N O RS E MYTHO LO G Y;

THE RELIG IO N O F O UR FO RE FA T HER S ,

C O N T AIN IN G A LL T HE

M Y THS O F T H E ED D A S ,

S Y S T EM AT Z ED AN D I IN T ER P RET ED .

W IT H

AN IN TRO DUCTIO N , V O CABULARY AND IN DEX .

BY R B. . A NDERSON ,
AM . .
,

P RO FES S O R O F T H E S C AN D IN A V I A N LA N G U A G E S IN T H E U N I V E R S IT Y
'
O F

W I S CO N S IN ,
A U T HO R O F
“
A M E R IC A N O T D I S C O V E R ED BY

C O LU M B U S ,
" “
D EN N O R S K E M A A LS A O ,
”
ET C ,

TH RD I ED I IO N
T .

C HI CA G O
S . O . G RI G G S A N D CO M PAN Y .

LO N D O N '

T R UB N ER CO .

1 8 7 9 .
 HEN RY WA D S W O R T H LO N G FE LLO W ,

T HE AM ER CAN I P O ET

WHO HAS N OT O N LY REFR ES HED HIM S ELF AT T HE C AS T ALIA N FO UN T A IN ,

BUT

A LS O CO M M UN E D W ITH BR AG E , A N D T A KEN D EEP D R AUG HT S

FR O M T HE W ELLS O F U RD AN D M IM ER

T H IS V O LU M E IS D E D IC A T E D ,

W IT H T HE G R A T E F UL R EV ERE N CE O F

T HE A U T HO R .
 I th i n k S c an di n av i a n P a g an i s m , t o us h ere , i s m o r e i n t e re s t i ng t han an y

o th e r . It i s , f o r on e th i ng, t he l t t
a es t ; it c on i n ue d in th ese re gi o n s of

Eu r o p ti ll
e th e l
e e ve n th t c e n u ry : th d d
e i gh un re years a go th e N o rw e gi a n s

w e re s t ll
i wo r s h i p e rs of d O in . It i s i n t t e re s i ng l
a so as t h e c re e d of o ur

fa th e rs ; th e m e n wh o s e b l d
oo s t lli r un s in o ur vein s wh o m tl
d oub ess we

s t ll
i r e s em b e l in so m an y w ay s . tS ra n g e : th ey di d be i e vel th t wh l
a ,
i e we

be i eve l so d i fi e r e n tl y
‘

. Le t us l oo k a l i ttl e at th p is o or N or s e c re e d ,
for

m an y re a s o n s . We h av e tl
o erab e l m e a n s t o d o i t ; f or th er e is an o t he r

p t fit t
oi n o n e re s in t he se S c an di n a v i an t
m y h ol o g i e s : th t ta h e y h av e b e e n

p d w ll
re s e rv e so e .

N ei t h er i s th e re no use i n kn ow i ng s om e t hi n g ab ou tt hi s old P a g an i s m

o f o ur t
fa h e r s . Un c on s c i o u s y l ,
a n d c o m bi n e d t
w i h hi g h t
er hi n g s , i t i s i n us

y e t, th t
th th l k w
a ol d f ai wi a . To no it c on s c i o us ly b ri ng s us in t o l
c o s e r an d

l lt th p t t
c e ar e r r e a i o n s wi th e as ,
wi h o ur o wn p osse ssion s i n th e p t
as . Fo r

th ew l p t p p t
ho e as ,
as I kee re ea i n g , i s th e p os se s si on of th e p re s en t . T he

p t as lw m th
h ad a ays so e i n g tr ue, an d is a p re c i o u s p os s essi on . In a d i ff e ren t
tm
i d t pl
e in lw a i ffe r e n ac e , it is a a ys s om e o t h e r si d e o f o u r c o m m on h um an

t t t b d lp t l
n a ur e ha h as een e ve o i ng i se f .

Thom a s Car lyle .

 P R E FA C E .

M ERIC A N O T D I S CO V ERED BY C O LUM BUS h av i g n

b n so f vorably r c i v d by th pr ss g n r
ee a e e e e e e e

a lly , w ll s by m ny d i sti ngu i sh d schol ars who

as e a a e ,

h v e xpre ssed th ms lv s i v ry fl tt ri ng t rms of

a e e e e n e a e e

our r c nt d but i Engl i sh W v ntur to pp r

e e
’

e n , e e e a ea

a g i n ; d l though th subj ct i s som wh t d i ff r

a an ,
a e e e a e

e t n ,i t st ill ( s d i d th first) h i ts fount i n h ad

a e as a e

in th l it r tur of the North

e e a e .

