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Abstract—The aim of this paper is to give scientific background required due to the particular characteristics of PVIs different
and essential assumptions to be introduced into the design of light- from CLVPDSs ones such as: electrical and geometric charac-
ning and surge protection in photovoltaic installations (PVIs), with teristics, expositions and locations.
particular emphasis on the aspects of standardization to be cov-
ered. For this purpose, the relevant protective measures given in Lightning and surge protection is the main matter of the stan-
the standards for conventional low-voltage power distribution sys- dard IEC 62305 (parts 1 to 4). Part 1 [13] lists terms, damages
tems (CLVPDSs) are adapted in part. This revision is required be- due lightning, protection needs and measures, lightning current
cause the peculiar characteristics of PVIs are different from those parameters, and basic criteria for protection of structures and
of CLVPDSs. The resulting protection approach that determines
the advisable protective measures by a risk management has been
services. Part 2 [15] provides the risk management method to
applied to an actual grid-connected PVI (GCPVI), Univer Project. select optimal combination of protection measures. Part 3 [16]
The extra cost of this protection in this PVI (approximately 3.6% of concerns the lightning protection system (LPS). Part 4 [14] con-
the system cost) is of secondary importance because of the increase siders the protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse
of safety and availability. Furthermore, in order to fulfill with this (LEMP) for the electrical/electronic systems. On the other hand,
protection, the surge withstand capability (SWC) of PV modules
has been investigated as well. standard IEC 61643-12 [17] describes the selection and appli-
cation principles of surge protective devices (SPDs) connected
Index Terms—Lightning, photovoltaic power system, safety, to CLVPDSs.
standards, surge.
All the above-mentioned standards are taken into consider-
ation for the approach of the modern concept of lightning and
I. INTRODUCTION surge protection in PVIs described later on. This concept inte-
grates the determination of the need for protection with the se-
near the PVI (S2); flashes to the services connected to the PVI
(S3); flashes to nearby services connected to the PVI (S4).
Protection against LEMP, as shown later, is based on the light-
ning protection zone (LPZ) concept [13]: a hierarchy of zones of
protection where the severity of threatening parameters caused
by LEMP is reduced in steps. Depending on the number, type
and SWC of electrical and electronic PV equipment, suitable
inner LPZs are defined (Fig. 1), from small local zones up to
large integral zones.
Lightning surges originating the D3 damage type together
with temporary overvoltages are explained below in detail.
(Fig. 1: T1, T2, S3-a/b, S4-a/b). International standard IEC simulates indirect one. Lastly, conduced surges due to switching
61643-12 [17] gives types and their main characteristics. event in CLVPDSs always are expected to be at less than 6 kV
[17].
III. LIGHTNING DATA AND EVALUATION OF SURGES Surges due to induction effects from MFs, generated either
DUE TO INDUCTION AND CONDUCTED EFFECTS from direct lightning flashes to the PVI/LPS (S1) or from
FOR PROTECTION PURPOSES nearby lightning flash (S2), have an typical waveshape
[13]. These impulse currents, are shown in
PV equipment located in outer zones (LPZ ) can be at Fig. 1. Care should be taken that peak values of expected surges
risk due to the non-attenuated MF and surges up to a full in PVIs will be greater than proposed ones for CLVPDSs [13]
lightning current of a direct lightning flash (Fig. 1). However, due to larger loops and lesser attenuation of MF.
when it is located in inner zones , it can be at risk Annex A of IEC 62305-4 [16] presents a theoretical method,
due to the surges induced in internal loop and/or conducted from approved with experiments [21], to evaluate the maximum value
outside by incoming services . of the induced voltage and current as a function of different pa-
rameters for the cases of lightning flashes to/near the protected
A. Expected Surges Due to Flashes to the PVI
structure. Its analysis and calculation requires the use of elabo-
The lightning protection concept is based on actual lightning rate models. The complexity of these models calls for an imple-
data measured over years. For engineering purposes, four light- mentation into computer codes because they require a numerical
ning protection levels (LPLs) are defined [13]: I–IV. For each integration or the relevant equations [22].
