demur jalaRonia

politikuri
filosofia

Tbilisi 2018
politikuri filosofia gaTvaliswinebulia, rogorc
saxelmZRvanelo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetis filosofiis specialobis studentebisaT-
vis. (ganxiluli da mowonebulia Tsu-s filosofiis sas-
wavlo-samecniero institutis profesorTa sxdomaze,
oqmi #4, 13.06.12).
wignSi ganxilulia filosofiis ZiriTadi kategoriebi
da problemebi. igi daexmareba student axalgazrdobas
politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi Tematikis Seswavla-
Si.

samecniero redaqtori:
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
napo kvaracxelia

recenzentebi:
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
irakli braWuli
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
valerian ramiSvili

meore Sesworebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema.

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti. filosofiis saswavlo-samecniero insti-
tuti. 2018 avtori: d. jalaRonia.

© programa `logosi~

ISBN 978-9941-

2
 sarCevi

Sesavlis magieri................................................................. 9
ratom swavloben politikur filosofias?................ 9
Tavi I. politikuri sferos gansazRvra12
§1. `politikuri filosofia~ Tu `politikis
filosofia~? ...................................................................... 12
§2. politikis adamianuri ganzomileba –
Zoon politicon ......................................................................... 16
§3. ra aris politika? ....................................................... 21
§4. karl Smiti – politikuris cneba ............................ 31
§5. politikis Seswavlis tradiciebi ........................... 35
Tavi II. politikuri filosofiis arsi
§1. politikuri filosofiis dafuZneba ..................... 38
§2. ra aris politikuri filosofia? ........................... 42
§3. politikuri filosofia guSin da dRes ................ 45
§4. politikuri filosofia da sxva politikuri
mecnierebebi ....................................................................... 47
TaviIII. Ppolitikuri filosofiis klasikuri
Teoriebi
§1. platoni – saxelmwifos Sesaxeb ............................... 51
§2. aristotele saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb.... 54
§3. nikolo makiavelis politikuri filosofiis arsi
– makiavelizmi .................................................................... 61
§4. jon lokis politikuri filosofiis zogadi
principebi ........................................................................... 70

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 §5. Sarl lui monteskie – `kanonTa gonis~
ZiriTadi principebi......................................................... 76
§6. Jan-Jak ruso – xelSekrulebiTi Teoria............... 79
Tavi IV. saxelmwifo; bunebrivi dgomareobidan –
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisaken
§1. ra aris saxelmwifo? saWiroa Tu ara misi
arseboba? ............................................................................. 83
§2. winaresaxelmwifoebrivi anu bunebrivi
mdgomareoba -Tomas hobsi .............................................. 89
§3. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisaken – ruso ............................................. 92
§4. saxelmwifos warmoSobis Teoriebi ........................ 96
§5 saxelmwifoTa tipebi da ZiriTadi niSan
Tvisebebi ............................................................................. 99
Tavi V. utopiuri (idealuri) saxelmwifos
modelebi
§1. utopiis arsi ............................................................... 101
§2. platonis `idealuri saxelmwifo~ ....................... 103
§3. frensis bekonis axali atlantida anu
mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli utopia ........................... 109
§4. karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba-komunizmi .. 111
§5. idealuri saxelmwifos SesaZleblobis
sazRvrebi .......................................................................... 114
§6. `Zalauflebidan~ gaqceva da utopiis saidumlo
.............................................................................................. 115
Tavi VI. politikuris morfologia
§1. politikis kategoriebi ........................................... 126
§2. Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi . 128
§3. Zalauflebis analizi............................................... 130

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 §4. Zalaufleba da xelisufleba................................. 132
TaviVII. Zalauflebis legitimuroba –kanonis
uzenaesoba
§1. legitimurobis arsi ................................................. 138
§2. legitimuroba da legitimacia .............................. 141
§3. legitimuroba da efeqturoba .............................. 142
§4. legitimurobis krizisi........................................... 144
TaviVIII. mmarTvelobis formebi; marTva
adamianisa da kanonis mier
§1. adamianis Tu kanonis uzenaesoba?......................... 148
§2. mmarTvelobis formebi ............................................ 150
§3 . legitimuri mmarTveloba da tipebi –veberi .... 155
Tavi IX. Tanamedrove demokratis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi da RirebulebaTa Tvisobrivi
siaxle
§1. sakiTxis istoriidan ................................................ 160
§2. demokratiis idea ...................................................... 161
§3. faseulobaTa universaluroba ............................. 172
§4. demokratia da Tavisufleba .................................. 173
§5. religia da demokratia ............................................ 175
§6. demokratiis karl poperiseuli gaazreba .......... 176
§7. demokratiis transformacia da RirebulebaTa
gadafaseba ......................................................................... 177
Tavi X. politikuri Tavisuflebis arsi
§1. ra aris Tavisufleba? .............................................. 181
§2. negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba ............... 185
§3. politikuri Tavisuflebis analizi .................... 188

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Tavi XI. samarTali da samarTlianoba
§1. sakiTxis istoriidan ................................................ 191
§2. samarTlis cneba ........................................................ 194
§ 3. bunebiTi samarTlis formirebis istoriuli
aspeqtebi ............................................................................ 195
§4. pozitiuri samarTali .............................................. 198
§5. ra aris samarTlianoba?........................................... 203
§ 6. samarTlianoba rogorc Rirebuleba .................. 206
§7. samarTlisa da samarTlianobis gamijvna ........... 208
TaviXII. samarTlianobis axali Teoria –
jon roulsi
§1. samarTlianobis Teoriebi ...................................... 211
§2. samarTlianobis problemis axleburi gaazreba211
§3. samarTlianobis ori principi ............................... 214
TaviXIII. Tanasworobis arsi
§1. ra aris Tanasworoba ................................................. 220
§2. ekonokikuri Tanasworoba....................................... 222
§3. nozikis axali ideebi – ukiduresi liberalizmi
.............................................................................................. 224
§4. egalitaristebi da antiegalitaristebi ........... 227
TaviXIV. ideologiis filosofiuri safuZvlebi
§1. ideologiis ucnauri istoria ............................... 232
§2. ideologiis warmoSoba ............................................ 233
§3. ra aris ideologia, ideologiis roli ............... 234
§4. ideologiis negatiuri mniSvneloba .................... 236
§5. ideologiis cnebis ganviTareba marqsistTa
Semdgom TaobebSi ............................................................ 238

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 §6. ideologiis pozitiuri Sefaseba .......................... 239
§7. Tvalsazrisebi ideologiis Sesaxeb ..................... 240
§8. deideologizaciis Teoria .................................... 241
§9. ideologiis gamovlenis Taviseburebebi ............ 245
§10. karl manhaimi – `ideologia da utopia~ ............ 247
TaviXV. O omis filosofia
§1. omis fenomenis filosofiuri diskursi............. 251
§2. omi aris politikis gagrZeleba sxva
saSualebebiT. ................................................................... 254
§3. adamianis buneba da omis fenomenologia............ 257
§4. samxedro teqnika da politikuri strategia. ... 258
Tavi XVI. politikuri samyaros moralur-
zneobrivi aspeqti, politikuri eTika
§1. politikis dilemma: politika binZuri saqmea Tu
moraluri? ........................................................................ 261
§2. zneoba da politika, problemis ZiriTadi arsi 263
§3. unda icruos Tu ara politikosma ........................ 265
§4. zneobrivi standartebi, plitikisa da eTikis
Sinagani daaxloebis tendencia. .................................. 266
§5. humanurobis oqros wesi .......................................... 268
§6. uflebebi da valdebulebebi .................................. 268
§7. samarTlianoba da zneoba ........................................ 270
Tavi XVII. politikuri Teologia
§1. politikuri Teologiis arsi................................. 271
§2. klerikalizmi ............................................................. 276
§3. `mieciT keisars keisrisa~........................................ 279
§4. pastoraluri mTavroba (miSel fuko).................. 283

7
 §5. sekularizmis arsi .................................................... 286
§6. aTeni da ierusalimi – azrovnebis ori koncepti,
rogorc Tanamedroveobis filosofiur-Teolo-
giuri paradigma ............................................................... 288
literatura ..................................................................... 296

8
 Sesavlis magieri

ratom swavloben politikur filosofias?

adamianTa umravlesoba Cveulebrivad vcxov-

robT. samarTlianad vzrunavT yoveldRiurobis
Cveul, Tumca arsebiT detalebze. politika aris
mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven da imar-
Tebian adamianebi. politika aTasgvar gavlenas ax-
dens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.
platonidan moyolebuli (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) po-
litikuri filosofiis mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis das-
maSi mdgomareobda, rogorc Tomas. m. maqStadti aR-
niSnavs es kiTxvebia: rogoria kargi cxovreba? ro-
goria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad moitans kargi
mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi
mmarTvelobis miRweva? rogoria adamianis buneba?
adamianebi upiratesad keTilia Tu boroti? advi-
lad icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos
romeli forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamia-
nis bunebas saerTo interesis (sajaro sikeTis) xel-
yofis gareSe? wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda,
aris Tu ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana zneob-
rivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios isini Tanasworad,
uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavisuflebebi da a.S.
Tuki am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo saxel-
mwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu susti da damTmobi?
rodisaa gamarTlebuli revolucia? rogor SeiZle-
ba davicvaT politikuri stabiluroba?
politikuri filosofia aris moqalaqisa da sa-
xelmwifos urTierTobis metafizika. man unda gaar-
kvios, rogor gardaiqmneba Zalauflebis veluri

9
stiqia xelisuflebad, romelic Tavis wevrs aqcevs
eTikur-samarTlebriv subieqtad, iuridiul pirad –
moqalaqed. uflebebiT da movaleobebiT aRWurvil
pirovnebad. ra aris saxelmwifo – RvTaebrivi wesri-
gis miwieri modeli Tu moqalaqeTa SeTanxmebis, –
xelSekrulebis Sedegi? aris Tu ara saxelmwifoSi
cxovreba Tavisuflebis piroba? Tavisufleba, Ta-
nasworoba Tu wesrigi? romeli principi unda gaata-
ros saxelmwifom? rogor unda moviqceT roca erT-
erTi maTganis dacva iwvevs meoris darRvevas?
platonma da aristotelem traqtatebi uZRvnes
politikuri cxovrebis gamokvlevas. XVI-XVIII sauku-
neebSi j. lokis, T. hobsis, Jan-Jak rusos, S. montes-
kies gamokvlevebma didi gavlena moaxdines ara mar-
to politikur Teoriaze, aramed politikuri isto-
riis msvlelobaze.
XIX saukuneSi germanelma mecnierma karl marqsma
Seqmna utopiuri sazogadoebis (komunizmis) proeq-
ti, romlis ganxorcieleba XX saukuneSi scades ru-
seTSi, CineTSi, kubaze da sxva qveynebSi. es iyo yve-
laze didi politikuri eqsperimenti msoflio isto-
riaSi, igi marcxiT damTavrda da mravali milioni
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
Tanamedrove msoflios politikur cxovrebaze
did gavlenas axdens politikuri filosofiis ori
dapirispirebuli banaki, konservatorebi da libera-
lebi.
politikuri filosofia cdilobs upasuxos am
SekiTxvebs gansjiT da logikiT. msgavsi Ziebis amo-
canaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an
keTilis da borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc
cvlilebebs emxroba da ewinaaRmdegeba, darwmunebu-
lia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis ga-

10
geba moiTxovs im kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa
mixedviTac politika da programebi karg an cud Se-
fasebas iRebs.
normatiuli Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom
politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesa-
xeb codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs da verc lide-
rebs sakmarisad cxadad ver eqnebaT gansazRvruli
zusti orientiri da mizani. politikas sxvadasxvag-
varad gansazRvraven – rogorc `SesaZleblis xelov-
nebas~, moZRvrebas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~,
`faseulobebis avtoritetul ganawilebas~ da a. S.
ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis ima-
ze ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa mo-
raluri xasiaTi da qcevaa, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba-
ze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yovel-
dRiuri gadawyvetilebebi da arCevani. amave dros,
samoqalaqo sazogadeoba da politikis gabatonebu-
li kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavlenas ax-
dens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleblobebisa da survile-
bis mqone adamianebs, garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba
Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi ganwyobilebebi ga-
nuviTardeT. politika am garemoebaTa Camoyalibeba-
Si mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.

11
 Tavi I. politikuri sferos gansazRvra

§1. `politikuri filosofia~ Tu `politikis

filosofia~?

filosofiur literaturaSi dRes xSirad

gvxvdeba cnebebis politikuris da politikis aRre-
va da erTi mniSvnelobiT xmareba. dasavleTis uni-
versitetebSi programebs, sagans, wignebs qvia poli-
tikuri filosofia. Tanamedroveobis gamoCenili
mkvlevarebi xmaroben `politikurs~. amis nimuSia
qarTulad arsebuli Targmnili literatura: leo
Strausi `politikuri filosofiis Sesavali~, karl
Smiti `politikuri filosofia~, dominik kola `po-
litikuri sociologia~, Jan- mari-denkeni `politi-
kuri mecnierebebi~, jeni TeiCmani, qeTrin evansi `po-
litikuri filosofia~, ian kiSi `politikuri filo-
sofia~da a.S.
Cven migvaCnia; marTebuli iqneba politikis fi-
losofiis nacvlad Tu vixmarT politikur filoso-
fias. politikuri zustad gadmocems sagnis ars, ro-
gorc edmund hesurli aRniSnavs, politikuri fi-
losofia, es aris politikis `morfologiuri arsi~,
romelic Seadgens politikis fenomenalur mxares
konkretuli gamovlinebebiT, formebiTa da faqte-
biT.
politikur filosofiaSi im naSromebis erTob-
lioba igulisxmeba, romelTac pretenzia aqvs gamok-
veTos kargi marTvis principebi da receptebi. is
miznad isaxavs, ara mxolod politikuri samyaros ax-
snas, aramed mis Secvlas cdilobs (amisaTvis, Tun-
dac platonis `saxelmwifos~ gaxsenebac kmara). Rrma

12
mniSvnelobiT filosofia ganisazRvreba, rogorc
TviTSemecnebiTi codna: is ar swavlobs samyaros,
aramed swavlobs adamians samyarosTan mimarTebaSi.
niutonis fizika gare samyaros aRwers. filosofia
Seecada aexsna, Tu adamianis goneba, rogor xdis mi-
sawvdoms amgvar codnas da ra sazRvrebSi jdeba is.
iseTi Sromebi, rogorica spinozas `Teologiur-
politikuri traqtati~ an rusos `sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba~, imis magaliTs gvaZlevs, Tu rogoraa
wminda politikuri filosofiuri msjeloba poli-
tikaze.
Jan-mari-denkeni aRniSnavs, politika socialuri
fenomenia, magram aqedan sulac ar gamomdinareobs
is, rom politikuri movlenebi raRac socialuri
faqtebia. pirveli aSkara gansxvaveba erTmaneTs upi-
rispirebs arsebiT saxels `politika~ da zedsarTavs
`politikuri~. `politikuria~ rac `politikidan~
gamomdinareobs da Sesabamisad, `politikas~ qmnis
yvelaferi `politikuri~.
politikuri filosofia, klasikuri formiT, em-
piriuli Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebu-
lia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tanamedrove modifika-
ciaSi ki xdomileba analizze. politikuri filoso-
fia ar ugulvebelyofs faqtebis samyaros kvlevas,
magram is orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis Ri-
rebulebiTi orientaciebis Seswavlaze. politikur-
Tan saqme gvaqvs swored im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ga-
nixileba Zalaufleba, pirdapiri da sakuTrivi mniS-
vnelobiT da am Zalauflebis konteqstSi, misgan ga-
momdinare, iseTi problemis rigi, rogoricaa, sa-
xelmwifo, mmarTvelobis formebi.
politikis mecniereba cdilobs daadginos `ra
aris~, da ara is, `ra SeiZleba iyos~ momavalSi. misi

13
sfero ar scdildeba awymos da arsebuls. is ikvlevs
im institutebs, ramdenadac isini politikuri rea-
lobis Semadgeneli nawilia.
politikur mecnierebebze saubari niSnavs sami
ramis iribad mtkicebas. pirveli imisa, rom arsebobs
codnis gansakuTrebuli tipi, intuiciuri da Cveu-
lebrivi codnisagan gansxvavebuli, romelic Tavisi
specifikurobidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul sa-
xels, statuss, ndobas imsaxurebs, rasac tradiciu-
lad mecnierebas uwodeben. garda amisa, arsebobs Ta-
viseburebaTa da Sida kavSirebis aRniSnuli sfero,
romelsac mTlianobaSi politikas uwodeben. bolos
codnis es sfero da es tipi SeiZleba erTmaneTs dau-
kavSirdes, romelic politikuri movlenebis Sem-
swavleli mecniereba iqneba.
politikuri mecniereba ar aris mecniereba poli-
tikaze da politikur samyaroze. Tanamedrove fran-
gi Teoretikosi denkeni aRniSnavs: rom mecniereba
politikaze SeiZleba iyos mecniereba, romelic po-
litikaSi arsebuli pirebis, rogorc mmarTvelebis,
iseve opozicias saSualebas miscemda TavianTi qme-
debebi mecnieruli problematikis CarCoSi moeqci-
aT. sxva sityvebiT es iqneboda mecniereba xelisuf-
lebis mopovebasa da SenarCunebaze. is SesaZlebels
gaxdida saSualebebis miznebTan misadagebas.
ogiust kontma gamoiyena politikis mecnierebe-
bis cneba. am cnebis qveS is gulisxmobda mecniere-
bebs, romelTa kvlevis obieqti iyo sazogadoeba. so-
ciologiasa da politikur mecnierebebs Soris arse-
buli gansxvavebis dadgena martivia, radgan politi-
ka socialuri fenomenia, magram aqedan ar gamomdina-
reobs is, rom politikuri movlenebi, mxolod soci-
aluri faqtebia.

14
 dominik kolas mixedviT TviT saxelwodeba `po-
litikuri sociologia~ – ukve formulaa. igi gviC-
venebs rogorc problemas, ise programas. proble-
mebs ayenebs imdenad, ramdenadac cnebebis `socio-
logia~ da `politika~ Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebiT er-
TmaneTTan dakavSirebulia imis gamo, rom zogierTi
istoriul konteqstSi, iseve rogorc saazrovno
sistemaSi `socialursa~ da `politikurs~ Soris ar-
sebobs identuroba.
politikuri sociologia gansazRvravs agreTve
programas, vinaidan im damokidebulebis analizi,
romelic arsebobs politikasa da sxva socialur
praqtikebsa da institutebs Soris, warmogvidgeba,
rogorc mniSvnelovani amocana politikuri mecnie-
rebebis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
politikis mecnierebebi yalibdeba empiriuli
midgomis, movlenebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze. mas
ainteresebs, rogor vlindeba politikuri cxovreba
konkretul sferoSi. ZiriTadad orientirebulia
faqtebze, rac mocemulia `axla~ da `aq~.
rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi empiri-
uli mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT orientirebu-
lia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tanamedrove modifika-
ciaSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiT-
xvaa: ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs
Tavis politikur xasiaTs xdomilebaSi, rogorc ar-
sobrivi diferenci. es aris siRrmiseuli kvleva – is
orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis Rirebule-
biT orientaciebis Seswavlaze.
politikuri filosofia aris codna politikis
arssa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. is SeimuSavebs poli-
tikur Teorias, idealebs, normatiul principebs,
paradigmebs, modelebs da sxv. ikvlevs politikuri

15
movlenebis mizezebsa da axdens perspeqtiul prog-
nozebs. is iZleva empiriuli politikuri procese-
bis Semecnebis meTodebs, formebsa da saSualebebs.
Tanamedrove klasikos moazrovneebze dayrdno-
biT, naTlad warmoCnda problemis arsi. amitomac
upriani iqneba vixmaroT politikuri filosofia,
politikis filosofiis nacvlad.

§2. politikis adamianuri ganzomileba – Zoon

politicon

politikis arsis filosofiuri gaazreba dResac

iseve aqtualuria da iseTive rols TamaSobs, ro-
gorc es iyo misi warmoSobisas – Zvel saberZneTSi.
jer kidev Cven welTaRricxvamde V saukuneSi
aristotelem ganacxada, rom adamiani aris `Zoon
politicon~. es SeiZleba iTargmanos rogorc `adamiani
aris politikuri cxoveli~, an rogorc `adamiani
aris socialuri cxoveli~.
sityvebi `socialuri~ da `politikuri~ warmoad-
genen erTgvar sinonimebs. sityva `social~ (socialuri)
aris berZnuli politice-s ekvivalenti. aristoteles
gansazRvrebiT, adamiani aris politikuri arseba.
yvela sxva arsebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod adamia-
ni eweva cxovrebis polisur, saxelmwifoebriv wess.
vinaidan mas SeuZlia icxovros samoqalaqo an poli-
tikur sazogadoebaSi.
adamianebi mravalgvar urTierTobaSi arian er-
TmaneTTan. yvelaze mniSvnelovani am urTierTobaSi
politikuri urTierTobebia. aristoteles mixed-
viT, saxelmwifo, politikur urTierTobaTa erTia-

16
nobas warmoadgens. amitomac adamiani Tavisi bune-
biT politikuri arsebaa. saxelmwifoebrivi cxovre-
bisken miswrafeba mxolod adamianSia `Cadebuli~.
saxelmwifo, rogorc polisi moqalaqeTa (polites)
gaerTianebaa. aristoteles azriT, samarTlianoba
dakavSirebulia saxelmwifosTan. yoveli mecniere-
bisa da xelovnebis mizani aris sikeTe. politikaSi
ki, sikeTe samarTlianobaa, xolo samarTlianoba sa-
sargebloa mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. aristoteles
azriT politika es aris adamianuri saqmianobis
umaRlesi forma, ramdenadac misi meSveobiT adamia-
nur urTierTobebSi yalibdeba samarTlianoba da sa-
erTo sikeTe.
amdenad politika aris saerTo sikeTis mosapo-
veblad warmarTuli saqmianoba. cxovelebi cxovro-
ben jgufebad, farebad an gundebad. maTTan arse-
bobs socialuri cxovreba, magram is arasodes iqce-
va politikur cxovrebad.
socialuroba axasiaTebs zogierT cxovelTa
jgufs, rogorc instiqti. xolo socialuroba ada-
mianis bunebaSia, rogorc misi Segnebuli unari. ada-
mianis socialuroba gansxvavebiT cxovelisagan. un-
da gagebuli iqnes, rogorc politikuri socialu-
roba.
sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos marto socialuri, an
politikuri an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. adamianebma
SeiZleba icxovron winapolitikur sazogadoebaSi an
organizebuli politikuri sazogadoebis saxiT.
laparakia adamianis im gansxvavebaze, romlebic
cxovroben `xalxis~, eTnosis saxiT, an vinc cxov-
robs polisSi, politikuri sazogadoebis saxiT.

17
 amgvarad, adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli im
azriT, rom is aris socialuri cxoveli, agreTve im
azriTac, rom marto adamians SeuZlia `samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi~ cxovreba.
adamianis socialuroba gagebul unda iqnas, ro-
gorc adamianis socialuroba. adamianis garda arse-
boben cxovelebi, romlebic agreTve arian socia-
lurni, magram maT Soris ar moiZebneba iseTi, rome-
lic cxovrobdes politikuri cxovrebiT. amasTan,
Tu politikuri cxovreba ar arsebobs arsad, garda
adamianis saxeobisa.
socialuroba aris saerTo Tviseba, damaxasiaTe-
beli zogierTi cxovelisaTvis da amasTan is axasia-
Tebs yvela adamians. magram adamianebTan mas aqvs
gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, radganac sazogadoeba
SeiZleba iyos marto socialuri an, Tu SeiZleba iT-
qvas, politikuri an samoqalaqo sazoagadoeba, ram-
denadac adamianTa bunebaSia cxovreba erToblioba-
Ta saxiT, sadac xdeba Sefaseba samarTlianad da usa-
marTlod. ufro zustad, adamianebma SeiZleba ic-
xovron an organizebul sazogadoebaSi politikuri
sazogadoebis saxiT an winapolitikur sazogadoeba-
Si. magram maSinac ki, rodesac isini cxovroben po-
litikur sazogadoebaSi, isini amavdroulad mie-
kuTvnebian asociaTa sxva tipebs.
laparakia imaze, rom asociacias an sazogadoebas
uwodeben dajgufebas, romelic ar efuZneba SeTan-
xmebas an SeTqmulebas. maSinac ki, Tu gansazRvruli
urTierTobebi moqalaqeebs Soris aris rTuli asax-
sneli, unda iTqvas, rom araTanabari da arasimetri-
uli urTierTobebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic yo-
velTvis viRacis sasargeblod xorcieldeba. poli-
tikuri Zalaufleba exeba Tavisufal da Tanaswor

18
adamianebs da es xdeba TiToeuli maTganis sasargeb-
lod.
adamianis politikuri socialurobis aSkara ni-
Sans warmoadgens adamianis metyvelebis unari da es
unari axasiaTebs martooden adamianebs, radganac
maT ara marto komunikaciis, pirobiTi niSnebiT mani-
pulirebis unari aqvT, aramed isini metyveleben da
azrovneben samarTlianobis da usamarTlobis Tao-
baze: qalaqi, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris adgili,
sadac xdeba samarTlianis gamijvna usamarTlosagan.
dasavleT evropaSi, sadac cudi havaa, adamianebi
arian mamacni, magram isini arc Wkvianebi da arc mo-
xerxebulebi ar arian. aziaSi piriqiT, romelic war-
moadgens cxel regions, adamianebi ar arian mamacni,
magram isini arc Wkvianebi ar arian. elinebi, da mar-
to isini, xasiaTdebodnen keltebisa da sparselebi-
sagan gansxvavebiT, am ori TvisebiT, romelic erTma-
neTs awonasworebda da swored amitom polisi maTi
privilegiaa. amasTan xom ar aris polisi SesaZleb-
lobac imisa, rom adamianebi aseTni yofiliyvnen.
marTlac, bevri elini cxovrobda organizebulad,
`xalxis~ saxiT, magram ara qalaqSi da SeiZleba iT-
qvas, marto aTeni warmoadgenda namdvil qalaqs. an
ufro sworad is warmoadgenda qalaqs imdenad, ram-
denadac aristotele aRniSnavs mis degradacias, ga-
mowveuls im savaWro ekonomikis progresiT, rome-
lic iyo saerTaSoriso xasiaTis da romelic arRvev-
da qalaqis Temaze arsebul ideals.
politikur erTobebs Soris arsebobs asociacia-
Ta sxva tipic, romelic Seesabameba gansakuTrebul
funqcias, mizans, aqtivobis tips da romelic amkvid-
rebs megobrobis, TanamSromlobis sxva saxes. maga-
liTad, ojaxi, romelic Seiqmna colisa da qmris kav-

19
SiriT, erToblivi cxovrebisa da warmoebis sfero,
rodesac saxlis ufrosi marTavs monebs, an kidev ge-
mis ekipaJi, sadac dajgufeba, religiuri saZmo, yo-
velive es aris politikuri sazogadoebis nawilebi.
rodesac sazogadoeba arsebobs, samoqalaqo sazoga-
doeba aris asociaciaTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris
umaRlesi, da es asea ori mizezis gamo: is moicavs Ta-
vis TavSi yvela sxva asociacias da is ayenebs mizans,
romelic ar aris gansakuTrebuli, ar warmoadgens
`miuRebeli momentis interess~, aramed saerToa yve-
lasaTvis.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizani ar aris bavSve-
bis aRzrda an marTva, zRvaze mogzauroba, omis war-
moeba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis interesi, ramde-
nadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizani yvelaze ma-
Rali mizania, amitom swored aq xdeba adamianis
srulyofa, aq warmoCndeba is Tavisi yvelaze didi
simaRliT. amgvarad, qalaqi-saxelmwifo Seesabameba
adamianis bunebas.
qalaqi-saxelmwifo, adamianis bunebis Sesabami-
sic ki, ar niSnavs, rom yvela asociacia Tundac po-
litikuri xelmZRvanelebiT an mmarTvelebiT saTa-
veSi iqneba savsebiT politikuri qalaqi, saWiroa ki-
dev, rom man moaxerxos miaRwios sayovelTao keTil-
dReobas, moutanos bedniereba Tavis moqalaqeebs.
amgvarad samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar miiRweva avto-
maturad: bunebrivi yovelTvis ver hpovebs Tavis
ganxorcielebas, is SeiZleba iyos SeCerebuli Tavis
ganviTarebaSi an damaxinjebuli. adamianis buneba
aris misi arsi, romelic iqmneba marto gansazRvrul
pirobebSi: ase magaliTad, politikuri asociacia
aris, rogorc qronologiurad, ise eqsistencialu-
rad ojaxis da soflis Semdgomi da SeiZleba ar mox-

20
des misi institucionalizacia, magram amave dros
Tavisi arsiT is aris pirvelad ojaxTan da sofel-
Tan mimarTebaSi. adamianis bunebriv socialurobas
is bunebrivad mihyavs politikur sazogadoebamde.
swored amitom qalaqis bunebriobis mtkiceba ar
unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos misi universaluroba au-
cilebelia, aramed ufro metad, rogorc misi xasia-
Tis araxelovnuroba, arapirobiToba. amis Semdeg ga-
sagebia, rom qalaqi SeiZleba erTdroeulad daxasi-
aTdes rogorc bunebrivi da rogorc misi kanonmdeb-
lis qmedebis Sedegi.
aristoteles sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisze dgas
Jan-Jak ruso. is uaryofs hipoTezas, adamianis bu-
nebriv socialurobaze. Aaristotele adamianis soci-
alur cxovrebas da politikur cxovrebas bunebri-
vad miiCnevs. aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT hobsi ar
Tvlis adamians politikuri cxovelad, magram is mi-
iCnevs, rom politika gardaqmnis cxovels adamianad.
hobss amaSi rusoc eTanxmeba.

§3. ra aris politika?

Aadamianebi yvelaze xSirad politikaze saubro-

ben, kamaToben, daoben. Cven xom adamianebs yvela-
ferze dava gviyvars. vadgenT rogor unda vicxov-
roT, vis ramdeni ekuTvnis, zemdgomebs vakritikebT,
Cven TiTqos ukeT mmarTva SegveZlos Zalaufleba
rom gvqondes. vakritikebT xelisuflebis mier war-
moebul saqmianobas, romelsac Cven politikas vuwo-
debT.
Cven aRSfoTebulni vsaubrobT usamarTlobaze,
xelisuflebis Zalauflebaze, TiTqmis yvelaferze,

21
magram sokratiseulad rom dagvisvan kiTxva; ra aris
politika? ra aris samarTlianoba? ra aris Zalauf-
leba? ra aris xelisufleba? ra aris saxelmwifo? Aam
cnebebs ver gavaanilizebT, ver ganvsazRvravT. maSin
raze vsaubrobT, raze vkamaTobT raze vdaobT? Ta-
nac yvelaze didi azartiT, didi mcodneobiT..
rodesac ismeba kiTxva ra aris politika, nebismi-
er adamians aqvs am kiTxvaze pasuxi. magram Tu davak-
virdebiT politikis fenomens, vnaxavT rom Zalzed
Zneli gansamartavia. igi moRvaweobis mraval sferos
moicavs.
maqs veberis sityvebiT, politika `moRvaweobis
yvela nairsaxeobas moicavs~. politika Tanamedrove
samyaros yvelaze aqtualuri, problemuri da mniS-
vnelovani sferoa. politika raRacisken mimarTuli
qmedebaa. xSirad gvesmis: bankis politika, Wkviani qa-
lis politika, magram imaSic darwmunebulia nebismi-
eri adamiani, rom politikis cneba yovelive amas
scildeba.
maS ra aris politika?
fenomeni, romlis garkvevasac vcdilobT, mou-
xelTebeli Cans. politika aris raRac, es aris mra-
valxazovani da aramdgradi praqtika. es aris Tvise-
ba, romelsac sxvadasxva rames miaweren,
denkeni aRniSnavs: sakiTxis gasarkvevad jer saWi-
roa imis aRniSvna, rom gacemuli martivi pasuxebis
saerTo maxasiaTebeli ufro aris SefasebiTi msje-
loba, vidre problemis ganmarteba. advilia imis
Tqma, rom politika aris sazogadoebrivi interese-
bis erTguleba, imis survili, rom sxvebis samsaxurs
mieZRvnas cxovreba da a. S.
aseve advilia imis mtkiceba, rom es aris makiave-
luri, cbierebiT aRsavse moRvaweoba, romlis erTa-

22
derTi mamoZravebeli Zalac aris Semosavlis siyva-
ruli, ambicia da xelisuflebis wyurvili. amgvari
poziciebis gadmosaxedidan, rogoric ar unda iyos
maTSi simarTlis wili, Cven vigebT, rom politika
kargia, an cudi. magram ver varkvevT sinamdvileSi ra
aris es. swored amaSia im winaaRmdegobriobis axsna,
romelsac vawydebiT. SefasebiTi msjelobebi arsis
garkvevaSi ver gvexmareba, igive SeiZleba iTqvas kar-
gad cnobili lapidarul formulirebaze, mag. `po-
litika aris is, rasac xmamaRla ar amboben~, an `po-
litika – es aris xalxisaTvis xelis SeSlis xelovne-
ba, CaerTos imaSi, rac mas exeba (valeri). Tu sakiTxis
garkveva gvinda siRrmiseulad unda SeviswavloT
problema, da a priori gamovricxoT yovelgvari Sefa-
sebiTi msjeloba.
`politika~ aris sityva da aRniSnavs eqstralin-
gvistur realobebs, Tumca isini gareSe realobebs
ki ar warmoadgens, aramed cnobierebis mdgomareo-
bas aRniSnavs, rodesac vambobT `es sakiTxi politi-
kuria~, `es sakiTxi ar aris politikuri~.
`politikuria~, rac politikidan momdinareobs.
Sesabamisad sityva `politikas~ qmnis yvelaferi `po-
litikuri~. mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rac erTmaneTs upirispirebs terminis speci-
fikur da araspecifikur gamoyenebas. araspecifi-
kur xmarebaSi igulisxmeba iseTi gamoyeneba, rode-
sac SesaZlebelia politikis sinonimiT Canacvleba,
specifikuria iseTi gamoyeneba, rodesac SeuZlebe-
lia sityvis sxva sityviT Secvla.
sityva `politikuris~ gamoyenebaSi sami aspeqti
gamoiyofa, aqedan pirveli ori deskrifciulia, me-
same normatiuli.

23
 pirveli arasfecifikuri gamoyeneba: politika
udris marTvas.
sityva `politika~ maSin aris gamoyenebuli mar-
Tvis mniSvnelobiT, rodesac mas sagnis aRmniSvneli
sityva mosdevs da moRvaweobis sferos exeba: `sat-
ransporto politika~, raRacis politika... `poli-
tikas~ uwodeben am sferoSi dasaxuli miznebisa da
gamoyenebuli saSualebebis erTobliobas, mis mier
SeTavazebuli saSualebebisa da Seqmnili dabrkole-
bebis gaTvaliswinebiT. `risame politikaze~ maSin
saubroben, Tu sakiTxi problematuria, SeSfoTebis
sagania da Carevas moiTxovs.
problema, rodesac wamoiWreba, unda moxdes misi
Sefaseba da Carevis aucileblobis gansazRvra, rac
aucileblad Seicavs subieqturobis faqtors.
meore arasfecifikuri gamoyeneba: politika ud-
ris strategias.
politika rodesac gamoiyeneba strategiis mniS-
vnelobiT, win aris wamoweuli adamianis an adamianTa
jgufis politika. `ama Tu im partiis politika~,
`mTavrobis politika~, `ama Tu im profkavSiris po-
litika~.
am SemTxvevaSi wina planze gamodis subieqturi
neba. misi saboloo mizani Sedgeba im miznebisagan,
romelsac pirovneba an pirovnebebi isaxaven moqme-
debis dros da romelic SeiZleba arc ki daisaxon.
mTavrobas SeuZlia dasaxos `grandiozuli gegme-
bi~ an mxolod Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze ifiqros.
aseve SeiZleba uamravi SemTxvevis CamoTvla. saxar-
bielo partiis postis maZieblebTan bedis Semgueb-
lobiT dakmayofildes imiT, rac bedma uboZa. adami-
anebs SeuZliaT moxerxebulad da racionalurad ga-

24
moiyenon yvela saSualeba da miaRwion dasaxul mi-
zans.
adamians SeiZleba hqondes talanti an sayrdeni an
ara. `moqmedebis~ dros wamoiWreba mTavari proble-
ma. moralisaTvis misaRebi gzebiT akeTebs politi-
kas Tu miznis misaRwevad araferze ixevs ukan. yove-
live amis gaTvaliswinebiT politika SeiZleba warma-
tebiT dagvirgvindes, an marcxiT damTavrdes. yve-
lafers amas – miznebis gansazRvras, saSualebebis
arCevas da arCevanis gakeTebas, marcxs da warmate-
bebs denkeni uwodebs strategias.
politikis aseTi gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan Tavise-
burebas warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, misi xmareba Se-
iZleba politikis yovelgvari moSveliebis gareSe.
raRacis politikaze saubrisas, sulac ar igulis-
xmeba, rom isini atareben politikas am sityvis Cveu-
lebrivi gagebiT. es gviCvenebs am sityvis ramdenad
gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba SeiZleba.
maS ra aris politika?
politika Zveli berZnuli sityvaa da `polisis~
an saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebas niSnavs. osvald
Spengleri kiTxulobs: `ra aris politika? da pasu-
xobs: `SesaZleblobis xelovneba~. yvelaze ufro zo-
gadad, rom vTqvaT politika – es aris procesi, rom-
lis SigniTac adamianebi qmnian, xvewen da inarCune-
ben erTad cxovrebis normebs.
politikis gansazRvra asocirdeba or inglisur
sityvasTan Politics da Policy. Politics – es aris brZola
ZalauflebisaTvis, Zalauflebis mopoveba.
ingliselma politikuri anTropologiis warmo-
madgenelma beilim (Beiley) gaanaliza indoelTa sof-
lebSi dapirispirebebi. moqmedi gmirebi ibrZvian

25
arenaze alafis misaRebad. es qmedeba SeiZleba gavaa-
nalizoT, rogorc Sejibri, romelic eqvemdebareba
wesebs. misi azriT, politika, SeiZleba ganisaz-
Rvros, rogorc Sejibri.
Tu davubrundebiT gansxvavebas Politics da Policy-s
Soris, naTeli gaxdeba, rom am ori cnebis artikuli-
reba, romelic Camoyalibda SeerTebul StatebSi, mi-
si saxelmwifod daarsebis Semdeg, ar SeiZleba mivi-
RoT, rogorc universaluri norma: Zalauflebis es
ori forma urTierTdakavSirebuli da gansxvavebu-
lia suverenitetsa da marTulobis sakiTxebis dapi-
rispirebaSi poulobs. miSel fuko am dapirispirebis
istoriulobas xazs usvamda. aRorZinebis epoqis sa-
xelmwifo eqvemdebareba ufro metad suverenobis
logikas, maSin, roca dawyebuli XVIII saukunidan swo-
red samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gaxda gansakuTrebuli
midgomis obieqti. es midgomebi efuZneba specifikur
codnas da warmoadgens `pastoralur politikas~.
veberTan `politika~ sxva araferia, Tu ara mis-
wrafeba ZalauflebaSi monawileobisaken, an mis ga-
nawilebaze zegavlenis mopovebisaken. yoveli bato-
noba, romelic warmoebad organizebuli da mudmiv
mmarTvelobas saWiroebs, erTi mxriv moiTxovs, rom
adamianebma TavianTi qmedebebi ganawyon im mbrZane-
belTa morCilebaze, romelic romelTac TavianTi
Tavi legitimuri Zalauflebis matareblad miuCne-
viaT.
is vinc politikaSia Zalauflebisaken miiswraf-
vis, rogorc esaxeba mas es Zalaufleba – sxva idea-
lur an materialur mizanTa miRwevis saSualebad Tu
Zalauflebad `mxolod Zalauflebis gulisaTvis~,
raTa datkbes prestiJulobis im grZnobiT, rasac

26
adamians igi aniWebs. politikuris gansazRvrisas
sirTule gamowveulia politikuri fenomenis sir-
TuliT. aRsaniSnavia platonisa da aristoteles mo-
sazrebebi:
platoni aRniSnavda, rom politika esaa adamianis
mier adamianTa marTvis sfero, romlis safuZveli
erTdroulad aris rogorc samefo codna, ise xe-
lovneba, rom politikuri cnebaSi umTavresia adami-
anTa saxelmwifod gaerTianeba, calkeulia, sxvadas-
xva bunebisa da midrekilebebis mqone individebisa-
gan erTiani da harmoniulad moqmedi sazogadoebis
Semqmna.
politikosi sxvadasxva naturis adamianebisagan
qmnis erTian qsovils – sazogadoeba – saxelmwifos.
rogorc feiqari sxvadasxva feris, sididis Zafebisa-
gan qsovs erTian xaliCas.
aristoteles azriT, politika es aris adamianis
saqmianobis umaRlesi forma, ramdenadac misi meSve-
obiT adamianur urTierTobebSi yalibdeba samar-
Tlianoba da miiRweva sikeTe. samarTlianoba dakav-
Sirebulia saxelmwifosTan. `radgan yoveli mecnie-
rebisa da xelovnebis mizani aris sikeTe, maSin maT
Soris yvelaze didi mniSvnelovani sferos mizani
igive iqneba. aseTi sfero ki aris politika. politi-
kaSi sikeTe samarTlianoba, xolo samarTlianoba sa-
sargebloa mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. aristoteles
azriT politika aris sikeTis mosapoveblad warmoe-
buli saqmianoba.
makiaveli yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zalauflebi-
saTvis brZolisa da gamoyenebis xelovnebaze, taqti-
kaze, xerxebsa da saSualebebze. misi azriT politika
aris, saSualebaTa erToblioba, romelic aucilebe-
lia imisaTvis, raTa moxvide xelisuflebaSi, ganam-

27
tkico Zalaufleba da sasargeblod gamoiyeno igi...
maSasadame, politika aris mimarTeba garemoebebiT
mocemul ZalauflebasTan, romelic damokidebulia
mbrZaneblis an xalxis Zlierebasa da agreTve mimdi-
nare situaciaze.
ingliseli politologi d. heldi aRniSnavs – po-
litika, rogorc adamianuri SesaZleblobaTa orga-
nizaciisaTvis brZola.
k. Smidti politikuris cnebas originalur gan-
sazRvrebas gvaZlevs: politika, rogorc `megobari –
mtris~ urTierTba.
xalxebi jgufdebian `megobari – mteri~ dapiris-
pirebulobis mixedviT, rom es dapirispireba dResac
namdvilia da rogorc realuri SesaZlebloba eZle-
va, yovel politikurad arsebul xalxs – amis goniv-
ruli wesiT uaryofa SeuZlebelia. misi azriT: `po-
litikuri dapirispirebuloba – esaa yvelaze inten-
siuri, yvelaze ukiduresi dapirispirebuloba, da
yvela konkretuli dapirispireba miT ufroa poli-
tikuri dapirispireba, rac ufro uaxlovdeba igi
`megobari – mteri~ jgufebad dayofis ukidures
wertils.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas kargad cnobil lapidarul
formulirebaze. magaliTad, `politika aris is, ra-
sac xmamaRla ar amboben? anu politika es aris xal-
xisaTvis xelis SeSlis xelovneba, CaerTos imaSi, rac
mas exeba~ (pol valeri). politika aris sazogadoeb-
rivi interesebis erToblioba.
germaniis kancleris bismarkis sityvebiT `poli-
tika mecniereba ki ara, xelovnebaa~. mas mxedveloba-
Si hqonda saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba da mar-
Tvis is SesaZleblobebi, rac arsebobs. klasikuri
gagebiT, politika niSnavs imas, `rac exeba poliss~,

28
`rac exeba saxelmwifos~, rac exeba sazogadoebriv
interesebTa erTobliobas.
`politika~ arsebiTad aris sazogadoebrivi idee-
bis erToblioba da misgan gamomdinare mizanmimar-
Tuli saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia saxel-
mwifoebis, xalxebis, erebis, socialur jgufebis
Soris sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani urTierTobis Ca-
moyalibebasTan..
maqs veberis mixedviT, politika `sxva araferia,
Tu ara miswrafeba ZalauflebaSi monawileobisaken,
an mis ganawilebaze zegavlenis mopovebisaken. su-
lerTia, iqneba es Zalauflebis gadanawileba sxva-
dasxva saxelmwifoebs Tu romelime erT saxelmwi-
fos SigniT, adamianis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris~.
politikis cnebis gamoyeneba Zalian mravalfe-
rovania adamianebis TvalSi. igi ori radikalurad
gansxvavebuli reputaciiT sargeblobs: erTi midgo-
mis Tanaxmad politika `binZuri saqmea~, meore mid-
gomiT ki aucilebeli, mniSvnelovani da sapatio saq-
mianobaa. ufro rTuli problema ki isaa, rom mecnie-
rebebi dRemde ver Tanxmdebian, Tu ra aris politi-
ka, rac ganpirobebulia misi cnebis mravalmniSvne-
lobiT.
rogorc Smiti brZanebs: ...politikuris zusti
gansazRvreba ioli aRmosaCeni rodia. terminis mniS-
vneloba, rogorc wesi gamoikveTeba sxva termineb-
Tan SepirispirebiT. rodesac magaliTad laparako-
ben politikasa da ekonomikaze, politikasa da sa-
marTalze, politikasa da moralze da a.S. es viTare-
ba mniSvnelovanwilad cvlis termin politikuris
sazriss da mas konsteqstualurad adgens. Tumca
rogorc ar unda iyos saqme, politikuri yovelTvis

29
SexebaSia saxelmwifosTan da mis gareSe ar moiazre-
ba.
SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi Sexeduleba politikaze:
1.politika rogorc saxelmwifos marTvis xelov-
neba –saxelmwifos kontrolis ganxorcieleba sazo-
gadoebiT, rogorc es xdeba koleqtiuri gadawyveti-
lebebis miRebisa da Sesrulebis dros. arsebobs
tradicia, romlis mixedviTac politikis Seswavla
niSnavs mTavrobis xelisuflebis funqcionirebis
Seswavlas da rom politika warmodgeba, rogorc
oficialuri gadawyvetilebaTa erToblioba, rom-
liTac xelisuflebis organo sazogadoebas ganu-
sazRvravs saqmianobis ama Tu im programas an mimar-
Tulebas.
2. politika, rogorc sajaro procesi –am midgo-
miT xdeba garkveva Tu sad gadis zRvari `sajaro~
cxovrebas Soris. miiCneven rom is emTxveva saxel-
mwifo da sajaro sazogadoebad gayofas.
saxelmwifo organoebi (sasamarTlo, policia,
armia da a.S.) ganixileba sajarod, radganac is pasuxs
agebs sazogadoebis koleqtiuri cxovrebis organo-
ebze da finansdeba sazogadoebis xarjze. samoqala-
qo sazogadoeba ki Sedgeba institutebisagan, rogo-
ricaa ojaxi, kerZo sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, gaer-
Tianebebi...
isini kerZoa, radgan maT qmnian kerZo moqalaqee-
bi TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad. ruso da mili
politikuri cxovrebaSi monawileobas miiCneven ada-
mianis Rirsebad da sikeTed.
3.politika, rogorc kompromisi da konsesusi –
politika ganixileba konfliqtebis gadawyvetis
xerxad, kompromisebis, molaparakebebis da sxva Se-

30
Tanxmebuli zomebis gamoyenebiT, rac upirispirdeba
Zalis an xelisuflebis uxeS gamoyenebas.
4. politika, rogorc xelisuflebis da resurse-
bis ganawileba- am midgomis mixedviT politika sazo-
gadoebrivi saqmianobis yvela sferoSia. iqneba es
ojaxi, eri Tu globaluri sazogadoeba. politika
aris yvelaferi, rac dakavSirebulia resursebis
warmoebasTan ganawilebasTan da gamoyenebasTan sa-
zogadoebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.
5. politika rogorc Zalaufleba- Aam SemTxvevaSi
politika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis `yvela kun-
WulSi~ aRwevs. Ees iqneba saxelisuflebo, saxelmwi-
fo Tu sazogadoebrivi. rogorc andrian leftviCi
Tavis naSromSi ra aris politika amtkicebs: rom `po-
litika nebismier koleqtur sajaro saqmianobas
udevs safuZvlad, oficialursa da araformalurs,
sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos, yovel dajgufebas, in-
stitutsa da gaerTianebas~.

§4. karl Smiti – politikuris cneba

karl Smitis `politikuris cneba~ patara mocu-

lobis nawarmoebia, Tumca misi mniSvneloba Zalze
didia. Tavis gamokvlevas Smiti iwyebs saxelmwifos
zogadi definiciiT, radgan misi azriT, swored sa-
xelmwifos cnebaSia analizurad mocemuli politi-
kuris cneba. Tanamedrove enaze, SeniSnavs Smiti, sa-
xelmwifo aris garkveul teritoriaze organizebu-
li xalxis politikuri mdgomareoba, anu saxelmwi-
fo xalxis politikuri erTobaa da xelisuflebis
organziaciis bazisuri forma.

31
 `politikuris zusti gansazRvreba ioli aRmosa-
Ceni rodia~ – wers Smiti. terminis mniSvneloba, ro-
gorc wesi, gamoikveTeba sxva terminebTan Sepirispi-
rebiT, rodesac, magaliTad, vsaubrobT politikasa
da ekonomikaze, politikasa da samarTalze, politi-
kasa da moralze da a.S. es viTareba konteqstualu-
rad dadgenads xdis mas. Tumca, rogorc ar unda
iyos saqme, `politikuri~ yovelTvis SexebaSia sa-
xelmwifosTan da mis gareSe ver moiazreba.
politikuris gansazRvrebebi, romlebic mxolod
referencias Seicaven saxelmwifoze, politikuris
gasagebad gamosadegni arian mxolod imitom, rom
isini Tavis TavSi gulisxmoben politikur proce-
sebSi Caurevel jgufebsa da procesebs, rogorc
maTgan sruliad gansxvavebuli da politikurze mo-
nopoliis mqones.
Smitis mixedviT, politikisa da saxelmwifos
identifikaciis safuZvelze da saxelmwifo politi-
kis Sida saxelmwifoebriv politikasTan Sepirspire-
biT, SegviZlia vilaparakoT politikis meorad cne-
bebze, magaliTad, saxelmwifos Sida ekonomikur, sa-
ganmanaTleblo Tu socialur politikaze. am kon-
teqstSi avtori gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRe-
bas partiebis politikaze, romelic saxelmwifos
erTobisTvis SeiZleba damangreveli aRmoCndes.
partiebis politikebis did politikasTan Tana-
arseboba umtkivneulod SesaZlebelia, mxolod ma-
Sin, Tu qveynis SigniT dapirispirebuli politikuri
partiebis antagonizmi Sesustebulia iseTi yove-
lismomcveli politikuri mTlianobiT, rogoricaa
saxelmwifo.

32
 Smitis azriT, globaluri saxelmwifos arseboba
SeuZlebelia, radgan SeuZlebelia erT politikur
sxeulSi gaerTiandes sxvadasxva religiebi, klasebi
da sxva politikuri subieqtebi ise, rom maT Soris
gamoiricxos konfliqti da mtroba. Tu aseTi kon-
fliqti iarsebebs, mxolod rogorc samoqalaqo da-
pirispireba, maSin ra gviSlis xels mas movaciloT
megobrobisa da mtrobis kategoriebic, rasac Cveu-
lebriv adgili aqvs saxelmwifoebs Soris. rac aseT
SemTxvevaSi dagvrCeba, is ar iqneba arc politika da
arc saxelmwifo, aramed ufro kultura da civili-
zacia. amitom adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis – wers
Smiti – globaluri organizaciis ideali sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara totluri depolitizaciis utopiuri
idea. sruli depolitizacia gulisxmobs saxelmwi-
fos ar arsebobas. kacobrioba, rogorc aseTi, ver
awarmoebs oms, radgan zogadad mas araviTari mteri
ara yavs.
politikuri, Smitis mtkicebiT, unda ganisaz-
Rvros mis sakuTar kategoriebSi. adamianuri azrov-
nebisa da moqmedebis mrvali formisagan gansxvave-
biT, politikurs misi sakuTari Sinaarsi aqvs. mora-
lis sfero konstruirdeba keTilisa da borotis
gansxvavebis, esTetika-mSvenieris da maxinjis, eko-
nomika – momgebianisa da aramomgbianis wyalobiT.
specifiuri politikuri gansxvavebani, romelze-
dac SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas politikuri moqmedeba-
ni da motivebi, aris gansxvaveba megobarsa da mters
Soris. saxelmwifo is organizacia, politikuri su-
bieqti, romelic Tavis Tavs gadauwyvets mter-moy-
varis gansxvavebas. mtris koncefcia, Smitis Tanax-
mad, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom es mteri unda ganad-

33
gurdes, aramed, saWiroa dacva, Zalis gamoyeneba da
saerTo sazRvrebis dadgena. politikuri mteri ar
warmaodgens aucileblad cuds, borots moraluri
TvalsazrisiT an maxinjs esTetikuri Tvalsazri-
siT, is ar TamaSobs aucileblobiT konkurentis
rols ekonomikur doneze, gansazRvrul viTarebaSi
masTan erToblivi saqmianoba SeiZleba aRmoCndes
momgebianic ki. is ubralod ganicdeba, rogorc sxva,
ucxo da misi bunebis gansazRvrisaTvis sakmarisia
TviT misi arseboba. es misi zogadi arsi metad mniS-
vnelovania, kerZod is, rom igi aris sxva da ucxo
amasTan iseTi, romelTanac SesaZlebelia konfliq-
ti, romelic SesaZloa ar gadawydes arc winaswar
dadgenili ZiriTadi normebis erTobliobiT, arc
sasjelis dawesebiT, mesame, miukerZoebeli da neit-
raluri mxaris mier, mtris koncefcia gulisxmobs
brZolis SesaZleblobas konkretuli sinamdvilis
doneze... megobrisa da mtris gansxvavebiT xdeba mxo-
lod SesaZlebeli aviRoT pasuxismgebloba sakuTar
sicocxleze.
politikuri – wers Smiti – gansazRvravs imasac,
rasac adamiand yofna hqvia. radgan politikuroba
adamianurobas niSnavs, amitom yvela, vinc amcirebs
politikis mniSvnelobas, imaves axdens adamianis mi-
marTac.
erTaderTi, riTac konfliqti da omi SeiZleba
gavamarTloT, mxolod politikaa. politika Tavis
arss hpovebs swored omSi. rogorc mudam mocemuli
SesaZlebloba, is aris ZiriTadi varaudi, romelic
damaxasiaTebeli wesiT gansazRvravs adamianTa moq-
medebasa da azrovnebas da amitomac ayalibebs speci-
fikurad politikur cnebas.

34
 §5. politikis Seswavlis tradiciebi

filosofiuri tradicia
aristoteles gansazRvriT adamiani Tavisi arsiT
politikuri arsebaa–adamians `Rirseuli cxovreba~
SeuZlia mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, sadac politika
warmodgeba eTikuri aspeqtiT. politika isaa, rac
ukavSirdeba `samarTlian sazogadoebas~.
swored saberZneTSi Caisaxa is, rasac dRes poli-
tikur filosofias uwodeben. mas yovelTvis ainte-
resebda ara marto arsebuli, aramed is rac unda
iyos, amitom is normatiul xasiaTs atarebs.
politikis filosofiis fuZemdeblebad iTvle-
bian platoni da aristotele. politikuri filoso-
fiis klasikuri memkvidreobis gaazreba da analizi
unda moxdes antikurobidan dRevandelobamde, po-
litikuri azris istoriis yvelaze gamoCenili war-
momadgenlebis SeswavliT. mTavaria amaT moZRvre-
bebSi gamokveTilia politikis principebi da proeq-
tebi.
empiriuli tradicia:
empiriuli an rogorc mas uwodeben deskripciu-
li tradicia ufro mogvianebiT warmoiSva Teori-
ulTan SedarebiT. empiriuli tradiciis elementebs
vxvdebiT aristotelesTanac, rodesac igi saxelmwi-
fo mowyobis tipologias ayalibebs. makiavelTan,
rodesac gadmogvcems saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis de-
talebs. monteskiesTan, sadac yuradRebis centrSi
saxelmwifo institutebia.
politikuri mecnierebaSi empiriuli tradicia
erT-erT gabatonebul mimdinareobad iqca. filoso-
fiuri da socialuri mecnierebebi umTavresad sabu-

35
nebismetyvelo mecnierebis kvlevis meTodebs daem-
yara; misTvis damaxasiaTebelia politikuri realo-
bis obieqturi suraTis aRwera da ara normatiuli
midgoma, romelic gvTavazobs politikur princi-
pebsa da proeqtebs.
deskripciul politikur analizs filosofiuri
mxardaWera gauwia empirizma, romelic XVII saukunis
Sua xanidan gaCnda, romelic dakavSirebulia jon
lokis da devidD iumis saxelTan.
Eempirizmis doqtrina amtkicebda codnis erTa-
derT safuZvlad gamocdilebas, cdaSi mocemulo-
bas. Yyvela hipotezam, Teoriam Semowmeba unda gaia-
ros dakvirvebiT.
XIX saukuneSi pozitivizmi Camoyalibda (warmo-
madgeneli ogiust konti) romelmac gamoacxada fi-
losofiuri codnis yvela forma unda mihyvebodes
bunebismetyvelebis mecnierebis meTodebs. WeSmari-
tebis miRwevis erTaderT saSualebad mecniereba ga-
mocxadda
mecnieruli tradicia
karl marqsma scada politikis aRwera mecnierul
kategoriebSi. is Seecada eCvenebina istoriis ganvi-
Tarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi. istoriis `kanonebze~
dayrdnobiT momavlis prognozirebas iseTive Zala
unda hqonoda, rogoric bunebismetyvelebis mecnie-
rebebSi kanonebs. 1870-iani wlebidan daiwyo politi-
kuri mecnierebebis aRorZineba. am wlebSi SemoiRes
politikuri mecnierebebi oqsfordis, parizis da
kolumbiis universtetSi. 1950-1980 wlebSi politi-
kurma mecnierebam piks miaRwia.
politikis mecnieruli Seswavla gulisxmobs,
rom SesaZlebelia politikis Sesaxeb obieqturi

36
codnis miReba. is unda atarebdes analitikur, mkacr
Tanmimdevrul mecnierul xasiaTs politikuri mov-
lenebis SeswavlaSi.
1950-60 wlebSi mwvervals miaRwia Teoriam, rome-
lic bihevioralizmis TeoriiTaa cnobili.
bihevioralistuli midgoma
bihevioralistuli midgoma tradicionalistu-
risagan gansxvavebiT, romelic aqcents politikis
normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yuradRebas mec-
nierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, rome-
lic meore msoflio omis Semdeg gavrcelda, poli-
tikuri qcevisa da politikuri procesebis dinamiki-
sa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro
konkretul amocanas isaxavs miznad. tradiciona-
listi politologebisagan gansxvavebiT, biheviora-
listebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis Sesaxeb
moralur Tu filosofiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs),
radgan miaCniaT, rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia, Tu
ara spekulacia da maTi mecnierulad dasabuTeba Se-
uZlebelia.
bihevioralizmis Teoria efuZneba rwmenas, rom
socialuri Teoriebi mxolod da mxolod dakvirve-
bisaTvis im xelmisawvdom qcevaze unda aigos, rac
kvlevisaTvis aRnusxvad monacemebs iZleva.
Aam Teoriam politikuri Teoriebis warmomadgen-
lebi normatiuli politikuri azris tradicias Ca-
moaSora iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Za-
laufleba, samarTlianoba, romelic empiriul Se-
mowmebas ar eqvemdebareba.

37
 Tavi II. politikuri filosofiis arsi

§1. politikuri filosofiis dafuZneba

politikis filosofias kacobriobis istoriaSi

Tavisi konkretuli dasawyisi aqvs. igi Cvens welTaR-
ricxvamde V-IV saukuneebSi, Zvel saberZneTSi Caisaxa
da Camoyalibda.
berZenTa am unikalur miRwevas Tavisi mizezebi
hqonda. dRevandeli saberZneTis teritoriaze, aseve
mcire aziaSi da italiaSi berZnebma klasikuri xanis
dasawyisisTvis (VI-Vs. qristes win) SeimuSaves poli-
tikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis Tavise-
buri forma qalaqi-saxelmwifo (berZnulad `poli-
si~). es polisebi mravlad Camoyalibda da isini ara-
erTgvarovani iyo. politikuri wyoba am polisebSi
moicavda erTmaneTisagan didad gansxvavebul, mag-
ram mainc mTeli rigi arsebiTi saerTo niSnebis mqo-
ne formebs: monarqias mefobis saxiT, aristokrati-
as, demokratias, oligarqias, tiranias, romlebic
erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen, xan mSvidobiani da xanac
sisxliani Setakebebis gziT.
qalaqi-saxelmwifo ar iyo sazogadoebrivi orga-
nizaciis pirveli forma, romelic berZnebma gaiares
TavianTi ganviTarebis gzaze. homerosis dros isini
jer kidev tomebad cxovrobdnen, romlebsac `mefee-
bad~ wodebuli beladebi marTavdnen. berZnebis in-
teresi politikuri procesebisadmi, mxolod cno-
bismoyvareobiT ar iyo nakarnaxevi. polisis lide-
rebs anu beladebs mudam awuxebdaT fiqri momaval-
ze. maT kargad icodnen rom SeiZleboda damdgariyo
dro maTi gadayenebisa, amitom mudam awuxebdaT kiT-

38
xva; Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifo, raTa man da-
icvas moqalaqeebi, samarTlianoba da a.S. es cocxali
politikuri procesi xels uwyobda berZnebis poli-
tikur ganviTarebas.
Zvel saberZneTSi politikuri Teoriis gaCenis
erT-erTi umTavresi faqtori iyo aseve berZenTa az-
ris saerTo mecnieruli mimarTuleba da mecnieruli
azrovnebis kultura, romelic klasikuri xanisaT-
vis SeimuSaves. politikis dargSic iseve, rogorc
sxva mecnierebebSi berZnebi sagnebs akvirdebodnen
da xsnidnen am movlenebs, religiuri warmodgenebi-
sa da cnebebis mouSvelieblad, rac maT aiZulebdaT
movlenaTa mizezi TviT am movlenebSi eZebnaT.
amgvarad Zvel saberZneTSi politikuri filoso-
fiis gaCenis erT-erTi mizezi saerTod arareligiu-
ri, mecnierulad organizebuli mimarTuleba iyo.
aseve mniSvnelovania qalaq-saxelmwifoSi moqalaqis
Tavisufleba, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs Tvali
gausworos saxelmwifoebrivi da socialuri cxov-
rebis nebismier movlenas, man icis rom is monawile-
obas iRebs mis marTvaSi. berZnuli politikuri Teo-
ria polisis Teoriaa. politika sxvas arafers niS-
navs Tu ara codnas `polisis~ Sesaxeb. berZnuli sa-
xelmwifos erT-erTi mizania ar iyos gamoyofili
bolomde eTikisagan, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia mo-
qalaqis qveloba da zneobrivi simaRle.
saxelmwifos erTianoba moraluri erTianobaa.
platons ideaTa Teoriis Seqmna imisTvis dasWirda
rom daesabuTebina zneoba, rogorc Tavisi idealur
saxelwmifos safuZveli. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,
rom saberZneTSi am droisaTvis ar arsebobda ekle-
sia, rogorc organizebuli Zala, romelic xelSi ai-
Rebda adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis marTvas.