W com th i s t i m
e ncour ge d by ll your k i nd
e, e, e a a

words w i th hi gh r sp i r ati ons d p rh ps too w i th

, e a ,
an e a , ,

le ss ti m i d i ty d mod esty W com to sk your

an . e e a

o p i n i on of Nors mythology W com e to k wh th r e . e as e e

Nors mythology i not qu lly s worthy of your

e s e a a

att nt i on
e s th Gr k N y w com to k wh th r
a e ee . a ,
e e as e e

you w il l not gi v th Nors th p f en ce W p ro e e e e r e er . e

p os to c ll your tt nti on
e a rn e stly i th i s volum
a e ea , n e,

to the m r i ts f our common Goth i c or T uton i c

e O e

i nh e r i t nc d to ch t
a e, f w hours w i th you bout
an a a e a

th e i m g i n ti v ap o et i c a d p roph t i c p e ri od of our
e, an e

Goth i c h i story .

W e w ll w r th t w
ar e e h r gi vi ng y u
a a e a e a re e e o

a book full of i m p rf cti ons so f styl ori gi

e e ar as e,

n li t
a
y rr
,
ng e m nta a d xt rn l a dornm nt
e of t han e e a e e

( 7 )
8 PR E F A CE .

subj ct i c onc rn d d w h ll t t k i t much

e s e e , an e S a no a e

to h rt v n i f wea ,
s v r ly cri ti ci s d i th s
e e e a re e e e e n e e

r sp c ts ; w h ll r t h r t k i t
e e e rn st dm
S a a e a e as an ea e a o

n i ti to study d i mprov i l ngu g

on d com an e n a a e an

p osi ti on for th futur e e .

But i f th sp i ri t of th book th t i th c us
,
e e , a s, e a e

wh i ch w h v und rt k n to pl d th er i n i f th t
e a e e a e ea e , a

b frown d down or r j ct d or l ugh d t w sh ll

e e , e e e , a e a , e a

b th r c i p i nt f
e e most b i tt r d i s ppo i ntm n t d
e e O a e a e , an

y t
e w h ll not wholly
e dSsp i r a T h t i m must e a . e e

com wh n our common Goth i c i nh ri t nc w i ll b

e, e e a e e

lov d d r sp ct d Th r w i ll com m — y
e an e e e . e e e en a ,

th r e e lr dy m i our mi dst who w i ll d

ar e a ea en n a vo

ct a e d d f nd i t
an ri ghts on A m r i c n so i l w i th
e e s e a

sh rp r st l th n ours A d though w m y fi d
a e ee a . n , e a n

but f w ros s d m ny thorns on our p thw y w

e e an a a a , e

sh ll not ff our rdor i our chos n fi ld of

a su er a n e e

l bor to b d i mi n i sh d W
a d t rm i n d not to
e e . e a re e e e

b e éhs c bu rage d .

Wh t a we cl i m for th i s work
a i s, th t a it is
the c omp lete a nd s ys tem a ti c
fi rs t
p r es en ta ti on o f the
N or s e m ythology tn th i s the E ng li s h la ng u age ; an d

w t h i nk i suffici nt r son fo r our sk i ng ’

e s a e ea a a

humbl pl c upon your book h lv s A d wh i l w

e a e -
S e e . n , e e

m k th i s cl i m w fully ppr c i t th v lu of th
a e a ,
e a e a e e a e e

m ny xc ll nt tr ti s s d tr nsl ti ons th t h v
a e e e ea e an a a a a e

app r d on th i s subj ct i Engl nd W do not

ea e e n a . e

und rv lu th l bors of D t Thorp P i gott C

e a e e a a se n , e, , ar

lyl t but non of th s gi v

e, e c .
, compr h nsi v e e e e a e e e
 P RE A C E F . 9

a ccount of ll th d i ti s d th myths i full a e e e an e n .

Th r i e e i nd d s,no work outs i d of Sc nd i n v i

ee , e a a a

th t cov rs th whol ground S f

a e e A m ri c i e . O ar as e a s

conc rn d th only work on Nors myth logy th t

{

e e ,
e e o a

h as h i th rto b n p ubl i sh d i thi s country i BA

e ee e n s R

C LAY P N N O K S t nsl ti on of th Nors Prof ssor

E C
’
ra a e e e

Rudolph K ys r s R ligi f th N thm e e

’
Th i s i e on o e or en . s

i nd d ee xc ll nt d schol rly work

an e e d
e v lu an a ,
an a a

a bl contri buti on to knowl dg ; but i nst d of p

e e e , ea re

s en ti g th n mythology of th Nors m n i t i t p t
e e e e , n er re s

it ; d Prof ssor K ys r i
an y t e of t h mos t e e s e on e e

e mi n nt uthori ti s i th xposi ti on of th A doc

e a e n e e e sa

tri n eP nnock s tr nsl ti on of K ys r i

. e
’
book of a a e e s a

thr hundr d d forty i p g s d of th s only

ee e an -
s x a e , an e e

i t
s x een d vot d to synops i s of th mythology ;
are e e a e

an d it i th r d r m y judg noth i ng but

s, as e ea e a e, a

v ry bri f synops i s T h r m i n i ng thr hundr d

e e . e e a ee e

an d th i rty p g s cont i n h i story of Old Nors l i t

a e a a e

r tur
c a i nt rpr t t i on of th
s, an Odi n i c r l i gi on d
e e a e e , an

an xh i b i ti on of th m nn r of w hip mong th
e e a e or s a e

h th n Nors m n In word P nnock s book p

ea e e e . a , e
’
re

s upp k nowl dg
os es aof th subj ct ; d f e e e e an or on e

who h th i s w would r comm nd P

as , e k K Y e e e nn oc
’
s E

S R E th as b st work t t i Engl ish W

e e ex a n n . e a re

i nd bt d to i t for m ny v lu bl
e e p r gr phs i th i s a a a e a a a n

volum e .

