, 2004 – Радбрух Густав. Философия права. М., 2004.

505
 LALI GABISONIA1

POLITICAL AND LEGAL WELTANSCHAUUNG

OF SHOTA RUSTAVELI

Phenomenon of nation lies within its poetry and literature. It is hard to

talk about the work of the caliber Rustaveli’s “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”
is. We would call it a Bible, the Bible of Georgian nation, where he skilfully wrote
solution to every problem human kind can come across. The fact that we could
call that justified injustice in 12th century already is mind blowing. And the very
problem of society, who’s trying to form as a civil, cultured nation – state, cannot
yet differentiate real justice from the will of government-turned-into-law, which
varies depending on regimes and governors and most of the time do not rep-
resent actual justice, which results to it opposing true understanding of justice.
G. Radbruch has visibly discussed this problem in his philosophy of law.
The problem that Shota Rustaveli so beautifully displayed has not lost its pop-
ularity even today. We would point out V. Abashmadze and I. Surguladze from
well-known Georgian jurists. I. Surguladze discussed three big matters by Rus-
taveli: state form matter, true justice matter and the matter of royal succession.
By our opinion, “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” is an ode to feudal mon-
archy, to true justice, to love and friendship but it also should be mentioned that
besides those matters, “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” has many more issues
in it that once more proves Rustaveli’s big, deep philosophy.
In conclusion, we should like to quote wonderful words of Zviad Gam-
sakhurdia that sums up our point of view: “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” is
the book of wisdom that speaks in allegorical, enigmatic language. Gradually,
it appeared clearly, that Rustaveli, much like medieval mythographs and poets,
talks about deepest wisdoms of this life with allegorical, parabolic language, be-
cause its goal is much bigger and meaningful in many ways than cliché, full of
fantastic elements love motives of eastern literature”.

1
Lali Gabisonia – PhD in Law, Professor, Sokhumi State University.
506
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

samarTali

badri kvaracxelia1

fici, rogorc sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba,

samegrelos (odiSis) samTavroSi

fici, rogorc sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba samegrelos sam­Ta­ ­

v­­­ro­Si, iseve rogorc mTels saqarTveloSi, upirvelesi iyo mtki­
cebu­ lebis sxva saxeebs Soris. SeniSvnas, im mtkicebulebebs So­
ris, romeliTac `Tavi imarTlebis~, SemTxveviT ar aris pirvelad
dasaxelebuli fici (zsiem /a/).
fici mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. mcire
saq­ meze ficiT mtkicebas ar mimarTavdnen (nadareiSvili, 1962:
109). aucilebeli iyo moficaris monaTluloba. araqristianis
(ara­marTmadideblis) fici ar miiReboda. tariel gelovanis mier
Sed­genil erT ganvinebaSi naTqvamia: `wamodges kafosani, sami Tav­
is toli kaci monaTluli svani iqmnes, Tu raWvel-leCxumeli, Tan
Ca­itanos~ (nadareiSvili, 1962: 109). `Tan Catana~ moficrad moyva­
nas niSnavda. moficari `bavSvi da ymawvili ar iqnebis~, moficari
`naT­qvami rom daejerebodes imisTana unda yofiliyo~ (xec /a/).
fici imdenad uryevi sabuTi iyo, samarTlis da damtkiceb­
lad, rom TviT mTavaric ki iZulebuli iyo, mas Tan mamulze mo­
davis mier daficebis SemTxvevaSi daeTmo. magaliTad 1709-1714
wlebs Soris kacia I-ma miqel gegelias uboZa wyalobis wigni, ro­
melic vkiTxulobT: `mamulze dagvedaveT da Sen Senda samkvidro­
baT daifice da daganebeT, mogvicemia da gibednieros RmerTman~
(xec /a/). erTi eTnografiuli wyaros cnobiT, xatisagan mosalo­d­
neli risxvisa da sasjelis SiSiT moficari ver bedavda cru da­
fi­cebas (qcsa).
fici orgvari iyo: swori Cvenebis micemisaTvis mowmis da­fi­
ceba da momCivanis Cvenebis sisworeze maxsovarTa daficeba sasa­
mar­Tlos moTxovnili moficrebis mier. Tu ki pirveli da is ficis
teq­sti ZiriTadad erTnairi iyo, ficSi momCivanis Cvenebis ganmeo­
1
badri kvaracxelia _ samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xu­mis saxelmwifo universiteti.
507
reba xdeboda sityva-sityviT.
mowmis daficebis erTi, zugdidis muzeumSi daculi teqs­
ti (`ficiTi aRqma~) aseTia: `me sityvisa RvTisasa, romel saqmesa,
rom­lisTvisac me ar mowodebuli, rasa Sina viqmne fxizel, Tana
maZs aRviaro TviT arsebiTi simarTle, ar davfaro da rac miuma­
to, ara rac, ara me d yovel igi , raica mixilavs da saxelebiT fici,
ara mterobisTa da ara moyvrobisa, arca SiSad, arca Surisa da arc
sa­CuqrisaTvis ara vsTqva tyuili, raTa... ar veZio winaSe RvTisa,
saSinelsa mis samjavrosa pasuxis gebad, Tanamde var, xolo samt­
kiceblad ficisa amis Cemisave vemTxvevi jvarsa patiosansa macx­
ovrisa, Cvenisa da wmindasa saxarebasa sityvisa RvTisa. amin~ (saxo­
kia, 1956: 108).
daficeba xdeboda xatis winaSe. arqanjelo lambertis cnobiT
xati, romelzedac unda momxdariyo daficeba momCivans unda ae­rCia.
imis SiSiT, rom daficebis wina dRiT braldebuls xatisaTvis ar
Sevedrebina Tavisi Sewevna. lambertisave cnobiT, momCivani ar um­
JRavnebda braldebuls Tu sad da romel xatze moxdeboda dafice­
ba, raTa misTvis moespo cru ficis saSualeba (lamberti, 1991: 75).
rac ufro Zlieri xatis winaSe xdeboda daficeba, fici im­
denad qmediTi iyo. amitom cdilobdnen iseTi Zlieri xatis winaSe
daeficebinaT, romelTa winaSe SiSi megrelebSi didi iyo. aseTi
iyo magaliTad iloris, yulisa da alertis wminda giorgis xatebi.
maxsovar-mowameTa anu moficarTa daficeba sxvadasxvagarad
xdeboda. cxadia, yvela wess am daficebisa aq veRar ganvixilavT,
nimuSad ki movitanT erT magaliTs. 1856 wels petre dadianis yme­
bis siWinavebis da xoravebis mamulze cilebis saqmeze Semdgari sa­
samarTlo procesidan, romlis ganCinebaSi naTqvamia: `warmoadg­
inos petrem oTxi upirvelesni misi aznaurni, ficSid misaRebni
da pirvelman moficarman xati xelT ipyras, gaiaros, petrem rom
gagvarorinina Cabarebulad da Cvens maszed swore, romel iqmne­
ba bibo jaianiseuli umetesi iyos, garna nebas ara vscemT petres
momatebazed, radgan ayenebs mis mier Cabarebulad gavlili sazg­
vari da Cambareblisagan Cvenebuli. pirvel moficars sxvani daif­
icon moficarTa maT ama sityvaTa, romel: es adgilebi, rac Cven
gaviareT mTavars levan dadians uboZebios im sazRvriT petre
dadianis ZisaTvis da am sazRvriTve STaberebodes petres mTava­
ris levan dadianis gankargulebiT, kidec am sazRvris SigniT bibo
jaianiseuloba iyos~ (zsiem /b/). Tu am saxiT daificebodnen mofi­
carni sadao miwa petre dadians da mis ymebs darCeboda, Tu ara da
es miwa samTavro sakuTrebad CaiTvleboda.
moficarTa raodenoba ganisazRvreboda momCivanis da mopa­
508
suxis socialuri mdgomareobiTa da sadao sagnis odenobiT. rac
uf­ro didgvarovani iyo moficari, miT ufro fasobda misi sityva
da fici.
moficarTa institutTan aris dakavSirebuli iseTi iuridi­
uli termini rogorica amavali kaci da Cvens xelT arsebuli ma­
salebis meSveobiT, SevecdebiT meti sicxade SevitanoT am ter­
minis g. nadareiSviliseul axsnaSi, romelic savsebiT swori Cans.
1825 wlis 5 marts msajulTuxucesi niko dadiani boqa­
ulebs-beJan faRavas da ioseb Ciqvans werda: `xuxuia gegeWkori da­
gi­­WiravsT, rom iciT ravari avi kacia da aramc ar gageqceT. axlav
ba­tons warudgineT da es maTxojeli kaci, rom edaveba, rogorc
ba­tonma gibrZanoT, ise gaistumreT magram kacis suli ar misceT,
kai Tavdebi gamoarTviT am maTxojel kacs, rom isev dagvixsnas es
ka­cis sulebi da isev mogviyvanos, rogorc sasamarTlom gaaCina
ise~ (zsiem /g/).
1826 wels Sedgenil ganCinebaSi jorjikiebis saqmeze, sadac
Zme­ bi jorjikiebi Tavis saxlikacs uCa jorjikias erTi saerTo
ad­ gilis, xeiriSis misakuTrebas edavebian, es ukanaskneli pasu­
xobs: `radgan Tqven xeiriSis amavali adgili gaqvT, me rad unda
am­yaroT~ (dRiuri).
saTavdebo werilSi, romelic 1848 wels merab kobaxiZem mTa­v­
ris mier warmogzavnil boqauls, Tavad niko dgebuaZes misca, naT­
qvamia, rom caiSel quCu varTagavas, romelsac mTavarma `ayra da
sazRvris gareSe gasvla Seswama da Tqven Sepyrobili gyavdaT Tav­
smdeblda me vudgebi Tqven winaSe da Tu `sazRvris gareT gavida~,
maSin gpirdebiT, rom misi amavali glexi Cemis sakuTrebisagan dav­
asaxelo samTavro-saeklesiod yovlis mizezs gareSe~ (zsiem /d/).
am dokumentidan savsebiT naTlad Cans, rom amavali tolis
mni­SvnelobiT rom ixmareboda. amavali adgili kacis sulis sanacv­
lo, magram misi amavali da amavali glexi swored aseTi daskvnis
sis­ woreze laparakoben. imaSi, rom amavali kaci marTlac toli
kacis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda samegrelos samTavroSi, sabo­lo­
od davrwmundebiT Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT ganCinebas nikoloz
lor­TqifaniZisa da xositela miloravas saqmeze, romelic 1789-
1811 wlebs Sorisaa Sedgenili da 1818 wlis ganCinebas gigo di­
dias saqmeze. pirvel ganCinebaSi naTqvamia: `wamodges TviTon xo­
si­telam da ocdasami misi toli kaci Tan Caitanos, ase samarTali
mis­ces: arc me da arc sxva Cem saxlSi myofi kaci da qali, am erTs
Cems Svils beJanikas garda, arc Sens sikvdils da Tofis srolaSi
ar erevodeT, arc sxvas eTqvas CemTvis da arc me merCios~ (xec /b/).
ganCinebaSi gigo didias saqmeze ki naTqvamia: `samarTalSid di­
509
dia Tavis xats xuTas marCilaT fasobs da ocdaxuTi glexi kaci
an amavali sxva kaci gigo didiam ase Siaficos quTaTels an mis
ma­gier kacs: romelic mamis Cemisagan Tqven xati mogerTvaT, is
xati mamaCems mamukas arc mefis misarTmev gasamyrelos qrTamSid
TqvenTvis moeces, arc moeyidos, da fasi aeRos da kidec mobareb­
ulaT gqondes~ (qsZ, 1977: 440-441).
kidev erT dokumentSi cxadad Cans amavalisa da tolis iden­
turoba samegrelodan momdinare dokumentebSi. 1851 wels baxva
em­xvaris mier grigol dadianisaTvis saTavdebo xelwrilSi naTqva­
mia, rom aznaur tatia ratianis Svilebis yma ivanika grigolias,
ro­melic `myavs me mindobili, oqtombris damlevs gadmogceT da
Tu droze ver warmogidgino an gavajanjlo saqme, maSin... samagi­
erod amaval toliani kaci mogarTvaTo unda~ (qsZ, 1977: 447).
amrigad, prof. g. nadareiSviliseuli ganmarteba terminisa
ama­vali kaci savsebiT swori Cans. amavali kaci iyo sasamarTlos
mi­er moficrad dasaxelebuli piris oficialuri da samarTleb­
ri­vi mdgomareobiT toli, umter-umoyvaro miukerZoebeli kaci
(qi­ria, 1967: 115).