LPL a set of minimum and maximum lightning current param- Specific researches have been carried out about induced volt-
eters is fixed. The minimum values define the interception effi- ages in single PV modules and strings [3], [5] both theoretical
ciency of LPS. The maximum values define the lightning threat and experimental ones. They highlight that induced voltage is
(lightning current and its associated MF , Fig. 1) for the essentially determined by the orientation of internal wiring loop
components of LPS and the equipment to be protected. and the presence of both the metal frame (reduction factor (RF)
The lightning current consists of one or more different by 3–5) and aluminum foil at the backside (RF by 7–10). Volt-
strokes: short strokes and long strokes. Mechanical effects ages up to one kV have been measured for a typical single PV
of lightning current depend on its specific energy and module located to 0.07 m of the full lightning current.
current peak value . Thermal ones are related to
and charge . Lastly, induced surges are related to the average
steepness di/dt. IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PV EQUIPMENT
The lightning current to be considered consists of a first stroke TO BE PROTECTED
(typically with a s waveshape ) and a negative
subsequent stroke (with a 0.25/100 s waveshape ).
A. General PV Equipment
The parameters of the above waveshapes are selected according
to relevant standard [13] for LPL from I to IV. Hence, for the The SWC of the LV general electrical equipment is defined in
waveshape , the and ranges in the in- their product specifications (applicable standard) or, if not avail-
tervals 200–100 kA, 100–50 C, and 10–2.5 MJ/ , respectively. able, should be tested according to international standard IEC
The maximum value of di/dt is determined by , where 61000-4-5 [23]. The relevant U.S. standard is IEEE C62.45 [24].
di/dt and its ranges in the intervals 200–100 kA/ s and Working groups of IEC and IEEE Standards have developed
50–25 kA respectively. different standard surge waves for testing SWC. Thus, interna-
The quantitative knowledge of the factors influencing the tional standard applies an current surge and a s
sharing of the lightning current [13], [15], [17] within the voltage surge in the tests of SWC of current and voltage,
external LPS, if available, and/or among several services (e.g., respectively.
water and gas pipes, power and signal lines ), earth-termina- The rated SWC of the equipment, according to [23], depends
tion system and external conductive parts at particular points of largely on the installation conditions: class 1 to 4. This classifi-
the PVI is essential for effective selection and dimensioning of cation is very similar like that of LPZs (4–1). For these classes,
conductors, SPDs Determining of this current distribution the rated impulse withstand voltage and impulse withstand
may be accomplished either by a computer simulation using current ranges in the intervals 0.5–4 kV and 0.25–2 kA, respec-
network analyzing software [22], or by approximation as given tively. Besides, as electrical equipment is usually energized di-
in [13], [17]. Current sharing not only concerns its peak value, rectly from the LV mains, its SWC must also meet IEC 60664-1
but also to its specific energy, charge, and steepness. [25] to achieve the insulation coordination. Similar rated levels
of , but not the same to the previous ones, are defined ac-
B. Expected Surges Due to Conduced and Induction Effects cording to nominal voltage of mains and the equipment over-
In GCPVIs, the waveshape and amplitude of conduced surges voltage category (I–IV) [25]. Overvoltage category classifica-
due to flashes to/near the incoming services—similar to those tion (I–IV) may be considered equivalent to that of LPZs
ones of CLVPDSs—depends on several factors as mentioned in .
[13]. The waveshape (10–5 kA for LPLs from I to IV) The choice of for the whole ac/dc PV equipment will be
and the (10–5 kA/ s and 2.5–1.25 kA) usually simu- carried out according to [25] and the aforesaid relationship be-
late direct flashes. The 8/20 s current impulse (5–2.5 kA) tween LPZs/overvoltage categories, except for dc PV equipment
1964 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2008
management [13] by means the reported method in [14]. This Internal LPS shall prevent dangerous sparking within the
method provides a procedure for the evaluation of the total risk protected PVI by equipotential bonding and safety separation.