Thi s subj ct h th n b n i nv sti g t d by m ny

e as, e , ee e a e a

a bl wri t rs ; d i pr p ri ng th i s volum w h v
e e an , n e a e, e a e

borrow d from th i r works ll th l i ght th y could

e e a e e
10 P R E A CE F .

s h d upon our p thw y T h uthors w h v ch i fly

e a a . e a e a e e

consult d n m d i th ccomp ny i ng l i st Wh i l
e are a e n e a a . e

w e h v us d th i r v ry p h r s w h n v r i t w con
a e e e e a e e e e as

i
v en e n t w h v not fol low d th m i
, e sl vi sh
a e e e n a a

m nn r W h v m d such ch ng s
a e . e i our a e a e a e as n

judgm nt s m d n c ss ry to gi v our work h rmony

e ee e e e a e a

an d symm try throu g hout W t first f lt d i spos d

e . e a e e

to g iv t h r d r m r tr sl t i on i th r of N
e e ea e a e e an a e e .

M P t rs n or of G d t ig or of P A M unch ;
. e e e ,
r un v ,
. .

but pon furth r fl Cti w c m to th concl u

u e re e on e a e e

si on th t w could tr t th subj c t mor

a e ti f ea e e e sa s ac

t i ly to ours lv s
or d fully cc pt bly to e e , an as a e a o ur

r d rs by sk tch i g out
ea e , pl n of our w e d n a a o n, an

m k i ng fr
a of ll th b s t wri t rs upon th i s
ee u se a e e e

subj c t A de w .now r v i w our p g s w fi d

n as e e e a e , e n

th t N M P t rs n h s rv d us th most Much
a . . e e e as e e e .

of hi work h b n ppropri t d i
s lmos t
as ee a a e n an a

unch ng d form a e .

A lt h ough m ny f th id s t forth i th i s
a O e ea se n

work m y s m w to A m ri c n r d rs y t th y
a ee ne e a ea e , e e

are by no m ns wholly ori gi n l M ny of th m ea a . a e

h v for m ny y rs b n succ ssfully dvoc t d i

a e a ea ee e a a e n

Sc nd i n vi countri s
a d to som
a an xt nt lso i e , an e e e , a , n

G rm ny d Engl nd O
e a im h
an not t pr s nt a . ur a as a e e

b n so much to m k ori gi n l i nv sti g t i ons

ee a e a e a , as

th t w h i ch i f mor n d d d to th purpos
a s ar e ee e an e e

to gi v th fru i ts of th l bors p rform d i th

e e e a e e n e

North d c ll th
,
tt nti on of th Am ri c n p b
an a e a e e e a u

li c rn stly to th w lth stor d p i th Edd s

ea e e ea e u n e a

an d S g s of Ic l nd a N a doubt th cor e a . O on e c an e
 PRE FA CE . 1]

re c tn ess of our posi ti on i thi s m tt r wh n h n a e , e e

r fl cts th t w
e e now dr w i ng n r th clos of
a e a re a ea e e

th ei t th c ntury
n n e een d h v not y t h d e com , an a e e a a

p l t Nors
e e mythology i th eEngl i sh l ngu g wh i l n e a a e, e

th numb r of Gr k
e d Rom n mytholog i s i
e ee an a e s

l gi on B y rd T ylor s i d to us r c ntly th t th
e . a a a a , e e , a e

Sc ndi n v i n l ngu g s i vi w of th i r ri ch l i t r
a a a a a e , n e e e a

tur i v i w of th l ight wh i ch th i s l i t r tur t hrows

e, n e e e a e

upon rly Engl i sh h i story

ea d i v i w of th i m , an n e e

port nc f Ic l nd i c i
a e Osucc ssful study of Engl i sh
e a n a e

an d A nglo S xon ought to b t ught i-

a v ry col
, e a n e e

l g i V i nl nd ; d th t i th v ry p i th of w h t
e e n a an a s e e a

w e h v to y i th i s p r f c
a e sa n e a e .

W h v h d xc ll nt i d from Dr S H C
e a e a e e e a . . . ar

p t who
e n e r, comb i n s bro d g n r l cul tur w i th e a e e a e a

thorough knowl dg of Old E gl i sh d A glo S xon e e n an n -

a .