bibliografia:

• dRiuri _ dadiani niko. dRiuri, _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul­-

eT­nografiuli muzeumi. xelnawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi. xel­
na­weri wigni, #32;
• zsiem /a/ _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.
xel­nawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi, Zd-33;
• zsiem /b/ _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.
xelnawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi, dok. #8228;
• zsiem /g/ _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.
xelnawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi, dok. #111;
• zsiem /d/ _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeu­
mi. xelnawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi, Zd-19;
• qsZ, 1977 _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. t. 6: sasamarTlo ganCineba­ni
(XVIII-XIXss.). teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo isi­
do­re doliZem. Tb., 1977;
• qcsa _ quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi. sab. 1440;
• xec /a/ _ xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. fondi Qd, sab. #1154;
• xec /b/ _ erisTavi rafiel. uwindelis mTavrobaSid momCivan-mopasuxes
ganrCeva qurdobis Taobazed, _ xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. rafi­
el erisTavis fondi. sab. #316;
• lamberti, 1991 _ lamberti arqanjelo. samegrelos aRwera. italiuri­
dan Targmna al. Wyoniam. Tb., 1991;
• nadareiSvili, 1962 _ nadareiSvili giorgi. fici, rogorc mtkicebu­
510
 le­ba, qarTuli samarTlis wignebis mixedviT, Tb., 1962;
• saxokia, 1956 _ saxokia Tedo. eTnografiuli Canawerebi. Tb., 1956;
• qiria, 1967 _ qiria ciala. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. XIXs.
I naxevari. Tb., 1967.

BADRI KVARATSKHELIA1

THE OATH AS EVIDENCE IN COURT IN

SAMEGRELO (ODISGHI) PRINCIPALITY

The Oath as evidence in Court in Samegrelo (Odisghi) Principality, as well

as in the whole Georgia, was the first among the other forms of evidences. The
oath was used only in extreme cases. In small cases, the oath was not applied.
The oath was so unshakable as a prove of truth that in case of dispute even the
Principe himself was forced to compromise.

1
Badri Kvaratskhelia – PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
511
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