. The selection from among different protection measures, Equipotentialization is reached by interconnecting the external
to reduce the risk to or below the tolerable risk , takes into LPS with the following parts: structural metal parts, external
account their efficiency as well as the cost of their provision conductive parts, internal metal installations and systems and
(cost-effectiveness). incoming services. Bonding external LPS at the further point
The risk [14] is defined as the probability of having an an- from reference bonding point (Fig. 1) is necessary when it is
nual loss in the structure or its content. Four types of risks are not possible to maintain an adequate separation [15] between
considered associated to the four types of aforemen- the external LPS an all the above conductive parts.
tioned losses . In turn, each risk is the
B. LEMP Protection Measures System (LPMS)
sum of different components or
, i.e., injury to living beings by touch and step voltages, phys- The aim of LPMS is to avoid failure of electrical and elec-
ical damage by dangerous sparking and thermal effects, failure tronic equipment of a PVI due to LEMP caused by conducted
of electrical/electronic systems by LEMP, etc.). Each risk com- and induced surges via connecting wiring. This system works
ponent depends on the point of strike and on the annual by avoiding the formation of surges and equalizing all different
number of dangerous events attached to X, the related prob- potentials to a common potential at the instant of surge. A LPMS
ability of damage (damage to the structure) and the conse- divides the protected space into successive zones—volumes or
LPZ. For each one, LPMS attempts that the LEMP severity must
quent annual loss due to a single lightning flash (related to
be compatible with the SWC of the internal systems enclosed.
the total amount of persons or goods) so that
The system comprises the following basic measures analyzed
in detail hereafter.
(1) 1) Grounding: Dc PV equipment grounding refers to the
bonding to earth of all ECPs and frames [35] of the PVG
Sometimes it is interesting to divide the PVI into zones al- including any structural metalwork. These ECPs need not
lowing the designer to consider the peculiar characteristics of be earthed if protection against electric shock is achieved
each part in the evaluation of risk components and to select by: use of class II insulation—safety class II—or extra-LV
the most suitable protection measures tailored zone by zone, re- (ELV)—safety class III—in accordance with [27]. However,
ducing the overall cost of protection. dc PV equipment grounding is mandatory when protection by
automatic disconnection of supply is applied—safety class I.
A. Lightning Protection System PVG system grounding is not always required [36], [37].
A LPS is intended to prevent or to minimize the physical From the personnel and fire safety viewpoint, floating configu-
damage due to lightning flashes to the protected PVI. It con- rations are safer than grounded configurations [20], [38]. The
sists of both external and internal LPS. opposite case occurs when considering the lightning protection
External LPS (Fig. 1) intercepts the lightning flash to the PVI viewpoint. Thus, both viewpoints shall be weighted by engi-
(with an air-termination system—e.g., vertical air-termination neers for the best choice of PVG system grounding.
rods/mast, horizontal wire or mesh air-termination system), When it is necessary an grounding electrode for dc/ac PV
conducts the lightning current safely toward earth (using a equipment grounding as well as lightning purposes, it is ad-
down-conductor system—concealed or exposed), and disperses visable to have a single integrated structure earth-termination
the lightning current into the earth (using an earth-termination system (Figs. 1 and 5). If a separate grounding electrode is pro-
system—e.g., buried conducting loops or foundation earth vided for dc PV equipment grounding shall be bonded to the
electrode). installation earth. Design recommendations of the earth-termi-
IEC 63305-3 [15] offers a guideline for physical design nation system are given in [15] with type B grounding arrange-
ment as recommended.