H h e r d v ry p g of th i s work d w h r by
as ea e e a e , an e e e

th nk hi m for th g n rous symp thy d dvi c

a e e e a an a e

wh i ch h h i nv ri bly gi v n us To Pr si d nt
e as a a e . e e

John B sco m w und r bl i g ti ons for k i nd words

a e are e O a

an d v lu bl s gg st i ons
a aW h r by xt nd h rtf lt
e u e . e e e e e ea e

th nks to Prof ssor W i ll rd F i sk of Corn ll U i

a e a e, e n

v rs i ty for i d d ncour g m n t ; to Mrs O l B ll

e , a an e a e e . e u ,

for fr of h
ee xc ll nt l i br ry ;
u se d to t h er e e e a an e

po t H W Longf llo w for p rm i tti ng us to m k

e , . . e , e a e

e xtr cts from hi works d to i nscri b th i s volum

a s , an e e

to hi m th N stor mong A m ri c n wri t rs on

as e e a e a e

Sc n d i n v i n th m s M y th p rsons h r n m d
a a a e e . a e e e e a e

find th t th i s our work i sp i t of i t f ults d

a , n e s a , a
12 P RE F A CE .

v nc s som wh t th i nt r st i th studi s f North

a e , e a , e e e n e e O

e rn l i t r tur i th i s country
e a e n .

W hi l M ll t s N th e A ti q u i ti
a i e
’
v ry or er n n es s a e

v lu bl work w c nnot but m k kno wn our

a a e , e a a e

r gr ts th t Bl ckw ll s d i ti on of i t v r w pub
e e a a e
’
e e e as

li h d
s e Mr Bl ckw ll h i m ny w ys i njur d th
. . a e as n a a e e

c us wh i ch h vi d ntly i nt nd d to promot Wh i l
a e e e e e e e . e

w e, th r for urg c uti on i th

e e e, of M ll t s e a n e u se a e
’

N orth A ti q u i ti
er n by Bl ckw ll w n w i th ll es a e ,
e c an a

our h rt r comm nd such wr i t rs upon th North

ea e e e e

as D t L i g
a se n Thorp Goss P nnock B y
, a n , e, e, e , o e se n ,

M rsh F i sk th H wi tt P i gott Lord Du ff ri n

a , e, e o s, , e ,

M ur r M O bi u Morri s M gn usson V i g f
a e , s, Hj l ,
a , u sso n , a

t li n
a d s v r l oth rs
, an e e a e .

It nc r ly hop d th t by th i s our ff t w
is Si e e e a e or e

m y a ,t l st for th
a pr s nt fill g p i Engl i sh
ea e e e , a a n

l i t r tur
e a d ccom pl i sh som th i ng i
e, an w k n i ng
a e n a a e

a mong stud nts som i nt r s t i Nors mythology e e e e n e ,

h i story l i t r t r , d i nst i tut i ons

e a u e L t it b r m m an . e e e e

b r d th t C rlyl
e e , d m ny oth rs of our b st
a a e, an a e e

schol rs cl i m th t i t i from th Nors m n w h v

a , a a s e e e e a e

d ri v d our v i t l n rgy our fr do m f th ought

e e a e e , ee O ,

an d i ,
m sur th t w do t y t susp ct our
n a ea e a e no e e ,

str ngth f sp ch
e O ee .

W consc i ous th t our work cont i ns m ny

e are a a a

i mp rf ct i ons
e ed t h t oth rs m i gh t h v p rform d
, an a e a e e e

th t sk b tt r ; d thus w comm nd th i s volum

e a e e an e e e

to th k i nd i ndulg nc of th cri ti c d th r d r
e e e e an e ea e .

R B ANDERSON . . .

Un i ver si ty of Wi scon si n , May 1 5 , 1 8 75 .

 LIS T O F WO RKS CO N S ULTED .

The follow i ng uthors h v b n consult d i a a e ee e n

pr p ri ng th i s work
e a d to th m th r dr i , an e e ea e s

f rr d i f h Wi sh s to m k sp c i l study of th
re e e , e e a e e a e

subj ct f Nors mythology

e O e .

Of th Eld r Edd w h v us d B nj m i n Thorp s

e e a e a e e e a e
’

tr nsl ti on d S ph u B gg
a a d i ti on of th ori g i n l
an o s u e s
’
e e a .

It h b n found n c ss ry to m k
as ee f w lt r e e a a e a e a e a

ti ons i Thorp s tr nsl t i on Of th Young r Edd

n e
’
a a . e e a

we h v us d D t t r nsl ti on d S i bj
a e e asen
’
s a a an ve n orn

Eg i l d i ti on of th ori gi n l Of mod rn Sc n
s s on s
’
e e a . e a

di i
n av an wr i t rs w h v confin d ours lv s m i nly
e e a e e e e a

to N M P t rs n N F S G d t ig P A Munch
. . e e e , . . . ru n v , . .
,

Rudolph K ys r F i nn M gn usson d Chr i sti n Wi

e e , a , an a n

th r Oth r u thors borrow d from mor or l ss

e . e a e e e are

H W Longf llo w H G M O ll R N y p E G
. . e ,
. . e r, . eru ,
. .

G i r M H mm r i ch F J Mon J cob Gri mm

e e , . a e ,
. . e, a ,

Thom s K i gh tly Thom s C rlyl M M ull r d

a e ,
a a e, ax e , an

G eo . W Cox . .

