PERMAFROST AND PERIQUCIAL FORMS IN TKE BONANIAN CARPATHTANS

Deparment of Geography, Univereity of Timisoare

1900 Timieoara, Romania

Thia paper outlinea recent advance8 in our understanding o f aome periglacial pro-
cessea and iorma in the Romanian Carpathiane, as well aa the existence of perma-
front. Landform investigated includ8:rock glaciera, cryoplanntion terraces, stone
rivere,thermal contraction craoka in peat, ice cavea, thufurs, ploughing blocks
and other solifluxional forms. The rrproad of these forms is closaly correlated to
the ecological and microclimatic condifions particularly. Taking into account the
climatic conditions, the presence of segregated i c e , the epreading and evolution
of the mentioned periglncial forme, tho results of the application of the BTS me-
thod and having in view the eummer temperatures of the spring8 situated at the
fronts of rook glaciera, indicate the existence of permafrost-patchy and sporadic-
in the research areas. The ice cnvoa, characteristic of the extrazonal permafrost,
are a real presence in all the major ~ubdivlsioneof Romanian Carpathians.

plot of monthly temperatures at selected meteor0

logical etations from the Romanian Carpathiana
Romanian geomorphologlsts have not payed surf-
iciant attention to the existence of permafroaf
in the Romanian Carpathians. Aside from ito in-
clusion as part of the presentation of Romnniun
glacial epoch'@ conditions ( e . g . Ichim, 1980,
1983) which included the analysis and prcsenta-
tPon of rock glacier in the Southern Carpathlano,
the current exiatence of the permafrost in tho
Romanian Carpathians has not been discussed
(~rdea,1985, 1988, 1992).
Alpine or mountain permafrost refers to areus
of ground that are predominantly underlain by
permafrost in mountain regiono, in areas whore
ermafroat i s absent in the adjacent Xowlandu
P cf. Harris and Corte, 1992). Mountain permafrout
e x i s t s in a cloae and complex interaction with
large number of geoecoLogica1 factors (altitude,
slope exposure, climatic conditions, vegetationu,
etc. I.
SITE CONDITIONS

$he Romanian Carpathians (spread over 66.303

km area, i.e. 27,80$ of Romanpn's surf~ce)are
ei2uated between 44 30' and 48 N and 21 22' and
26 4 l P E , the maximum altitude being 2544 m in
Moldoveanu Peak in Pagaras Mountains (Southern
carpathians)(Pig. 1). If on the whole, the 2000 m
altitude relief rapreaents 396 of Che eurface, in
the Southern Carpathians hieher than 2000 m rsli-
el' repreeents more than 10 $.
In many parts of the Romanian Carpathians,
hi&h mountain oreas exhibit glacial aculpuro, w i t h
cirques, steep slopes and U-shaped vrrlleya, or/
and rounded mountain tops and interfluves.
The climatic conditions specific for the high
zone of the RomnianoCarpnthions are cold; median
temperntures,under0 C at more than 2800 m alti-
tude, and the absolute minimum is -38 C. The box-
Figure 1. Location map of study area.
gives the range in monthly air temperatures du-
ring the year, conditions aharacteristic for mof
stations in Romanian Carpathians (Fig. 2).The
number of days with frost (T min.40 C) is 200-
254 (Table 1) and the number o f frost-thawing
cycles ia more than 125, frost being possible
during the whole year.lhe mean monthly wind
speed is more than 10 m/a on the hi& summits
(Omu and Tarcu -10,6 m / s , Ceahlau -10,4 m/a),
with max;lmum speeds exceeding 40 m/a.. Winds of
more than 6 m/s (i.a., capable of redistributing
anow) have a 69 $ frequency, but during the w i n .
ter month8 tk& frequency reachs 80 %. The
prevalent wlnde are those from the west end north
;west.
fable 1, Mean winter (I.), summer ( 2 ) . annuril (3) and ~ b s o h t eminimum air temperatwe (4), (OC) ,
daya with frost (5) and annual precipitations (mm) (6) of selected Romanian Carpathians ritatioas.