samarTali

badri kvaracxelia, laSa gelantia1

sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi

samegrelos samTavroSi

samegrelos samTavroSi umaRles mosamarTles rogorc ar­

aerTgzis aRiniSna, TviT mTavari warmoadgena. mTavris mier samar­
Tlis gaCena xdeboda, rogorc samTavro karze, ise sofel-sofel
mogzaurobisas.
don arqanjelo lamberti, romelmac zedmiwevniT kargad ic­
nobda misi Tanamedrove samegrelos yofas, TviT samTavro karis
cxovrebisa da saqmianobis CaTvliT, wers: `megrelebi bednierni
arian imiT, rom mTavari yovelTvis da yvelgan mzad aris moismin­
os maTi saCivari da mouZebnos wamali Tavis qveSerdomTa saWiroe­
bas. gind TaTbirobdes, gind cxeniT seirnobdes, gind gzaSi iyos,
gind nadirobdes da gind puris Wamad ijdes, mTavari yovelTvis
moismens saqmes da Sesaferis ganCinebas dasdebs. saqmeebis gad­
awyvetis dros... igi xelmZRvanelobs keTilgonierebiT, romelic
safuZvlad udevs mTeli qveynierebis kanonierebas~ (lamberti,
1991: 80).
lambertisave cnobiT, mTavari umeteswilad saqmeebs saqmeebs
pu­ris Wamis dros arCevda. nebismier qveSerdoms SeeZlo masTan
misvla da Tavisi gasaWiris moxseneba, oRond aucileblad muxlm­
odrekiT. mTavari iqve ucxadebda momCivans Tavis gadawyveilebas.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu rTuli saqme iyo, TiToeuli modave mxare irCev­
da TiTo mosamarTles. orive mosamarTle ki erTad erT momxseneb­
els (referendario), romlis movaleobas Seadgenda mosamarTleebTan
erTad am davis ganxilvisas, erTi modavis sityvebi meorisaTvis
gadaeca. sadao saqmis garCevisaTvis daniSnul dRes da adgils
ik­ri­bebodnen orive modave mxaris warmomadgeneli. `Cveulebriv
1
badri kvaracxelia _ samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, so­
xumis saxelmwifo universiteti; laSa gelantia _ asistenti, soxumis sa­
xelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm­
wi­fo universitetis doqtoranti.
512
Seiyrebian romelime kargi Crdiliani xis qveS... mosamarTleebi da
saqmis momxsenebeli rom dasxdebian, jer gamocxaddeba momCivani
da muxlmodrekiT moaxsenebs maT Tavis saCivars da warudgens
rac sabuTSi aqvs. es ityvis yovelives rac saTqmeli aqvs, adgeba
da wava iseT adgilas, rom ver gaigos rasac mopasuxe ityvis. me­re
mosamarTleTa winaSe gamocxaddeba da muxls moidreks mopasu­xe,
romelsac saqmis momxsenebeli sityva-sityviT gadascems yove­
lives, rac momCivanma moaxsena mosamarTleebs. amis Semdeg mopa­
suxe Tavis pasuxs moaxsenebs mosamarTleebs da warudgens Tavis
sa­buTebs. daasrulebs Tu ara Tavis pasuxs, mopasuxe wava. Semdeg
Semova xelaxla momCivani, romelsac saqmis momxsenebeli gadas­
cems mopasuxis sityvebs. momCivani kidev Tavisas ityvis. is wava da
isev Semova mopasuxe da ase grZeldeba, vidre orive mxare ar daas­
rulebs Tavis sityvas, roca aRar eqneba ra saTqmeli, mosamarT­
le­ni calke wavlen sabWod da gadaswyveten saqmes winamdebare
sa­fuZvelTa mixedviT. maT ganaCens orive mxare yabuldeba~ (lam­
berti, 1991: 81).
lambertis, Sardenis da 1798 wels parizSi gamocemuli wignis
anonimi avtoris mier aRwerilisamarTalwarmoebis wesi, Zalian
Zve­lia.
Jan Sardeni, amasTan erTad aRniSnavs, rom samegreloSi saba­
to­no glexebis davas TviT batonebi gansjian da samarTals gana­Ce­
ne­no. „TviT batonebs Soris ki davas Zala, imarjvebs is vinc ufro
Zli­eria“. isini Tavs esxmian erTmaneTs, wvaven mowinaaRmdegis sax­
lebs awiokeben maT ymebs, uspoben yanebs, uCexaven venaxs da xex­
ils, itaceben moqiSpis jogebs. „dazaralebuli, romelic ufro
sus­tia, daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavs mTavars... mTavari gamoiZaxebs
mopasuxes, modaveTa sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT Ser­
Ceuli romelime sapatio pirovnebis meSveobiT da Searigebs mo­
daveebs. magram amgvari dazaveba Cveulebriv grZeldeba Suris­
Zi­ebisaTvis pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevamde“ (Sardeni, 1975:
118).
glexoba saCivnelad mTavars rom gzaze elodeba, kargadaa
asa­xuli megrul zepirsityvierebaSic. magaliTad andazis ganmmar­
tavi gadmocema gvauwyebs, rom erT glexs, gvarad baCilavas gaugia,
rom dadianmda am soflis gzaze unda gaiaroso da alionidan da­
Ramebamde daCoqila ucdida Turme, magram misda saubedurod mTa­
vari sxva gziT wasula. am ambavTan aris dakavSirebuli andaza: da­
dia mikursia do baCila Saras gilaCoqudua (afridoniZe, 1989: 245).
sasamarTlo procesi, romelsac mdivanbegi atarebda
dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili rafiel erisTavs: „kacs xari ro daekar­
33. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 513
goda wers is da mosZebnida mTqmelaT mTqmels rasme aCuqebda...
Semdgom mazris mdivanbegTan uCivlebda da mTqmels mas miuyvan­
da saidumlod. mazris mdivanbegi gamokiTxavda garemoebas-rodis
naxa moparuli xari, da anu vis misca, Semdgom mopasexes daibareb­
da. momCivani daiCoqeboda da moaxsenebda, rom mas mopares xari am
da am dros, Semdgom mTqmeliT mosZebna, saTqmeli amdeni maneTi
gaiRo da Tqmelman qurdad aswavla es da es. mopasuxec daiCoqeb­
da da moaxsenebda Tavis simarTles, ese igi vars uyufda. am mom­
Civan-mopasuxis naTqvams mwerali daswerda, Semdgom waikiTxavda
da moawerinebda xels, rom saCivari da pasuxis geba moismines da
sxva dasamatebeli ara aqvT ra. Semdgom ganaCens dasweren am saxiT:
fics gauCendnen mopasuxes, dauniSnavda momCivani sam kacs Tavis
soflisas: amas erqva Segdebuli fici. am samisgan erTi unda eSova
da meorec Seugdebeli fici ojax-colSvilianaT fici unda mieca,
rom arc mas moeparos, arc vin moipara codnodes. fici ase unda:
momCivani xats aasvenebda da xelSi miscemda mopasuxes. mopasuxe
ityoda: am xatman, amisma madlman da misma ganmaxorcielebelman
RmerTman, Sen momCivanis xari me ar momeparos, arca vin moipara
vicodeo, maSin moficebic xels daadebdnen xats da ityodnen:
marTla fica, Senma madlmano. ganCinebis daweris dros sabWo gar­
daaxdevinebda momCivan-mopasuxes TiTo maneTs. agreTve mwerali
samdivnos maneTSi or Saurs. Semdgom ganCinebis aRsrulebas mian­
dobdnen adgilobriv nacvals, yovels did sofelSid iyo TiTo
nacvali. patara soflebi qondaT zogierTebs nacvlebs TiTo
sam-sami. zemoT fici rom davswereT, Tu mTqmeli ar yavda, Sedge­
bul kacs ar gauCendnen, ukeTu ar iyo saxelgatexili kaci, aramed
oris ojaxiSvilianaT unda emarTlebina Tavi.
sasamarTlos uflebamosileba dedofalsac gaaCnda. mas See­
Zlo damoukideblad an sxvebTan erTad moesmina saqme da gamoeta­
na ganCineba, razec ramodenime dokumenti uTiTebs~ (kakabaZe, 1921:
169; sea /a/).
naklebi mniSvnelobis saqmeebs mouravic arCevda. 1824 wlis
2 ianvars msajulTuxucesi niko dadiani Tavad joRoria dgebu­
aZes werda: „es ivanika anjafariZe da misi Zmebi da mama me mibr­Za­
ne­bia-samarTliT gaarige“ (dRiuri, 1v). es joRoria dgebuaZe ki
ro­gorc niko dadianis mier sami dRis Semdeg, 5 ianvars gagzavnili
we­rilidan Cans, mouravi iyo. „es Cemi kaci edaveba Tqvens saxelos
kacs, faracvanias da samarTliT gaarigeo“, _ werda niko dadi­
ani joRoria dgebuaZes (dRiuri, 1r). „Tqveni saxelo kaci“, niSnavs
Ta­namdebobiT rom Sen gekuTvnis im kacs. es saxelo ki ueWvelad
mouravia.
514
 sasamarTlo uflebamosileba qonda Tavadsac. mcire mniSvn­
elobis saqmis ganxilvisas (magaliTad glexebs Soris davas). Tuki
modaveni erTi Tavadis ymebi iyvnen, TviT am Tavads andobdnen.
1824w. 29 ianvars msajulTuxucesi niko dadiani Tavis das,
CiCuas Tanamecxedres marikas swerda: „am Samuagias Tqveni kacis­
gan samarTali uboZe an samarTalSi gamomigzavneo~ (dRiuri, 2r).
samarTlis gaCenis ufleba, Tuki es msajulTuxucesisgan
ne­badarTuli iyo, ara marto mdivanbegebs, aramed boqaulebsac
hqondaT. 1824w. 20 ianvars msajulTuxucesi niko dadiani werda
„af­xazeTis boqaulebs“ rom „am guta marRanias jvareli kacis
qur­doba daswames da davaxsnevineT. axla amas sxva qurdebi dau­
Zebnia da uTuod samarTali mieciTo“ (dRiuri, 2r).
danaSaulSi eWvmitanils daniSnuli erqva. 1824 wlis 3 Teber­
vals niko dadiani mTavars werda, rom „daTika CiCua movida CemTan
da Tqvengan mtyvis yidviT daniSnuli qaixosro gvalia dauWiravs
da miqlia gaqceviao“ (dRiuri, 5v).
rogorc irkveva samegrelos samTavroSi winaswari patimro­
bis instituti arsebobda. amaze metyvelebs 1827 wlis 15 agvistos
msajulTuxucess niko dadianis mier miwerili baraTi, romelSic
naTqvamia: „oqropiris SviliSvilebi rom edaveba edaveba vaxtang
asaTianis kacs, kikola xecurians, imisaTvis gamoZieba rom gebrZa­
na, rostom mdivanbegma da me gamoviZieT, magram etyoba mtyuani
aris da ubrZaneT ar gaiqces, daaWirvieT da mermeT gamoviZiebT
mis saqmes“ (dRiuri, 43r).
Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb cnobis momwodebels (informa­
tors), rogorc dokumentebidan Cans, mTxrobeli erqva. mTxrobe­
li danaSaulis mowmec (an sulac monawilec) SeiZleboda yofili­
yo da sarwmuno cnobis mqonec.
mTxrobels, rogorc danaSaulis gaxsnisaTvis aucilebeli
cnobis momwodebels, jildo ekuTvnoda e.w. samTxrobelo, rom­
lis Sesaxeb laparakia aznaurebis beJam xorava da beJanika gamsa­
xur­ dias mier 1851w. 8 ivniss mTavarTan wardgenil gancxadebaSi
(sea /b/).
mTxrobelis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi cnobebia vaxtang VI samar­
Tlis wignSi (muxli 10), da „brali mdeblad“ aris ganmartebuli
jer kidev g. TarxniSvilis 1915 wels gamocemul naSromSi (Tarxni­
Svili, 1915: 116). es azri gaziarebulia al. vaCeiSvilis (vaCeiSvi­
li, 1948: 71), g. nadareiSvilis (nadareiSvili, 1962: 17-19) da sxvaTa
naSromebSi.
roca damnaSave dadgenili iyo, saqme sasamarTlos mier gar­
Ce­vas ar eqvemdebareboda. 1824 wlis 30 ianvar niko dadiani mTa­
515
vars werda: „zurab dadianovi geboZaT, amisaTvis Tofis iaraRi
mo­uparavso da es sasamarTlo ar aris. qurdi Cans da moparuli
nivTi da awi Tqveni neba aris“ (dRiuri, 3r).
zogjer msajulTuxucesi (da safiqrebelia rom mdivanbege­
bic) yovelgvari sasamarTlo garCevis gareSe iRebda gadawyvetile­
bas. 1824 wlis 22 ianvars niko dadiani, giorgi mxeiZes werda: „es
Seni kaci veras Seuva, bijgia WurRulias, radgan qaixosros saw­
indraT hyolia da amis cxeni qaixosrosaTvis Tqveni Zma daviTs
waurTmevia“ (dRiuri, 4r).
mopasuxis gamoZaxeba sasamarTlosi romelime adgilobrivi
moxelis (mouravis 1840 wlidan _ mazris mdivanbegis) an damnaSavis
patroni feodalis (Tavadis, aznauris) meSveobiT xdeboda.
1824 wlis 2 marts, msajulTuxucesi niko dadiani magaliT­
ad, giorgi Ciqvans werda: „giorgi Selia gamogzavneo sasamarT­
loSi“ (dRiuri, 10r).
XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan mopasuxis gamoZaxeba sasamarT­
losi werilobiT xdeboda, 1824 wels msajulTuxucesi niko dadi­
ani meJuka mxeiZes werda: „ama Tvis oTxs sasamarTlosi gamocxad­
di, gogi qorqia gedavebao~ (dRiuri, 10r).
Tu momCivani sasamarTloSi ar gamocxaddeboda, im kacs, visa
edaveboda, boqauls ar Cauyenebdnen.
1824 wlis 2 Tebervals niko dadiani pepu CiCuas werd: „am
jgufSia xucess, radgan misi modave samarTalSid ar moyva, bo­
qauls nuRar CauyenebT~ (dRiuri, 4r).
msajuli cdilobda sasamarTlomde ar mieyvana saqme. 1824
wlis 7 Tebervals, niko dadiani magaliTad Tavad faRavas werda:
„rogorc Seni wigni aqvs am rostom korZaias ise gaistumre, Torem
baqauli mogivao~ (dRiuri, 7v).
roca mopasuxe nebiT ar modioda sasamarTloSi, ZaliT moya­
vdaT da gamoucxadeblobisaTvis jarimasac axdevinebdnen.
sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisaTvis dawesebul gadasaxads
sabWo erqva da mas momCivani ixdida (xec /a/), magram Tu mopasuxe
damnaSaved iqneboda aRiarebuli, sabWos gadaxda mas ekisreboda.
sabWo did Semosavals aZlevda moamarTles. 1824 wlis 4
marts msajulTuxucesi niko dadiani Tavis sexnia ZmisSvils niko
da­
dians, romelic rogorc Cans am dros mdivanbegi iyo, werda,
rom „sabWos Tqveni wili Seiqnao samasi marCili~ (dRiuri, 14r).
garda sabWosi, momCivans (da gamtyunebis SemTxvevaSi mopasu­
xes) unda gadaexada samdivnoc, romelic raf. erisTavisve cnobiT,
sabWos msgavsad aTis Tavs Seadgenda. rogorc Cans sabWosi (anu
sadao sagnis Rirebulebis erT measeds). samdivnos naxevari ufros
516
mdivans (mwerals) mihqonda, naxevari ki danarCen sam mwerals (xec
/b/).
samegrelos samTavros sasamarTlo organizaciis maRal do­
neze metyvelebis is garemoeba, rom qonebrivi davisas xdeboda
gaTvaliswineba fulis erTeulebis fardobisa.
samegrelos samTavroSi arsebobda damcvelis (advokatis)
analogiuri instituti, romelsac, rogorc Cans magieri kaci er­
qva da asabiac (meunargia, 1939: 124).
mari brose asabias Targmnida rogorc maître-s da fiqrobda
rom is arabulidan aris Semosulio (Brosset, 1857: 450-460).27
modave mxareebs, Tu ar akmayofilebdaT sasamarTlos gana­
Ceni, SeeZloT gaesaCivrebinaT igi zemdgomSi: Tavadis ganCineba
Se­eZlo gaeuqmebina an ZalaSi daetovebina mouravis sasamarTlos;
mouravis ganCineba iseve rogorc mazris mdivanbegis TanaSemwis
ganCineba-mazris mdivanbegs. am ukanasknelis ganCinebis gauqmebis
an ZalaSi datovebis ufleba qonda uzenaes sasamarTlos, uzenaesi
sasamarTlos ganCinebisa ki mTavars, romlis gadawyvetileba sab­
oloo iyo.
XIXs. 20-iani wlebidan Cndeba cnobebi samegrelos samTavros
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb. zog dokumentSi es sasamarTlo
umaRles sasamarTlod iwodeba.
rogorc Cans, uzenaes sasamarTlos Tavdapirvelad mudmi­
vi samyofeli ar hqonda. rusi moxele kroki, romelsac am dros
samegrelos Sesaxeb vrceli moxseneba warudgenia ruseTis mTav­
robisaTvis, aRniSnavs, rom samegrelos samTavros sasamarTlos
wevrebi mTels samTavroSi dadian, saCivrebs adgilobriv ixilaven
da Tu saWiro iqneba elodebian Tavjdomaris (anu msajulTuxuce­
sis) an mTavris mier damtkicebas.
sasamarTlos mudmivad erT adgilze damagreba, sasamarT­
losaTvis sagangebo saxlis ageba msajulTuxuces niko dadianis
saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli.
1818 wels Sedgenili „dasturlama“-Ti niko dadiani mTa­
vars urcevda, rom „iyos erTi sasamarTlo da ima saxlSi, Tvinier
samarTlisa misaa, droisa nuravin Sevals~ (dadiani, 1897: 30).
am dokumentidan Cans, rom senakSi mdgari „sasamarTlo sax­
li’’ ar iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlos Senoba da arc SeiZleboda yo­
filiyo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos saxli zugdidSi unda mdgariyo da
rogorc iona meunagias cnobidan Cans marTlac aq mdgara, samTav­
ro sasaxlis maxloblad (meunargia, 1939: 58).
am sasamarTlo saxlsi, niko dadianis moTxovniT unda yo­
filiyo magidebi, „sawerelni samwerloni~, da qaRaldi, raTa „dai­
517
werebodes mas Sina, yovelni gaCenilni da gansjilni samarTalni
da igi gadawyvetilni... erTi miecemodes modaveTa da erTi STaiw­
erebodes mkurnalsa Sina da Seinaxebodes sasamarTlosa Sina~ (da­
diani, 1897: 30).
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mwerals TviTon mTavari niSnavda.
1847 wlis TebervalSi daviT dadianma mwerlad daniSna aznauri
oqropir aaTiani, romelic namsaxuri da gamocdili yofila da
amitom uzenaes sasamarTlosi is sxva mwerlebze win unda daeyene­
binaT. mas unda Cabareboda sasamarTlos aveji da sxva „saxmarebe­
li rac aris“, qaRaldi, Jurnalebi, is „mweralTa Soris upirvele­
sad“ iqna dadgenili~ (xec /g/).
niko dadiani „dasturlama“-Si dawvrilebiT agviwers sasa­ma­
r­Tlo dadgenilebis aRsrulebis mimdinareobas.
„odes gardaswydes samarTali, eqmnes brZaneba boqaulTuxu­
cessa da boqalTa da agreTve mouravTa da moxeleTa, romel odes
miswerdes mdivanbegni-usmendnen da mdivanbegi miswerdes amaT
xsenebulTa, visdamica jer iyos da imagardawyvetilebisa saqmesa
Seasrulebdnen mdivanbegia miwerilsa wignsa Seinaxvidnen da Sem­
dgomad,romelsame drosa warmogidnen~ (dadiani, 1897: 30).
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Semsrulebels, iseve rogorc
mTavris brZanebisa da wyalobis aRmsrulebls gamrige erqva.
umaRlesi sasamarTlos Tavjdomare msajulTuxucesi anu
mdivanbegTuxucesi iyo, wevrebi msajulebi anu mdivanbegebi iyvnen.
msajulTuxucesis gvergigver am Tanamdebobis aRsaniSnavad
ixmareboda rogorc mdivanbegTuxucesi, aseve „sasamarTloisa gan­
m­gebeli“ da „mdivanbegi mTavris.“
samegrelos samTavroSi, gansxvavebiT magaliTad qarTl-kax­
eTis samefosi, ar arsebobda sagangebo saeklesio sasamarTlo.
eklesiis xasiaTis davas TviTon mTavari arCevda umaRles saekle­
sio xelisufalTa TandaswrebiT.
Tu danaSauli TviT saeklesio piris mier iyo Cadenili, sa­
mar­Tlis gaCenas mTavari im episkoposs akisrebda, romlis samwyo­
sac damnaSave ekuTvnoda.
1838 wles, magaliTad daviT dadianma msajulTuxucess ubrZa­
na, rom samegrelos episkoposisaTvis miewera, raTa mas kanonierad
daesaja mRvdeli ivane cxakava, „viTarca sicruiT momCivani“ (sea
/g/).
episkoposs, Tavis mxriv SeeZlo saeklesio xasiaTis saqmis
gan­xilva mdivanbegisaTvis daevalebina (qcsa).
mRvdelmsaxurTa rjulgardamavali moqmedeba, sjulis kano­
nis darRveva an saero pirTa iseTi qmedeba, rasac eklesia devnida
518
(misnoba, jadosnoba, mkiTxaoba) episkoposis mier Seirisxeboda,
anaTemaze gadaecemoda.
samegreloSi, msgavsad sxva qarTul feodaluri saxelmwifo­
ebisa, moqmedebda bWeTa (mediatorTa) samomrigeblo sasamarTlo.
ro­ gorc 1869 wlis erTi dokumentidan irkveva, bWes anu medi­
ators samegreloSi ganmorCeulic (megrulad giSnagora) erqva.
„me­diatore anu ganmorCeulni ama saqmisa unda iyvnen, rogorc
mTxovnelis mazriTa, ise yvela im pirebis mxriTac, vis xelSidac
arian gardasuli nawili mamulTagan mamisa maTisao“, _ wers mTa­
varyofili niko dadianis veqili, aznauri manuCar Ciqovani senakis
sa­samarTlos (zsiem).
samegrelos samTavroSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul sax­
es sasamarTlosi SuakacTa, momrigebelTa (anu mediatorTa) sa­
samarTlo warmoadgenda, sadac saqmes gansjidnen modave mxare­
Ta mier amorCeuli mosamarTleni (bWeni). amgvari sasamarTlos
ganCinebas iseTive Zala qonda, rogorc mdivanbegis sasamarTlos
ganCinebas.