Th r c nt xc ll nt Work of Al x nd r M urr y
e e e e e e e a e a

has b n r f rr d to on th subj ct of Gr k mythol

ee e e e e e ee

ogy It cl i ms on i t t i tl p g to gi v
. a ccou t s e- a e e an a n

of Nors mythology ; but w w r surpri s d to find

e e e e e

{13 }
 14 I
L ST O F WO R KS C O N S UL ED T .

th t th a uthor d i sm i ss s th subj ct w i th fift n

e a e e e ee

pgs a d
e f w wood cuts of qu st i on bl
an a e v lu -
e a e a e .

T h phi lolog i c l not s

e ch i fly b s d upo th a e are e a e n e

Ic l nd i c D i cti on ry r c ntly publ i sh d by M cm i ll n

e a a e e e a a

C d d i t d by G d b
O .
, an d V i gfu
e e of Oxford u ra n s so n ,

Un i v rs i ty Engl nd It i i nd d schol rly work d

e , a . s ee a a , an
é
m k ar n w poch i th study f th Ic l nd i c l
s a e e n e O e e a an

gu g a e .

To ll who a i nt r st d i orth rn li t r tur w

are e e e n n e e a e, e

t k gr t pl sur i r comm ndi ng th followi ng

a e ea ea e n e e e re

c nt publ i c ti ons
e a

1 Th . M yth of th R hi e tr nsl t d from th

s e n e, a a e e

Fr nch of X B S i ti by Pro f M S b l D V r
e . . a n ne . . e e e e e e .

T hi s work gi v s dm i r bl sk tch of pri m i ti v

e an a a e e e

T uton i c ti m s of th Dru i ds d th i r cr d of th
e e , e an e ee , e

Od i n i c r l ig i on d worsh i p d f gr t v ri ty of
e an , an O a ea a e

old customs d tr di ti ons Th tr nsl ti on i xc l an a . e a a s e e

l nt d i t cont i ns mor ov r l rg numb r f v ry

e , an a , e e , a a e e O e

fi ne i llustr ti ons by Gust v Doré a a e .

2 On pp 3 7 5—3 8 2 of th i s work i g i v n
. . br i f syn s e a e

o p i s sf t h N iObl g s tory eshow i ng i t myth i

un c l con , s a

n ec ti w i th th gods of th North g i v i ng th ori g i n

on e e ,
e

an d h i s tory of th curs d ri g ( th N i bl g ho rd ) e e n e un a ,

t
e c .T h N i bl g story
e h b n h nd
un d down to us as ee a e

in four v rs i ons thr Nors e d ,

G rm n Th ee e an one e a . e

Nors ( )
e F g m
a re : t y L y a i t h E ld ra E dd ; en a r a s n e er a

b
( ) T h V l u g eS g ; ( )
o s T h V i
n ll ia S g Tah a 0 e c na a a . e

G rm n i Th N i b lu g Li d In dd i ti on to th s
e a s e e n en - e . a e e

ar e num rous fr gm nt ry ccounts f t h story mong

e a e a a o e , a

wh i ch m y b m nti on d Th E a e S igu d S g
e som e e a r oe r
’
s a a, e
 L STI O F WO R KS C O N S U L ED T . 15