' Station and period Location rn.a.s.1. 1 2 3 4 5 . 6

~aisoara1931-1970 Apuseni Mts. 1385 -4,3 +12,7 44.4 -25,3 842
Vladeasa 1896-1975 hpueeni Mte. 1836 -7,s + 9 , l tl,l -30,O 157
191 1058
Tarcu 1931-1970 Southern Carp ,2180 -7,8 .+ 7,7 -0,5 -28,2 1178
Omu 1896-1975 Southern Carp.2505 -10,O + 4,0 -2.5 -38.0. 255
1
7
' 12'78
Ceahlau 1931-1970
Iezer 1931-1970
Eaethern Carp.1897
Easthern Carp.1785
8,l + 8,'J
6,2 + 9,S.
-- +0,6
+1,6
-28.2
-29,O
193
193
738
1'530
Snow acaumulation (snow thickness,duration of
snow cover) on the ground surface is another im-
portant factor for the occurrence of permafrost.
MONIHS ANNUAL
J F H A M J J A S O N O
Due to the high frequency and speed of the winds,
on tho displayed surfaces the snow may not exist
or it has reduced thickness, up to 50 cm, while in
other places the thickness of theslayercan be mo-
re than 370 cm.fhe maximum thichess are achieved
in March, after the'period of the lowest tempera-
turoa, and aa a conaequence of frost penetration
into tho ground, thia favori~conservations of
permafrost.
The high Limit of the forest is situated b ~ t -
Upper Quarlile ween 1750-J.850 m in the south of the mountain area
and botween 1600-1750 in the north,climbing mainly
Vladeoso 1836m os.1 on the Bouth displayed versants and descending on
Lower QwrlIl+
the North diaplayed ones.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION
MONTHS A W L
J F M A N J J > S O N D
Mountain permafront occurs &a a regular phe-

1
nomenon in tho periglacial belt of a11 high moun-
tain aynteme,
Although many periglacial features have been
identified in the Romanian Carpathians(Morariu,
1.95'3, Iancu, 1961, Niculcscu and Nedylcu,'1961,
Cotot,1964, Morariu et el., 1964, Ichim,l973, 1987
Urdoa, 1985, 1992), not all %axe currently active:
rock gIaciers,cryoplanation terraces, rock streams,
thcrmnl contraction cracks in peat, thufurs, plou-
ghing blooks and other oolifluxional forms.
Because permafrost can develop where the seaso-
I . . . . . . . 1 u nal depth of freezing io larger than that of tha-
wing one, 1990), we have calculated freezing
i n d e x (FI) and thawing index (TI)(cf. Harris,
MONTHS ANNUAL
J F M A M J ' J A O N D 1902) and uaing the Stefan equations :
S , , ,