39
 berZnul qalaq saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli, ga-
damwyveti, monopoluri roli adamianis Sinagani
cxovrebis regulirebasa da warmarTvaSi, misi Rire-
bulebaTa sistemis Seqmnasa da danaxvaSi mdgomare-
obda. is rom berZnebi polisebSi cxovrobdnen da er-
Tiani saxelmwifo ar hqondaT ar niSnavs imas, rom
maT saero-erovnuli TviTcnobiereba ar hqondaT.
isini mkveTrad ansxvavebdnen TavianT Tavs `barba-
rosebisagan~, anu ucxoelebisagan, xolo aristote-
le Tavis `politikaSi~ elinebs axasiaTebs, rogorc
`oqros Suas~ Crdiloel xalxebsa da azielebs Soris
– `imTaviTve Tavisufalsa da saukeTesod marTul
xalxs, romelic SeZlebda, msoflio emarTa~.
im elinur qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi sadac politi-
kuri filosofia iSva anu aTenSi, `mocaleoba~ anu
Tavisufali dro maRal sagnebze azrovnebis auci-
lebel pirobad iTvleboda. aTeni xelosnebis, vaWre-
bis da miwaTmoqmedebis qalaqi iyo. berZenTa Tavi-
sufleba da Tanasworoba dRevandeli gadasaxedidan
warmogvidgeba, rogorc demokratia, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom TviT berZnebisaTvis am sityviT aRiniSnebo-
da, mxolod erTi forma maTTvis cnobil saxelmwifo
wyobis formaTa Soris. erT-erTi ZiriTadi Sinaarsi,
romelsac am sityvaSi Cven dRes vgulisxmobT saxel-
dobr, moqalaqis monawileoba saxelmwifo bedis ga-
dawyvetaSi.
aTenSi arsebobda, dRevandeli terminologiiT
pirveladi demokratia: xelisufleba iyo ara wamo-
madgenelTa anu deputatTa xelSi, aramed mTeli
xalxis xelSi. mTavar gadawyvetilebas aTenel moqa-
laqeTa saerTo kreba iRebda. am krebaze daswreba da
monawileoba yvela moqalaqes SeeZlo da is TveSi
samjer ikribeboda. amas garda polisebs hyavdaT sab-

40
Wo, romelic krebaze gasatan sakiTxebs amzadebda.
sabWos erTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen. aseve krebas SeeZ-
lo sabWosaTvis eTxova da ara ebrZanebina ama Tu im
sakiTxis warmodgena.
amgvarad, aTenis demokratia institucionalize-
buli, Tumca ara bolomde institucionalizebuli
demokratiaa. es aris moqalaqeTa nebis uzenaesobis
ueWvel principze damyarebuli sxvadasxva arCeviTi
sistemebis erTdrouli Tanaarseboba, romelic met-
naklebad efeqturad muSaobs.
elinelTa Sexedulebebi maTs qalaq-saxelmwifo-
ze savsebiT Tanmimdevrulia da Sinagan disharmonias
ar Seicavs, isini darwmunebulni arian rom polisi,
garda imisa rom emsaxureba moqalaqeTa sadReiso
praqtikul interesebis dacvas, amasTan erTad Tavis
TavSi asaxierebs zneobriv sikeTesac da sibrZnesac.
amitom mis funqciebSi Sedis moqalaqis aRzrdac,
siyrmidanve Seyvana piradi da moqalaqeobrivi zne-
obriobis am saerTo atmosferoSi. maT yovelTvis
jerodaT, rom arsebobda idealuri forma, kanonebi
saxelmwifos marTvisaTvis, romelic jer gonebisaT-
vis miuwvdomelia. miuxedavad am yvelafrisa ra Tqma
unda maT problemebic hqondaT: piradi da kerZo in-
teresebi, saxelmwifoebrivi aRzrdis sakiTxebi da
a.S

41
 §2. ra aris politikuri filosofia?

antikurobidan Tanamedrove epoqamde adamianis,

rogorc bunebiT politikuri arsebis Sesaxeb moZ-
Rvrebis mTavar argumentad gvevlineba imaze miTi-
Teba, rom adamians mxolod `samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
baSi~ SeuZlia cxovreba. adamianis mTeli yofiereba,
yvela Tavisi aspeqtiTa da gamoxatulebebiT aris
politikuri yofiereba.
swored maSin Cndeba politikuri filosofia,
rodesac adamianebs gamokveTil miznad eqceva kargi
cxovrebisa da kargi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb codnis
SeZena. sityva `filosofiuri~ mianiSnebs erTdrou-
lad saganzedac da funqciazec. politikuri filo-
sofiis sagani unda emTxveodes politikuri moqme-
debis mizans. es miznebia Tavisufleba da marTva.
politikuri filosofiis cnobili warmomadgene-
li leo Strausi aRniSnavs: es miznebi aamaRlebs yve-
la adamians sakuTar ususur me-ze. politikuri fi-
losofia warmoadgens filosofiis ganStoebas da
yvelaze ufro axloa adamianur cxovrebasTan. fi-
losofia aris universaluri codnis Zieba mTlianis,
erTianis Sesaxeb, codna `yvela sagnis~ Sesaxeb, rac
niSnavs codnas RmerTze, samyaroze da adamianze, anu
codna sagnTa bunebaze. arsebiTad filosofia ar
aris WeSmaritebis floba, aramed is aris WeSmarite-
bis Zieba. filosofosma icis, rom araferi ar icis.
aristotelesTan adamiani Tavisi arsiT politi-
kuri arsebaa – adamians `Rirseuli cxovreba~ SeuZ-
lia mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, sadac politika war-
modgeba eTikuri aspeqtiT. politika isaa, rac ukav-
Sirdeba `samarTlian sazogadoebas~. swored saber-

42
ZneTSi Caisaxa is, rasac dRes politikur filosofi-
as uwodeben.
politikuri filosofia ikvlevs saxelmwifos,
mmarTvelobis, moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTier-
TobaTa problemebs da cdilobs, pasuxi gasces zo-
gad kiTxvebs: ratom unda davemorCiloT saxelmwi-
fos? rogor unda ganawildes keTildReoba sazoga-
doebaSi? rogoria piradi Tavisuflebis farglebi
sazogadoebaSi? gvWirdeba Tu ara saxelmwifo? ra-
tom unda daemorCilos adamiani im saxelmwifos
mTavrobas, romelSic mas cxovreba uxdeba, da aris
Tu ara SiSis garda damorCilebis sxva saSualeba? ra
aris Tavisufleba? ra aris samarTlianoba? ra aris
Tanasworoba da sasurvelia Tu ara misi arseboba?
amdenad, politikuri filosofiis amocanaa – sa-
xelmwifos arsisa da Zalauflebis, misi miznebisa da
daniSnulebis, adamianis bunebasTan misi urTierTo-
bis kvleva. ingliseli politikuri moRvawe edmund
berki werda: Teoretikosi filosofosis saqmea miu-
TiTos saxelmwifos WeSmarit miznebze, praqtikosi
politikosis saqme ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man un-
da ipovos saWiro saSualebebi am miznebis misaRwevad
da SesZlos kidevac waramatebiT gamoiyenos igi.
sawyiss etapze politikuri filosofia, politi-
kur mecnierebasTan erTad iyo adamianTa socialuri
da politikuri qcevebis yovlmxriv Semswavleli.
politikuri filosofia normatiuli disciplinaa.
filosofias yovelTvis ainteresebda `ara arsebu-
li~, aramed is, rac `unda iyos~ da rac unda gakeT-
des. amitom umetesad politikis filosofiuri ga-
azreba atarebda upiratesad eTikur, mavaldebule-
bel da rogorc dRes vambobT normatiul xasiaTs.

43
 normativuli es aris faseulobaTa da qcevis we-
sebis ganmsazRvreli – `is rac sasurvelia iyos da
ara is rac aris~.
ianoS kiSi aRniSnavs, rom politikuri filoso-
fiis ZiriTadi kiTxvebia:
pirveli, romeli institucionaluri wesrigia
marTebuli?
meore – romeli sazomebiT unda Sefasdes socia-
luri institutebi?
mesame, rogor xdeba am Sefasebis sazomebiT in-
stitucionaluri wesrigis SerCeva da damkvidreba?
am kiTxvebidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, rom po-
litikuri filosofia zneobis filosofiasTan
mWidro kavSirSia. igi eZebs WeSmaritebis da sikeTis
principebs, raTa adamianebi ufro bednierebi iyvnen.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zneobis filosofiisagan
gansxvavebiT politikuri filosofia am principebs
pirovnebis qcevaze ki ar avrcelebs, aramed zepi-
rovnul institutebze. romeli instituti unda mi-
viRoT, raTa Cveni qcevisa da cxovrebis koordina-
cia SevZloT?
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba politikuri filo-
sofiis klasikuri memkvidreobis gaazrebas. platon-
ma politikur filosofias ori Txzuleba miuZRvna:
`saxelmwifo~ da `kanonebi~, aristotelem – specia-
luri traqtati `politika~, avgustinem `RvTis qa-
laqi~, makiavelma `mTavari~, hobsma `leviaTani~, mon-
teskiem – `kanonTa goni~, Jan-Jak rusom `sazogado-
ebrivi xelSekruleba~. politikuri filosofiis
problemebs ikvlevdnen kanti, hegeli, marqsi, benta-
mi, jon stiuart mili, da a.S. me-20 saukunis politi-
kur filosofiaSi muSaobdnen jon roulsi `samar-
Tlianobis Teoria~, robert noziki `anarqia, saxel-

44
mwifo da utopia~. isaia berlini `Tavisuflebis ori
Tvalsazrisi~, jon nervensoni `Tanasworobis da Ta-
visuflebis Sepirispireba, Tavisuflebis upirate-
soba~. j. raci `liberalizmi, avtonomia da neitra-
luri damokidebulobis politika~ da sxvebi.
germaneli filosofosis edmund hesurlis (1839-
1938) sityvebiT, politikuri filosofia, es aris po-
litikis `morfologiuri arsi~, romelic Seadgens
politikis fenomenalur mxares konkretuli gamov-
linebebiT, formebiTa da faqtebiT.
amdenad, politikuri filosofiis amocanaa – sa-
xelmwifos arsisa da Zalauflebis, misi miznebisa da
daniSnulebis, adamianis bunebasTan misi urTierTo-
bis kvleva.

§3. politikuri filosofia guSin da dRes

XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi TiTqosda daikarga

interesi politikur filosofiis problemebze. rac
gamowveuli iyo gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebidan
logikuri pozitivizmisa da enis filosofiis aRmav-
lobiT. am mimdinareobebis mixedviT normatiuli xa-
siaTis msjelobebi arc erT kategorias ar unda mie-
kuTvnebodes. maTi dasabuTeba faqtebis meSveobiT
SeuZlebelia da arc analitikur WeSmaritebas Sei-
caven. amdenad, politikuri filosofia fsevdo –
codnis matareblad moinaTla.
Tanamedrove pozitivizmi uars ambobs politiku-
ri filosofiaze, ramdenadac mas aramecnierulad
Tvlis. pozitivizmi axlac eTanxmeba im princips, ra-
sac misi fuZemdebeli ogiust konti amtkicebda, rom
Tanamedrove mecniereba aris codnis umaRlesi for-

45
ma. politikuri filosofia ki Teologiisa da meta-
fizikisagan gansxvavebiT absoluturi codnis magiv-
rad SefasebiT codnas aRiarebs.
pozitivizmi, romelmac mecnierebaSi miiRo Tavi-
si saboloo forma, gaacnobiera gansxvaveba faqteb-
sa da Rirebulebebs Soris. mecnierebis kompetencia-
Si Sedis mxolod faqtiuri msjelobebi. pozitivis-
turi socialuri mecniereba `Tavisufalia Rirebu-
lebebisagan~ an `eTikurad neitraluria~.
leo Strausi aRniSnavs: dRes politikuri filo-
sofiaSi adgili aqvs mxolod uTanxmoebas mis sagan-
Tan, meTodebTan da funqciebTan mimarTebaSi. kiT-
xvis qveS dadga misi arsebobis SesaZlebloba raime
formiT. erTaderTi, raSic Tanxmdebian politikuri
mecnierebis swavlulebi, aris is, rom politikuri
filosofiis istoriis Seswavlas SeuZlia sargeblis
motana, xolo rac Seexeba bolo periodis udidesi
filosofosebis bergsonis, uaithedis, huserlis,
haidegeris, kohenis Semoqmedebas, davinaxavT, ro-
gor aris dakninebuli politikuri filosofia.
1970 wlis dasawyisSi politikuri filosofia
aRorZinebis gzas daadga. zogierTi mkvlevari poli-
tikuri filosofiis aRorZinebis, anu Semotriale-
bis TariRad 1971 wels asaxelebs, rac dakavSirebu-
lia jon roulsis fundamenturi Sromis `samarTli-
anobis Teoriis~ gamosvlasTan.

46
 §4. politikuri filosofia da sxva
politikuri mecnierebebi

dRes Zalian bevrs saubroben politikur Teolo-

giaze, politikur mecnierebaze, politikur socio-
logiaze, politologiaze da a.S. sad gadis zRvari
politikur filosofiasa da CamoTvlil discipli-
nebs Soris?
ufro naTlad, rom warmovidginoT platonis `sa-
xelmwifos~ anda monteskies `kanonTa gons~ ganixi-
laven, rogorc politikuri filosofiis, aseve po-
litikuri sociologiis da danarCeni politikuri
mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi.
visi kuTvnilebaa es naSromebi, politikuri fi-
losofiis Tu sxva politikuri mecnierebebis? sad
gadis sazRvari, mag. platonis `saxelmwifoSi‘‘. es
rTuli sakiTxia, magram es dabneuloba gaifanteba
Tu Cven CamovayalibebT nebismieri disciplinis
kvlevis obieqtsa da amocanebs.
saWiroa mokled mimovixiloT, Tu ra ganasxvavebs
erTmaneTisagan politikur mecnierebas, politikur
filosofias da politikur sociologias erTmane-
Tisagan.
politikuri mecniereba cdilobs daadginos `ra
aris~, da ara is, `ra SeiZleba iyos~ momavalSi. misi
sfero ar scdildeba awymos da arsebuls. is ikvlevs
im institutebs, ramdenadac isini politikuri rea-
lobis Semadgeneli nawilia.
Tanamedrove Teoretikosi denkeni aRniSnavs: po-
litikur mecnierebebze saubari niSnavs sami ramis
iribad mtkicebas. pirveli imisa, rom arsebobs cod-
nis gansakuTrebuli tipi, intuiciuri da Cveuleb-
rivi codnisagan gansxvavebuli, romelic Tavisi spe-

47
cifikurobidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebul sa-
xels, statuss, ndobas imsaxurebs, rasac tradiciu-
lad mecnierebas uwodeben. garda amisa, arsebobs Ta-
viseburebaTa da Sida kavSirebis aRniSnuli sfero,
romelsac mTlianobaSi politikas uwodeben. bolos
codnis es sfero da es tipi SeiZleba erTmaneTs dau-
kavSirdes, romelic politikuri movlenebis Sem-
swavleli mecniereba iqneba.
politikuri mecniereba ar aris mecniereba poli-
tikaze da politikur samyaroze. Jan-mari denkeni
aRniSnavs, rom mecniereba politikaze SeiZleba iyos
mecniereba, romelic politikaSi arsebuli pirebis,
rogorc mmarTvelebis, iseve opozicias saSualebas
miscemda TavianTi qmedebebi mecnieruli problema-
tikis CarCoSi moeqciaT. sxva sityvebiT es iqneboda
mecniereba xelisuflebis mopovebasa da SenarCune-
baze. is SesaZlebels gaxdida saSualebebis mizneb-
Tan misadagebas.
rac Seexeba sociologias, rogorc mecniereba is
daafuZna ogiust kontma. aseve man gamoiyena poli-
tikuri mecnierebebis cneba. am cnebis qveS is gulis-
xmobda mecnierebebs, romelTa kvlevis obieqti iyo
sazogadoeba. sociologiasa da politikur mecnie-
rebebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dadgena marti-
via, radgan politika socialuri fenomenia, magram
aqedan ar gamomdinareobs is, rom politikuri mov-
lenebi, mxolod socialuri faqtebia.
dominik kolas mixedviT TviT saxelwodeba `po-
litikuri sociologia~ ukve formulaa. igi gviCve-
nebs rogorc problemas, ise programas. problemebs
ayenebs imdenad, ramdenadac cnebebis `sociologia~
da `politika~ Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebiT erTmaneT-
Tan dakavSirebulia imis gamo, rom zogierTi isto-

48
riul konteqstSi, iseve rogorc saazrovno sistema-
Si `socialursa~ da `politikurs~ Soris arsebobs
identuroba.
politikuri sociologia gansazRvravs agreTve
programas, vinaidan im damokidebulebis analizi,
romelic arsebobs politikasa da sxva socialur
praqtikebsa da institutebs Soris, warmogvidgeba,
rogorc mniSvnelovani amocana politikuri mecnie-
rebebis safuZvlebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sawyis etapze politikuri
filosofia politikur mecnierebasTan erTad ada-
mianTa saqmeebis yovlismomcvel Semswavlelad gvev-
lineboda. mxatvrulad Tu vityviT, dRes igi `daWri-
lia naWrebad~. rac adre mocemuli iyo politikuri
filosofiis da politikuri mecnierebebis saxiT,
dRes is gvevlineba sociologiis, ekonomikis, socia-
luri fsiqologiis, politikuri Teologiisa da a.S.
saxeliT.
rogorc aRvniSneT politikuri mecnierebebi ya-
libdeba empiriuli midgomis, movlenebze dakvirve-
bis safuZvelze. mas ainteresebs, rogor vlindeba
politikuri cxovreba konkretul sferoSi. ZiriTa-
dad orientirebulia faqtebze, rac mocemulia `ax-
la~ da `aq~.
rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi empiri-
uli mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT orientirebu-
lia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tanamedrove modifika-
ciaSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiT-
xvaa: ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs
Tavis politikur xasiaTs xdomilebaSi, rogorc ar-
sobrivi diferenci. es aris siRrmiseuli kvleva – is
orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis Rirebule-
biT orientaciebis Seswavlaze.

49
 politikuri filosofia aris codna politikis
arssa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. is SeimuSavebs poli-
tikur Teorias, idealebs, normatiul principebs,
paradigmebs, modelebs da sxv. ikvlevs politikuri
movlenebis mizezebsa da axdens perspeqtiul prog-
nozebs. is iZleva empiriuli politikuri procese-
bis Semecnebis meTodebs, formebsa da saSualebebs.

50
TaviIII. Ppolitikuri filosofiis klasikuri
Teoriebi

§1. platoni – saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

platoni iyo pirveli, vinc refleqsia moaxdina

saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebul problemebze. am kuT-
xiT, misi naSromebidan gansakuTrebuli adgili uWi-
ravs dialog `saxelmwifos~.
`saxelmwifos~ meore wignSi sokrate Tavis mosaz-
rebas saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezebis Sesaxeb
Semdegnairad gadmoscems: `me mgonia saxelmwifos
maSin eZleva dasabami, roca arcerT adamians aRar
SeuZlia daikmayofilos Tavisi Tavi, radgan aTasi
ram sWirdeba~. saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis safuZve-
li adamianis moTxovnilebebia, romlis gamoc saWi-
ro xdeba meore adamianTan urTierToba. radgan ada-
mians aseTi moTxovnilebebi aqvs – `amitom yoveli
kaci, xan vis mimarTavs da xan vis Tavisi moTxovnile-
bebis dasakmayofileblad. aTasnair gaWirvebas rom
ganicdis, aTasobiT kaci erTiandeba, raTa erTad ic-
xovron da Seewion kidec erTmaneTs. swored am Ta-
nacxovrebas vuwodebT Cven saxelmwifos~.
adamianuri moTxovnilebebidan umTavresi da
pirveladi sazrdosa da elementaruli saarsebo wya-
ros mopovebaa. saxelmwifos am sakiTxebis gadaWra
ZaluZs Semdegnairad: masSi gaerTianebuli adamiane-
bi daiyofian xelobis mixedviT. zogi feiqari iqneba,
zogi mWedeli, zogi xabazi da a. S. yoveli maTgani ga-
akeTebs erT rames da imaze mets gaakeTebs, vidre
mxolod TviTon sWirdeba. magaliTad, Tu xabazs
dReSi hyofnis erTi puri, is gamoacxobs gacilebiT

51
mets, imdens ramdenic sWirdeba yvelas erTad. amis
gamo mas sxva ramis gasakeTebeli dro aRar darCeba,
Tumca sanacvlod is sxvebisagan miiRebs maTi Sromis
nayofs, imdens ramdenic esaWiroeba. TiToeuli maT-
gani iqneba mxolod erT romelime xelobaSi gawafu-
li, radganac aseTi kaci gacilebiT ukeT Seasru-
lebs Tavis saqmes, vidre is, vinc ramodenime xelo-
bis dauflebas erTdroulad cdilobs. is Tu vin ro-
meli xeloba unda Seiswavlos da romelSi unda da-
ostatdes unda gadawydes maTi bunebrivi niWisa da
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTia platonis saxel-
mwifos pirveladi Canasaxi. Semdgom, droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, saxelmwifoSi Cndeba sxva mravali gansxvave-
buli xelobis xalxis saWiroeba. amis gamo adamianTa
Soris urTierTobis pirveladi simartive rTulde-
ba da saWiro xdeba gacvlisa da gadaxdis universa-
luri formis, fulis SemoReba.
roca saxelmwifo aivseba iseTi xalxiT, romelTa
yofnac saxelmwifoSi ar aris aucilebeli, maSin mas
gauWirdeba xalxis gamokveba. aseT dros igi iZule-
buli iqneba mezobel saxelmwifos waarTvas terito-
riebi. amisaTvis ki saWiroa meomris xelobis adamia-
nebi, omis sawarmoeblad. isini saxelmwifos, rogorc
sxva teritoriis SemoerTebisTvis ise sakuTaris
dacvisTvis sWirdeba.
platoni `saxelmwifoSi~ gansakuTrebulad us-
vams xazs bavSTa aRzdis mniSvnelobas. radgan saxel-
mwifos bedi am moqalaqeebzea damokidebuli, saWi-
roa rom isini Tavidanve ise aRizardnon, rom saxel-
mwifos maqsimalurad gamoadgnen. sxeulis aRrzda
aris gimnastikuri aRrzda, sulisa ki – musikuri. mu-
sikuri aRrzda win unda uswrebdes gimnastikurs.

52
 platoni musikalurSi sityvierebasac gulis-
xmobs da magaliTisTvis Tqmulebebi mohyavs, rom-
lebsac bavSvebs uyvebian. radgan es Tqmulebebi udi-
des rols TamaSobs bavSvebis CamoyalibebaSi, amitom
saWiroa kontroli saxelmwifos mxridan, raTa isini
yvela Tqmulebas da yvelasgan ar ismendnen. `uwina-
res yovlisa, Tvalyuri unda vadevnoT TxzulebaTa
mTxzvelebs: Tu maTi qmnileba faseulia, Cvenc movi-
wonebT, Tu ara da, uarvyofT mas. dedebs da aR-
mzrdelebs vTxovT, mxolod Cvens mier mowonebuli
Tqmulebebi uambon TavianT patarebs, raTa maTi meS-
veobiT ufro umal Camoqnan da Camoayalibon norCe-
bis suli, vidre maTi sxeuli – xelebiT~.
saxemwifos Seqmnis mizani aris is, rom mas movu-
povoT yvelaze didi bedniereba. amas ki ganapirobebs
erTis mxriv misi TiToeuli wevris funqciis da ro-
lis mkafio garkveva da miCena saxelmwifoSi, meores
mxriv ki oTxi Tviseba, romliTac unda xasiaTdebo-
des aseTi saxelmwifo. es Tvisebebia: sibrZne, simama-
ce, zomiereba da samarTlianoba.
saxelmwifos SeiZleba brZeni vuwodoT, Tu igi
gonivrul gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, imisaTvis, rom igi brZeni iyos, araa aucilebe-
li mis yvela wevrs gaaCndes es Tviseba. saxelmwifo-
Si xalxs aqvs uamravi ramis codna. Tumca maTgan mci-
redi flobs iseT codnas, romlis meSveobiTac Se-
saZlebeli iqneba ara kerZo, aramed zogadsaxelmwi-
foebrivi problemis gadaWra. aseTi codna aqvT
mmarTvelebs. maSasadame, Tu saxelmwifos mmarTve-
lebs gaaCniaT sibrZne, brZenia Tavad saxelmwifoc.
rac Seexeba meore Tvisebas – simamaces. rogorc
sibrZne, simamacec ar moeTxoveba yvela mosaxles.

53
imisaTvis rom saxelmwifo mamaci iyos, saWiroa misi
meomrebi iyvnen mamacebi.
zomiereba platonTan erTgvari harmoniaa. wina
Tvisebebis sapirispirod, imisaTvis rom saxelmwi-
fos mieweros es Tviseba, misi yvela wevris Zalisxme-
vaa saWiro. zomiereba unda axasiaTebdeT mmarTve-
lebsac da qveSevrdomebsac. saxelmwifoSi mmarTve-
lebi da qveSevrdomebi Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu vin un-
da mbrZaneblobdes.
meoTxe Tviseba – samarTlianoba – dasabams aZ-
levs saxelmwifoSi wina sami Tvisebis arsebobas. sa-
marTlianoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifoSi
yvela Tavis saqmes akeTebdes sxvis saqmeSi Caurev-
lad. yvela misdevdes im saqmes, rac saWiroa saxel-
mwifosTvis da rac mas yvelaze metad Seefereba sa-
kuTari bunebidan gamomdinare.

§2. aristotele saxelmwifos warmoSobis

Sesaxeb

antikur politikuri filosofiis TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli aristoteles Sromebi politikasa
da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa.
mis Teorias politikis filosofiaSi SegviZlia ga-
vecnoT mis mraval naSromSi. am mxriv CvenTvis gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi `politika~.
aristotele saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc
erTgvar kavSirs, romelic Seqmnilia masSi gaerTia-
nebuli adamianebis sakeTildReod. `yoveli saxel-
mwifo erTgvar kavSirs warmoadgens. yoveli kavSiri
ki raime sikeTes isaxavs miznad, radgan yvela yvela-
fers akeTebs imisaTvis, rac sikeTe hgonia. amrigad,

54
cxadia, rom yvela miiswrafvis raime sikeTisaken. um-
Tavresi sikeTisken miiswrafis yvelaze ukeTesi kav-
Siri, romelic moicavs yovelives da es aris e. w. sa-
xelmwifo da saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiri~.
saxelmwifo adamianebs unda aZlevdes imis saSua-
lebas, rom icxovron sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr.
kargi saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes mTeli sazo-
gadoebis interesebs da ara mxolod mis gabatone-
bul nawils.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos warmoSobas, aristote-
le mas gadmoscems movlenaTa Semdegi Tanmimdevro-
biT: qalisa da kacis kavSiri pirveladia da is STamo-
mavlobis datovebas isaxavs miznad. es ar xdeba wi-
naswari ganzraxviT, aramed bunebrivad. es movlena
adamianebSic iseTive bunebrivia, rogorc cxoveleb-
sa da mcenareebSi.
aucilebloba ganapirobebs xelmZRvanelisa da
qveSevrdomis arsebobas. es aucilebloba Tavdacvis
aucileblobaa. imas, visac SeuZlia movlenebis wi-
naswar ganWvreta gonebiT, Tavisi bunebiT xelmZRva-
neli da mbrZanebelia, xolo visac SeuZlia amis gan-
xorcieleba fizikuri ZalebiT, is qveSevrdomia da
monuri bunebis mqone. gamodis, rom monasa da batons
erTi da igive interesi aqvT da es interesi, Tavdac-
vas exeba.
urTierTobis am ori formidan pirvelad ojaxi
warmoiSveba. `yoveldRiuri urTierTobebisaTvis
kavSirs ojaxi anu gvari warmoadgens~. mas mosdevs
ramodenime ojaxis gaerTianeba, romelic miznad isa-
xavs yoveldRiuri miTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas
da Tu igi ar iqneba, mxolod erTi dRisTvis, maSin
aseT gaerTianebas SegviZlia sofeli vuwodoT. so-
feli bunebrivad aris ojaxebis kolonia. TiToeul

55
ojaxs ojaxis ufrosi marTavs, xolo ojaxis wevrebi
ki erTmaneTs enaTesavebian.
Tavdapirelad soflebi gabneulad iyo. Semdgom
ramodenime dasaxlebam Seqmna dasrulebuli saxel-
mwifo. maTgan TiToeuls aqvs sruli damoukideblo-
ba.
aristotele saxelmwifoebs yofs or nawilad.
maTgan erTi nawilis mizani, arsebobis SenarCunebaa,
meoresi ki – bednieri arseboba. maSasadame, yoveli
polisi bunebrivad aris warmoSobili, rogorc adre
arsebuli kavSiri. `qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi (anu poli-
sebi) warmoadgenen winamorbedi kavSirebis dasru-
lebas, radgan maTi buneba vlindeba maTsave ganviTa-
rebis dasrulebaSi~.
aristoteles mier adamiani gansazRvrulia ro-
gorc politikuri arseba. romeli adamianic saxel-
mwifos gareTaa sakuTari surviliT da ara SemTxve-
viT, is an cudi adamiania, an adamianebze maRla mdgo-
mi.
`bunebrivad rogorc ojaxTan, ise sxva sagnebTan
SedarebiT, pirveli aris qalaqi-saxelmwifo, radgan
mTeli aucileblad win uswrebs nawilis~. mTelis ga-
nadgureba iwvevs yvela nawilis ganadgurebas, xolo
romelime nawilis ganadgureba ar iwvevs mTelis ga-
nadgurebas. saxelmwifo bunebrivad ufro pirvela-
dia, vidre calkeuli adamiani. Tu saxelmwifosgan
dacilebul adamianebs ar SeuZliaT damoukideblad
arseboba, maSin maT iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT sa-
xelmwifosTan, rogorc sxva nawilebs mTelTan.
saxelmwifos mizani da yvelaze ukeTesi aris da-
moukidebloba. rogorc damoukidebloba dakargu-
li adamiani aRar aris adamiani da iqceva monad, ise
saxelmwifo, romelic dakargavs damoukideblobas,

56
aRar unda CaiTvalos saxelmwifod. saxelmwifos,
rogorc mTelis, damoukidebloba, ganapirobebs misi
wevrebis, rogorc nawilebis damoukideblobas.
aristoteles saxelmwifos arsebobis ZiriTad
niSnad swored damoukidebloba miaCnia. mxolod da-
moukidebel saxelmwifoSi arian misi moqalaqeebi
Tavisufalni da maSin aris saxelmwifo namdvili.
aseT saxelmwifos SegviZlia dadebiTi saxelmwifo
vuwodoT.
aristoteles mixedviT, dadebiTi saxelmwifoa
is, romelSic yvelaze metad kanonebs scemen pativs.
radgan kanoni niSnavs wesrigs, kargi kanoni aucileb-
lad kargi wesrigia. wesrigisa da kanonierebis gare-
Se SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos marTva. kanonebiT
cxovreba aris monobidan xsna da ara monoba. aristi-
telesTan kargi saxelmwifo aris iseTi saxelmwifo
`romelsac sworad xelmZRvaneloben, xolo sworad
marTaven im saxelmwifos, sadac miznad aqvT dasaxu-
li bedniereba~.
aristotelesTan adamiani sazogadoebrivi arse-
baa, mas aqvs metyvelebis unari, romelic sxvebTan
urTierTobisaTvis sWirdeba. amave dros igi ar aris
TviTkmari arseba anu mas ar ZaluZs TviTon moipo-
vos yvelaferi rac sWirdeba, amitom mas sxvebTan Ta-
nacxovreba uxdeba. amasTanave is erTaderTi arse-
baa, romelsac keTilisa da borotis cnebebi aqvs.
aqedan gamomdinare sxvebTan Tanacxovrebis yvelaze
kargi forma misTvis aris saxelmwifo, anu kanonebiT
regulirebuli, mdgradi da Taobidan Taobaze ga-
damwdomi erTad yofna.
amgvarad TviT misi buneba ubiZgebs adamians sa-
xelmwifosaken. mis gareT darCenili kaci ki mxolod
amaze fiqrobs. is, visac Tavi TviTkmari hgonia da sa-

57
xelmwifoSi yofnis moTxovnileba ara aqvs, an cxove-
li unda iyos an RmerTi anu adamianze ufro Seuda-
reblad ufro Zlieri arseba.
erToblivi interesebiT ganpirobebulia ara mxo-
lod adamianTa erTad cxovrebis da erTi kanoniT
cxovrebis aucilebloba, aramed garkveuli ierarqi-
iT, garkveuli qonebrivi uTanasworobiT cxovrebis
aucileblobac. rogorc qalsa da mamakacs STamomav-
lobis Seqmnis saerTo interesi ubiZgebT erTad
yofnisaken, ise bunebis mier mmarTvelad dabadebul
adamians da marTulad dabadebul adamians saerTo
interesi ubiZgebT gaerTianebisaken saxelmwifos sa-
xiT: pirvelis mowodebas gansazRvravs Zlieri gone-
ba, romelic mas ganWvretis unars aniWebs, meorisas
– amgvari gonebis uqonloba, rac mas aiZulebs xel-
mZRvaneli eZebos.
keTildReobis miznidan gamomdinare, saxelmwi-
fo unda iyos TviTkmari. imasac, Tu ra zomisa unda
iyos erTad yofnis bunebrivi moTxovnilebis gamo
Seqmnili saxelmwifo, aristoteles azriT, Tavisi
obieqturi safuZveli aqvs: rogorc aRvniSneT:
a. adamianTa erTobani, ojaxebi qmnian sofels.
ramdenime soflis erToba ukve saxelmwifoa. maTi
saxelmwifod yofnis aucilebeli pirobaa is, rom es
saxelmwifo TviTkmari iyos: misi zoma da misi mosax-
leobis Semadgenloba iseTi unda iyos, rom SesaZle-
beli iyos saarsebo moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba
sakuTari produqciiT.
b. is, rom saxelmwifos erTaderTi udidesi amo-
canaa sxva saxelmwifoebze Zlevamosileba da maTgan
Tavis dacva, aristotelesaTvis udavoa. amitom igi
am debulebis dasabuTebas saWirod ar Tvlis. is, Tu
ramdenad uwyobs xels saxelmwifos esa Tu is wyoba

58
am funqciis Sesrulebas, misTvis erTaderTi mTava-
ri sazomia am wyobis SefasebisaTvis.
g. aristotele iseve arsebiTad Tvlis saxelmwi-
fos zneobriv funqcias, rogorc platoni.
adamianTa yoveli erTianoba, aristoteles az-
riT, raRacisTvis erTianobaa. yvelaze didi da maRa-
li sikeTisaken miswrafebas emsaxureba, Sesabamisad,
adamianTa yvelaze didi erTianoba – saxelmwifoa.
amitomacaa, rom `saxelmwifo arsebobs ara mxolod
imisTvis, rom vicxovroT, aramed imisTvis, rom bed-
nierad vicxovroT~. aristoteles azriT ki bednie-
rad cxovreba mxolod zneobrivad cxovreba SeiZle-
ba iyos.
erT saxelmwifod yofna araa adamianisTvis mxo-
lod xelSekruleba. ase rom iyos, maSin erTmaneTs
Soris xelSekrulebebis mqone qveynebi, romelTac
erTimeorisagan ara undaT ra garda urTierTTavda-
usxmelobisa, erT saxelmwifod iqnebodnen SeerTe-
bulni. sacxovrebeli adgilis erToba, gacvla-ga-
mocvlis saWiroeba da wyenaTagan erToblivi dacva
aucilebeli, magram ara sakmarisi pirobebia saxel-
mwifos arsebobisTvis. saxelmwifo gvaqvs mxolod
maSin, roca gvaqvs adamianTa Sesabamisi zneobrivi mi-
zanswrafva. `yovelive es damyarebulia urTierTme-
gobrobaze, radgan swored igia erToblivi cxovre-
bis piroba~.
aristoteles es bolo debulebac, iseve rogorc
misi debuleba saxelmwifos zneobrivi funqciis Se-
saxeb saerTod, aqtualobadakarguli dResac ar
aris. `siyvaruli~ moqalaqeebs Soris, rac moqalaqe-
nis mier erTmaneTis piradad cnobas gulisxmobs, Se-
saZlebeli iyo berZnul polisSi, Tumca dRes warmo-
udgenelia.

59
 cnebaSi `saxelmwifo~ aristotele, iseve rogorc
platoni, nakleb gulisxmobs teritorias, romelic
am saxelmwifos uWiravs, vidre im adamianTa kre-
buls, romlebic mis mosaxleobas – mis xalxs Seadge-
nen. amitom roca igi laparakobs `saxelmwifos nawi-
lebze~, igi gulisxmobs ara teritoriis nawilebs,
aramed mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebs.
aristotele akritikebs platonis `saxelmwifo-
Si~ Camoyalibebul zogierT mosazrebas. maT Soris
erT-erTia qonebis gaerTianebis Teoria, anu saerTo
sakuTrebis saWiroeba.
platonis `saxelmwifos~ mixedviT, saxelmwifoSi,
saerTo unda iyos bavSvebi, qalebi da qoneba. aris-
totele Tvlis, rom sokrates msjelobaSi sakmari-
sad araa dasabuTebuli, Tu ra mizeziT aris saWiro
es gaerTianeba. garda amisa, aristotele platons
akritikebs im nawilSic, sadac Camoyalibebulia hi-
poTeza, rom saukeTeso saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba me-
tad erTiani unda iyos. Tu saxelmwifo ganuwyvet-
liv viTardeba gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT, maSin is
aRar iqneba saxelmwifo, radgan saxelmwifo erTgva-
ri simravlea Tavisi arsiT da Tu is gaerTiandeba,
maSin mis nacvlad miviRebT erT ojaxs. erTi ojaxi-
dan ki erT adamians. saxelmwifos erTgvarovani nawi-
lebi ar qmnian. igi mravalricxovani da gansxvavebu-
li adamianebisgan iqmneba. saxli ufro metad aris
erTi, vidre saxelmwifo, xolo adamiani ufro meta-
data erTi, vidre ojaxi. amitom, Tu vinme SeZlebs sa-
xelmwifos gaerTianebas, igi amiT saxelmwifos mos-
pobs. aseTia mokled aristoteles argumenti.

60
 §3. nikolo makiavelis politikuri
filosofiis arsi – makiavelizmi

makiavelis memkvidreobam gadamwyveti roli Seas-

rula politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
nikolo makiaveli daibada florenciaSi, 1469
wels. 1494 wels rodesac makiaveli politikur sam-
saxurSi Caeba, mediCebis sagvareulo daeca. dacemas
moyva maTi gaZeveba florenciidan.
makiavelis saxelmwifo karieris moRvaweobis
ganmavlobaSi florenciaSi respublikuri mmarTve-
loba iyo, rac gagrZelda 1512 wlamde, rodesac me-
diCis sagvareulo xelisuflebaSi dabrunda da maki-
avelma Tanamdeboba dakarga. mediCis sagvareulo
mmarTavda florencias 1512 wlidan 1527 wlamde,
rodesac isini kidev erTxel iqnen gaZevebulni.
1494 wlidan anu mediCebis gaZevebidan 1512 wlam-
de anu maT dabrunebamde saxelmwifo samsaxurSi 4
wlis muSaobis Semdeg igi dainiSna meore kancelari-
is kanclerad da mdivnad.
makiavelis sazogado moRvaweoba aRsavse iyo mov-
lenebiT, romelic pap aleqsandre VI-isa da misi va-
Jis Cezare borjas, valentinis hercogis ambiciebis
Sedegi iyo da es personaJebi did adgils ikaveben ma-
kiavelis `mTavar~-Si. igi arasodes ixevs ukan amxi-
los hercogis qmedebebi, romlebic sargeblobis
momtania im uzurpatorebisTvis, romelTac surT
SeinarCunon dapyrobili saxelmwifoebi.
`mTavris~ TiToeul gmirs miniWebuli aqvs fun-
qcia gangvimartos esa Tu is moraluri situacia, sa-
idanac gamomdinareobs konkretuli qcevis Sedegi.
swored personaJebis meSveobiT gangvimartavs makia-
veli politikuri aspeqtis sicxades da WeSmarite-

61
bas. misi gmirebis saxiTaa gadmocemuli socialuri
problemebis ueWveloba.
mediCebis dabruneba florenciaSi daTariRebu-
lia 1512 wlis 1 seqtembers da amis Sedegad respub-
likis dacema iyo signali makiavelisa da misi megob-
rebis Tanamdebobidan gasaTavisufleblad.
warmosaxviT samyaroSi yofnisas makiavels gauR-
rmavda interesi samTavroebis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris
samTavro? rogori SeiZleba arsebobdes is? rogor
SeiZleba maTi mopoveba da SenarCuneba? da ra aris
maTi dakargvis mizezebi? misi azriT axali mTavri-
saTvis swored misi fantazia unda iyos gamosadegi.
ra aris makiavelizmi? ra mniSvneloba aqvs mis
arsebobas? `makiavelizmi~ rogorc termini mraval
konteqstSia aRqmuli. is mravalgzis interpretire-
bulia politikur filosofiaSi. Tumca misi mizani
es ar aris.
termini `makiavelizmi~ erTis mxriv aRqmulia,
rogorc politikuri cxovrebis bneli da uzneo mxa-
re. es mosazreba warmoiSva misi moZRvrebis araswo-
ri gagebisa da moazrovneebis kerZo Sexedulebis
mcdari ganmartebisagan. maSin rodesac makiavelis,
rogorc mecnierisa da rogorc mowinave Sexedule-
bis mqone adamianis dasacavad gamodiodnen bekoni,
spinoza, ruso da hegeli.
Tomas m. maqStadti, rogorc aRniSnavs `sazoga-
doebrivi azris istoriidan cnobilia saxelmwifos
marTvis uflebisaTvis brZola aris aqtualuri da
masTan pirdapir kavSirSia Teoriuli politikis
codna. aTenSi da ramdenime italiur qalaq-respub-
likaSi qonda adgili demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
periodebs, rodesac marTvis organoebSi monawile-
obda xalxi, rac mniSvnelovnad afarToebda saxel-

62
mwifosa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli, sakuT-
riv socialuri gansazRvrebis Sexedulebas.
makiavelis politikuri Sexedulebebi yalibde-
boda politikur koncefciebsa da brZolebze dak-
virvebis Sedegad. magram misi mTavari mizani iyo ar-
sebuli politikuri dawesebulebis reformaTa gan-
xorcieleba da axali sazogadoebrivi wesrigis gan-
mtkicebis gzebisa da misi saSualebis Zieba. makiave-
lis `mTavarma~ axali politika, axali xedva daafuZ-
na. es axali diskursi gansakuTrebiT naTlad da ka-
tegoriulad yalibdeba dauwerel kanonSi `mizani
amarTlebs saSualebas~, romelic miewereba makia-
vels.
makiavelim erTis mosmiT gawyvita is uxilavi Za-
febi, romlebiTac saxelmwifo adamianuri yofiere-
bis organul modelTan iyo mibmuli. miuxedavad yve-
lafrisa makiaveli arsad ar axdens moralurobis
principebze Tavdasxmas. politikuri cxovrebis
problemebSi CarTuls miaCnia, rom am principebi-
saTvis aranairi saWiroeba ar aris. politikur Ta-
maSs verasodes iTamaSeb motyuebis, gacruebis, dana-
Saulis, muxanaTobis gareSe. makiavelis TeoriaSi
dafuZnda universaluri egoizmis, moraluri indi-
ferentizmis da yovladZlieri kanonmdeblobis cne-
ba.
makiavelim yvelaze ukeT SeZlo moenaxa saxelmwi-
fos is mniSvneloba, romelic Tanamedrove politi-
kur saazrovno sivrceSi ar kargavs aqtualurobas.
am mimarTulebiT makiaveli agrZelebs aristoteles
tradicias, romelmac pirvelma daiwyo saxelmwifo
saqmeebis Seswavla. aman naTlad aCvena is ori gza,
romlis meSveobiTac SesaZebelia politikur dawese-
ulebaTa analizi, – SedarebiTi Seswavlis gza, ro-

63
melsac warmatebiT iyenebda TviTon makiaveli, ak-
virdeboda da adarebda erTmaneTSi frangul- germa-
nuli dawesebulebebs da meore gza an meTodi iyo –
istoriul dogmaturi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
urTierToba, pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos, saero da
saeklesio Zalauflebis, samxedro organizaciasa da
saxelmwifo wyobilebis Tanafardoba da urTierT
damokidebuleba, saxelmwifoebrivi wyobisa da mar-
Tvis gansxvavebul formaTa Casaxvis, revoluciisa
da cvlis sakiTxebi (gansakuTrebiT respublikuri
da monarqistuli formebi). `politikis rogorc in-
teresTa mudmivi Sedarebisa da brZolis gegmam, ma-
kiavels misca saSualeba gaeanalizebina Tavisi dro-
is politikuri cvlilebisa da procesebis realis-
turi suraTi.~
aman saSualeba misca mas axleburad gaeSuqebina
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis da misi ZiriTadi dawe-
sebulebis tradiciuli Tematika.
`mTavar~-Si makiavelma daxata politikuri re-
formatoris tipi, gamoxata amave drois amgvari re-
formatorobis Zalauflebis SenarCunebisa da mxar-
daWeris yvela misi warmosaxvisTvis arsebuli gzebi
da saSualebebi.
igi dadebiTi mniSvnelobiT epyroba antikuri po-
litikuri azrovnebas. radgan antikuri politikuri
filosofiis avtorebi amodiodnen saxelmwifos, ro-
gorc saerTo dawesebulebis Sesaxeb warmodgenisa-
gan. romelic Tavisufali iyo Teologiuri danawev-
rebisagan, makiavelma aiTvisa realisturi midgomis
meTodi da uari Tqva wminda werilidan moyvanil ar-
gumentebze. makiaveli realur politikis ambebs ga-
nixilavs bunebrivi faqtebis msgavsad, politikuri
azris Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT. man politikuri

64
mecniereba daiyvana realur safuZvelze da didad
gansazRvra misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzebi.
makaivelis azriT yovel saxelmwifoSi arsebobs
ori urTierT-gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba, xalxi mi-
iswrafis imisken raTa ar iyos Seviwrovebuli warCi-
nebuli moqalaqeebis mier da maTi Zalauflebis Sem-
cirebisken. aristokratebi ki cdiloben, rom xelSi
igrZnon Zalaufleba, rac SeiZleba Zlierad da gaaZ-
lieron xalxis Cagvra. am ori gansxvavebuli miswra-
febebi Sedegia, rom saxelmwifoSi Warbobs an uzena-
esi Zalaufleba an Tavisufleba an anarqia. amave
dros uzenaesi Zalaufleba SeiZleba saxelmwifos
gadaeces an xalxis an aristokratiis mier, imis mi-
xedviT Tu am orTagan romeli isargeblebs misi upi-
ratesobis SemTxveviT. rogorc ki darwmundebian,
rom xalxs veRar akaveben, mTel Tavis gavlenas erT
kacs mianiWeben da mTavrad dasvaven, raTa misi mfar-
velobis qveS TavianT nebaze iparpaSon. asevea xal-
xic, roca dainaxavs, rom didebulebi winaaRmdego-
bas veRar uwevs, mTel Tavis Zalisxmevas erT kacs ga-
dascems da xelisuflebis saTaveSi ayenebs mas, raTa
TavianT mfarvelad egulebodeT. is vinc didebul-
Ta SemweobiT aRwevs Tavis Zalauflebas ufro Zne-
lad inarCunebs mas vidre is, vinc xelisuflebas
xalxis SemweobiT udgeba saTaveSi.
makiavelis politikuri Sexedulebisa da princi-
pebis gasagebad Zalian bevrs gvaZlevs adamianis bu-
nebasa da samyaroSi adamianis adgilis miseuli gan-
marteba.
samyaro makiavelis azriT ar aris harmoniuli
wesrigi, romelic Seqmnilia mosiyvarule Semoqme-
dis mier. makiavelisTvis es aris adamianebisTvis
mtruli Zalebis qaosi. `bunebam adamians misca met-

65
yvelebis niWi da unarebi daxvewa da daaxelovna ada-
mianuri unarebi, magram manve Cado pativmoyvareobi-
sa da sixarbis Sxami. cxovelebi kmayofildebian co-
taTi, adamianebs ki eSiniaT siRaribis da eZeben sim-
didres, romelic uketavs maT gzas sikeTisaken. cxo-
velebi ikvebebian imiT rasac maT zeca ugzavnis da
rac ufro umweoa adamiani, miT ufro SeuzRudavia
misi vnebebi. admaiani ki daZrwis mTel qveyanaze sur-
vilebis dasakmayofileblad. adamianis daxvewili
unarebi misi tanjvis wyaroa, adamianis simdidre mi-
si siRaribisa da sisustis wyaroa da rac ufro
mtrulia misdami buneba miT ufro ganwirulia Tav-
gawiruli brZola arsebobisaTvis. am brZolam Seqmna
saxelmwifo, zneoba, religia, is, rac Seadgens ara-
fizikur bunebas.~
adamianebi jer kidev tyuvdebian TavianTi gu-
lubryvilobiT da sixarbiT. romlebic moralis sa-
SualebiTaa kargad SeniRbuli da makiavelma amxila.
adamianebi ise ki ar aRiqvamen movlenebs, rogorc
isini arian sinamdvileSi, aramed ise rogorc maT un-
daT da amis Sedegad iRupebian.
politikaSi jer ar arsebobs sruliad usafrTxo
gza, gonieria is vinc yvelaze naklebad saxifaTo
gzas irCevs, Sedegad gadadis ra ufro maRal etapze.
makiaveli kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom `Tumca dana-
Sauls SeuZlia Segvaqmnevinos imperia magram ver
mogvitans didebas. saWiro omebi samarTliani omebi,
eris brZola wmindaa, roca mas brZolis garda sxva
arCevani ar rCeba~
makiavelis mixedviT `mTavars~ xSirad miaweren
erT im TvisebTagans, romelTa gamoc maT adideben an
gmoben, saxeldobr erTs guluxvad Tvlian meores
Zunwad, erTs flangvelad miiCneven meores mtaceb-

66
lad, erT gulqvad meores gulmowyaled, erTs kac-
Tmoyvared meores kacTmoZuled da ase Semdeg. vici
yvela dameTanxmeba ra didebuli iqneboda, marTlac
rom moiZebnebodes yvela im TvisebiT Semkuli mTava-
ri, romelsac qebis Rirsad Tvlian, radgan TviT Cve-
ni arsebobis wesi SeuZlebels qmnis imas, rom kaci
uklebliv flobdes yvela am Tvisebas da arasodes
ar bRalavdes maT, amitom mTavari imdenad keTilgo-
nieri unda iyos, rom Tavidan icilebdes mTel im bi-
wierebas, rasac SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakargvinos
da SeZlebisdagvarad iridebdes yvela im biwsac,
romlebic nakleb saSiSni arian am TvalsazrisiT.
magram Tu es SeuZlebelia mTavars diaxac aqvs imis
ufleba rom didad ar Seiwuxos Tavi, mas isic SeuZ-
lia arafrad Tvlides gmobdes yvela im biwis gamo,
romelTa gareSec gauWirdeboda samyaros SenarCu-
neba. radgan Tu kargad avwon davwoniT yvelafers,
davrwmundebiT, rom aris zogi ram, rasac SeiZleba
erTi SexedviT siqveleT mogveCvenos, magram garda-
uval daRupvas uqqadis mTavars, romelic miznad da-
isaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas da zogic iseTi
ram, rac SeiZleba biwi gegonos, magram simSvidesa da
keTildReobas sTavazobs mTavars, romelic ar uf-
rTxis mas. `mTavari makiavelis mixedviT unda miis-
wrafvodes imisken, rom mas Tvlidnen keTili, saTno,
patiosan, mowyale, mzrunvel, guluxv da ara mkacr,
Zunw da verag pirovnebad. magram mas amave dros ar
unda eSinodes iyos cbieri da fariseveli, Tu aRmoC-
ndeba, rom patiosneba da sxva saTnoebis SenarCune-
bas da qveSevrdomTa erTgulebas am miznis misaxwev
saSualebaTa da xerxTa Soris samxedro Zala, dip-
lomatiuri moxerxebuloba, SorsmWvretelobaa ga-
marTlebuli, simkacre da misi bWobani politikuri

67
qcevis normebsa da wesebis Sesaxeb efuZneba ara ab-
straqtul samarTlianobasa da qristianul moralis
normebs, aramed wmindad utilitaluria eqvemdeba-
reba politikuri miznis miRwevis amocanas.~ (g. Tev-
zaZe). igi aTavisuflebis politikas saeklesio mora-
lisagan da Sua saukuneebis sqolastikisa da fsevdo-
mecnierobisa da dogmatizmisagan. amis gamo maT xSi-
rad abraleben uzneobasa da tiranis xelSewyobas.
politikis damoukidebeli da TavisTavadi wese-
bisa da xerxebis SeswavliT da im Teologiuri war-
modgenebisa da rwmenis uaryofiT, romlebiTac sav-
se iyo Sua saaukuneebis sazogadoeba, makiavelma gaa-
keTa gadamwyveti nabiji, politikis mecnierebad
qcevis gzaze. ar aris swori imis Tqma, rom makiavle-
ma politika savsebiT gaaTavisufla moralisagan,
moralisagan `gaaTavisufla~ da ara gaauqma.
makiavelTan gvevlineba, mxolod Teoriuli ga-
nazrebisas Tanac es ganTavisufleba warmoadgens
mxolod politikis damoukidebl sferod ganmarte-
bas, romelic srulebiTac ar uaryobs moralis sa-
kiTxebs.
baCana bregvaZe aRniSnavs: `mTavr~-is avtoris po-
litikuri cinizmis Sesaxeb warmodgena ver uTaxmde-
ba mis mier saxelmwifos, rogorc adamianuri zneo-
bis aRmzdeli da gardaqmneli saSualebebis gagebas.
saxelmwifo moRvawisaTvis igi SesaZleblad Tvlida
miemarTa iseTi zomebisaTvis, romlebic upirispir-
debodnen adamianurobas, mxolod erT ukidures Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac warmoiqmneboda saSiSroeba, ro-
melic ganadgurebiT emuqreba mTels samSoblos, ma-
muls. Tavis samSoblos gadasarCenad makiaveli yve-
lafrisaTvis mzadaa.~

68
 moraluri kanonzomierebis garda mTavars auci-
leblad unda gaaCndes personaluri Tvisebebi, sai-
dan gamomdinarec SeiZleba Camoyalibdes gamarTle-
buli midgoma ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi. mTavris sikeTe
swored misi keTilgoniereba uqadis, keTilgoniere-
bas ki mravali mimarTulebiT sWirdeba gamoyeneba.
makiavelis azriT mTavari melac unda iyos da
amave dros mgelic. melad yofnas da mglad yofnas
raTqma unda Tavisi Snaarsobrivi mniSvneloba gaaC-
nia. cbier melad yofna is gamosavalia, rodesac mTa-
vari gonebis daxmarebiT moisazrebs saxelmwifoeb-
rivi an piradi problemebis gadawyvetas. aq aqtua-
luri aris goneba, melis poziciaSi mniSvnelovani
roli swored azrovnebis swored mimarTvazea da
cbierebazea damokidebuli. xolo igives ver vit-
yviT mglis poziciaze, es midgoma ukiduresi Sem-
Txvevaa gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, sadac aqtiuria
Zalismieri da mtkice meTodebi, romelic aucileb-
lad moeTxoveba mTavars.
mTavari unda exmarebodes Zlieri xelisuflebis
princips, unda iyenebdes yovelgvar saSualebas, sa-
xelmwifos ganmtkicebisTvis da aucileblobis Sem-
TxvevaSi unda iCendes simtkicesa da simkacres. anu
zemoT xsenebul mglis princips.
makiavelis sistemis klasifikacia erT-erTi aq-
tualuri meTodia politikuri azrovnebaSi, sxva
utopiur politikuri filosofiis Tezisebis gver-
diT makiavelizmi erT-erTi kargad ganxorcielebu-
li Teoriaa praqtikaSi, rac mis arsebobas met mniS-
vnelobas Zens.
makiavelizmi Tamami gamoxmaurebaa politikuri
situaciebis arsebobisa, is erTgvari axsnaa politi-

69
kuri yofa-cxovrebisa, rac realurad gveZleva yo-
veldRiurebaSi.

§4. jon lokis politikuri filosofiis

zogadi principebi

ingliseli filosofosi jon lokis (1632-1704)

ZiriTadi Sromaa `ori traqtati marTvelobis Sesa-
xeb~. am naSromSi loki ganixilavs adamianis bunebriv
mdgomareobasa da sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
fenomens, ris Semdegac ayalibebs maT Sesaxeb saku-
Tar mosazrebebs.
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganxilvisas
ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, romlebsac pasuxi unda gaeces,
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: aris Tu ara adamiani bunebiT
Tavisufali da arian Tu ara adamianebi bunebiT Ta-
nasworni.
masTan adamiani bunebiT Tavisufali da Tanaswo-
ria. iqve ganmartavs bunebrivi Tavisuflebisa da bu-
nebrivi Tanasworobis Tavisebur gagebas.
adamianis bunebiTi Tavisufleba Semdegnairad
esmis loks: adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar
emorCileba qveynad arsebul araviTar upirates Za-
las, sxva adamianis (an adamianTa) nebasa Tu sakanon-
mdeblo xelisuflebas, aramed mxolod bunebiT ka-
nons aRiarebs.
lokis gagebiT, miuxedavad rigi adamianuri gan-
sxvavebebisa, romelSic igi gulisxmobs iseT adamia-
nur uTanasworebebs rogorebicaa: asaki, janmrTe-
loba, fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis sxva-
dasxvaoba da ase Semdeg (risi ignorirebac ar iqne-
boda samarTliani). es adamianebi Tanasworebi arian

70
iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebaSi. maT Tanabari ufleba
aqvT iyvenen bunebiT Tavisufalni.
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba aris Tavisuf-
lebis mdgomareoba da ara TviTnebobis mdgomareo-
ba. amas, lokis mixedviT, akontrolebs bunebis kano-
nebi, romelic adamianTa kontrolis erTaderTi me-
qanizmia bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. bunebis kanonebi
sruliad gasagebi, interpretirebadi da misaRebia
adamianTa gonebisTvis. adamianis goneba igive misi
kanonebia – wers loki. bunebis kanoni da gonebis ka-
noni erTgvaria. bunebis kanons miRma gasvla tolfa-
sia gonebis kanons miRma gasvlisa.
pirveladi bunebiTi kanoni, romelsac buneba
gvkarnaxobs, es aris kanoni, romelic adamians meore
adamianis mokvlas ukrZalavs. igi zogadad winaaR-
mdegia yovelgvari Zaladobisa. bunebiTi meore ka-
noni exmianeba ra pirvel kanons, miiCnevs, rom yovel
adamians aqvs ufleba dasajos nebismieri maTgani,
vinc am pirvel kanons daarRvevs (lokTan Tavisuf-
leba da samarTlianoba ar aris SeZenili Tvisebebi,
isini adamianis bunebiTi maxasiaTeblebi arian).
gamomdinare bunebiTi kanonebisgan, arsebobs ori
gamarTleba, riTac SeiZleba adamianma ziani miaye-
nos meore adamians: zaralis anazRaureba da Tavdac-
va. Tu adamians aseTi safuZveli gaaCnia, maSin misi
Zaladoba kanonieri iqneba, radgan adamians aqvs bu-
nebiT miniWebuli ufleba daicvas Tavisi sakuTreba
(sicocxle, Tavisufleba, mamuli), daicvas igi sxva
adamianebsi mier miyenebuli zianis an zianis miyene-
bis mcdelobisgan.
rac Seexeba lokis TeoriaSi sazogadoebriv xel-
Sekrulebas, mas loki, bevri sxva filosofosis

71
msgavsad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da masTan sa-
xelmwifos Camoyalibebis safuZvlad miiCnnevs.
lokis azriT adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis
sapirispiro yofaa adamianTa gaerTianeba sazogado-
ebebad, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom yovelgvari sazoga-
doeba politikuri sazogadoebis igiveobrivia. sa-
erTod sazogadoeba yovelgvari SeTanxmebis da xel-
Sekrulebis safuZvelze arsebuli kavSiria. iqneba es
ojaxis formiT arsebuli, col-qmris, Svilebis, mo-
samsaxureTa da monaTa erToblioba, an kidev damqi-
ravebelTa da daqiravebulTa kavSirebi. aqedan arc
damqiraveblis da daqiravebulis, arc ojaxis sazo-
gadoebas ar aqvs ufleba gamosces kanonebi, ganageb-
des maTi wevrebis sicocxles, gamoutanos da aRas-
rulos ganaCeni. monebi adamianTa erTaderTi jgu-
fia, romelTa mimarTac mepatrones yvelanairi uf-
leba aqvs, magram monebi ar arian samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis nawili, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT aranairi sa-
kuTreba, dakarguli aqvT sakuTari sicocxlis uf-
leba da saerTod, maT dakarguli aqvT Tavisufleba.
monebi ver iqnebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevre-
bi, radgan samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania sakuT-
rebis SenarCuneba, maT ki arc sakuTreba aqvT da arc
misi SeZenis ufleba. arc ojaxis sazogadoeba aris
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. ojaxis ufross aqvs gar-
kveuli uflebebi ojaxis wevrebze, magram es monar-
qiis mxolod formaluri msgavsebaa. ojaxis ufrosi
arc kanonebs gamoscems da arc ganaCenis gamotanisa
da Sesrulebis ufleba aqvs. amitom ojaxi ar aris
politikuri sazogadoeba.
loki akritikebs monarqias, rogorc mmarTvelo-
bis saukeTeso formas. lokis azriT monarqia, araa
mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma, aramed bunebriv

72
mdgomareobaSi myof adamianTa erTobaa da mas ver
eqneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis statusi. samoqala-
qo sazogadoebis mizans sazogadoebis keTildReoba
da sikeTe warmoadgens, monarqiis mizans ki – monar-
qis keTildReoba da sikeTe. garda am gansxvavebisa
monarqsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris arse-
bobs sxva, arsebiTi xasiaTis dapirispirebebi. saxel-
dobr, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gvaqvs maSin da mxo-
lod maSin, rodesac xelSekrulebiT Seqmnil saxel-
mwifos sakanonmdeblo organos mier dadgenili ka-
nonebis Zala vrceldeba yvelaze, xolo monarqiis
formiT mmarTvelobis dros arsebul kanonebs Zala
ar aqvT monarqis mimarT. es niSnavs, rom monarqi Ta-
vis qveSevrdomebTan mimarTebaSi bunebrivi Tavi-
suflebis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, igi ar aris raime
kanonmdeblobiT SezRuduli. monarqs SeuZlia ake-
Tos is, rac moesurveba. rogorc Tavisi Tavis, ise
qveSevrdomebis mimarTac SeuzRudavi bunebrivi uf-
leba aqvs. aseT sazogadoebas ki ar SeiZleba samoqa-
laqo sazogadoeba ewodos.
lokis mixedviT, monarqia politikuri sazogado-
ebaa, magram ara samoqalaqo. es ki niSnavs imas, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan gamoiricxeba bunebrivi
sazogadoeba da aseve gamoiricxeba rigi politiku-
ri sazogadoebis formebic.
lokis mixedviT Semdegi saxelmwifo formebi ar-
sebobs: demokratia, oligarqia da monarqia. demok-
ratia esmis rogorc umravlesobis batonoba. monar-
qiaSi loki erTi kacis batonobas gulisxmobs, xolo
oligarqia aris umciresobis batonoba.
monarqiis ori forma arsebobs: memkvidreobiTi
da arCeviTi. arc oligarqiisa da arc monarqiis
formebi ar gamodgeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis asa-

73
Seneblad. mxolod demokratiaa samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis forma.
lokTan gamoiricxulia absoluturi Zalaufle-
ba, rogor samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan SeuTavsebe-
li. misi azriT absoluturi Zalaufleba vis xelSic
ar unda iyos igi Sorsaa imisgan, rom iyos samoqala-
qo sazogadoebis saxeoba, is isea SeuTavsebeli samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebasTan, rogorc monoba sakuTre-
basTan. absoluturi, anu despoturi Zalaufleba ga-
moricxavs sazogadoebis demokratiuli cxovrebis
wess. despotur ZalauflebasTanaa gaigivebuli ti-
raniac, romelic niSnavs Zalauflebis ganxorciele-
bas samrTlis gareSe, risi uflebac aravis aqvs. ti-
ranis mier Zalaufleba gamoiyeneba sakuTari sar-
geblobisTvis. mis moqmedebas warmarTavs sakuTari
nebeloba da ara raime kanoni, is mxolod sakuTari
survilebis Sesrulebaze zrunavs.
loki tiranias ar aigivebs monarqTan. mas miaCnia,
rom mefe SeiZleba kanonebs qmnides, romlebic zRu-
daven mis Zalauflebas da miznad sazogadoebriv si-
keTes isaxavdes. amis sapirispirod tirani sakuTar
nebelobasa da TviTnebobas umorCilebs yvelafers.
tirania samefo xelisuflebisagan imiTac gansxvav-
deba, rom is SeiZleba samefo xelisuflebis er-
TmmarTvelobis nacvlad, ramodenime adamianis er-
TmmarTvelobas efuZnebodes. loks aq moyavs ocdaa-
Ti aTeneli tiranis magaliTi. roca mTavrdeba kano-
ni maSin iwyeba tirania da sul erTia amas erTi Tu
ramodenime adamiani akeTebs.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erT niSnad loki
mSvidobasa da Tanxmobas miiCnevs. samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoeba mSvidobaa imaT Soris visganac is Sedgeba.
aseTi sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris omis mdgomareoba

74
gamoricxulia, im sasamarTlos wyalobiT, romelic
maT erTad Seqmnes. masSi unda damTavrdes yvela dava
moqalaqeebs Soris. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqmnil
sakanonmdeblo organoSi erTiandeba sazogadoebis
yvela wevri erT mTlian, cocxal sxeulad.
Tu adamianebi gaerTianebulni arian erT mTlia-
nobad, ise, rom aqvT saerTo kanoni da samarTali,
romelsac SeuZliaT mimarTon saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si, romelic uflebamosilia gadawyvitos individTa
Soris sadao sakiTxebi da dasajos damnaSaveebi, ma-
Sin gvaqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba – Tvlis loki.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iqmneba xelSekrulebis sa-
fuZvelze. es xelSekruleba gulisxmobs, rom samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis, anu politikuri sazogadoe-
bis TiToeuli wevri nebayofilobiT ambobs uars sa-
kuTari Tavisa da sakuTari qonebis dacvis bunebiT
uflebaze. am uflebas isini gadascemen sazogadoe-
bas, romelsac nebismier dros SeuZliaT mimarTon,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, romelic gamoricxulia Ta-
vad am sazogadoebisave kanoniT.
adamianis Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi isaa, rom
ar daemorCilos sxva sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebas,
garda imisa, rac saxelmwifoSi TanxmobiT miiReba.