old D n i sh popul r b ll ds s v r l N ors

a d G rm n a a a ,
e e a e an e a

folk lor stori s p r t s of Th B k f th H

-
e ( H eld n , a e oo o e er oes e e

buch ) t Th r ,
lso both i Ic l nd i c d i
e c . e e are a ,
n e a an n

G rm n v ri ous dd i t i ons d v ri ti ons conspi cuous

e a ,
a a an a a ,

among wh i ch Th L y f Hi ld b d d th a re e a o e ran , an e so

c ll d K l g ( L m nt ) th l tt r cont i n i ng th l m
a e u e a e ,
e a e a e a

t ti
en a of Etz l H ild br nd d D i t i h ov r th
on s e , e a an r c e e

d d d th form r tr ti g of th r turn of H ild

ea , an e e ea n e e e

br nd w i th D i t i h of B rn ft r th f ll of th N i b
a r c e a e e a e

lungs Dur i ng th l st hundr d y rs whol rmy f

. e a e ea a e a O

wri t rs h v b n busy sp c i lly i G rm ny d Sc n

e a e ee , e e a n e a an a

di i
n a v a,i publ i sh i ng i th ori gi n l l ng g s i
n n e a a ua e , n

tr nsl t i ng i cri ti c i z i g i d r m t i z i ng i l cturi ng

a a , n n ,
n a a , n e

an d comm nt i ng on th N i bl g l i t retur If ll t h e un e a e . a e

edi ti ons of th four prom i n nt v rsi ons th dd i ti ons e e e , e a ,

v ri ti ons th fr gm nt ry po ms d s g s
a a , d th
e a e a e an a a , an e

folk lor stori s b long i ng to th N i bl g cycl w r

-
e e e e un e, e e

coll ct d th y would m k l rg l i br ry ; d i f w d d
e e , e a e a a e a an e a

to th i s ll th tr nsl ti ons d ll th ss ys d com

a e a a an a e e a an

m t i
e n ar e s,th r sult would b mos t form i d bl col
e e e a a e

l cti on f books d p mphl ts T h follow i ng

e o th an a e . e are e

n m s of som of th mor prom i n nt Sc nd i n v i n d

a e e e e e a a a an

G rm n wri t rs on th i s subj ct P E M ii ll U g r
e a e e : . . e r, n e

Bugg Munch K ys r P t rs n G d t ig Bodm r

e, , e e , e e e , ru n v , e ,

V on d H g Schl g l th broth rs Gri mm S i mrock

er a en , e e , e e , ,

L chm nn Mon Jord n Br unsf ld F i sch r Holtz

a a , e, a , a e , e ,

m nn V olm r M nz l B rtsch G i b l W gn r M ss
a , e , e e , a , e e , a e , a

m nn R ma , d R horn In Engl i sh w h v
a sz an n an e .
, e a e

ess ys d cr i t i c i sm by M M ii ll Thom s C rlyl d

a an ax e r, a a e an

H W Lo gf llow ( P t d P t y f E u p ) Th re
. . n e oe s a n oe r o ro e . e
 6 L S IT OF WO R K S ‘
C O N S UL E D T .

are thr Engl i sh tr nsl t ons of th G rm n N i

in al l ee a a i e e a

b lu g
e L i d T h first i by B i rch ( London
n en - e . e s ,

t h s cond by L tt m ( London
e e d th th i rd i
e so , an e s

a most xc ll n t t p i g or r t ll i ng i pros by
e e e r an s ro s n , e e n e,

A ub r For st i r ( C hi c go 1 8 7 7
e e Thi s i th first
e a , s e

A m ri c n d i ti on f th N i bl u g p i c d i t i to b
\
e a e o e n e , an s e

r comm nd d to ll who w i sh to m k b gi nn i ng i
e e e a a e a e n

s rch i ng th i s wond rful m i st l nd both for th sy

ea e -
a ,
e ea ,

gr ph i c d dr m t i c pros i whi ch i t i told d for

a an a a e n s , an

th schol rly d xh usti v i ntroducti on wh i ch

e a an e a e , en

l rg s upon th v ri ous v rs i ons d tr c s th i r ori gi n

a e e a e an a e e

b ck to th gods of A sg rd
a e a .

Duri ng th pr s nt d c d w h v h d w h t m y e e e e a e e a e a a a

b t rm d
e e p T uton
e i c poch a of t h N i bl g
an - l i t r
e e e un e

a tur T h v ri ous v rs i ons found i d i ff r nt countri s

e . e a e n e e e

h v b n comb i n d d f sh i on d i nto
a e ee gr nd p i c e an a e one a e

for th w h ol T ton i c r c Of s ch v rs i ons w h v

e e eu a e . u e e a e

thr n m ly ( ) W Jord n s N i b l g ( rs t r T h i l
e e, a e : a . a
’
e un e e e e ,

S igf i d g r Zw i t r T h i l Hi ld b t H i m k h ) ( b)
sa e e e e , e ran s e e r

W R W gn r s gr t mus i c l d dr m ti c t tr logy
. . a e
’
ea a an a a e a

c ll d th N i b l g R i g p rform d und r roy l p t

a e e e un en n , e e e a a

ro g d i mp ri l count n nc t B i th i 1 8 7 6 ;
ua e an e a e a e a a re u n

c
( ) Th S t y f S ieg d th V l u
or g d th F l
ol f th ur e o s n an e a o e

N i bl g by W i ll i m Morr i s ( London
un s, a ,

T h i nt i m t r l ti on b tw n th N i bl
e a e g p i c e a d e ee e un e an

Nors m th l gy i v i d nt d th r d r i r qu st d
e v o o s e e , an e ea e s e e e

to r g rd thi s p r gr p h
e a suppl m nt ry to our not a a a as e e a e

on p g 3 8 2 a e .

E choes f r om M i s t La n d ,
-
or l
t h e N i b e u n g e n Lay r e v e a e t o Lo v e r s l d of R0
m an c e an d h
C i va l ry , b y Aube r Fo r e s i e r t . h
C i c ago : S C G r i gg s 85 Co . . .
18 CO N T N TS
E .

T h kt y — T h N
eo y i ld t h p i t th
on e ors e e s e r ze o e G re e k
De pth f N d Ch
o i t i t h g h t
o rs e
— N t an r s an ou a a s ra n d O ut

w ar d t i fl th
n a ure m yt h l g y — V i i t N
n uen ces e o o s orse an l d
N y S i m pl d m t i l l i g i —S i
o rs e s ce n e r e an ar a re on n ce r i ty and

g ra c e N d G k m yth l g y
orse a n re e o o ,

CHA P T ER I V .

R O M AN M YT H O LO G Y .