we calculated the depth of thg winter freezing

( ~ f and
) that of the summer thawiw (Dt)(Table 2).
The altitude whore the depth of. winter freeziw is
larger than that of Eiummer thawing is estimated as
arround 1800 m.a.e.l.(Fig. 3) ,an altitude that
generally coreaponda to the high limit of the fo-
reate. This altitude is-conslderad as the lower
limit of permafroat in the ideal conditions,becau-
rre in reality the local conditions have a major
influence over the formation of ermafrost (cf.
King, 1986, Bneborli et a1. ,19917.
Figure 2. Box-plots of the diakribution in mon-, Rock glaciers represent very favorable sites
thly temperaturee, at some selected meteorologi'caL for maintenance of permafrost. The large extent of
statios from the Romaniarj Carpnthiane:VLadeasa,
.,
(hpseni Mts ) Omu (Southern Carpathians) and
lezer (Easthern ~ar~athiana).
the glacial relief on the north versant of the
Southorn Carpathian8 and Rodnei Mountains favors
the'formation of rock glaciers in glaeial cirques
and valleys (Urdea,1992) ; to the i c e pint suggest that these water8 come
Prom the melting o f ice within rock glaciers
able 4),(cf. Haebarli, 1983).
Table 3 . Results of BTS measurements in the
Retezat Mountains (10-13.II.l992)
Point Snow , Poiht - Snow BT3
thickness thiclmess
- 1
(4
84 10
( 4 (Oc)
119 -8.4
2 90 11 53 -8,O
3 155 12 120 -7,7
4 140 13 100 -6,2
Figure 3. Potential dapth of seasonal freezing .5 120 14 98 -6.8
.6 130 15 110 -6.2
pnthlans .
and thawing versus altitude in the Romanian Car-
8
7 72
100
16
17
150
147
-5,8
-0.9
Table 2. weezing @I) and thawing indexes (TI), 9 70 28 120 -1.4
depth of seasonal freezing (Df) and thawing
(Dt) in the Romanian Carpnthians. Table 4. Temperaturest of the aprings situated at
the base of some rock glaciers front from'
Stations rn.a.s.1, FI TI Df , M
X26,2
Reteaat Nountaina .
Omu 2505 1768.9 404,9 60,4
Tarcu 2180 l297,8 874,3 108,l 88,7 Date Temperature8 of the springs
Ceahlau 1897 1364,O 1067,g 110,B 98.0 ( c)
Vladeasa 1837 1282.5 1113,5 107,4 100,l . 1 2 3 . 4 5
Iezer
Baisoara
1785
1385
1390,7
826,8
1128.1
1815,4
1ll,9 100,7
06,3 127,0 21.08.'86
22.08.'86
l,2
- 1.7
1,8 1,5
1,4
-
1.7
-
1.3
23.08.!86 1,7 - - 1,4
Situated at the foot steep, shaded slopes, the
t
24.08.'86
19.07.'07
1,'j 1.7
1.1 1,5
1,2
1,3
--
1.6
-
-
steep walls protect the rock glaciers from direct 20.07.'07 - 1.3
- 1,2 1,4 1,2
solar radiation and alao offer a large quantity
of froot shattered blocks. The microclimatio con- 21.07.'07 X,3 - 1,4 099
ditions favorable for the spreading of rock gla-
ciers were also generated by tho intense cooling
of air masses that rise on the north aad north- h i n g data obtained by the two methods preaen-
west versant of those mountains, the dominant ted above, we attempted to predict the occurrence
circulation of air being in this direction, up to of permafrost in Pietrele-Galesu zone from Rete-
the level of condensation after the dry adiabatic zat Mountafns,(~ig.4.). The existence in the Pa-
gradient (-1°~/1~0 m), ang higher after the wet ring, Tarcu, Fagaras and Rodna Mountains o f some
adiabatic gradient (-0.65 ~/100m). The high de- rock glaciers, which are situated in the same con-
gree of higrical continentality (60-64) favors ' ditions that have been mentioned in the Retezat
tho spreading o f rock glaciers (cf. Ifi3lLermann, Mountaine, with a topography that is characteris-
1983). Glacial cirques also experience frequent tic for these forms, we believe that permafrost
termal inversions during both winter and summer, also e x i s t s in these mountains.Xn fact, i c e ha8
which favors the maintainance of psrrnafrost in been discovered during July, Augu~lt and September
thcoe places. in a cave from the rock glacier Doamnele at 2050
Taking into consitleration that rock glaciers
and 2124 m ( ~ i u r ~ i u1990),
, with measured tempera-
inrllcate permafrost,ln the absonce of using geo- tures i n the chvee from Fagaras and Bucegi Moun-
physical methods (seismic,geosLectrical, radio- tains during July and August being 0-2,5 C
eco sounding, etc.) the application of the BTS (Qiurgiu, 1990).