and construction, maintenance and inspection of an external
2) Equipotential Bonding: A bonding network (BN) mini-
LPS. Items of design analyzed are: class of LPS, need to
mizes potential differences and may reduce MF. BN can be ar-
isolate external LPS from protected structure, potential use of
ranged (Fig. 1) by integrating magnetic shields of the LPZ at the
natural components, positioning, materials and sizing. Volume
periphery (three-dimensional meshed structure), or conductive
protected by the external LPS is obtained using one of the parts of the systems inside of the LPZ, and by bonding metal
following methods: protection angle or rolling sphere or mesh parts or conductive services at the boundary of each LPZ di-
method. The second one is preferred in all cases [33]. However, rectly or by using reliable SPDs.
this method should still be improved in complex structures [34]. BN connected to the earth-termination system constitutes
In PVIs, external LPS must be designed so that all PV com- the complete grounding system. Bonding bars (BBs) (e.g.,
ponents shall be inside the protected volume: LPZ or higher ring BBs, several BBs at different points) shall be installed
as shown in Fig. 1. PV generator (PVG)—dc side of the PVI—is for bonding of (Figs. 1 and 5): a) structural metal parts;
usually located in LPZ without an external LPS. PVG com- b) external conductive parts; c) magnetic shields that constitute
prises PV modules, dc wiring and PV array/generator junction the boundary of each LPZ; d) internal metal installations;
boxes. Proper design of external LPS should also avoid shad- e) metal components of internal systems by means protective
owing of neighboring modules [4] and increase the distance be- conductor (i.e., ECPs of the systems inside of a LPZ); f) all
tween lightning current path and potential PV loops to decrease metal parts and conductive services entering a LPZ (directly or
damage due to induced voltages [5]. by using reliable SPDs); g) internal systems (via SPDs).
1966 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2008
Fig. 5. General schema of a large PVI with some of the potential hardware of the LPMS.
Where possible, incoming services should enter the LPZ at ( m) In inner zones, line shielding is desirable
the same location and be connected to the same BB (Fig. 1). In when feed sensitive PV equipment.
other cases, bonding to a ring BB is recommended. 4) Line Routing: Suitable line routing minimizes induction
Design, material and dimensions of BN are explained in detail loop area thereby reducing induced internal overvoltages. The
in [15] and [19, Sect. 443]. loop area must be minimized by routing the cables as close as
3) Magnetic Shielding: Magnetic shielding is intended to re- possible to protective bounding conductors [37] (or inside nat-
duce the MF inside a LPZ arising from lightning flashes to/near ural components of BN—U-shaped conduits or metal trunking
the PVI. Thus, the non-attenuated MF is reduced to a suffi- [39]) and/or by routing electrical and signal lines together. Line
ciently low value of (Fig. 1). routing of PVG must meet: cables must be installed to provide
Spatial shields are used to create single protected volumes as as short runs as possible; the PV string, PV array, and PV dc
follows (Fig. 1): a) the whole inverter-control building—LPZ main cables (+ and -) must be bundled together. The layout of
1; b) a single room containing sensitive PV equipment (e.g., the PVG wiring is also important: enclosed wiring areas should
PV inverter—LPZ 1 or 2); c) volume restricted to the sensitive be kept as small as possible [6], [10], [37]. Examples of good
PV equipment by means of its shielded enclosure (e.g., PV line routing techniques, which may be extrapolated to PVIs, are
monitoring equipment—LPZ 2 or 3). Steel reinforcement (in given in [15], [39] and [19].
Line routing and shielding are important measures in outer
concrete) and metal facades are generally used to enclose build-
zones as well as in LPZ 1 if the effectiveness of its spatial
ings/rooms (mesh width below 5 m). Meanwhile, shielding of
shielding is negligible.
lines (cable screening) is restricted to cabling (power and/or
Reference [22] highlights that routing precautions and line
telecommunication) by means metallic shield of cables or shielding appear to be more effective measures to limit LEMP
closed metallic cable ducts. coupling than the spatial shield.