75
 §5. Sarl lui monteskie – `kanonTa gonis~
ZiriTadi principebi

frangi moazrovne, Sarl lui monteskies, samar-

Tlebrivi Teoriis mTavari Tema da ZiriTadi faseu-
loba aris politikuri Tavisuflebis idea, romlis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis, aucilebel pirobaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba samarTliani kanonebi.
monteskie cdilobda Caswvdomoda, istoriulad
cvalebadi, pozitiuri kanonebis logikurobas, ag-
reTve maTi Seqmnis faqtorebsa da mizezebs.
adamianebTan mimarTebiT, bunebiTi kanonebi mon-
teskies ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc `Cveni arsebis
mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod gamomdinare~ kanone-
bi.
monteskies azriT, adamiani Tavidanve iyo susti
da Zalzed mSiSara arseba, romelic iswrafoda Ta-
nasworobisa da sxvebTan mSvidobiani cxovrebisaken.
garda amisa, xelisuflebisa da sxvebze batonobis
idea imdenad rTulia da damokidebulia sxva mraval
ideaze, rom ver iqneba adamianis Tavdapirveli azri.
magram, vinaidan adamianebi erTiandebian sazogadoe-
baSi, isini kargaven sakuTari sisustis SegrZnebas;
qreba maT Soris arsebuli Tanasworobac; iwyeba or-
gvari omebi – calkeul adamianebsa da mTel xalxs
Soris. iqmneba individebs Soris urTierTobebis
momwesrigebeli kanonebi (saerTaSoriso samarTali);
mmarTvelsa da qveSevrdomTa Soris urTierTobebis
momwesrigebeli kanonebi (pozitiuri samarTali);
moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli
kanonebi (samoqalaqo samarTali). sazogadoebaSi
mcxovrebi adamianebis moTxovnas, zogad kanonebSi,
monteskies azriT, ganapirobebs saxelmwifos Seq-

76
mnis aucilebloba: `sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarse-
bos mmarTvelis gareSe~. iqmneba e.w. politikuri
mdgomareoba (saxelmwifo). calkeuli adamianebis Za-
lisxmevis aseTi SeerTeba ukve gulisxmobs adamian-
Ta nebis erTobas, anu e.w. samoqalaqo mdgomareobas.
saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad (politikuri mdgoma-
reobisa) da saerTo kanonebis dasadgenad saWiroa,
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli,
mdgomareoba, romelsac monteskie uwodebs samoqa-
laqo mdgomareobas. dadebiTi (pozitiuri, adamianu-
ri) kanoni gulisxmobs samarTlianobis obieqtur xa-
siaTs da samarTlian urTierTobebs. samarTlianoba
win uswrebs pozitiur kanons da ara – piruku.
monterskies mixedviT, kanoni aris adamianuri
goni, romelic warmarTavs yvela adamianis cxovre-
bas. amitom, samoqalaqo da politikuri kanonebi,
romlebsac iReben yvela xalxi, aris sxva araferi,
Tu ara am gonebis kerZo gamoyeneba. aseTi midgomis
realizaciis procesSi, monteskie ikvlevs im faqto-
rebs, romelTa erToblioba qmnis `kanonTa gons~,
anu imas, rac gansazRvravs gonierebas, marTlzomie-
rebas, kanonierebas, samarTlianobas, pozitiur ka-
nonebTan mimarTebiT. kanonebze gadamwyvet gavlenas
axdens, monteskies azriT, buneba da im mTavrobis
principebi, romelic yalibdeba samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebaSi.
yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia monteskies `kanonTa
gonis~ II wignSi mocemulma politikuri mmarTvelo-
bebis klasifikaciam.
monteskie ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqi-
ebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs, xolo Semdeg dayo-
fas axdenda demokratiul respublikebad, romle-
bic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul

77
demokratiebad, romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs
(gansakuTrebiT mdidarTa klasi). respublikebs is-
toriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisa-
gan.
monteskie gansazRvravs mmarTvelobis sam for-
mas: respublikurs, monarqiuls, despotiurs.
respublikur mmarTvelobaSi uzenaesi xelisuf-
leba upyria an mTlianad xalxs (demokratia), an mxo-
lod xalxis nawils (aristokratia).
monarqia – erTi adamianis mmarTvelobaa, Tumca –
dadgenili kanonebis meSveobiT.
despotiaSi yvelafers gansazRvravs erTi piris
neba da TviTneboba, nebismieri kanonisa da rigis
miRma.
monteskie yuradRebas amaxvilebs, kanonisa da
Tavisuflebis Tanafardobis problemaze. gadmog-
vcems kanonebs politikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb:
1. kanoni, romelic adgens politikur Tavisuf-
lebas, saxelmwifo wyobasTan mimarTebiT.
2. kanonebi, romlebic adgenen politikur Tavi-
suflebas, moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT. maSasadame, sa-
ubaria, politikur Tavisuflebis instituciona-
lur da pirovnul aspeqtebze, romlebic unda gan-
mtkicdes sakanonmdeblo wesiT.
am ori aspeqtis Tanafardobis gareSe, politiku-
ri Tavisufleba, arasrulyofili iqneba.
monteskie miiCnevda, rom politikuri Tavisuf-
leba SesaZlebelia mxolod zomieri mmarTvelobis
pirobebSi da ara demokratiis an aristokratiis, mi-
Tumetes – despotiis dros. zomieri mmarTvelobac
ar aris sakmarisi, vinaidan iq, sadac xdeba xelisuf-
lebis gadameteba an borotad gamoyeneba, ver dam-
kvidrdeba politikur Tavisufleba. mxolod xeli-

78
suflebaTa ganawilebis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli, po-
litikuri Tavisuflebis garantireba. xelisufleba
unda gadanawildes sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli
da sasamarTlo organoebs Soris; misi mTavari miza-
nia – xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan
acileba. moqalaqeTa politikuri Tavisufleba, da-
mokidebulia danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardo-
bis principis dacvaze. Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyo-
fisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli sasamarTlo for-
malobebis (procesualuri normebisa da wesebis)
dacva.

§6. Jan-Jak ruso – xelSekrulebiTi Teoria

frangi filosofosi Jan-Jak rusom (1712-1778)

udidesi gavlena iqonia Tavis Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebaze im inteleqtualebs Soris, romelTa erT-
erT umTavres sakvlev obieqts politikuri da soci-
aluri problemebi warmoadgenda. Jan-Jak rusos Se-
xedulebebs aRniSnul problemebze SegviZlia gavec-
noT SromebSi: `gaazrebani adamianTa uTanasworobis
Sesaxeb~, `politikuri ekonomia~, `sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba~.
ruso mixedviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamiani
Tavisufalia yvelafrisgan, maT Soris kanonisganac.
Zalis kanoni aq ar moqmedebs. adamianTa Soris arse-
bobs ori saxis uTanasworeba. pirveli maTgani fizi-
kuri uTanasworebaa, rodesac adamianebi gansxvavde-
bian janmrTelobiT, fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZ-
leblobiT da a.S. aq ruso CamoTvlis adamianTa So-
ris im gansxvavebes, romlebic zemoT lokis mier iyo
aRniSnuli. rac Seexeba meore saxis uTanasworebas,

79
esaa pirobiTi, anu politikuri uTansaworeba.Aam sa-
xis uTanasworeba myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveu-
li konvenciis safuZvelze. ase ganisazRvreba vin
aris ufro mdidari da es mdidari sxvebs aiZulebs
morCilebas.
`sazogadoebaTa Soris uZvelesi da erTaderTi
bunebrivi sazogadoeba aris ojaxi; magram ojaxSic
Svilebi mamasTan manamde rCebian, sanam mas TavianTi
arsebobis SesanarCuneblad saWiroeben~, roca amis
aucilebloba aRar iqneba Svilebi Tavs ixsnian mamis
winaSe morCilebisgan, xolo mamebi ki Tavs ixsnian
Svilebize mzrunvelobisgan da amiT orive mxare ib-
runebs pirvandel damoukideblobas. Tuki aseTi sa-
Wiroebis miuxedavad, mainc gaagrZeleben isini er-
Tad cxovrebas, es iqneba nebayofilobiTi da ara bu-
nebrivi aqti. adamianis pirveli kanoni sakuTari ar-
sebobis SenarCunebaze zrunvaa.
rusos mixedviT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar ar-
sebobs erTi adamianis meoreze batonobis meqanizme-
bi. `vinaidan arcerT adamians Tavissave msgavsze Za-
lauflebis gavrceleba bunebiT ar aqvs miniWebuli
da vinaidan Zala araviTar uflebas ar qmnis, amitom
nebismieri kanonieri Zalaufleba adamianTa Soris
SeTanxmebas efuZneba~.
rac Seexeba rusos azrs sazogadoebriv xelSek-
rulebaze, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis gadasaw-
yveti problema SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `gamoinaxos
asociaciis iseTi forma, romelic erTiani ZaliT
daicavs da uzrunvelyofs misi yoveli wevris pi-
rovnebasa da qonebas, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom yve-
la erTmaneTTan iqneba SekavSirebuli, TiToeuli
mxolod sakuTar Tavs daemorCileba da uwindebu-
lad Tavisufali darCeba~.

80
 sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis arsi mdgomare-
obs imaSi, rom rom asociaciis yoveli wevri uars am-
bobs Tavis yvela uflebaze da maT sakuTari nebiT
gadascems mTel sazogadoebas. amasTanave igi am sa-
zogadoebis ganuyofel nawilad rCeba. am movlenis
formulireba asec SegviZlia: `yoveli kontraqtis
msgavsad – raimes miRebis sanacvlod Tqvenc raime
unda daTmoT~. rusos mixedviT ase miiRweva sakuT-
riv Tanacxovrebis amocanebi da, meorec, daculi iq-
neba yoveli calkeuli piris Tavisufleba, sicoc-
xle da sakuTreba.
Tu ram ganapiroba bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sec-
vla aseTi formis asociaciiT, amaze im ganmartebis
mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT, romelSic ruso
xsnis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas. `me vgulis-
xmob adamianebis ganviTarebis iseT safexurs, rode-
sac winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic xels uSlian maTi
arsebobis SenarCunebas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi,
aRematebian im Zalebs, TiToeuls rom SeuZlia gamo-
avlinos arsebobis SesanarCuneblad amgvar mdgoma-
reobaSi~.
bunebrivi mdgomareobisa da sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobis ganxilvisas umTavres sirTules war-
moadgens is, rom sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
fenomenis gaCena da adamianis mdgomareoba, ufro
zustad ki, sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebamdeli
mdgomareoba drois iseT monakveTSi arsebuli feno-
menebia, rom maTze ar gagvaCnia istoriulad Semor-
Cenili dokumenturi monacemebi. amitom, am sakiT-
xebTan dakavSirebiT, gviwevs sruli spekulacia. is-
toriuli dokumentebis bazisis ararsebobis gamo, am
sakiTxebze momuSave avtors uwevs pirveli debule-
bebis daSveba, saidanac Semdeg agebs Teorias. Tu es

81
Teoria iqneba winaaRmdegobrivi, maSin igi marTebu-
lad ar unda CaiTvalos. es procesi specifikuri
riskebis matarebelia.

82
 Tavi IV. saxelmwifo; bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan – sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisaken

§1. ra aris saxelmwifo? saWiroa Tu ara misi

arseboba?

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, politika berZnuli

sityvaa da `polisis~ anu saxelmwifos marTvis xe-
lovnebas niSnavs. berZnebs patara qalaq-saxelmwi-
foebi hqondaT da is miaCndaT saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobis saukeTeso formad.
berZnebi saxelmwifos stabilurobas upirveles
yovlisa, akavSirebdnen kanonebis arsebobasTan. Qqa-
laqi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogor samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo, imdenad, ramdenadac politeai – moqalaqe-
Ta erToblioba- Sedgenilia sayovelTaod dawerili
kanonebiT.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umrav-
lesobas Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba miaCdaT sa-
ukeTesod, anda ibrZodnen mis Sesacvlelad.
arian adamianTa jgufebi, romelTac anarqizmis
warmomadgenlebs uwodeben. isini amtkiceben, rom
adamianTa modgma ukeTesad icxovrebda, saxelmwi-
foebi rom ar yofiliyo.
anarqistebis mtkicebiT arsebobs sazogadoebri-
vi mowyobis martivi da ufro srulyofili meTode-
bi. anarqizmis erT-erTi mamamTavris h.J. prudonis
mixedviT, socialuri uwesrigobis, Zalmomreobis,
usamarTlobis, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis mizezebi
saxelmwifoSi unda veZeboT.

83
 anarqia sityva-sityviT niSnavs mmarTvelobis ga-
reSe;
cneba `anarqia~ xSirad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT
konteqstSi, destabilizaciis da qaosis aRsaniSna-
vad.
sityva saxelmwifo CvenTvis TiTqosda Zalzed
nacnobia da mravaljer gamogviyenebia kidec, magram
misi gansazRvreba ioli saqme araa. yoveldRiur sa-
saubro enaSi da mecnierebaSi cneba `saxelmwifo~
ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba – pirveli –
saxelmwifoSi igulisxmeba adamianTa didi jgufebis
gaerTianeba. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo identuria
cnebisa `xalxi~, `sazogadoeba~, `qveyana~;
meore ki- saxelmwifoSi gulisxmoben garkveul
organoebs da institutebs, aseve maTi saqmianobis
wess. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos igiveobrivi cnebaa
`mTavroba~ da `administracia~.
platoni aRniSnavs: `me mgonia, saxelmwifos maSin
eZleva dasabami, roca arcerT adamians aRar SeuZ-
lia daikmayofilos Tavisi Tavi, radganac aTasi ram
sWirdeba... – amitom yoveli kaci xan vis mimarTavs da
xan vis Tavisi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad.
aTasnair gaWirvebas rom ganicdis, aTasobiT kaci
erTiandeba, raTa erTad icxovros da Seewion kidec
erTmaneTs. swored am Tanacxovrebas vuwodebT Cven
saxelmwifos~
saxelmwifo – politikuri gaerTianebaa, rome-
lic damoukidebel iurisdiqcias avrcelebs garkve-
ul teritoriul sazRvrebSi da xelisuflebas mud-
mivmoqmedi institutebis meSveobiT.
saxelmwifosaTvis sami ZiriTadi niSania damaxa-
siaTebeli:

84
 -teritoria, rogorc ganuyofeli da xelSeuxebe-
lia. saxelmwifo, romelic kargavs teritorias,
aRar arsebobs, rogorc saxelmwifo.
-mosaxleoba (xalxi) is adamianebia, romlebic mo-
cemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze cxovroben da
emorCilebian mas.
-suverenuli xelisufleba, romlis moxeleebis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba marTva. is saxelmwifos gan-
msazRvreli elementia. suverenuloba niSnavs, rom
Tavis teritoriaze saxelmwifos xelisufleba aris
universaluri, vrceldeba mTel mosaxleobaze da
yvela organizaciaze.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba flobs monopolias
iZulebis saSualebebis (armia, policia, cixeebi) da
saxelmwifos mier Zaladobis gamoyenebis formebi,
saSualebebi, da pirobebi mkveTradaa gansazRvruli
kanoniT.
amdenad saxelmwifo aris mmarTvelTa da mar-
TulTa urTierTobis kanonierad mowesrigebuli
samyaro.
politikuri filosofiis warmomadgenlebi pla-
tonidan da aristoteledan moyolebuli dRemde
qmnidnen saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sxvadas-
xva modelebs. anu adamianebi mudmivad ZiebaSi iyvnen
ukanonoba kanoniT daeregulirebinaT, usamarTlo-
ba – samarTlianobiT da a.S. adamianebi xSirad fiq-
roben, rom arsebuli mmarTvelobis saxelmwifoeb-
rivi formebi cudia. SeiZleba Tu ara Tavi davaRwi-
oT maT? magram Cven ar SegviZlia gaviqceT saxelmwi-
fodan, vinaidan dedamiwaze ar darCa adgili, sadac
mas daemalebi.

85
 saxelmwifos momxrec bevri hyavs da mowinaaR-
mdegec. momxreebisaTvis saxelmwifo namdvili `miwi-
eri RmerTia~, mxolod masSi SeuZlia icxovros ada-
mianTa modgmam. mis gareSe Cveni cxovreba daemsgav-
seboda mtacebel cxovelTa samyaroSi cxovrebas.
Aaristotele `politika~-Si wers `yoveli saxel-
mwifo erTgvar kavSirs warmoadgens. Yyoveli kavSiri
ki raime sikeTes isaxavs miznad, radgan yvela yvela-
fers akeTebs imisaTvis, rac sikeTe hgonia. Aamrigad,
cxadia, rom yvela miiswrafis yvelaze ukeTesi kavSi-
ri, romelic moicavs yovelives da es aris e.w. saxel-
mwifo da saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiri~.
mowinaaRmdegebi masSi urCxuls xedaven, radgan
Tavisuflebas zRudavs da xels uSlis nebayoflo-
biT urTierTobebs. isini Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo
unda gauqmdes. warsulSi memarcxene (socialistu-
rad ganwyobili) anarqistebi amtkicebdnen, rom sa-
xelmwifosagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi saSuale-
baa mmarTvelebis mokvla da radikaluri revoluci-
is moxdena.
Tanamedrove memarjveneebi (kapitalisturi gana-
yofis anarqistliberalebi) ararevoluciur moqme-
debaze miuTiTeben. maTi azriT saxelmwifos gauqme-
ba SeiZleba demokratiuli politikuri saSualebe-
biT, zogs miaCnia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi kontroli
naklebad efeqturi xdeba da bolos saxelmwifo bu-
nebrivi sikvdiliT mokvdeba. bunebrivia, anarqis-
tebs bevri ar eTanxmeba.
saxelmwifos momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdege-
ebs Soris dava dResac grZeldeba, radgan aravin
icis rogori politikuri momavali gvelis.

86
 maqs Stirneris azriT `saxelmwifos mizani mudam
erTia: moaTvinieros, daimorCilos da daTrgunos
pirovneba“
filosofosi da Teologi netari avgustine (354-
430) aRniSnavs `codviT dacemuli da samoTxidan ga-
Zevebuli adamiani midrekilia Zaladobisaken. saxel-
mwofos am midrekilebis alagmva akisria. amdenad,
cudi saxelmwifo ufro naklebi borotebaa, vidre
saxelmwifos sruli ararseboba~.
A`adamianebis masa mxolod maSin SeiZleba saxel-
mwifod iwodebodes, Tu is gaerTianebulia maTi sa-
erTo sakuTrebis dasacavad~. (hegeli)
saxelmwifos Tuki ganvixilavT oficialuri sa-
erTaSoriso urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, is war-
moadgens politikuri organizaciis formas, rome-
lic flobs saSualebebs, raTa ganaxorcielos kon-
troli gansazRvrul teritoriaze da mocemul xal-
xze da amasTan daamyaros urTierTobebi sxva erTe-
ulTan, romelTac agreTve gaaCniaT suvereniteti.
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo arsebobdes, saWiroa
organizaciis xangrZlivi erTgvarovani arseboba da
unarianoba. mag.: fiskaluri resursebi: raTa Senar-
Cunebul iqnas iZulebis aparati.
saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia arseboba samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis gareSe, romelic xels uSlis „bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi“ dabrunebas. saxelmwifo da samoqa-
laqo sazogadoeba didxans iyo sinonimuri, dawyebu-
li aristoteledan da damTavrebuli rusoTi, sanam
moxdeboda am konceptebis gamorCeva.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umrav-
lesobas Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba miaCdaT sa-
ukeTesod, anda ibrZodnen mis Sesacvlelad.

87
 makiaveli „mTavarSi“ aRniSnavs „yvela saxelmwi-
fo, yvela Zlieri xelisufleba, romelsac gaaCnia
Zalaufleba xalxze, aris respublika an samefo“. sa-
xelmwifo makiavelTan ufro farTo realobas aR-
niSnavs, vidre marTlmsajulebis formebs.
arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis xuTi erTma-
neTisadmi dapirispirebuli mniSvneloba (dominike
kola), magram yvela maTganSi mas upirispireben
„ojaxs“.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba an politikuri sazoga-
deoba, an politikuri erToblioba, an saxelmwifo im
gansazRvrebis mixedviT, romelic mas miecema, yo-
velTvis warmoidgineba, rogorc kavSiris asociaci-
is gansakuTrebuli wesi, rac ganasxvavebs mas naTesa-
uri kavSirisagan, romelic efuZneba sisxliT erTo-
bas.
1. aristotelesTan „politikuri erToblioba“
warmoadgens sazogadoebis erT formas. is upiris-
pirdeba eTnoss, ufro dabali organizaciis wesiT,
sadac adamianis buneba„politikuri cxoveli“ (Zoon
politikon) sruliad ar aris ganxorcielebuli.
2. wm. avgustinesTan miwieri sazogadoeba upiris-
pirdeba RvTis qalaqs. or samefod dayofis, wyaro
aris codna. Sua saukuneebSi SesaZlebelia Camoya-
libdes, erTi mxriv, miwieri qalaqi da, meore mxriv,
RvTis qalaqi da eklesia. maTi Sedareba mistiuria da
ara institucionaluri.
3. hobsTan samoqalaqo sazogadoeba upirispirde-
ba bunebriv mdgomareobas. is iZleva saSualebas bo-
lo moeRos oms yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg da win wamo-
iwios adamianis humanurobis sakiTxi yovlis SemZle
politikuri Zalauflebis damyarebiT. rusosTan sa-

88
moqalaqo sazogadoeba upirispirdeba bunebriv
mdgomareobas, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi degrada-
cia ganicada.
4. hegelTan saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisagan. mis azriT saxelmwifo warmoad-
gens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis SesaZleblobis piro-
bebs. Ees aris sfero, romelSic adamianebi cdiloben
daikmayofilon Tavisi moTxovnilebebi im mkacr Car-
CoebSi, sadac korporaciebi asruleben ZiriTad
rols. Tu ara „eseni“ – isini daubrundebian bunebriv
mdgomareobas, rodesac yvela ebrZvis yvelas.
5. marqsTan hegeli gadalaxulia, radgan is prio-
ritets aniWebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romlis-
Tvisac politikuri ekonomia aris misi anatomia. is
aanalizebs istoriul gzas: samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis SigniT nelnela gamoiyofa saxelmwifo, sanam ar
moxdeba radikaluri dapirispireba, rac unda das-
ruldes proletariatis diqtaturiT.

§2. winaresaxelmwifoebrivi anu bunebrivi

mdgomareoba -Tomas hobsi

Tanamedrove adamians saxelmwifos gareSe cxov-

reba ver warmoudgenia, magram kacobriobam Tavisi
istoris didi nawili saxelmwifos gareSe gaatara.
saxelmwifo, rogorc politikuri organizacia daax-
loebiT xuTiaTasi wlis istorias iTvlis.
xSirad ismeba kiTxva: bunebrivi mdgomareobis Se-
saxeb, anu bunebrivia adamianis cxovreba saxelmwi-
foSi, Tu ufro bunebrivi mdgmareobaa, adamianebi
Tavisuflad rom daexatebodnen tyeebsa da velebSi.

89
Zneli safiqrebelia, ra aris misTvis bunebrivi da ra
arabunebrivi.
adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobas SeiZleba wina-
saxelmwifoebrivi periodi vuwodoT. Tomas hobsis
mixedviT, adamianTa politikur yofas (aristotele-
sagan gansxvavebiT) win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgomare-
oba.
hobsi wers: bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da go-
nebrivi unarebis mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan
marTalia, zogjer Cven vakvirdebiT, rom erTi ada-
miani meoreze ufro Ronieri da Wkviania, magram Tu
maT yvelas erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba,
rom gansxvaveba maT Soris arc ise didia, rom rome-
lime adamians amis safuZvelze SesZleboda moeTxova
TavisTvis raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva adami-
ans ar hqondes igives moTxovnis analogiuri ufle-
ba.
hobsTan bunebrivi mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba Ta-
nasworobiT, romelic iq sufevs: yvela adamiani iq
Tanasworia. vinaidan yvelaze sustsac ki aqvs imdeni
Zala, moklas ufro Zlieri adamiani (eSmakobiT, sxva
adamianis daxmarebiT). misi azriT, adamianebs Soris
unarebis erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da
konfliqtis wyaro. bunebrivi mdgomareobaSi iqmneba
totaluri konfliqtis viTareba. bunebrivi mdgoma-
reobaSi myof adamianTa Soris mtrobis sami mizezi
arsebobs. metoqeoba, undobloba da pativmoyvareo-
ba, anu didebis wyurvili.
metoqeoba, radganac xdebian mtrebi is adamiane-
bi, romelTac surT erTi da igive ram. undobloba
gamomdinareobs metoqeobidan, radgan safrTxe kar-
naxobs winaswarganWvretasa da moqmedebis aucileb-
lobas. raTa Zalis gamoyenebiT adamiani TavSi moeq-

90
ces sxva adamianTa sakmaod didi jgufs da amieridan
ar eSinodes mtruli Zalebis.
pativmoyvareoba, radgan `jgufurad~ cxovrebi-
sas, TiToeuli cdilobs, rom sxvam pativi sces mas
ise, rogorc is miiCnevs. es survili imdenad Zlie-
ria, rom is mzadaa avnos sxvebs, oRondac miaRwios
sawadels.
amdenad, hobsis mixedviT, adamianebi ibrZvian
usafrTxoebisaTvis, nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad da
Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad. adamianebi Sepyrobili
arian vnebebiT. swored imitom, rom adamianebi ar
emorCilebian erTobliv Zalauflebas, maT bunebri-
vad aqvT uflebebi, magram es uflebebi mraval wina-
aRmdegobas awydeba, ramac SeiZleba isini Seusrule-
badi gaxados: TiToeuls SeuZlia miiRos, rac mas
surs, magram arc erTi qoneba ar aris garantirebu-
li. amdenad ar arsebobs instituti, romelic aiZu-
lebs adamianebs pativi scen erTmaneTs, isini iseT
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, romelSiac, rogorc
hobsi ityvis, mimdinareobs: `omi yvelasi yvelas wi-
naaRmdeg~ da amoqmeddeba principi `adamiani adamia-
niaTvis mgelia~. aseTi iyo adamianis xifaTiT aRsav-
se cxovreba, rodesac is velur an `bunebriv mdgoma-
reobaSi~ cxovrobda, anu ar hqonda saxelmwifo.

91
§3. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisaken – ruso

Tomas hobsi ambobs, rom saxelmwifos araferi sa-

erTo ara aqvs bunebriv mdgomareobasTan. `saxelmwi-
foSi~ platoni glavkons aTqmevinebs `mas Semdeg,
rac adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu
moiqcnen samarTlianadac da arasamarTlianadac da
dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisagan, maSin maT mi-
zanSewonilad CaTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomav-
lod arc usamarTloba CaedinaT da arc dazarale-
buliyvnen misgan. aqedan daiwyo kanonmdebloba da
xelSekruleba (`saxelmwifo~ 359 a). TiTqmis igive
mosazrebas gamoTqvams hobsic. Tu bunebrivi mdgo-
mareobis pirobebSi adamianTa Soris urTierToba em-
yareba princips – `adamiani adamianisaTvis mgelia~,
rac ufro velurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebe-
li, raki am viTarebidan yvela zaraldeboda, adamia-
nebs Soris daido sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba,
romlis mixedviTac daculi unda yofiliyo TiToe-
uli maTganis bunebrivi ufleba sicocxleze da bed-
nierebaze. konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi po-
litikur mdgomareobaze gadadian da konvenciiT ar-
sebuli wesebiT cxovroben. misi azriT pirveli sa-
xelmwifo Seiqmna xelSekrulebis Sedegad. raTa Ta-
vidan aecilebinaT cxovrebis bunebrivi wesis saSine-
lebani.
platonis mixedviT `saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba ma-
Sin, rodesac TiToeul Cvengans ar Seulia sakuTari
Tavis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval sxva
raimes... amrigad, yoveli adamiani saSvelad moux-
mobs xan erTs, xanac meores da maTi daxmarebiT cdi-
lobs ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. ga-

92
nicdian ra mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bev-
ri adamiani erTad, raTa erTad icxovron da erTma-
neTs daxmareba gauwion: swored aseTi erToblivi
dasaxleba iZens CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas~.
amdenad, rogorc Cans, saxelmwifo Seiqmna xel-
Sekrulebis safuZvelze. individebi SeTanxmdnen,
daewesebinaT mefis wodeba, romelsac eqneboda Za-
laufleba maTze, maTze visac undoda mSvidobis Se-
narCuneba. hobsi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifos mudmi-
vi da ZiriTadi funqcia swored mSvidobis SenarCu-
nebaa. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu mefes
an sxva mmarTvels eqneba absoluturi Zalaufleba.
mTeli Zalauflebis erTi adamianis, an adamianTa
jgufis xelSi Tavmoyra iqneboda mTeli xalxis war-
momadgeneli da damcveli. sazogadoebrivi xelSek-
rulebiT dafuZnebuli Tanamdebobda, posti umaR-
lesi xelisuflebis matarebeli xdeba.
hobsis Sexedulebani saxelmwifosa da bunebrivi
mdgomareobaze gaakritikes filosofosebma da maT
Soris jon lokma. romelic ambobs, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT icxovron mSvidobianad bunebriv mdgoma-
reobaSic ki; rom adamianebs aqvT garkveuli buneb-
rivi uflebebi: sicruis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTre-
bis uflebebi. saxelmwifo arsebobs ara marto mSvi-
dobis SenarCunebisaTvis, aramed unda daicvas bu-
nebrivi uflebebi da uzrunvelyos maTi Sesruleba.
Tomas hobsis Sexeduleba `sazogadoebrivi xel-
Sekrulebis~ Sesaxeb, romelic Camoayaliba naSromSi
`leviaTani~, mxolod swavlulTa viwro wrisaTvis
iyo cnobili. vidre Jan-Jak rusom ar gamoqveyna wig-
ni, saTauriT `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~. wig-
nis gamosvlis Semdeg xelSekrulebis idea masobrivi
interesisa da msjelobis sagani gaxda.

93
 ruso antihobsistia. is uaryofs ingliseli fi-
losofosis Teorias `bunebrivi mdgomareobis~ Sesa-
xeb. misi azriT, hobsi logikur Secdomas uSvebs. es
Secdoma mdgomareobs imis daSvebaSi, rom preisto-
riul adamians axasiaTebs iseTi qceva da azrovneba,
romelic martooden sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas-
Tan erTad gaCnda. misi azriT, bunebriv mdgomareo-
baSi adamiani ar cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi. amitom hi-
poTeza yvelas omze yvelas winaaRmdeg bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi ar aris marTebuli.
amasTan, adamianebs Soris arsebobs ori saxis
uTanasworoba. erTia bunebrivi anu fizikuri uTa-
naswroba, meore – pirobiTi, anu politikuri uTa-
nasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveuli
konvenciis safuZvelze. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
Seqmna man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da
Tqva `es Cemia~. vinme RvTisnieri rom gamoCeniliyo,
fiqrobs ruso, romelic Robes moarRvevda da ityo-
da, rom miwa yvelasaTvis saerToa, is gadaarCenda ka-
cobriobas.
rusos mixedviT, sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi
xalxia damqiravebeli, SemkveTi mxare, xolo daqira-
vebuli mxarea mTavroba. Tu daqiravebuli mxare da-
arRvevs xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebebs, ma-
Sin SemkveTs ufleba aqvs daiTxovos igi da dasajos
kidec.
rusos Txzuleba samagido wignad iqca safrange-
Tis revoluciis liderebisaTvis. maqsimilian ro-
bespieri mas `revoluciis bibliad~ aRiqvamda da
Tavs masSi dasabuTebuli ideebis aRmasrulebel ia-
raRad miiCnevda. am ideebze damyarebiT daamxes mo-
narqia. safrangeTis 1789 wlis revoluciis Semdeg
damyarda respublikuri mmarTveloba principiT:

94
`Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. am idealebis sa-
xeliT Semdeg sxva qveynebSic ganxorcielda revo-
luciebi.
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT aucile-
belia arsebobdes erTgvari gansxvaveba saxelmwifo-
sa da nebayoflobiT asociacias Soris. mTavari gan-
sxvaveba nebayoflobiT asociaciasa da saxelmwifos
Soris is aris, rom asociaciidan SeiZleba gamosvla,
maSin rodesac saxelmwifodan gamosvla SeuZlebe-
lia. nebismieri adamiani ekuTvnis ama Tu im saxelmwi-
fos, sadac adamians SeuZlia Tavi aaridos nebayof-
lobiT organizaciaSi monawileobas. mTavari, rac
saxelmwifos gaaCnia es aris Zalaufleba. Zalaufle-
ba ganisazRvreba, rogorc imis uflebas rom miiRos
gadawyvetilebani da moiTxovo morCileba, roca es
aucilebelia.
rogorc ki adamianebi iwyeben erTad jgufurad
cxovrebas, warmoiSoba saxelmwifo Zalaufleba, ka-
nonSemoqmedeba, danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis, dam-
naSaveTa dasjis da sxva uflebebi. aseTi cxovrebis
wesi warmoSobs aucilebel amocanebs:
pirveli, adamianebis erTmaneTisagan dacva,
meore, adamianebis erTmaneTTan dadebuli xel-
Sekrulebis dacva,
mesame, yvela Cveulebrivi uflebebis dadastu-
reba da dacva, romelic sasurvelia da sasargeblod
gvesaxeba.
meoTxe, Temis sakeTildReo saqmeebis organize-
ba.

95
 §4. saxelmwifos warmoSobis Teoriebi

saxelmwifos warmoSoba sazogadoebis bunebrivi

ganviTarebis, gvarovnuli Temuri wyobilebis rRve-
vis Sedegia. politikuri urTierTobis, politikuri
institutebis da saboloo jamSi saxelmwifos war-
moSobas politogenezi ewodeba.
sxvadasxva xalxebSi politogenezis procesebi
Taviseburad mimdinarebda. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZ-
lebelia gamovyoT politogenezis sami modeli imis-
da mixedviT, Tu vin eqceoda sazogadoebis saTaveSi.
1. samxedro modeli – politikur xelisuflebas
iTviseben samxedro liderebi, samxedro orga-
nizaciis, samxedro razmebis mxardaWeriT.
2. aristokratiul modeli – tomTa beladebi Ta-
vianT xelSi aqcevdnen sazogadoebis xelmZRva-
nelobas da TandaTan zRudavdnen, Tanatomel-
Ta monawileobas resursebis marTvaSi.
3. plutokratiuli modeli – sazogadoebis saTa-
veSi eqceodnen calkeuli mdidari individebi,
romlebic TandaTanobiT TavianT avtoritets
politikur xelisuflebad gardaqmnidnen.
miuxedavad formaTa mravalferovnebisa, saxel-
mwifoebriobis ganviTarebaSi msoflios masStabiT
gamoiyofa ori tipi: tradiciuli da konstituciu-
ri.
istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom saxel-
mwifos Camoyalibeba stiqiurad mimdinareobda da
isini TavianT saqmianobaSi emyarebodnen Cveulebebs
da tradiciebs, rogoc wesi, tradiciuli saxelmwi-
foebi pirovnebas ar ganixilavdnen saxelmwifo or-
ganizaciis arsebobis miznad. maTTvis adamiani sa-
xelmwifos politikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis sa-

96
Sualeba iyo. sadac xelisufalTa Zalaufleba qve-
Sevrdomebze ar iyo SezRuduli. aseTi iyo mraval-
ricxovani monarqiebi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da so-
cialuri RonisZiebebi mizanSewonilad emorCilebo-
da monarqiis nebas.
kostituciuri saxelmwifoebi ki gacilebiT gvi-
an warmoiSva. tradiciuli saxelmwifosagan gansxva-
vebiT maT aqvT mkveTrad gansazRvruli miznebi,
romlebic gamomdinareobs garkveuli socialuri
fenebis da klasebis, mTlianad sazogadoebis da
calkeuli pirovnebebis interesebisagan. misTvis da-
maxasiaTebelia konsituciis anu werilobiTi kano-
nis safuZvelze saxelmwifos marTvis organoebis
SezRudva. sasamarTlo sistema aq aregulirebs sa-
xelmwifos saqmianobis yvela ZiriTad sferos.
mTavroba, (xelisufleba) qmnis savaldebulo we-
sebs, romelTa saSualebiT marTavs sazogadoebas.
rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis mraval-
gvari formebis kategoriebad dayofa?
tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi iyofa respublike-
bad (sadac suvereniteti sabolood xalxis xelSia)
da saxelmwifoebad, sadac suvereniteti mmarTvel-
Ta xelSia – monarqiad an tiraniad.
dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokra-
tiuli (anu warmomadgenlobiTi) respublikaa, rac
imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli warmomadgen-
lebis xelSia, romlebic xalxis winaSe arian pasuxis-
mgebelni.
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs demokratiul, sadac
tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul sa-
xelmwifoebs, sadac aseTi ram ar xdeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suve-
renitetis erTaderTi adgilsamyofeli. suverenu-

97
li saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semofar-
gluli mTlianoba, romelsac erTi xelisufleba ga-
nagebs.
politikis enaze, saxelmwifo igivea, rac qveyana
(inglisur enaSi state) aRniSnavs saxelmwifosac da
Statsac.
eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisa-
gan, romelTac aerTianebs saerTo warsuli da Sem-
deg niSan-TvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc: geogra-
fiuli mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri
kuTvnileba, religia, ena, kultura da saerTo poli-
tikuri ideebis rwmena.
am CamonaTvalis saTaveSi geografiuli mdebare-
oba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris warmomadgen-
lebs, rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri
koleqtiuri grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia kon-
kretul geografiul teritoriasTan, romlisTvis
sabrZolvelad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis
sikvdilisTvisac mzad arian xolme.
erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa
da homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis anu wevrTa
msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT
erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi
gvxvdeba.
arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magali-
Tad, palestinelebi da qurTebi. maT saerTo iden-
tobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram samSoblo ar
gaaCniaT. saxelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis
Zalze aramdgrad situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad
axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.

98
 §5 saxelmwifoTa tipebi da ZiriTadi niSan
Tvisebebi

rogorc aRvniSneT saxelmwifo imTaviTve sakama-

To cnebaa. arsebobs uamravi Teoriebi romlebic mis
safuZvlebs, ganviTarebis gzebs da sazogadoebaze
mis gavlenaze mogviTxrobs. Sejerebul variantad
gamoyofen saxelmwifoTa 4 sxvadasxva tipi:
- pluralisturi saxelmwifo;
igi ufro TamaSis wesebis damcvelia da ara sazo-
gadoebis msajuli. igi XX saukuneSi warmoiSva, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis arsebobis forma. is gulisxmobs
rom liberalur demokratiebSi Zalaufleba far-
Tod da samarTlianadaa danawilebuli. mTavari niSa-
ni: arCeviTi instituciebi-sajaro samsaxuri, mar-
Tlmsajuleba, policia, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da a.S.
arapolitizirebulia.
Aam SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo `sazogadoebis msaxu-
ria da ara batoni~.pluralizmi, farTo gagebiT, mra-
valferovnebis an mraval saganTa arsebobis rwmenaa.
igi rogorc normatiuli cneba, migvaniSnebs, rom
mravalferovneba sasargeblo da sasurvelia, radgan
icavs adamianis Tavisuflebas d xels uwyobs kamaTs,
azrTa gacvla-gamocvlasa da gagebas.
- kapitalisturi saxelmwifo;
analizi marqsis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. Nneo-
marqsistebma saxelmwifo mmarTveli klasis iaraRad
gamoacxada da xazi gausva im faqts, rom sruliad
usamarTlod, privelegirebuli da SeuZlebeli fe-
nebis warmomadgenlebisagan yalibdeba.
-leviaTani saxelmwifo;
leviaTani saxelmwifo es aris saxelmwifos war-
modgena xarb, momxveWel TviTnebur urCxulad. hob-

99
sTan leviaTani es aris miTologiuri urCxuli, ro-
melic yvelafers ylapavs.
- patriarqaluri saxelmwifo;
Ppatriarqati sityva-sityviT `mamis mmarTvelo-
bas~ anu ojaxSi qmrisa Tu mamis batonobasa da coli-
sa da bavSvebis misadmi daqvemdebarebas niSnavs.
SegviZlia saxelmwifos xuTi ZiriTadi niSan-Tvi-
seba CamovTvaloT:
-saxelmwifo absolutur da SeuzRudav Zalauf-
lebas axorcielebs, is yvelaze maRla dgas, radgan
uzenaesia.
-saxelmwifo institutebi pasuxismgebelia ko-
leqtiur gadawyvetilebebze da ganxorcielebaze,
radgan `sajaro~ xasiaTis matarebelia gansxvavebiT
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis `kerZo~ institutebisa-
gan.
-keTildReobaze zrunviTaa ganpirobebuli.
-saxelmwifo batonobis saSualebaa. rogorc maqs
veberi brZanebs `kanonieri Zaladobis~ monopolia
saxelmwifos uzenaesobis praqtikuli gamovlinebaa.
-saxelmwifo teritoriuli gaerTianebaa. saxel-
mwifo damcavi meqanizmia, mas evaleba mSvidobisa da
socialuri wesrigis im sazRvrebis dadgena, rode-
sac moqalaqeebi cxovrebas saukeTesod moiwyoben.

100
 TaviV. utopiuri (idealuri) saxelmwifos
modelebi

§1. utopiis arsi

moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaR-

mdegebiT) politikas da liderebs, radgan gvjera,
rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba ukeTesi an
ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politiku-
ri arCevanis ukan garkveulwilad imaleba sajaro si-
keTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.
Tu gvinda politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli
Sedareba SevZloT unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazo-
gadoebrivi sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi utopiis Sesaxeb,
romlebic mocemulia ama Tu im filosofosis, Teo-
logisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros
politikis SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudvebis ukeTe-
sad gagebaSi. rogori iqneboda saukeTeso politiku-
ri wyoba?
sityva utopia saTaves iRebs Tomas moris (1478-
1535) wignis saTauridan. termini `ou topos~ berZnu-
lad `ararsebul adgils~ aRniSnavs, xolo `euto-
pos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yovel-
dRiur xmarebaSi, utopia, rogorc wesi, orive mniS-
vnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZ-
lia vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sa-
dac xalxi cxovrobs sruliad janmrTelad, harmoni-
ulad da bednierad.
yoveli utopiuri modelebi erTmaneTisagan spe-
cifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela msgavs
miznebs emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdi-
lobda politikuri cxovrebis logika, mis saboloo

101
Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSirad mi-
marTavdnen arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da
ekonomikuri pirobebis farul da aSkara kritikas. am
funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi xSirad ga-
moiyeneboda politikuri sazomebis standartad an
politikuri sistemebis ganxorcielebis Sefasebis
kriteriumad. srulyofili sazogadoebis abstraq-
tuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praq-
tikuli saxelmZRvanelo rolsac asrulebda. amgva-
rad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli arapraqtikulobisa,
utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs
da pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens poli-
tikur saqmianobaze. aseT cnobil utopiur kvlevebs
warmoadgens platonis `saxelmwifo~, Tomas moris
`utopia~. tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~, frangi
utopist-socialistebis – Carls furies, sen-simo-
nis nawerebi, frensis bekonis `axal atlantida~ da
karl marqsis naSromebi, romelSic igi uklaso sazo-
gadoebis proeqts warmoadgenda.
politikis cnobili mkvlevari Tomas magStadti,
roca aanalizebs idealur (utopiuri) saxelmwifos
modelebs, aRniSnavs, rom momavlis idealuri (uto-
piuri) proeqtebze platoni pasuxs filosofiis sfe-
roSi poulobs, bekoni – mecnierebaSi, marqsi ki –
ekonomikaSi.

102
 §2. platonis `idealuri saxelmwifo~

platonis `saxelmwifo~ aris xangrZlivi dialogi

sokratesa da mosaubreebs Soris. sokrates (469-399
Zv.w.), romelic pirvel dasavlel politikuri fi-
losofiis warmomadgenlad iTvleba, miaCnda, rom
`gauazrebeli cxovreba cxovrebad ar Rirs~.
platonis `saxelmwifo~ sokrates mier samarTli-
anobis cnebis gamokvleviT iwyeba. Semdeg is gadadis
saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweraze: sazogadoe-
ba, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar dapirispirebas
filosofosebsa da mmarTvelebs Soris. aseTi qala-
qis dafuZneba da aSeneba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu
ara politikuri azrebis srulyofa.
platonis azriT saxelmwifos marTva filoso-
fosTa saqmea da idealur saxelmwifos ver miviRebT
manamde, sanam an filosofosni ar gamefdebian an
mmarTvelni ar gafilofosdebian. mas aqvs ori mize-
zi.
pirveli – filosofosTa Wvreta mimarTulia ma-
radiulze. maT ZaluZT umaRlesi WeSmaritebis Wvre-
ta, raTa masTan SesatyvisobaSi moiyvanon Tavisi sa-
kuTari moqmedebac da Tavisi marTvis saganic.
meore – filosofosis bunebaa Wvretismoyvareo-
ba, samyaros maradiulobis da misi wyaros, ideebis,
erTiani xedvis miswrafeba da unari, ris gamoc gar-
kveuli zneobrivi Tvisebebi aqvs: mas ar eSinia sik-
vdilisac ki, igi ar izams usamarTlobas da a.S. maTi
momzadebis gansxeuleba daaxloebiT 50 wlis asakSi
xdeba. amis Semdeg momzadebulni filosofosni Ta-
namdebobebs ikaveben da emsaxurebian samarTliano-
bas. gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis Rirsia am kuTxiT
platonis dialogi `politeia~- saxelmwifo. es dia-

103
logi ganekuTvneba idealur saxelmwifoTa mowyobis
proeqtTa ricxvs.
platoniseuli `saxelmwifo~ Sedgeba miwaTmoq-
medTa da xelosanTa, mebrZolebisa da filosofos-
mcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayofa asa-
xavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam
nawilad:
miwieri nawili, romelic gamomdinareobs fizi-
kuri moTxovnilebebidan;
keTilSobili nawili, romlis Sedegia risxva da
aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba CvenTvis Zvir-
fass;
da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis
dadgenas cdilobs.
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazoga-
doebrivi interesebi kerZo interesebze maRla id-
ges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesau-
ri kavSiri akrZalulia. mcvelTa klasi mxolod har-
moniulad Sexamebuli qorwinebiT mravldeba, rom-
lis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi)
gamravlebaa garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda
miendos SemTxveviTobas.
yvela moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubne-
bian, rom maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxo-
lod sizmrebia da rom isini adre cxovrobdnen mi-
wisqveSeTSi, sadac maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. ro-
desac saamisod mzad iyvnen, maTi deda – dedamiwa,
gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave, formirebis
procesSi maT miecaT suli, romelic iyo Seqmnili
oqrosgan (filosofosebis), vercxlisgan (mebrZo-
lebis), rkinisa da brinjaosagan (miwaTmoqmedebisa
da xelosnebis).

104
 am miTis mizania saxelwifos mcxovrebTa darwmu-
neba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve imi-
saTvis, rom klasobrivi sistema, romelic saxelwi-
fos arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yovelTvis
popularuli iyos.
platoni miiCnevs, rom ganaTlebis mizani simar-
Tlis swavlebaa. amis gamo, saWiro xdeba mcdar da sa-
SiS ideebze cenzuris SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis
mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri disciplinaa da-
culi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTe-
bic da meuRleebic. oci wlis asakisTvis axalgaz-
rdebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTgani iniSne-
ba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis
rolSi gvevlineba, isini saxelmwifo jariskacebi
xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben,
swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros gani-
sazRvreba samsaxuri, romelsac mcvelTa klasis es
warmomadgenlebi sabolood miiReben. yvela arCeva-
ni ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi
swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis gagebis Semdeg, mcve-
lebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi do-
nis brZen-filosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaR-
lesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad, respublikas marTa-
ven filosofosi-mefeebi.
misi idealuri saxelmwifo elinuri pirobebis,
elinuri kulturisa da tradiciis, elinuri socia-
luri Cvevebis bazazea agebuli. asaxulia elinTa
TviT realuri sagareo da Sidapolitikuri mdgoma-
reobac ki.
platonis utopia ZalaSia mxolod elinebisTvis.
maTi aseTi gamorCeva platonis dialogSi emyareba im
winamZRvars, rom goniereba, romliTac imarTeba
idealuri saxelmwifo, maTi specifikaa, rac sayu-

105
radRebo maCvenebelia erovnuli TviTidenTifikaci-
is rolisa da adgilisa, platonis da misi Tanamed-
roveebis azrovnebaSi: elinebs marTalia, ara aqvT
erTi saxelmwifo, magram mainc erTi aqvT raRac, rac
maT akavSirebs. sxvas, barbarosebs anu ucxoelebs
ver eqnebaT idealuri saxelmwifo. elinebi arCev-
dnen aseve sxvasTan anu ucxoelebTan brZolis we-
sebs da erTmaneTTan anu polisebs Soris. platoni
amtkicebs, rom yvela elinebi erTmaneTis maxlobe-
li adamianebi arian da erTmaneTs enaTesavebian, xo-
lo barbarosebisaTvis isini ucxoni arian.
idealur saxelmwifos marTaven cotanni – sauke-
Tesoni Tavisi bunebrivi monacemebiTac da momzade-
biTac.
saxelmwifos srulyofis safuZveli samarTlia-
noba, aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela akeTebs Tavis
specifikur saqmes.
saxelmwifos funqciebia Tavdacva, materiluri
uzrunvelyofa da sulieri aRzrda. es funqciebi ga-
nawilebulia wodebebs Soris. magram es ar amowuravs
Sromis Semdgom ganawilebas: igi ufro detaluria,
saxeldobr, Sromis ganawileba xdeba individTa So-
ris. adaminebi saWiroeben erTmaneTis Sromas da ami-
tom ikribebian `qalaqebad~. Sromis erT saxeze das-
pecialeba mis xarisxs amaRlebs da saqmes aadvilebs.
amgvarad saxelmwifos qmnian Cveni moTxovnilebebi.
platoni konkretulad CamoTvlis Sromis saxe-
ebs: produqtebis warmoebas, iaraRis warmoebas, vaW-
robas da fulis Wrasac ki. am saqmeTa mkeTebeli qve-
da klasis zemoT dganan meomarTa klasi da mmarTve-
lebis, igive –`guSagebis~ anu filosofosebis klasi.
am oris gamoyofa emyareba ara mxolod profesiul
daxelovnebas aramed moralur Tvisebebsac. samives

106
harmonia qmnis keTilis, WeSmaritisa da mSvenieris
harmoniul gansaxxierebas saxelmwifoSi.
saxelmwifos evaleba individualuri, pirvel-
yovlisa moraluri Tvisebebis dakvirveba samive
klasis bavSvebSi da am monacemebisda mixedviT maTi
moTavseba ama Tu im klasSi. mSromeli klasis wamo-
madgenelTa profesiuli momzadebis organizmebis
sakiTxi platonTan ar dgeba: es momzadeba bunebriv
procesadaa miCneuli, saarsebo saxsrebis mopovebis
aucileblobas moTxovnileba marTavs.
yovelgvar sibrZnes da masTan erTad zneobasac
wyarod aqvs ideaTa samyaros, anu WeSmaritisa da
cvalebadi samyaros, Wvreta, gonebis Tvalis misken
mipyroba. mmarTvelTaTvis es aucilebeli Tvisebaa.
adamianis mimarTeba ideaTa samyarosTan platoni
aanalizebs `saxelmwifoSi~ gamoqvabulis miTs
TvalsaCino siuJetis saSualebiT, is warmogvidgens
gamoqvabuls da masSi msxdom Seborkil adamianebs,
romelTac piri kldisaken aqvT miqceuli, zurgi ki
sinaTlisaken, aseve aRwers wyaros grZel Riobs mTe-
li gamoqvabulis gaswvriv. Sors maRla cecxli anTia
da misi Suqi, RiobSi Semosuli, gamoqvabulis pirze
gamvlel adamianTa, cxovelTa da gatarebul nivTTa
Crdilebs xatavs kedelze, romelsac gamoqvabulSi
myofni ucqerian. bunebrivia, rom gamoqvabulSi
myofT es Crdilebi erTaderTi realoba hgoniaT.
magram Tu maT borkilebs avyriT, avayenebT da sinam-
dviles vuCvenebT, maT didi dro da wvrTna dasWir-
debaT, raTa Suqs Tvali gausworon, SeeCvion axal
sanaxaobas da bolosdabolos Seignon, rom WeSmari-
ti realoba es yofila, rac axla naxes, da ara is, ra-
sac Cveulni iyvnen aqamde.

107
 swored aseve adamianis gamoxsna im moCvenebiTo-
bis, im Crdilebis samyarodan, romelSic vcxovrobT,
misi gonebis mipyroba ideaTa samyarosaken da, miT
umetes, maTi mwvervalisaken, sikeTis ideisken, did
winaswar momzadebas moiTxovs SeCvevisa da wvrTnis
saxiT.
mmarTvelni isini arian, visac es WeSmariti rea-
loba ukve danaxuli aqvs, magram kvlav gamoqvabulSi
brundeba Tavisi nebiT, raTa gonebis Tvali auxilos
sxvebsac, mmarTebuli moqmedebisaken mouwodos maT
da maTi qceva Sesabamisi gziT warmarTos.
platonis azriT idealuri saxelmwifo aris er-
Tgvari aTvlis wertili, romlidanac sxva wyobaTa
Rirseba-naklovanebebi unda gavzomoT. saxelmwifos
uaryofiTi tipi, idealuris `gadagvarebis~ Semdeg
oTxia:
timokratia anu pativmoyvareTa Zalaufleba. igi
Cndeba `oqros xanis~ mdgomareobis gadagvarebiT,
radgan viRacas uCndeba Zvirfaseulobis dagrovebis
imedi saerTo kvebis, mudmivi wvrTnis, mmarTvelTa
pativiscemis da sxva keTilqmedebaTa fonze.
oligarqia anu mcirericxovanTa Zalaufleba,
roca Raribebi gamoTiSulni arian marTvis procesi-
dan, mdidrebi ki mflangvelobiT Ratakdebian da zo-
gi maTgani amis gamo borotmoqmedad iqceva.
Semdeg oligarqia gadagvardeba demokratiad, sa-
dac yoveli Tavisufali moqalaqe formalurad mar-
Tvis uflebamosilia. kidev uaresia tirania anu er-
Tis Zalaufleba yvelaze. misi wyaroa igive seni, ra-
mac oligarqia garyvna anu TviTneboba. tiraniis wya-
roa zomis darRveva da Tavisuflebis gadazrda Ta-
vis sapirispiroSi, monobaSi.

108
 amgvarad, samarTliani saxelmwifo platonis
TvalSi iseTi saxelmwifoa, romelic adamianTa ur-
TierTimimarTebebsac sworad gansazRvravs da sama-
yaros kanonebTan Sesatyvisia, ese igi – sicocxlisu-
nariani da mdgradi saxec aqvs.

§3. frensis bekonis axali atlantida anu

mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli utopia

frensis bekoni (1561-1626) iyo pirveli da yvela-

ze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa,
romlis mixedviTac mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs
misces yvelaze sasurveli sikeTe – komfortuli
TviTSenarCuneba. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia rea-
lurad miiRweva `aq~ da `axla~.
axal atlantidaSi (1627) bekoni aRwers mogzaur-
Ta warmosaxviT mogzaurobas, romlebmac aRmoaCines
kunZuli bensalemi. adamianebi daitanjnen wynar oke-
aneSi xangrZlivi mgzavrobiT da sWirdebodaT sakve-
bi da dasveneba. Tavdapirvelad, kunZulis mkvidreb-
ma gaafrTxiles, ar gadasuliyvnen kunZulze, magram
molaparakebebis Semdeg mainc darTes neba. stumar-
Ta pirveli uaryofiTi STabeWdileba gaqra, rogorc
ki naxes kunZuli iseTi, rogoric is namdvilad aris:
dalocvili, bednieri adgili.
bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram
aRiarebs religiur Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva reli-
giuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tanam-
debobebi, aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri dis-
putebi, romlebmac ganxeTqileba Camoagdo bevr ev-
ropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arse-
bobs.

109
 frensis bekoni im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom
mecniereba kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis gasaRe-
bia: `bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda daemorCilo~.
bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwi-
neba aris sazogadoebis fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros,
romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da daarsebu-
li da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuT-
rebul pativs didi ojaxis ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi
da moraluri saqcieli urTierTdakavSirebuli da
stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miC-
neuli.
Temis stabilurobas aZlierebs is faqtic, rom
2000 wlis win didsulovanma mmarTvelma solomonma
Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTaA ga-
naxleba mas mere saWiro aRar gamxdara.
bensalemSi saukeTeso moazrovneebi ikribebian
kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli
ewodeba; aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da
dakvirvebis gziT `sagnebis mizezebis da idumali bu-
nebis garkvevis yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT adamianis
imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad ga-
moiyeneba.
platonis `saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensa-
lemSi codnas ara mxolod sakuTari keTildReobis-
Tvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac. mec-
niereba unda iyos gamoyenebuli `adamianis yofis
SemsubuqebisaTvis~.
bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba
bevr sakiTxSi winaswarmetyvelurad JRers. magali-
Tad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis sa-
Sualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan
avadmyofobis mTeli simZime aRmofxvrilia, Seqmni-
lia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogierT

110
maTgans samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis
sferoSi teqnologiuri revolucia moxda.
erTi cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne be-
konSi `pirvel realur, Tanamedrove utopists~ xe-
davs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idealuri sazo-
gadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda. axali atlantida ar
moiazreboda rogorc momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca,
bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi SesaZlo
forma, romelSic mecnieruli progresi SeuzRuda-
vad iqneboda nebadarTuli.
bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva es iyo ada-
mianis mdgomareobis radikaluri gaumjobesebis
gegma.

§4. karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba-

komunizmi

karl marqsic (1818-1883) utopisti iyo, magram

platonisa da bekonisagan gansxvavdeboda. Tomas
magStadti rogorc aRniSnavs marqsis winamorbedni
iwyebdnen Tavisi samoTxis detaluri aRweriT, mar-
qsma daiwyo arsebuli sazogadoebis aSkara kritikiT
da miseuli utopiis mxolod zogadi monaxazi Seqmna.
is sakuTar Tavs praqtikos-realistad miiCnevda da
ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedve-
lobas istoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri rea-
lobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT
uaryofda, rom misi ideebi warmosaxviT azrovnebas
efuZneboda.
karl marqss miaCnda, rom samarTliani samyaro
mxolod kacobriobis kapitalisturidan socialis-
tur ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis evo-

111
luciiT miiRweva: `aqamde arsebuli yvela sazogado-
ebis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa~.
marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis
winaaRmdeg, mecxramete saukunis Sua periodSi kapi-
talizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime pirobebiT da
farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli.
marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel stadias,
romelic dauyovnebliv mohyveba kapitalizmis gada-
vardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.
marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komuniz-
mis pirveli stadia unda yofiliyo da kacobriobis
istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi
ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, ro-
gorc droebiTi fenomeni, iarsebebda mxolod im
dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan
dacvis aucilebloba.
am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revo-
luciuri programebi `yvelasgan SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa mixedviT~ prin-
cipiT. amgvari politika gulisxmobda kerZo sakuT-
rebis gauqmebas, mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gada-
saxads, memkvidreobis uflebis gauqmebas, saxelmwi-
fos mier yvela sakredito dawesebulebis, agreTve
komunikaciisa da transportis saSualebebis cen-
tralizacias, yvela bavSvisaTvis ufaso ganaTlebis
SemoRebas, bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSu-
alebebis gafarToebas da `gamouyenebeli miwebis
kultivaciasa da miwis gaumjobesebas zogadi gegmis
Sesabamisad.~
am stadiebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sede-
gad xelisufleba ubralod TavisTavad gaqreboda.
saboloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi ga-

112
daSendeba.~ arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diq-
taturas (komunizmis socialistur safexurs), uk-
laso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixi-
lavda.
marqsi mixedviT mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi
dasasruli komunizmis meore stadia – uklaso sazo-
gadoebaSi unda momxdariyo. am komunistur utopia-
Si namdvili adamianuri survilebis dakmayofileba
SesaZlebeli iqneboda. komunizmSi, sadac aravis aqvs
saqmianobis gansazRvruli sfero, magram SeuZlia
moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaT-
vis, saerTo produqciis regulirebis gziT sazoga-
doeba SesaZlebels xdis CemTvis gavakeTo erTi saqme
dRes da meore xval.
momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma
msoflios SesTavazes, namdvilad mimzidveli da
utopiuri iyo: danaSauli aRmoifxvreboda, cxovre-
bis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda, Zmoba da TanamSrom-
loba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecnie-
ruli progresi swrafi tempiT ganviTardeboda. yve-
laferTan erTad, socializmis mTel msoflioSi
gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daavadebas – om-
sa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms – adgili aRar eq-
neboda.
... socialuri revoluciiT kacobrioba daasru-
lebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Seabi-
jebda iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewo-
dos. ...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sa-
zogadoebas pirvelad SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli
gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos sakuTari resur-
sebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad Sev-
qmniT sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan
damoukideblobisaken, sibnelidan sinaTlisaken.~

113
 §5. idealuri saxelmwifos SesaZleblobis
sazRvrebi

politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva

mizezis gamo qmnian. `saxemwifoSi~ platonma adamia-
nis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi gamoikvlia; igi ara
marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdi-
lobda, aramed surda naTeli moefina im probleme-
bisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mohyoloda aseTi po-
litikuri wyobis danergvis mcdelobas. misgan gan-
sxvavebiT, bekonma `axali atlantida~ dawera ara
imisaTvis, rom adamianuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari
eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZ-
lia Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazoga-
doebas. bekons ainteresebda ara adamianTa SezRud-
vebi, aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi ada-
mianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpir-
deba.
marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia;
metic, igi Sedgeba misi msoflmxedvelobis logiku-
ri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos uklaso
sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva,
romelic marqsis rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda ax-
ldes kapitalizmis dasasruls, sabolood azrs mok-
lebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals sa-
xavs revoluciisa da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.
platoni filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli
saxelmwifo ver iarsebebda, sanam mis mmarTvelobaSi
yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movidodnen;
sxvagvarad aris bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli mo-
mavali aris ara adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Se-
degi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teqnikuri gan-
viTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofose-

114
bi, romlebic ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen; isi-
ni iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic adamianTa SesaZleb-
lobebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aanalizebdnen, ik-
vlevdnen, sistematizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da
amowmebdnen bunebis sxvadasxva fenomens. marqsisaT-
vis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila:
misi azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebi mSvidobiani da mdidari qveynis garantiaa.
zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da soci-
aluri usamarTlobis SeuwynareblobiT iyo STago-
nebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba
xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblo-
bas. utopiuri sazogadoebis principuli dabrkole-
ba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozireba-
doba da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopisti mo-
azrovneni evgenikuri programebis, savaldebulo
ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebiT
cdilobdnen.