(bottom temperature o f winter snow cover) method Freezing and thawing indexee ( ~ a r r i,1982)
s
and having in view the summer temperatures of the caloulatod at each meteorological station between
springs nituated at the fronta of rock glaoiers, 1385 m a.s.1. (~aiso~ra) and 2505 m a.s.l.(Omu)
the moulting values indicate the existence of with the range off1 C in mean annual air tempera-
permafrost in the research a r e a a . Thus, except ture in the Romanian Carpathians are plotted on
for the frontal and marginal zones of rock gXa-
ciars (points 1,2,3,1J and 3-81 the BTS values are d
the diagram of Harrla (1982). Use o those dia-
grams offers the opportunity of st in# the poaei-
bilities of some periglacial forms existence in
between -5,6 and -8,5 C, which indicates the pre-
sence of underground ice ( c f . Haeberli, 1970, the Romanian Carpathiam, (Fig. 5).
Waeberli and E ifani, 1986) and presumebly perma- Thus, thermal. contracti'on cracks in peat,exis-
frost (Table 37. ting at more than 1900 m a.a.1. are also specific
The temperatures measured in July and August to sporadic and patchy permafroat, thufurs occur
1986 and 1987 in the springs situated at the fro- at more than 1700 m, and the rock glaciers a r e
nts of rock glaciers Pietrale, Vale8 Rea and Gale- develo ing up to the low limit o f patchy perma-
su (Retetzat Mountaino) were under 2 C , values fro& ?Fig. 5 b and c). Oryoplanation terraces,
that are independent of air temperature. The low which a r e present in Retezat, Tarcu, Paring, Faga-
v a 9 e s of the spring temperatvee, which a r e close ras, Calimani and Rodna Mountains, are represented
 Figure 4. Permafrost occurenca i n the a r e a Yietrele-Galesu (Retezat Mountains) on t h e b s s i e of BTS
measurements and e s t i v a l temperature of the npringe s i t u a t e d a t the base of rock g l a c i e r s f r o n t :
1-permafrost present, 2-permafrost possible, 9- peak, 4-ridgo,.5-rock g l a c i e r s , 6-rivers and l a k e s ,
7-BT8 meeurement, 8-spring measurement.
by shapes s i t u a t e d a t over 2000 m i n f u l l evolu-
t i o n praved by the freehneee of c l i f f s and the
presence of s o l i f l u x i o n u l processes on the our-
face of these t e r r a c e s . These t e r r a o s e s a r e s i t u -
a t e d i n s i d e the a r e a l delimited by t h e -l°C iao-
therm, which oorreepondo to"he Lower l i m i ' t of"
t h e m forme developing (Karte , 1982).
Rock streams o r stone r i v e r e , elements eepc-
cially c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of geomorphological land-
scapes of the zone s i t u a t e d above t h e f o r e a t L i -
m i t i n the Romanian Carpathians, are p e r i g l a c i a l
phenomena of t h e permafroet sonee ( c f . Romanov-
a k i and Turin, 1986). Some of t h e constituent
blocks o f t h e stone r i v e r e s i t u a t e d a t more than
2300 m have a yearly maximum motion of up t o
8-12 cm (Urdea.1989).
I n order t o make a corect estimation a f t h e
presence and spreading of permafrost i n Romnninn
Carpathians, we believe t h a t special a f t o n t i o n
should be given t o the i c e and perennial snow
cavea, known by the l o c a l popQation,but a l a o by
t u r i s t a and eloquently c a l l e d ,g l a c i e r " o r , i c e
cavem o r ,, anow cave".
From over 11000 cavee existing In Romaniu, 4 0
oontain i c e and perennial snow, being s i t u a t e d
in a l l t h r e e d i v i s i o n s of the Romanian Carpathic
a n s , a t a l t i t u d e s between 900 and 2506 m n.8.l.
a able 5). It is important t o mention t h a t aome
of these s t o r e the hu e q u a n t i t i e s of i c e , Pocul
Viu Glacier - 9
25000 m , Bortigu O l a c l e r
m3, The Aven with i c e i n Albele -
- 30000
30000 m3 and
60 m thicknees, and Scarisoara GLacier - 75000
m3, with a 18 m i c e thicknetrs (Pig. 6). The i c e
formatione, etalagmitea, s t a l a c t i t e s and columns,
change" from se&son t o season, with a t h a w during
summqr when the temperature r i s e s up t o +lOc,
and with a recanatruction during win-, the wan