O x fo r d and d
Ca m b r i g e — T h e R o m a n s w e r e ro bb e r s —W e mus t
n ot t h ro w La i n w h o t
o v e rbo a r — W e m u s lly s u d t t dy E g l i h n s

and An g l o- S ax o n — En g l i s h m ore t e rs e th an L t i —G a k n re e

p r e fe r a bl e to He b r e w or t
La i n — S h a k p es e a re — He w ho i s
n ot a s on O f Th o r,

CHAP T ER V .

I N T ER P R ET AT IO N O F N O R S E M Y T H O LO G Y .

Ab e r ra ti on fr o m t h e t ru e re li g i on — Hi s to r i c a l t p t ti in er re a on

t
E h i cs
1
in t p t ti
er re a on Ph y s i ca l in t p t ti
er O di
re a on n,

Thc Ar g o s Io — O ur an c e s ors t n ot p ro s a i c — The Ro m a n s

y i l i t p t t i i fli i t —N t
a
, ,

a
g ain — Ph s ca n er re a on nsu c en a u ra l s ci e n ce

Hi s t ori c a l p ph y A m pl t m yth l gy
ro ec co e e o o ,

CHAP T ER V I .

T HE N O RS E M YT H O LO G Y F U R N I S H E S A B UN D A N T AN D E X C E LLE N T
M A T E R I A L F O R T H E U S E O F P O ET S , S C U LP T O R S AN D P AIN T ER S .

Ho w to e d u ca e t th e ld — O l
ch i e Bu ll — M en fr e q uen tly a ct li k e

an s t O ele nsc hl mg Th er or s
’
fi hi g s n The dw a r fs Ten
t
s anz as i n Da n i s h T he b rus h and th e chi s e l—N d u e a rt

T h e g e r m o f th e fa i h — W e G o h s t t a re a c h t as e ra c e —D r .

J p dly
,

o h n Ba s c o m W e a r e g ro w i n g t o o ro s a i c a n d u n o
g , 94

CHAP T ER V II .

T HE S O UR CE S O F N O RS E M Y T H O LO G Y A N D I N F L UE N C E OF T HE
A S A -F A I T H .

Th e E ld er E dd a I l di p t y B w lf D p
c e an c oe r eo u
’
s ra a and

N i e be l u n g e n -Li e d I fl n f th N
uence m yt h l g y o e o rs e o o

I fl n uen ce o f th e A f i t h —S m
s a- a l L i g —O di i l a ue a n n c ru es o f

li f e Hav a m al Th l y f S igd i f
e a R d lph K y
o r a u o e ser

The dy a s of th e w k ee ,
 CO N TEN T S . 19

N O RS E M Y T H O LO G Y .

P A RT I .

T H E CR EA TI O N AN D S E V A TI O N
P RE R O F TH E WO RLD .

CHAP T E R I .

T HE CR E A T I O N

S ec ti on i Th e o ri g i n a l con di t i on of th e w or ld —G i n u n g ag a p
—
. .

S ec ti on ii . The o ri i
g n of th e g i an t s Ym e r . S ec ti on i ii .

Th e o ri g i n of th e cow d
A u h um b l a and th e b i r h t of th e

g o d s —O di n ,
V ile and V e . S ec ti on i v The N. o rs e dl e ug e an d

th e ori g i n o f h e av e n and ear th S ec ti on v Th e h e av e n ly

—Th e s u n n d m o o n
. .

d
bo i es , tim e, th e w i n d th e ra i nbow a

s o n s —Th e E ld e r E dd a
,

Hr i m fa x e a n d S k i n fa x e —T h e s e a
Bi l a n d Hj u k e S e c i on v i Th e t . G o ld e n Ag e —T h e o r i g i n
d w f —T h
.

of th e ti ar s e crea on o f fi tm th e rs an a nd w o m an
T h E ld
e Edd S ti er a . ec on v i i Th g d
. e o s and th e i r a bo d es

S t i i i i Th d i i i
ec on v . e v s on s o f t h w ld e or ,

C HAP T ER II .

T HE P R E S E R V AT IO N .

Th e ash Yg d ra s i l M i m e r s fo u n ’
t ai n d Ur
’
s fo u n t ain Th e
n orn s or fa t es — M i m e r a nd th e U d r a r - fo u n a i n t — Th e
n o rn s ,

CHAP T ER III .

E X E G ET I CA L R E M AR K S UP O N T HE CR E A T I O N AN D P R E S E R V ATI O N
O F THE W O R LD .

Pon d i us n e rs T he su p re m e g o d Th e cow d
Au h u m b l a

T i i ty
r n Th e G o ld en Ag e Cr e a i o n t of m an T he g i an t s
— T h e g o d s k i ll o r m a r r y t h e g i a n s — El v e s t a n d h ul d e rs

T r oll s — N i s s e s a n d n e c k s —M e rm an a n d m e rm a i d —Yg d ra
sil Mi m e r ’
s fo u n t ain Th e n o rn s ,
20 CO N T N TS
E .

PART II .

TH E L IFE A N D E X LO IT S P O F THE G O D S .

CHAP T E R I .