bibliografia:

• dRiuri _ dadiani niko. dRiuri, _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul­-

eTnografiuli muzeumi. xelnawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi. xel­
naweri wigni, #32;
• zsiem _ zugdidis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi.
xel­nawerTa fondebi. dadianTa fondi. xelnaweri wigni, #9083;
• sea /a/ _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. fondi 1448, sab. #301;
• sea /b/ _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. fondi 1, saqme #4907, furc.
14;
• sea /g/ _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. fondi 1448, aRw. 1, saqme
#4100;
• qcsa _ quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi. fondi #173, saqme
11, furc. 9;
• xec /a/ _ xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. fondi Ad, sab. #1366, furc.
31;
• xec /b/ _ erisTavi rafiel. uwindelis mTavrobaSid momCivan-mopasux­
es ganrCeva qurdobis Taobazed, _ xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. ra­
fiel erisTavis fondi. sab. #316;
• xec /g/ _ xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. fondi Qd, sab. #8770;
• dadiani, 1897 _ dastur-lama. Txzuleba nikoloz dadianisa. winasi­
tyvaoba iona meunargiasi. tf., 1897;
• lamberti, 1991 _ lamberti arqanjelo. samegrelos aRwera. italiu­
ridan Targmna al. Wyoniam. Tb., 1991;
• Sardeni, 1975 _ Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis
sxva qveynebSi. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. frangulidan Targmna,

519
 ga­mokvleva da komentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1975
• afridoniZe, 1989 _ afridoniZe Suqia. Tedo saxokias arqividan, _
„ibe­riul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“. t. XXVIII, 1989;
• vaCeiSvili, 1948 _ vaCeiSvili aleqsandre. narkvevi qarTuli samarT­
lis istoriidan. t. 2. Tb., 1948;
• TarxniSvili, 1915 _ TarxniSvili giorgi. sasamarTlos warmoeba sa­
qarTveloSi vaxtang VI-is kanonebis wignis mixedviT, _ „krebuli pet­
ro­gradis qarTvel studentTa samecniero wrisa“. iv. javaxiSvilis
re­daqciiT. tf., 1915;
• kakabaZe, 1921 _ kakabaZe sargis. dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sa­
bu­Tebi. t. 2. tf., 1921;
• meunargia, 1939 _ meunargia iona. samegrelos samTavros ukanaskneli
pe­riodi da daviT dadiani. masalebi da dokumentebi. sol. caiSvilis
re­daqciiT. Tb., 1939;
• nadareiSvili, 1962 _ nadareiSvili giorgi. fici, rogorc mtkice­
buleba, qarTuli samarTlis wignebis mixedviT, Tb., 1962;
• BROSSET, 1857 – Brosset Marie-Félicité.  Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’Antiquité jus­
qu’au XIXe siècle. Partie 2: Histoire moderne. Livraison 2, 1857.

BADRI KVARATSKHELIA, LASHA GELANTIA1

COURT ORGANIZATION AND PROCEEDINGS

IN SAMEGRELO PRINCIPALITY
The supreme judge in Samegrelo principality was represented by the ruler
himself. He was performing justice ruling both in the principality and by visiting
villages. During the justice ruling the special council used to charge the appli-
cants and respondents with money which was equivalent to one “maneti”. The
Booker was also paid some amount of money. The queen also had the justice
authority. She could hear the process individually or with other authorities. As
well as pass sentence on guilty. The ruler had justice authority in case the appli-
cant were peasant serfs of the same ruler. The ruler had to meet the obligation
of paying cash. The judge and the court bailiff had also the justice authority if
it was permitted by the chief judge. The person who delivered information was
called the narrator. The narrator, as delivering the important information on the
case for crime detection was awarded. The award was called the “Mosamtkhro-
belo” (payment for information delivery). Even the defender “defence lawyer”
institution existed in Samegrelo province.

1
Badri Kvaratskhelia – PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University; Lasha
Ge­lantia – Assistant, Sokhumi State University, Postgraduate Student of Ivane Javakhish-
vili Tbilisi State University.
520
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