temperature being -7OC, (Viehmann e* al. 1960).
Pollen a n a l y s i s of the i c e a t Scarisoara and
Focul Viu suggests t h a t the acumulation of ice
masses began i n t h e first part of Subatlantic,
3000 years ago tPop and Ciobanu, 1950) and i a riot
r e l i c t i c e from the g l a c i a l period.
The presence of i c e m d l p e r e n n i a l snow i n maw
caves, the great quantity i n some caven, as well
aa the permanent refreshment of these i c o and
snow masses even i n those zonea where t h e clima-
t i c aonditions involve longterm mean annual tem-
p e r a t u r e s of 6-T°C, euggeat t h a t the topographic
and microclimatic l o c a l conditions are deciaive
f o r the appearance of t h i s type of f r o s t . The
absence of a i r current allows the preservation of
cold air i n these c a v i t i e s , t h e snow mass gathe-
red during winter as w e l l as i c e and anow t h a t
e x i s t e d previouely mentainhg n low temperature
t h e whole year.
CONCLUSIONS
Taking i n t o account t h e zone of mountain per-
mafrost i n the Romanian Carpathians, considering
t h e presentation of t h e above r e a l i t i e s we con-
s i d e r t h a t up t o 2100-2200 m a.s.l. t h e r e is
patchy permafrost. I n the lower area we can a l s o
f i n d extremely sporadic permafrost, e i t h e r i n
t a l u s cones i n shady places, some of them covered
with snow patches,t h a t are preserved a long time,
sometimes even from one winter t o another, o r In
peat deposits.
Considering t h a t i c e ' a n d perennial snows from
t h e caves a r e a s p e c i a l form of the permafrostfs
existence, conditioned by s t r i c t l o c a l f a c t o r s
t h a t don't obey t o the lave of t h e zonality ( i n
t h i s case v e r t i c a l z o n a l i t y ) , i.e, w i t h uidaa-
pread v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , we propose the name
of extrazonal permafroat.This extrazonal
 Table 5. Caves with ice and/or perennial snow
at the Romanian Carpathians
Cave Location Altitude
m.a.e.1.
1.Glacier Scarieoara Bihbr Mta. . 1165
2.Glacier Bortigu 1200
'3 .Gl.acier Focul Viu 1165
4 .Glacier from Virtop 1200
5.Cava with ice lo90
6 .Glacier Zguras ti 900
+/.Pit with snow from Virtop 1254
8.Aven with snow fkom Virtop 1240
9.Cave with ice of Valea Seaca 1300
LO.Clacier Virtop 1310
11.GXaoier from Zapodie 1100
12.Glacier Baraa 1136
l3.Glacier Aven 1210
14.Virtop with Ice 1200
15.Glacier Cave Vladeaea Mts. 1330
16.Aven with ice of Rol Aninei Mts. 9 50
17.Aven with snow of Stanuleti-Piule Mts. 1900
18.Aven with ice of A1bele U25
L9.Aven with ice of P i u h 2000
20.Aven with snow o f Scorota Seaca 1960
21.Cave with ice of DiLma cu Brazi 1390
22.Cave nr.1 with ice of CheiLe Jiului 1110
23.Cave nr.2 with ice of Cheile Jiului 1125
24.Cave nr.3 with ice of Cheile Jiului 1150
25.Aven with ice of Dilma cu Brazi 1750
26.Aven of Scocu Stanuleti 900
I 27.Aven of Bradul Strimb 1200
20.Cave L6 of Tirnovu Capatinii Mte. 1625
29.Cave below Negoiu Fagaxas Mts. 2240
t Sporodic P r r m o l r o l l
~ l m i of
3O.Cave nr.4 of Lespezi 2506
31.Cave nr.6 of kspezi 2498 Mcon Annuat lrothwm
32.Cave nr.7 of Lespezi 2490
33.Cave of Doamnele Cirque 2124
34 .Aven of Doamnele 2050
35.Cave with ice o f Piatra Mare BirseiMts.1400
36.Cave with ice of Piatra
Singuratica Hasmas Mte.1585 Figure 5. Possibility of the occurrence for
77.Aven nr.2 of Piatra Alba 1540 front cracks in peat (a), tongue-ahaped rock
38.Cave with snow of Haemasu Ne&m 1500 ,
laciere (b) lobate rock glaciers ( c ) , thufure
39.Cave with i c e of Ocolae Ceahlau Mt8.
40.Cave with I c e of Borsec Giurneu Mts.
1620
990
fd ) and ice cavee ( e ) in the Romanian Carpathi-
&no in relation to freezing and thawing indexee.

Figure 6. Glacier Scarisoara Cave-croas section: L i c e , 2-ice formation(stalagrnites, stalactites, co-

lumns), 3-limestone formations.
permafrost is as we have already noticed, well
represented in all the major aubdivteion~of Ro-
manian Carpathime, but especially in Apuaeni
Npuntaine and in aouthern Carpathiana (~i~.7).
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