§6. `Zalauflebidan~ gaqceva da utopiis

saidumlo

diogene laertelis wignSi `gamoCenil filoso-

fosTa cxovrebis, moZRvrebaTa da gamonaTqvamTa Se-
saxeb~ vkiTxulobT:
`roca platoni ideebis Sesaxeb msjelobda da sa-
xels urCevda magidobas da Tasobas, diogenma Tqva:
me, platonis magidas da Tass ki vxedav, magram magi-
dobas da Tasobas vera. platonma ki brZana: asea, ma-
gidisa da Tasis dasanaxad Tvalebi gaqvs, magram ma-
gidobisa da Tasobis saxilvelad goneba ar gaqvs~
(diogene: 230).

115
 platonis mosaubre es diogeni is saxelganTqmu-
li diogenia, romelmac araTu Tasobis, aramed Tavad
Tasis xilvac aRukveTa Tavs. rogorc mogviTxroben
diogenes Tasic ki mousrolia Sors.
adamiani gonieri arsebaa, romelsac ideebis sam-
yaros wvdomis unari aqvs. diogenis yoveli mcdelo-
ba ki mimarTulia iqiTken, rom uaryos Tavis TavSi
adamianoba, adamianis is saxe, romelic mis kultura-
Si Camoyalibda. adamiani CvenTvis yvelaze axloa,
nacnobia, magram aseve adamiani Zalzed ucnobia, ami-
tomac arsebobs antikurobidan dRemde maradiuli
kiTxva, ra aris adamiani? arsebobs adamianis epoqa-
luri definiciebi. TiTqmis yvela filosofos uk-
vlevia adamianis arsi, misi yofiereba, magram kvle-
visadmi interesi arada ar neldeba.
adamiani mxolod cocxali arseba ki ar aris,
msgavsad mcenarisa, mxolod sulis mqone ki araris
msgavsad cxovelisa, aramed is aris goniTi arseba.
goni, rogorc Tamaz buaCiZe aRniSnavs, aris unari
sakuTari Tavis daviwyebisa da am gziT saganSi CaZir-
visa, rogorc unari sruli trancendenciisa. goni
adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani sferoa, gonis ga-
movlena xdeba eTikurSi, rogorc sindisi.
ra aris sindisi? -`RvTaebis xma CemSi~, `Sinagani
msajuli~, `CemSi arsebuli RvTiuri nebis organo~.
es yvelaferi adamianSia, es CemSia. sindisi Cemi `ze-
mea~-romelic miCvenebs swor gzas. gavixsenoT pro-
tagoras cnobili Tezisi: `adamiani aris sazomi yve-
la nivTisa-arsebulTa arsebobisa, ararsebulTa
ararsebobisa~.
diogeni aarsebs axali adamianis saxes `faseulo-
baTa gadafasebiT~, romelic ar scnobs nivTebs, zed-
metad miaCnia isini. da, kerZod, am nivTs – Tass, gar-

116
kveuli daniSnulebis mqone, m. haidegeris termino-
logiiT xelsawyos misi xelidan wasuls, bunebis
qmnileba Seenacvla. Tumca peSvi – `erTmaneTs mide-
buli orive xelis mtevani, WurWlis formiseburad
moxrili, rom Sig raime Caidos an Caisxas~– ar CaiT-
vleba arc liton nivTad, arc srulyofil xelsaw-
yod, is mainc adamianis qmnilebaa. magram peSvs, ada-
mianis qmnilebas, damoukidebeli arseboba ara aqvs,
igi, rogorc adamianis nawili, romelic periodu-
lad iqmneba da qreba, moklebulia nivTobas, rom ar-
tefaqtad miviCnioT.
kasri mis mier Seqmnili `axali saxelmwifoa~, mas
surs bunebrivi garemos Seqmna -esaa TiTqosda Zala-
uflebidan gaqceva, gansakuTrebiT amas xSirad fi-
losofosebi mimarTaven da esaa utopia -esaa axali
utopiuri modeli, magram man SesZlo didi gavlenis
moexdena. es didi simboloa.
erT dRes diogenem qalaq aTenis centralur moe-
danze yvirili daiwyo. `hei adamianebo, adamianebo~?
amis gamo diogenes irgvliv uamravi xalxi Seg-
rovda. maT ki igi xeljoxiT daeria da ganwiruli
xmiT daiRriala: `gamSordiT, gamSordiT. me adamia-
nebs veZaxi da ara Tqvennair saZaglebs~. es qceva gi-
tovebs idumalis gancdas. ra unda mas. Cveni azriT
salosobis tipiuri magaliTia.
sekularul samyaroSi saidumlos adgili daikar-
ga, mas mxolod metaforuli mniSvneloba SerCa.
Tanamedrove cnobiereba isea mowyobili, rom mas
ar SeuZlia raime saidumlos atana, igi sruliad usa-
fuZvlod amayobs ara mxolod imiT, rom man Tavisi
racionaluri mecnierebiT da filosofiiT gaauqma
yovelnairi saidumlo da yvelaferi yvelasTvis mi-

117
sawvdomi gaxada, amitomac adamianebi cdiloben,
mTlianad daiyvanon TavianTi yofa `sajaro~ cxov-
rebamde, icxovron gamWvirvale skebSi (r. genoni).
gasagebia es metafora: icxovreT sxvebiviT da gam-
Wvirvaled. genoni ambobs, rom saidumlos ugule-
belyofa sxva araferia Tu ara erT-erTi forma si-
Zulvilisa imis mimarT, rac scildeba publikumis
saSualo dones, yvelaferisa, rac upirispirdeba da
uaryofs erTferovnebas…
esqatologiuri molodinis moxsnis kvalobaze
xdeba kosmosis (yofierebis) TavisTavadobis, TviT-
myofobis reabilitacia. es sofeli, romelic iyo xi-
di RvTis sasufevelSi gadasasvlelad, amieridan
xdeba myari sadguri, sadac adamiani mkvidrdeba im
iluzoruli rwmeniT, rom sabolood damkvidrebu-
lia am miwaze.
sxva Tvalsazrisi adamianis aRsasrulze, Tu ara
rogorc mis xorciel-sulier ganadgurebaze, seku-
larul adamians ara aqvs da dRemde awvalebs adami-
ans, romelic qristianad Tvlis Tavs: aris iq rame?
da is cdilobs Tavi daafuZnos aq. da igi eZebs mode-
lebs modelis gasamarTleblad.
Tanamedroveobis didi moazrovneebi hedli buli
da sxv. ayeneben sakiTxs, anu svamen kiTxvas, aris Tu
ara saxelmwifoTa sistema dromoWmuli? xom ar da-
vadgeT simbolurad diogenes gzas. unda aRiniSnos,
rom es aris anarqistuli kiTxva, romelsac sainte-
resod pasuxobs: saxelmwifoTa sistema axla dro-
moWmulia – es imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoTa siste-
mas ar SeuZlia, an male veRar SeZlebs Seasrulos
dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianis bazisuri miznebi da
amocanebi.

118
 Cven viSlebiT pirovnebebad da viqmnebiT pirov-
nebad?
saxelmwifo sistemas aRar SeuZlia mSvidobisa da
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. misi azriT, es aris
klasikuri argumentebi `saerTaSoriso anarqizmis~
winaRmdeg, romelsac axla zurgs umagrebs birTvu-
li omis gansakuTrebuli safrTxe.
adamianis bunebrivi garemos harmoniuli Tanac-
xovrebis ekologiuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad:
rom amasTan dakavSirebuli mosaxleobis kontro-
lis, sursaTis warmoebisa da ganawilebis, resurse-
bis marTvisa da SenarCunebis sakiTxebi SeiZleba
efeqturad gadawydes, mxolod globaluri midgo-
miT da adamianuri solidarobis SegnebiT, romelsac
xels aRar SeuSlis kacobriobis saelmwifoebad da-
yofa.
jer kide hamiltoni kiTxulobs: `namdvilad Ses-
wevT Tu ara adamianTa sazogadoebebs, gansjisa da
arCevanze dafuZnebuli vargebuli mmarTveloba da-
amyaron, Tu erTxel da samudamod arian ganwirulni
TavianTi politikuri agebuleba SemTxveviTobas da
Zalmomreobas daumonon~.
platonidan mokidebuli legitimaciis problema
yovelTvis samarTlianobasTan mimarTebaSi ganixi-
leboda. dRevandel epoqaSi (sekularul postmo-
dernul epoqaSi) Zalaufleba samarTlianobis kuT-
xiT aRar ganixileba. iozef raTcingeri gamosavals
(misi azriT) gonebasa da religias Soris dialogSi
xedavs. radgan guli da goneba, codna da rwmena er-
TmaneTs awonasworebs da akontrolebs kidec. rac
dRec saubedurod darRveulia.

119
 wina planze wamoiwevs politikuri wesrigis wina-
repolitikuri wanamZRvrebis analizi. yvela didi
moazrovne cdilobda winarepolitikuris analizss.
ra aris bunebrivi?
Zalauflebis axleburi analizi, romelsac fuko
gvTavazobs; safuZvelSi ara aqvs kanoni da modelad
ki samarTali,... rogorc dominik kola aRniSnavs: sa-
xelmwifos sazrisi racionaluri xelmZRvanelobis
TvalsazrisiT, romelmac SeiZleba gazardos saxel-
mwifos siZliere; gulisxmobs axali tipis codnis Ca-
moyalibebas. man Zalauflebis ori tipi daupirispi-
ra. erTia centralizebuli suverenuli saxelmwi-
fos aSenebisaken mimarTuli, meore ki gaTvlilia in-
dividze da gaTvaliswinebulia maT samarTavad xan-
grZlivad da mtkiced. aseT individualizmis xel-
Semwyob xelisuflebas ewodeba `pastoraluri~. un-
da aRiniSnos rom `gayofis~ Teoria didad aris dava-
lebuli avgustinesagan. man mkacrad gamijna saxel-
mwifo da eklesia, `amqveyniuri qalaqi~ da `zeciuri
qalaqisagan~.
arc erT socialur reformas ar ZaluZs adamia-
nis WeSmariti ganTavisufleba anu maTi Zalebis gan-
wmenda vnebebisagan.
dedamiwaze caTa sasufevlis damyarebis yvela
mcdelobas jojoxeTi moaqvs.
liberalur principebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
saxelmwifo aucilebeli borotebaa; misi Zala-
ufleba ar unda gaizardos saWiroze metad. am prin-
cips poperi `liberalur samarTebels~ uwodebs.
(okamis samarTebelis analogiiT, e.i im cnobili
principis analogiiT, rom obieqtebi anu arsebebi ar
unda gavamravloT ufro metad, vidre aucilebe-
lia). es gamoricxavs adamianis Sesaxeb homo-homini

120
lupus Tvalsazriss, romelic saxelmwifos auci-
leblobamde mivyavdiT.
piriqiT saxelmwifos aucileblobis dasabuTeba
maSin SeiZleba, Tu CavTvliT, rom homo-homini felis an
homo-homini angelus es aris sikeTisa da angelosuri
didsulovneba da rodesac am didsulovnebis gamo,
rodesac aravin aravis arasodes vnebs. aseT samyaro-
Si mainc iarsebeben susti da Zlieri adamianebi.
saxelmwifo mudmivi safrTxea an boroteba, Tum-
ca aucilebeli.
Tumca SegviZlia SevqmnaT institutebi, romle-
bic minimumamde daiyvanen Zalauflebis gamoyenebis
saSiSroebas.
utopizmis mimzidvelobis masazrdoebelia is,
rom am qveynad samoTxis damkvidrebis SeuZleblobas
ver vacnobierebT. darwmunebuli unda viyoT: sa-
moTxis Seqmnis nacvlad, unda vcdilobdeT, rom Ti-
Toeuli Taobis cxovreba odnav naklebad saSineli
da odnav naklebad usamarTlo gavxadoT.
utopiisaken dabruneba
utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miz-
nebs da pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens
politikur saqmianobaze. politikuri eqsperimen-
tebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili samar-
Tlianobis miRwevas isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kra-
xi ganicades.
utopizmi gansjis (bWobis) erT-erTi, mravali
adamianisaTvis misaRebi, wesis Sedegia. utopiuri
socialuri samyaros Seqmnis mcdelobaa- liberalu-
ri utopia anu utradicio tabula raza-ze racionalu-
rad agebuli saxelmwifo ganuxorcielebelia. libe-
raluri principi xom imas moiTxovs, rom TiToeulis

121
SezRudva, rac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aucileb-
lobiTaa nakarnaxevi, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, mi-
nimaluri da Tanabari iyos (kanti). magram ranaira-
daa SesaZlebeli aseTi a priori principis realur
cxovrebaSi gatareba?
monteskies azriT, kanoni aris aucilebel mimar-
TebaSi, romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebi-
dan. RvTaebas Tavisi kanonebi aqvs, materialur sam-
yaros Tavisi; sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis Seq-
mnil adamiansac Tavisi kanonebi aqvs. `kanoni adamia-
nis gonebaa... adamians misi movaleobebi, kanonmde-
belma politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebis meSveo-
biT Seaxsenes. Cven Tavisufalni varT imdenad, ram-
denadac samoqalaqo kanonebis ZalauflebaSi vimyo-
febiT; amrigad Tavisufleba imis keTebis uflebaa,
rasac kanoni krZalavs, maSin mas aRar eqneba Tavi-
sufleba, radgan igive SesaZlebloba sxvebsac eqne-
baT~.
misi azriT religia da samoqalaqo kanonebi Ziri-
Tadad imisaken unda iltvodnen, rom adamianebi karg
moqalaqeebad gaxadon. religias SeuZlia mxari dau-
Wiros saxelmwifos, rodesac kanonebs amis Zala
aRar SeswevT.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qristianobaSi saero da
sasuliero sferoebs Soris sakmaod mkafioa- `mie-
ciT keisars keisrisa da RmerTs RvTisa~. Tanamedro-
ve sekularuli saxelmwifo praqtikulad qristia-
nuli samyaros wiaRSi Camoyalibda. iudaizmSi da is-
lami saerTod ar mijnavs saero da sauliero sfe-
ros.
avgustine brZanebs `saxelmwifo aris mxolodRa
aucilebeli boroteba, romlis moqalaqeebs aiZu-

122
lebs gadalaxos Zaladoba da Zalmomreobis konkre-
tuli gamovlenaa adamianebs Soris. kanoni qristia-
nebs, anu zeciis moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs gaik-
vlion gza WeSmariti keriisaken, anu zeciuri qala-
qisaken. magram qristianebi, rogorc adamianebi bu-
nebiT arian socialurebi da amdenad, isini aucile-
bel kavSirSi arian sxva adamianebTan, anu miwieri qa-
laqis macxovreblebTan. amdenad isini saRvTo Rire-
bulebebs, anu `zeciur faseulobebs~ (rogoricaa
mSvidoba da siyvaruli) Tavis TavSi atareben da Se-
sabamisad SemoaqvT isini sazogadoebriv sferoSi `
saRvTo da miwieri qalaqis wevrebi harmoniulad
arian CarTuli saxelmwifos sxeulSi~.
axal droSi mTel imedebs ganmanaTlebloze amya-
rebda. `codna Zalaa~ brZanebs bekoni. pasuxi SekiT-
xvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba? kanti pasuxobda
ganmanaTlebloba – esaa adamianis gamosvla umwif-
robidan, romelic misive bralia. umwifroba aris
umweoba, sakuTari gansja sxvisi xelmZRvanelobis
gareSe moixmaro. mTavar sakiTxad religiis sferos
miiCnevs, radgan xelovanTa da mecnierebebTan dakav-
SirebiT Cvens mmarTvelobas ar aqvT interesi.
fuko am gansazRvrebas ukavSirebs marTvis dasav-
luri ideasa da ideals, romelsac fesvebi qristia-
nul pastoralur teqnikaSi aqvs. romlis mixedviT
nebismieri adamiani unda imarTos. arsebobs formebi
subieqtad qcevisa – magram Cven arasodes varT bo-
lomde maT mier `damonebuli~ Tu `damorCilebuli~.
Cven SegviZlia maTi miReba, magram, aseve maTi isto-
riulobis gamokvleviTa da gaTvaliswinebiT, maT
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba.

123
 Cven ZalgviZs `Tavisuflebis~ usasrulo samuSa-
oebis Sesruleba, ramdenadac SeiZleba, bevri axali
impulsi mivceT~.
adamiani ise amaRlebuli ar yofila (gonebrivad
da fizikurad, codnis maragiTa da ZaliT), rogorc
dResaa, magram arc arasodes iseTi safrTxis qveS
mdgara, rogorc dRes. mas gadaulaxav zruded,
mtrad daudga mis mier Seqmnili bevri sagani.
SemoqmedebiToba specifikuri niSania adamianis
namdvili arsebobisaTvis. igi SemoqmedebiTobiT
upirispirdeba yvela sxva arsebuls. ris ZaliTac is
`ejibreba~ RmerTs. SemoqmedebiTad moqmedi adamia-
ni scildeba obieqturi yofierebis sazRvrebs misi
zedapiruli tendenciis azriT da eswrafvis ezia-
ros obieqtur yofierebas misi fundamenturi ten-
denciis azriT. rodesac ver eziarebi obieqtur yo-
fierebas, TiTqosda rCebi `haerSi gamkidebuli~, ver
axerxeb usasrulobaSi gasvlas, SenSi isadgurebs Si-
Sis, Sinagani gangaSis SegrZneba.
rogor gavTavisuflde SiSisagan? aqedan xom ar
iwyeba axali utopiis Seqmna?
adamianis maZiebeli goneba vlindeba Tavisufle-
baSi, radgan is mudmivi arCevanis an anis winaSe dgas.
zurab kakabaZe aRniSnavs; Tavisufleba zogjer neba-
ze ucabedad gaSvebuli mxeciviT SiSs iwvevs. am `mxe-
ciT~ SeSinebuli filosofosebi mis isev galiaSi
Segdebas, Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqmas cdilobdnen.
uaris Tqma Tavisuflebaze ar aris SesaZlebeli-um-
jobesia masTan `saerTo enis~ gamonaxva.
adamianebi bunebriv garemoSi uaryofen sakuTari
gadawyvetilebiT upirovno Tavisuflebas da gadas-
cemen sakuTar uflebas axal `institucias~ -saxel-
mwifos, da gvgonia davZlieT SiSi.

124
 `adamiani mxecia~ ambobs Spengleri, romelic
cxovreba mkvlelobazea aSenebuli. arsebobs erTgva-
ri `saidumlo~ `saxelmwifos sulSi~ – Tu protagora
qalaqis SeqmnaSi xedavs instituts, romelic kacob-
riobis gadarCenas emsaxureba, is sazogadoebis ga-
darCenis saSualebaa. qristianuli tradiciiT, (roca
is ar ganixileba aristoteles gavleniT) qalaqis saw-
yisi aris ambavi miwaTmoqmed kaenze, qalaqis damaar-
sebelze, romelmac mokla Zma abeli – mwyemsi. adamia-
ni, romelic gandevnilia RvTiuri miwier samyofli-
dan (sadac sufevda urTierTsiyvaruli da mSvidoba),
moqalaqis gulSi ki Cadebulia Zalauflebis neba, ro-
melsac adamiani miyavs kaenis gzaze. ra aris adamiani
edemis baRSi da ra aris `aq~. rogori iqneboda adamia-
ni abelis gziT rom wasuliyo?
adamianis idumali ocneba yovelTvis usasrulo-
basTan ziareba iyo. adamiani saidumlos matarebeli-
caa, es yvelaferi masSia, magram is yvelafers gareT
eZebs, saidumloebiTaa moculi misi arCevani. mas es
arCevani `ar moswons~ da mudmivad Soreuli `samSob-
los~ ZiebaSia. es masSi badebs Tavisebur `nostalgi-
as~, romelic adamians ayenebs daukmayofileblobis,
sevdis, mowyenilobis, martoobis, sicarielis, ukva-
lod gaqrobis winaSe. adamiani iwyebs gamosavlis Zie-
bas. usasruloba, adamianuri cnobierebis Rrma wia-
Ridan, samyaros istoriis SoreTidan iyureba, – am
dros adamiani iwyebs an filosofosobas an RmerTis
Ziebas, es aris gaqceva -`Cemidan~, magram dabruneba
CemSi. axali utopiis dasawyisia. SeiZleba iTqvas ra-
cionaluri utopiis dasawyisi.

125
 Tavi VI. politikuris morfologia

§1. politikis kategoriebi

politikis sistemur Seswavlas – aqvs sakuTari

terminebi da ena. esenia Zalaufleba, Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba, legitimuroba, mmar-
Tveloba, wesrigi da aS. politikis sferoSi viyenebT
cnebebs, yvelaze zogads, anu cnebebs, romelsac ka-
tegoriebs vuwodebT.
arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri
gagebiT, wesrigi aRniSnavs im struqturebs, wesebs,
ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs, romlebic
politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia
sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis (an martivad rom
vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze.
rogorc dominik kola aRniSnavs, xelisuflebis
kategoria, identuria mmarTvelobisa, romelsac Se-
iZleba upiratesoba mivaniWoT. mmarTveloba xorci-
eldeba stabilur – institucionalur CarCoSi. is
yovelTvis organizebulia. magram am dros yovel-
Tvis xdeba jgufebis dapirispireba, romlebic cdi-
loben gavlenis moxdenas, an winaaRmdegobis gawevas.
mmarTvelobis cneba Seicavs gankargulebebis gace-
mas. rodesac wesrigi jgufis SigniT damyarebulia,
mocemul gansazRvrul geografiul garemoSi Zala-
dobis (iZulebis) gamoyenebiT. Zalaufleba Tu Se-
vecdebiT ganvsazRvroT ara sityva, aramed fenome-
ni, aris SedarebiT stabilizirebuli araTanaswo-
ruflebiani damokidebuleba, rodesac ufro maRal
poziciebze myofni wamyvan rols asruleben.

126
 veberis Tanaxmad, Zalaufleba warmoadgens iseT
damokidebulebas romelic gulisxmobs masSi monawi-
le TiToeuli mxris Tanxmobas, wevrobas, monawile-
obas am damokidebulebaSi.
veberi iyenebs termin `avtoritets~ (Autorits), ro-
gorc xelisuflebis (Herrschaft) sinonims. mecnierebis
Sromebi `qmnian avtoritets~. samxedro diqtatura
aris `avtoritaruli~ reJimi, romelic gansxvavdeba
totalitaruli reJimisagan. damorCileba avtori-
tetisadmi, spinozasaTvis crurwmenaa, mas surs `gax-
snas~ nebismieri Zalaufleba da warmoaCinos igi, ro-
gorc mistifikacia. mis azriT Zalaufleba efuZneba
ara Zalis gamoyenebas, aramed gansazRvrul saSua-
lebebs, romlebic grZnobebs emyareba. spinozasaT-
vis Zalaufleba (Politentia) aris ara Zalis gamoyeneba,
aramed adamianis simtkice Tavis arsebaSi. rogorc
kola aRniSnavs spinozasTan Zliereba kidev ufro
izrdeba gonebis gamoyenebisa da sxva adamianebTan
dakavSirebis Sedegad, ris gamoc SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom adamiani aris `politikuri cxoveli~ da rom po-
litikuri Zalaufleba TamaSobs dadebiT rols, ram-
denadac politikuri Zalaufleba xels uwyobs Ti-
Toeuli adamianis srulyofas, ris SesaZleblobasac
iZleva.

127
 §2. Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebi

mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari – SeimuSa-

von, miiRon da cxovrebaSi gaataron wesebi, waxali-
sebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT gavlena iqonion indi-
videbisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalaufle-
bas. mis gareSe xelisufleba ver SeinarCunebs mSvi-
dobas, ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas, ver mis-
cems stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs
efeqtian politikas. Tumca, politikuri Zalaufle-
bis Sedegiani gamoyeneba gacilebiT mets gulis-
xmobs, vidre fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZ-
lebelia Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. mag-
ram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncen-
trirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiT-
xvebs da eWvebs badebs. vis xelSia Zalaufleba da ga-
moiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad?
es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sa-
kiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin marTavs?~ SeiZleba
Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan
pasuxi Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis
konstituciaSi da gaecno misi xelisuflebis qmede-
bebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burusSia
gaxveuli an, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis
araformaluri modeli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qvey-
nis mTavar kanonSi gawerili formaluri struqtu-
rebisagan, SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, rea-
lurad vin marTavs. nebismier saxelmwifoSi, poli-
tikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalauflebis mqone pir-
Ta ricxvi Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raode-
nobasTan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da `ramdenad

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efeqtianad~ – am kiTxvebTan erTad, aranakleb mniS-
velovania kiTxva: upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politi-
kuri Zalaufleba kanonierad.
am mxriv mniSvnelovania erTmaneTs davukavSiroT
ori cneba: Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. inglisur
enaSi Sesabamisi terminebi (power da authority) xandaxan
sinonimuradac ki ixmareba, anu sityva authority zog
konteqstSi SeiZleba vTargmnoT, rogor `xelisuf-
leba~, zogan ki – rogorc `avtoriteti~. Zalaufle-
ba da avtoriteti politikuri xelisuflebis or
sxvadasxva ganzomilebas aRniSnavs.
mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, er-
Txel Tqva, rom Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan momdi-
nareobs. es sworia, magram amasTanave Zalze gadaWar-
bebulic. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv mar-
Tlac gamomdinareobs iZulebis instrumentebis (po-
licia, uSiSroebis samsaxuri, SeiaraRebuli dajgu-
febebi, jari) flobidan, magram ara mxolod aqedan.
is SeiZleba emyarebodes simdidres, pirovnul qa-
rizmas, ideologias, religias, an Tundac kerZo pi-
ris Tu jgufis moralur avtoritets mocemul sa-
zogadoebaSi. amdenad, xelisuflebis realuri gan-
xorcielebisTvis Tofis lula ar kmara: mis garda,
da SesaZloa masze ufro metad, mas sWirdeba norme-
bi, romlebic sazogadoebis did umravlesobas aRia-
rebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs.
es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qce-
vis zneobriv, religiur da samarTlebriv kodeqseb-
Si. xelisufleba, rogorc avtoritetiT aRWurvili
Zalauflebas gulisxmobs. legitimuroba aris mdgo-
mareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs
garkveul institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi

129
maT iZulebis gareSe emorCilebian da samarTlianad
da sworad miiCneven. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es gan-
sazRvreba sulac ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia
mmarTvelobis erTaderTi legitimuri formaa. piri-
qiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva nairsaxeobac SeiZ-
leba legitimuri iyos. Tu gvinda gavigoT, gvaqvs Tu
ara saqme legitimur xelisuflebasTan, is ki ar unda
vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevnebSi monawi-
leobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamo-
xatvis ufleba, aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es
uflebebi (an romelime maTgani). Tu xalxi kmayofi-
lia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxeda-
vad, aqvs Tu ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba),
mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila. ese igi, Zalauf-
leba avtoritetiTac yofila aRWurvili, risi bu-
nebrivi Sedegic saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabi-
lurobaa. istoriam sakmarisad bevri magaliTi mog-
vca imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cag-
deba (uzurpacia) da saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoe-
bis mxardaWeris, moraluri, religiuri Tu samar-
Tlebrivi dasayrdenis gareSe qveynis marTva. am Sem-
TxvevaSi gvaqvs xelisufleba avtoritetis anu le-
gitimurobis gareSe.

§3. Zalauflebis analizi

Zalaufleba, rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri uTa-

nasworo damokidebuleba, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes xu-
Ti niSniT:
1. Zalaufleba ar warmoadgens `iseT rames~, ro-
melic SeiZleba SeiZino an dakargo, aramed is xorci-

130
eldeba mravali momentis gaTvaliswinebiT da uTa-
nasworo da mobiluri urTieTobebis gaTamaSebiT.
2. Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi arseboben ara
calke an gareT, an ki (rogorc superstruqturebi),
sxva urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi. isini asruleben
ara akrZalvis an reproduqciis martiv rols, ara-
med `uSualod mwarmoeblur~ rols.
3. arsebobs jgufebi, institutebi, sadac Zala-
uflebrivi urTierTobebi arsebobs. sazogadoebis
safuZvelSi (ojaxi, warmoeba da a.S.) SeiZleba es da-
nayofebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdes da Seqmnas meba-
toneebi/ damorCilebulebi, romelic gavlenas ax-
dens yvela uTanasworo damokidebulebaze. Zalismi-
eri urTierTobebis Zalian didi raodenoba SeiZle-
ba Seiqmnas, rac Seadgens Zalauflebis mikrofizi-
kas.
4. Zalauflebrivi urTierTbebi ar aris gamowve-
uli individualuri piris, an erTgvari socialuri
Stabis Zalauflebis surviliT, isini warmoiqmnebian
garkveuli programis, rTuli taqtikuri svlebis Se-
degad da funqcionireba SeuZliaT TavisTavad. iq-
mneba farTo strategiebi, romlebic veravin pou-
lobs Tavis gamosaxatavad.
5. iq, sadac arsebobs Zalaufleba, aris winaaR-
mdegobac. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens ara metnakle-
bad moqnil pasiur qcevas, aramed kontr-taqtikas an
kontr-strategias, ufro sworad arsebobs mravali
saxis winaaRmdegobebi, romelic ar warmoadgens mar-
tiv kontrdartymas, batonobis martiv gadayvanas
mis sawinaaRmdego formaSi, winaaRmdegoba `araso-
des ar aris gare poziciaSi Zalauflebis mimarT~.
adamianis moqmedeba yovelTvis organizebulia im
TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi aris logika, mowesrigebu-

131
loba. is eqvemdebareba aucileblobas, isaxavs miz-
nebs da amitomac man SeiZleba warmoqmnas organiza-
cia da piriqiT, organizacia, misi aparati warmo-
Sobs, an moiTxovs moqmedebis sazRvrebis dadgenas
da mmarTvelobis specifikur modalobebs.
kanti (`msjelobis unaris kritika~) cdilobs ga-
nasxvavos cocxali arseba da meqanizmebi. saaTis me-
qanizmSi TiToeuli nawili aucilebelia mTlianobi-
saTvis, magram TiToeuli gorgolaWi sxva gorgola-
WebisaTvis qmediT mizezs ar warmoadgens. erTi nawi-
li arsebobs meore nawilisaTvis da meore nawilis
meSveobiT, da saaTs ar SeuZlia warmoqmnas sxva saa-
Ti. saaTs ar SeuZlia TviTon SeakeTos Tavisi Tavi an
Seasworos darRvevebi Tavis TavSi. amis sapirispi-
rod, organizebul arsebas gaaCnia ara marto `samoZ-
rao Zala~, aramed agreTve `Camomyalibebeli Zala~,
romelic SeiZleba gadaeces. buneba aris Semoqmedi
da Semoqmedi Tavis Tavis.

§4. Zalaufleba da xelisufleba

veberi rogorc aRniSnavs Zalaufleba (Macht)

`amorfuli~ cnebaa, anu is aris bundovani da ganur-
Ceveli: is niSnavs vinmes unars izeimos Tavis nebis
aRsruleba, romelic SeiZleba (xSirad) Seejaxos
sxvaTa nebas.
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT Zalaufleba
da xelisufleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zalauflebis
saidumlo dRemde amouxsnilia. sad aris xelisuf-
leba – Zalaufleba?
Zalaufleba arsebobisaTvis sayovelTao brZo-
laSi mopovebuli jildoa; Zalisa da Zalismieri we-

132
sebiT damkvidrebuli upiratesobis tkbobaa, xolo
xelisufleba, anu mmarTveloba urTierTobaTa or-
ganizaciaa, romelSic yvelas gansazRvruli roli
aqvs dakisrebuli. Zalaufleba xelisuflebis gare-
Se niSnavs aRsrulebuli neba-survilis zeims, erTi
adamianis mier meores morCilebaSi moyvanas. xeli-
sufleba ki mmarTvelTa da marTulTa organizaciaa,
romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianTa urTierTmorCi-
lebas Tavisuflebis SenarCunebiT.
Zalaufleba socialuri Tanacxovrebis erT-er-
Ti fundamenturi sawyisia. igi arsebobs yvelgan,
ojaxSi, organizaciebSi, SromiT koleqtivebSi, sa-
xelmwifoSi. politika sxva araferia, Tu ara miswra-
feba ZalauflebaSi monawileobisaTvis, an mis gana-
wilebaze zegavlenis mopovebisaTvis. sulerTia, iq-
neba es Zalauflebis ganawileba sxvadasxva saxel-
mwifoebs, Tu erTi romelime saxelmwifos SigniT-
adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris.
veberisaTvis ...is vinc politikaSi, Zalauflebi-
saken miiswrafvis, sul erTia, rogor esaxeba mas es
Zalaufleba sxva, idealur an materialur mizanTa
miRwevis saSualebad Tu Zalauflebad `mxolod Za-
lauflebis gulisaTvis~, raTa datkbes prestiJu-
lobisaTvis im grZnobiT, rasac adamians igi aniWebs.
nicSe Zalauflebas, misadmi wyurvils mTeli sam-
yaros sawyisad acxadebs. adamianur miswrafebaTa sa-
boloo mizania ara sargeblianoba, ara sikeTe, ara-
med sicocxlis zrda, gaZliereba, brZanebloba, yo-
velive amis ESedegi aris brZola. brZola da `Zalauf-
lebis neba~ mTeli samyaros safuZvelTa safuZvelia.
misi azriT `Zalauflebis neba~ sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis nebismieri movlenis mniSvnelobis krite-
riumia. kiTxvaze `ra aris kargi?-yvelaferi rac aa-

133
maRlebs Zalauflebis grZnobas, Zalauflebis nebas,
Tavad brZanebas adamianSi. cudia rac momdinareobs
sisustisagan. uzogadesi gagebiT Zlaufleba esaa
erTi individis (individebis) unari gaakontrolos
meore individis (individebis) moqmedeba.
Zalauflebis miswrafebas fridrix nicSe, ara
marto sociumis, aramed mTeli samyaros sawyisad ac-
xadebs. igi miiCnevs, rom yoveli arsebulis yofiere-
ba sicocxlea. es sicocxle ki warmoadgens Zalauf-
lebis nebis gamovlinebas. swored es Zalauflebis
neba gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebis-
mieri movlenis mniSvnelobas. amis mixedviT, indivi-
disTvis is aris kargi, rac amaRlebs Zalauflebis
grZnobebs.
Zalauflebis neba sicocxlis yovel gamovline-
bas axasiaTebs. magaliTad protoplazma win swevs
Tavis saceceebs, raTa monaxos raRac iseTi, rac mas
winaaRmdegobas gauwevs-ara SimSilis grZnobis, ara-
med swored Zalauflebis nebis gamo. Semdeg igi cdi-
lobs gadalaxos es raRaca, aiTvisos da CairTos Ta-
vis TavSi. Zalauflebis nebaa samyaros qaosis mowes-
rigebis safuZveli.
Zalauflebis nebis siamovnebis wyaro ubralod
misi damokidebuleba ki ar aris, aramed win swrafvaa,
axal gamarjvebaTa mopoveba, yvelaferze rac ki gza-
ze eRobeba. Zalauflebis nebis stiqiaa winaaRmdego-
baTa darRveva mbrZaneblobisken mimaval gzaze.
mbrZaneblobis neba esaa iracionaluri Zala, rome-
lic samyarosa da sicocxlis arsebaa.
amgvarad, qmnadoba, brZola, Zalaufleba samya-
ros safuZvelia. ar arsebobs samyaroSi raime uc-
vleli, Rirebuleba, RmerTi, romelic arsebulTa
sazomi iqneboda. erTaderTi arsebuli swored

134
mbrZaneblobis nebaa, romelic ZalaTa centrebis sa-
xiTaa warmodgenili da romelTa Soris dausrule-
beli brZola mimdinareobs gabatonebisa da mbrZa-
neblobis mimarTulebiT.
nicSesTvis, Zalauflebis gamoxatva, rogorc
mmarTvelisa da marTuls Soris cnobieri, nebayof-
lobiTi urTierTobis forma miuRebelia. misTvis
Zalaufleba individebs Soris, nebelobiTi damoki-
debuleba ki araa, romelic ormxriv aRiarebas moiT-
xovs, aramed am aRiarebis gareSe mbrZaneblobisken
swrafvaa.
nicSem uari Tqva Zalauflebis SezRudvis meqa-
nizmis arsebobis aucileblobaze, ris gareSec ka-
cobriobas didi safrTxe moelis. SeuzRudavi Zala-
uflebis gamovlinebaa diqtatura, totalitarizmi.
marTalia, nicSes bevr rameSi ver daeTanxmebi,
magram erTi ram ki ueWvelia, Zalaufleba adamianTa
saqmianobis umTavresi stimulia. Zalauflebis neba
warmarTavs adamianebs sasicocxlo urTierTqmede-
bis procesSi.
rogorc maqs veberi ityoda, politika sxva ara-
feria, Tu ara miswrafeba ZalauflebaSi monawileo-
bisken da mis ganawilebaze zegavlenis mopovebis-
Tvis. ar aqvs mniSvneloba iqneba es Zalauflebis ga-
danawileba saxelmwifoebs Soris, Tu TviTon saxel-
mwifos SigniT. politikaSi umTavresi swored Zala-
uflebisTvis brZolaa.
ara marto politika, aramed sazogadoeba mTlia-
nobaSi Zalauflebriv urTierTobaTa sistemaa. mag-
ram rogoria Zalauflebrivi urTierToba? Zalauf-
lebis mqone moelis, rom mis mier gacemuli brZaneba
Sesrulebuli iqneba, xolo is, vinc unda ganaxorci-

135
elos es brZaneba aqvs molodini, rom iqneba mis rwme-
nebTan Sesabamisi.
uzogadesi gagebiT Zalaufleba esaa erTi indivi-
dis unari gaakontrolos meore individi an individ-
Ta jgufis qmedebebi. sainteresoa rogor xorciel-
deba es Zalauflebrivi urTierToba? Zalauflebis
raobis Sesaxeb gamoyofen veberianul da sistemur
midgomebs.
pirveli midgoma gamoxatulia maqs veberis Sem-
deg gansazRvrebaSi: Zalaufleba niSnavs socialur
urTierTobaTa ganmtkicebul nebismier SesaZleb-
lobas daiJino da gaitano sakuTari, TviT winaaR-
mdegobis arsebobisac ki, damoukideblad imisa, ra-
Sic es SesaZlebloba gamoixateba. Zalauflebas ada-
miani eswrafvis, ara marto gamdidrebis mizniT, am-
bobs veberi, aramed misi swrafva SeiZleba Sefasdes
„Zalaufleba ZalauflebisaTvis.“ aseve Zalaufle-
bisaken ltolvas SeiZleba ganapirobebdes socialu-
ri pativis survili. Zalaufleba SeiZleba gavigoT,
rogorc individTa Soris an jgufTaSoris urTier-
Tobis nawili, romlis meSveobiT gadailaxeba sxva
socialur jgufTa winaaRmdegoba. amgvari gageba Za-
lauflebisa emyareba pirovnul unarTa arsebobas,
romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sxvebis kontroli
da am kontrolisadmi maTi mxridan momdinare wina-
aRmdegobis gadalaxva.
frangi filosofosi miSeil fuko (1926-1984) it-
yvis, rom adamianebi ganuwyvetliv imyofebian Zala-
uflebis moqmedebis qveS da amave dros TviTonac
axorcieleben mas.
makiavelTan Zalauflebis Teoria Rebulobs pa-
radoqsalur xasiaTs. misi `mTavari~ ar aris naSromi
politikuri ostatobis Taobaze. politika aq aRar

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aris mTlianobaSi iseTi, rogoric aristotelesTan,
qalaqis kargad marTvis xelovneba, aramed aq is aris
xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xelovneba, romelsac
mudmivad emuqreba gadatrialeba, gadayeneba, rac
moiTxovs moxerxebulobas, strategiebs da samxed-
ro eSmakobas.
makiaveli `mTavarSi~ wers: `unda gvaxsovdes, rom
arsebobs brZolis ori saxe: erTia brZola kanonebis,
xolo meore, Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSnulia ada-
mianebisaTvis, meore – mxecebisaTvis. magram raki
pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia, Zalauneburad unda
mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis au-
cilebelia, rom Tanabari warmatebiT ibrZodes, ro-
gorc mxeci da rogorc kaci. swored amnairi, Tumca-
Ra SefarviT gamoTqmuli SegonebiT mimarTavdnen
mTavrobas Zveli mwerlebi, romlebic aRniSnavdnen,
rom aqilevss da Zveli drois bevr sxva mTavarsac
aRsazrdelad abarebdnen kentavr qirons, raTa misi
meTvalyureobiT davaJkacebuliyvnen. an naxevrad
mxecisa da naxevrad kacis zedamxedvelobas aq mxo-
lod is azri aqvs, rom mTavari unda iTvisebdes da
isisxlxorcebdes orive bunebas, rom erTi meoris
gareSe udReuria~.

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 TaviVII. Zalauflebis legitimuroba –
kanonis uzenaesoba

§1. legitimurobis arsi

sazogadoebis politikuri marTva da mis winaSe

mdgari problemebis gadawyveta SeuZlebelia legi-
timurobis gareSe. „legitimuroba“ niSnavs politi-
kuri wesrigis aRiarebas. Zalauflebis legitimuro-
ba ki asaxavs mmarTvelsa da marTuls Soris Tanxmo-
bis xarisxs. Zalaufleba legitimuria, Tuki marTu-
lebi aRiareben mmarTvelTa uflebebs, marTon zoga-
dad da kerZod, ise rogorc marTaven.
legitimuroba aris aucilebeli piroba Zalauf-
lebis stabilurobisa da efeqturobisaTvis. anu ve-
ranairi sabuTebi, dokumentebi da tradiciebi ver
gaxdian Zalauflebas legitimurs, sanam es argumen-
tebi ar iqneba damajerebeli sazogadoebis umravle-
sobisTvis.
individi an instituti flobs legitimur Zala-
uflebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini, vinc unda daeq-
vemdebaros am Zalauflebas, aRiareben maT ufle-
bebs gascen brZanebebi. roca Zalauflebis matarebe-
li pirovneba kargavs legitimurobas, is adre Tu
gvian dakargavs Zalauflebasac.
aRsaniSnavia, rom legitimuroba Tavdapirvelad
ikargeba marTulebisTvis. isini aRar aRiareben
mmarTvelobis uflebas Zalauflebis ganxorciele-
baze. Tavidan Zalauflebis matarebelni ver amCneven
situaciis cvlilebebs da kvlavac moelian xalxTa
morCilebas. xolo Zalauflebis dakargvis SemTxve-
vaSi cdilloben amis interpretirebas im CarCoebSi,

138
romlebic maTTvis misaRebia. amis magaliTia ojaxi:
rodesac bavSvi miaRwevs garkveul asaks aRar aRia-
rebs mSoblebebis uflebebs akontrolon is, yovel
SemTxvevaSi im xarisxiT, rogorc adre. Tavdapirve-
lad mSoblebi ver acnobiereben am cvlilebebs, ra-
sac mivyavarT komfliqtamde, Semdeg nel-nela xdeba
urTierTSegueba.
arsebobs legitimurobis ramdenime faqtori. maT
Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania drois faqtori. dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi adamianebi eCvevian Zalauflebis
gansazRvrul tips. amis erT-erTi magaliTi imisa,
Tu rogor xdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi politikuri
sistemis legitimacia, aris britanelebis damokide-
buleba monarqiis institutisadmi, es faqti, amtki-
cebs imasac, rom samefo Zalauflebis mravalsauku-
niani arseboba ara mxolod kanonieria britanelebi-
saTvis, aramed mmarTvelobis yvelaze misaRebi for-
maa.
legitimurobis miRwevisTis kidev erTi mniSvne-
lovani faqtoria mniSvnelovania Tuki Zalaufleba
aRiarebulia warmatebulad da efeqturad, is male
gaxdeba legitimuric.
legitimuroba SeiZleba miRweuli iqnes politi-
kuri institutebis formirebis iseTi saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebis moqalaqeebisTvis misaRebia.
Tanamedrove da ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTis aseTi
saSualebaa arCevnebi. iq sadac mosaxleoba irCevs xe-
lisuflebas da anWebs mas garkveul uflebebs, Sem-
deg emorCileba kidec am xelisuflebas da mis mier
Sedgenil kanonebs. demokratiul qveynebSi moqala-
qeebi emorCilebian, ara pirovnebebs, aramed Tanam-
debobebsa da institutebs.

139
 mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisaTvis SeiZleba
damajerebeli iyos xelisuflebis RvTiuri warmo-
mavloba. es warmoSobs ndobas, ndoba ki legitimizi-
rebulobis garantiaa. magram dRes aRaravis sjera
politikuri Zalauflebis RvTiurobis da saWiroa
sxva sazriseul sferoebze miTiTeba.
legitimizaciis kidev erTi saSualebaa Zalauf-
lebis gaigiveba nacionalur simboloebTan. misi aRi-
areba saxalxo Zalauflebad da moqalaqeebis dar-
wmuneba, rom swored es mTavrobaa saukeTeso da er-
TaderTi misaRebi gziT marTavs qveyanas da Tan anga-
riSs uwevs mosaxleobis kulturul da istoriul
specifikas.
legitimuroba da suvereniteti erTmaneTTan
mWidro kavSirSia. legitimurobis dakargva auci-
leblad gamoiwvevs mTavrobis suverenitetis uar-
yofas mocemul teritoriaze.
legitimurobis tipebs Soris SeiZleba gamoiyos
Semdegi:
1. ideolodiuri legitimuroba: reJimisa da av-
toritetTa legitimurobis Sinagani rwmena.
2.struqturuli legitimuroba: struqturebisa
da normebis kanonierebisadmi miukerZoebeli rwmena.
3. personaluri legitimuroba: avtoritetTa ka-
nonierebis miukerZoebeli rwmena maTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebis safuZvelze.

140
 §2. legitimuroba da legitimacia

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben legitimurobasa da

legitimacias. legitimacia individs eubneba ara
mxolod imas Tu ratom unda Sesrulos esa Tu is
moqmedeba, aramed imasac, Tu ratomaa nivTebi iseT-
ni, rogoric isini arian. sxvagvaraad, rom vTqvaT, in-
stitutTa legitimaciis procesSi `codna~ win us-
wrebs `Rirebulebebs~.
nebismieri socialuri instituti moiTxovs le-
gitimacias anu gamarTlebas. legitimuroba es aris
konkretuli politikuri sistemis mdgomareoba, le-
gitimacia ki – procesi, romelSic es legitimuroba
xorcieldeba.
veberis mixedviT `legitimacia identurobisa da
politikis gadakveTis adgilia, igi ufro metia da
kompleqsuria vidre kanoniereba, anu legalitetia~.
legitimuroba uzrunvelyos moqalaqeTa morCile-
bas, Tanxmobas, xolo Tu aseTi, ram SeuZlebelia, ma-
Sin gamoyenebuli iqneba yvela xerxi da saSualeba,
romelsac flobs politikuri sistema da misi xeli-
sufleba.
Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis legitimuro-
bas amuSaveben iseTi moazrovneebi, rogorebic ari-
an: s. lipseti, u. linci, r. dali, v. henisi, m. lumani,
k. offe, i. habermasi, m. dogani da sxvebi.
`legitimuroba niSnavs politikuri wesrigis
Rirsebis aRiarebas. habermasi legitimurobas sta-
tikur movlenad ar Tvlis. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes
politikuri sistema, saxelmwifo, romelic TavisTa-
vad legitimuri iqneboda. legitimuroba mudam xe-
laxla, kvlav da kvlav unda movipovoT, swored le-

141
gitimaciis meSveobiT moipovebs mmarTveli elita
Tavisi privilegirebuli mdgomareobis gamarTle-
bas. isini mudam cdiloben warmosaxon TavianTi faq-
tobrivi xelisufleba, rogorc sayovelTaod aRia-
rebuli moZRvreba.
xelisufalni yovelTvis cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT
sakuTari Zalauflebis mimarT samarTlianobisa da
mmarTvelobis kanonierebis STabeWdileba. verc er-
Ti politikuri sistema Tu politikuri reJimi ver
SeZlebs daeyrdnos mxolod fizikur Zalas da iZu-
lebas, rogorc misi Zalauflebisadmi Tanxmobisa da
morCilebis garants.
politikuri lideris gavlena, Tu igi ar aris gan-
mtkicebuli legitimurobiT, ver iqceva avtorite-
tad. avtoriteti kanonieri gavlenis gansakuTrebu-
li saxea. politikuri lideri iswrafvis da cdi-
lobs, rom Tavisi gavlena avtoritetuli gaxados,
rameTu avtoriteti zemoqmedebis yvelaze efeqtu-
ri formaa. igi ara mxolod ufro saimedo da xan-
grZlivia, aramed saSualebas iZleva vmarToT poli-
tikuri resursebis minimaluri danaxarjebiT.

§3. legitimuroba da efeqturoba

individebi da socialuri jgufebi politikur

sistemas afaseben da aRiareben legitimurad an ara-
legitimurad imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Sesabameba
mocemuli sistemis miznebi da Rirebulebebi maT sa-
kuTar miznebsa da Rirebulebebs.
stabilur politikur sistemasTan maSin gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac mas erTdroulad gaaCnia rogorc
legitimurobis ise efeqturobis maRali xarisxi. Tu

142
igi moklebulia yovelive amas, maSin ganwirulia da-
sacemad. misi SenarCuneba SeiZleba mxolod Zalismi-
eri meTodebiT garkveuli drois manZilze.
legitimurobis mkvlevarTa TvalsazrisiT savse-
biT obieqturad SeiZleba dadgindes politikur re-
JimTa legitimurobis xarisxi da done. rogorc mag-
Steini aRniSnavs, politikur reJimTa legitimuro-
bis xarisxis anu intensivobis maCvenebelia:
1. iZulebis is done, romelic aucilebelia sazo-
gadoebaSi politikis gasatareblad;
2. mTavrobis an politikuri lideris damxobis
mcdeloba raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeb-
lebi;
3. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis, amboxebaTa da
samoqalaqo omis gamovlenis Zala;
4. masobrivi emigracia da gadasaxleba;
5. masobrivi demonstraciebi;
6. arsebuli mTavrobisadmi mxardaWeris uecari
gamovlineba an piriqiT;
7. arsebuli mTavrobisadmi opoziciis uecari da
Zlieri gamovlena;
8. arCevnebis Sedegebi;
9. Tavisufali masmediis mxardaWera an piriqiT.
Aamrigad, politikuri sistema efeqturad maSin
SeZlebs mis xelT arsebuli Zalauflebis kreditis
gazrdasa da Sesabamisi politikis gatarebas, rode-
sac igi Seesatyviseba mosaxleobis farTo masebis
warmodgenebsa da imedebs, adaTebsa da msoflmxed-
velobas, zneobriv da politikur Rirebulebebsa da
faseulobebs.

143
 §4. legitimurobis krizisi

liberaluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebis momdev-

no etapze, rogorc es misi ganviTarebis postin-
dstriulma etapma aCvena, ekonomikurze ufro met
mniSvnelobas politikuri krizisi iZens, romelic
sazogadoebis sistemur da socialur dezintegra-
ciaSi vlindeba.
habermasi, ganasxvavebs politikuri sistemis kri-
zisis or formas: racionalurobisa da legitimuro-
bis krizisebs. `sazogadoebrivi sistemis ara nebismi-
eri struqturuli cvlileba aris – misi krizisulo-
bis momaswavebeli an Tavad krizisi... mxolod maSin,
rodesac arsebulis kritikas, ganicdis da maT soci-
alur identurobas, rogorc saSiSs, ise aRiqvams da
SeigrZnobs, SegviZlia krizisis Sesaxeb vilapara-
koT.
sistemuri integraciis darRvevebi mxolod im
zomiT aris arsebulTaTvis saSiSi, ra zomiTac soci-
aluri integracia saTuo da meryevi xdeba e.i. rode-
sac normatul struqturaTa konsensusis safuZvle-
bi imdenad xelisSemSlel (damabrkolebel) xasiaTs
iZens, rom mTlianad sazogadoeba anonimuri xdeba.
Sesabamisad, krizisuli viTarebani iReben sazoga-
doebriv institutTa dezintegreciis formas~ (ha-
bermasi).
mudmivad mzardi saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba,
romelic legitimurobis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels,
ar iZleva garantias, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli krizisuli gamovlinebani
Semcirdeba.
ekonomikur da politikur sferoTa gadaxlar-
Tva da erTmaneTSi SeWra aucilebels xdis legiti-

144
maciis mTlianad da savsebiT axali principebis Se-
motanasa da damkvidrebas. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo-
Ta Tu politikuri sistemaTa legitimaciis proble-
ma, habermasis azriT, mdgomareobs:
1. ise moawyos ekonomika, rom misi miRwevebi, sis-
temaTa Sedarebisas sayovelTao interesebis sauke-
Teso ganxorcielebas warmoadgendes,
2. moqalaqeTa morCilebisa Tu daqvemdebaebis
simsubuqeSi, Tanac ise, rom saxelmwifo iRebdes Ta-
vis Tavze ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas, raTa disfun-
qciuri movlenebi misaReb sazRvrebSi moaqcios,
3. rolTa aseTi danawilebis legitimaciiT anu
gamarTlebiT, SeZlos saxelmwifom sazogadoebisaT-
vis saWiro wesrigis legitimurobis anu aRiarebis
miRweva.
Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis arsebobis Se-
narCunebas, mis stabilurobas saSiSroeba emuqreba
aramxolod ekonomikuri, aramed rogorc dRes ambo-
ben, – sazrisiseuli krizisis mxrivac. sazogadoeb-
rivi krizisebi, romelic Tavdapirvelad warmoiqne-
ba ekonomikur sistemaSi, Semdeg `gadaizrdeba~ po-
litikurSi, dabolos, aRwevs kulturul-ideur
sferoebsac.
habermasi aRniSnavs: legitimaciisa da legitimu-
robis krizisi upiratesad mainc gardamavali perio-
dis krizisia, amitom misi fesvebi Tanamerdove sazo-
gadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis xasiaTSi unda ve-
ZeboT.
legitimurobis ganmtkicebisa Tu mopovebis mra-
vali meTodi arsebobs. rasakvirvelia, es meTodebi
Tavad unda iTvlebodnen samarTlianad da kanonie-
rad. politikuri sistemis legitimuroba iwarmoeba

145
da iqmneba, uwinares yovlisa, `polity~ –sa da `politcs~-is
meSveobiT. magram, yovelive es SeiZleba exebodes im
Sinaarssa da rezultatebsac, maSasadame, im `polity~-s,
romelsac Tavad politikuri sistema atarebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri reJimi savse-
biT kanonierad icavs miRebul da aRiarebul proce-
durebs, SesaZlebelia mosaxleobis umravlesobam
igi samarTlian da gamarTlebul sistemad veRar Se-
igrZnos da Seafasos. farulad da TandaTan SeiZle-
ba politikuri sistemis legitimuroba eWvis qveS
dadges.
legitimurobis dakargvis msgavs SemTxvevebs Se-
iZleba adgili hqondes mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi,
an gavlenis mqone umciresobaSi, rodesac mTavroba
da mTlianad politikuri sistema araviTar zomebs
ar iRebs im ekonomikuri da socialuri urTierTo-
bebis Sesacvlelad, romelTac usamarTlo da araka-
nonierad SeigrZnoben da Tvlian. legitimurobis
dakargvis didi saSiSroeba arsebobs, maSin rodesac
mosaxleobis farTo masebi grZnoben da acnobiere-
ben, rom arsebul politikur sistemas ar ZaluZs ga-
umklavdes sazogadoebaSi arsebul siZneleebs,
mzard kriminalur darRvevebs, danaSaulebebsa da
Zaladobis aqtebs.
zemoT aRniSnuli msjeloba saSualebas gvaZlevs
gamovyoT legitimur obis ganmtkicebis Semdegi sa-
Sualebebi:
1. axali moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad kanonmdeb-
lobisa da saxelmwifo marTvis reJimis Secvla;
2. Zireuli struqturuli cvlilebebis gatareba
ise, rom amave dros SenarCunebul iqnes politikur
institutTa tradiciuli legitimuroba;

146
 3. iseTi politikuri sistemis Seqmna, romlis le-
gitimuroba daemyareba mosaxleobis farTo fenebis
zne-Cveulebebs, adaTebsa da tradiciebs;
4. uSiSroebis legaluri formebis gaaqtiureba;
5. mosaxleobis masobrivi dasaqmeba;
6. erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis dacva
da cxovrebaSi gatareba;
7. saxelmwifo politikisa da programebis warma-
tebuli da efeqturi ganxorcieleba;
8. qveyanaSi marTlwesrigisa da kanonierebis
mxardaWera da ganuxreli dacva;
9. qveynis uzenaesi mmarTvelis piradi xarizma.

147
 TaviVIII. mmarTvelobis formebi; marTva
adamianisa da kanonis mier

§1. adamianis Tu kanonis uzenaesoba?

politikuri filosofiis evoluciis procesSi,

mudmivi aqtualobiT dgas kiTxva: rodis aris mmar-
Tveloba ukeTesi: rodesac marTaven adamianebi, Tu
rodesac marTaven kanonebi?
es kiTxva ar unda agverios imaSi, Tu romeli
mmarTveloba jobia. monarqiuli, aristokratiuli,
demokratiuli Tu Sereuli mmarTveloba.
aristotelem `politikaSi~ mogvca mmarTvelo-
bis samive formis analizi: aRsaniSnavia, rom samive
formidan TiToeuls Tavisi negatiuri mewyvile
hyavs. e.i. SeiZleba esa Tu is forma gadagvardes Ta-
visive damaxinjebul oreulSi.
monarqia aris erTmmarTveloba. igi SeiZleba ga-
daizardos erTi adamianis TviTnebur marTvaSi. ma-
Sin miviRebT tiranias.
aristokratia aris `ukeTesTa~ mmarTveloba. igi
SeiZleba gadaizardos umciresobis mmarTvelobaSi
umravlesobis sazianod. maSin miviRebT oligarqias.
demokratia aris xalxis mamrTveloba. igi SeiZ-
leba gadaizardos uaresTa anu brbos mmarTveloba-
Si, anu oqlokratiaSi. uaresi umravlesoba ibato-
nebs ukeTes umciresobaze.
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb msjeloba, mxolod imas ki
ar unda iTvaliswinebdes, Tu vin an ramdeni marTavs,
aramed imas, Tu rogor marTavs. sakiTxi ase dgas
`adamianTa mier marTva Tu kanonis mier marTva?~ es
kiTxva mmarTvelobis formebs ki ar exeba, aramed

148
imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba mmarTveloba. amdenad
sakiTxi ganxilvis sxva sibrtyeze inacvlebs. es aris
kargi an cudi mmarTvelobis gamijvna. mTavari kri-
teriumebi, riTac tradiciulad ganasxvaveben karg
da cud mmarTvelobas, ormagi bunebisaa: pirveli, sa-
erTo keTildReobazea orientirebuli, xolo meore
personalurze.
am kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gamov-
yoT mmarTvelobis ori tipi: tirania – romelic bo-
rotad iyenebs Zalauflebas, raTa Tavisi ukanono
survilebi daikmayofilos da meore avtokratia,
romelic avtoritarulad, TviTon qmnis kanonebs da
amiT marTavs.
aristoteles mixedviT, yvelaze saukeTeso mmar-
Tvelobaa `politea~, anu saSualo klasis Zalauf-
leba. TviTon aristotele cdilobda Seejerebina
mmarTvelobis TiToeuli formis, rogorc dadebi-
Ti, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. yvelaze uaryofiTi ma-
xinj mmarTvelobad mas tirania miaCnda, radgan mas
moqalaqeni monobis donemde mihyavda. cudi mmar-
Tvelobis pirobebSi erTi adamiani, adamianTa jgufi
an xalxis masebi mbrZanebloben sakuTari interese-
bis sasargeblod da sxva adamianebis sazianod. xolo
kargi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, erTi adamiani, jgu-
fi, an sazogadoebis farTo fenebi marTavdnen yvela
adamianis sakeTildReod.
kanonTa uzenaesobis principebi gatarebulia or
avtoritetul teqstSi, pirveli ekuTvnis platons,
xolo meore aristoteles. platoni wers: `me, rom
maT `kanonTa msaxurebi~ vuwode, es imitom ar mom-
xdara, rom raRac axali frazis gamogoneba mindoda.
me ubralod mjera, rom saxelmwifos warmatebac da
warumateblobac yvelaze metad amazea damokidebu-

149
li. roca kanoni raRac sxva Zalauflebas eqvemdeba-
reba da TviTn araviTari Zala ar gaaCnia, saxelmwi-
fos dacemas win aRaraferi udgas. magram, Tu kanoni
batonia da mTavroba misi monaa, aseTi mdgomareoba
bevr sikeTes gvpirdeba. RmerTebi, kacTa gasaxarad,
am saxelmwifosaTvis wyalobasa da locva-kurTxevas
ar daiSureben~.
xolo aristotele `politikaSi~ aRniSnavs: `Ta-
vidan imas vkiTxulobdi, Tu ra ufro mizanSewoni-
lia. saukeTeso kacma gvmarTos Tu saukeTeso kano-
nebma. visac mefis mmarTvelobis mizanSewonilobisa
sjera, fiqrobs, rom kanonebi mxolod zogad princi-
pebs moicaven. da konkretul miTiTebebs ar iZlevian
yoveldRiurad wamoWrili sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. amgva-
rad, cdiloben daasabuTon, rom nebismier SemTxve-
vaSi sisulele iqneba, Tu mudam dawerili kanonebiT
vixelmZRvanelebT. meore mxriv, verc mmarTvelebi
imoqmedeben zogadi principebis gareSe. principi
Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, grZnobebisagan Tavi-
sufalia. yovel adamians grZnobebi sZlevs: kanonebi
amisagan Tavisufalni arian~.

