Lesson 7

Skeletal system

The main purpose of the skeletal system is the skeletal system works as a support structure for the
body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs
and stores minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system.

The skeletal system (bones and joints) fulfills several needs in an animal. The skeleton serves as a
scaffold on which muscles can act to produce locomotion, provides protection for vital structures,
supplies an internal source for minerals, and harbors an environment that supports hematopoiesis.

Muscular system

The muscular system is the biological system of animals (including humans) that allows them to move
internally and externally. The muscular system in vertebrates consists of three different types of
muscles: cardiac, skeletal and smooth. Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle that makes up the heart.

The importance of the muscular system in animals are muscle, contractile tissue found in animals, the
function of which is to produce motion. Movement, the intricate cooperation of muscle and nerve
fibres, is the means by which an organism interacts with its environment.

The main function of the muscular system is the muscular system is a complex network of muscles vital
to the human body. Muscles play a part in everything you do. They control your heartbeat and
breathing, help digestion, and allow movement. Muscles, like the rest of your body, thrive when you
exercise and eat healthily.

Integumentary System

The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and
nails. In addition to its barrier function, this system performs many intricate functions such as body
temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli.
The main purpose of the integumentary system is It protects our body, it keeps microbes and other
harmful materials out in the body, it also keeps body fluids in and helps control body temperature.

Lesson 8

Digestive System

Animal digestion begins in the mouth, then moves through the pharynx, into the esophagus, and then
into the stomach and small intestine. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and waste is
prepared for elimination in the large intestine.

The primary functions of the GI tract include prehension of food and water; mastication, salivation, and
swallowing of food; digestion of food and absorption of nutrients; maintenance of fluid and electrolyte
balance; and evacuation of waste products. digestive system breaks nutrients into parts small enough
for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair.

When it comes to the animal’s body the digestive system is very important. It gives animal bodies the
ability to process foods, extract the nutrients that need from the foods, and eliminate the wastes.

Body Temperature Regulation

To regulate body temperature, animals have a variety of thermoreceptors that sense temperatures at
various locations within the body. These sensors relay information to the brain, which then initiates
mechanisms either to increase or decrease heat loss or production.

The importance of the body temperature regulation in animals is the Thermoregulation allows animals
to control their internal body temperature in environments that are outside their thermoneutral range.
Mammals have several ways of generating and conserving heat, such as a high metabolic rate and hair
to trap heat. Mammals also have several ways to stay cool, including sweating or panting.

Lesson 9

Animal Nutrition and Feeding

The importance of Animal Nutrition and Feeding is Proper nutrition gives your animals the vigor to grow,
develop, and reproduce, and strong immunity to fight off infections. All these advantages lead to more
profitable and sustainable agriculture. And the most important nutrition for animals is Carbohydrates
are the basic source of energy for all animals. Animals obtain their carbohydrates from the external
environment (compared with plants, which synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis). About one-
half to two-thirds of the total calories every animal consumes daily are from carbohydrates.

There are five processes of nutrition in animals these are: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation
and Egestion.

Like humans, livestock animals need a balanced diet containing all the necessary nutrients, fluids,
minerals, and vitamins. Proper nutrition gives your animals the vigor to grow, develop, and reproduce,
and strong immunity to fight off infections.

Animal feed plays a leading role in the global food industry and it is the largest and most important
component to ensure the sustainable production of safe and affordable animal proteins.

Lesson 10

Genetics and Animal breeding

Animal breeding ensures a continuous improvement of farm animals, generation after generation.
Different animal traits are measured and the best animals are used as parent-animals. In this way,
breeders provide livestock farmers with a next generation of animals.

Why is animal genetics important? Animal geneticists played an essential role in keeping up with this
demand by providing farmers with improved breeding strategies to produce healthy, vigorous animals
capable of using nutrients efficiently for growth and reproduction.

Importance of animal breeding, Animal breeding plays an important part in progressing animal
production systems, from conventional to organics. By improving the abilities of animals for certain
traits entire populations can be enhanced, creating benefits for farmers, consumers, and the
environment.
 lesson 11

Slaughtering, processing and marketing of farm products

The main purpose of slaughtering, most animals are slaughtered for food; however, they may also be
slaughtered for other reasons such as for harvesting of pelts, being diseased and unsuitable for
consumption, or being surplus for maintaining a breeding stock.

The importance of slaughtering and processing animal products is the Animal slaughter and processing
produces very strong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood, and gut contents. The primary steps
in processing livestock include rendering and bleeding, scalding and/or skin removal, internal organ
evisceration, washing, chilling, and cooling, packaging, and cleanup.

What is the Benefit of slaughtering in the slaughterhouses? A) To ensure the safety of the slaughtered
animals and to ensure it is free of diseases which threaten the health of the consumer. B) Pollution
control during the (slaughter, preparation and processing) of carcasses in a clean safe healthy
environment.