pedagogika

lela rexviaSvili1

artpedagogika _ arsi, mizani, amocanebi, funqciebi da

konceptualuri ideebi

sazRvargareTis Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi ise­

Ti mecnierebebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa pedago­
gika, fsiqologia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba Seiqmna da gamoiyeneba
axa­li zneobriv-esTetikuri urTierTqmedebis sistema _ artped­
agogika.
saqarTveloSi farTo pedagogiuri sazogadoebisTvis da mi­
Tumetes saskolo praqtikaSi artpedagogiuri teqnologiis gamo­
ye­neba _ siaxlea. Cveni mizania am inovaciuri pedagogiuri teq­no­
lo­ giis propaganda, misi arsiT da gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebiT
mas­wavlebelTa daintereseba. statiaSi ganvixilavT artpedago­gi­
kis Teoriul safuZvlebs: arss, mizans, amocanebs, funqciebs da
kon­ceptualur ideebs.
termini „artpedagogika“ XXs. II naxevarSi gaCnda. pedagoge­bi
da fsiqologebi masSi sxvadasxva Sinaarss deben. fsiqologe­ bi­
sTvis artpedagogika warmoadgens artTerapiis sinonims da iye­
neben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis bavSvebTan muSaobis konteq­
s­
tSi. pedagogebi, gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi, mimarTaven
art­pedagogikis meTodebsa da teqnologiebs normalur da niWier
bav­SvebTan muSaobis efeqturobis awevisTvis.
artpedagogika Sedgeba ori sityvis „art“ da „pedagogika“-sgan.
art (laT. Ars, ing. da frang. Art, ital. Arte) iTargmneba rogorc
xe­lovneba, magram Art, aseve, ostatobas niSnavs. pedagogika warmo­
adgens ara mxolod mecnierebas, aramed xelovnebasac, e. i. osta­
tobas, gananaTlo programuli masalis ara ZaliT „Catenvis“ gziT,
ara­med damoukidebeli kvleviTi-saZiebo muSaobis swavlebis xe­
lovnebiT, Semecnebisa da swavlisken motivirebiT, pirovnuli
Tvi­ sebebis aRzrdiT, romlebic xels uwyoben warmatebul soci­
1
lela rexviaSvili _ pedagogikis doqtori, asistent-profesori, soxu­
mis saxemwifo universiteti.
521
alizacias da TviTrealizacias (Хащанская, 2011: 63).
artpedagogika (mxatvruli pedagogika) e. medvedevas ganmar­
te­biT, aris „mecnieruli codnis ori mxaris (xelovnebisa da peda­
gogikis) sinTezi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen ganviTarebaSi Seferx­
ebis mqone bavSvTa mxatvruli ganviTarebis koreqciul-mimarTuli
pe­
dagogiuri procesis Teoriisa da praqtikis damuSavebas da
pirovnebis mxatvruli kulturis safuZvlebis formirebis sakiTx­
ebs xelovnebisa da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis meSveo­
biT (musikaluri, saxviTi, mxatvrul-metyvelebiTi, Teatralize­
bul-TamaSobiTi“) /Медведева.., 2001: 24/.
xelovneba yovelTvis iyo pirovnebis zogadadamianuri faseu­
lobebisadmi ziarebis umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba piradi, Sinagani
emociuri gamocdilebis gziT, agreTve misi uSualo monawileobiT
SemoqmedebiT procesSi. is axdens samyarosadmi, movlenebisadmi,
sakuTari pirovnebisadmi damokidebulebis formirebas, exmareba
kulturuli faseulobebis aTvisebaSi, astimulirebs Semoqmedebi­
Ti sawyisis ganviTarebas. xelovneba gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iZleva
biZgs adamianis Sinagani resursebis realizaciisaken, xels uwyobs
pirovnebisa da fsiqikis harmoniul ganviTarebas.
magram, aq gasaTvaliswonebelia, rom artpedagogikaSi xe­
lovneba ar warmoadgens saqmianobis erTaderT mizans, aramed
gve­vlineba profesiuli amocanebis gadawyvetis saSualebad. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, artpedagogiuri Teoria da praqtika xelo­
vnebis saSualebebis daxmarebiT wyvets profesiul pedagogiur
amo­canebs seriozul mxatvrul ganaTlebaze pretenziebis gareSe
(Ко­рженко.., 2013: 95)
artpedagogikis arsi mdgomareobs mis aRmzrdelobiT funq­
ciaSi. is zemoqmedebs pirovnebis zneobriv-eTikur, esTetikur,
ko­munikaciur-refleqsur sawyisebze da xels uwyobs sociokul­
turul adaptacias xelovnebis saSualebiT. garda amisa, artpeda­
go­gika exmareba bavSvebs TavianTi fsiqologiuri problemebis
da­ZlevaSi, emociuri wonasworobis aRdgenaSi, uaryofiTi gancde­
bidan dadebiT grZnobebsa da azrebze gadarTvaSi (Осипова...).
artpedagogikis ZiriTadi mizania problemebis mqone bavSv­
Ta mxatvruli ganviTareba da mxatvruli kulturis safuZvlebis
for­ mireba, pirovnebis socialuri adaptacia xelovnebis saSu­
alebiT (Медведева.., 2001: 24).
artpedagogikas da zogad pedagogikas aqvT erTiani saboloo
miz­nebi: daexmaros adamians iswavlos sakuTari Tavis Secnoba da
ir­gvliv myof sazogadoebasTan harmoniuli Tanaarseboba, iswav­
los Seicnos silamazis kanonebisa da zneobis moqmedeba samyaroSi.
522
magram, artpedagogikas aqvs Tavisi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTe­
be­
li mizanic _ pirovnebis eTikuri da esTetikuri „imunitetis“
fo­rmireba sulier-zneobrivi kulturis ganviTarebis procesSi.
is gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac
Cven da Cveni Svilebi xSirad vxvdebiT ugemovnebisa da sulierebis
naklebobis nimuSebs.
• „eTikuri imuniteti“ _ es pirovnebis integraluri Tvise­
baa, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis mdgradobas uzneobis winaaRmdeg
ga­
remoSi da adeqvatur reaqcias swarafadcvalebad socialur
situaciaze sazogadoebaSi, sulieri resursebis organizebas nega­
tiur-zneobrivi mimarTulebis materialuri da msoflmxedvelo­
biTi cdunebis gadasalaxad.
• „esTetikuri imuniteti“ _ pirovnebis sulieri axalwarmona­
q­
mnis daxasiaTebaa, romelic flobs iseT Tvisebebs, rogoricaa
ga­
nasxvavos silamaze molamazosgan, harmonia-disharmoniis, qao­
sisgan xelovnebaSi, adamianSi (mis qmedebebSi, saqcielSi, Semoq­
medebaSi); iyos mdgradi masobrivi, usaxo kulturis zemoqmedebi­
sadmi (Корженко.., 2013: 95).
artpedagogikas aqvs Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebi:
 bavSvSi sakuTari Tavis pirovnebad aRqmis formireba, mi­
Reba da sakuTari faseulobis, rogorc adamianis, Secnoba;
 sociokulturul sivrceSi Tavisi adgilisa da sakuTari
Tavis samyarosTan kavSiris gacnobiereba;
 pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi TviTrealizacia (Арт-педа­го­ги­
ка...).
artpedagogikis amocanebi SeiZleba davyoT strategiul da
taqtikur amocanebad.
strategiuli amocanebia:
• gavxadoT swavleba da aRzrda pozitiur da motivirebul
procesad;
• SeqmnaT pirovnuli zrdis iseTi xelSemwyobi pirobebi,
rom­ lis dros ganaTleba adamianisTvis gaxdeba umniSv­
ne­
lo­vanes da moTxovnilebad faseulobad.
taqtikuri amocanebia:
• sasicocxlo resursebis moZieba, gacnobiereba da aqtivi­
za­cia;
• SemoqmedebiTi potencialis ganviTareba da aqtivizacia;
• TviTregulirebis unarebis swavleba;
• komunikaciuri unarebis swavleba;
• aRqmiTi sferos ganviTareba (Хащанская, 2011: 63).
artpedagogikis ZiriTadi funqciebia:
523
  kulturulogiuri (ganpirobebulia pirovnebis obieqturi
kavSiriT kulturasTan, rogorc faseulobebis sistemas­
Tan, Semoqmedi adamianis ganviTarebiT mxatvruli kultu­
ris aTvisebis safuZvelze.
 saganmanaTleblo (mimarTulia pirovnebis ganviTarebaze
da mis mier sinamdvilis Secnobaze xelovnebis saSualebiT;
uz­ runvelyofs codnis SeZenas xelovnebis sferoSi da
pra­qtikuli unarebis ganviTarebas mxatvrul-Semoqmedeb­
iT saqmianobaSi.
 aRmzrdelobiTi (axdens pirovnebis zneobriv-esTetikuri,
komunikaciur-refleqsiuri safuZvlebis formirebas da
xels uwyobs mis socio -kulturul adaptacias xelov­ne­
bis meSveobiT.
 koreqciuli (xels uwyobs ganviTarebaSi naklis profilaq­
tikas, koreqcias da kompensacias (Медведева.., 2001: 25).
artpedagogikis specifiuri niSnebi formulirdeba Semdeg­
nairad:
 saganmanaTleblo procesSi xelovnebis gamomsaxveli saSu­
ale­bebis gamoyeneba;
 saganmanaTleblo procesSi pedagogis aRsazrdelebTan
ur­TierTobisas dialogis dominireba;
 maswavleblis da moswavlis erToblivi mxatvruli Semoqme­
de­ba, romelic „Caqsovilia“ saswavlo da arasaswavlo saq­
mi­anobis mravalferovan saxeebSi;
 xelovnebis nimuSebis `CarTva“ sxvadasxva sagnebis Seswav­
li­sas (programuli masalis Seswavla Sinagan, siRrmiseul
do­neze informaciis aRqmis sam modalobaSi-mxedvelobiT,
ver­balur, kinetikur) (Мыськова...).
artpedagogikis konceptualuri ideebi dRes humanizaciis,
kre­atiulobis, refleqsiurobis da integraciulobis ideebia.
humanizacia _ axali pedagogiuri azrovnebis RerZia, rom­
lis safuZvelSi devs pirovnebisken, adamianisken, rogorc umaR­
le­ si faseulobisken, svlis miTiTeba. humanizmi-artpedagogikis
sa­fuZvelia, artpedagogis saqmianobis mTavari principia, Tu, ra
Tqma unda, misi realizeba xdeba absoluturad TiToeuli moswav­
lis mimarT bavSvis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. indivi­
du­lobisadmi rwmena iTvaliswinebs maswavleblis muSaobas Tavis
Tavze, mis damokidebulebaze im moswavleebisadmi, romlebic mas­
Si simpaTias ver aRZraven. aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi am dros maRla
dganan swavlebis miznebze. Tavad es procesi gamsWvalulia fiq­
riT mudmiv problemebze (sikeTisa da borotebis, siyvarulisa da
524
sib­rZnis, silamazisa da harmoniis da sxv.).
kreatiuloba _ moicavs TavisTavSi 4 aspeqts: kretiuli gare­
mo, kreatiuli pirovneba, kreatiuli produqti, kreatiuli pro­
cesi. pirovneba xdeba kreatiuli mxolod maSin, Tu mas SeuZlia
Tavisi Semoqmedebis ganxorcieleba srulfasovnad, Tavisufali
da kreatiuli garemos pirobebSi. SemoqmedebiTi niWi ar SeiZleba
aR­mocendes da miTumetes ganviTardes daZalebis Sedegad. amitom
art­pedagogis winaSe dgeba sakiTxi _ rogor Seqmnas Semoqmedebi­
sTvis mastimulirebeli pirobebi?
kreatiuli garemos usafrTxoeba iqmneba:
• individis upirobo faseulobis miRebiT, TviTgamoxatvis
Se­saZleblobiT;
• iseTi atmosferos SeqmniT, romelSic ar arsebobs erTmni­
S­vnelovani gareSefaseba (is avaldebulebs Tavdacvisken,
xo­lo misi ararseboba ki adamians ufro Tavisufals xdis);
• gagebisa da gulisxmierebis arseboba.
refleqsiurobis ideis realizacia _ aris adamianis mzaoba da
SesaZlebloba SemoqmedebiTad gaiazros problemur-konfliqtu­
ri situaciebi; unari SeiZinos axali faseulobebi, moaxdinos ada­
ptacia uCveulo pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebis sistemebSi, ga­
da­wyvitos araordinaluri praqtikuli amocanebi.
pirovnebis refleqsiuri kulturis ZiriTad maCveneblad
Se­iZleba ganvixiloT misi muSaobisadmi unari gaurkvevlobis pi­
robebSi, radgan es miuTiTebs pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZle­b­
lo­bebisa da refleqsiis urTierTdamokidebulebaze.
integraciulobis idea Cadebulia Tavad artpedagogikis ars­
Si. is viTardeba pedagogikis, fsiqologiis, adamianis Sesaxeb sxva
mec­nierebebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxis Serwymis safuZve­
lze. SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis saxeebisa da formebis harmoni­
uli SeTanxmeba amdidrebs moswavlis zneobriv-esTetikur iers.
ama­sTan, moswavle iTvisebs informacias ZiriTadad 3 modalobis
(Seg­rZnebis, mxedvelobis da smenis) meSveobiT. vinaidan TiToeul
adamianSi dominirebs sakuTari modaloba, amitom saswavlo pro­
cesSi yvela monawilis mier masalis ukeT gagebisa da aTvisebisaT­
vis misi asaxva aucilebelia samive modalobaSi (Корженко.., 2013: 97).
artpedagogika mowodebulia gadaWras Semdegi problemebi:
 amartivebs maswavleblisa da moswavlisaTvis saswavlo
pro­cess;
 iZleva saswavlo procesSi pedagogsa da moswavleebs So­
ris urTierTobisas warmoqmnili agresiisa da sxva negati­
uri grZnobebis socialurad misaRebi gamosavlis Ziebis
525
 Se­saZleblobas;
 iRebs masalas aRsazrdelis Sesaxeb interpretaciisa da
di­agnostikuri daskvnisTvis;
 iZleva saswavlo masalis damuSavebis SesaZleblobas peda­
gogisa da aRsazrdelis sulier gamocdilebaze dayrdno­
biT, rac codnas da unar-Cvevebs pirovnulad mniSvnelo­
vans xdis.
 exmareba maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris urTierTo­
bebis dalagebaSi, qmnis xelsayrel pirobebs dialogis
war­marTvisaTvis;
 xels uwyobs adamianis pirovnebis erTianobis SenarCune­
bas saswavlo procesSi mis eTikur, esTetikur, emociur
sfe­roebze zemoqmedebis gziT;
 xels uwyobs pirovnebis sociumSi adaptacias (TviTSemec­
neba, TviTrealizacia) kacobriobis mier Seqmnili Semoqme­
de­biTi nimuSebis ziarebis da sakuTari Semoqmedebis Seqm­
nis gziT;
 aviTarebs refleqsiur kulturas, Sinagani kontrolis
grZnobas, rac esoden aucilebelia swavlis procesSi;
 xels uwyobs grZnobis organoebis, mexsierebis, yuradRe­
bis, nebisyofis, warmodgenis da intuiciis ganviTarebas
sas­wavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesSi klasikuri da xalxuri
Se­moqmedebis saSualebebiT (Корженко.., 2013: 96).
amrigad, artpedagogika swavlebisa da aRzrdis axali, ufro
Ta­namedrove mimarTulebaa pedagogikaSi, romelic afarTovebs
bavSvebis socialur gamocdilebas, aswavlis adeqvatur urTier­
Tobas erTobliv saqmianobaSi, rac swavla/swavlebis process yve­
lasTvis ufro SemoqmedebiTsa da misawvdoms xdis.

bibliografia:

• АРТ-ПЕДАГОГИКА... – Арт-педагогика, как средство развития творческого

потенциала у детей дошкольного возраста – https://educontest.net/ru/1251
252/%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B
E%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-2-4/;
• КОРЖЕНКО.., 2013 – Корженко Ольга Михайловна, Заргарьян Евгения Але­к­
сан­дровна. Артпедагогика сегодня: цели и перспективы развития, – Теория и
пра­ктика образования в современном мире. Материалы III Международной
на­учной конференции (г. Санкт-Петербург, май 2013г.). СПб., 2013 (https://mo-
luch.ru/conf/ped/archive/70/3855/);

526
• МЕДВЕДЕВА.., 2001 – Медведева Елена Алексеевна, Добровольская Татьяна
Але­ксеевна, Левченко Ирина Юрьевна, Комиссарова Людмила Николаевна.
Арт­педагогика и арттерапия в специальном образовании. Учебник для вузов.
М., 2001 (http://www.klex.ru/97d);
• МЫСЬКОВА... – Мыськова Нина Ивановна. Проблемы и перспективы арт-пе­
да­гогики в повышении квалификации педагогов дополнительного обра­зо­ва­
ния по формированию эстетической картины мира у учащихся, – http://www.
ru­snauka.com/26_NII_2011/Pedagogica/2_90069.doc.htm;
• ОСИПОВА.., – Осипова Наталья, Уфимцева Людмила. Артпедагогика – ле­кар­с­т­
во от стресса, – http://zdd.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200602306;
• ХАЩАНСКАЯ, 2011 – Хащанская Мария Карловна. Арт-педагогика как инно­ва­ци­
онное педагогическое направление, – Современные образовательные тех­но­
ло­гии освоения культурного наследия. Сборник материалов III Всероссийской
на­учно-практической конференции. СПб., 2011 (http://art-psychology.org/
рт-педагогика).

LELA REKHVIASHVILI1

ART PEDAGOGY – ESSENCE, PURPOSE, TASKS, FUNCTIONS

AND CONCEPTUAL IDEAS

On the basis of the merging of such sciences in modern educational

sphere abroad, such as pedagogy, psychology, art studies, a new moral-aesthetic
interaction system – Art Pedagogy – has created and used.
The use of artpadagogical technology in a wide range of pedagogic societ-
ies in Georgia and especially school practice - is a novelty.
The essence of artepadagogy is in its upbringing function. It affects the
moral-ethical, communicative-reflex basics of the person and facilitates so-
cio-cultural adaptation through art; It also helps children overcome their psy-
chological problems, restore emotional balance, switch from negative feelings to
positive feelings and thoughts - or perform psychotherapeutic function.
The author of the article aims to propagate of this innovative pedagogic
technology, to make teachers interested in its essence and ability to use. In the
article, he discusses theoretical basis of art pedagogy: essence, purpose, tasks,
functions and conceptual ideas.