§2. mmarTvelobis formebi

monteskie ixilavs marTvelobis sam formas. es

sami formaa: respublika, monarqia da despotia. mon-
teskie aseve asaxelebs am mmarTvelobis formebis ma-
moZravebel principebs. „mmarTvelobis bunebasa da
mis principebs Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom imis buneba
aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is,
rac igi moqmedebaSi mohyavs. pirveli misi damaxasia-

150
Tebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebe-
bia, romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben.“
respublikuri mmarTveloba gulisxmobs, ro-
gorc demokratiul, aseve aristokratiul formebs.
demokratiis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli gasaTvaliswi-
nebeli faqtorebia xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa
gansazRvra, arCeviTi procedurebi, anu monteskies
mixedviT xmis micema Ria unda iyos. xolo Tu mmar-
Tveloba aristokratiulisken ixreba ukeTesia Tu
mosaxleobis umcires nawils Raribebi Seadgenen,
radgan aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis dros xalxi
araraobadaa miCneuli.
monarqiuli wyobilebis dros gadamwyveti mniS-
vneloba eniWeba erT, umaRles mmarTvels. magram sa-
Wiroa Zalauflebis Sualeduri elementebis arse-
boba, raTa monarqia despotad ar gadaiqces. aseTi
elementebia: didebulebis da Tavadaznaurebis arse-
boba. magram monteskie saWirod Tvlis politikur
korpuss, romelic gaakontrolebda TavadaznaurTa
damokidebulebas kanonebis mimarT.
respublikuri mmarTvelobis dros, miuxedavad
imisa demokratiulia Tu aristokratiuli mis prin-
cipad monteskie siqveles asaxelebs. siqvelis moSla
iwvevs mosaxleobis wesis degradacias. respublika-
Si siqvele sxva araferia Tu ara respublikis siyva-
ruli. respublikis siyavruli demokratiis dros
demokratiis siyvarulicaa. rac Tavis mxriv aris Ta-
nasworobisa da zomierebis siyvarulic. Tanasworo-
bis principis moqmedeba gulisxmobs qveynis Tanas-
wor samsaxurs. marTalia yvela Tanabrad cdilobs,
magram SeZlebiT gansxvavebulad axerxeben. respub-
likisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania saSualo fena,
radganac es fena gamoirCeva zomierebiT da goniv-

151
rulobiT. sakuTar keTildReobas ukavSirebs saxel-
mwifos keTildReobas.
monarqiaSi siqvele SeiZleba axasiaTebdes mxo-
lod calkeul mmarTvels, magram ara mTel xalxs.
amgvarad monarqiuli mmarTvelobis princips Rirse-
ba warmoadgens.
Rirsebis kodeqsebi moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli
pativis migebas ama Tu im pirisadmi. kanonebis Sesaba-
misobas mmarTvelobis principebTan moqmedebaSi
mohyavs mmarTvelobis yvela elementi, mag: imisaT-
vis, rom respublikaSi Tanasworoba sufevdes, is
ganmtkicebuli unda iyos kanoniT, xolo monarqiaSi
kanonebi mimarTuli unda iyos kiTilSobilTa dasa-
cavad, aramed memkvidreobis gasarkvevad, radgan aq
Rirseba mibmulia memkvidreobaze.
rac Seexeba despotias, es mmarTvelobis yvelaze
uaresi formaa, esaa marTveloba yovelgvari kanonis
gareSe. despotia dafuZnebulia SiSze. despotiaSi
mmarTveli piris garda, yvela monaa da SiSSi unda am-
yofo, raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. despotiaSi SiSi
realuria da is monasTvis gulisxmobs mmarTvelis
mudam SemarTul xels. rogorc ki mmarTveli modun-
deba, despotias niadagi ecleba, despotiis dros sa-
Wiroa ramdenime martivi wesi, romelic uyoymanod
aRsruldeba, radgan am dros yvelaferi Zaladoba-
zea dafuZnebuli.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansxvaveba monarqiasa da
respublikas Soris formaluria. dRes arseboben
konstituciuri monarqiebi, mag: inglisi, sadac me-
fis Zalaufleba SezRudulia konstituciurad, xe-
lisuflebas axorcielebs ara mefe aramed xalxis mi-
er arCeuli parlamenti, faqtobrivad respublikaa.
respublikis mxrivac arsebobs saprezidento res-

152
publika, sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ekuT-
vnis prezidents da mas xalxi irCevs. da saparlamen-
to respublika, sadac xelisuflebas axorcielebs
premier-ministris meTaurobiT mTavroba. pirvels
warmoadgens a.S.S, safrangeTi, xolo meores italia
da a.S. mokled visaubreT mmarTvelobis ZiriTad
formebze, magram arsebobs erTi problemuri kiT-
xva; rodisaa mmarTveloba ukeTesi: rodesac marTa-
ven kanonebi Tu adamianebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi ic-
vleboda politikuri filosofiis evoluciis pro-
cesSi.
rac Seexeba, Sua saukuneebis politikur azrov-
nebas, miaCniaT, rom kargi mmarTveli arian isini,
vinc qveyanas kanonis Sesabamisad marTavs. aravis Za-
luZs kanonebis survilisamebr Secvla, radgan kano-
ni pirovnebis wadils ar emorCileba. kanons an Rmer-
Ti adgens an TviT sagnis bunebaa, an kidev saxlmwi-
fos konstituciis safuZvelia.
marTalia, kanoni miCneulia uzenaesad, magram aq
Tavs iCens erTi problema: arsebobs mmarTveloba ka-
nons daqvemdebarebuli da mmarTveloba kanonebis
meSveobiT. es ori gansxvavebuli movlenaa. kanons
daqvemdebarebuli mmarTvelobis upiratesoba isaa,
rom igi aRkveTs, an yovel SemTxvevaSi xels uSlis
Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas. mTavroba Zala-
uflebas winaswar dadgenili samarTlebrivi princi-
pebis Sesabamisad iyenebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
Zalaufleba zogadi kanonmdeblobiT aris gaSuale-
buli. mizezTa umravlesoba, ris gamoc adamianTa
uzenaesobasTan SedarebiT kanonis uzenaesobas ar-
Ceven dakavSirebulia Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan
zogadi da ganyenebuli normebis meSveobiT. Tanas-
worobis, Tavisuflebis da usafrTxoebis damkvid-

153
rebis garantias kanonis Sinagani buneba iZleva, Tu
mas zogad normad CaTvlian, vidre Zalauflebis mar-
Tebulad gamoyenebas.
kanoni, rogorc zogadi norma miesadageba indivi-
debis mTel klass, mis dadgenaSi socialuri jgufis
yvela wevris monawileobaa SesaZlebeli. kanoni zo-
gad mimarTebebs asaxavs, ris gamoc is miukerZoebe-
lia, ar aniWebs konkretul pirovnebas upirateso-
bas.
kanonis uzenaesobis principis aRiareba da misi
cxovrebaSi gatareba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
damaxasiaTebeli niSania, magram es ganmsazRvreli ar
aris. saxelmwifo rom kanonebs unda emyarebodes,
rogorc zemoT vaxseneT. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi
wamoayenes, magram samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea
saboloo saxiT cicerons ekuTvnis. igi Tvlis, rom
saxelmwifo ubralod xalxis saqme ar aris, is samar-
Tlebrivi warmonaqmnia. igi aris Tavisufali moqa-
laqeTa iuridiulad da samarTlebrivad gaforme-
bul urTierTobaTa erToblioba.
samarTebliv saxelmwifoSi samarTali politi-
kisgan damoukidebelia. politika samarTalzea da-
mokidebuli. politikiT mxolod imis ganxorciele-
ba SeiZleba, rac samarTlebrivad gamarTlebulia.
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi samarTali TviTmiza-
nia.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sasamarTlo xeli-
sufleba danarCeni organoebisgan damoukidebelia.
sasamarTlos emorCileba qveynis mmarTveli da aseve
sasamarTlo xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakanonmdeblo
organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba arakonsti-
tuciurad scnos.

154
 kanoni yvelasTvis erTia da yvela situaciaSi au-
cileblad sruldeba. kanonis uzenaesobis princips
kargad gamoxatavs Zveli romauli Segoneba: Tundac
icode, rom xval samyaro daingreva, dRes damnaSave
mainc unda daisajos. kanoni yvelaze da yvelaferze
maRalia.
diqtaturis pirobebSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-
fos Camoyalibeba gamoricxulia, radgan kanonis
nacvlad gabatonebulia adamianis da adamianTa jgu-
fis neba-survili. arc demokratia da samarTlebri-
vi saxelmwifoa igiveobrivi. demokratia samarTleb-
rivi saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisaTvis qmnis piro-
bebs. am pirobaTa CamoyalibebisaTvis garkveuli
droa saWiro. samrTlebrivi saxelmwifos Canasaxs
romis respublika warmoadgenda.

§3 . legitimuri mmarTveloba da tipebi –

veberi

veberi aRniSnavs or cnebas: legitimurobasa da

legalurobas. legaluroba (kanoniereba) aris kano-
nis mimarT loialuroba, im kanonis mimarT, romelic
dadgenilia uflebamosili organoebis mier.
legitimuroba warmoadgens gankargulebebis an
institutebis adekvaturobas im moTxovnilebebTan,
romelic ganixileba, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelova-
ni. legitimuroba SeiZleba davapirispiroT lega-
lurobas, amaSia klasikuri safuZveli moralsa da
politikas Soris dapirispirebisa. sokratem dalia
sawamlavi, vinaidan qalaqis kanonebisadmi mowoneba
mas aiZulebda pativi eca kanonebisadmi, Tundac es

155
kanonebi usamarTlo yofiliyo. man upiratesoba mis-
ca Tavis Tavisufal pirovnulobas.
legitimuri batonoba aris Zalauflebis iseTi
tipi, romlis kanoniereba momdinareobs im pirTa Ta-
visufali nebidan, romelTa mimarTac es batonoba
xorcieldeba. ras emyareba Zalauflebis legitimu-
roba anu misi uflebamosileba, rom morCilebaSi
iyolios Tavisi moqalaqeni?
maqs veberi mivida im daskvnamde, rom xelisufle-
bis gankargulebisadmi morCileba ar emyareba mxo-
lod iZulebis wesebis gamoyenebas. igi SeiZleba emya-
rebodes metad gansxvavebul motivebs, dawyebuli
CveulebebiT, sargeblis interesiT da damTavrebu-
li winaparTa naanderZevisadmi pativiscemiT.
dominik kola aRniSnavs: saxelmwifo, romlis spe-
cifikuri saSualebaa legitimuri iZuleba, arsebobs
mxolod maSin, Tu daqvemdebarebulni emorCilebian
xelisuflebas, romelsac axorcieleben mmarTvele-
bi, rac ubiZgebs vebers gamoyos legitimurobis sami
safuZveli: tradiciuli, qarizmatuli da biurokra-
tiuli. aq laparakia sam `idea-tipze~. idea – tipi
warmoadgens veberis ZiriTad wvlils politikuri
mecnierebebis epistemiologiaSi.
tradiciuli mmarTveloba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi
Zalauflebis safuZvelSi devs tradiciebi, Zalauf-
lebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeba tradiciulad
Camoyalibebuli wesebiT. tradiciuli mmarTvelo-
bis dros tipiur figuras warmoadgens memkvidre mo-
narqi, tipiur reJims ki – monarqia. monarqi emorCi-
leba tradicias, rogorc memkvidre, imdenad, ramde-
nadac pretenzias acxadeben tradiciis dacvaze.
tradiciam SeiZleba daamkvidros arapersonalizi-
rebuli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebac.

156
 naTlad Cans, rom namdvili Zala, romelic uz-
runvelyofs erTianobas koleqtivSi da romelic ai-
Zulebs yvelas iSromos, aris Cvevebisa da tradicie-
bis dacva. yvelam icis Tavisi adgili, rogor unda
moiqces. es tradicia kanonis, wesebis, Cveulebebis
formiT warmoadgens sayovelTao Tanxmobis obi-
eqts.
tradiciuli mmarTveloba warmoadgens normas
iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs gamokveTili
administraciuli struqturebi. tradiciuli bato-
nobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa `patriarqa-
luri batonoba~. esaa rligiurad xeldasmuli xeli-
sufleba. es efuZneba im tradiciebis siwmindis yo-
fiT rwmenas, romelic yvela droSi qmediTia.
qarizmatuli Zalaufleba: qarizmatuli Zala-
ufleba efuZneba warmodgenas, rom mocemuli kano-
ni, an adamianTa mocemuli jgufi flobs gansakuTre-
bul uflebas marTos adamianebi. rogorc veberi aR-
niSnavs `xarizmad~ unda CaiTvalos pirovnebis uCve-
ulod miCneuli Tvisebebi, romlis wyalobiTac igi
fasdeba zebunebrivi, zeadamianuri, sxva adamianebi-
saTvis miuRweveli, gansakuTrebuli ZalebiTa da
TvisebebiT dajildoebulad. sakiTxs xarizmis mniS-
vnelobis Sesaxeb wyvets xelqveiTTa aRiareba – Tav-
dapirvelad yovelTvis saswaulis meSveobiT.
qarizmatuli Zalaufleba ar gadaecema memkvid-
reobiT, maSinac ki, rodesac samefo taxtze adis sa-
marTalmemkvidre. man jer unda daamtkicos, rom is
Rirseuli memkvidrea. Tuki is amas ver SeZlebs, mar-
Talia, mas eqneba kanonieri Zalaufleba, magram nak-
lebi vidre mis winamorbeds.

157
 qarizma momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan
χάρισμα da niSnavs `araCveulebiv monacemebs~. `wya-
lobas~ `niWs~, `madls~. is efuZneba gamorCeulisad-
mi daqvemdebarebas. rogorc norberto bobio aRniS-
navs veberis qarizmatuli lideri adamianTa uzenae-
sobis yvela im formis sinTezia, romelic istoriu-
lad arsebobda. masSi is Tvisebebia gaerTianebuli,
rac axasiaTebda did demagogebsac, makiavelisa da
hegelis gmirebsac da did samxedro lidersac. qa-
rizmatuli lideri axdens zemoqmedebas mis adep-
tebze, mimdevrebze, misiT moxiblulni misi gavlenis
qveS eqcevian ara muqaris SiSiT, an raRac mogebis
imediT, aramed grZnoben mizidulobas, is maT atyve-
vebs dauokebeli ZaliT.
racionaluri mmarTveloba: racionaluri mmar-
Tveloba efuZneba imis rwmenas, rom adamianebi, rom-
lebic mowodebulni arian moaxdinon mmarTveloba
maTTvis misawvdomi saSualebebiT, floben wesebis
dadgenisa da direqtivebis gacemis uflebas. aseTi
mmarTvelobis tipiur figuras warmoadgens funqci-
oneri, romelic asrulebs wesebs, ramdenadac es
aris kanonieri wesebi da agenti iRwvis imisaTvis,
rom es wesebi sruldebodes.
kanonze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba eyrdnoba sa-
marTlis arsebobas, abstraqtuli wesebis erTobli-
obas, romelic aucilebelia yvelasaTvis, maT Soris
xelmZRvanelobisTvisac.
kanonieri mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTa-
di procedura gulisxmobs `konstituciur xeli-
suflebas~ administraciul organoebs anu sajaro
funqcias, romelic unda gagrZeldes da daeqvemde-
baros wesebs. kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis sis-

158
tema ayalibebs administraciul ierarqias. romlis
SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebi emorCilebian im kanonTa
sistemas, romlis pirobebiT movidnen xelisufleba-
Si da asruleben TavianT movaleobebs. e.w. legaluri
batonoba~, romelSic mTavaria ara pirovnuli, ara-
med formalur – samarTlebrivi sawyisi. e.i. kanoni.
igi gulisxmobs adamianebs Soris batonobiTi ur-
TierTobis kalkulacias. misi Sesaferisi forma mo-
xeleTa aparatis mmarTvelobaa. kanonze dafuZnebu-
li mmarTveloba warmoiqmna socialuri diferencia-
ciis CamoyalibebiT, rodesac politikuri xelisuf-
leba xorcieldeba specializirebuli institute-
bis mier, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xasiaTdebian ro-
gorc biourokratiuli. es forma damaxasiaTebelia
Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifosaTvis.
veberma sicocxlis bolo wlebSi Sereuli mmar-
Tvelobis idea ganaviTara. mmarTvelobis am formaSi
Serwymuli unda yofiliyo demokratiis legitimu-
roba da aqtiuri lideri. aseT models veberi `ple-
biscitur demokratias~ uwodebda da ganasxvavebda
ulidero an `umeTauro~ demokratisagan.

159
Tavi IX. Tanamedrove demokratis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi da RirebulebaTa
Tvisobrivi siaxle

§1. sakiTxis istoriidan

adamianebs Soris bunebrivi uTanasworoba arse-

bobs, romlis Sedegia politikuri uTanasworoba.
adamianebs dasWirda politika, rogorc urTierTo-
bebis adamianuri wesi. politika wminda adamianuri
fenomenia, amitomac ambobs aristotele, adamiani
aris politikuri arseba.
saxelmwifos daxasiaTeba SeiZleba mravali aspeq-
tiT. kerZod politikuri sistemisa da reJimis Tavi-
seburebiT. politikuri reJimis xasiaTs gansaz-
Rvravs Zalauflebis sami modalobis; Zalis, avto-
ritetis da mmarTvelobis Tanafardoba xelisufle-
bis ganxorcielebaSi. politikuri reJimis xasiaTis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben: avtoritarul, totalita-
rul da demokratiul mmarTvelobas.
demokratia 21-e saukuneSi sakmaod aqtualuri
sakiTxia, bolo periodSi gamudmebiT gvesmis `demok-
ratiuli qveyana~, misi upiratesoba sxva mmarTvelo-
bis formebisagan gansxvavebiT. bunebrivia didia in-
teresi, Tu ra aris es demokratia? rogori unda
iyos demokratiuli qveyana bevrisTis gaugebaria.
saidan modis es termini da ganvixiloT Tu ras
niSnavs zogadad demokratia. ganvamrtoT faseulo-
baTa universaluroba. miuxedavad sityva demokra-
tiis uaRresad farTo da sxvadasxva konteqstualu-
ri mniSvnelobiT xmarebisa CvenTvis axla mniSnelo-
vania Tanamedrove demokratiis ZiriTadi Sinaarsis

160
gansazRvra. aseve mniSvnelovania demokratiisa da
Tavisuflebis arsis garkveva. aris kidev erTi Zal-
zed mniSvnelovani aspeqti, Tu ra gavlenas axdens,
religiis zegavlena adamianis uflebebsa da socia-
lur samarTlianobaze sazogadoebaSi. vecdebiT gaa-
vanalizoT religia da demokratia.

§2. demokratiis idea

demokratiis idea, raRa Tqma unda, Zvel saber-

ZneTSi Caaisaxa ori aTas -xuTasi wlis win. msgavsi
mcdelobebi sxvaganac iyo, Tumca mxolod antikuri
xanis saberZneTSi moxerxda realurad misi xorcSes-
xma da praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. mas Semdeg didma drom
gaiara da misi, rogorc moqmedi mmarTveli sistemis,
saboloo Camoyalibebaze mravalma calkeulma mov-
lenam imoqmeda. demokratia efuZneba samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebisa da adamianisadmi ndobis prezumfcias,
rom mas SeuZlia arseboba saxelmwifos zedamxedve-
lobis gareSe. igi emyareba TiToeuli adamianis eko-
nomikuri da politikuri interesebis legitimuro-
bis aRiarebas.
xelisufleba, romlis mizania Zalauflebis gan-
xorcieleba saxelmwifoSi, imisdamixedviT, Tu ra
meTodiT axorcielebs am Zalauflebas, qveyanaSi
myardeba Sesabamisi politikuri reJimi. anu SeiZle-
ba iyos demokratiuli, diqtatoruli an totalita-
ruli. politikuri reJimi araa damokidebuli mmar-
Tvelobis formaze; monarqiaa Tu respublika.
demokratia warmodgeba beZnuli sityvisgan da
niSnavs xalxis mmarTvelobas. es aris am sityvis Tav-
dapirveli mniSvneloba, Tanamedrove gagebiT demok-

161
ratias axasiaTebs Semdegi niSnebi: xelisuflebis
legitimuroba, xelisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT, Za-
lauflebis ganawileba da opoziciis legitimuroba.
anu xelisuflebis arCeva unda moxdes Sesabamisi ka-
nonebis dacviT. xelisuflebisTvis ar unda iyos
yvelaferi nebadarTuli, unda moqmedebdes kanonis
farglebSi. xelisufleba ar unda iyos erTi piris
xelSi, Zalaufleba unda iyos ganawilebuli erTma-
neTisgan damoukidebel sam organos Soris: sakanon-
mdeblo-parlamenti, aRmasrulebeli-mTavroba, sa-
samarTlo.
erTi SexedviT demokratia ioli gasagebia, sazo-
gadoebaSi yovelTvis aRiqmeba „karg ramed“, rac
xels uSlis mis gaazrebas seriozuli koncefciis sa-
xiT.
demokratia gulisxmobs mTavrobis kavSirs xal-
xTan, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva gziT:
sakuTriv xalxis xelisufleba, maTi xelisufleba
vinc xalxidan gamovida da mmarTveloba xalxis in-
teresebis Sesabamisad.
demokratiis erTerTi Zireuli principia Tanas-
woroba. es gulisxmobs, rom xelisufleba unda
vrceldebodes, rac SeiZleba farTod da Tanabrad.
magram unda gairkves, romeli socialuri mTliano-
bis farglebSi unda ganawildes politikuri xeli-
sufleba. yvela demokratiuli sistema zogjer Za-
lian zRudavda politikur monawileobas
Zveli berZnebi „demosis“ qveS gulisxmobdnen Ra-
rib, sakuTrebas moklebul masas. sityva „demokra-
tia“ Zvel saberZneTSi gamoxatavda ara politikur
Tanasworobas, aramed politikuri balansis darRve-
vas RaribTa sasargeblod. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwi-
foebSi politikuri moRvaweoba SezRuduli iyo. po-

162
litikuri saqmianobis ufleba hqondaT 20 welze uf-
ros mamakacebs, gamoiricxeboda qalebi, monebi da
ucxoelebi.
dasavleTis qveynebSic arsebobda mkacri Sez-
Rudvebi. did britaneTSi sayovelTao saarCevno uf-
leba qalebisaTvis 1928 wels dauSves, a.S.S- Si 1960-
ian wlebSi, rodesac afro amerikelebs misces xmis
ufleba. xolo SveicariaSi qlebma xmis ufleba mxo-
lod 1971 wels miiRes. yovel demokratiul sistema-
Si SenarCunebulia asakobrivi SezRudva, aseve Sez-
Rudva im pirTa mimarT, vinc aRiarebulia sulierad
avadmyofebad an imyofebian patimrobaSi.
„xalxi“ amJamad niSnavs qveynis mTel zrdasrul
mosaxleobas. magram xalxi aseve SegviZlia gavigoT,
rogorc raRac mTlianoba, ganmtkicebuli saerTo
interesebiT. aseT Sexedulebis safuZvelze pirvel
rigSi warmoiSveba demokratiis iseTi modeli, rome-
lic orientirebulia koleqtiur nebaze da ara Ti-
Toeuli individis pirad survilze. sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli uTanxmoebis dros xalxi aRniSnavs sazoga-
doebis umravlesobas. demokratia aseT SemTxvevaSi
niSnavs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principebis
mkacr dacvas. am dros iqmneba saSiSroeba, rom um-
ravlesobis neba SeiZleba gadaiqces tiraniad. aseve
xalxi SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc Tanaswori da Tavi-
sufali individebis erToblioba.
TiToeul individs aqvs imis ufleba miiRos Tavis
sakuTari gadawyvetileba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mxo-
lod erTsulovnad miRebul gadawyvetilebas aqvs
xalxisTvis savaldebulo xasiaTi, rac radikalurad
zRudavs demokratiuli principebis gamoyenebas.
demokratiis koncefciis umravlesoba efuZneba
princips „mTavroba xalxidan.“ adamianebi TavisTavs

163
TviTn marTaven, monawileoben sazogadoebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. am SemTxve-
vaSi xalxis monawileobaSi igulisxmeba adamianebis
uSualo monawileoba politikur saqmianobaSi. iqne-
ba es referendumebis, masobrivi krebebisa da sxva
saqmianobis saxiT. demokratiuli monawileobis al-
ternatiuli formaa politikuri arCevnebi, e.w. war-
momadgenlobiTi demokratiis damaxasiaTebeli Ta-
visebureba. moqalaqeebi irCeven imaT, vinc xalxis
saxeliT miiRebs gadawyvetilebas.
arsebobs iseTi demokratiuli modelebi, romle-
bic garegnulad gamoxataven xalxis nebas, magram
swored xalxs utoveben Zalze mcire SesaZleblobas
politikuri moRvaweobisTvis. amis magaliTebia to-
talitaruli demokratiebi, romlebic Camoyalibda
faSisturi diqtatorebis-musolinisa da hitleris
dros. es reJimebi emyarebian ideas, romlis mixedviT
mxolod liders SeuZlia gamoxatos xalxis WeSmari-
ti interesebi. xalxis Tavisufleba ki gamoixateba
yovlisSemZle liderebisadmi Tayvaniscemis ritua-
lebSi: demonstraciebi, yrilobebi da a.S.
saWiroa imis garkveva, ramdenad farTod unda
gavrceldes xalxis xelisufleba.
demokratiis modeli, agebuli liberaluri indi-
vidualizmis safuZvelze miznad isaxavs politiku-
ri monawileobis cnobili meqanizmebis meSveobiT
daamkvidros zogadi kanonebi, romlis farglebSic
individebs eqnebaT maqsimaluri Tavisufleba saku-
Tari saqmianobis warmarTvaSi da sakuTari interese-
bis realizebaSi. magram arsebobs raRac sazRvari,
romlis iqiT demokratiam SeiZleba xelyos indivi-
dis Tavisufleba.

164
 arsebobs radikaluri demokratia, romelic aZ-
levs uflebas individs miiRos nebismieri gawyveti-
leba, romelic maT cxovrebas Seexeba. am SemTxvevaSi
demokratia gagebulia rogorc megobruli Zala ada-
mianis TavisuflebisTvis.
zogadad SegviZlia gamovyoT demokratiis oTxi
gansxvavebuli modeli: klasikuri, mfarvelobiTi,
ganviTarebis da saxalxo demokratia.
klasikuri demokratiis models warmoadgens Zve-
li berZnuli qalaq saxelmwifo aTeni. es forma, ro-
melic arsebobda VI-VII ss-Si da miCneulia erTdaerT
wminda formad politikuri monawileobisa.
aTenis demokratia iyo xalxis mmarTvelobis spe-
cifikuri saxeoba. yvela mTavar gadawyvetilebas
iRebda eklesia, romlis SemadgenlbaSi yvela moqa-
laqe Sedioda. kreba ikribeboda Zalian xSirad weli-
wadis ganmavlobaSi. Tanamdebobebi gaTvlili iyo
mokle vadaze, raTa, rac SeiZleba farTo warmomad-
genloba yofiliyo. saxalxo krebis aRmasrulebeli
organo iyo didi sabWo, romleSic xuTasi moqalaqe
Sedioda. arsebobda aseve ormocdaaTis kolegia,
romelic winadadebebs awodebda did sabWos. kole-
giis Tavmjdomare am Tanamdebobaze iniSneboda erTi
dRiT, isic erTxel cxovrebaSi. gamonakliss warmo-
adgenda aTi mxedarTmTavari, romlebis SeiZleba ar-
Ceuli yofiliyvnen xelaxla. moqalaqeebi aramarto
monawileobdnen krebebSi, aramed mzad iyvnen Sees-
rulebinaT nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba.
mfarvelobiTi demokratia moicavda XVII-XVIII ss-
ebs. es gansxvavebuli iyo klasikuri demokratiisa-
gan. am periodSi demokratias miiCnevdnen, rogorc
saSualebas, romlis meSveobiT adamians SeeZlo Tavi
daecva mis cxovrebaSi mTavrobis zedmeti Carevis-

165
gan. demokratiis amgvari gageba damaxasiaTebeli iyo
im moazrovneebisTvis, romlebic yvelaze metad pi-
rovnebis Tavisuflebis sferos gafarToebaze fiq-
robdnen.
ganviTarebis demokratiaSi gaCnda axali aspeqti:
adamianisa da sazogadoebis ganviTareba. am sferoSi
Tavisi droisTvis gabeduli midgoma wamoayena Jan
Jak rusom, romlisTvisac demokratia iyo saSualeba
adamians mieRo Tavisufleba.
rusos TeoriaSi adamianebi Tavisufalni arian
mxolod maSin, rodesac pirdapir da mudmivad mona-
wileoben sazogadoebis saqmeebSi. amrigad rusos de-
mokratia dayavda mxolod arCevnebze da ayenebda
pirdapiri demokratiis ideals. igi miiCnevda, rom
adamianis Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin,
Tuki is emorCileba saerTo nebas. amiT adamianebi
miyvebian, TavianT sakuTar „WeSmarit nebas.“ saerTo
neba gamoricxavs adamianebis angarebian moqmedebas.
Jan Jak rusos Teoriis safuZvelze Camoyalibda
Tanamedrove idea. am ideis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom yvela moqalaqes unda hqondes ganviTarebis
sruli Tavisufleba, amis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia,
Tuki Ria iqneba mTavari sazogadoebrivi da politi-
kuri institutebi.
jeims milis mixedviT demokratia xels uwyobs
adamianebis unarebis harmoniul ganviTarebas. po-
litikur cxovrebaSi monawileoba amaRlebs moqala-
qeTa Segnebis dones da aRzrdis maT grZnobebs. ami-
tom mili miiCnevda, rom xmis ufleba unda hqonoda
yvelas, maT Soris qalebsac, garda wera-kiTxvis
ucodinarebisa.
saxalxo demokratiis models warmoadgenda yo-
fili sabWoTa kavSiri, aRmosavleT evropisa da mesa-

166
me msoflios mravali saxelmwifo, sadac dakanone-
buli iyo erTi partia. amomrCevels ar hqonda arCe-
vani, ramdenime partias Soris. miuxedavad amisa ar-
Cevnebi mainc iniSneboda. erTpartiuli demokratiis
safuZveli iyo rwmena, rom isini gamoxatavdnen sa-
zogadoebis interesebs.
miuxedavad demokratiis naklovanebebisa is ma-
inc erT-erTi udidesi politikuri miRwevaa, Tumca
berZnuli filosofiis warmomadgenlebi platoni da
aristotele uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevdnen.
platoni miiCnevs, rom demokratiis ZiriTadi
principis – Tavisuflebis siWarbe sazogadoebaSi
anarqias da TviTnebobas iwvevs. absoluturma Tavi-
suflebam SeiZleba migviyvanos absolutur monobam-
de.
aristoteles mixedviT demokratiis dros yvela
sargeblobs erTnairi pirobebiT. umravlesobas
xalxi warmoadgens da marTavs saxelmwifos. igi aRi-
arebs kanonis uzenaesobas da Tvlis, rom saxelmwi-
foze kanoni unda batonobdes. sadac ar aris kanonis
Zalaufleba iq arc saxelmwifo.
Sua saukuneebSi demokratia gandevnili iqna
mmarTvelobis formebidan. amis mizezi iyo is, rom
evropaSi damkvidrda feodaluri sazogadoeba, ro-
melic emyareboda klasobriv da wodebriv SezRud-
vas, eklesiis uryev avtoritets. am SemTxvevaSi yve-
laze misaReb formad monarqia miiCneoda. am epoqis
moazrovneebi amarTlebdnen mefis xelisuflebas da
mas RvTaebriv warmomavlobad Tvlidnen.
demokratiisken pozitiuri Semobruneba iwyeba
axal droSi. hobsma, lokma, monteskiem, rusom da
sxvebma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes demokratiuli
principebis Camoyalibebasa da gavrcelebaSi. miuxe-

167
davad am yvelafrisa, maT demokratia mainc ar miaC-
ndaT sazogadoebis misaReb formad. amis mTavar mi-
zezad asaxelebdnen adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
mankierebebs, ris gamoc maTTvis Seuferebelia iseTi
srulyofili mmarTveloba, rogoricaa demokratia.
am mxriv sainteresoa rusos debuleba: „rom arsebu-
liyo iseTi xalxi, romleSic yvela RmerTi iqneboda,
igi demokratiulad unda marTuliyo, aseTi srul-
yofili mmarTveloba adamianisaTvis Seuferebelia.“
axali drois filosofosebis mier Camoyalibebu-
li principebi safuZvlad daedo demokratiis axle-
bur gagebas. isini aRiarebdnen adamianTa Tanaswo-
robas, uflebebs, xalxis nebis uzenaesobas, xalxis
nebisa da kanonis uzenaesobas. aseve moiTxovdnen
Zlauflebis ganawilebas. aRmasrulebeli da saka-
nonmdeblo xelisufleba unda yofiliyo gamijnuli.
am ganawilebis sruli dafuZneba, rogorc zemoT gan-
vixileT mogvca monteskiem, romelic erTmaneTisa-
gan damoukideblad miiCnevda sasamarTlo, aRmasru-
lebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas.
sainteresoa CerCilis gamonaTqvami: demokratia
mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudi formaa, Tu mxedvelo-
baSi ar miviRebT, rom sxva formebi uaresia.
diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiis sawinaaR-
mdgoa, Zalaufleba Tavmoyrilia erTi piris, diqta-
toris xelSi. mas ekuTvnis yvela saxelmwifo orga-
no, sargeblobs ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiT. am re-
Jimis sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi iTvleba arakanonie-
rad da isjeba mTeli simkacriT. diqtatura Trgu-
navs xalxis nebas, ar aZlevs mas saSualebas Tavisuf-
lad gamoavlinos igi. xelyofilia pirovnebis Tavi-
sufleba, Rirseba da xelaSeuxebloba.

168
 diqtaturas demokratiisgan ganasxvavebs ara Za-
ladoba, aramed misi gamovlenis formebi da wesebi.
iZulebis gamoyenebis gareSe saerTod ar arsebobs
saxelmwifo. demokratiis dros Zaladoba xorciel-
deba demokratiis farglebSi, xolo diqtaturis
SemTxvevaSi diqtatori Zaladobas iyenebs arakano-
nierad.
diqtaturis mravali SeemTxveva icis istoriam:
faSisturi diqtatura germaniaSi da bolSevikuri
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi.
totalitarizmi aris Teoria, romelic amar-
Tlebs mTeli Zalauflebis saxelmwifos xelSi Tav-
moyras. totalitaruli reJimis dros saxelmwifo
mTlianad akontrolebs sazogadoebis cxovrebis
yvela sferos. politika, socialuri urTierTobebi,
sulieri sfero eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos mxridan
mkacr kontrols. arsebobs oficialuri cenzura,
romlis nebarTvis gareSe ar sruldeba aranairi
mniSvnelovani qmedeba. saxelmwifo saidumlo orga-
nizaciebisa da agentebis saSualebiT Tvalyurs
adevnebs moqalaqeTa saqmianobas.
termini „totalitarizmi“ pirvelad Semoitana
italielma filosofosma jovani jentilem, romlis
ideebma didi roli Seasrula italiuri faSizmis Ca-
moyalibebaSi.
XIX saukuneSi demokratiis TeoretikosebisaTvis
savsebiT bunebrivi gaxldaT imis gansja, ramdenad
mzad iyo esa Tu is qveyana demokratiuli wyobis ga-
saTavisufleblad. aseTi midgomis Secvla mxolod
am saukuneSi moxda rodesac TviT SekiTxvis amgva-
rad dasmis mcdaroba gaiazres: qveyanas ki ar moeT-
xoveba mzad yofna demokratiis misaRebad, aramed
swored demokratiis meSveobiT aRwevs am mdgomare-

169
obas. es marTlac, rom mkveTri cvlileba iyo, ramac
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma dedamiwis mi-
liardobiT macxovreblisaTvis potenciurad misaR-
wev realobad aqcia da es maTi istoriis, kulturis,
keTildReobis gansxvavebuli doneebis miuxedavad.
isic am saukuneSi iyo, rodesac xalxi sabolood Se-
Tanxmda -`arCevnebSi sayovelTao monawileobis uf-
lebas~, marTlac yvelas unda gulisxmobdes kacsac
d qalsac.
da mainc ra aris demokratia? misi gaigiveba ubra-
lod umravlesobis mmarTvelobasTan mTlad swori
ar iqneboda, Tumca igi xelisuflebaSi modis arCev-
nebSi umravlesobis mxardaWeris gziT. Tanamedrove
demokratiis upirvelesi niSania umciresobis ufle-
bebis dacva. Tu xelisufleba amas ver anxorcielebs
igi ar aris demokratiuli qveyana.
Tanamedrove demokratia miznad isaxavs demokra-
tiuli institutebis ganviTarebis uwyvetobas da
mravalmxrivobas. demokratia rogorc Zalauflebis
forma, dafuZnebulia mmarTvelobaSi yvelas Tanas-
wor monawileobas da umravlesobis mixedviT gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebaze. demokratia aris Rirebuleba-
Ta gansazRvrul sistemaze dafuZnebuli sazogado-
ebrivi wyobis modeli da Sesabamisi msoflmxedve-
loba.
demokratiis niSnebia:
• xelisuflebis legitimuroba
• xelisuflebis danawileba
• xelisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT
• opoziciis legitimuroba
demokratias ramdenime moTxovna waeyeneba: raT-
qma unda upirvelesia:

170
 • Tavisufali arCevnebi da maTi Sedegebisadmi
Segueba.
• garkveuli uflebebis dacva
• pativiscema saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT
• sityvis Tavisuflebas da sxv.
Tavisufali arCevnebi SesaZloa uvargisi aqti
aRmoCndes, Tu dapirispirebul mxareebs saSualeba
ar eqnebaT erTnair pirobebSi waradginon sakuTari
programa, an Tu amomrCevels ar eqna srulad miiRos
informacia da Tavisuflad imsjelos dasmul sakiT-
xze.
demokratia momTxovni sistemaa, da ara calke
aRebuli meqanikuri procesi. am mxriv demokratiis
Rirsebebi da universalur faseulobaze misi pre-
tenzia uSualo kavSirSia garkveul qmedebebTan:
SegviZlia gamovyoT sami sxvadasxva aspeqti: is rom
politikuri Tavisufleba zogadad adamianis Tavi-
suflebis uSualo Semadgeneli nawilia, politikuri
Tu samoqalaqo uflebebis gamoyeneba pirdapir kav-
SirSia pirovnebis, rogorc socialuri arsebis ke-
TildReobasTan. demokratias mniSvnelovani gamoye-
nebiTi Rirebulebac aqvs anu saSualebas aZlevs
xalxs gamoxatos da gaitanos kidec sakuTari moT-
xvnebi. demokratiiT sargebloba saSualebas aZlevs
moqalaqeebs erTmaneTis Secdomebze iswavlon, xo-
lo, saerTod sazogadoebas sakuTari faseulobani
da miznebi Camoayalibos.

171
 §3. faseulobaTa universaluroba

demokratiis zemod xsenebul pretenzias er-

Tdroulad ramdenime sayrdeni hqonia. pirveli is
aris rom moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi politikuri Tana-
monawileobisa da piradi Tavisuflebis TavisTavadi
Rirebuleba. politikuri neba-survili, xelisufle-
ba pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebuli iyos es ukve
gamoyenebiTi Rirebulebaa.
roca demokratiul wyobas, Tundac Teoriulad,
usadageben qveyanas, romelsac is jer ar gaaCnia da
sadac xalxs saSualeba ar hqonia misi wesisa da rigis
mixedviT ecxovra, ratomRac winaswar varaudoben,
rom yvela uciloblad kmayofili darCeba. jer ki-
dev XIX saukuneSi amdagvari daSveba gamoricxuli
iyo, Tumca amis bunebrivad miCneva farTod gavrce-
lebul praqtikad iqca. demokratiis eqsportma ki ar
Semcira aramed gazarda misi momxreebis rigebi da
iqac ki, sadac ukve TiTqosda damkvidrebuli demok-
ratiuli sistema gadavarda, farTo saprotesto ga-
mosvlebis CaxSoba mxolod sisxliani represiebis
Sedegad xerxdeba xolme. bevri axlac mzadaa ibrZo-
los da Tavic ki gaswiros demokratiuli wyobis da-
sabruneblad. maT vinc demokratiis universaluri
Rirebulebis Taobaze gamoTqvamen eWvs argumente-
bad erTsulovnebis ararseboba ki ar moaqvT, aramed
regionalur siWrelesa da dapirispirebaze akeTeben
aqcents. zogi ki ZiriTad mizezad asaxelebs qveynis
ukidures gaWirvebas, anu amtkiceben, rom Rataks pu-
ri sWirdeba da ara demokratia. arada demokratiis
damcavi roli swored RaribebisTvis aris mniSvne-
lovani, Tanac arafriT mtkicdeba, rom Raribebs ar-
Cevani rom qondeT demokratias uaryofen.

172
 §4. demokratia da Tavisufleba

herodotes droidan demokratia, upirveles yov-

lisa xalxis mmarTvelobas niSnavda. samuel hanTin-
gtoni `mesame talRaSi~ xsnis: Ria Tavisufali da sa-
marTliani arCevnebi, demokratiis arsia, romelsac
Tavs ver avaridebT. arCevnebis gziT mosuli mTav-
roba SeiZleba iyos araefeqturi, korumpirebuli,
upasuxismgeblo. amgvari naklovanebebi aseT mTav-
robas arasasurvels xdis, magram ara arademokrati-
uls. Tu qveyanaSi konkurentuli mravalpartiuli
arCevnebi tardeba, maSin Cven mas demokratiuls vu-
wodebT, rodesac izrdeba saxalxo monawileoba po-
litikaSi vTqvaT qalebisaTvis xmis micemis uflebis
gziT, is ufro demokratiulad miiCneva. raTqma unda
arCevnebi Ria da samarTliani unda iyos da es moiT-
xovs sityvisa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebis dacvis ra-
Rac dones. Tumca qveyanas mxolod maSin vuwodebT
demokratiuls Tu is socialuri politikuri da re-
ligiuri uflebebis sayovelTao dacvas uzrunvel-
yofs.
miuxedavad sityva demokratiis uaRresad farTo
da sxvadasxva konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT xmare-
bisa CvenTvis axla mniSnelovania Tanamedrove de-
mokratiis ZiriTadi Sinaarsis gansazRvra. arsebobs
demokratiis mravali definicia: robert dali de-
mokratias `yvelasaTvis Ria Sejibrs` uwodebs. de-
mokratia rogorc ideali akmayofilebs rogorc mi-
nimum Semdeg xuT kriteriums :
1. efeqturi monawileoba
2. Tanaswori kenWisyra
3. informirebulobaze dafuZnebuli gageba

173
 4. dRis wesrigis kontroli
5. sazogadoebiv cxovrebaSi CarTuloba
realirad arsebuli Tanamedrove demokratia,
romelic am idealTan miaxloebis miznebs emsaxure-
ba, misi gagebiT xasiaTdeba Semdegi parametrebiT:
- organizaciebis Seqmnis da maTSi gawevrianebis
Tavisufleba,
- sityvis da azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba,
- arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba,
- ufleba iyo arCeuli sazogadoebriv da saxel-
mwifo Tanadebobaze,
- politikur liderTa ufleba ibrZolon sazo-
gadoebrivi mxardaWerisTvis da amomrCevelTa
xmebisTvis,
- informaciis alternatiuli wyaroebis arsebo-
ba,
- Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis Cata-
reba.

174
 §5. religia da demokratia

debuleba, rom Tanamedroveobas uciloblad

sarwmunoebis dakninebisaken mivyavarT, saeraSoriso
politikaSi religiis rolis Sesafaseblad aucile-
belia jer ganvasxvaoT sarwmunoebriv niadagze mom-
xdari politikuri movlenebi im qmedebebisgan, ro-
melic imdenadaa religiasTan dakavSirebuli, ram-
denadac mis gamoyenebas cdilobs sakuTari intere-
sebis Sesabamisad. samwuxarod sarwmunoeba ufro
xSirad Sexla Semoxlis sababi xdeba da ara mSvidobis
damyarebis mizezi. sazogadoebaSi savsebiT SesaZle-
belia gaJonos garkveulma religiurma faseulo-
bebma, romelsac uSualo zegavlena eqneba samSvido-
bo procesze, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu eklesiis mxri-
dan araviTar aqtivobas ar hqonda adgili ufro ga-
sagebi rom iyos, magaliTisTvis moviyvan samxreT af-
rikis respublikas.
qristianuli faseulobebis gaziarebam didi ro-
li iTamaSa aparteidis damxobaSi. aris kidev erTi
aspeqti religiis zegavlena adamianis uflebebsa da
socialur samarTlianobaze sazogadoebaSi. eklesi-
is mier sakuTari poziciis gamoxatvas bevrjer mniS-
vnelovani politikuri Sedegebic mohyolia ro-
gorc, moqalaqeTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis dros
StatebSi an Tundac evropaSi komunisturi reJime-
bis kolafsiis Jams. saWiroa rom imedebi unda daT-
mon imaT, visac sarwmunoeba gansakuTrebul argu-
mentad miiCnevs amqveyniur saqmeebis gadasawyvetad.
migvaCnia, rom religiis rolis ugulebelyofa Tana-
medrove movlenaTa gaazrebaSi kargs arafers mogvi-
tans.

175
 marTmadideblobisa da demokratiis mimarTeba
ori aspeqtiT SegviZlia ganvixiloT: marTmadideb-
lobisa da demokratiis SemTxvevaSi xazi esmeba mar-
Tmadideblobas da problema gaiazreba, rogorc
marTmadideblobis, marTmadidebluri eklesiis da-
debiTi an uaryofiTi zegavlena demokratiuli sa-
zogadoebis funqcionirebaze. ismis kiTxva ra adgi-
li uWiravs marTmadideblobas. marTmadideblr ek-
lesias demokratiul funqcionrebasTan? ar arse-
bobs unificirebuli pasuxi marTmadideblobis da
demokratis mimarTebis Sesaxeb. aseve ismis kidev er-
Ti kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara marTmadideblobas, mar-
Tmadideblur eklesias raime saxis arsebiTi zegav-
lena moaxdins dRevandel saxelmwifoSi urTierTo-
baTa im tipis Camoyalibebaze rasac demokratia ewo-
deba?! ra Tqma unda SeuZlia, radgan qristianoba Ta-
visuflebis religiaa.

§6. demokratiis karl poperiseuli gaazreba

poperis mixedviT demokratia ar aris iseTi fe-

nomeni, rac erTxel damkvidrebuli, SemdgomSi Tavi-
siT arsebobs da sakuTar safuZvlebs asazrdoebs.
demokratia ver iarsebebs masze da mis praqtikebze
mudmivi msjelobis gareSe, ara marto axaldemokra-
tizebad sazogadoebaSi, aramed TviT damkvidrebu-
li demokratiis SuagulSic.
demokratiis arsis gaazrebas da misi Teoriebis
ganaxlebas mudmivad ubrundebian dasavleTis yve-
laze Rrma Teoritikosebi da filosofosebi. swo-
red karl poperi erT-erTi imaTgania, vinc kvlav ub-
rundeba demokratiis Temas da gvTavazobs demokra-

176
tiis arseboba-ararsebobis aratradiciul, metad
pragmatul kriteriums. kamaTi imis Sesaxeb Tu vin
unda marTavdes saxelmwifos poperi wers: demokra-
tia klasikuri Teoriaa, mokled rom vTqvaT Teoria
imis, rom demokratia xalxis mmarTvelobaa da xalxs
aqvs ufleba marTos. popers miaCnia rom mmarTvelo-
bis legitimurobis wyaros gansazRvris win wamoweva
mavne praqtikaa.
kidev erTxel gavixseneb uiston CerCilis naT-
qvams, rodesac man Tqva rom demokratia aris mmar-
Tvelobis yvelze uaresi forma, Tu ar CavTvliT
mmarTvelobis yvela sxva cnobil formebs. es ki po-
peris azriT aris: visac ki odesme ucxovria mmarve-
lobis sxva formis pirobebSi magaliTad diqtatu-
ris qveS, romelic ar SeiZleba Seicvalos sisxlis-
Rvris gareSe ecodineba, rom Tumc demokratia ar
aris srulyofili forma, is Rirsia, rom ibrZolos
misTvis.

§7. demokratiis transformacia da

RirebulebaTa gadafaseba

termin `transformacias“ mxolod neitraluri

azriT vixmarT, krizisis xmarebac SeiZleboda, mag-
ram is kraxis saSiSroebas gulisxmobs.
demokratia jerac sadavo cnebaa. dapirispire-
bul definiciaTa garda, ar arsebobobs am terminis
raime SeTanxmebuli an dadgenili gansazRvreba.
gvaqvs uamravi gansxvavebuli modeli. meoce sauku-
nis bolosaTvis liberaluri demokratia miiCneva
mmarTvelobis erT-erT saukeTeso formad.

177
 liberalur demokratiaSi sami mTavari Tviseba
gamoiyofa.
pirveli, liberaluri demokratia demokratiis
arapirdapiri da warmomadgenlobiTi formaa, rome-
lic emyareba formalur politikur Tanasworobas.
meore, is efuZneba konkurenciisa da amomrCev-
leblis arCevans, romelic politikuri pluraliz-
miTaa uzrunvelyofili.
mesame, is mkveTrad mijnavs saxelmwifos da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebas.
demokratiuli sistemisaTvis transformaciebis
anu `gardaqmnis~ procesi bunebrivi mdgomareobaa,
radgan demokratia dinamiuri movlenaa. demokrati-
is Teoretikosebi xSirad Tanamedrove demokratias
upirispireben antikur (uSualo) demokratias.
dRes, rodesac dasavlur demokratiaze vlapara-
kobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is demokratiuli reJime-
bi, romlebic bolo orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, ameri-
kisa safrangeTis revoluciebis Semdeg aRmocen-
dnen, rogorc s. b. makfersoni miiCnevda Tanamedro-
ve demokratiam dasawyisidan dRemde ganviTarebis
sul mcire oTxi faza gaiara.
demokratiis mraval urTierTsawinaaRmdego gan-
sazRvrebas erTi saerTo arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli
aqvs. yvela maTgani demokratiis umTavres atribu-
tad Zalauflebis gamWirvalobas, `xilvadobas~ miiC-
nevs. elias kaneti aRniSnavda; `saidumloeba Zala-
uflebis uxilav birTvSia~. demokratiuli wyobis
fuZemdeblis mTavari mizani iseTi saxelmwifos Seq-
mna iyo, romelSic erTxel da samudamod moispoboda
`uxilavi birTvi~, radgan faruli Zalaufleba
ryvnis demokratias, amave dros iwyeba sxvadasxva
alternatiuli formis Zieba.

178
 demokratiis Sinaarsi aris Zalzed mravalfero-
vani, asevve sityva transformacia mraval garemoe-
bazea damokidebuli da garemoebi mraval radikalu-
rad gansxvavebuli interpretaciis safuZvels qmnis.
demokratiis pirveli ZiriTadi transformacia
dasabams aZles meores, romelic warmomadgenlobis
tips gansazRvravs. demokratias bunebrivad qonda
Tavisi dapirebebi. demokratiis ideaSi Cadebuli da-
pirebebi ver Sesrula realurma demokratiam, man
ver aRkveTa oligarqTa batonoba, Tanamedrove de-
mokratia, klasikurisagan gansxvavebiT, warmomad-
genlobiTi demokratiaa. aseve realurma demokrati-
am ver SeZlo faruli Zalauflebis aRmofxvra, aseve
Seusrulebel dapirebad unda miviCnioT moqalaqeTa
ganaTlebiT ver uzrunvelyofa, radgan xelisufle-
bas pasiuri moqalaqeni urCevnia, vinaidan morCili
xalxi ufro advili samarTavia.
demokratia adamianTa gonebaSi idealad qceuli
mmarTvelobis formaa, rodesac is ganicdis tran-
sformacias da ver asrulebs `danapirebs,~ bunebri-
vad xdeba RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. advilad xdeba
imedis `gacrueba~. Uunda iTqvas, rom demokratiis
damfuZnebel mamaTa mier warmodgenil idealsa da
demokratiis im realur mdgomareobas Soris SeiZle-
ba `ufskruli~ ar iyos, magram `darRveuli aRTqme-
bi~ SeiZleba uwodoT.
demokratiis formalurma wesebma, romlebic xSi-
rad xdeba kamaTis obieqti, sadac xdeba am wesebis pa-
tiviscema, sapirispiro mxare warmoadgens ara
mters, aramed oponents, kacobriobis istoriis ume-
tesi nawili ZmaTa mkvlelobis istoriaa. frangulma
revoluciam, romelic yvelaze didi revolucia iyo
sayovelTao idealad Zmobis, Tavisuflebis da er-

179
Tobis ideali daafuZna. Rirebulebis aseTi dafuZ-
neba ganicdis gadafasebas da yoveli Rirebuleba
epoqaluri xasiaTis matarebelia. nebismier epoqaSi
Tavisuflebis, wesrigis, Tanaworobas gaaCnia gan-
sxvavebuli mniSvneloba. nebismieri demokratiuli
xelisuflebis winaSe dgeba dilema, Tu Rirebuleba-
Ta transformacia xdeba, ra fundaments eyrdnoba
demokratia.
demokratia aris iseTi fenomeni, rac erTxel
damkvidrebuli, SeemdgomSi TavisiT arsebobs da sa-
kuTar safuZvlebs asazrdoebs. amitomac arsebobs
demokratiis mravali definicia. ganmartebebis mra-
valferovneba ar aris meore xarisxovani movlena.
cxadi unda gavxadoT Tu romel `demokratiazea~ la-
paraki da ra Rirebulebebze. Seusrulebeli dapire-
bebidan zogi principulad ganuxorcielebadi iyo
da imTaviTve iluziebis sferos ganekuTvneboda.
zogi safuZvelsmoklebuli imedi, zogs gauTvalis-
winebuli dabrkolebebi gadaeRoba.

180
 Tavi X. politikuri Tavisuflebis arsi

§1. ra aris Tavisufleba?

Tavisufleba yoveli adamianis ara marto Teori-

uli, aramed praqtikuli interesis sagania. swored
Tavisuflebas ukavSirebs adamiani, Tavisi sanukvari
ocnebebis, miswrafebebis da zraxvebis realizacias.
Tavisufleba aris adamianuri yofierebis Rirsebis
da siZlieris maCvenebeli.
garda adamianisa, sxvas aravis axasiaTebs amgvari
qceva. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom martooden ada-
mians aqvs neba, romelic gansazRvravs specifikur,
e.w nebelobiT qcevas. arCevanis winaSe yovel dRe
dgas adamiani, swored es arCevania, adamianis Tavisu-
fali nebis gamovlineba, radgan mis yovel moqmede-
bas aqvs Tavisi alternativa. TiTqmis arasodes ar
arsebobs iseTi viTareba, romelic calsaxad gansaz-
Rvravs arCeul gzas da gamoricxavs sxvadasxva moq-
medebis SesaZleblobas. adamiani yovelTvis an-an wi-
naSea. adamiani dgas SesaZleblobaTa gzajvaredinze.
man unda airCios erT-erTi. magram erTi romelime
SesaZleblobis arCeviT gamoiricxeba danarCeni. neba
adamainis iseTi unaria, romelic mas saSualebas aZ-
levs moiqces ise, rogorc is sworad miiCnevs, saku-
Tari survilis mixedviT. garegani pirobebi adamians
aiZulebs, imoqmedos garkveuli mimarTulebiT, mag-
ram dayveba Tu ara, esa Tu is individi am garegan
faqtorebs, misi gadasawyvetia. mas SeuZlia imoqme-
dos sruliad avtonomiurad, garegani zemoqmedebi-
sagan damoukideblad. swored aq vlindeba adamianis
Tavisufali neba. amitom Tavisufleba dadebiTi

181
mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdeba adamianis nebis Tavisuf-
lebis problemas.
Tavisflebis cneba dadebiTi mniSvnelobiT ada-
mianis iseTi qceva, moqmedebaa, romelsac igi asru-
lebs avtonomiurad, e.i sakuTari nebis mixedviT.
miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom adamians yovelTvis
axasiaTebs Tavisufaleba. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom
yoveli misi moqmedeba Tavisufalia, xSirad igi ara-
Tavisuflad iqceva. zogjer mas garemoebani aiZu-
lebs moiqces sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdegod da ake-
Tos swored is, rac mas ar unda.
Tavisufleba upirispirdeba iZulebas. isini er-
TmaneTs gamoricxaven. iq, sadac iZulebaa, Tavisuf-
leba SeuZlebelia, da piriqiT, iZulebiT moqmedebs
sagani, romelic mTlianad determinirebulia gare-
gani faqtorebiT. igi moklebulia Sinagan aqtiuro-
bas, mas damoukideblad, TavisiT moqmedeba ar SeuZ-
lia.
kanonisa da Tavisuflebis urTierToba proble-
matur sakiTxTa wres ganekuTvneba. ciceronis brZa-
nebs: Tavisufleba Tu gsurs kanonis monoba gmar-
Tebso. hobsis azriT Tavisufleba, am sityvis zusti
mniSvnelobiT gulisxmobs gare SezRudvebis ararse-
bobas. aseTi SezRudvebi nawilobriv arTmevs adami-
ans SesaZleblobas, gaakeTos is, rac surs, magram
xels ver SeuSlis, gamoiyenos darCenili SesaZleb-
lobebi ise, rogorc mas gansja da goneba ukarnaxebs.
rodesac xdeba bunebrivi mdgomareobidan gamosvla,
anu xelSekrulebiT urTierTobaze gadasvla iqmneba
saxelmwifo.
saxelmwifos arseboba aris adamianis Tavisufle-
bis SezRudva. magram amave dros adamiani gvevlineba
am Tavisuflebis damcvelad. rodesac adamiani raime

182
uflebas sxvas gadascems, an masze xels aiRebs amas
akeTebs imis gamo, rom Tavad iRebs tolfas ufle-
bebs an raime sxva xeirs elis. radgan es nebayoflo-
biTi qmedebaa. adamiani imisTvis gascems Tavisufle-
bis wils, rom moipovos usafrTxod yofna da Tavi-
sufleba.
Tavisuflebis sakiTxi moicavs farTo speqtrs.
Tavisuflebas aqvs, rogorc dadebiTi aseve uaryo-
fiTi mniSvneloba. Tavisuflebis cneba dadebiTi
mniSvnelobiT adamianis iseTi qcevaa, romelsac igi
asrulebs avtonomiurad, e.i sakuTari nebis mixed-
viT. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom yoveli misi moqmedeba
Tavisufalia. xSirad igi araTavisuflad iqceva.
zogjer mas garemoebani aiZulebs moiqces sakuTari
nebis sawinaaRmdegod da akeTos swored is, rac mas
ar unda.
adamians gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisi qceva. amiT
gansxvavdeba is cxovelisagan, cxoveli xom instin-
qturad akeTebs imas, rasac adamiani akeTebs codnis
safuZvelze. adamianma unda kargad gaiazros, gaac-
nobieros raime qceva, raTa saTanadod daxelovndes
da mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlebs mis ganxorcielebas.
saxelmwifos moqalaqe, valdebulia daemorCi-
los saxelmwifos. SeiZleba igi amas akeTebdes mova-
leobis SegnebiT. movaleobis grZnoba imdenad Rrma-
daa fesvebgadgmuli masSi, rom igi Segnebulad emor-
Cileba mis moTxovnas, magram SeiZleba moqalaqe, sa-
xelmwifos emorCilebodes SiSis gamo. mas dasjis
eSinia da amitom iZulebulia Seasrulos ara is, rac
mas unda, aramed is, rac saxelmwifos unda e.i misi
qceva Tavsmoxveulia garedan. amgvar situaciaSi mi-
si qceva ar aris Tavisufali, igi xorcieldeba soci-
aluri garemos dawoliT.

183
 Tavisufali neba SeiZleba emsaxurebodes, ro-
gorc sikeTes iseve borotebas. Sexeduleba, rome-
lic gulisxmobs rom Tavisufal nebas, mxolod sike-
Te moaqvs adamianisTvis mcdaria. man SeiZleba sike-
Tec da borotebac moutanos adamians.
nebayoflobiT qcevas yovelTvis win uswrebs ar-
Cevani. mis gareSe igi ar ganxorcieldeba. amgvari ar-
Cevani adamianma SeiZleba didi fiqrisa da yoymanis
Semdeg gaakeTos. am SemTxvevaSi arCevansa da qcevas
Soris drois met-naklebobis didi intervali devs.
magram arCevani adamianma SeiZleba swrafad gaake-
Tos, yovelgvari fiqrisa da yoymanis gareSe. eq-
stremalur situaciaSi moxvedrilma adamianma, SeiZ-
leba swrafad moaxdinos arCevani da mis Sesabamisad
imoqmedos.
aseve pasuxismgebloba Tavisuflebis struqtu-
ris Semadgeneli elementia. igi mas emyareba. pasuxis-
mgebloba arsebobs iq da imdenad, sadac da ramdena-
dac arsebobs Tavisufleba.
`adamiani aris kanonis mona, da is Tavisufalia
swored am monobis wyalobiT~ (ciceroni). samarTali
samarTlianobis gareSe ver uzrunvelyofs indivi-
dis Tavisuflebas. sazogadoeba, romelSic realu-
rad ar moqmedebs samarTlianobis principi ver gan-
viTardeba.

184
 §2. negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba

isaia berlini 1958 wels wakiTxuli sainuguracio

leqciaSi `Tavisuflebis ori Tvalsazrisi~, gvaZ-
levs negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisuflebis cnebis
analizs. pozitiuri Tavisufleba, aris Tavisufle-
ba raRacisaTvis da negatiuri Tavisufleba niSnavs
Tavisufleba raRacisagan.
adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTo iZuleba niSnavs
imas, rom waarTva mas Tavisufleba. magram ismeba
kiTxva, Tavisufleba risgan? berlini aRniSnavs, rom
sityva Tavisuflebis politikur mniSvnelobidan
pirvels vuwodebT `negatiur Tavisuflebas, romel-
Sic igulisxmeba pasuxi kiTxvaze `ra aris is, rac
adamians an adamianTa jgufs darCenia samoqmedod, an
rac man an maT unda moimoqmedon. an rac maT ZaluZT
moimoqmedon sxva adamianebis Caurevlad? meore
mniSvneloba, romelsac pozitiurs vuwodebT, igu-
lisxmeba pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra an vin aris konkretuli
wyaro, an garedan Carevis subieqti, romelsac SeuZ-
lia gansazRvros Tu vin ra unda gaakeTos an saer-
Tod risi gakeTebaa saWiro? aSkaraa, rom ori kiTxva
sabolood gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, miuxedavad
imisa, rom pasuxebi SeiZleba kidevac airios erTma-
neTSi (isaia berlini).
aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom negatiuri Tavisufle-
ba, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavigoT negatiu-
rad, radganac Tavisuflebis berliniseuli formu-
lireba Zalian kargad xsnis am cnebis arss, rogorc
is liberalebs esmiT.
berlinisaTvis negatiuri Tavisufleba aris ada-
mianis Tavisufleba gareSe Zalebisagan.