Design, material and dimensions of magnetic shields for 5) Isolating Interfaces: Isolating interfaces may be used to
both spatial shields and line shielding in PVIs may be derived avoid induced overvoltages through the sensitive PV equipment
from IEC62305-4 [16]. This standard also outlines a theoretical and its connected signal lines due to large loops or bad BN. Class
method, approved in [21], to evaluate the MF attenuation. II equipment or isolation transformers meet the requirements.
In PVIs, shielding of the single PV modules using metallic 6) Application of SPDs: SPDs are the most convenient de-
frames and aluminum foil at the backside is very important as vices to achieve lightning and surge equipotential bonding for
aforementioned. Besides, metallic support structure of PV ar- live conductors of incoming lines in a LPZ and its connected
rays may be part of the BN helping strongly to shield PVG internal live circuits both power and signal. The basic approach
(Figs. 1 and 5). to the coordination of SPDs is the same in both circuit types,
Reference [37] requires line shielding of PVG when its but its differences lead to specific rules for the selection and in-
ECPs are bonded to the external LPS. Nevertheless, in outer stallation: IEC 61643-12 [17] and IEC 61643-22 [40] for power
zones, line shielding is always advisable for dc long cables and signal lines, respectively.
HERNÁNDEZ et al.: LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION IN PVIS 1967
TABLE I
INSTALLATION OF SPDS ACCORDING TO PVG SYSTEM GROUNDING
TABLE II
LOSSES AND RISK VALUES FOR UNIVER PROJECT
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[34] M. Becerra, V. Cooray, and Z. A. Hartono, “Identification of lightning Jesús C. Hernández was born in Jaén, Spain. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D.
vulnerability points on complex grounded structures,” J. Electrostat., degrees from the University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain, in 1994 and 2003, respectively.
vol. 65, pp. 562–570, Aug. 2007. Since 1995, he has been an Associate Professor in the Department of Elec-
[35] Electrical Installations of Buildings—Part 7: Requirements for Special trical Engineering, University of Jaén. His research interests are in the area of
Installations or Locations—Section 712: Solar PV Power Supply Sys- renewable energy.
tems, IEC Std. 60364-7-712, 2002.
[36] LV Electrical Installations—Part 1: Fundamental Principles, Assess-
ment of General Characteristics, Definitions, IEC Std. 60364-1, 2005.
[37] Installation and Safety Requirements for PV Generators, PNW 82-481
(Ed. 1.0), IEC Std., to be published. Pedro G. Vidal was born in Jaén, Spain. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. de-
[38] W. I. Bower and J. C. Wiles, “Analysis of grounded and ungrounded grees from the University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain, in 1982 and 2001, respectively.
photovoltaic systems,” Proc. 1st WCPEC, pp. 809–812, Dec. 1994. Since 1984, he has been an Associate Professor (with tenure) at the Depart-
[39] Electromagnetic Compatibility—Part 5–2: Installation and Mitigation ment of Electrical Engineering University of Jaén, Spain. His scientific interests
Guidelines—Earthing and Cabling, IEC/TR Std. 61000-5-2, 1997. are in renewable energy.
[40] LV Surge Protective Devices—Part 22: Surge Protective Devices Con-
nected to Telecommunications and Signalling Networks—Selection
and Application Principles, IEC Std. 61643-22, 2004.
[41] Electrical Installations of Buildings—Part 5–53: Selection and Erec- Francisco Jurado (M’00–SM’06) was born in Linares, Spain. He received the
tion of Electrical Equipment-Isolation, Switching and Control, IEC M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the UNED, Madrid, Spain, in 1995 and 1999,
Std. 60364-5-53, 2002. respectively.
[42] LV Surge Protective Devices—Part 1: Surge Protective Devices Con- Since 1986, he has been a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engi-
nected to LV Power Distribution Systems—Requirements and Tests, neering, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain. His research activities have focused on
IEC Std. 61643-1, 2005. the topics of power systems and renewable energy.