1
Lela Rekhviashvili – PhD in Pedagogics, Assitant Professor, Sokhumi Sta­
te University.
527
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

pedagogika

rusudan fifia1

samodelo gakveTilis Catareba gamWoli da

inovaciuri kompetenciebis gamoyenebiT

maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis sqemis mixedviT sa­

modelo gakveTilebis Catarebis Tanmimdevroba srulad eTanxmeba
erovnul saswavlo gegmas da blumis taqsonomias. erovnuli sas­
wavlo gegmis fundamenturi principia Sedegze orientireba, rac
gulisxmobs moswavleTa qmediTunarianobas. Sedegze orientire­
buli saswavlo procesi moiTxovs Semdegi principebis dacvas:
codnis konstruireba; gaRrmavebuli swavleba; pozitiuri sawav­
lo garemos Seqmna; motivaciis amaRleba; moswavlis CarTuloba;
in­
dividualuri maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba; asakobrivi Ta­
viseburebebis gaTvaliswineba. gamzadebuli codnis gadacema ar
uwyobs xels gaazrebul swavlebas, moswavlem TviTon unda aRmo­
aCinos da daamuSaos axali sakiTxebi.
samodelo gakveTili ramdenime tipisaa. esenia:
1. integrirebuli gakveTili;
2. problemaze orientirebuli gakveTili;
3. gamWoli kompetenciebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli ga­
kveTili;
4. inovaciuri gakveTili.
maswavlebelma unda SearCios CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi ga­
kveTilis tipi, Seusabamos erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebs,
aseve gaiTvaliswinos kriteriumebi, romlebiTac Sefasdeba misi
ga­kveTili.
socialuri da ekonomikuri motivebidan, aseve ganaTlebis
kvlevebidan gamomdinare, skolaSi moswavleebis kompetenciebis
gan­viTarebis saWiroebam mzardi mniSvneloba SeiZina da bolo pe­
riodSi, msoflio masStabiT saganmanaTlweblo sistemebSi wamy­
van mimarTulebad iqca. codna da zogadi unarebi mniSvnelova­
1
rusudan fifia _ filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, sox­
umis saxelmwifo universiteti.
528
nia, Tumca ukve aRar aris sakmarisi im kompleqsuri moTxovnebis
da­sakmayofileblad rasac dRevandeli socialuri moTxovnebi
ayenebs konkurentuli globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSi (gilera­
ni.., 2014: 6).
zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebisa da sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, erovnuli saswavlo gegma gamoyofs
prioritetul gamWol kompetenciebs, romelTa floba gadamwyve­
tia Tanamedrove samyaroSi TviTrealizebisTvis da saTanado adg­
ilis dasamkvidreblad.
prioritetuli gamWoli kompetenciebi moicavs im ZiriTad
cod­nasa da unarebs, romelTa gamomuSaveba da ganviTareba xels
uwyobs erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela sagnis
swavlebas specifikuri kompetenciebis ganviTarebasTan erTad.
xSirad mogvismenia akademiuri xasiaTis rekomendaciebi: pri­
oritetuli gamWoli kompetenciebis dasaufleblad aucilebelia
saswavlo procesSi saganTaSorisi kavSirebis damyareba; maswavle­
belma xeli unda Seuwyos moswavles, rom man romelime erT sagan­
Si SeZenili codna da gamocdileba sxvadasxva Sinaarsobriv kon­
teqstSi gadaitanos da gamoiyenos da a.S. (ratiani.., 2015: 4).
samodelo gakveTilebis saxeobebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelova­
nia gamWoli kompetenciebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli gakve­
Ti­lis Catarebis meTodika. gamWoli kompetenciebi erovnuli
sas­wavlo gegmis (2011-2016ww.) ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca, unda
va­
RiaroT, rom am kompetenciebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli
swa­vlebis danergvas skolebSi dRemde garkveuli sirTuleebi ax­
lavs, radgan ar momzadebula saTanado damxmare resursebi, rom­
lebic maswavleblebs TavianT sagnebSi moswavleTa Soris aRniSnu­
li kompetenciebis ganviTarebaSi daexmareba.
xarvezebs, romlebic gamWoli kompetenciebis ganviTareba­
ze ori­entirebul swavlebas axlavs, sxva mizezebic aqvs. kerZod,
maswavleblebi gakveTilebze ZiriTadad mxolod im gamWol kompe­
tenciebze muSaoben, romelTa ganviTarebac bunebrivia im sagnisT­
vis, romelsac isini aswavlian. danarCen gamWol kompetenciebis
ganvi­Ta­rebaze zrunva ki sxva sagnebisTvis aqvT gadadebuli (ina­
sariZe.., 2016: 24-25).
prioritetuli gamWoli kompetenciebi moicavs im ZiriTad
codnasa da gamocdilebas, romelTa gamomuSavebasa da ganviTare­
bas xels uwyobs erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
yve­la sagnis swavleba specifikuri kompetenciebis ganviTarebas­
Tan erTad. prioritetuli gamWoli kompetenciebis dasaufleb­
lad aucilebelia saswavlo procesSi saganTSorisi kavSirebis
34. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, XVI 529
dam­yareba, risTvisac maswavlebelma xeli unda Seuwyos moswav­
les, rom man erT romelime saganSi SeZenili codna da gamocdile­
ba sxvadasxva Sinaarsobriv konteqstSi gadaitanos da gamoiyenos.
gam­Woli kompetencia xels uwyobs Tanamedrove samyaroSi TviT­
realizebasa da saTanado adgilis damkvidrebas. 2011-2016 wlebis
erovnuli saswavlo gegma gamoyofs 9 prioritetul gamWol kompe­
tencias, esenia: 1) wigniereba; 2) mediawigniereba; 3) raodenobrivi
wigniereba; 4) ekologiuri wigniereba; 5) cifruli wigniereba; 6)
semiotikuri kompetencia; 7) mravalenobrivi (plurilingvisturi)
kompetencia; 8) swavlis swavla da 9) socialuri da samoqalaqo
kompetencia. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis axal redaqciaSi (2017-
2023) prioritetuli gamWoli kompetenciebis CamonaTvals, daema­
ta Semdegi kompetenciebi: 1) eTika, rogorc kompetencia; 2) mewar­
meobrivi kompetencia; 3) jansaRi cxovrebis wesi; 4) SemoqmedebiTi
da kritikuli azrovneba (erovnuli.., 2017-2023).
rogorc mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben Cveni ganaTlebis sistemac
cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos pasuxismgebliani moqalaqis aRzrdas,
ro­melic sxvadasxva unariT iqneba aRWurvili da romlis Rire­
bulebaTa sistema globaluri eTikidan gamomdinare Sexedule­
bebs daefuZneba. am yvelafers ki mxolod maSin mivaRwevT, Tuki
swo­rad dainergeba e.w. gamWoli kompetenciebis ganviTareba Cvens
skolebSi. amas ki maswavlebeli unda acnobierebdes da misTvis
gam­Woli kompetenciebi qaRaldze Camowerili sityvebis nusxa ki
ar unda iyos, aramed aucileblad gansaxorcielebeli amocana,
ro­melic integrirebuli unda iyos swavlis meTodebTan, advilad
unda amoicnobodes programis miwodebis procesSi da sagnobrivi
kom­petenciebis ganviTarebis paralelurad. gamWoli kompetenci­
ebis umetesoba globaluri eTikis nawilia, globaluri eTika ki
pir­dapir kavSirSia myar Rirebulebebis sistemasTan, romelic ki
ar apirispirebs, aramed aerTianebs adamianebs (ratiani, 2017: 7).
sakvanZo kompetenciebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT mTavari
re­komendirebuli midgomaa interaqtiuli saswavlo garemos uz­
runvelyofa, romelSic moswavles SeuZlia praqtikul, kiTxva-pa­
suxebze dafuZnebul davalebebSi CarTva. inovaciuri gakveTili
gu­lisxmobs, mudmivad cvalebad samyaroSi, mravalferovani sas­
wavlo garemos Sesaferisi axali meTodebiT swavlebas. am tipis
gakveTilebis organizebiT unda gavuRvivoT moswavleebs interesi
ukeT dainaxon da gansazRvron sakuTari saWiroeba sagakveTilo
procesSi da zogadad yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, SeZlon infor­
maciis nakadSi orientireba, miRebuli masalis gafiltvra, krit­
kuli az­ rovneba, masalis Seqmna da gavrceleba. mniSvnelovania,
530
rom maswavlebelma Tvalyuri adevnos, rogorc akademiur, ise me­
To­dur siaxleebs saganSi da asaxos isini Tavis praqtikaSi. XXIs.
mud­mivad axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs sazogadoebas da aseve
ga­naTlebis sistemas: axal SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs pedagogs,
rom rac SeiZleba metad moxdes axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
swavlisa da swavlebis procesSi (inasariZe.., 2016: 25).
gamWoli kompetenciebisa da interaqtiuri meTodebiT Ca­ta­
re­buli gakveTilebis meTodikis efeqturobaze CavatareT kvleva,
romlis farglebSic gamoikiTxa 145-e da 94-e sajaro skolis 30
moqmedi pedagogi. kvlevis mizani iyo dagvedgina, Tu ramdenad
icnoben skolebSi momuSave pedagogebi inovaciuri da gamWoli
kompetenciebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli gakveTilebis Ca­
tarebis meTodikas, ramdenad iyeneben am meTodebs praqtikaSi swa­
vleba-swavlis procesSi da gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ra Sedegi aqvT
maT. agreTve, kvlevis farglebSi gvsurda gagverkvia, aRniSnuli
me­Todebis mimarT ramdenad didi interesi da moTxovnilebaa zo­
gadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi (skolebSi), swavlebis romel
safexurze da romel saganSi iyeneben aRniSnul meTodebs efeqtu­
ri gakveTilis Catarebis mizniT. kvlevaSi praqtikuli daxmareba
ga­gviwia bakalavrma irina maCitiZem, romelmac sakvlevi strategi­
is gansazRvris Semdgom aqtiurad iTanamSromla respodentebTan
da maTgan miiRo swori informacia gamWoli prioritetuli kompe­
tenciebis gansaviTarebeli gakveTilebis dagegmva-Catarebis Ses­
axeb. kvlevis meTodologiad gamoviyeneT interviu da anketireba.
kvleva anonimuri saxis iyo, romelSic pedagogi uTiTebda:
asaks, sqess, skolas (sadac muSaobs), klass da im sagans, romlis
mas­wavlebelic aris. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen swavlebis yvela sa­
fexuris pedagogebi; Cvens mier Segrovebuli informaciis damu­Sa­
vebam, analizma da kvlevam gamokveTa Semdegi mniSvnelova-ni faq­
to­rebi:
1) kiTxvaze, icnobs Tu ara pedagogi inovaciuri swavlebis
me­Todikas? gamokiTxulTa 57%-ma dadebiTad upasuxa, xo­
lo 43% nawilobriv icnobs. kiTxvaze pasuxi `ara~ aravis
ga­ucia.
2) icnobs Tu ara pedagogi gamWoli kompetenciebis ganviTa­
re­baze orien-tirebuli gakveTilis Catarebis meTodikas?
da­debiTad upasuxa gamokiTxulTa 63%-ma, xolo 47% nawi­
lobriv icnobs. am kiTxvazec pasuxi `ara~ ar gauciaT.
3) aRniSnuli gakveTilis tipebidan praqtikaSi orives iyenebs
47%, nawilobriv orives _ 23%, mxolod inovaciurs _ 17%,
xo­lo mxolod gamWol kompetenciebs _ 13%. iseTi pedago­
531
 gi ar aRmoCnda, romelic saerTod ar iyenebs aRniSnuli
ga­kveTilis tipebidan romelimes.
4) am meTodebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gakveTilebis saSu­
alebiT gegmiT gansazRvrul Sedegebs miaRwia gamokiTx­
ulTa 73%-ma, 27%-ma ki saSualod miaRwia. `ver miaRwia~
pa­suxi ar dafiqsirda.
5) kiTxvaze, Secvala Tu ara am meTodebis gamoyenebiT Catare­
bulma gakveTilma samoqmedo gegma? 60%-ma dadebiTad upa­
suxa, ar Seucvlia 17%-isTvis, xolo nawilobriv Seucvala
23%-s.
6) kiTxvaze, maTi azriT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania am tipis
ga­kveTilebis Catareba moswavleTa swavleba-swavlis pro­
cesSi? 87% Tvlis, rom mniSvnelovania, 13%-s miaCnia, rom
nawilobriv mniSvnelovania. kiTxvaze pasuxi `umniSvneloa~
arcerT pedagogs daufiqsirebia.
7) ga­mokiTxulTa 37% Tvlis, rom skolebSi am tipis gakve­Ti­
lebis Catareba moTxovnadia, xolo 63%-is azriT, nawilob­
riv moTxovnadia. kiTxvaze pasuxi `ar aris moTxovnadi~ ar­
avis gaucia.
8) kiTxvaze, aqvT Tu ara skolebs aRniSnuli gakveTilebis Ca­
ta­rebisTvis saWiro resursebi da materialur-teqnikuri
baza? 33% miiCnevs, rom aqvT. 67% Tvlis, rom nawilobriv
aqvT. arcerTi pedagogi ar Tvlis rom skolebs `ar aqvT~
re­sursebi da materialur-teqnikuri baza.
9) kiTxvaze, Tu rogori Sedegi qonda am meTodebiT Catare­
bul gakveTils? gamokiTxulTa umravlesobam dadebiTad
Se­afasa. isini aRniSnaven, rom aseTi gakveTilebis Catarebi­
sas moswavleebi ufro aqtiurebi, SemoqmedebiTebi, damou­
kideblebi arian. aseT dros metad Cans maTi SesaZleblobe­
bi, ris Sedegadac maswavleblebi iReben ufro efeqtian
ga­kveTils, vidre es Cveulebriv xdeba.
10) bolo kiTxvaze ki, Tu ra RonisZiebebi unda gatardes ma­
Ti azriT, imisaTvis, rom am tipis gakveTilebis Catarebis
procesSi arsebuli problemebi gamoswordes? gamokiT­xu­
lTa umravlesoba ambobs, rom saWiroa ufro metad mieqces
skolebSi am tipis gakveTilebis Catarebis moTxovnilebas
yu­radReba, skolebs qondeT meti saWiro resursebi da ma­
terialur-teqnikuri baza. am yvelafrisTvis ki pirvel
rigSi, saWiroa ganaTlebis saministrosa da skolebis uf­
ro meti aqtiuri TanamSromloba am sakiTxis wina planze
wa­mowevisTvis.
532
 amrigad, Cveni kvlevis farglebSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pe­
da­gogebi icnoben da swavlebis procesSi sakmaod aqtiurad iyene­
ben, rogorc inovaciuri, ise gamWoli kompetenciebis ganviTareba­
ze orientirebuli gakveTilebis Catarebis meTodikas. rac imiT
dasturdeba, rom kvlevaSi monawile pedagogebidan arcerTs ar
hqonia pasuxi `ara~ iseT kiTxvebze, rogorebic iyo: icnobdnen Tu
ara am tipis gakveTilebs; iyenebdnen Tu ara am tipis gakveTilebs
pra­qtikaSi; arcerTs ar daufiqsirebia, rom am tipis gakveTilebi
`um­niSvneloa~. aseve arcerTs ar qonia pasuxi, rom `ar aris moTx­
ovnadi~ am tipis gakveTilebi skolaSi.