185
 pozitiuri Tavisufleba ki aris adamianis Sinaga-
ni Tavisufleba saWiro pirovnuli TviTdamkvidre-
bisTvis. `pozitiuri~ Tavisuflebis idea SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: Tavisufleba ara raRacisagan, aramed
Tavisufleba raRacisaTvis, anu imisaTvis, rom ic-
xovro cxovrebis dadgenili wesiT.
sityva `Tavisuflebis~ `pozitiuri~ mniSvneloba
gamomdinareobs, individis survilisagan, iyos Tavi-
si Tavis ufali. `me msurs viyo subieqti da ara obi-
eqti, vmoqmedebde Cemi gonebis Sesabamisad, Segnebu-
lad, mizndasaxulad, Cemive gadawyvetilebebisamebr
da ara gareSe pirTa survilis Sesabamisad, me msurs
warmovadgende raRacas da ar msurs viyo `aravin~
raRacam gadawyvitos Cem magivrad. me msurs TviTon
vimoqmedo da msurs viRacam an raRacam ar imoqmedos
Cemze, rogorc saganze, cxovelze an monaze, romel-
sac ar ZaluZs Seasrulos pirovnebis roli, ar Za-
luZs TviTon dasaxos sakuTari miznebi da TviTonve
aRasrulos isini, es aris sul mcire nawili imisa, ra-
sac me vgulisxmob, rodesac vambob, rom me raciona-
luri arseba var, da es aris Cemi goneba, romelic
ganmasxvavebs me, rogorc adamians, danarCeni samya-
rosagan. da me msurs angariSs vuwevde Cems Tavs, ro-
gorc moazrovne sakuTari nebis mqone aqtiur arse-
bas, romelsac aqvs pasuxismgebloba sakuTari arCe-
vanis gamo da aqvs unari ganmartos sakuTari arCeva-
ni, sakuTari ideebisa da miznebis moSvelebiT. me Ta-
visufled vgrZnob Tavs, imdenad, ramdenadac vTvli,
rom es WeSmaritebaa da damonebulad imdenad, ram-
denadac iZulebuli var sxvis mier vaRiaro, rom es
aris WeSmariteba~.
Tavisufleba, romelic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
iyo sakuTari Tavis ufali da Tavisufleba, rome-

186
lic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Sen aravin giSlis xels
airCio raRac, SeiZleba erTi SexedviT arc mogveCve-
nos logikirad erTmeneTisagan daSoriSorebul
cnebebad. istoriulad Tavisuflebis es ori `nega-
tiuri~ da `pozitiuri~ aspeqti sxvadasxva mimarTu-
lebiT viTardeboda (rac yovelTvis ar xdeboda,
logikurad gamarTlebuli meTodebis gamoynebiT),
sanam sabolood isini ar mividnen sruliad aSkara
dapirispirebamde.
arsebobs garkveuli principebi, romlebic yvela
adamianisaTvis universaluria, miuxedavad eTnikuri
warmoSobisa Tu rasisa. es principebia zemoTaRniS-
nuli berliniseuli Tavisuflebis postulatebi,
ufleba airCios da iyos arCeuli nebismier sajaro
Tanamdebobaze, sxva ZiriTadi adamianTa uflebebi
da Tavisuflebebi, magram amiT Teoriis universa-
lizmi mTavrdeba. Siga ekonomikur, politikur, so-
cialur TamaSis wesebs, Tavad qveynis moqalaqeebi
adgenen istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.
pozitiur Tavisuflebaze damyarebuli inter-
pretacia kargad Cans rusos erT-erTi pasaJidan:
`yovelTvis Tavisufali xar, Tu kanonebs emorCile-
bi da ara adamians; roca me adamians vemorCilebi,
iZulebuli var viRac sxvis nebas davyve, xolo Tu
kanons vemorCilebi, mxolod sazogadoebis nebas
vasruleb; es Cemi nebac aris, iseve, rogorc nebismie-
ri sxvisia~. kanonSi ruso mxolod saerTo nebis sa-
fuZvelze dadgenil normas gulisxmobs.

187
 §3. politikuri Tavisuflebis analizi

jon stiuard mili Tavis naSroms `Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb~ Zalzed sainteresod iwyebs: `am narkvevis
Tema ar aris egreT wodebuli nebis Tavisufleba,
romelic ase mouxerxeblad upirispirdeba, araswo-
rad saxeldeba filosofiur aucileblobis moZ-
Rvrebad. misi Temaa samoqalaqo anu sazogadoebrivi
Tavisufleba: im Zalauflebis buneba da sazRvrebi,
romelic SeiZleba sazogadoebam kanonierad gana-
xorcielos individze. aseve unda gavmijnoT da gaa-
vanalizoT politikuri Tavisufleba.
Tavisufleba demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT-
erTi idealia. bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva: ra aris po-
litikuri Tavisufleba? moqalaqis da saxelmwifos
Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis azriT, roca Tavi-
suflebaze msjeloben, xSirad mohyavT prezident
ruzveltis werili kongresisadmi, sadaca saubrobs
oTxi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb: `Cven gvsurs vicxovroT
msoflioSi, romelic emyareba oTx arsebiT Tavi-
suflebas.
pirveli –sityvisa da gamoTqmis Tavisufleba,
yvelgan msoflioSi,
meore – Tavisufleba TiToeuli adamianisa – Tay-
vani sces RmerTs, rogorc mas saWirod miaCnia –
yvelgan msoflioSi,
mesame – Tavisufleba gaWirvebisagan mTels
msoflioSi,
meoTxe Tavisufleba – SiSisagan... mTels msofli-
oSi, laparakia im SiSze, romelsac iwvevs tiranuli
reJimi.
marTvis, rogori forma uzrunvelyofs yvelaze
met Tavisuflebas. nebismier epoqaSi mcxovreb ada-

188
mianebs yovelTvis awuxebdaT es problema. yovel-
gvari mTavroba Tavis qveSevrdomebs metnaklebad
zRudavs, amitom xalxis warmomadgenobis gadideba
niSnavs suverenuli Zalauflebis Semcirebas. rode-
sac adamianebi TavianT Tavs marTaven, metad uzrun-
velyofen Tavisuflebis maqsimums, anu cxovrebis
sxva ukeTes pirobebs.
arsebobs politikuri Tavisuflebis oTxi saxeo-
ba: erovnuli Tavisufleba (kolonializmis sapiris-
pirod), politikuri Tavisufleba, rogorc warmo-
madgenlobiTi mmarTveloba (avtokratiis sapirispi-
rod), ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da individualuri
Tavisufleba. pirveli sami saxeobis Tavisufleba,
Tavisi bunebiT koleqtiuria da miekuTvneba jgu-
febs.
yovelgvari mTavroba zRudavs – metnaklebad –
Tavis qveSevrdomebs. bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom
adamianebi, romlebic marTaven Tavis Tavs, uzrun-
velyofen sakuTari Tavisuflebis maqsimums, anu
cxovrebis sxva ukeTess pirobebs, samoqalaqo mSvi-
dobas.
amboben, aTenis qalaqi-saxelmwifo demokratiu-
li iyo am sityvis sakuTrivi gagebiT, romelsac mar-
Tavdnen uSualod moqalaqeni. magram farTod aris
cnobili, rom aTenis moqalaqebad iTvlebodnen mxo-
lod Tavisufali mozrdili mamakacebi: cnobilia
isic, rom ekonomika iq monobas emyareboda. sinamdvi-
leSi aTenSi ar iyo demokratia. am qalaqSi xorciel-
deboda ara arCeviTi warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTve-
loba, e.i. xalxis warmomadgenlebad gamodiodnen
mozrdili mamakacebi, romlebic kanonebs adgendnen
ara marto TavianTTvis, aramed danarCen moqalaqe-
TaTvisac.

189
 rac Seexeba ekonomikur Tavisuflebas, aq Cveu-
lebriv igulisxmeba Tavisufleba – flobde kerZo
sakuTrebas, iyido da gayido saqoneli, gayido saku-
Tari Sroma. magram saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis gare-
Se SeuZlebelia kerZo sakuTrebac, xelSekrulebe-
bic gayidvisa da daqiravebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebac da misi sapirispiro mdgomareobac,
arsebiTad, politikuri movlenaa, ramdenadac gu-
lisxmobs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebobas.
amerikeli filosofosi robert noziki, ekonomi-
kur Tavisuflebas romlebsac is umTavresad kapita-
lizmTan aigivebda, ganixilavda, rogorc upirates
Tavisuflebas. isini darwmunebuli arian, rom eko-
nomikuri Tavisufleba, Tavisuflebis umniSvnelo-
vanesi saxeobaa, amasTan rogorc aseTi da rogorc
Tavisuflebis yvela saxeobis safuZveli. is mtkiced
aris darwmunebuli, rom komunistur sazogadoebaSi
ar arsebobs sityvis Tavisufleba, aRmsareblobis
Tavisufleba da a.S.

190
 Tavi XI. samarTali da samarTlianoba

§1. sakiTxis istoriidan

es sacodavi samarTlianoba! misi sazRvre-

bi mTebsa da mdinareebze gadis rac pirineis
aqeT samarTliania, pirineis iqiT usamarTlo-
bad iTvleba.
paskali .

XXI saukune postmodernizmis erTpirovnuli ba-

tonobis epoqaa. postmodernma, romelmac Caanacvla
moderni, araerTi `diadi narativis~ winaSe daayena
kacobrioba. moxda Rirebulebebis gadafaseba. nicSe
ityvis `RmerTi mokvda~. aseT dros wina planze wamo-
iwevs iseTi samaradiso Temebis aqtualizacia, ro-
goricaa samarTlianoba, samarTali, Tavisufleba,
adamianis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi.
aRniSnuli problematika Tanamedrove moazrov-
neebTan, es iqneba politikur filosofiaSi Tu sa-
marTlis TeoriaSi arasdros iseTi aqtualuri ar
yofila rogorc dRes.
samarTlianobis sakiTxma wina planze wamoiwia XX
saukunis 70-ian wlebidan. gaiJRera da Semdgom gan-
vrcoba hpova iseT avtorebTan, rogorebic arian
roulsi, noziki, nervensoni da sxvebi. yvelaze
srulyofilad es Teoria jon roulsis wignSi `sa-
marTlis Teoria~-Si (1971 w) damuSavda.
samarTlis roulsiseulma koncepciam uamravi
momxre SeiZina da dResac sakmaod didi popularo-
biT sargeblobs. dRes xSirad gavigonebT da amovi-
kiTxavT sxvadasxva gamocemebSi mis saxels.

191
 samarTlianobisa da samarTlis sakiTxis kvlevas
didi xnis istoria aqvs. jer kidev antikurobaSi
gvxdeba samarTlianobis raobasa da bunebaze msje-
loba, platonTan `saxelmwifoSi~, aristotelesTan
`politikaSi~. avgustinesTan `RvTis qalaqi~.
samarTlis mniSvnelobasa da fuqnciebs ikvlev-
dnen liberaluri sazogadoebrivi azris fuZemdeb-
lebi da iseTi warmomadgenlebi, rogoric aris gro-
ciusi, loki, ruso. saintereso Tvalsazriss Sev-
xvdebiT germanuli klasikuri filosofiis warmo-
madgenlebTan, kantTan, hegelTan.
mniSvnelovani etapi iyo neopozitiuri analiti-
kuri iurisprudenciis skolis warmomadgenlebis
naSromebi. SeuZlebelia ar SevexoT gustav rad-
bruxs, meoce saukunis did germanel samarTlis fi-
losofoss da hans kelzens avstrieli iurists, (neo-
pozitiuri analitikuri iurisprudenciis gamorCe-
uli warmomadgeneli), romlis mizania `samarTlis
wminda swavleba~. rogorc igi aRniSnavs `samarTali
cdilobs gasces pasuxi kiTxvebs: ra aris samarTali
da rogoria is da ara kiTxvas: rogori unda iyos, an
rogor unda Seiqmnas igi. is aris samarTalmcodneo-
ba da ara samarTlis politika~.
kelzeni Tvlida, rom samarTali unda Seswavli-
liyo `wminda saxiT~. samarTali unda ganiwmindos
yvelafrisagan, rac araa samarTali, radgan samarTa-
li, rogorc mecniereba, obieqturobas dakargavs da
ideologiad gadaiqceva. kelzenis `wminda Teoriis
CarCoebSi samarTlis gageba SeiZleba gamoixatos
Semdegi sqemiT: samarTali aris normatiul aqtebSi
Camoyalibebuli urTierTdakavSirebuli da urTi-
erTmoqmedi sistema. samarTlis normebs gamoscems

192
saxelmwifo: kanonSi mocemulia saxelmwifo neba.
TviT samarTals da mis realizacias, aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos iZulebiTi
Zala. normebzea damokidebuli samarTalurTierTo-
bebis warmoSoba.
samarTali da samarTlianoba Tanamedrove mecni-
erebisTvis erT-erTi Zveli da rTuli problemas
warmoadgens, Tu rogor kavSirSia samarTlianobis
filosofiuri koncefcia Teoriul iurisprudenci-
asTan. samarTlianobis gageba mniSvnelovania socia-
lur cxovrebaSi. Tanamedroveobis didi frangi fi-
losofosi pol rikeri adamians gansazRvravda, ro-
gorc arsebas, romelic miiswrafis samarTlianobis-
ken. mTavari Rirseba gonebisa WeSmaritebisken
swrafvaa, xolo socialuri cxovrebis mTavari Rir-
seba ki aris samarTlianobisken swrafva.
jer kidev sokrate ambobda, rom araferi ar unda
davayenoT samarTlianobaze maRla. masve ekuTvnis
gamoTqma rom samarTali unda iyos samarTliani.
saukuneebia, rac iurisprudencia uSedegod cdi-
lobs Camoayalibos samarTlis cneba da dRemde ar
aris mizani miRweuli. didi germaneli filosofosi
imanuel kanti werda: SekiTxva imaze Tu ra aris sa-
marTali iuristisaTvis iseTive Znelia, rogorc
logikisTvis Znelia kiTxva, ra aris WeSmariteba. ar
arsebobs yvelasTvis misaRebi samarTlis zusti cne-
ba. amis mizezia is rom samarTali icvleba drosa da
garemoebebTan erTad.
aristoteles azriT, samarTali ar aris mecnie-
reba, radgan igi daqvemdebarebulia istoriul cva-
lebadobas, samarTali icvleba drosa da garemoSi.
Sesabamisad, icvleba da sadaoa misi definiciac.

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 nicSes azriT, SeiZleba mxolod imis definicia,
rasac istoria ara aqvs. samarTali ki istoriis gara-
Se ar arsebobs. samarTali aris kulturuli da is-
toriuli movlena. samarTali ar aris universalu-
ri, droisa da sivrcis garaSe arsebuli fenomeni. sa-
marTali icvleba drosTan da garemoebebTan erTad.
Sesabamisad cvalebadia samarTlis cneba da sadavoa
misi Sinaarsic.

§2. samarTlis cneba

iuridiul mecnierebaSi mkvlevarTa mier SemoTa-

vazebuli samarTlis arsis sxvadasxva definicia er-
TmaneTisgan ganirCevian imis mixedviT Tu ras Tvli-
an maTSi mTavars da yvelaze arsebiTs.
samarTlis cnebis Sesaxeb arsebobs bevri Sexedu-
leba, isini dayofilia or jgufad:
pirvel jgufSi Sedis Sexedulebebi, romlebic
samarTlis cnebas ayalibeben mis Sinaarssa da Rire-
bulebebze dayrdnobiT.
meore jgufSi Sedis Sexedulebebi, romlebic yu-
radRebas mxolod samarTlis formalur niSnebs aq-
ceven.
pirvel jgufSi Semavali Sexedulebebis Tanax-
mad, anu Sinaarsobrivi cnebis Tanaxmad, samarTali
savaldebuloa, radgan:
1. adgens karg da misaReb normebs;
2. gamomdinareobs bunebiTi an goniTi kanonidan;
3. Tanabrad vrceldeba yvela adamianze;
xolo, samarTlis formaluri ganmartebis Tanax-
mad, samarTlis normebi Sesasruleblad savaldebu-
loa ara maTi Sinaarsis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom,

194
rom is xelisuflebis mier saTanado wesebis dacviT
miRebuli moTxovnaa, miuxedavad misi Sinaarsisa. iu-
ridiul moTxovnaTa savaldebulobas gansazRvravs
forma da ara normis Sinaarsi.
aqedan gamomdinare, gamoyofen pozitiur da bu-
nebiT samarTals.

§ 3. bunebiTi samarTlis formirebis

istoriuli aspeqtebi

bunebiTi samarTali Tavis genezisSi gamomdina-

reobs adamianis biologiuri bunebidan da am Tval-
sazrisiT SeiZleba visaubroT imis Sesaxeb, rom sa-
marTali iwyeba instiqtebiT. swored instiqtidan
gamomdinareobs, magaliTad `pirveladi~ bunebrivi
ufleba – sicocxlis ufleba. Tavisuflebis, pirov-
nebis Rirsebis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebebi
aseve Camoyalibdnen kacobriobis ganviTarebis ad-
reul etapze. pozitiuri samarTali ki aRmocendeba
Semdgom, roca socialuri urTierTobebis garkve-
ul doneze yvelaze mniSvnelovani qcevis wesebs sa-
xelmwifo aniWebs sanqcias.
sxva mxriv, TviT bunebriv-samarTlebrivi doq-
trina, misi axlandeli gagebiT aRmocenda XVII-XVIII
ss evropeli moazrovneebis liberalur ideebTan
erTad. amrigad yalibdeba situacia, roca bunebiTi
samarTali aRmocenda praqtikulad adamianisa da ka-
cobriobis gaCenasTan erTad, anu uZveles periodSi,
Tumca misi aRqma da aRiareba daiwyo ganviTarebis
gacilebiT gviandel etapze, anu axali drois peri-
odSi.

195
 pirveli ideebi imis Sesaxeb, rom adamians gaaCnia
raRac uflebebi, romlebic mas mocemuli aqvs bune-
bis mier, aRmocendeba jer kidev uZveles periodSi.
cnobebs maT Sesaxeb Seicavs sokrates, platonis,
aristoteles da antikuri periodis sxva moazrovne-
Ta Txzulebebi.
magaliTad, aristoteles azriT, `adamianebis da-
yofa monebad da Tavisufal adamianebad aixsneba
imiT, rom aseTebad isini gaCndnen bunebisgan. misi
azriT adamianTa erTi nawili bunebiT Tavisufalia
sxvebi ki monebi, rac sasargeblocaa da samarTlia-
nic~.
rogorc vxedavT aq bunebiTi samarTlis mier xde-
ba mxolod mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategoriis arse-
buli mdgomareobis konstatacia, axal droSi buneb-
rivi samarTali gansazRvravda adamianTa Soris ur-
TierTobebs.
antikuri periodis filosofosi-epikure bune-
biT samarTals ukavSirebda samarTlianobis cnebas.
is ambobda `Tu vinme gamoscems kanons, magram is ar
aRmocendeba adamianTa urTierTobebisaTvis sasar-
geblo, maSin mas ukve aRara aqvs samarTlianobis bu-
neba.~
bunebiT samarTals exebodnen stoicizmis warmo-
madgenlebic. stoicizmis fuZemdebeli Zenoni Tvli-
da, rom bunebrivi kanoni RvTaebribia da gaaCia Zala,
romelic brZanebs swors da krZalavs sawinaaRmde-
gos. stoicizmis azriT monoba ar unda iyos, ramde-
nadac is ewinaaRmdegeba saerTo kanons.
Zvel romSi iuristebi aseve msjelobdnen bune-
biT uflebebze. magaliTad ciceroni bunebiT samar-
Tals gansazRvravda, rogorc moralis moTxovnebs
da amtkicebda rom `samarTali emyareba Seucvlel

196
zebunebriv cnobierebas da kanons, romelic bunebam
Caudo yvela adamians gulSi~.
Zvel romaul periodSi, bunebiTi samarTali aRi-
niSneba samarTlebrivi gansazRvrulobisa da dasa-
buTebis gacilebiT maRali xarisxiT, vidre Zvel sa-
berZneTSi. Tumca aq ar Camoyalibebula am movleni-
sadmi mecnieruli midgomebi.
Zveli moazrovneebi bunebiT samarTals ganixi-
lavdnen im periodSi Camoyalibebuli socialur-bu-
nebrivi viTarebidan. socialuri ganviTarebis done
ki maSin ar iZleoda umTavresi socialuri sakiTxe-
bis, rogoricaa: sicocxle, Tavisufleba, piradi
xelSeuxebloba gamoyofis saSualebas, rogorc fu-
Zemdbluri Rirebulebebisa.
bunebiT samarTali moicavs droisa da sivrcis
gareSe arsebul qcevis wesebsa da principebs. es
principebi ufro maRla dgas vidre pozitiuri sa-
marTali. amitom bunebiT samarTals zepozitiur sa-
marTalsac uwodeben. bunebiTi samarTali arsebi-
Tad moralisa da samarTlianobis identuria. bune-
biT samarTlis wyaro SeiZleba iyos adamianis buneba,
RvTis neba da goni. ganasxvaveben anTropologiur,
religiur da racionalur bunebiT samarTls. bune-
biTi samarTali morals da samarTals ar mijnavs.
hans kelzeni aRniSnavs: samarTali pozitiuri
normebis garda moicavs moralis gansazRvrul prin-
cipebs da am principebs aqvT iuridiuli moqmedebis
pretenzia. samarTali gagebulia, rogorc normaTa
wesrigi, romelic moralis principebs unda Seesaba-
mebodes. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriamac ver hpova
erTmniSvnelovani aRiareba. misi kritikosebi ambob-
dnen, rom aRniSnuli normebi pozitiur samarTals
ver daafuZneben, radgan logikuri aucileblobiT

197
ar moqmedeben. bunebiT samarTali religias ver dae-
fuZneba, radgan rwmenis racionalurad dasabuTeba
SeuZlebelia.
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis, pozitiuri, e.w.
adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTlis namdvilobis sa-
fuZvels bunebiT samarTalTan Sesabamisoba warmo-
adgens, romelic Tavis mxriv ar gaxlavT adamianis
mier Seqmnili, aramed gamomdinareobs bunebidan. bu-
nebiTi yofa mokvdav (adamiani) kanonmdebelze aRma-
tebuli xelisufalia.
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom samarTlis wminda Te-
oriis ZiriTadi norma, romelic pozitiuri samar-
Tlis namdvilobis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tavad ar
aris pozitiuri samarTlis norma, – samarTlis wmin-
da Teoria arasworad ganimarta, rogorc bunebiT
samarTlebrivi doqtrinis erT-erTi saxesxvaoba.

§4. pozitiuri samarTali

pozitiur samarTals, rac Seexeba, misi istoria

am TvalsazrisiT ar ganicdis msgavs winaaRmdego-
bebs da aqvs sakmad mkafiod gamoxatuli sworxazo-
vani ganviTareba. saxelmwifos mier pirveli sanqci-
onirebuli samarTlis normebis aRmocenebiT xdeba
misi Semdgomi srulyofa yvela mimarTulebiT.
pozitiuri samarTali ganmartebulia, rogorc
socialuri normebis erToblioba, romelic awesri-
gebs sazogadoebaSi adamianis qcevas. pozitiuri
cnebis mixedviT, samarTali aris mxolod saxelmwi-
fos mier dadgenili savaldebulo qcevis normebis
erToblioba. igi mkacrad gamijnavs moralsa da sa-

198
marTals. moraluroba ar gansazRvravs arc samar-
Tllis moqmedebas arc mis savaldebulo xasiaTs.
samarTlis normis zogad niSnebia:
1.norma dadgenilia saTanado uflebamosilebis
politikuri da saxelmwifo organos mier;
2. norma socialurad qmediTia (namdvilia) rad-
gan normis adresatebi mas an nebayoflobiT icaven
an iZulebiT axorcieleben uflebamosili saxelmwi-
fo organoebi;
3. samarTlis normas, rogorc qcevis savaldebu-
lo wess. aRiareben rogorc saxelmwifo organoebi
ise moqalaqeebi.
pozitivisturi Sexedulebebi ganaviTara samar-
Tlis normatiulma Teoriam, mas safuZveli Cauyara
ingliselma iuristma jon ostinma (1781-1859). misi
SexedulebiT, samarTlis moqmedebis safuZvels aya-
libebs xelisuflebis suverenuli neba–survili.
rogorc aRvniSneT samarTlis wminda Teoriis
gviandeli warmomadgeneli iyo kelzeni (1881-1973).
kelzeni Tvlis, rom samarTlis wminda Teorias,
romelic pozitiuri samarTlis Teoriaa da bunebiT
samarTlebriv doqtrinas Soris, romelic samar-
Tlebrivi pozitivizmisgan gansxvavebuli sawinaaR-
mdego kategoriaa, arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis mixedviT, bunebiTi,
ara -adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTali ara mxolod
pozitiuri, adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTlis nam-
dvilobis safuZvelia, aramed aseve gansazRvravs po-
zitiuri samarTlis Sinaarss. Sesabamisad pozitiuri
samarTali, romlis Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba bunebiT
samarTals, ar moqmedebs, saerTod ar miiCneva samar-
Tlad. faqtobrivad arsebobs araerTi, aramed bevri

199
gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego bunebiT
samarTlebrivi doqtrinac ki. Sedegad ar arsebobs
pozitiuri marTlwesrigi, romelic romelime maT-
ganTan mainc ar iyos winaaRmdegobaSi da Sesabamisad
ar acxadebdes mas aranamdvilad. lokis bunebiT sa-
marTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mxolod mmarTve-
lobis demokratiuli forma aris `bunebiTi~, amito-
mac marTlwesrigi, romelsac avtoritaruli xasia-
Ti gaaCnia, usamarTlo da aranamdvili samarTalia.
kelzenis azriT samarTlis moqmedebis safuZve-
lia ZiriTadi norma, romelic arc samarTliani nor-
ma araa. ZiriTadi norma moiTxovs rom iZuleba kon-
stituciis safuZvelze ganxorcieldes. ZiriTadma
normam unda daasabuTos pozitiuri marTlwesrigis
obieqturoba. kelzens surs samarTlis mecniereba
gawmindos eTikuri da politikuri elementebisagan.
rogorc kelzeni aRniSnavs namdvilobaa is gare-
moeba, rom norma avaldebulebs, nebas rTavs an
krZlavs raime qcevas, ar gulisxmobs, rom xsenebuli
qceva praqtikaSi arsebobs an momavalSi SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes; igi niSnavs, rom unda iyos, adamiane-
bi ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc norma adgens, aRWu-
ravs an krZalavs adamianebis mxridan raimes ganxor-
cielebas. normis namdviloba, qmediToba jerarsuli
kategoriaa. ibadeba kiTxva: ra ganapirobebs gansaz-
Rvruli normis namdvilobas? ratom unda moviqceT
gansazRvruli normis Sesabamisad? am kiTxvaze pasu-
xi arasdros iqneba arsis kategoria, is SesaZlebelia
iyos mxolod jerarsuli movlena. sxvagvarad nor-
mis namdvilobis safuZveli ver iqneba faqti da verc
nebelobiTi qmedeba, romliTac norma iqmneba, sa-
fuZveli mxolod norma an zemdgomi (ierarqiulad
ufro maRali) normaa.

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 kelzeni upirispirdeboda rogorc bunebiT sa-
marTals aseve samarTlis sociologiur skolas. sa-
marTlis pozitiuri cneba maSinve waawyda kritikas.
pozitiuri gagebis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli iyo Sem-
degi Tezisebi:
1. iuridiuli pozitivizmi aRiarebs, samarTalSe-
moqmedebaze saxelmwifos srul da absolutur mo-
nopolias. samarTali ganixileba, rogorc saxelmwi-
fos mier dadgenili normebis erToblioba da Riad
tovebs sakiTxs saxelmwifomde arsebuli samarTlis
anu bunebiTi samarTlis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
2.pozitiuri cneba gverds uvlis samarTlianobis
sakiTxebs.
3. pozitiuri cneba nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs
sazogadoebis mxridan samarTlis aRiarebis faqts.
samarTlis pozitiuri cnebis winaaRmdeg wamoye-
nebuli argumenti cnobilia egredwodebuli rad-
bruxis formulis saxiT.
gustav radbruxis azriT, samarTlianobasa da sa-
marTlebriv usafrTxoebas Soris konfliqtisas po-
zitiuri samarTals im SemTxvevaSic unda mieniWos
upiratesoba, rodesac igi Sinaarsobrivad usamar-
Tlo da mizanSewonilia. ufro mniSvnelovania rom
samarTlebrivi dava dasruldes vidre is, rom mas
hqondes mizanSewonili samarTliani dasasruli.
norma SeiZleba ar Sesruldes maSin, rodesac pozi-
tiuri samarTali (kanoni) imdenad usamarTloa, rom
kanonma, rogorc arasworma samarTalma samarTlia-
nobas unda dauTmos.
gustav radbruxi aRniSnavs, rom bunebiTi samar-
Tlis ukanaskneli iuristis gardacvalebidan ukve
saukuneebia gasuli, Sesabamisad iuristebisaTvis

201
ucnobia kanonis moqmedebidan msgavsi gamonaklisebi
da maTdami daqvemdebarebis savaldebuloba. kanoni
moqmedebs radgan kanonia. da igi kanonia Tuki misi
moqmedeba uzrunvelyofilia SemTxvevaTa umravle-
sobaSi. kanonis amgvarma gagebam da misma moqmedebam
(amas vuwodebT pozitiur Teorias) iuristebi da
sxva danarCenebic, daucvelebad aqcia despotizmis
gamamarTlebeli, saSineli da danaSaulebrivi kano-
nebis winaSe. saboloo jamSi pozitiuri Teoria sa-
marTalsa da Zalauflebas uTanabrebs erTmaneTs-
samarTali mxolod iqaa, sadac aris Zalaufleba.
marTlwesrigi moicavs ara marto pozitiur nor-
mebs, aramed sayovelTao mniSvnelobis mqone princi-
pebsac, romelTa meSveobiTac wydeba iseTi SemTxve-
va, romelic ar regulirdeba pozitiuri normiT.
pozitiuri samarTalis Tanaxmad:
1. norma dadgenilia Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis
mqone saxelmwifo organos mier;
2. igi socialurad qmediTia;
3. samarTlis normas aRiareben saxelmwifo orga-
noebi da aseve moqalaqeebic.
pozitivizmis mixedviT samarTalSemoqmedeba
srulad aqvs monopolizirebuli saxelmwifos da Se-
sabamisad, samarTals miiCnevs mxolod da mxolod
saxelmwifos mier dadgenili normebis erToblio-
bad,
1. aqedan gamomdinare mas ar SeuZlia gasces pasu-
xi im sakiTxs, rom samarTali (mag: bunebiTi, Cveule-
biTi) arsebobda saxelmwifoebis Seqmnamdec.
2. amas garda, samarTlis pozitiur cnebas ewina-
aRmdegebodnen imis gamoc, rom igi nakleb mniSvne-
lobas aniWebda sazogadoebis mier samarTlebrivi
normebis aRiarebas.

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 3. aseve, pozitivizmi gverds uvlis samarTliano-
bis sakiTxs, anu samarTlebrivad aRiarebs normas im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlia-
nobis principebs.
kelzenis SexedulebiT racionaluri samarTali
ar gamomdinareobs adamianuri bunebidan. SeuZlebe-
lia arsidan gamomdinareobdes jerarsi. bunebiTi
samarTali ar SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri samarTlis
Sefasebis kriteriumi. ra icvleba maSin rodesac sa-
marTlis Semfaseblis SexedulebiT pozitiuri sa-
marTlis norma ar Seesabameba bunebiT samarTals?
es arafers cvlis samarTlis norma inarCunebs iuri-
diulad savaldebulo Zalas im SemTxvevaSic Tu igi
normas ewinaaRmdegeba.

§5. ra aris samarTlianoba?

jer kidev platoni svamda kiTxvas ra aris samar-

Tlianoba. samarTlianoba da samarTali erTmaneT-
Tan asocirdeba, magram unda avRniSnoT, rom samar-
Tlianoba bevrad ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre samar-
Tali.
samarTlianoba warmoadgens faseulobiT Rire-
bulebas, erT-erTs im miznebidan, romelsac adamiani
isaxavs ukeTesi cxovrebis misRwevad. samarTliano-
ba, rogorc RirebulebiT faseulobaTa sistema, ic-
vleba droisa da mdgomareobis mixedviT.
samarTlianoba, rogorc sulis SeZenili Tviseba
aristoteles mixedviT aris zneobriobis sfero da
miekuTvneba eTikis sagans. mocemul aspeqtSi samar-
Tlianoba zneobis nawilia, magram mas aqvs sxva aspeq-
tic, mimarTeba `sxvebTan~. am mosazrebiT samarTli-

203
anoba warmoadgens zneobas adamianuri urTierTobe-
bis gasarkvevad da miekuTvneba politikis sagans.
rodesac samarTalze vsaubrobT, mravali SekiT-
xva ibadeba. rogori iyo pirveli adamianebis samar-
Tali? rogori cvlilebebi ganicada man? ram gamoiw-
via es cvlilebebi? rogor samarTalTan gvaqvs saqme
dRes?
samarTlianobis mniSvneloba gacilebiT farToa,
vidre is, rasac am sityvaSi gulisxmoben sasamarTlo
procesebze. igi moicavs patiosnebas, urTierTdaT-
mobas, simarTles, dapirebis Sesrulebas da cxovre-
bis mraval mxares.
samarTali dasabams iRebs samarTlianobisgan. sa-
marTals win uZRvis samarTlianoba. samarTali Ta-
vis mxriv ayalibebs iseT moTxovnebs, rogoricaa we-
siereba. samarTali gansazRvravs samarTlianobis
Sinaarss.
samarTlianoba aris SefasebiTi kategoria. sa-
marTlianobis kategoriiT SeiZleba Sefasdes, ro-
gorc normebi da normaTa mTeli sistema, aseve prin-
cipebi da samarTlebrivi institutebic.
samarTlis Semfardebeli samarTlianobis mas-
Stabs „poulobs“ kanonis teqstSi.
samarTlianobis Segneba damokidebulia, konkre-
tul situaciaSi, Cvens mier mdgomareobis Cvens sa-
sargeblod an Cvens sawinaaRmdegod aRqmaSi. Tumca
logikurad aqve Cndeba erTi kiTxva: nuTu, bunebaSi
ar arsebobs samarTlianoba, romelic TavisTavad
misagnebia TiToeuli adamianis mier? ra Tqma unda am
mosazrebis argumentireba sxvadasxva gziT SeiZle-
ba, magram aseTive warmatebiT absoluturad uprob-

204
lemod SegviZlia am argumentis ugulebelyofa. Se-
sabamisad SevecadoT movaxdinoT kiTxvis formuli-
reba Semdegnairad: arsebobs Tu ara bunebaSi Tavis-
Tavad arsebuli samarTlianoba?
`samarTlis idea anu sazrisi aris is norma, rome-
lic permanentulad ibadeba samarTlisa da mar-
Tlwesrigis mudmivi urTirTqmedebis Sedegad. sa-
marTlis sazrisSi Cadebulia kacobriobis progre-
suli ganviTarebis idea. misi Semecnebis sagani aris
samarTlis sazrisi anu samarTlis idea.~ samarTlia-
nobas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs politikur cxovre-
baSi. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis me-
Todis kritikam, SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daaye-
nos xelisuflebis kanonieri da zneobrivi ufleba, -
marTos qveyana.
samarTlianobas xSirad imis mixedviT gansaz-
Rvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba individis ufle-
bebs. politikosebs miaCniaT, rom yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis qmedebis samar-
TlianobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sa-
zogado sakiTxebis miCumaTeba, es mainc droebiT xa-
siaTs atarebs, radgan maTi saboloo CaxSoba SeuZ-
lebelia.
didi berZeni filosofosi aristotele aRniSnav-
da rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod adami-
anisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sikeTisa da borotebis,
samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis gancda.
adamianTa Taobebi ibrZvian samarTliani saxel-
mwifos SeqmnisTvis. maTTvis samarTlebrivi saxel-
mwifos idea, saxelmwifos samarTliT SezRudvaSi
mdgomareobs. am TvalsazrisiT samarTali aris sa-

205
xelmwifos moxeleTa da mTlianad saxelmwifos meT-
valyure.
samarTali ar cvlis saxelmwifos mier miRebul
politikur gadawyvetilebebs da saerTod politi-
kas, aramed aTavsebs mas garkveul samarTlebriv
CarCoebSi, Seaqvs masSi samarTlianobis idea.

§ 6. samarTlianoba rogorc Rirebuleba

rogorc aRiniSna samarTlianobasa da samarTals

Soris sakmaod gansxvavebaa. samarTali unda `ganasa-
xierebdes~ samarTlianobas, miuxedavad im faqtisa,
rom arseboben usamarTlo normebi. norma romelic
ar aris samarTliani Tavisive Tavis uaryofaa, iqi-
dan gamomdinare, rom sazogadoebaSi misi realize-
bis obieqti Zalian dabalia.
samarTlianoba warmoadgens faseulebiT Rirebu-
lobas, erT-erTs im miznebidan, romelsac adamiani
isaxavs ukeTesi cxovrebis misaRwevad. samarTliano-
ba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc `didi keTili~ saq-
me, romelsac cdilobs, rom icnobdes kacobrioba.
samarTlianoba, rogorc RirebulebiT faseulo-
baTa sistema, icvleba droisa da mdgomareobis mi-
xedviT.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom nebismier sazogadoebas
gaaCnia RireulebaTa ierarqia, Tanac zogierTi maT-
gani xSirad saSualebaa meoris – ufro maRali Rire-
bulebis misaRwevad. miiCneva, rom sabolood swored
es miiyvans adamians e.w. `absolutur sikeTemde~. `ab-
soluturi sikeTe~ imdenad abstraqtuli cnebaa,
rom misi mniSvnelobis ara Tu gageba, warmodgenac ki
scildeba adamianuri, cnobierebis sazRvrebs. Tum-

206
ca SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom `absoluturi sike-
Tis~ mwvervali samarTlianobaa.
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aucileblobis
TvalsazrisiT ar arsebobs raime winaswar dadgeni-
li kriteriumi adamianis qcevis gansazRvruli mniS-
vnelobiT Sefasebisa, radgan adamianis yoveli moq-
medeba, rogorc saboloo jamSi aucileblobis ga-
movlena, Tavisufalia. adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos,
rogorc sazogadoebis sasargeblod, ise mis sazia-
nod.
Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis me-
Todis kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daaye-
nos xelisuflebis zneobrivi da kanonieri ufleba,
marTos qveyana. es erT-erTi mizezia imisa, ratomaa
politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samar-
Tlianobas xSirad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ram-
denad icavs mTavroba individis uflebebs (esaa, bu-
nebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi). amaTgan
yvelaze mniSvnelovani is uflebebia, romelic saSu-
alebas aZlevs moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis
qmedebis samarTlianobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Se-
saZlebelia sazogado sikeTis sakiTxebis miCumaTe-
ba, maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. samarTleb-
rivi saxelmwifos idea, saxelmwifos samarTliT Sez-
RudvaSi mdgomareobs. am TvalsazrisiT samarTali
aris saxelmwifos moxeleTa, mTlianad saxelmwifos
meTvalyure.
samarTali ar cvlis saxelmwifos mier miRebul
politikur gadawyvetilebebs, saerTod politikas,
aramed aTavsebs mas garkveul samarTlebriv CarCo-
ebSi, Seaqvs masSi samarTlianobis idea. Aam Tvalsaz-
risiT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefcia mi-

207
marTulia saxelmwifos modifikaciisa, Sekavebisa da
dabalansebisaken.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pirveli damaxasia-
Tebeli niSania adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba-Tavisuf-
lebebis dacva. saxelmwifo SezRudvas samarTlebri-
vi normebiT, azri aqvs mxolod im pirobiT, Tu misi
sqmianobis zRudes warmoadgenen adamianis ZiriTadi
ufleba-Tavisuflebani. ramdenadac dauZlevelia es
zRude, imdenad demokratiulia saxelmwifo. D swo-
red aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba, romelic saWiroebis umaRlesi xaris-
xiT gamoirCeva, sazogadoeba, romelic flobs samar-
Tlebrivi saSualebebis mTel kompleqss, da rome-
lic uzrunvelyofs mis Tavdacvisunarianobas, sta-
bilurobas da evoluciur ganviTarebas socialuri
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. sazogadoebis samarTleb-
rivi saSualebebis amosavali principebi Camoyalibe-
bulia konstituciaSi.

§7. samarTlisa da samarTlianobis gamijvna

samarTali esaa obieqturi realoba anu ufleba

ganaxorcielo raime qmedeba garemomcvel samyaro-
Si. movaleoba esaa, rogorc, uSualod pirebs Soris
arsebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba, aseve cal-
mxrivad saxelmwifos mxridan dadgenili moTxovna.
radbruxi, rogorc aRniSnavs, samarTali aris is
rac sasargebloa xalxisaTvis. Tumca am gagebiT, sa-
marTali SeiZleba aRniSnavdes xalxis sasargeblod
ganxorcielebul iZulebas, SeTanxmebis darRvevas,
ukanonobas. praqtikulad es niSnavs rom samarTali

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aris yovelive is, rac saxelmwifo xelisufals miaC-
nia yvelasaTvis sasargeblod. kerZod, despotis ne-
bismieri Wirveuloba da axireba, kanonieri safuZ-
vlis da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe dasja,
avadmyofebis ukanono mokvdineba da a.S. sxvanairad
piradi sargebeli ganixileba, rogorc saerTo sar-
gebeli. amgvarad samarTlis gaTanabreba SesaZlo,
yalb sargebelTan, samarTlebriv saxelmwifos aq-
cevs arasamarTlebrivad.
samarTlianobis Segneba damokidebulia, konkre-
tul situaciaSi Cvens mier mdgomareobis Cvens sa-
sargeblod an Cvens sawinaaRmdegod aRqmaSi. Tumca
logikurad aqve Cndeba erTi kiTxva: nuTu, bunebaSi
ar arsebobs samarTlianoba, romelic TavisTavad
misagnebia TiToeuli adamianis mier?
arsebobs Tu ara bunebaSi TavisTavad arsebuli
samarTlianoba? samarTlianobis cneba aris konkre-
tul situaciebze damokidebuli da absoluturad
pirobiTia. ganvixiloT aseTi cxovrebiseuli situa-
cia: policieli sagzao wesebis darRvevisaTvis aja-
rimebs pirovnebas, romelic Tvlis, rom mas wesebi
ar daurRvevia da Sesabamisad uCndeba ukmayofile-
bis gancda Tumca im motiviT, rom damjarimebeli sa-
xelmwifoa igi dumiliT itans aRniSnul jarimas. am
dros pirovneba gamodis wina planze, romelic sa-
xelmwifom represiuli meTodiT daajarima, pirov-
nebam ki CaTvala, rom usamarTlod.
rogorc giorgi naneiSvili aRniSnavs, samarTali,
rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxis namdviloba, winaaR-
mdeg faqtebisa, qmedebis gansakuTrebuli unariT
xasiaTdeba. saxeldobr mas aqvs mxolod mudmivi pre-

209
tenzia ganxorcielebisa da amave dros igi mizezob-
rivad dakavSirebuli ar aris im SesaZleblobasTan,
romliTac is xorcieldeba.
zemoaRniSnuli msjelobidan vaskvniT, rom sa-
marTlianobis gancda metad subieqturi momentia,
da mas adamiani yovel axal SemTxvevaSi axleburad
da subieqturad gansazRvravs.

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 TaviXII. samarTlianobis axali Teoria –
jon roulsi

§1. samarTlianobis Teoriebi

ganasxvaveben samarTlianobis analitikur, empi-

riul da normatiul Teoriebs.
analitikuri Teoria aanalizebs samarTlianobis
cnebis logikur struqturas da enobriv Sinaarss.
igi, Cveulebriv, empiriuli an normatiuli Teorie-
bis nawils warmoadgens
empiriuli Teoria istoriulad, sociologiu-
rad, fsiqologiuraad aanalizebs samarTlianobis
Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi arsebul Sexedulebebs.
normatiuli Teoria aRwers adamianTa faqtobriv
RirebulebiT warmodgenebs da axdens maT Sefasebas.
normatiul TeoriaSi gamoiyofa proceduruli da
materialuri Teoriebi.
materialuri Teoria cdilobs konkretulad
gansazRvros Tu ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo.
proceduruli Teoria ayalibebs samarTliani samar-
Tlis dadgenis wesebsa da pirobebs. samarTlianoba
miiRweva procesis gziT.

§2. samarTlianobis problemis axleburi

gaazreba

samarTlianobis Sesaxeb bevri kvlevebi arsebobs.

is yvelasTvis individualuria. misi kvleva saukune-
ebia mimdinareobs, Tumca dRemde ver moxerxda sa-
marTlianobis cnebis definicia.

211
 roulsis `samarTlianobis Teoria~ gamovida1971
wels, misi gamoqveynebiT daiwyo axali etapi, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas es iyo Semotrialeba rogor politikur
filosofiaSi aseve samarTlis TeoriaSic. amave
dros roulsis `samarTlianobis Teoriam~ utilita-
ristuli sayrdenebis kritikiT liberalizmis wiaR-
Si axali dapirispirebebis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xe-
li.
roulsi svams kiTxvas, Tu, zogadad, ras warmoad-
gens samarTlianobis problema. misi azriT, es aris
is, Tu rogor unda ganawildes adamianebis Tanam-
Sromlobis nayofi ise, rom aravin igrZnos Tavi usa-
marTlobis msxverplad.
samarTlianobis cnebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarma
roulsma Camoayaliba samarTlianobis Tanamedrove
Teoria. man socialuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
ganaviTara Tavisi Sexedulebebi. roulsi Tavis Teo-
rias uwodebs kategoriuli imperativis „procedu-
rul~ interpretacias.
samarTali esaa obieqturi realoba anu ufleba
ganaxorcielo raime qmedeba garemomcvel samyaro-
Si. movaleoba esaa, rogorc, uSualod pirebs Soris
arsebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba, aseve cal-
mxrivad saxelmwifos mxridan dadgenili moTxovna.
jon roulsis mixedviT `samarTlianobis Teori-
is~ mixedviT erTis mxriv, kargad organizenul sazo-
gadoebaSi nebismieri mizani, romliskenac swrafva
nebadarTulia, samarTlianobis farglebSi unda iq-
nes moqceuli. meore mxriv, Tu adamianebi mudam sa-
marTlianobis Sesabamisad moqmedeben, maTi uflebaa
gadawyviton pirovnuli ganviTarebis romelic gza

212
airCion, an ra mimarTulebiT waiyvanon Tavisi cxov-
reba. samarTlianoba sazogadoebis saerTo saqmea,
xolo sikeTe TiToeuli calkeuli individis sam-
flobelo.
roulss ainteresebs Tu zogadad ras warmoad-
gens samarTlianobis problema, misTvis mTavaria,
rom aravin igrZnos Tavi usamarTlobis msxverplad,
is cdilobs Camoayalibos iseTi principebi, rome-
lic daicavs adamaians yovelgvari usamarTlobisa-
gan. aqedan gamomdnare saWiroa, rom samarTliani pi-
robebi ganvsazRvroT. samarTliani pirobebis gan-
sazRvrisas ki pirvel rigSi, unda vecadoT, Camovaya-
liboT, samarTlianobis sawyisi pozicia.
sawyis poziciaSi xdeba pirovnebisa da misi Tanam-
gzavri koncefciis, sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlo-
bis ideis, romeliRac, konkretul, samarTlianobis
principebTan Serwyma. sawyis poziciaSi am or filo-
sofiur koncefciasa da samarTlianobis konkretul
principebs Soris kavSiri, Semdegnairad myardeba: am
poziciaSi myof mxareebs Cven sazogadoebaSi moqala-
qeTa avtonomiur warmomadgenlebs vuwodebT.

213
 §3. samarTlianobis ori principi

jon roulsis mixedviT `samarTlianobis Teoria~

politikuri Teoriis erTi calkeuli nawili ki ar
aris, aramed, igi TviT politikuri filosofiaa. er-
Tis mxriv, kargad organizenul sazogadoebaSi ne-
bismieri mizani, romliskenac swrafva nebadarTu-
lia, samarTlianobis farglebSi unda iqnes moqceu-
li. meore mxriv, Tu adamianebi mudam samarTliano-
bis Sesabamisad moqmedeben, maTi uflebaa gadawyvi-
ton pirovnuli ganviTarebis romelic gza airCion,
an ra mimarTulebiT waiyvanon Tavisi cxovreba. sa-
marTlianoba sazogadoebis saerTo saqmea, xolo si-
keTe TiToeuli calkeuli individis samflobelo.
ras warmoadgens sakuTriv samarTlianobis prob-
lema? roulsi Camoayalibebs samarTlianobis or
princips:
1. TiToeuli adamianis Tavisufleba unda Tav-
sdebodes yoveli adamianis TavisuflebasTan.
2. socialuri uTanasworobis arsebobis gamar-
Tleba SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is sazo-
gadoebis uRatakesi nawilis sasargeblod imuSavebs.
ganasxvaveben samarTlianobis 2 ZiriTad saxes:
1. ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba – iustitia distributiva da
2. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba – iustitia commutativa.
ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba – iustitia distributiva-
moicavs ama Tu im sikeTis ganawilebis process da
masSi monawile sul mcire 3 subieqts (maT Soris sa-
xelmwifos).
gamanawilebeli samarTlianoba, rogorc princi-
pi niSnavs sayovelTao keTildReobis ganawilebas
Rirsebis mixevdiT, sazogadoebis wevris wvlilis da

214
Senatanis proporciulad. aq SesaZlebelia, rogorc
Tanabari, ise araTanabari principebis gamoyofa, Se-
sabamisi keTildReobis gamovleniT.
gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba ar aris damokide-
buli piris individualur Sexedulebebze. ganawile-
bis procesSi arc erTi mxare ar unda iyos mogebuli
an wagebuli. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis Sem-
TxvevaSi Tanasworobas ayalibebs ariTmetkuli pro-
porciuloba. gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianobis uni-
versaluri masStabi ar arsebobs – SesaZlebelia Ta-
vidan aviciloT mxolod aSkara usamarTloba.
ismeba kiTxva: ganawilebis (distribuciis) rome-
li sqemaa samarTliani. magaliTad TiToeuls Tanab-
rad. TiToeuls moTxovnis Sesabamisad; TiToeuls –
Sromis Sesabamisad; Tu TiToeuls imdeni, rom yve-
lam Tanabrad isiamovnos saerTo keTildReobiT.
gamTanabrebeli samarTlianobis kriteriumia
ariTmetikuli Tanasworoba. am principis ganxorci-
eleba xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da samarTlebrivi
garigebis safuZvelze.
samarTlianoba ar aris sakmarisi uflebisaTvis.
is aris abstraqtuli gamoxatva imisa, ra unda gakeT-
des.
politikur filosofiaSi calkeuli individebis
moqmedebis analizi ki araa mTavari, aramed sazoga-
doebis ~sabaziso struqtura~, maSin unda daisvas
kiTxva, rodisaa sazogadoebis sabaziso struqtura
samarTliani?
rac Seexeba am sabazo struqturas, igi garkveuli
wesebisa da procedurebis erTobliobaa, romelic
individebis moqmedebas awesrigebs.

215
 roulsi samarTlianobis Teorias warmogvidgens,
rogorc racionaluri arCevanis Teoriis nawils,
magram igi erT mniSvnelovan pirobas iTvaliswinebs;
SeTanxmeba maqsimaluri sargeblobis irgvliv, auci-
leblad morigebis Sedegi unda iyos.
roulss ainteresebs Tu zogadad ras warmoad-
gens samarTlianobis problema, misTvis mTavaria,
rom aravin igrZnos Tavi usamarTlobis msxverplad,
is cdilobs Camoayalibos iseTi principebi, rome-
lic daicavs adamaians yovelgvari usamarTlobisa-
gan. aqedan gamomdnare saWiroa, rom samarTliani pi-
robebi ganvsazRvroT. samarTliani pirobebis gan-
sazRvrisas ki pirvel rigSi, unda vecadoT, Camovaya-
liboT, samarTlianobis sawyisi pozicia.
sawyis poziciaSi xdeba pirovnebisa da misi Tanam-
gzavri koncefciis – sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlo-
bis ideis – romeliRac, konkretul, samarTlianobis
principebTan Serwyma. sawyis poziciaSi am or filo-
sofiur koncefciasa da samarTlianobis konkretul
principebs Soris kavSiri, Semdegnairad myardeba: am
poziciaSi myof mxareebs Cven sazogadoebaSi moqala-
qeTa avtonomiur warmomadgenlebs vuwodebT.
hipoTeturi sawyisi poziciis agebis procesSi,
aucileblad unda CavrToT `umecrebis saburveli~
anu individis iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac isini
sxvebis upiratesobebis Tu naklovanebis Sesaxeb in-
formacias ar floben, araferi ician maTi socialu-
ri mdgomareobis, sikeTis ideis (mis miznebsa da mis-
wrafebebis, maTi realuri SesaZleblobebs, fsiqo-
logiuri ganwyobilebebis, da rac mTavaria TviT im
adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac warmoadgenen). is ra-
zec, umecrebis saburvelSi myofi individebi SeTan-

216
xmdebian, samarTlianobis principebi iqneba, umec-
robis saburveli ra Tqma unda, xelovnurad Seqmni-
li mdgomarebaa. Tumca realur pirobebSi SesaZle-
belia misi `gamocda~ – es gamocda unda gaiaros yve-
la im principma romelsac surs samarTlian princi-
pad iqnes aRiarebuli.
ibadeba kiTxva, rom Tu umecrebis saburvelSi
gaxveul individebs aranairi warmodgena ar aqvT so-
cialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, saidan modis maTi
miznebi? roulsi acxadebs, rom arsebobs e.w. `pirve-
ladi sikeTeebi~, romelTa arsebobac nebismieri in-
dividisTvis, ZiriTadi pirobaa imisTvis, rom man sa-
zogadoebaSi arseboba SeZlos. amgvari sikeTeebis
rigs miekuTvneba: janmrTeloba da energia, Zalauf-
leba, Wkua da warmoaxvis unari da a.S. aqedan gamom-
dinare, SeTanxmebis mxareebma unda ecadon am pirve-
ladi sikeTeebis maqsimalizacia. E
Sedegad viRebT Semdeg Rirebulebebs, samarTli-
anobis or princips:M
1. isini Tanamdebobebze da sazogadoebriv mdgo-
mareobebze unda iyos damokidebuli, romle-
bic yvelasTvis Riaa;
2. isini RaribTa mdgomareobis gaumjbesebaze un-
da iyos orientirebuli;
pirveli principi ase SegviZlia ganvmartoT, yve-
la individi unda ganixilebodes, rogorc Tavisufa-
li da Tanaswori. aqedan gamomdinare, umaRles fase-
ulobad miiCneva adamiani, rogorc avtonomiuri ar-
seba. individis pirveladi sazrunavic xom swored
isaa, rom iyos garantirebulad daculi, mis pirad
saqmeSi, saxelmwifos Cagvrisagan. meore, is gamoyene-

217
bul unda iqnas sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro susti
wevrebis sakeTildReod.
mxolod samarTlianobis ori principiT aris Se-
saZlebeli ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyo-
fa, isini yvelaze efeqturi saSualebebia, moqalaqe-
ebSi, rogorc sazogadoebis Tanaswor wevrebSi Rir-
sebis grZnobebis gaRviZebisaTvis. aseTi Sedegi, sa-
zogadoebrivi principebis Sinaars moaqvs. am Sina-
arss Tavis mxriv, ori aspeqti aqvs, romelTagan Ti-
Toeuli Rirsebis grZnobis ori elementisagan erT-
erTs Seesabameba. gavixsenoT, rom pirvel elements
Cveni, rogorc sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevris, TviT-
rwmena da Tavdajerebuloba warmoadgens, – Tviseba,
romlis wyalobiTac viTardeba adamianSi ori mora-
luri Tviseba da, agreTve, samarTlianobis grZnoba.
meore elementi es aris TviTSefasebis gacnobiere-
bis unari, rac imis rwmenaSi vlindeba, rom Cven
gvaqvs unari ganvaxorcieloT WeSmariti Rirebule-
bebis mqone sasicocxlo gegma.
pirvel elements zurgs umagreben ZiriTadi Ta-
visuflebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen orive mo-
raluri Tvisebis sruli masStabiT ganxorcielebas.
meore elementis xelis Semwyobi faqtori TviT am
uzrunvelyofis aqtis sazogadoebrivi xasiaTia, anu
is, rom sazogadoeba cnobs da aRiarebs am Tavisuf-
lebebs, romlebic Rrma kavSirSia politikuri Tavi-
suflebebis adeqvatur RirebulebasTan gansxvave-
bulobis principTan. ZiriTadi Tavisuflebis saja-
rod aRiarebis gziT, organizebuli sazogadoebis
wevrebi, faqtiurad, TavianT pativiscemas gamoxata-
ven erTmaneTis, rogorc sando da gonieri adamiane-
bis mimarT.

218
 am principebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba, saukeTeso
saSualebaa im adamianTa sikeTisaTvis, romlebsac
isini warmoadgenen. es adamianebi, rogorc moqalaqe-
ebi, samarTlianobiT, arian motivirebulni, xolo
mxareebi, rogorc racionalurad avtonomiuri war-
momadgenlebi ki – ara.
samarTlianobis ori principi yvelaze stabilu-
ri brincipebia am qveynad.
am normebis mixedviT Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
sabolood viRebT iseT saxelmwifo politikas, ro-
melic socialuri uTanasworebis aRmofxvraze iqne-
ba orientirebuli.
`samarTlianobis Teoriis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg
mTeli meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi politikur
filosofiaSi filosofosebis didi nawili cdilob-
da roulsis mier SemoTavazebuli ideebis, meTode-
bis damuSavebas da ganviTarebas. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom am droidan iwyeba politikuri filosofiis aR-
mavloba. jon roulsis ideebis sapirispirod ro-
bert nozikma uflebebze damyarebuli liberaliz-
mis (liberalistebi iswrafvian, maqsimalurad gai-
farTovon individebis Tavisuflebis areali da mi-
nimumamde daiyvanon sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis
sazRvrebi; saxelmwifo maTTvis Tavisuflebis Ziri-
Tad safrTxes warmoadgens) erTgvari forma ganavi-
Tara. is Tvlida, rom sakuTrebis uflebebis mkacri
dacva sWirdeba, Tu ra Tqma unda sakuTreba samar-
Tlianadaa SeZenili.

219
 TaviXIII. Tanasworobis arsi

§1. ra aris Tanasworoba

TanasworobaSi igulisxmeba uflebebisa da kano-

nis winaSe Tanasworoba. igi Tavisi mniSvneobiT Zali-
an axlos dgas, diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan, dis-
kriminacia ki racionalur dasabuTebas moklebuli,
fizikur da biologiur niSnebze agebul uflebaTa
da uflebamosilebaTa, diferenciaciaa. magaliTad
brmebisTvis avtomobilis marTvis uflebis akrZal-
va ar CaiTvleba diskriminaciad. radgan aseT ak-
rZalvas racionaluri dasabuTeba aqvs. ar yofila
jer iseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic sruli Tanaswo-
roba yofiliyo miRweuli, adamianebi gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan: arian mdidrebi da Raribebi, niWie-
rebi da uniWoebi, maRlebi da dablebi, maT gansxvave-
buli interesebi da miswrafebebi aqvT da a.S.
Tanasworobis ritorikasTan dakavSirebiT xSi-
rad SeiniSneba bundovaneba, magaliTad egalitaru-
li ritorika iwyeba wanamZRvriT, rom yvela adamiani
Tanasworia, Semdeg ki gadadis daskvnaze, rom yvela
adamiani Tanaswori unda iyos. cxadia rom am Sem-
TxvevaSi sityva `Tanasworoba~ ixmareba sxvadasxva
azriT.
aseTi bundovani da areul-dareuli egalitaris-
tuli ritorikis mTavari msxverplebi antiegalita-
ristebi arian.
am ritorikasTan dakavSirebiT isini aRniSnaven,
rom adamianebi, rogorc Cans, ar arian Tanasworni,
da svamen kiTxvas: `maSin aqvs Tu ara azri mtkicebas,
rom isini Tanasworni unda iyvnen?" isini arcTu usa-

220
fuZvlod askvnian, rom TviT egalitaristuli ri-
torika ar iTvaliswinebs gansxvavebas Tanasworobis
svadasxva saxeobebs Soris,
antiegalitaristebisaTvis gafrTxileba unda
iyos, ar dauSvan igive Secdoma.
Tanasworobaze laparakisas mxedvelobaSi gveqne-
ba an politikuri Tanasworoba, an Tanasworoba ma-
terialuri dovlaTisa da Semosavlis mxriv.
arcerT Zlier mTavrobas, ar ZaluZs gaaTanab-
ron, TavianTi qveSevrdomebi ise, rom, mTavrobisad-
mi Tanabrad damjerni, iyvnen simaRliT tolni, hqon-
deT erTnairi silamaze da alpinistobis erTnairi
xerxebi. rac Seexeba gonebriv unarebs, am mxriv po-
litikosebs, rom SesZlebodaT rame Secvalon pir-
vel rigSi, gazrdidnen sakuTar gonebriv SesaZleb-
lobebs.
magram mTavrobebs SeuZliaT adamianebi gaxadon
Tanasworni sxva mxriv. uares SemTxvevaSi mTavrobas
SeuZlia praqtikulad gaaTanabros moqalaqeni uvi-
cobaSi, gonebriv an fizikur monobaSi. rogorc ga-
mocdileba cxadyofs, mTavrobebs SeuZliaT adamia-
nebi Tanasworni gaxadon rogorc gadasaxadis gadam-
xdelni.
mTavrobebs SeuZliaT adamianebi aqcion Tanaswo-
rad sxva, ufro Rirseuli mxrivac. maT SeuZliaT mo-
qalaqes miscen erTnairi xmis ufleba, Tanaswori uf-
leba arCeul iqnan parlamentSi, moisminon saqmeebi
msajulTa sasamarTloSi. aseTi politikuri Tanas-
woroba sulac ar aris miRweuli. Tqven SegiZliaT
SeniSnoT, rom arCeuli demokratiuli mTavroba
marTvis SeuZlebeli formaa. magram sinamdvileSi
igi ar aris SeuZlebeli; igi arsebobs.

221
 §2. ekonokikuri Tanasworoba

raRa iTqmis ekonomikur Tanasworobaze? misi

miRweva ver SeZlo verc erTma mTavrobam, magram zo-
gierTebs hgoniaT, rom moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT iyvnen
Tanasworni materialuri dovlaTisa da Semosavlis
mxriv.
dasavleTSi, bevri filosofosi – antiegalita-
ristis CaTvliT, aRiarebs, rom politikuri Tanas-
woroba aris politikuri Tavisuflebis piroba da
maSasadame, imis Rirsi ideali, rom mas veswrafvo-
deT. yvelaze sadavoa ekonomikuri Tanasworoba,
TviT am cnebis bundovanebis, nawilobriv ki SesaZle-
beli mavne Sedegebis gamo.
ekonomokuri Tanasworobis cnebis bundovaneba
ganpirobebulia misi kavSiriT cnebebTan, moTxovni-
lebani, damsaxurebuli keTildReoba da survilebi.
es cxadi xdeba maSinve, rogorc ki vsvamT Semdeg kiT-
xvebs, romlebzec jerjerobiT damakmayofilebeli
pasuxebi ar arebobs:
unda gavxadoT (an davtovoT) ekonomikurad Ta-
nasworni is adamianebi, romlebic ar arian Tanaswor-
ni silamazis, Wkuis an saqmis codnis TvalsazrisiT?
magaliTad, imsaxureben Tu ara lamazi, Wkviani da
niWieri adamianebi ufro met Semosavals, vidre da-
narCeni moqalaqeni?
adna naklebad lamazi, naklebad unariani da nak-
lebad Wkviani adamianebi saWiroeben Tu ara ufro
met Semosavals, vidre danarCenni?
Tanasworobis damcveli, albaT, upasuxebs, rom
is gulisxmobs, mxolod normaluri adamianebis ke-
TildReobas, romlebic arc dasneulebuli xeibrebi
arian da arc gauwonasworebuli melanqoliuri tem-

222
peramenti aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven jerac ar
migviRia pasuxi, am TiTqosda SemTxveviT kiTxvaze,
mainc ganvagrZobT. Cven amasTanave, unda avRniSnoT,
rom kavSiri Tanabar keTildReobasa da Tanabar eko-
nomikur pirobebs Soris ar aris pirdapiri.
mTavroba, romelic qadagebs ekonomikuri Tanas-
worobis ideals, adre ara marto korufciisadmi iyo
midrekili, aramed tiraniis unarsac amJRavnebda da
mainc faqtebi fxizlad unda aRviqvaT.
iseTi sazogadoebis Seqmna romelSic iqneba eko-
nomikuri Tanasworoba, Cvens winaSe ayenebs funda-
mentaluri mniSvnelobis problemas, radganac igu-
lisxmeba, rom ekonomikuri Tanasworobis miRwevis
erTaderTi gza gadis ukiduresi Tanasworobis eta-
pis gavliT.
Tanasworobis damkvidrebis procesi, ar eTanxme-
ba Tavisuflebas. rogori warmatebiTac ar unda gan-
xorcieldes qonebis Tavdapirveli revoluciuri
gadanawileba, igi ara marto ar warmoSobs, aramed
arc SeuZlia warmoSos Tanasworobis myari mdgome-
reoba. egalitaristuli ocneba saboloo da myari
Tanasworobis Sesaxeb ganuxorcielebelia, vinaidan
mTavroba iZulebulia sul ufro aqtiurad Caerios
moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi.
ekonomikuri Tanasworobis dasamkvidreblad,
mTavrobam mudam unda Seasworos ekonomikuri im-
frastruqtura, raTa gza gadauRobos eSmak, pativ-
moyvare da ekonomikurad ufro fxian adamianebs,
vidre maTi Tanamamuleni arian. saWiroa miiRon mkac-
ri kodeqsebi, romlebis daaregulireben aseTi ada-
mianebis saqmianobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mTav-
robebs mouxdebaT gadaixadon ekonomikuri azrov-
nebis ganviTarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi.

223
 Tanasworoba adamianebs Soris iqamde darCeba ub-
ralo formulirebad, sanam ar ganisazRvreba cxov-
rebaSi misi minimaluri relizebis saSualeba. Amis
gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa konkretuli sazoga-
doebis moraluri da socialuri moTxovnilebebis
gaTvaliswineba. sazogadoebrivi Tanasworobis for-
mirebisas, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom samar-
Tlianobaze sazogadoebis yvela fenas `miuwvdebo-
des xeli~. amitomac TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove sa-
marTlebrivi sistema iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos
mxridan ufaso e.w. sazogadoebrivi advokatis momsa-
xurebis uzrunvelyofas.

§3. nozikis axali ideebi – ukiduresi

liberalizmi

amerikuli liberalizmis warmomadgeneli ro-

bert nozikis, mier 1974 wels gamoqveynebuli naS-
romSi `anarqia, saxelmwifo da utopia~ Camoyalibe-
bulia ukiduresi liberalizmis Teoria. romelic
man SemdgomSi Searbila.
misi Sexedulebis mTavari idea iyo sakuTrebis
uflebis mkacri dacva saxelmwifosagan. nozikis az-
riT, yvela individs aqvs bunebiTi uflebebi, qone-
bis SeZenisa da gamoyenebis CaTvliT. es aris mosaz-
reba moraluri Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. igi amtkicebs,
rom nebismieri, sakuTreba SeZenilia patiosnuri
gziT, Tu igi ar aris warTmeuli (ar aris moparuli)
vinmesTvis ZaliT, motyuebiT an SantaJiT. Tu axlan-
delma mesakuTreebma da maTma winaprebma ar Caidines
aseTi qurdoba, maSin yovelgvari cda, CamovarTvaT
maT TaviaanTi sakuTreba, aris Careva maTi Tavisuf-

224
lebis uflebaSi. magaliTad, Semosavalze gadasaxadi
ar gansxavadeba iZulebiTi Sromisgan maSasadame,
mTavroba, romelic begravs mdidar adamianebs, raTa
daexmaros Raribebs, arRvevs bevri moqalaqis ufle-
bebs. saxelmwifos funqciebi minimaluri unda iyos
da daiyvanebodes danaSaulis Tavidan acilebasa da
gareSe mtrebisagan dacvaze.
noziki xsnis imas, Tu ras niSnavs patiosani da
arapatiosani gziT mopovebuli, SeZenili qoneba:
1. Tu sakuTreba miRebuli gaqvT memkvidreobiT
winaprebisgan, romlebmac igi moipares, maSin sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi es sakuTreba unda daubrundes
yofil mflobelebs, an maT memkvidreebs.
2. Tu sakuTreba ar aris mopariuli, magram mainc
SeiZleba damtkicdes, rom miwa ganawilebis dawyebis
momentSi ar ekuTvnoda aravis da qoneba gaTvaliswi-
nebli iyo sxva adamianebisaTvis, maSin saxelmwifom
unda xelaxla gadaanawilos es sakuTreba;
zemoT CamoTvlilis gaTvaliswineba saxelmwifos
moutanda sakmaod SesamCnev zians, radganac gaiz-
rdeboda gadasaxadebi, rasac moyveboda Rrma ekono-
mikuri Seryevebi.
ueWvelia, aravis ar epitnaveba gadasaxadebis ga-
daxda. da mainc bevri gadasaxadis gadamxdeli aRia-
rebs, sayovelTao ganaTlebis da dacvis Rirebule-
ba, socialuri cxovrebis programebis da yvela mo-
qalaqisaTvis keTildReobis, programebis Seqmna –
ganxorcielebas.
gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi SeiZleba kamaTob-
dnen imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad unda moaxdinos sa-
xelmwifom am idealebis subsidireba, magram maTi
umravlesoba Tanaxmaa, rom saxelmwifom am miznebi-

225
saTvis, gamoyos raRac minimaluri, aucilebeli sax-
srebi.
nozikis mimdevari, dasavleTis qveynebis moqala-
qeTa umravlesoba, aRiareben, rom zogierT situaci-
aSi garkveuli socialuri jgufi ubralod valde-
bulia daTmos Tavisi kanonieri sakuTreba. aqedan
mxolod erTi nabijia imis aRiarebamde, rom garkve-
ul garemoebebSi mTavrobas ufleba aqvs, zogierT
adamians CamoarTvas maTi Semosavali didi sazoga-
doebrivi saWiroebisTvis.
uazroba iqneba vecadoT uzrunvevlyoT Tanaswo-
ri SesaZlebliobani, Tu amas ar mohyveba praqtikuli
Sedegebi, Tu amiT ar isargebleben is adamainebi,
romlebic ekuTvnian garkveul socialur jgufebs.
magaliTad, azri ar eqneboda im sqemas, romelic waa-
xalisebda qalebs SeiZinon inJineris specieloba, Tu
es sqema ar gamoiwvevda im qalebis raodenobis
zrdas, romlebic am specialobas airCeven.
nozikisaTvis saukeTesoa iseTi saxelmwifo, ro-
melic iqneba minimalisturi, anu eqneba cotaodeni
funqciebi. swored aseTma saxelmwifom, unda uzrun-
velyos, qveynis dacva, magram miuxedavad yvelafri-
sa, minimaluri saxelmwifoc xom saxelmwifoa da
swored saxelmwifoSi cxovrobis TviT faqti moiT-
xovs, zorierTi Tavisuflebis msxverplad gaRebas.
Cven veqvemdebarebiT kanons, romelic krZalavs
mkvlelobas, ramdenadac viciT rom aravis ar unda
hqondes ufleba, Tavisuflad xocos, uaxloesi me-
zoblebi. es SezRudvaa, magram am saxis SezRudvebi
Cveulebriv ar gvaSfoTebs, rogorc moqalaqeebi,
Cven erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavebT SezRudvebs, rom-
lebic aucileblad migvaCnia, da SezRudvebs, rom-
lebsac zedmetad vTvliT.

226
 miuxedavad saxelmwifos amoraluri bunebisa no-
ziks miaCnia, rom saxelmwifo mainc unda arsebobdes,
radganac arsebobs garkveuli mizezebi, romlis ga-
moc ar iqneba gamarTlebuli saxelmwifos ararsebo-
ba, da rom is unda arsebobdes ama Tu im saxiT. N
nozikis mixedviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi
adamianebi, romlebic umetes wilad uflebaSela-
xulni arian, cdiloben TavianTi uflebebis dacvas
da zaralis anazRaurebas, amisaTvis isini mimarTaven
yvela zomebs, akaTeben yvelafers risi gakeTebac Se-
uZliaT, magram yvelasaTvis naTeli xdeba, rom saWi-
roa daxmareba. radganac Zala erTobaSia.

§4. egalitaristebi da antiegalitaristebi

egalitaristebi icaven Teorias, romlis mTavari

arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebis TiToeul
wevrs unda hqondes warmatebis Sansi. amis uzrun-
velyofa ki unda ekisrebodes mTavrobas.
antiegalitaristebi amtkiceben, rom mkacri da
myari gansxvaveba Tanasworobis SesaZleblobasa da
namdvil Tanasworobas Soris, ar arsebobs. isini va-
raudoben, rom SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis Teo-
riis momxreoba, gulisxmobs sayovelTao warmatebis
survils, aseTi warmatebis survilma SeiZleba mxo-
lod Tavisuflebis mudmiv koreqtirebasa da Sez-
RudvasTan migviyvanos.
Tanasworoba dakavSirebulia socialuri wesebi-
sa da kanonebis ideasTan, ramdenadac kanonebi, ro-
gorc aseTi unda Camoyalibdes zogad terminebSi.
egalitaristebi TavianTi idealis dacvisas, amowme-
ben swored socialur wesebsa da kanonebs. Kkanoni,

227
romelic mxolod erT adamians miudgeba, ar warmo-
adgens kanons.
ramdenadac kanonebis sargeblianoba dokumentu-
rad dadasturebuli da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis
mqonea, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom swored kanonebis
arseboba, unda miviCnioT, Tanasworobis sasargeblo
argumentad. magram aq ori problemaa. jer erTi, ega-
litaristebi icaven ara marto Tanasworobas kanone-
bis winaSe. isini daJinebiT moiTxoven agreTve poli-
tikur, ekonimikur da socialur Tanasworobasac.
meore, Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, romelic gamom-
dinareobs mxolod wesebis logikidan, uzrunvel-
yofs gacilebiT nakleb Tanasworobas, vidre egali-
taristebs surT. Tumca yvela is, vinc daarRvevs
konkretul kanons, erTnairad unda isjebodes, ma-
inc zogjer TviT kanoni iTvaliswinebs gansxvavebas
sazogadoebis zogierT jgufs Soris.
humanurobis, sikeTisa da urTierTpativiscemis
ideali, ueWvelia, uTavsdeba sazogadoebis ierarqi-
ulobis rwmenas. Tu logikurad vimsjelebT, ierar-
qiuli sazogadoebis dabali socialuri fenebi SeiZ-
leba pativs scemdnen sakuTar Tavs da pativcemulni
iyvenen sxvebis mxriv, es SesaZlebelia, magram yovel-
Tvis ar sruldeba sinamdvileSi. aq gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs grexili ierarqiuli kibe. im adamianis sa-
kuTari Rirsebis grZnoba, romelic iZulebulia
cxovrobdes da kvdebodes quCaSi, problematuri
xdeba da maTdami pativiscemac nakleb saalbaToa, es
ra Tqma unda arc aris gasakviri, radganac ukve Cveu-
lebrivi movlenaa, aseTi damokidebuleba, Raribebsa
da dabali fenis warmomadgenlebis mimarT.
egalitaristebi xSirad ambobebn, rom yvela ada-
miani Tanabrad Rirseulia. egalitaristebs surT aa-

228
maRlon moTxovnilebis idea da daakninon damsaxu-
rebaTa idea, maSin rodesac, antiegalitaristebi,
raTqma unda sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT midian,
egalitaristebi amtkiceben, rom ufro Wkviani da ni-
Wieri adamianebi ar saWiroeben didi raodenobiT
sakvebs, sasmels, manqanebs, vidre sxva adamianebi,
igive SeiZleba iTqvas naklebad Wkian adamianebze, da
saerTod, rom vTqvaT, es marTlac asea.
magram mTavari azri da mniSvneloba, yvela adami-
anis Tanabari Rirsebis, Taobaze imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom individi miRwevebisa da unarebis mxolod kvanZi
da lokalizacia rodia. uwinares yovlisa adamiani
Rirseulia TavisTavad da warmodgena, rom yvela
adamiani – rasis, asakis, sqesis, mdgomareobisa da
miRwevebis miuxedavad erTnairi Rirsebebis mqonea,
ar warmoadgens axal da saSiS Teorias. es humanistu-
ri koncefcia, Tanamedrove egalitaristebs, anaTe-
savebs iudeur-qristianul azrebTan da erTgvarad
dasavleTis Tanamedrove ideologiasTan.
winaaRmdegoba, egalitaristul da antiegalita-
ristul, Tvalsazrisebs Soris sinamdvileSi gamoxa-
tavs, uTanxmoebas saxelmwifo Zalauflebis saz-
Rvrebis Taobaze. minimaluri saxelmwifo samarTli-
anicaa da momxiblavic. saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia ga-
moiyenos, iZulebis aparati im qmedebebis aRsakve-
Tad, romelnic adamianebma sakuTari interesebisa
da sakuTari Tavis dasacavad ganaxorcieles. Nnozi-
kis pozicia mkveTrad individualistiria. indivi-
dualisturia, radgan individs surs iyos garanti-
rebulad daculi, mis pirad saqmeebSi, saxelmwifos
Carevisagan. gamomdinare am poziciidan ismis kiTxva,
egeb saerTodac ar aris saWiro saxelmwifos arsebo-
ba?

229
 ian neversoni wers: Tu fiqroben, rom yvelas Ta-
nabari keTildReoba unda hqondes, Cndeba pirveli
kiTxva: vin aris `yvela~? warmovidginoT uRatakesi
adamiani, romlis mdgomareobis Seswavla sagrZnob-
lad SeuZlebelia, Tanabari keTildReobis momxre-
ebs gana SeuZliaT samarTlianobis interesebidan ga-
momdinare iseTive gasaWirSi Caigdon Tavi, rogor-
Sic es ubeduria?
aseve ismeba kiTxva – visi keTildReoba unda ga-
Tanabrdes? Tanasworobis momxreebi, Cveulebriv,
ise saubroben, TiTqos, namdvilad SesaZlebelia
bednieri viyoT yvela. zogjer amboben, rom Tanaswo-
robis Zebna iwvevs momqancvel erTferovnebas.
amitom amtkiceben antilegalitaristebi, rom
mkacri da myari gansxvaveba Tanasworobis SesaZleb-
lobasa da namdvilad Tanasworobis Soris ar arse-
bobs. xelisuflebam unda Seqmnas iseTi garemo, da
pirobebi sadac moqalaqeebs eqnebaT saSualeba gamo-
avlinon yovelmxriv TavianTi SesaZleblobebi. Ta-
nasworoba vlindeba TiToeuli moqalaqis kanonis
daqvemdebarebulobaSi, romelic ar gamoiwvevs Ta-
visuflebis `SezRudvas~, ris safuZvelzedac samar-
Tlianoba gamovlindeba. saxelmwifos arsebobis sa-
fuZvels unda Seadgendes is Zireuli Rirebulebebi,
rogoricaa pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea, demokra-
tiuli mimarTeba da samarTlianoba, ekonomikuri ke-
TildReoba da Tanasworoba.
liberalizmi cdilobs, iseTi pirobebi Seqmnas,
rodesac adamianebi TviTon gansazRvraven ra aris
kargi cxovreba da SeZleben icxovron swored aseTi
cxovrebiT. maTTvis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania
individi, Tavisufleba, goneba, samarTlianoba, Sem-
wyanebloba da mravalferovneba.

230
 rogorc roulsi aRniSnavs: yovel adamians unda
hqondes maqsimaluri Tavisufleba, romelic ar Sez-
Rudavs sxva danarCenTa aseTsave uflebas, iyvnen Ta-
visufalni.

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 TaviXIV. ideologiis filosofiuri
safuZvlebi

§1. ideologiis ucnauri istoria

ideologiis istoria iwyeba saxelmwifos warmo-

SobasTan erTad. saxelmwifos, gansakuTrebiT des-
poturs sWirdeba ideologiis Teoriuli gamarTle-
ba da dafuZneba, magram ideologiis bunebis sagange-
bo kvlevas mogvianebiT daedo saTave. M XIX – XX sau-
kuneebSi gaxda igi sistematuri da gaazrebuli gan-
sjis obieqti. TviT termini `ideologia~ swored am
periodSi gaCnda.
ideologias ucnauri istoria aqvs. SeuZlebelia
gavmijnoT igi Tanamedrove politikuri gamocdi-
lebisgan. Tumca, amavdroulad, politikis sul ram-
denime Teoretikoss Tu moeZebneba kargi sityva misi
misamarTiT.
meoce saukuneSi ideologiis garSemo gamarTuli
brZolis gamwvaveba gamowveulia imiT, rom ideolo-
giebis batonobam demokratiis safuZveli Searyia.
totalitarizmis ganviTareba Seferxda mas Semdeg,
rac deideologizaciis Teoriam scada sabolood
moeRo bolo ideologiisaTvis, gaenTavisuflebina
individTa, jgufTa, fenaTa da socialur erTobaTa
cnobiereba antidemokratiis Teoriis safuZvlebi-
dan.
pirveli problema ideologiis bunebis ganxilvis
gzaze is aris, rom ar arsebobs am terminis ramde-
nadme dadgenili an SeTanxmebis safuZvelze miRebu-
li definicia. Aarsebobs mxolod urTierTsawinaaR-

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mdego definiciebi. ramodenime politikur termins
TuU gamouwvevia aseTi Rrma da mZafri winaaRmdegoba.
TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze termi-
ni `ideologia~ politikuri iaraRis rols asruleb-
da, mowinaaRmdege ideaTa an mrwamsTa erTobliobe-
bis kritikis an gmobis meqanizmi iyo, mxolod XX sau-
kunis II naxevarSi dainerga farTod ideologiis gar-
kveulwilad neitraluri da aSkarad obieqturi kon-
cefcia, magram uTanxmoeba ideologiis socialuri
rolisa da politikuri mniSvnelobis irgvliv mas
Semdegac grZeldeboda.

§2. ideologiis warmoSoba

termini `ideologia~ berZnuli sityvebis idea da

logosi bazaze xelovnurad Seqmnili konstruqciaa.
igi ar aris bunebrivi warmonaqmni, radgan Zveli ber-
Znebi aseT sityvas ar xmarobdnen. qarTulad igi niS-
navs moZRvrebas ideaTa Sesaxeb, magram igi arc sa-
mecniero literaturasa da arc praqtikul saqmia-
nobaSi am mniSvnelobiT ar damkvidrebula.
pirvelad termini `ideologia~ gamoiyena fran-
gma moazrovne da politikurma moRvawem antuan des-
tiu de trasim. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, 1801-1815
wlebSi man gamoaqveyna oTxtomiani naSromi ..ideo-
logiis elementebi~, sadac scada daefuZnebina axa-
li filosofiuri disciplina, romelsac man uwoda
`ideologia~.
frangi moazrovnis CanafiqriT ideologia unda
damkvidrebuliyo, rogorc filosofiuri mecniere-
ba, romelic gamoikvlevda ideaTa bunebis da moqme-
debis kanonzomierebas. igi mas miiCnevda ZiriTad fi-

233
losofiur mecnierebad, romelzec unda dafuZnebu-
liyo sxva filosofiuri disciplinebi.
antuan destiu de trasis ganzraxva Tavidanve
ganwiruli aRmoCnda. jer erTi, ideaTa Teoria, anu
moZRvreba ideebis Sesaxeb Seqmna platonma, magram
mas Tavisi Teoriis aRsaniSnavad termini `ideolo-
gia~ ar gamouyenebia. igi xmarobs cal-calke sit-
yvebs – `,idea~, `logosi~, magram maTi kompoziti ar
uwarmoebia. termini `ideologia~, rogorc moZRvre-
ba ideaTa Sesaxeb, anu ideaTmcodneoba, arc damkvid-
rebula da verc damkvidrdeboda. Mman SeiZina sul
sxva mniSvneloba.
am terminis axleburi gaazreba da damkvidreba
dakavSirebulia napoleonis saxelTan. Mman ideolo-
gias uwoda bunebrivi metafizika, romelic ewinaaR-
mdegeba adamianis bunebas, 1812 wels nacionalur
krebaSi gamosvlisas imperatorma brali dasdo ide-
ologiebs sazogadoebisTvis zianis motanaSi. amis
Semdeg terminma `ideologia~ SeiZina negatiuri
mniSvneloba.

§3. ra aris ideologia, ideologiis roli

`ideologiis~ Seswavla konkretuli tipis poli-

tikuri azrovnebis ganxilvas niSnavs, romelic gan-
sxvavdeba, vTqvaT, politikuri mecnierebisgan an po-
litikuri filosofiisgan. politikuri ideologiis
kvleva gulisxmobs azrovnebis an kategoriis bune-
bis, rolsa da mniSvnelobis analizs. meore mxriv,
`ideologiaTa~ kvleva politikuri azrovnebis ar-
sis analizs. sxvadasxva ideologiuri tradiciis wi-

234
aRSi am tradiciebis mierve warmoqmnili ideebis,
doqtrinebis da Teoriebis Seswavlas niSnavs.
yvela adamiani politikurad azrovnebs, sakuTar
SexedulebaTa gamosakvlevad an azris gamosaTqme-
lad, cnobierad Tu aracnobierad politikur ideeb-
sa da cnebebs iyenebs yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi.
ideebs da ideologiebs did mniSvnelobas yvela
politikuri moazrovne rodi aniWebs. politikas,
arc Tu iSviaTad lamis ZalauflebisaTvis SiSvel
brZolasTan aigiveben. Tu es asea, politikuri idee-
bi ubralo propaganda yofila mxardaWeris mosapo-
veblad. ideebs da ideologiebs politikuri cxov-
rebis SesaniRbad iyeneben.
ideebi da ideologiebi politikur cxovrebaze
sxvadasxvagvarad zemoqmedebs. pirvel rigSi, isini
samyaros gagebisa da axsnis perspeqtivas gvTava-
zobs. cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, yvela adamiani
politikur mrwamsTa da RirebulebaTa garkveuli
erTobliobis mimdevari xdeba, romelic mis qcevaze
zemoqmedebs da warmarTavs.
politikuri ideebi politikuri sistemebis bune-
bis formirebasac uwyobs xels. msoflioSi arsebu-
li samTavrobo sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-
ba erTmaneTisgan da yovelTvis konkretul Rirebu-
lebebs an principebs ukavSirdeba. absoluturi mo-
narqiebi Rrmad fesvgadgmul religiur ideebs emya-
reba, mefeTa RvTiur uflebas. politikur sistemebs
Tanamedrove dasavlur sistemaSi safuZvlad udevs
liberalur – demokratiuli principebi. komunis-
tur saxelmwifoebSi kominusturi partia batonob-
da da TiTqos mxolod is iyo muSaTa klasis intere-
sebis gamomxatveli.

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 aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom politikuri ideolo-
giebi konkretul sazogadoebriv klasebTan asocir-
deba. magaliTad: liberalizmi – saSualo fenasTan,
konservatizmi – miwaTmflobel didgvarovnebTan,
socializmi – muSaTa klasTan da a.S. Tumca ideebs
SeuZliaT sxvadasxva poziciaze mdgomi jgufebic
SeakavSiron. aseTia ideaTa roli sazogadoebaSi.

§4. ideologiis negatiuri mniSvneloba

terminis negatiuri mniSvnelobiT damkvidrebaSi

didi roli iTamaSa marqsisa da engelsis erTobliv-
ma naSromma `germanuli ideologia~. Mmarqsisa da en-
gelsis azriT, ideologia aris sazogadoebrivi mov-
lenebis ganxilva ara realobis, aramed winaswar ak-
viatebuli ideebis mixedviT. ideologia realobas
ganixilavs ara ise, rogorc arsebobs, aramed ise,
rogorc amas moiTxovs winaswar SemuSavebuli idea.
Amas upirispirdeba mecniereba, romelic realobas
ikvlevs misi arsis da kanonzomierebis mixedviT. Aaq
ideebi Seesabameba kanonzomierebebs da ara piriqiT.
ideologiis marqsiseul koncefcias ramdenime
sakvanZo niSani aqvs. jer erTi, ideologia iluziasa
da mistifikacias Seexeba. is samyaros Sesaxeb yalb an
mcdar Sexedulebebs ayalibebs, romelsac engelsi
mogvianebiT `yalb TviTcnobierebas~ uwodebs.
marqsi ideologias kritikul cnebad iyenebda,
romlis mizanic meToduri modifikaciis procesis-
Tvis fardis axdaa. Mmeorec, ideologia kavSirSia
klasobriv sistemasTan. marqsis rwmeniT, siyalbes,
romelic ideologiaSi imaleba, is ganapirobebs, rom

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ideologia sazogadoebis mimarT mmarTveli klasis
interesebsa da perspeqtivas asaxavs.
`ideologiis~, rogorc negatiuri terminis sta-
tuss gansazRvravs ramdenime tradicia. esenia: me-
marcxene – socialuri, pozitivistur – teqnokrati-
uli utopizmi, radikaluri liberaluri individua-
lizmi da konservatiuli, romelic ideologias eW-
vis TvaliT uyurebs.
Zalauflebis mopovebasa da SenarCunebas sWirde-
ba saSualebebi, iaraRebi da isini sxvadasxva tipisa
SeiZleba iyos. SiSveli Zala, iaraRi da Zalmomreoba,
muqara. arsebobs ekonomikuri mxare, anu qrTami. ar-
sebobs agreTve daxvewili meTodi – ideologia, ro-
desac daajereben sazogadoebas arsebuli xelisuf-
lebis samarTlianobaSi. aq gamoricxulia represiu-
li Zalauflebis reJimi.
ideologiur sivrceSi azris moZraobas ganapi-
robebs ara WeSmaritebisagan, aramed Zalauflebis
interesi.
karl marqss ideologiis nimuSad miaCnda moZ-
Rvreba sabazro ekonomikis Sesaxeb. Tu es moZRvreba
individualur keTildReobas da bednierebas es-
wrafvis, maSin kerZo sakuTrebis instituti gamar-
Tlebuli gamodis, radgan gabatonebuli ideologia
adamians ubiZgebs keTildReobisken. aseTia gabato-
nebuli klasis ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis
arsi.

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§5. ideologiis cnebis ganviTareba marqsistTa
Semdgom TaobebSi

ideologiis marqsistuli Teoriis Semdgomi gan-

viTareba Aantonio gramSis saxels ukavSirdeba. gram-
Sim aCvena, Tu ramdenadaa ideologia gamjdari sazo-
gadoebaSi yvela doneze: xelovnebasa da literatu-
raSi, ganaTlebis sistemasa da masmediaSi, yoveldRi-
ur metyvelebasa da xalxur kulturaSi.
ideologiis aramarqsistuli koncefciis kon-
struirebis erT-erTi adreuli mcdeloba ekuTvnis
germanel sociolog karl manhaims. igi iswrafvoda,
ideologia negatiuri qveteqstebidan gaeTavisuf-
lebina. Tavis naSromSi `ideologia da utopia~ man-
haimi ideologiebs aRwerda rogorc azrovnebis sis-
temebs, romlebic konkretuli socialuri wyobis
dacvas emsaxurebian da romlebic farTod gamoxata-
ven mmarTveli an gabatonebuli jgufebis intere-
sebs. Mmanhaim erTmaneTisgan gamijna ideologiis
`konkretuli~ da `totaluri~ gagebebi. `konkretu-
li~ ideologiebi gansakuTrebuli individebis, jgu-
febis, an partiebis mrwamsi da ideebia. `totaluri~
– ki socialuri klasis, sazogadoebis, an sulac is-
toriuli periodis mTel msoflmxedvelobas moi-
cavs. Mmanhaims mainc miaCnia, rom yvela ideologiuri
sistema utopiuris CaTvliT, gamrudebuli da dama-
xinjebulia, radgan TiToeuli maTgani socialuri
realobis nawilebze, sakuTar interesebze damyare-
bul xedvas gvTavazobs. Tumca igi imasac ambobda,
rom obieqturi WeSmaritebis povnis mcdelobaze bo-
lomde uari ar unda vTqvaT.
ideologiis cnebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze Rrma
kvali daamCnia omTa Soris periodSi warmoSobilma

238
totalitarulma diqtatorulma reJimebma da XX sa-
ukunis 50 – 60iani wlebis civi omis uaRresad daZa-
bulma ideologiurma uTanxmoebam. kerZod, libera-
li Teoretikosebi faSisturi italiis, nacisturi
germaniisa da stalinisturi ruseTis reJimebs axasi-
aTebdnen rogorc mmarTvelobis istoriulad axal
da gansakuTrebulad mCagvrel sistemebs. warmoaCen-
dnen rols, romelsac `oficialuri~ ideologiebi
TamaSobdnen, rogorc debatebisa da kriticizmis
SezRudvaSi, ise organizebuli morCilebis ganmtki-
cebaSi.

§6. ideologiis pozitiuri Sefaseba

pirvelad leninma scada ideologiis gamarTleba

da misca mas pozitiuri Sefaseba. Mman erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvava burJuaziuli da proletaruli ideolo-
gia. burJuaziuli ideologia man miiCnia reaqciul
da crumecnierul moZRvrebad, xolo proletaruli
– progresul da WeSmarit mecnierul moZRvrebad.
leninma aRiara mecnieruli ideologiis arsebobis
SesaZlebloba. aseT doqtrinad man miiCnia mxolod
proletaruli ideologia, kerZod, marqsizmi. Yyvela
danarCeni ideologia, man monaTla antimecnieru-
lad da reaqciulad.
leninis Tvalsazrisi gadaxveva iyo ara marto da-
savluri azrovnebis saerTo tendenciidan, aramed
TviT marqsizmidan. igi gamoxatavda antimarqsistul
pozicias, magram amofarebuli iyo marqsizmis dro-
Sas. rogorc cnobilia, marqsi uaryofda yovelgvar
ideologias, rogorc yalb cnobierebebs. igi Tavis
moZRvrebas miiCnevda mecnierebad da ara ideologi-

239
ad. leninma ki piriqiT, gaamarTla mecnieruli ideo-
logia da aseTad miiCnia marqsistuli moZRvreba.
aseTi Sexeduleba aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda TviT
marqsizmis pozicias.
sabWoTa periodis samecniero da filosofiur
literaturaSi oficialuard miRebul iqna ideolo-
giis leninuri gageba. Mmecnieruli ideologiaa mar-
qsizm – leninizmi, xolo yvela danarCeni, maT Soris
burJuaziuli, antimecnieruli da reaqciulia.

§7. Tvalsazrisebi ideologiis Sesaxeb

rogorc cnobilia liberalebs, konservatorebs,

socialistebs, faSistebs da sxvebs, gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisebi aqvT ideologiis Sesaxeb.
liberalebi, gansakuTrebiT civi omis wlebSi
ideologias ganixilavdnen, rogorc oficialurad
sanqcirebul rwmeniT sistemas, romelsac WeSmari-
tebaze monopoliis pretenzia aqvs. Aamdenad, ideo-
logia Sinagani bunebiT represiulia, totalitaru-
lic ki. misi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia: faSiz-
mi da komunizmi.
konservatorebi ideologias racionalizmis
TviTdajerebulobis gamoxatulebad ganixilavdnen.
ideologiebi azrovnebis daxvewili sistemebia, saSi-
Si da arasaimedo. isini realobisgan mowyvetiT, iseT
principebsa da amocanebs saxaven, romelTac repre-
siebamde mivyavarT, an ubralod ganuxorcielebe-
lia. am mxriv, socializmi da liberalizmi aSkarad
ideologiuria.
socialistebi ideologias afaseben rogorc ide-
aTa erTianobas, romelic klasobrivi sazogadoebis

240
winaaRmdegobebs niRbavs, riTac damorCilebul kla-
sebSi yalb cnobierebasa da politikur pasiurobas
aviTarebs. liberalizmi mmarTveli klasis ideolo-
giis klasikuri nimuSia.
faSistebi ideologias xSirad uaryofdnen ro-
gorc politikuri azrovnebis zedmetad meTodur,
mSral da inteleqtualizebul formas, romelic
mxolod gonebriv analizs emyareba da ara – enTuzi-
azms an nebas.
ekologistebi, Cveulebriv, yvela tradiciul
politikur doqtrinas industrializmis zeideo-
logiis nawilad Tvlian. amgvarad, maTi azriT, ideo-
logia Serwymulia qedmaRlur humanizmTan da zrda-
ze orientirebul ekonomikasTan.
religiuri fundamentalistebi ideologiad ga-
nixilaven mTavar religiur teqstebs, radgan RvTiT
gamJRavnebuli sityvis gamoxatviT isini safuZvlia-
ni socialuri rekonstruqciis programas gvTavazo-
ben. saero religiebi uaryofilia, radgan religiur
principebs ar efuZneba da zneobriv arss moklebu-
lia.

§8. deideologizaciis Teoria

ideologiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom dasav-

leTSi gaCaRda mZlavri moZraoba yovelgvari ideo-
logiis winaaRmdeg. ase Camoyalibda e.w. deideolo-
gizaciis Teoria. misi warmomadgenlebi: beli, Sil-
zi, aroni da sxvebi aqtiurad uaryofdnen ideolo-
giur dogmatizms da moiTxovdnen mis Secvlas mecni-
erebiT. amerikelma sociologma Ddaniel belma 1960
wels gamoaqveyna wigni `ideologiis dasasruli~,

241
romlis ZiriTadi idea Semdegia: sazogadoeba Sedis
axal – postindustriul fazaSi, romlis mamoZrave-
beli Zala codnaa. sazogadoebas ukve marTavs ara
winaswar SemuSavebuli da akviatebuli ideebi, ara-
med mecnieruli codna, romelic emyareba realobis
analizsa da mis Sesaxeb informacias. ideologiebis
era dasrulda da igi unda Secvalos informaciis
epoqam.
belze STabeWdileba moaxdina im faqtma, rom meo-
re msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTis politikas axa-
siaTebda farTo Tanxmoba ZiriTad politikur par-
tiebs Soris da ideologiuri dapirispirebis da de-
batebis ararseboba. faSizmmac da komunizmmac Tavi-
si mimzidveloba dakarges. xolo darCenil partiebs
Soris erTaderTi davis sagani iyo is, Tu romeli
maTgani ufro sando iyo ekonomikur zrdasa da mate-
rialuri keTildReobis mosatanad. Sedegad, poli-
tika ekonomikam dajabna, politika dayvanili aRmoC-
nda teqnikur sakiTxamde, Tu rogor mivaRwioT mate-
rialur keTildReobas da is ukve aRar cdilobda
gadaewyvita moraluri an filosofiuri sakiTxebi
`kargi sazogadoebis~ bunebis Taobaze. ideologia
yvela TvalsazrisiT ararelevanturi gaxda.
procesi, romelzec beli yuradRebas amaxvileb-
da, imdenad `ideologiis dasasruli~ ki ar iyo, ram-
denadac ZiriTad partiebs Soris farTo ideologi-
uri konsensusis ganviTareba da Sesabamisad, ideo-
logiuri kamaTis Sewyveta. uSualod, omis Semdgom
periodSi sami ZiriTadi dasavluri ideologiis –
liberalizmis, socializmis da komunizmis warmo-
madgenlebma saerTo miznis – `marTuli kapitaliz-
mis~ miRweva daisaxes, Tumca, es mizani TavisTavad
ideologiuri xasiaTisa iyo – magaliTad, is asaxavda

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myar rwmenas sabazro ekonomikis, kerZo sakuTrebisa
da materialuri dainteresebis aucileblobis mi-
marT, romelTac socialuri dacva da ekonomikuri
Careva gaawonasworebda.
`ideologiis dasasrulis~ Tezisi yuradRebas
amaxvilebda mxolod industriuli dasavleTis gan-
viTarebaze da ugulebelyofda im faqts, rom
50-60-ian wlebSi komunizmi myarad iyo fexmokidebu-
li sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTsa
da sxva qveynebSi.
ufro farTo perspeqtiva moicva frensis fukui-
amam Tavis eseSi `istoriis dasasruli~. belisgan
gansxvavebiT, fukuiama ar Tvlida, rom politikuri
ideebi ararelevanturi gaxda. aramed miiCnevda, rom
ideaTa erTma konkretulma kompleqsma dajabna sxva
danarCeni. faSizmi damarcxda 1945 wels da fukuiama
aSkarad gamoxatavs rwmenas, rom 1989 wels aRmosav-
leT evropaSi komunisturi mmarTvelobis dacema
marqsizm – leninizmis, rogorc msoflio mniSvnelo-
bis ideologiis dacemis maniSnebelia.
`istoriis dasasrulSi~ fukuiama gulisxmobda,
rom dasrulda ideaTa istoria da masTan erTad
fundamentaluri ideologiuri davac. is amtkiceb-
da, rom mTel msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro metad
Tanxmdebodnen imaze, rom sasurvelia liberaluri
demokratiis Seqmna, raSic is gulisxmobda sabazro,
anu kapitalistur demokratias da Ria, Sejibrobi-
Tobaze damyarebul politikur sistemas.
1989 – 1991wlebis aRmosavleTevropulma revo-
luciebma da darCenili komunisturi reJimebis ra-
dikalurma reformebma fundamenturad Secvala
ideologiuri debatebis msoflio balansi. magram
bevrad naklebad sarwmunoa, rom es procesi `isto-

243
riis dasasruls~ gulisxmobs. `istoriis dasasru-
lis~ Teoriis erT – erTi sirTule isaa, rom misi ga-
mocxadebisTanave asparezze gamovidnen axali ideo-
logiuri Zalebi.
fukuiamas Tezisis safuZvels warmoadgens kla-
sikuri liberalizmisgan memkvidreobiT miRebuli
optimisturi rwmena imisa, rom industriuli kapita-
lizmi sazogadoebis yvela wevrs aZlevs materialu-
ri usafrTxoebis garantias, ris gamoc yovelma mo-
qalaqem SesaZloa is gonivrulad da mimzidvelad mi-
iCnios. anu SesaZloa miRweul iqnas vrceli, univer-
saluri SeTanxmebac ki `kargi sazogadoebis~ bunebis
Sesaxeb. amisda miuxedavad, amis miRweva SesaZlebe-
lia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxerxdeba iseTi sa-
zogadoebis aSeneba, romelsac Seswevs Zala daakma-
yofilos, rogorc ZiriTadi, socialuri jgufebis
interesebi, ise calkeul moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani
umravlesobis moTxovnilebebi.
deideologizaciis moZraobas mohyva reideolo-
gizaciis moZraoba, romelmac moiTxova ideologiis
aRdgena, magram orive moZraoba Tanaxmaa erT pun-
qtSi: uaryofen ideologias, romelic saxelmwifo
totalitarizmis gamoxatuleba da dasayrdeni iqne-
boda. reideologizaciis momxreni aRiareben iseT
ideologias, romelic iqneboda ama Tu im socialuri
jgufis interesebis gacnobiereba da gamoxatuleba.

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 §9. ideologiis gamovlenis Taviseburebebi

arsebobs ideologiis gamovlenis sxvadasxva Ta-

viseburebebi, romlebic misi arsidan gamomdinare-
obs.
avtoritarizmi – ideologia emyareba avtorita-
rizmis princips. misi fuZemdebeli iTvleba erTa-
derT avtoritetad. ideologiaSi damtkicebis sa-
fuZvelia ara logika an cda, aramed fuZemdebelia
avtoriteti. maTi azrebi Seumcdaria. es fuZemdeb-
lebi arian maswavleblebi, romlebic maT mimdevrebs
aswavlian azrovnebas da cxovrebas.
dogmatizmi – ideologia Tavisi arsiT dogmatu-
ria, radgan moiTxovs brma morCilebas. misi princi-
pebi da daskvnebi yvelam ukritikod unda miiRos da
gaiziaros. kriticizmi masTan SeuTavsebelia.
totalitarizmi – ideologia sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi amyarebs totalitarizms, radgan miaCnia
rom igi flobs absolutur WeSmaritebas. WeSmari-
tia mxolod is, rasac igi amtkicebs, romlis sxvagva-
rad moazreba principulad SeuZlebelia. ideolo-
gias pretenzia aqvs universalobaze, yovlismomcve-
lobaze, amitom Tavisi bunebiT totalitarulia. igi
ver iTmens gansxvavebul azrs, anu pluralizmi mas-
Tan SeuTavsebelia.
ideologia Zaladobis iaraRia, radgan moiTxovs
misadmi ukritiko damokidebulebas da brma morCi-
lebas. mimdevarTa umravlesoba mas Rebulobs iZu-
lebiT da ara nebayoflobiT. misi gavrceleba da ga-
ziareba xdeba Zaladobis gziT. ideologia aris Za-
ladobis Teoriuli gamarTleba, amitom igi Zalado-
bis iaraRia.

245
 provincializmi – es aris provinciisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli Taviseburebebis gaabsolutureba. igi
maT miiCnevs erTaderT WeSmaritebad da acxadebs
univesalurad. amitom cdilobs maT gabatonebas da
dakanonebas. ideologia ibrZvis, raTa Tavisi prin-
cipebi da daskvnebi ZaliT gaabatonos, am mxriv yove-
li ideologia arsebiTad provincializmia.
ideologia Tavis ideebsa da principebs, Rirebu-
lebebsa da idealebs aniWebs absolutur mniSvnelo-
bas. igi kategoriulad gamoricxavs maTi sxvagvarad
moazrebis SesaZleblobas. ideologia axdens Tavisi
ideebis gafetiSebas. yovelma adamianma mxolod un-
da iwamos isini. ideologia Tvlis, rom adamianis
xsnis erTaderTi gza mxolod isaa, rasac igi gvTava-
zobs.
Teoria, romelsac aRniSnuli Taviseburebani ar
axasiaTebs, ubralod Teoriaa da ara ideologia.
ideologia aris mxolod maT safuZvelze interpre-
tirebuli sistema.
es Taviseburebani exeba nebismier ideologias,
damoukideblad imisgan, ideologia aris socialuri
jgufis, saxelmwifosi Tu erisa, radgan misi buneba
erTia. gansxvaveba mxolod masStabebSia. saxelmwifo
an erovnuli ideologia ukve gabatonebulia. yove-
li ideologiis mizania daimkvidros sayovelTao ba-
tonoba, raTa SeiZinos privilegiuri mdgomareoba.

246
 §10. karl manhaimi – `ideologia da utopia~

ideologiis aramarqsistuli koncefciis kon-

struirebis erT-erTi adreuli mcdeloba ekuTvnis
karl manheims. marqsis msgavsad masac miaCnda, rom
adamianis ideebi maT socialur garemo pirobebSi ya-
libdeba. saWiroa gavigoT yoveldRiurobis codnis
struqtura. igi wmindad socialuri warmomavlobi-
saa.
manhaimi ayalibebs e. w. codnis sociologias. mis
Tanaxmad, codnas ori perspeqtiva eSleba. iqces
utopiad an ideologiad. ideas plus politikuri xe-
lisufleba udris ideologias, xolod utopia aris
iseTi codna, romelic jer kidev ar aris dakavSire-
buli politikur xelisuflebasTan.
naSromSi `ideologia da utopia~ am or fenomens
manhaimi ganixilavs, rogorc erT mTels, maT msgav-
seba-gansxvavebis erTianobaSi. is am cnebebs warmo-
adgens, rogorc azrovnebis sistemas. es ukanaskneli
SesaZloa sazogadoebaSi arsebul dominantur ten-
denciasTan ornairad iyos araTavsebadi: warsulze
mijaWvulobiT anu cvlilebebisadmi erTgvari Sewi-
naaRmdegebiT an kidev `naxtomis surviliT~ anu
cvlilebebisadmi stimuliT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saq-
me gvaqvs ideologiasTan, meore SemTxvevaSi utopi-
asTan. utopia Tavisi arsebiT realizebadia. amis ga-
azreba mniSvnelovania, radgan es ewinaaRmdegeba
azrs, romlis Tanaxmadac ubralod ocnebaa.
manhaimi, msgavsad marqsisa, miiCnevs, rom ideo-
logia (iseve, rogorc utopia) ylbi cnobierebis
formaa. bekonis moZRvrebaSi kerpebis, idolebis Se-
saxeb is xedavs ideologiis Tanamedrove koncefci-
is winaswarxedvebs. ideebi mcdari warmodgenebis

247
wyaroa, rac WeSmarit codnas gzas uRobavs; ideolo-
giis Tanamedrove gageba udaod garkveul kavSiria am
terminTan.
yofierebis yoveli istoriuli safexuri, wers
manhaimi, gaxveulia warmodgenaTa saburvelSi, rom-
lebic am yofierebis transcendirebas axdenen: `vid-
re es warmodgenebi organulad arian CaSenebulni
yofierebis am safexurs kuTvnil samyaros suraTSi,
isini warmoadgenen ideologiebs~. mxolod maSin,
rodesac ideebi mimarTul iqneba yofierebis arse-
buli wyobis gardasaqmnelad, anu Sesacvlelad, ide-
ologia iqceva utopiad.~
utopiisa da ideologiis cnebebs manhaimi iyenebs
socialur cvlilebaTa meqanizmebis asaxsnelad. man-
haimi ganasxvavebs ideologiis or ZiriTad saxes:
partikularul da totalur ideologiebs. `istori-
uli da socialuri analizisas, wers manhaimi, gasa-
Rebs gvaZlevs upirveles yovlisa mza, ukve Camoya-
libebuli da Cvens gankargulebaSi arsebuli cnebe-
bis mniSvnelobaTa meryeobis ufro zusti dafiqsi-
reba. amgvari analizi ki gviCvenebs Cvens SemTxvevaSi,
rom zogadad SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT `ideologiis
ori urTierTgamijvnadi mniSvneloba. erTs vuwo-
debT partikularuls, xolo meores totalurs~.
partikularuli ideologia, manhaimis Tanaxmad,
calkeulTa subieqturi interesebiT operirebs. igi
fsiqologiur doneze rCeba. yovelTvis erT subieq-
tzea mimarTuli. subieqtma icis, rom misi pretenzia
mniSvnelobaze gaumarTlebelia an kidev misi inte-
resebi ar emTxveva Tanamosaubris interesebs an ki-
dev mosaubris socialuri pozicia misTvis sruliad
miuRebelia. erT SemTxvevaSi is aSkarad motyuebas
mimarTavs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi TviTmotyuebis

248
gzas adgeba da amiT sxvis motyuebasac cdilobs.
ideologiis partikularuli gageba SeiZleba arse-
bobdes Caketil samyaroSi an kidev erTgvar koniuq-
tikur TemSi, romelTa wevrebs identuri gamocdi-
lebebisa da gagebis horizonti gaaCniaT. amgvarad
ideologiis partikularuli cneba gulisxmobs fe-
nomens, romelic Sualeduri bunebisaa.
rac Seexeba totalur ideologias, igi socialu-
ri jgufis cnobierebis saerTo struqturazea mi-
marTuli. es ukanaskneli mTeli saukunis, mTeli
epoqis an istoriul-socialurad konkretulad gan-
sazRvruli jgufis Tu klasis ideologiaa. amgvarad
totaluri ideologia Sordeba erTeulovan fsiqo-
logiur dones da gadis `koleqtiur fsiqologiur~
Sreze. igi moiSorebs sicruis moments da yalbi cno-
bierebis momwifebuli formisa da gamocdilebis
reprezentacias axdens. masSi SesaZlebelia romeli-
me stilis azrovnebis an kidev samyaros suraTis
funqcionireba.
rogorc manhaimi aRniSnavs, pirvelad marqsizmSi
erwymis erTmaneTs ideologiis partikularuli
cneba totalitaruls. swored aq iqneba daZleuli
hegelianuri safuZvlis wyalobiT ubralod fsiqo-
logiuri done ideologiisa totaluri cnebis
sasargeblod: problema filosofiur doneze dais-
va. pirvelad aq iZens moZRvreba `mcdari cnobiere-
bis Sesaxeb~ axal azrs.
amgvarad, manhaimis Tanaxmad, ideologia msgavsi
utopiisa yofierebisadmi transcendenturad war-
moidgineba. isini e. w. burusia yoveli istoriuli sa-
fexuris. ideologia, iseve rogorc utopia, ramdena-
dac yalbi ar unda iyos, azrovnebis modelia, ro-
melsac socialur-politikuri gamosaxvis formebi

249
eZebneba. ideologia azrovnebis is formaa, romelic
cdilobs arsebuli situaciis konservacias. rac Se-
exeba utopias, piriqiT, cdilobs gacdes arsebul
sazRvrebs, gardaqmnas igi. is Tavis TavSi antiTezis
saxiT inaxavs idelogias da piriqiT. orive yalbi
cnobierebis formebia, radgan TiToeuli maTgani
socialuri sinamdvilis nawilobriv da aucileblad
sakuTar interesebze dafuZnebul xedvas gvTava-
zobs.
Tumca, manhaimi aRniSnavs, rom uari ar unda
vTqvaT obieqturi WeSmaritebis povnis mcdelobaze.
obieqturoba nakrZalia socialurad Tavisufali
inteligenciisa, inteleqtualuri klasis, romelic
erTaderTia, romelsac SeuZlia miukerZoebeli da
disciplinirebuli kvleva awarmoos.

250
 TaviXV. O omis filosofia

§1. omis fenomenis filosofiuri diskursi

XXI saukuneSi, adamiani, ufro mZafrad grZnobs,

sasicocxlo interesebisadmi Ria Tu farul muqa-
ras. isadgurebs maradiuli SiSi. uxsovari droidan
arsebuli uZlurebis SiSi. esaa eqsistencialuri Si-
Si, ramac adamiani axali instituciis, saxelmwifos
karibWesTan miiyvana. axals imitom vambob, rom sa-
xelmwifo, rogorc politikuri organizacia daax-
loebiT 5 aTasi wlis istorias iTvlis.
sasicocxlo interesebis dasacavad dgindeba we-
sebi, raTa legitimurobis wyalobiT mmarTvelobis
demokratiulobis sikeTeebs veziaroT... magram ga-
redan momziral apokalifsur viTarebas yvelani
vgrZnobT. gaurkvevel viTarebaSi, rogorc adamiane-
bi, aseve saxelmwifoc aseT dros TavisTavs avlens
Tavis siZlieris warmoCeniT. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
iaraRis ra sistemas floben, qveynis politikuri re-
Jimebi sakmaod gansxvavebul xasiaTs atareben, rac
mowmobs imaze, Tu ramdenad urTierTdakavSirebu-
lia iaraRi da politikuri reJimi, metic, TiTqos ia-
raRi gansazRvravs kidec Zalauflebas, rasac mao-
Zedunma xatovani formulireba misca; `Zalaufleba
Tofis samizneSia~.
mkvlevarebi rodesac omis fenomenologiur ana-
lizs axdenen, sam ZiriTad mizeze amaxvileben yu-
radRebas:
1. adamianis buneba- avgustine aRniSnavs; omi aris
safasuri, rasac Cven vixdiT codvili bunebis gamo.

251
 2. sazogadoeba- rogorc ruso miuTiTebs; adamia-
ni zogadad kargia, mas sazogadoeba mankiers xdis,
3. Seubralebeli garemo-deda buneba, -adamianis
agresia bunebrivi resursebis simciriT aris gamow-
veuli.
Tu yoveli oms win uswrebs mizezebi, ratom aris
SeuZlebeli omebis aRmofxvra individTa an saxel-
mwifos qcevis Tu moqmedebis SecvliT?
aq wina planze wamoiwevs klauzevicis formula:
`omi aris politikis gagrZeleba sxva saSualebiT~.
man igulisxma ara omi da politika, aramed is sfeci-
fikuri forma, romelSic isini gamoisaxebian, rom-
liTac xdeba maTi artikulireba. misTvis omi Tavisi
arsiT aris brZola, radgan brZola im mravalfero-
vani qmedebis gadamwyveti aqtia, romelsac gulis-
xmoben omis ufro farTo cnebis qveS.
adamainis mier adamianis mokvlas gamarTleba ara
aqvs, arc raime racionaluri mizani, arc moraluri
normebiT, arc socialuri idealebiT Tu legitimu-
robiT da legalurobiT. Smiti moiTxovs klauzevi-
cis omis klasikuri definiciis koreqtirebas, rac
unda daefuZnos miseul `megobrisa da mtris~ mor-
fologiis analizs.
hegeli aRniSnavs da ara mxolod hegeli; sazoga-
doeba dundeba da nawevrdeba, omi aZlierebs erebs,
... msoflio istoria aris msoflio sasamarTlo...
amitomac daisadgura adamianSi maradiulma SiSma.
adamianis buneba gamsWvalulia RmerTisadmi
rwmeniT da siyvaruliT, rac gzas xsnis kacTmoyva-
reobisaken. maSin ra fenomenia omi? kvlevis obieqti
swored es omia.

252
 iTvleba: samxedro saqmis arsi imaSia, rom mas saq-
me iaraRTan aqvs. es rasakvirvelia asea, magram sam-
xedro saqmis arsi amiT ar amoiwureba. ras niSnavs
samxedrooba amas iaraRze miTiTebiT ver amowurav.
sxva maxasiaTeblebia saWiro. Cveulebriv samxedroe-
bi sakuTari saqmis specifikaze naklebad fiqroben.
jer erTi amisaTvis maT Zalian cota Tavisufali
dro aqvT. amas garda samxedro saqme Tavisi bunebiT
ar aris sakuTar Tavze fiqrisken ganwyobili. amas
garda samxedro saqmis arss imdenad iqidan ki ar
wvdebian xolme, Tu ras niSnavs jariskacad yofna,
aramed adamianuri yofierebis sxva romelime sfe-
rodan, pirvel yovlisa politikidan.
didi filosofosoba ar sWirdeba imas, rom sam-
xedro saqmis specifikas sikvdilTan wilnayaroba
anu sikvdilisadmi specifikuri mimarTeba Seadgens.
saerTod adamianur saqmianobaTa sferoSi, yovelive
imaSi rasac Zveli berZnebi epistemes (codnas), teq-
nes (xelovnebas) da fronesiss (gonivruloba, gone-
badamjdaroba) uwodebdnen, sami sfero gamoiyofa,
romelTac sikvdilisadmi specifikuri, SeiZleba iT-
qvas uaRresad intimuri damokidebuleba aqvT. ese-
nia:
filosofia – romelic sokratuli Tu kvazisok-
ratuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad (romelic 11-e sau-
kunis qarTul filosofiur skolebze gadamwyvet
gavlenas axdendnen) sxva araferia Tu ara `wurTvna
sikudilisa, sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebSi sikvdilis Si-
Sis gadalaxva. inteleqtualuri amaRleba Cvens sas-

253
rulobaze, oRond sruliad sxva formiT vidre amas
vTqvaT iaponur kulturaSi hqonda adgili.
medicina – sfero romelic gulisxmobda sikvdi-
lidan dacvas (cxadia es dacva yovelTvis pirobi-
Tia, vinaidan sikvdili mainc Cveni mudmivi da Tan-
mxlebi Tanamgzavria)
samxedro saqme, romlis ZiriTadi biznesi-sikvdi-
lia, mokvdinebaa, oRond es mokvdineba gacilebiT
sxva da specifikuria, vidre vTqvaT qileris mier Ca-
denili mkvleloba. samxedroc klavs. an minimum geg-
mavs amas, magram misi qmedeba arsebiTad sxvaa. ara
mxolod imitom, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli
mkvleloba saxelmwifos mieraa instituizirebuli.
es SeiZleba arc ise arsebiTi detalia.

§2. omi aris politikis gagrZeleba sxva

saSualebebiT.

omis aris saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli kon-

frontaciis gadawyveta samxedro Zaladobis gziT,
omis warmoebaSi umTavres rols asruleben saxel-
mwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da gasamxedroebuli
formirebebi, romlis paralelurad meomari mxaree-
bi awarmoeben diplomatiur, ideologiur da ekono-
mikur brZolebs dapirispirebul mxareebTan. omis
wamowyebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes gadauWreli sa-
kiTxebi ekonomikur, ideologiur, teritoriul, re-
ligiur da sxva sferoebSi – daaxloebiT amgvaria
omis sruli ganmarteba, Tumca albaT aranakleb sa-
interesoa am fenomenis sabaziso ideis Tu mizezis
gaanalizeba.

254
 klauzevici wers: „omi aris Zaladobis erTader-
Ti aqti, raTa mowinaaRmdeg vaiZulo Seasrulos Cemi
neba“ da aseve, omi aris xelisuflebis / Zaladobis
ukiduresi gamoyeneba.
omi ar niSnavs politikis SeCerebas, politika
TviT omSi xedavs Tavis dasabams, mis safuZvels. omi
sxva araferia, Tu ara politikuri urTierTobebis
gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebze dayrdnobiT.
misTvis omi Tavisi arsiT aris brZola, radgan
brZola im mravalferovani qmedebebis gadamwyveti
aqtia, romelsac gulisxmoben omis ufro farTo
cnebis qveS. brZola aris mxareebis urTierTSejaxe-
bis maTi materialuri da sulieri Zalebis gamoxatu-
leba. brZolis aucilebloba adamianebs ubiZgebs
masSi upiratesobis mopovebisaTvis saWiro saSuale-
bebis gamogonebisken. am gamogonebebSi mniSvnelov-
nad Seicvala brZolis forma, magram Tavad brZolis
safuZvlad mdebare idea ar Secvlila. omis arss
swored es idea gansazRvravs.
klauzevicis azriT samxedro xelovneba, sxva
araferia, Tu ara am saSualebaTa gamoyeneba brZola-
Si. rasac xSirad uwodeben omis warmoebis xelovne-
bas. farTo azriT samxedro xelovneba moicavs yove-
live imas, rac omis warmoebisaTvis aris aucilebe-
li.
misi azriT, omTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sa-
xis qmedebebi or mTavar kategoriad iyofa: isini,
romlebic warmoadgenen mxolod momzadebas omisaT-
vis da sakuTriv omad.
oms Seiswavlis Teoria (klauzevici terminebs
„omis Teoria“), samxedro xelovnebis Teoria“ sino-
nimebad iyenebs.

255
 Omis warmoebis Teorias ori ram moeTxoveba:
• gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos am brZolebis
warmoebis wesebi;
• daukavSiros isinji omis saerTo sazogado mi-
zans.
pirveli am saqmianobaTagan taqtikad iwodeba,
xolo meore strategiad. taqtika aris moZRvreba
brZolaSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebis Sesa-
xeb, xolo strategia brZolebis gamoyeneba, omis
miznis misaRwevad swored aq aris damaluli omis fi-
losofiis arsi.
cnobili samxedro eqspertebi cdiloben napole-
onis warmatebebis saidumloebebi aexsnaT. isini
Tvlidnen rom imperiis saidumlo strategiaSi
mdgomareobda da am mosazrebiT agebdnen TavianT
Sexedulebebs.
klauzevici ki sxva Sexedulebisa iyo, roca is na-
poleons, rogorc omis RmerTs, axasiaTebda, Tvli-
da, rom napoleoni Tavis gamarjvebebs unda umadlo-
des grandebis armias da ara saidumlo sibrZnes, ro-
melsac mxolod mbrZanebeli flobs. piriqiT, sib-
rZne gansxeuldeba elementarul ZaladobaSi, ro-
melmac samxedro miznebisaTvis iCina Tavi safrange-
Tis revoluciis dros. amasTan, Zaladoba misi azriT
Zaladobasve upirispirdeba. sisastike sisastikes
badebs, mxareebi, romlebic Seubraleblad miiwev-
dnen win, zeimobdnen. am SemTxvevaSi saqme sulac ar
exeba wminda Teoriul sakiTxs. misi azriT, SeiaraRe-
buli Zala Tavisi arsiT araviTar wesebs ar eqvemde-
bareba da mxolod mis sakuTar kanonebsa da politi-
kur miznebs iTvaliswinebda.

256
 §3. adamianis buneba da omis fenomenologia.

dimitri uznaZe aanalizebs vladimer solovio-

vis naSroms „omis filosofiis Sesaxeb“. sadac ambobs
soloviovis azriT, msoflios damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
seba aRviraxsnili egoizmis batonobaa. aq mudam Sur-
Tan, mtrobasa da daqsaqsulobasTan gvaqvs saqme, sa-
dac uklebliv gamefebulia omi yvelasi yvelas wina-
aRmdeg. empiriuli samyaro metafizikuri realobis
anareklia, misi movlena – metafizikuri samyaros
principi – siyvaruli – empiriuli samyaros movle-
naTa Sorisac iCens Tavs. omi adamianis cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovani momentia. amitom, misi azriT omi am
cxovrebis azris – gaerTianebis ganxorcielebas un-
da emsaxurebodes.
igi cdilobs istoriuladac daasabuTos es debu-
leba da miuTiTebs mraval omze, romelnic gaerTia-
nebis mizans emsaxureboda. magram aq uznaZe sapiris-
piro Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams. misTvis omi kacobri-
obis gaerTianebis saqmes ar emsaxureba da amis dam-
tkiceba ar aris rTuli. vTqvaT, es omebi, romelTa
Sedegi romis imperiis danawileba iyo. yovelive aman
marto evropaSi erTi saxelmwifos nacvlad aTamde
mniSvnelovani monarqiis daarseba gamoiwvia.

257
 §4. samxedro teqnika da politikuri
strategia.

jer kidev antikuri periodidan aqtualuri iyo

sakiTxi omisa da politikis urTierTkavSiris Sesa-
xeb, Tu rogor axdens destruqciis saSualebebi po-
litikuri sistemebis struqtuirebas sxvadasxva
formiT.
pitagoras Tanaxmad omi warmoadgens swored po-
litikis nawils. maqs vebers ki surs antikuri da Sua
saukuneebis saxelmwifos magaliTze aCvenos samxed-
ro sferos gavlena mTel sazogadoebasa da politi-
kaze. antikuri saxelmwifo, veberis azriT, hoplite-
bis disciplinirebuli formirebebis Seqmnis Semdeg,
gaxda meomarTa gildia. Tu saxelmwifo isurvebda
hqonoda sagareo politika teritoriuli dapyrobe-
biT, is unda gahyoloda spartis gzas: gadaeqcia mo-
qalaqeebi SemarTul hoplitTa armiad. moqalaqeebis
mTeli cxovreba fasdeboda samxedro moTxovnebis
mixedviT. aTenis ekonomika damokidebuli iyo Tavis
samxedro siZliereze da, sazRvargareT miwebis mo-
povebaze, amdenad, mas unda ewarmoebina mudmivi ome-
bi. aqedan gamomdinare, veberi warmogvidgens oms,
rogorc „ekonomikuri warmoebis wess“.
Sua saukuneebis italiur qalaqebSi ki sxvagvari
viTarebaa: aq ufro metad orientirebulni arian ra-
cionalur ekonomikur aqtivobaze, radgan samxedro
Zalebi ar iyo lokalizebuli qalaqebSi.
Tu Cven miviRebT mxedvelobaSi pozicias des-
truqciis wesiT mTeli sazogadoebis struqtuire-
bis Sesaxeb, berZnuli qalaqis istoria gvevlineba
rogorc brZolis teqnikis ganviTarebis Sedegi. da
zogadad warmoebis miznad isaxavs daangrios an dai-

258
morCilos mteri, romlis destruqcia warmoadgens
mmarTvelobis saSualebas.
aTenis qalaqebis msgavsad, veberis Tvalsazri-
siT, Semdegac destruqciis wesis cvlilebebi gamo-
iwveven cvlilebebs Zalauflebis struqturaSi. ase,
magaliTad, tankebis saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi arse-
bobisas politikur reJimad despotia gvevlineba,
xolo kavaleriis elitis sakuTrebaSi yofnisas ki –
aristokratia an arCeviTi monarqia.
samxedro teqnikis sirTule da misi Rirebuleba
moiTxovda biurokratiul saxelmwifos, romelic
ganaxorcielebda srul kontrols omis instrumen-
tebze, aRricxvasa da ganawilebaze da adgils miu-
Cenda aristokratias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mxars
dauWerda hegemonur xelisuflebas, es ki centrali-
zaciur kontrols daawesebda sazogadoebaze.
imisda mixedviT, Tu iaraRis ra sistemas floben,
qveynebis politikur reJimebi sakmaod gansxvavebul
xasiaTs atareben, rac mowmobs imaze, Tu ramdenad
urTierTdamokidebulia iaraRi da politikuri re-
Jimi, metic, TiTqos iaraRi gansazRvravs kidec Za-
lauflebas.
meore variantad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mcdeloba
mmarTvelobis struqturis gansxvavebebi sazogado-
ebebs Soris davadginoT warmoebaze dayrdnobiT,
magram aq vejaxebiT principul siZneles: sxvadasxva
warmoebis wesi qmnis mmarTvelobis identur siste-
mebs. amitom politikuri struqturis ganmsazRvre-
li faqtori mainc destruqciis saSualebebSi unda
veZeboT, radgan vaWroba Sor manZilze, magaliTad,
afrikaSi, warmoadgens warmoebis pirobas gabatone-
buli klasisaTvis, rac gulisxmobs rogorc arsebo-
bis pirobas, destruqciuli saSualebebis flobas

259
sivrcis gasakontroleblad da gadasaxadebis dawe-
sebas vaWrobaze, monebis warTmevas, simdidris Zar-
cvas.
ase rom, klauzevicis formulireba „omi aris po-
litikis gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT“ marTebuli
gamodis. klauzevicisaTvis omiT politika ar ixu-
reba, aramed politika TviT omSi xedavs Tavis dasa-
bams.
amgvarad, omis sxva araferia, Tu ara politikuri
urTierTobis gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebze day-
rdnobiT da omis dros politikuri kavSirebi sru-
lebiTac ar wydeba, piriqiT, isini ganagrZoben arse-
bobas sakuTari arsiT.