bibliografia:

• erovnuli.., 2017-2023 _ erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2017-2023, _ http://

ncp.ge/ge/curriculum/satesto-seqtsia/akhali-sastsavlo-gegmebi-2017-2023
(bolo naxva 10.11.2017);
• gilerani.., 2014 _ gilerani en, kerni kerolin. moswavleTa kompeten­
ciebis ganviTareba eTwining-is meSveobiT. Tb., 2014;
• inasariZe.., 2016 _ inasariZe maia, lobJaniZe sofiko, ratiani manana,
samsonia irina. maswavleblis saqmianobis dawyebis, profesiuli gan­
viTarebisa da karieruli winsvlis sqemis gzamkvlevi. nawili 2. Tb.,
2016 (eleqtr. versia: http://tpdc.gov.ge/uploads/pdf_documents/gzankvlevi-
2016-Web.pdf);
• ratiani.., 2015 – ratiani manana, sexniaSvili manana, bliaZe maia, bar­
baqaZe cira, ingoroyva natalia, mosiaSvili Tamar. maswavleblis
wigni. Tb., 2016 (eleqtr. versia: http://mastsavlebeli.ge/wp-content/up-
loads/2017/01/maswavleblis-wigni-gamWoli-kompetenciebi.pdf);
• ratiani, 2017 _ ratiani nestan. gamWoli kompetenciebi _ Teoriidan
praqtikamde, _ Jurn.: `ganaTlebis mecniereba~. #1, 2017 (http://jes.
org.ge/number/10/article/47/).

RUSUDAN PIPIA1

CONDUCT A MODEL LESSON USING INNOVATIVE

AND TRANSPARENT COMPETENCES

The priority transparent competencies include the basic knowledge and

skills, the development of which facilitates the teaching of all subjects compiled
by the National Curriculum with the development of specific competences. One
of the most important types of model classes is the method of conducting a les-
1
Rusudan Pipia _ PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State University.
533
son oriented transparent competencies development. The transparent compe-
tences are an integral part of the National Curriculum. However, we must admit
that the introduction of teaching oriented on development of these competenc-
es has some difficulties in schools. The purpose of our survey was to find out
how the teachers working at schools are familiar with the method of conducting
lessons oriented on development of innovative and transparent competencies,
how much these methods are used in practice of teaching-learning and what is
the effect if they use it. In the study we wanted to find out how much interest
and the need for these methods are in general educational institutions (schools),
at which level of instruction, and in which subject these methods are used for
conducting effective lesson. Within the scope of small research we can say that
teachers are familiar with the process of conducting lessons focused on the de-
velopment of innovative and transparent competencies.

534
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria, XVI, 2017

pedagogika

brolisa wulaia1

Sefasebis sistema bunebismetyvelebis gakveTilebze

dawyebiT klasebSi

zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemaSi Sefasebis mizania, swav­

la-swavlebis xarisxis marTva, rac gulisxmobs, erT mxriv, swav­
lis xarisxis gaumjobesebas, meore mxriv _ swavlis xarisxis
ga­kontrolebas. xarisxis gaumjobeseba ukavSirdeba swavlis pro­
cess, xarisxis gakontroleba ki swavlis Sedegs (papava.., 2012: 10).
mos­wavlis akademiuri miRweva xSirad da mravalmxrivad unda Se­
fasdes, rac xels Seuwyobs moswavleebis ganviTarebas, maTi SesaZ­
leb­lobis gamovlenasa da szvadasxva potencialis mqone moswavle­
Ta­Tvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmnas.
S. amonaSvili miiCnevs, rom Sefasebis sistema aucilebelia
xels uwyobdes moswavleebSi damoukideblad swavlis unar-Cveve­
bis ganviTarebas, unda exmarebodes da zrdides, moswavleTa swa­v­
lis procesSi CarTulobis xarisxs (amonaSvili, 2010: 14) i. komenski
aRniSnavda, rom araferi ar unda vaswavloT mxolod skolisTvis,
ara­med cxovrebisTvis, skolam moswavleTa Sefasebas swori Sefa­
se­ba unda misces (komenski,1949: 125).
d. lorTqifaniZe did upiratesobas aniWebda moswavleTa
cod­ nis individualur Sefasebas, rogorc erTerT saSualebas
mos­wavlis codnis Sesaxeb zusti suraTis Sesaqmnelad (pedagogi-
ka,1969: 275). igi Tvlida, rom niSnebis Semotana moswavleTa cod­
nis Semowmebisa da Sefasebis procesSi iyo swori gadawyvetileba,
radgan mxolod asea SesaZlebeli moswavleTa individualuri co­
dnis Semowmeba.
maswavlebeli Sefasebis saSualebiT iRebs informacias, Tu
ram­denad kargad aswavlis Tavad da ramdenad Sedegiania is konk­
retuli meTodika, romelsac iyenebs. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom
mas­wavlebelma icodes Tu ra, rodis, ratom da rogor unda Sea­
1
brolisa wulaia _ biologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, soxu­
mis saxelmwifo unversiteti.
535
fasos. amasTanave maswavlebels unda SeeZlos moswavlis Sefasebis
Se­degad miRebuli informaciis gamoyeneba sasurveli Sedegebis
mi­Rwevis saSualebis dasadgenad.
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi gamoiyeneba ori tipis Sefaseba,
ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli. I-IVklasebSi gamoiyenebagan­
maviTarebuli Sefaseba, xolo V-VI ganmaviTarebelic da ganmsaz­
Rvreli Sefasebac.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba-akontrolebs TiToeuli moswav­
lis ganviTarebis dinamikas da xels uwyobs swavlis xarisxis gaum­
jobesebas (bunebismetyveleba, 2011: 20-23).
ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis mizania moswavleTa miRwevebis do­
nis gansazRvra saswavlo gegmasTan da saswavlo miznebTan mi­mar­
Te­biT. dimitri uznaZe aRniSnavs, rom swavlaSi ZiriTadia im pro­
cesebis ganviTareba, romelnic swavlis procesSi monawileoben.
(uznaZe, 2003: 445).
Sefasebis sqema aris mkveTrad gansazRvruli kriteriumebisa
da maTi gamoyenebis wesebis erToblioba, romlis mixedviTac fas­
deba moswavlis akademiuri moswreba. arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis da
daniSnulebis Sefasebis sqemebi. maswavlebeli qmnis da iyenebs maT
imisda mixedviT, ras isaxavs miznad konkretuli Sefaseba. ganasx­
vaveben analitiku, holistikur, zogad da konkretul Sefasebis
sqemebsa da rubrikebs. Sefasebis sqemebis Seqmna gakveTilis sas­
wavlo mizanzea damokidebuli:
1. gakveTilis miznis Camoyalibeba;
2. gakveTilis miznis Sesabamisi Sefasebis kriteriumebis Se­
qmna;
3. Sefasebis kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT Sefasebis sqemebis
Seq­mna.
ras iTvaliswinebs Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti sabunebi­
smetyvelo sagnebSi:
saSinao davaleba
davalebis tipebi: saSinao eqsperimenti, dakvirveba obieqtsa
da procesebze, informaciis moZieba, konceptualuri rykebis Sed­
gena, modelireba, referatis momzadeba. fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:
• saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;
• kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;
• problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;
• TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.
saklaso davaleba
davalebis tipebi: sakiTxis ganxilva, diskusia, eqsperimenti,
536
monacemebis aRricxva, damuSaveba, modelireba, gasvliTi samuSaoe­
bi da sxva (papava.., 2012: 103). fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:
• saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;
• kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;
• problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;
• sicialuri unar-Cvevebi;
• komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;
• TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.