260
 Tavi XVI. politikuri samyaros moralur-
zneobrivi aspeqti, politikuri eTika

§1. politikis dilemma: politika binZuri

saqmea Tu moraluri?

politikaSi miznebisa da saSualebebis urTier-

TmimarTebis sakiTxi uZvelesi droidan cxare kama-
Tis sagania. SeiZleba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi Tval-
sazrisi:
1. mTavaria miznis miRweva;
2. mTavaria, miznis miRwevis saSualeba iyos hu-
manuri, zneobrivad misaRebi;
3. mizani da saSualeba TanabarmniSvnelovania
politikisaTvis humanuri zneobrivi xasiaTis misa-
cemad.
makiavelis azriT, xelmwife, rogorc kerZo piri,
unda moqmedebdes qcevis saerTod miRebuli norme-
biT, xolo Tu misi moqmedeba warmarTulia saxelmwi-
fos ayvavebisa da Zalauflebis mizniT, mas SeuZlia
imoqmedos sul sxva moraliT, romelSic mizani amar-
Tlebs saSualebas. amiT makiavelma politikuri mo-
ralis formula aRmoaCina. misTvis moraluroba po-
litikaSi ganisazRvreba ara qcevis motividan, ara-
med miRebuli Sedegidan.
iezuitTa moralis mixedviT, `Tuki mizani neba-
darTulia, maSin saSualebac nebadarTulia~. iezui-
tebis sistemisaTvis amosavalia warmodgena zeadami-
anur RvTiur miznebze, romelic gansaxirebulia ek-
lesiis da ordenis xelmZRvaneobaSi. mis mimarT ada-
mianis miwieri cxovreba mxolod saSualebaa. aq daS-
vebelia moraluri normebis darRveva miznis miRwe-

261
vis gulisaTvis. `kargi~ miznis misaRwevad dasaSvebia
nebismieri saSualebebi. mizani miRweuli unda iqnas
nebismier fasad.
indoeTis politikuri da religiuri moRvawe ma-
haTma gandi (1869-1948) Tvlida, rom uzneo saSuale-
bebiT mxolod uzneo Sedegi miiReba da borotebis
gziT ver miviRebT keTil Sedegs. man Camoyaliba
`araZaldobrivi winaaRmdegobis~ gziT politikuri
miznis miRwevis Teoria. araZaladobriv meTodebSi
igulisxmeba SimSilobebi politikuri moTxovnebiT,
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis aqciebi, romelic
aranair kanons ar arRvevs da mxolod moralurad
zemoqmedebs xelisuflebaze, raTa man Seasrulos
politikuri oponentebis moTxovnebi.
gandis azriT, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done
pirvel rigSi ganisazRvreba adamianTa zneobrivi
srulyofilebiT. zneobrioba realobad iqceva po-
litikaSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebiT. swored saSu-
alebebi gamoxataven adamianis zneobriv nebas. saSua-
lebebs prioriteti eniWebaT miznebze da mTavar
zneobriv kriteriums warmoadgenen politikisaTvis.
am midgomisaTvis saSualebebi ganixileba
absoluturi faseulobebis saxiT, romlebic damou-
kidebulia miznebisa da misi Sedegebisagan. praqtika-
Si amas SeiZleba mohyves an umoqmedoba an zneobis
dacileba saqmisagan. aRniSnuli midgoma pretenzias
acxadebs humanizmze, zogadsakacobrio Rirebule-
bebis dacvaze. mkacri da sastiki saSualebebi uaryo-
filia humanizmis saxeliT, magram humanuria ki es
yovelTvis? Tu sastik saSualebebs aseTive sastiki
saSualebebi unda daupirispirdes? mowodeba poli-
tikaSi mxolod humanuri saSualebebs gamoyenebisa-

262
ken xom ar aris mxolod abstraqtuli, araqmediTi
humanizmi?
mesame midgoma miznebisa da saSualebebis Tana-
fardobisadmi `kompromisul xasiaTs atarebs da
cdilobs Tavidan aicilos ukiduresobebi, gaiTva-
liswinos, rogorc miznebis, ise saSualebebis zneob-
rivi mniSvneloba. marTlac, realur politikaSi Ti-
Toeuli es komponenti asrulebs sakuTar, uaRresad
mniSvnlovan rols. nebismieri politika mizniT iwye-
ba, mizani aerTianebs yvela moqmedebas da maT Sede-
gebis erTian sistemad, faqtobrivad gansazRvravs
politikuri zemoqmedebis obieqts, mowinaaRmdegesa
da mokavSireebs.

§2. zneoba da politika, problemis ZiriTadi

arsi

mravali politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

moraluri Tvalsazrisi unda SevuxamoT politikur
saWiroebas, rac xSirad rTulia. magram sazogadoe-
baSi politikosis poziciis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba
iqneboda misTvis iseTi sagangebo moraluri ufle-
bebis miniWeba, romelTa ZaliTac mas neba eqneboda
`saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi~ urcxvad moetyuebina Tana-
moZmeni da sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi, anda moralurad
da fizikurad gaenadgurebina isini.
makiavelis mimdevrebi sakmaod xSirad politi-
kursa da moralur imperativTa Soris gansxvaveben
xolme eqskluziur alternativebs, TiTqos ar arse-
bobdes konkretuli mesame gza; TiTqos saWiroa iq-
ceode an gonivrulad an uzneod, anda moraluri ko-
deqsis Sesabamisad da ugunurad.

263
 `realisti~ politologebi Zalian gaisarjnen im
konkretuli SemTxvevebis aRmosaCenad, sadac mora-
luri principebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, an roca
isini garTulebebs iwveven msoflio politikaSi.
praqtikul cxovrebaSi moraluri gadawyvetilebe-
bis miRebis dros xSirad saWiroa saqmiani argumen-
tebis gaTvaliswineba: konkretulad, romeli sike-
Tea ufro mniSvnelovani. yovel viTarebaSi unda iT-
qvas simarTle. konkretul cxovrebaSi, rogorc we-
si, adamians iSviaTad uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba er-
TmaneTTan dapirispirebul sikeTesa da borotebas,
an or borotebas Soris.
pasuxismgeblobis eTika arc Tanamedrove `norma-
Ta gareSe yofas~ gulisxmobs da arc Sua saukuneob-
riv cxovrebas `normaTa Sesabamisad~. ufro misaRe-
bia Sualeduri gonivruli gza.
sainteresoa politikosisaTvis arsebobs Tu ara
viTarebani, roca mas SeuZlia miiRos zneobrivi ga-
dawyvetileba da ganacxados luTeris msgavsad: aqa
vdgavar da sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs! pasuxi aris – diax,
zneobrivi imperativi aki yovelTvis situaciaze
aris damokidebuli! garkveul viTarebaSi zneobrivi
imperativi SeiZleba iyos kategoriuli, moralismie-
ri valdebuleba ara hopoTeTurad, aramed upiro-
bod. es yvelaferi politikuri eTikisaTvis moaswa-
vebs, rom politikuri eTika ar gulisxmobs mouqnel
doqtrinalursa da ukompromiso eTikas.
politikuri eTika ar aris gaiZveruli. igi daxve-
wil taqtikas gulisxmobs, romelic gamosavals yve-
la viTarebidan poulobs. Tu politikur situacias
eTikuri normebiT ar SevafasebT, Sedegad usircxvi-
lobas miviRebT.

264
 §3. unda icruos Tu ara politikosma

simarTle ara marto rigiT moqalaqes moeTxove-

ba, aramed politikossac, Tanac gansakuTrebulad.
imitom, rom igi pasuxismgebelia sazogadoebis ke-
TildReobisaTvis da amis gamo miniWebuli aqvs ram-
denime privilegia. swored politikosisaTvisaa nak-
lebad sapatio simarTlis Ralati. gasaTvaliswine-
belia, rom arsebobs simarTlis deficitis sxvadas-
xva xerxi: cudi tyuili, simarTlis miCqmalva, siyal-
be, rac SeiZleba mTeli sicocxle sdevdes kacs, ise
rom Tavadac ver amCnevdes, rom sicrues an naxevar
simarTles ambobs.
saSiSi iqneboda Cvens TanamedroveobaSi, rode-
sac politikosebis sicrueze vsaubrobT, erTmane-
Tisagan ar dagvecilebina saxelmwifos morali indi-
vidis zneobisagan.
arsebobs erTaderTi da ganuyofeli zneoba. sa-
xelmwifoebi igive eTikuri masStabebiT unda xel-
mZRvanelobdnen, romliTac individebi. am mosazre-
bis winaaRmdeg ar gamodgeba argumenti, rom TiTqos
mxolod individis hqondes ufleba, Tavi dados zne-
obrivi principebis dasacavad, xolo saxelmwifo
moRvawem ki ara.
aqve saWiroa ganvixiloT, Tu risTvis aris saWiro
Zalaufleba. didi evropeli politikosebi faSizmis
da nacizmis periodSi ar daemorCilnen reJims, ig-
rZnes, Tu ras niSnavs Zalauflebis garSe yofna da
meore msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen xelisufleba-
Si. marTalia, isini ar iyvnen wmindanebi da hqondaT
sakuTari sisusteebi, Tumca maT namdvilad ver da-
vabralebT, TiTqos ZalauflebisaTvis movidnen sa-
TaveSi. politikosebi ise unda avirCioT, rom maT

265
STavagonoT da movTxovoT, Zalaufleba arsebobs
ara ZalauflebisaTvis, aramed igi aris saSualeba,
ganaxorcielon humanuri miznebi. politikuri Zala-
ufleba unda SeizRudos adamianTa sasargeblod.
ragind Tavdadebulic ar unda iyos politikosi, Za-
laufleba unda gamoiyenos samsaxurisTvis da ara
batonobisTvis.
Zalaufleba da batonoba sruliad ar aris iden-
turi, Tumca bevri politikosi amas ar iziarebs.
mcire Tu didi politikaSi kvlav da kvlav meordeba:
rogorc ki vinme calkeuli politikosi an politi-
kuri dajgufeba, anda mTavroba Zalauflebas bato-
nobisTvis gamoiyenebs da ara samsaxurisTvis, maSin-
ve iwyeba Zaladobrivi azrovnebis da Zalismieri po-
litikis aRzeveba, Rvivdeba zizRi da mtroba, CaRde-
ba civi omi.
gansakuTrebuli sagareo politikisaTvisaa saWi-
ro, rom Zalaufleba mSvidobis samsaxurSi idges. di-
di saxelmwifoTa blokebi da politikuri dajgufe-
bebi qmnidnen da qmnian mtris xats sagareo politi-
kaSi sakuTari poziciis gasamarTleblad.

§4. zneobrivi standartebi, plitikisa da eTi-

kis Sinagani daaxloebis tendencia.

cxadia, rom amgvari konsesusis Seqmnas ver SeZ-

lebs verc mecniereba da verc teqnologia. TumcaRa
es aucilebelia, raTa safrTxe ar Seeqmnas mecniere-
bisa da teqnologiis dinamiur ganviTarebas, radgan
Cveni drois didi ekonomikur-teqnologiuri prob-
lemebi mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli politikur-
moralur problemebTan.

266
 zogi filosofosis azriT zneobis sakiTxTa gamo
amgvari konsesusi SeuZlebelia, sxva filosofosebi
TavgamodebiT qadageben pluralizms – TiTqos pos-
tmodernul epoqaSi arsebobs mravali WeSmariteba,
samarTlianoba da humanuroba. mesameni ki sxvadasxva
eris, kulturisa da religiis adamianebSi eZeben er-
Tobliobas da cdiloben ganazogadon igi, rogorc
yvelasTvis savaldebulo eTikuri standartebi.
eTikur standartebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, zneob-
rivi Rirebulebebi, normebi da poziciebi. `zneoba~
gulisxmobs adamianis da adamianTa jgufis pozici-
as, xolo termini `eTika~ misgan didad ar gansxvav-
deba da niSnavs moZRvrebas zneobrivi Rirebulebe-
bis, normebisa da poziciebis Sesaxeb.
imdenad didia gansxvaveba erTis mxriv kultura-
sa da religias, xolo meores mxriv mecnierul kon-
cefciaTa da ekonomikuri sistemebis modelebs So-
ris, rom warmoudgenelia zneobis sakiTxebze sruli
Tanxmobis miRweva. Tumca, raoden mravalmxrivic ar
unda iyos erovnuli, kulturuli, Tu religiuri
gansxvavebani, saqme mainc adamianebTan gvaqvs da es
adamianebi dResdReobiT Tanamedrove sakomunika-
cio sistemebis, radiosa da televiziis wyalobiT
sul ufro metad rwmundebian, rom isini mWidrod
daakavSira bedma erTmaneTs dedamiwaze.
zneobrivi konsesusi gulisxmobs dRevandeli
pluralistuli sazogadoebisaTvis saWiro SeTan-
xmebas fundamentur zneobriv standartTa Sesabami-
sad, rac politikuri, socialuri Tu religiuri
gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad SeiZleba gaxdes adami-
anTa Tanacxovrebis safuZveli.

267
 §5. humanurobis oqros wesi

ra Tqma unda, zneoba yovelTvis konkretulia,

ara abstraqtulad ganzogadebuli, aramed loka-
lursa da konkretuli viTarebisadmi misadagebuli.
saWiroa daveTanxmoT volters, roca igi WeSmarite-
basa da samarTlianobas miiCnevs elementarul zne-
obrivi normad. misi azriT adamiani yvelaze ufro
mZafr aRSfoTebas maSin gamoxatavs, roca mas araa-
damianurad eqcevian. amis sailustraciod volter-
ma mimarTa ebraul biblias. an Cven ra gviSlis xels
mivmarToT qristianul tradicias. xom SeiZleba,
rom sruliad gansxvavebul tradiciebSi aRmovaCi-
noT saerTo eTikuri da adamianis qcevasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. man sailustraciod moiyvana humanurobis oq-
ros wesi, romelic yovel religiur da eTikur tra-
diciaSi gvxvdeba. mag.: `rasac TavisTvis ar isurveb,
nu gaukeTeb sxva adamians~. rabini hileli: `imas nu
uzam sxvebs, rac ar ginda, rom Sen gagikeTon~. ieso
nazareveli: `yvelaferSi, rogorc gindaT, rom mo-
geqcnen Tqven adamianebi, Tqvenc iseve moeqeciT
maT~.

§6. uflebebi da valdebulebebi

rodesac qmni adamianis uflebaTa deklaracias,

mas unda daukavSiro adamianis valdebulebiTi dek-
laracia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yvela adamiani dar-
Ceboda marto uflebaTa amara, romelnic mas SeeZlo
miemarTa sxvaTa winaaRmdeg da aravis ecodineboda
valdebulebani, romelTa gareSec ver ganxorciel-
deboda misi uflebani.

268
 istoriulad valdebulebani uflebebze aTaso-
biT wliT adre Camoyalibda, magram safrangeTis re-
voluciis Semdeg sazogadoebis zogierTma jgufma
daiwyo sxvaTa winaaRmdeg Tavis uflebaTa realiza-
cia ise, rom ainuSadac ar agdebda sakuTar valdebu-
lebebs. TanamedroveobaSi borotad iyeneben xolme
cnebas `valdebuleba~.
valdebuleba kantis wyalobiT gadaiqca moder-
nis sakvanZo cnebad. sagulisxmoa, rom swored mova-
leoba warmoadgens kantis TxzulebaTa laitmotivs,
igi adamians, gonier arsebas gamoarCevs mxecisgan,
romelic moqmedebs mxolod instiqtebiT, impulse-
biT, magram adamiani aramarto gonieri arsebaa, ara-
med instiqtebis mqonec. amitom mas eZleva SesaZleb-
loba Tavisuflad imoqmedos Tavisi gonis karnaxiT.
unda aRiniSnos agreve, rom valdebuleba zneob-
riv aucileblobas warmoadgens, magram fizikurad
ar gvaiZulebs. valdebuleba gamomdinareobs ara
teqnikur an ekonomikur gansjisagan, aramed eTiku-
ri gonierebisagan, romelic adamians karnaxobs da
aiZulebs imoqmedos zneobrivi maqsimebis Tanaxmad.
uflebebSi aris Caqsovili garkveuli valdebu-
lebani, iuridiuli valdebulebani, magram yvela
valdebuleba ar gamomdinareobs uflebidan. arse-
bobs imTaviTve mocemuli zneobrivi movaleobani.
ganarCeven srulyofil da ara srulyofil valdebu-
lebebs. srulyofili valdebulebani mag. sindisisa
da religiis Tavisuflebis pativiscema. arasrulyo-
fili valdebuleba, valdebulebani farTo gagebiT.
esenia: eTikuri valdebulebani, mag. sindisis, siyva-
rulisa da humanurobis valdebulebani.

269
 §7. samarTlianoba da zneoba

samarTlis warmoSoba, misi arseboba da gamoyene-

bac gulisxmobs zneobas, Tumc meores mxriv zneoba
ar Semoifargleba samarTliT, e. i. samarTlisa da
zneobis doneebi principulad unda gavarCioT er-
TmaneTisagan, pirvel yovlisa adamianis uflebebi-
dan gamomdinare. ise ver Seiqmneba kacobriobisaTvis
yovlismomcveli zneoba, romelic adamianis umTav-
res valdebulebebsac rom moicavs.
samarTlisa da zneobis gamijvnas mZime Sedegebi
mosdevs, radgan samarTali da zneoba imTaviTve ro-
di arian identurebi, SeiZleba isini mkveTrad daupi-
rispirdnen erTmaneTs da maSin samarTals Zala ekar-
geba.
maqs veberma Tavis droze miuTiTa samarTlisa da
zneobis gamijvnis mniSvnelobaze saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis doneze. man SeimuSava cneba `saerTaSoriso
zneoba~, rac misi azriT transcendenturad dgas sa-
marTlis miRma da amis gamo ar SeiZleba iyos am sa-
marTalze dafuZnebuli. `zneobis amocanaa gansaz-
Rvros politikuri qmedebebis masStabi da moniSnos
misi aqtivobis farglebi~. aSkaraa: mSvidobis, samar-
Tlianobisa da humanurobis damkvidreba damokide-
bulia adamianis survilze da mis mzadyofnaze sa-
marTlis sarealizaciod.
msoflio zneoba gulisxmobs principul konse-
suss arsebul savaldebulo Rirebulebebis da pi-
rovnul principul poziciaTa Taobaze romelic, ga-
moricxavs anarqiuli viTarebis warmoqmnas da axali
diqtaturebis safrTxes.

270
 Tavi XVII. politikuri Teologia

§1. politikuri Teologiis arsi

politikuri Teologia Tanamedrove politikur

filosofiaSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi karl Smit-
ma Semoitana, rodesac man 1922 wels gamoaqveyna Za-
lian mniSvnelovani gamokvleva `politikuri Teo-
logia~. aRvniSnavT, rom misi koncefciis farTo ga-
moyeneba sakmao droiT garkveuli mizezebis gamo Se-
ferxda. xolo dRes ukve es cneba Zalian modurad
iqca.
politikuri Teologiis da misi saazrovno kate-
goriebis kvleva dRes Zalian aqtualuria. koncep-
tualurad gasaanalizebelia da Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia Tu ramdenad adeqvaturad, sworad viyenebT po-
litikuri Teologiis kategoriebs da cnebebs.
politikuri Teologiis koncepti mravali mecni-
erebis gansjis sagani gaxda. cnobili moazrovne ar-
man adami aqveynebs naSroms `politikuri Teologiis
istoria~, sadac am terminis farTo gamoyenebaze sa-
ubrobs. istoriul WrilSi Tu ganvixilavT politi-
kur Teologias, konceptualuri analizi mogviwevs
iseTi moazrovneebisa, rogorebicaa avgustine, Toma
aqvineli... da aseve modernis Semdgomi filosofose-
bi.
politikuri Teologiis klasikuri saxis mimcemi
sabolood karl Smitia.
arsebobs politikuri da religiuri sferoebis
dakavSirebis sfecifikuri formebi. qristianul
tradiciaSi SeiZleba vimsjeloT ori qalaqis meta-
foraze.

271
 am principiT politikuri Teologiis Taur sa-
xelmZRvanelod SeiZleba CaiTvalos netari avgus-
tines traqtati `RvTis qalaqi~, romelmac udidesi
gavlena moaxdina evropuli azrovnebis ganviTareba-
ze.
meore Zalian mniSvnelovan diskursad SeiZleba
miviCnioT `ori maxvilis metaforis irgvliv Seqmni-
li politikur Teologiuri sinTezi~. Toma aqvinel-
ma SeZlo ufro metad miwieri da zeciuri erTian
xedvaSi moeqcia, igi amiT Seecada nawilobriv moex-
sna maT Soris dualizmi-dapirispireba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiuri modeli `ce-
zaro-papizmi~ iyo politikur-Teologiuri sinTezi,
sadac cezar-papizmi aRniSnavs saxelmwifos, romel-
sac saero da sasuliero sferoebze sruli batonoba
aqvs.
axal droSi politikuri Teologia rTul viTa-
rebaSi aRmoCnda, radgan politikuri Teologia ukve
aRar warmoadgenda politikuri wesrigis legitimu-
robis mimcem fenomens. modernis epoqis filosofo-
sebi, politikur Teologias ebrZodnen, rogorc Za-
lauflebis diskurss.
aseTi viTareba dResac aqtualuria, rodesac po-
litikosebi da garkveuli politikuri jgufebi ek-
lesias da politikuri Teologiis kategoriebs iye-
neben, rogorc politikuri diskursis, aseve poli-
tikuri aqciebis sawarmoeblad, rac umetes SemTxve-
vaSi araadeqvatur vTarebas qmnis.
saqarTvelos patriarqi ilia meorem erTxel qa-
dagebaSi aRniSna, rom `xandaxan gvesmis aseTi sit-
yvebi: Cven ar gvinda Teokratia, amas vinc ambobs
isic ar icis, ra aris Teokratia. Teokratia es aris

272
RvTis Zala, RvTis mmarTveloba. es iyo winaswarmet-
yvelebis dros, roca ufali TviTon karnaxobda eub-
neboda winaswarmetyvelebs, rom gadaeciT ers, gaa-
keTos esa da es. es aris Teokratia–RvTis mmarTve-
loba da aris klerikaluri mmarTveloba,
klerikaluri mmarTveloba aravis unda, rom sa-
suliero piri saero piri iyos.~
Teokratia (berZn. θεός „Teos“ – RmerTi da κρατεῖν
„kratein“ – marTva) – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
forma, romlis drosac umaRlesi xelisufleba emya-
reba erT an ramdenime religiis doqtrinas da mmar-
Tveloba xorcieldeba religiuri principebis mi-
xedviT.
sityva–sityviT Teokratia RmerTis mmarTvelo-
bas niSnavs, romlis drosac xelisufleba Tavmoyri-
lia sasuliero pirTa an eklesiis meTaurTa xel-
Si. oqsfordis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT,
Teokratia saxelisuflebo sistemaa, romelsac sam-
Rvdeloeba marTavs uflis an RmerTis saxeliT.
daviTi wminda werilSi warmodgenilia, rogorc
erTgvari etaloni morwmune mefisa, RvTivrCeuli
eris winamZRolisa. rodesac daviTis Ze solomoni
gamefdeba, RmerTi mas etyvis: `Tu ivli Cems winaSe,
rogorc mamaSeni daviTi dadioda wminda guliTa da
simarTliT, yvelafers aasruleb, rac nabrZanebi
maqvs SenTvis, daicav Cems wessa da samarTals, gan-
vamtkiceb Sens samefo taxts israelSi samaradio-
sod, rogorc daviTisTvis, mamaSenisTvis miTqvams...~
(3 mf. IX, 4 5).

273
 rodesac israelis erTiani samefo orad gaiyo,
Crdilo israelis pirvel mefes, ieroboams ufali
eubneba: ar gavxar Cems morCils daviTs, romelic
icavda Cems mcnebebs, mTeli guliT momyveboda ukan
da mxolod simarTles sCadioda Cems TvalSi~ (3 mf.
XIV, 8). Sesabamisad, ufali eubneba ieroboams, rom
mxolod im pirobiT Seeweoda, Tu is ise icxovrebda
da imgvarad marTavda qveyanas, rogorc amas daviTi
akeTebda. swored daviTis mefobaa uflisaTvis saT-
no da yvela mefes, romelic RvTis eris samarTavad
hyavda movlenili ufals, evaleboda daviTs mimsgav-
seboda.
unda aRvniSnoT,rom Teokratia da klerikalizmi
erTi da igive ar aris. SeiZleba Teokratiis dros
klerikalizmi ar iyos. anu mmarTveli marTavdes qve-
yanas religiuri principebiT, magram religiis da ek-
lesiis rols ar zrdides sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sferoebSi.
Teokratia saxelmwifos iseTi formaa, romelSic
qveyanas RmerTi marTavs Tavisi warmomadgenlebis
saSualebiT. kanonebis wyaro moqalaqeebis neba ki
ara, religiuri kanonia. TeokratiaSi xSirad – magram
ara aucileblad – religia mmarTvelobis wyaroc
aris. kulturulad da geografiulad CvenTvis yve-
laze axlo Teokratia bizantia iyo. bizantiis impe-
ratori iyo qristes, zeciuri imperatoris moadgi-
le dedamiwaze. dasavleT saqristianoSi am moadgi-
leobas erTmaneTs warmatebiT saRvTo romis imperi-
is imperatori da romis papi ecilebodnen.

274
 Tanamedrove Teokratia sekularizaciis, eklesi-
isa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis da Tanamedrove saxel-
mwifos warmoSobis produqtia. Tanamedrove seku-
laruli saxelmwifo XVII saukuneSi daibada imis gac-
nobierebidan, rom WeSmaritebaze dava an masze mono-
polia saxelmwifos saqme ar aris. religiuri omebis
gamocdilebam, sadac umciresi dogmaturi gansxva-
vebebis gamo adamianebi iolad asalmebdnen erTma-
neTs sicocxles (barTlomes Rame mxolod erTi maga-
liTia) aCvena, rom saxelmwifo unda yofiliyo adami-
anebis mSvidobianad Tanacxovrebis meqanizmi, sadac,
vTqvaT, kaTolikes da protestants SeeZloT Tavian-
Ti rwmena Tavisuflad gamoexataT.
viRacas SeiZleba moeCvenos, magram msoflioSi
`tradiciuli~ Teokratia TiTqmis ar arsebobs. yve-
laze Zveli, tibeturi, XVII saukunisaa. vatikani, sa-
dac papi erTdrouladaa eklesiis da saxelmwifos
meTauri, dasavleTSi SemorCenili bolo Teokrati-
aa, romelic Tavis arsebobas benito musolinis
umadlis. yvela islamuri Teokratia XX saukunis
produqtia. Tanamedrove Teokratia is aris, rasac
britaneli mecnieri erik hobsbaumi `gamogonebul
tradicias~ eZaxis. Tanamedrove Teokratiebma Tana-
medrove saxelmwifos instrumentebi religiuri
dogmebis dakanonebisaTvis gamoiyenes. Tuki `klasi-
kuri~ Teokratia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sakra-
lur legitimacias eyrdnoboda, Tanamedrove Teok-
ratiebi religiur kanons sZenen saxelmwifos repre-
siuli aparatis Zalas, romelic mas tradiciulad
arasodes gaaCnda.

275
 Tanamedrove Teokratiuli idea swored tradi-
ciis da religiis dakninebis maCvenebelia. rodesac
morwmunes mxolod avtoritetiT ver imoCileb da
ver ajereb, rom `eklesiurad unda icxovros~, avto-
ritets kanonis ZaliT anacvleb da amjerad eklesi-
uri cxovrebisaken aiZuleb. radganac TeokratiaSi
kanonis wyaro religiaa, isini, visac ar unda religi-
uri wesiT an kanoniT cxovreba, avtomaturad araTa-
nabar mdgomareobaSi arian Cayenebulni, maSin, rode-
sac sekularul saxelmwifoSi morwmunes yvela saSu-
aleba aqvs, religiuri wesiT icxovros. radganac Te-
okratiaSi kanonis wyaro religiaa, am safuZvelze
miRebuli kanoni iolad SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi
movides (da, rogorc wesi, modis kidevac) adamianis
fundamentur uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan.

§2. klerikalizmi

mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs klerikaluri politi-

kuri partiebi, profkavSirebi, axlagazrduli da
studentTa kavSirebi da sxva sazogadoebrivi gaer-
Tianebebi. klerikalizaciis aucilebeli niSania sa-
pirispiro, sekularizaciis procesis arseboba.
klerikalizmis ideologiis mixedviT religia da
eklesia unda marTavdnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferos da maT Soris piradsac. religiuri
liderebi unda gansazRvravdnen morwmuneTa poli-
tikur simpatiebs da mosaxleobis mier sxvadasxva
socialuri qmedebebis mxardaWeras. adamianebis
cxovrebaze religiis gavlenis masStabi damokide-

276
bulia konkretul-istoriul situaciaze, qveynis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze, mosaxleobis ganaTle-
bis doneze da a.S.
yvelaze sruli da mravalmxrivi ganxorcieleba
klerikalizmma Suasaukuneebis evropaSi hpova. im
dros sazogadoebis da calkeuli adamianis cxovre-
bis yvela forma religiuri ideologiis normebiT
da eklesiis kontroliT iyo gansazRvruli. eklesi-
is kulti klerikalizmis erT-erTi mZafri damaxasi-
aTebeli Tvisebaa.
morwmuneTa valia emsaxuron eklesias, raTa gai-
zardos misi gavlena da avtoriteti. klerikalizmis
ideologiaSi xdeba socialur-politikuri da eko-
nomikuri urTierTobebis sakralizacia, maTi moqce-
va RmerTis avtoritetis qveS. am ideologiis mTava-
ri principis mixedviT xelisufleba da saxelmwifos
kanonebi RmerTis mier unda iyos dadgenili. eklesi-
is swavleba imavdroulad aris socialur-politi-
kuri imperativebis krebuli.
qristianobas, islams da mTel rig sxva religiebs
istoriis ganmavlobaSi mWidro kavSiri hqondaT sa-
xelmwifosTan. erTis mxriv, es kavSiri gamoixatebo-
da religiis mier saxelmwifos mmarTveli politi-
kuri Zalebis upirobo mxardaWeraSi, xolo meores
mxriv, saxelmwifo exmareboda oficialur religi-
ur instituts mosaxleobaSi religiuri ideologi-
is danergvaSi, riTac uzrunvelyofda sazogadoeba-
Si misi poziciebis ganmtkicebas.
am azriT, klerikalizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc eklesiis ideologia, romlis mizania hie-
rokratiuli an Teokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmna.

277
aseTi saxelmwifos arseboba warmoadgens cxonebis
winapirobas da politikuri saSualebebiT RvTis sa-
sufevlis damkvidrebas. istoriuli ganviTarebis
Sedegad klerikalizmis ideologiam da praqtikam
garkveuli transformacia ganicada. kleriklizmi
eyrdnoba garkveuli sakulto personaJebis, saxee-
bis, ritualebis, sityvebisa da frazebis, simboloe-
bis, TariRebis, geografiuli punqtebis da Senoba-
nagebobebis gafetiSebas.
klerikaluri politikuri struqturebi mkveT-
rad reagireben gafetiSebuli obieqtebis mimarT
ganxorcielebul qmedebebze. aseTi obieqtebis mi-
marT fizikuri an simboluri safrTxis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi axdenen mosaxleobaSi `siwmindeebis
dacvis~ instinqturi meqanizmis CarTvas da manipu-
lacias. politikuri klerikalizmis mizania gaanad-
guros yvela is sazogadoebrivi struqtura da meqa-
nizmi, romelTa ideologia an religia ewinaaRmdege-
ba klerikalizmis doqtrinas.
saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic arsebobs politiku-
ri klerikalizmis reJimi, saxelmwifo marTvis kon-
cepcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom konkretul religi-
asTan dakavSirebuli mistikuri ideologia saval-
debuloa yvela sazogadoebrivi, saxelmwifo da mu-
nicipaluri institutebisaTvis, maT Soris sawarmo-
ebisaTvis, fabrika-qarxnebisaTvis, saswavlo dawese-
bulebebis, adgilobrivi administraciis, sasamar-
Tlos, policiisa da armiisaTvis. klerikaluri po-
litikuri organizaciebis ideologia Riad sargeb-
lobs administraciuli, ekonomiuri da Zalismieri
mxardaWeriT yvela saxalmwifoebrivi struqturi-

278
sagan da cdilobs akontrolos nebismieri sazoga-
doebrivi saqmianoba. potenciuri winaaRmdegobis
kerebis gasanadgureblad, klerikalizmi iWreba mo-
qalaqeebis pirad cxovrebaSi da religiuri ritua-
lebis gamoyenebiT aregulirebs yofiT-ojaxur ur-
TierTobebs, Sromis, dasvenebisa da garTobis sfe-
roebs.
sekularizacia niSnavs klerikaluri organiza-
ciebis da saeklesio institutebis politikuri ro-
lis Semcirebas. bunebrivia es SeiZleba iTqvas nebis-
mier qveyanaze.

§3. `mieciT keisars keisrisa~

1260 wels aristoteles politika iTargmna la-

Tinurad. aristotelesTan qalaqi aris `saerTo ke-
TildReobis~ adgili. wminda Toma aqvineli, romel-
mac me-19 saukunis bolos SeiZina kaTolikuri ekle-
siis oficialuri doqtrinis statusi aristotele-
seuli argumentaciis safuZvelze icavs samarTlia-
ni politikuri wesrigis SesaZleblobas, Tumca ada-
mianis umaRles mizans RmerTi warmoadgens.
Sua saukuneebSi xSiria konfliqtebi eklesiasa da
saxelmwifos Soris. avgustines doqtrina, romelic
saxelmwifos legitimurobas amtkicebda, eqvemdeba-
reba Tu ara saxelmwifo eklesias, iseve, rogorc
sxeuli emorCileba suls? konfliqti am problema-
Ta sirTuleSi unda veZeboT. erT-erTi konfliqti
cnobilia, rogorc `investitorebis dava~ hapobasa
da germaniis imperatorebs Soris. germaniis mefe ha-
inrix VI da papi gregori VII-is dros. aseve SeiZleba

279
gavixsenoT dapirispireba pap beneficius VIII-sa da
safrangeTis mefe filipe lamazs Soris.
avgustineseuli dualizmi ar uxsnis gzas Teok-
ratias, romelic cdilobs gaaerTianos ori tipis
wesrigi – zeciuri da miwieri, im sazRvrebSi, rom da-
yofa am or qalaqs Soris `mistiuria~, imdenad, ram-
denadac is SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas, rogorc qris-
tes sentenciis komentari. `mieciT keisars keisri-
sa~. sentencia, romelsac icavs TviT qristec, rome-
lic ar cdilobs gadaatrialos is politikuri wyo-
ba da emorCileba politikuri Zalauflebis gadaw-
yvetilebebs.
xelisufleba xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva unariT – Tu
rogor anawilebs sikeTeebs. sikeTeebis gadanawile-
biT gamoiyofa ori jgufi: politikuri sikeTeebi,
romelic dakavSirebulia ZaladobasTan da religi-
uri sikeTeebi, rac dakavSirebulia sakralurTan.
veberTan saxelmwifos erTaderT mizans da saSua-
lebas Seadgens Zaladoba, rac Seesabameba kidec sa-
xelmwifos cnebas.
dawesebulebebi miznad isaxaven miaRwion keTil-
dReobas sxvadasxva saSualebebis aRdgenis seleqci-
iT, maSin, rodesac Zalis gamoyeneba, rac politikis
umaRlesi mizezia, upirispirdeba ekonomikuri mona-
povaris suliskveTebas. amgvarad, saxelmwifos Tav-
sebadoba ufro ikveTeba ara paraleliT dawesebu-
lebasTan, am terminis (Wirtschftsrieb ) ekonomikuri az-
riT, aramed paraleliT eklesiasTan, romelic efuZ-
neba sxvadasxva formas.
veberi naSromSi `ekonomika da sazogadoeba~ aR-
niSnavs: mmarTvelobis organizacia aris pierokra-
tiuli organizacia (hierokratischer Verbund), romelic

280
uwyvetad fizikuri iZulebis gamoyenebiT axdens su-
lieri sikeTeebis ganawilebs (pierokratuli iZule-
ba). berZnuli sityva hieros niSnavs sakralurs.
instituciuri xasiaTis hierokratiul organiza-
cias SeiZleba ewodos eklesia, imdenad, ramdenadac
misi administraciuli mmarTveloba moiTxovs reg-
lamentaciis gamoyenebiT legitimuri hierokratiu-
li iZulebis monopolias, rasac warmatebiT axorci-
elebs.
aseTi simetriuli gansazRvrebiT veberi erTma-
neTs upirispirebs da sapirispiro poziciaSi ayenebs
or did instituts, romlebic rogorc adre, ise
dResac ecilebian erTmaneTs teritoriis da indivi-
dis kontrols dasavleTSi.
erTic da meorec iyenebs da cdilobs gamoiyenos
meoris specifikuri saSualebebi, moaxdinos meore
institutis damorCileba an gamoyeneba sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevad. orive instituti cdilobs Za-
lauflebis mopovebas.
eklesia efuZneba sivrcul wess (eklesia, saepis-
koposo da a.S.), romelic aRar aris mimarTuli teri-
toriis uSualo kontrolisken Tanamedrove samya-
roSi. im azriT, rom is cdilobs moaxvios Tavis su-
lier sazRvrebSi.
saxelmwifo miznad isaxavs ganavrcos Tavisi xe-
lisufleba yvelaze, vinc cxovrobs mocemul teri-
toriaze, im teritoriaze, romelsac is akontro-
lebs.
iq, sadac eklesiam uari Tqva politikuri rolis
uSualo Sesrulebasa da teritoriis gakontroleba-
ze, mas aucileblad sWirdeba saxelmwifosTan kavSi-
ri.

281
 veberis mier SemoTavazebuli gansxvaveba poli-
tikur mmarTvelobasa da hierokratiul mmarTvelo-
bas Soris unda gavigoT, rogorc analitikuri gan-
sxvaveba.
politikuri xelisufleba – fizikur Zaladobas
iyenebs.
religiuri xelisufleba fsiqikur manipulacias
mimarTavs.
rodesac davuSvebT veberiseul gansxvavebas
mmarTvelobis or formas Soris, es dayofa or sfe-
ros Soris sirTules Seicavs.
sakraluri (fsiqikuri) sikeTeebiT manipulire-
bis monopolia da Zaladobis saSualebebis gamoyene-
baze monopoliis SenarCuneba SeiZleba sruliad da-
emTxves erTmaneTs, an ... es problematika SeiZleba
gavigoT avgustineseul problematikad, rac gaCnda
romaul qristianobaSi, rodesac eklesia da saxel-
mwifo arsebobdnen keisrul-papobasTan erTad, rom-
lebic iyvnen gansxvavebuli dapirispirebuli erTe-
ulebi, magram amasTanave ar iyvnen Serwymulni, miu-
xedavad urTierTSerCevisa.
mcire gafrTxileba: politikur sferosa da re-
ligiur sferos Soris ar aris erTnairi sxvadasxva
kulturul sistemebSi.
mefe mRvdels martooden aRmosavleTis da aziis
tradiciul ierarqiul saxelmwifoSi vxvdebiT. me-
feebisa da sasuliero pirebs Soris urTierTobis
sam tips gamoyofs kliford geerci:
1. mefe amavdroulad aris mRvdeli (egvipte, Ci-
neTi, Sumeri).
2. mefe aris pirobiTi figura, vidre magiur – re-
ligiuri (indoeTi)

282
 3. mefe ar ekuTvnis eklesias, mainc warmoadgens
samyaros magiur-religiur centrs.

§4. pastoraluri mTavroba (miSel fuko)

makiavelis siqvelis politikis pirispir XVI-XVII

saukuneebidan mkvidrdeba sxva metad gansxvavebuli
modeli. es aris pastoraluri Zalauflebis modeli,
romelSic sakiTxi imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom gaZ-
lierdes an stabiluri gaxdes ufliswulis Zlaauf-
leba, aramed amoqmeddes TviT saxelmwifo.
miSel fukom scada daepirispirebina Zalaufle-
bis urTierTobis ori tipi dasavleTSi: erTi mimar-
Tulia centralizebuli suverenuli saxelmwifos
aSenebisken, meore ki gaTvlilia individebze da gaT-
valiswinebulia maT samarTavad xangrZlivad da
mtkiced. aseTi individualizmis xelSemwyob xeli-
suflebas ewodeba `pastoraluri~.
faris mwyemsis movaleobaa mouaros da daicvas
Tavisi fara da miznad isaxavs TiToeuli cxovelis
sijansaRes. is ar cdilobs flobdes Zalas, raTa sa-
marTavad vinmes Tavze moaxvios Tavisi Zalaufleba.
Zalauflebis axlebur analizs, romelsac fuko
gvTavazobs, safuZvelSi ar aqvs kanoni da modelad
ki – samarTali. saxelmwifos sazrisi racionaluri
xelmZRvanelobis TvalsazrisiT, romelmac SeiZle-
ba gazardos saxelmwifos siZliere, gulisxmobs axa-
li tipis codnis Camoyalibebas.
pastoraluri Zalauflebis gaCenasTan erTad
mTavroba SesaZlebelia arsebobdes marto im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu is flobs codnas saxelmwifoze da sxva
saxelmwifoebze. saxelmwifos `statistika~ an ariT-

283
metika Cndeba, rogorc politikuri mecniereba, ro-
melic racionaluri moqmedebisa da kargi mTavrobis
gaZlierebis saSualebas iZleva. iseTi mTavrobisa,
romelic zrunavs mosaxleobaze.
polisis saxeliT xorcieldeba mTeli rigi mmar-
Tveloba, rac efuZneba codnas samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis Sesaxeb. dRes amis Taobaze saubroben, ro-
gorc saxalxo politikaze.
germaniaSi isini iwodeba, rogorc
Polizeiwissenschaft, termini, romliTac aRiniSneba da
iswavleba saadministracio mecniereba. me-18 sauku-
nis cnobil traqtatSi administraciuli mecniere-
bis Sesaxeb delameris kompendiumSi avtori asaxe-
lebs 11 sferos, romelsac saxelmwifom unda gauwi-
os zedamxedveloba:
1.religia, 2. morali, 3. jandacva, 4. momarageba, 5.
gzebi, xidebi, gzadkecilebi, sazogadoebrivi Seno-
bebi, 6. sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba, 7. Tavisufali
Semoqmedeba (xelovebis saxeebi), 8. vaWroba, 9. fabri-
kebi 10. mosamsaxureebi da mZime SromiT dakavebuli
adamiani 11. Raribebi.
CamoTvlili punqtebi qmnian birTvs, romlis ir-
gvliv Camoyalibebulia suverenuli monarqiuli sa-
xelmwifo feodalur epoqaSi, ZiriTadad SeiaraRe-
buli Zalisa da samarTlianobis kontrolis meoxe-
biT, romelsac kvebavs centraluri fiskaluri sis-
tema. saxelmwifos arsi mdgomareobda mTeli rigi
axali seqtorebis ganviTarebaSi, romlebic iqmnebo-
da saxelmwifos specifikuri Carevis meSveobiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo
Tavisi Camoyalibebisas iyo rogorc individualize-
buli, iseve totalitaruli. magram aseTi formulis

284
saxelmwifo ar unda avurioT erTpartiul tota-
lur saxelmwifoSi, radgan am ukanasknelis teqno-
logiebi miznad ar isaxaven xelisuflebis individu-
alizacias garkveul `individTa~ iZulebisa da maT-
ze sruli kontrolis meSveobiT, aramed gulisxmo-
ben sazogadoebis masobriv rwmenas da sruli rekon-
struqciis ganxorcielebas.
ganviTarebuli socialuri dacvis mqone pasto-
raluri saxelmwifos yovlismomcveli mizani sul
sxvaa. meore msoflio omis Semdeg is srulyofs so-
cialuri mmarTvelobis teqnologiebs, romlebic
germaniaSi Semoitana bismarkma da SeuZlia daey-
rdnos neokeinsianur saSualebas. uzrunvelyos Se-
mosavlebis gadanawileba, rogorc amas adgili hqon-
da dasavleT evropaSi ekonomikuri zrdis 30-wlian
periodSi.
magram 1973 w. sanavTobo Sokma gamoiwvia saxel-
mwifos moTokva Tu ukan daxeva. safrangeTSi, maga-
liTad, man decentrlizaciis forma miiRo, romlis
safuZvelzedac centraluri saxelmwifos mTeli
rigi kompetenciebi gadaeca adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tvelobis organoebs. magram saxelmwifos masobrivi
reglamentaciebis moxsna eWvqveS ar ayenebs zogierT
pastoralur funqcias.
dasavleTis arc erT qveyanaSi socialuri daz-
Rvevis sistema ar gauqmebula. magaliTad, safran-
geTSi saxelmwifo awarmoebs daxmarebis politikas
umuSevrebisaTvis. aseve reformebiT xels uwyobs
imas, rom individTa ufro didi jufebi iyos moculi
sadazRvevo an dacvis sistemiT.

285
 §5. sekularizmis arsi

sityva-termini sekularoba, arc ise didi xania

gamoiyeneba Cvens yoveldRiur leqsikaSi. es termini
popularuli gaxda e.w. politikuri elitis garkve-
ul nawilSi da sazogadoebis garkveul segmentSi.
bevrisTvis es sityva-termini dResac ucnobia, aseve
ucnobia misi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva, aRaraferi
rom vTqvaT misi gaazrebis aucileblobaze TiToe-
ul individis mier, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi da
Sesabamisad saxelmwifoSi.
sityva sekularizacia warmoiSva laT. saecularis,
rac saeros niSnavs. sityva Semoitana britanelma
mweralma jorj holiakem (1817-1906). am sityvas Ta-
namedrove leqsikaSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT iyene-
ben. miuxedavad sityvis – sekularizacia araerTgva-
rovani mniSvnelobebisa maT aerTianebT saerooba,
anu sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, sekularizacia gu-
lisxmobs e.w. desakralizacias (m. veberi), SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom sekularizacia (Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi
SevsebiT) aris garkveuli deinstitucionalizacia.
ra aris sekularizacia? rogorc vxedavT igi gu-
lisxmobs e.w. saero saxelmwifos ideas, xolo saeroa
is saxelmwifo, sadac xelisufleba Tavisufalia in-
stituciuri religiis an eklesiis zegavlenisgan da
piriqiT, instituciuri religia damoukidebelia sa-
xelmwifo an politikuri kontrolisgan. es aris sa-
xelmwifo, romelsac ar gaaCnia iurisdiqcia reli-
giur saqmeebze.
sekularizacia ar aRmocenebula religiisadmi
mtrobis safuZvelze. piriqiT, religiisadmi mtroba

286
Seusabamoa sekularuli (saero) saxelmwifos bune-
basTan, vinaidan is Tavisufalia nebismieri religii-
sa Tu uzenaesi rwmenis sakiTxebisgan.
frang mkvlevar roJe Sarties naSromis safran-
geTis revoluciis kulturuli wyaroebi (1990) erT-
erT Tavs ewodeba “deqristianizacia da sekulari-
zacia~. am teqstSi avtori gamoTqvams uaRresad sa-
intereso da mniSvnelovan Sexedulebas da warmoa-
Cens orive terminis absolutur pirobiTobas. `deq-
ristianizaciis hipoTeza niSnavs, rom warsulSi
qristianizacia arsebobda~ – wers is. magram gana mo-
narqiis periodSi safrangeTis mosaxleoba morwmune
qristianebisagan Sedgeboda? termin `sekulariza-
ciis~ namdvili Sinaarsi mdgomareobs saxelmwifosa
da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi klerikaluri elitebis
mniSvnelobis SemcirebaSi. evropaSi es procesi sama-
si weli mimdinareobda.
sekularul saxelmwifoSi eklesia ar aris gavle-
niani politikuri da ekonomikuri Zala, aramed as-
rulebs sasuliero cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel mis-
Tvis mindobil rols.
sekularizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas erTi mxriv, mouwo-
debs sarwmunoebis Tavisuflebas, ufro zustad,
mTavrobis mier xalxze religiis Tavsmoxvevisgan
Tavisuflebas, saxelmwifoSi, romelic neitralu-
ria sawrmunoebis sakiTxebis mimarT da ar aZlevs
privilegias da aseve finansur daxmarebas ar uwevs
arc erT religias.
politikuri Teologiis konceptualur maxasia-
Teblebze rodesac vmsjelobT, eklesia da saxelmwi-
fo sxvadasxva kuTxiT unda ganvixilavT:

287
 - eklesia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebaa
da garkveuli azriT Tavad warmoadgens `poliss~,
romelic dafuZnebulia Teologiaze.
- sasuliero avtoritetsa da saero Zalauflebas
Soris ra mimarTeba arsebobs, gasaazrebelia `Rmer-
Tis samefosa~ da amqveyniuri Zalauflebis fenome-
nologia.
- rogor uzrunvelyofs eklesia garkveuli po-
litikuri sistemis funqcionirebas Teologiur
diskursSi.
- axdens Tu ara eklesia sakuTari plitikis uz-
runvelyofas Teologiuri diskursis meSveobiT.
da bolos umTavresi kiTxvaa: ramdenad axdens esa
Tu is politikis sistema eklesiis Teologiur dis-
kursze gavlenas.

§6. aTeni da ierusalimi – azrovnebis ori kon-

cepti, rogorc Tanamedroveobis filosofi-
ur-Teologiuri paradigma

XX saukunis tendenciebi, romelic gamoxatulia

liberalur da sekularul moZraobad, daupirispir-
da dasavluri kulturis or sayrdens; antikur az-
rovne-basa da bibliur religias. Tanamedroveobis
moazrovneebi, am epoqas `Tanamedroveobis kriziss~
uwodeben. azrovnebis es ori koncepti aRiniSneba ie-
rusalimis da aTenis saxeliT. es ori saazrovno dis-
kursi dasavluri kulturis ganviTarebas da arse-
bobas ganapirobebda.
miwier babilonsa da ciur ierusalims Soris, mi-
wier sazogadoebasa da RvTaebriv qalaqs Soris da-
pirispireba saTaves iRebs codvaSi. es dapirispireba

288
specialuradaa ganxiluli wminda avgustines naS-
romSi `RvTaebrivi qalaqi~. es naSromSi eZRvneba ek-
lesiisa da saxelmwifos Soris institucionaluri
dayofis gamarTlebas.
Sua saukuneebSi vxvdebiT naSroms, sadac avtore-
bi ixilaven eklesiis mier saxelmwifoze batonobis
legitimacias. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es dapiris-
pireba wminda avgustinesTan dualizms warmoadgens.
dualizmi zecasa da miwas Soris. raSi mdgomareobs
masTan dualizmi: avgustinesTan keTildReoba miwi-
er sazogadoebaSi Znelad misaRwevia.
RvTaebrivi qalaqi `wminda respublika~, sadac
adamianebs uyvarT erTmaneTi, uyvarT RmerTi, gan-
kiTxvis dRis Semdeg, rodesac uwminduri miwieri qa-
laqi babiloni daingreva, adgili daeTmoba zeciur
ierusalims. magram aqve avgustine miiCnevs, rom miwi-
er qalaqSi, romelic saTaves kaenis dawyevlili
Stodan iRebs, SeiZleba met-naklebad samarTliani
wesrigi sufevdes. ras gulisxmobs avtori: arsebob-
da neroni, romelmac Tavisi neba Zalismieri da da-
mangreveli saxiT daimkvidra. da aseve arsebobda
mravali tirani. magram arsebobda imperatori av-
gustine, romelic imdenad keTili da samarTliani
mmarTveli iyo, rom qristes mosvlis mauwyeblad
mogvevlina.
amdenad, rogorc Tanamedroveobis moazrovne
dominik kola aRniSnavs: dapirispireba miwier qalaq-
sa, anu omis qalaqsa da RvTaebriv qalaqs, iZulebiT
qalaqebs Soris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moqalaqe-
obisa da RvTis qalaqis moqalaqeebs Soris, ar aris
absoluturi dapirispireba. garkveul pirobebSi mi-
wieri qalaqi garkveulwilad SeiZleba gaxdes wina-
morbedi an arasrulyofili sarke RvTis qalaqisa.

289
amis msgavsad, qristians SeuZlia iyos aqtiuri moqa-
laqe: jariskaci, mosamarTle, imperatori. eklesia
SeiZleba daeTanxmos saxelmwifos an ecados Caaye-
nos is Tavis samsaxurSi, maSin, rodesac qristianma
ar unda uRalatos Tavis rwmenas da ar unda damor-
Cildes qalaqSi cxovrebis moTxovnebs.
dualizmis arsebobis daZleva Zalzed rTulia,
radan `ori qalaqis~ arseboba Rrmad aris gamjdari
dasavleTis politikur warmodgenebSi. SeiZleba da-
isvas kiTxva: am naxsenebi ori qalaqis Sedareba mis-
tikuria da ara institucionaluri. Sua saukuneebSi
umaRlesobis, uzenaesobis zogierTi forma saSua-
lebas iZleoda Camoyalibebuliyo erTi mxriv miwie-
ri qalaqi da saxelmwifo, meores mxriv – RvTis qala-
qi da eklesia. es problematika aris kaTolikuri ek-
lesiis problematika, romelic moiTxovs eklesiis
kontrols samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze.
Tanamedroveobis krizis gasacnobiereblad da
misi daZlevisaTvis unda moxdes maTi reaqtualiza-
cia da reinterpretacia. urTierTdapirispirebuli
azrovnebis konceptis gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobis
gaazreba xsnis filosofiur, Teologiur da poli-
tikuri diskursis axal perspeqtivas. Tanamedrove-
obis moazrovneebi, rogorc aRniSnaven ixsneba raci-
onaluri azrovnebis axali perspeqtivebi. mTavari
mdgomareobs ara imaSi, romeli gzaa swori, aramed
romeli gza warmarTavs adamians, mis cxovrebas uke-
Tesad.
ori dapirispirebuli polusis Serigeba istori-
ulad ver xerxdeboda. magram sakacobrio kulturis
momavali maT damoukidebel ganviTarebaSi unda ve-
ZeboT, Tu SesaZlebelia maT universaluri sinTezi.
adamiani xom Tavisi sazRvriTi eqsistencialuri

290
mdgomareobis gamo religiasa da mecnierebas, gamoc-
xadebasa da gonebas, eklesiasa da akademias Sors di-
alogs anu axali komunikaciis gzas unda dadges, ro-
melic gaxsnis TanamedroveobisaTvis axal hori-
zonts.
msoflio politika radikaluri gardaqmnebis fa-
zaSi imyofeba, sadac yvelaze mniSvnelovania ra
gziT myardeba wesrigi saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da
rogor yalibdeba saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso sa-
zogadoeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, dReisaTvis mTavari Te-
zisi aris wesrigi uwesrigobis winaaRmdeg.
Tanamedroveobis didi moazrovneebi hedli buli
da sxv. ayeneben sakiTxs, anu svamen kiTxvas, aris Tu
ara saxelmwifoTa sistema dromoWmuli? unda aRi-
niSnos, rom es aris anarqistuli kiTxva, romelsac
sainteresod pasuxobs: saxelmwifoTa sistema axla
dromoWmulia – es imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoTa
sistemas ar SeuZlia, an male veRar SeZlebs Seasru-
los dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianis bazisuri miz-
nebi da amocanebi. saxelmwifo sistemas aRar SeuZ-
lia mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. mi-
si azriT, es aris klasikuri argumentebi `saerTaSo-
riso anarqizmis~ winaRmdeg, romelsac axla zurgs
umagrebs birTvuli omis gansakuTrebuli safrTxe.
adamianis bunebrivi garemos harmoniuli Tanac-
xovrebis ekologiuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad:
rom amasTan dakavSirebuli mosaxleobis kontro-
lis, sursaTis warmoebisa da ganawilebis, resurse-
bis marTvisa da SenarCunebis sakiTxebi SeiZleba
efeqturad gadawydes, mxolod globaluri midgo-
miT da adamianuri solidarobis SegnebiT, romelsac

291
xels aRar SeuSlis kacobriobis saelmwifoebad da-
yofa.
jer kide hamiltoni kiTxulobs: `namdvilad Ses-
wevT Tu ara adamianTa sazogadoebebs, gansjisa da
arCevanze dafuZnebuli vargebuli mmarTveloba da-
amyaron, Tu erTxel da samudamod arian ganwirulni
TavianTi politikuri agebuleba SemTxveviTobas da
Zalmomreobas daumonon~.
platonidan mokidebuli legitimaciis problema
yovelTvis samarTlianobasTan mimarTebaSi ganixi-
leboda. dRevandel epoqaSi (sekularul postmo-
dernul epoqaSi) Zalaufleba samarTlianobis kuT-
xiT aRar ganixileba. iozef raTcingeri gamosavals
(misi azriT) gonebasa da religias Soris dialogSi
xedavs. radgan guli da goneba, codna da rwmena er-
TmaneTs awonasworebs da akontrolebs kidec.
wina planze wamoiwevs politikuri wesrigis wina-
repolitikuri wanamZRvrebis analizi. rogorc iur-
gen habermasi aRniSnavs postsekularul sazogadoe-
baSi morwmuneTa da urwmunoTa Soris urTierTobis
problemis saxes iZens.
axali drois filosofosebi iRvwian ganmanaT-
leblobis ideebiT aRWurvilni `gardaqmnisaTvis~ –
laparakia xalxis bednierebis miRwevaze, misTvis
ukeTesi cxovrebis SeqmniT, da saxelmwifos gaZlie-
rebiT. anu vlindeba paradoqsuli situacia, Tana-
medrove saxelmwifo Tavisi Camoyalibebisas iyo,
rogorc `individualizirebuli, aseve totalita-
ruli~.
Zalauflebis axleburi analizi, romelsac fuko
gvTavazobs; safuZvelSi ara aqvs kanoni da modelad
ki samarTali,... rogorc dominik kola aRniSnavs: sa-
xelmwifos sazrisi racionaluri xelmZRvanelobis

292
TvalsazrisiT, romelmac SeiZleba gazardos saxel-
mwifos siZliere; gulisxmobs axali tipis codnis Ca-
moyalibebas. man Zalauflebis ori tipi daupirispi-
ra. erTia centralizebuli suverenuli saxelmwi-
fos aSenebisaken, meore ki gaTvlilia individze da
gaTvaliswinebulia maT samarTavad xangrZlivad da
mtkiced. aseT individualizmis xelSemwyob xeli-
suflebas rogorc iTqva ewodeba `pastoraluri~.
unda aRiniSnos rom `gayofis~ Teoria didad aris
davalebuli avgustinesagan. man mkacrad gamijna sa-
xelmwifo da eklesia, ,amqveyniuri qalaqi~ da `zeci-
uri qalaqisagan~.
arc erT socialur reformas ar ZaluZs adamia-
nis WeSmariti ganTavisufleba anu maTi Zalebis gan-
wmenda vnebebisagan.
dedamiwaze caTa sasufevlis damyarebis yvela
mcdelobas jojoxeTi moaqvs.
avgustine brZanebs `saxelmwifo aris mxolodRa
aucilebeli boroteba, romlis moqalaqeebs aiZu-
lebs gadalaxos Zaladoba da Zalmomreobis konkre-
tuli gamovlenaa adamianebs Soris. kanoni qristia-
nebs, anu zecis moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs gaik-
vlion gza WeSmariti keriisaken, anu zeciuri qala-
qisaken. magram qristianebi, rogorc adamianebi bu-
nebiT arian socialurebi da amdenad, isini aucile-
bel kavSirSi arian sxva adamianebTan, anu miwieri qa-
laqis macxovreblebTan. amdenad isini saRvTo Rire-
bulebebs, anu `zeciur faseulobebs~ (rogoricaa
mSvidoba da siyvaruli) Tavis TavSi atareben da Se-
sabamisad SemoaqvT isini sazogadoebriv sferoSi
`saRvTo da miwieri qalaqis wevrebi harmoniulad
arian CarTuli saxelmwifos sxeulSi~.

293
 axal drSi mTel imedebs ganmanaTlebloze amya-
rebda. pasuxi SekiTxvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?
kanti pasuxobda: ganmanaTlebloba – esaa adamianis
gamosvla umwifrobidan, romelic misive bralia. um-
wifroba aris umweoba, sakuTari gansja sxvisi xel-
mZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro. mTavar sakiTxad re-
ligiis sferos miiCnevs, radgan xelovanTa da mecni-
erebebTan dakavSirebiT Cvens mmarTvelobas ar aqvT
interesi.
dResac ismeba SekiTxva: brZanebs fuko Tu ra aris
Tanamedrove filosofia? am SekiTxvaze SeiZleba
egeTi gagveca pasuxi: Tanamedrove filosofia
isaa,romelic cdilobs, gasces pasuxi ori saukunis
win ase gaufrTxileblad dasmul SekiTxvaze: Was ist
Aufklarung?
fuko am gansazRvrebas ukavSirebs marTvis dasav-
luri ideasa da ideals, romelsac fesvebi qristia-
nul pastoralur teqnikaSi aqvs. romlis mixedviT
nebismieri adamiani unda imarTos. arsebobs formebi
subieqtad qcevisa- magram Cven arasodes varT bo-
lomde maT mier `damonebuli~ Tu `damorCilebuli~.
Cven SegviZlia maTi miReba, magram, aseve maTi isto-
riulobis gamokvleviTa da gaTvaliswinebiT, maT
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayeneba.
Cven ZalgviZs `Tavisuflebis~ usasrulo samuSa-
os, ramdenadac SeiZleba bevri axali impulsi miv-
ceT~.
haidegeri axali drois ZiriTad niSans gamoyofs.
pirveli axali drois mecnierebaa. meore ZiriTadi
niSani manqanuri teqnikaa. TviT manqanuri teqnika
aris yofierebis imgvari wesis gabatonebis Sedegi,
romelic amkvidrebs bunebismetyvelebis praqtiku-

294
li gamoyenebis moTxovnas. mesame arsebiT niSans war-
moadgens xelovnebis CarTva esTetikis horizontSi.
es ukanaskneli gaiazreba, rogorc umaRlesi Rire-
bulebis realizacia adamianur RirsebaTa kultu-
ris arsidan gamomdinareobs. sakuTari Tavis kulti-
virebaze mimarTeba da kulturul politikad iqce-
va. es ar niSnavs aTeizmis gabatonebas. religiuroba
SenarCunebulia, magram isev da isev gancdis sfero-
Si gadatanili RmerTTan mimarTeba gaiazreba reli-
giuri gancdis da ara vTqvaT RvTaebrivi gamocxade-
bis safuZvelze.
am dros arsebiTia is, rom adamiani ikavebs ra
mdgomareobas, cdilobs mis nebismier SenarCunebas,
rogorc safuZvels sakuTari adamianobisaTvis gan-
viTarebisaTvis. amis Semdeg Cndeba cneba, rogoricaa
adamianis statusi (uflebebi). amiT iwyeba adamianis
arsebobis imgvari saxe, rodesac adamianis nebismie-
ri unari ganixileba mTlianad yofierebis pirobisa
da aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT.
haidegeri Tvlis, rom axali drois umTavresi
procesia, saerTod gagebuli samyaros dapyroba
adamianis mier. adamiani ibrZvis imgvari poziciis
mopovebisTvis, romelic sazoms daudgens da normas
dauwesebs mTlianad arsebuls. ramdenadac es pozi-
cia uzrunvelyofa, artikulirdeba da vlindeba
msoflmxedvelobis meSveobiT. mxedvelobaTa am
brZolisaTvis da am brZolis arsidan gamomdinare,
adamians moqmedebaSi mohyavs sayovelTao gamoT-
vlis, dagegmvis da organizaciis ganuzomeli Zala.

295
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