Semajamebeli davaleba
Semajamebeli davalebis komponenti ukavSirdeba swavla-swav­
lebis Sedegs, am komponentSi unda Sefasdes erTi saswavlo mona­
k­veTis Seswavla damuSavebis Sedegad miRweuli Sedegebi. konkret­
uli saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebisas moswavlem unda SeZlos
sa­ bunebismetyvelo sagnebis standartiT gansazRvruli codnisa
da unarebis warmoCena.
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Semajamebel davalebaTa tipebi
SeiZleba iyos testi, sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSoebi, savele/gas­v­
li­Ti samuSao, modelireba, proeqti, prezentacia da sxva. fasdeba
Se­mdegi unarebi:
• saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;
• kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;
• problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;
• komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;
• socialuri unar-Cvevebi;
• TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.
moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajamebeli
davalebebi:
• davalebis TiToeul tips unda axldes Sefasebis rub­
ri­ka;
• zogadi rubrika unda dazustdes konkretuli davalebis
pi­robasa da gavlili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• 10 qula unda ganawildes rubrikaSi Semaval kriteri­
umebze;
• miTiTebuli unda iyos standartis is Sedegebi, romel­
Ta Sefasebasac emsaxureba Semajamebel davalebas.
Sedegze da moswavleze orientirebuli saswavlo procesebis
Sefasebisas maswavlebels SeuZlia bunebismetyvelebis gakve­Ti­le­
b­­ze mravalferovani meTodebis gamoyeneba:
• saswavlo miznis Sesabamisi kriteriumebis safuZvelze
Se­faseba;
537
 • Sefasebis sqemis gamoyeneba;
• moswavleTa progresisa da miRwevebis monitoringi;
• moswavleTa saWiroebebis, progresisa da miRwevebis aR­
nusxva da angariSis saxiT warmodgena;
• Sefasebisa da TviTSefasebis monacemebis gamoyeneba mo­
mavali saswavlo procesis dasagegmad;
• bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisas maswavlebels SeuZlia
Sedegebze orientirebuli saswavlo procesis dagegmva;
• grZelvadiani da moklevadiani saswavlo miznebis gansa­
z­Rvra;
• bunebismetyvelebis sagnobriv programebze dafuZnebu­
li saswavlo gegmis Sedgengena, romelic iTvaliswinebs
moswavleebis interesebis codnas, SesaZleblobebsa da
ga­mocdilebas;
• swavla swavlebis strategiebis gansazRvra, codnis gad­
acemisa da unar-Rvevebis gamomuSaveba-ganviTarebisaT­
vis;
• miznis Sesabamisi Sefasebis tipi (ganmaviTarebeli da
gan­­msazRvreli) SerCeva, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZ­
le­­beli iqneba Sefasdes moswavleTa, rogorc codna,
ase­­ve unar-Cvevebi;
• kriteriumebis gansazRvra da Sefasebis formebis Sedge­
na sxvadasxva aqtivobebisaTvis: dakvirveba, aRwera, eq­
s­perimentis dagegmva, eqsperimentis Catareba,monaceme­
bis organizeba;
• saswavlo procesis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis sabunebi­
smetyvelo sagnebis da sxva sagnobrivi jgufebis da sxva
sa­gnobrivi jgufebis maswavleblebTan TanamSromloba
da erToblivi strategiebis semuSaveba;
• saswavlo procesebisTvis im tipis aqtivobebis dagegm­va,
romelic moswavleebs ganuviTarebs swor damokide­ bu­
le­bas garemomcveli samyaros mimarT.
Sefaseba maswavlebels aZlevs onformacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdenad kargad aswavlis TviTon maswavlebeli da ramdenad Sede­
gi­ania is meTodika, romelsac igi iyenebs (tyemalaZe, 2018: 74-76).
Sefasebis sistemaze CavatareT kvleva 145-e sajaro skolaSi.
kvlevis mizani iyo dagvedgina, Tu Sefasebis ra meTods iye­ne­ben
mas­wavleblebi, dawyebiT klasebSi bunebismetyvelebis gakve­ Ti­ ­
leb­ze.
moswavleTa codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Semowmeba-Sefasebis
ara marto maTi miRwevebis gaumjobesebis, aramed skolis saswa­v­
538
lo sag­nobrivi gegmis Tu programebis cvlilebebis Setanis, in­di­
vi­du­aluri gegmis SemuSavebis wyaroa. kvleva anonimuri iyo, ro­
melSic pe­dagogi uTiTebda asaks, sqess, skolas, klass, romelSic
as­wavli­da. kvlevam aCvena Semdegi:
kiTxvaze: ra tipis Sefasebas iyenebT bunebismetyvelebis ga­
kveTilze dawyebiT klasebSi? ganmsazRvrel Sefasebas iyenebs ga­
mo­kiTxulTa 15 %, ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas iyenebs 45%, xolo
ori­ve Sefasebas _ 40 %.
kiTxvaze: Sefasebis ra meTods iyenebT? gamokiTxulTa 40%
iye­nebs testebis meTods, maswavleblis dakvirvebas iyenebs 10%
da sityvier komentars ki _ 50%.
iyenebT Tu ara moswavleTa Sefasebis procesSi rubrikebs?
ga­mokiTxulTa 40%-ma upasuxa dadebiTad, 20% _ yaruofiTad da
40% iyenebs zogjer.
kiTxvaze: aZlevT Tu ara moswavleebs imis saSualebas, rom
si­tyvierad Seafason Tanaklaselebis naSromebi? gamokiTxulTa
50% upasuxa dadebiTad, 25% _ uaryofiTad, 25% _ daafiqsira mo­
sazreba, rom zogjer iyenebs.
Tqveni azriT, ras avlens, Sefaseba moswavleebSi? 30% upasu­
xa, rom avlens Sedegs; 35% upasuxa, rom avlens codnas da 35% ga­
moTqva mosazreba, rom Sefaseba avlens moswavleebis aqtiurobas
sa­gakveTilo procesSi.
kiTxvaze: Tqveni azriT, rogori unda iyos Sefaseba, romelic
mos­wavles warmatebisken ubiZgebs? 55% mxari dauWira, rom bavSvs
war­matebisken ubiZgebs masze orientirebuli Sefaseba; gamokiTx­
ulTa 25% mxari dauWira ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas; gamokiTxul­
Ta 10% ganmsazRvrel Sefasebas dauWira mxari, xolo am kiTxvis­
gan Tavi Seikava 10%.
kiTxvaze: iReben Tu ara moswavleebi monawileobas Sefasebis
kriteriumebis dadgenasa da Sefasebis sqemebis SemuSavebaSi? am
kiTxvaze dadebiTad upasuxa 35%; uaryofiTad _ 25%, xolo 40%
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom xandaxan iReben monawileobas moswav­le­
ebi Sefasebis kriteriumebis dadgenasa da Sefasebis sqemebis Se­
mu­SavebaSi.
kiTxvaze: ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis procesSi TqvenTan er­
Tad, arian Tu ara moswavleebi CarTulni? am kiTxvaze 40% upasu­
xa dadebiTad, 20% _ upasuxa uaryofiTad, xolo 40% upasuxa, rom
zo­gjer arian CarTulni moswavleebi Sefasebis procesSi.
iziarebT Tu ara bavSvebis azrs maT Sefasebisas? dadebiTad
upasuxa 70%, uaryofiTad _ 10% da nawilobriv _ 20%.
rogor fiqrobT, sakmarisia Tu ara skolis mier SemuSavebu­
539
li Sefasebis kriteriumebi bavSvebis srulfasovani SefasebisaT­
vis? am kiTxvaze dadebiTad upasuxa 20%, aseve 20% _ uaryofiTad,
60% gamoTqva varaudi, rom mxolod nawilobriv aris srulfasova­
ni Sefasebis sistema.
kiTxvaze: rodis unda Sefasdes bavSvi _ aqtiurobis proces­
Si Tu aqtiurobis bolos? gamokiTxulTa 30% upasuxa, rom bavSvi
un­da Sefasdes aqtiurobis procesSi, 45% aqtiurobis bolos da
25% mxari dauWira orive mosazrebas.
Tqveni azriT saWiroebs Tu ara arsebuli Sefasebis sistema
ganaxlebas da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes amisTvis? gamokiTxulTa 60%
CaTvala, rom saWiroebs; gamokiTxulTa 30% _ mxari dauWira, rom
ar saWiroebs; xolo pasuxisagan Tavi Seikava _ 10%.
Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom bunebismetyvelebis gakve­
Til­ze dawyebiT klasebSi maswavleblebi iyeneben Sefasebis mrava­
l­ferovan meTodebs. aseve sainteresoa, rom isini Sefasebisas iT­
valiswineben moswavleebis azrebs da cdiloben, Sefaseba iyos,
pirvel rigSi, obieqturi, xolo saswavlo procesi iyos bavSvze
ori­entirebuli. gamokiTxul moswavleTa umetesi nawili eTanxme­
ba ukve arsebul Sefasebis sistemas, magram eTanxmebian imasac,
rom SesaZlebelia, Sefasebis sistema iyos ufro daxvewili da
bavS­vebze morgebuli.

bibliografia:

• bunebismetyveleba, 2011 _ bunebismetyveleba. I-VI klasebi. gzamkvle­

vi maswavleblebisaTvis 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
mi­xedviT. gzamkvlevze muSaobdnen: ekaterine slovinskaia, marika kap­
anaZe, zurab xideSeli da sxvebi. Tb., 2011;
• pedagogika, 1969 _ pedagogika. damxmare saxelmZRvanelo. d. lorTqi­
faniZis redaqciiT. Tb., 1969;
• amonaSvili, 2010 _ amonaSvili Salva. pirovnuli zrda da TviTganviTa­
reba. Tb., 2010;
• komenski, 1949 _ komenski ian amos. rCeuli pedagogiuri Txuzulebani.
t. 1: didi didaqtika. Targmani laTinuridan iv. kvaWaZis da iv. niJara­
Zis mier. winasityvaobis avtori d. lorTqifaniZe. Tb.,1949;
• papava.., 2012 _ papava paata, Wanturia Tamar. wigniereba. maswavleblis
saxelmZRvanelo. Tb., 2012.
• tyemalaZe.., 2008 _ tyemalaZe rusudan, dalaqiSvili nana, TofaZe qe­Te­
van da sxv. swavleba da Sefaseba. avtorebi. Tb., 2008;
• uznaZe, 2003 _ uznaZe dimitri. bavSvis fsiqologia. saskolo asakis
fsi­qologia. Tb., 2003.

540
 BROLISA TSULAIA1

EVALUATION SYSTEM AT THE SCIENCE LESSONS

OF ELEMENTARY CLASSES

The assessment is a set of strictly defined criteria and rules for their use,
according to which the student’s academic performance is measured.
The aim of the student evaluation is to improve the quality of learning
and teaching, which means taking care and control over the quality of learning.
The academic achievement of the student should be evaluated frequently
and multilaterally, which will facilitate the development of pupils, identify their
capabilities and create equal conditions for pupils with different potential. Two
types of assessments are used in the school: determining and developing.
We have conducted a survey on the assessment system at the Public
School #145. The study has shown that teachers in primary classes use a variety
of assessment methods at the Science lesson. It is also interesting that they take
into account students’ thoughts and try to have objective evaluation first of all
and the learning process to be child-oriented. Most of the interviewed teachers
agree with the existing assessment system, but they also agree that the assess-
ment system may be sophisticated and tailored to child.

1
Brolisa Tsulaia – PhD in Biologics, Associate Professor, Sokhumi State Universi­
ty.
541
 avtorebisaTvis

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi (humanita-

rul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria) gamosaqveyneb­
lad mo­ta­nili an gamogzavnili masala akrefili unda iyos fon­
tiT AcadNusx (zoma _ 12, intervali _ 1,5). ucxo enebze teqsti
akrefili un­da iyos Times New Roman-Si, ZiriTadi teqstis Sesaba­
mi­si zomebiT. statias Tan unda axldes reziume (1000 aso-niSani,
na­xevari gverdidan erT gverdamde) qarTul da inglisur enebze.
teqsts unda daerTos ga­moyenebuli literaturis sia. sqolire­
bisa da bibliografiis Sedgenis wesis gasacnobad ixileT winamde­
bare gamocema.

redaqciis misamarTi:
soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti,
q. Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias q.61;
tel.: 254-14-12

el.-fosta: zpapaskiri@gmail.com
veb-gverdi: www.sou.edu.ge

542
SeniSvnebi

543
 soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis
Sromebi.
XVI

humanitarul da socialur-politikur
mecnierebaTa seria

PROCEEDINGS
OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY.
XVI

Humanities, Social and Political Sciences Series

tiraJi: 120 egzemplari

https://www.sou.edu.ge/content/3/11/147/66/0

544