O D IN .

t
S e c i on i O di n S ec ti on 1 1 O di n s
’
n am e s . t
S e c i on i i i . O di ’
n s

di tt t
. . .

ou t w d pp ar a e a ra n c e . S ec ti on iv . O n s
’
a ri b u e s . S ec

ti on O di vj . n s
’
o u rn e y s . S ec ti on vi . O di n a nd Mim er .

S ti ec i i Hl i d
on v j
sk al f . Sti ec on viii . l O di
T he hi s t o ri c a n.

ti i O di ti F i gg m i d t
.

’
S w ive s S
’
ec on x n s . ec on x . r s a -
s e rv an s .

t i i G fj ti i i Ri d ti i i i
.

S ec on x . e un — Ei r . S ec on x S
. n . ec on x .

G unlad — Th e o ri g i n of p ty oe r . S ec ti i S g S on x v . a a . ec

ti o n xv . O di n as th e i n v e n t f or o r un e s S ti i V l . ec on x v . a

h al . S e c i on t xvii . The va lky i r es,

CHAP T ER II .

H E R M O D , T YR , H E I M D A L , B R A G E A N D I D U N .

S ec ti on i . He r m o d . S ec ti on ii . T yr . S ec ti on iii . He i m dl S
a . ec

ti on iv . Br a g e and Id un . S ec ti on v . Id un and h er appl es, 2 70

CHAP T ER III .

B A LD E R A N D N A N N A , H O D E R , V A LE A N D F O R S ET E .

S ec ti on i . Ba ld er . S ec ti on 11 . The d th ea of Ba l d er th e G oo d
t
S e c i o n i i i Fo r s e . t e,

CHAP T ER I V .

T HO R , HIS W IF E S IF AN D SO N ULLE R .

S ec ti on i . G en era l y p s no si s — Th o r , S if and U ll er . S ec ti on ii .

Th or and Hr u n g n e r . S ec ti on iii . Th or and G e i r ro d . S ec

ti on iv . Th d or an S k r ym e r S ec ti on v . Th or and th e Mid
d p t ( Th y t Th
.

g ar
-
s er en or a nd H m e r) . S e c i on vi . or an d

T h r ym ,

CHAP T ER V .

V ID AR ,
 CO N T N TS
E .

C HAP T ER V I .

THE V AN S

S ti
ec on i j d
. N or and S ka d e . S ti Z Eg
ec d R
on 1 1 . e r an an .

ti on iii F y . re . S ec ti on iv . F y d G d S ti
re an er . ec on v .

s hi p f F y o re . S ec ti on v i F yj
. S ti i i
re a . ec on v . A
revi e w ,

CHAP T ER V II .

T H E D E V E LO P M E N T O F E V I L, LO K E AN D H IS O F FS P R IN G .

S ec ti on i . Lo k e . S ec ti on ii . L k o h i ld
’
e s c re n — Th e F e n ri s

wo f l . S ec ti on i ii . J o rm u n ga n d e r or th e Mi g ar d d p t -
s er en .

S ec ti on iv . He l . S ec ti on v . Th e N o rs em e n s
’
id f d th
ea o ea .

S ec ti on v i . Lo k ’
e s p u n i shm e n t . S ec ti on vi i . Th i p t
e ron os

S ec ti on v i i i . A bri e f re v i e w ,

PA RT III .

R A G N A RO K AN D RE G E N ERA TI O N .

CHAP T ER II .

R E G E N E R AT I O N ,
 IN T RO D U C T IO N .

C H A PTE R 1 .

WH A T IS T
M Y H O LO G Y AN D WHA T IS N O RS E

M Y T H O LO G Y ?

T he word mythology ( 1 9 1 7 5 from { 5 9 W d 1 0 1 0 0 0

5
1.
1 0 g, Ol
‘

t l f bl
a e, d zer
a sp c h d i scours ) i f Gr k i
e, an os
,
ee , e, s O ee or

g i n, d u
an v rn cul r tongu
o rh b com so
e d lt
a r a e as e e a u e

t d w i th L ti n d Gr k words ; w h v stud i d L ti n
a e a an ee e a e e a

an d Gr k i pl c of Engl i s h A glo S xo
ee n Nors d
a e ,
n -
a n, e an

Goth i c so long th t W lw i qu nd ry ( g a e are a avs n a a a u en

’

d i i j f)
ra -
lw y s tongu t i d w h n w tt mpt to sp k
e , a a e- e e e a e ea

of som th i ng outs i d or bov th d i ly r turn i ng c r s

e e a e e a e a e

of l i f Our w good ld Engl i sh words h v b n

e . O n O a e ee

crowd d out by for i gn on s ; t hi s i our b s tti ng i

e e e s e e s n .

B t
u ,
th v n r bl Prof ssor G org St p h ns r m rks
as e e e a e e e e e e e a

i
n hi l bor t work on Run i c Mon m nts w h v
s e a a e u e ,
e a e

w t r d our moth r tongu long no gh w i th b st rd

a e e e e e u a a

L ti n ; l t us now br c d st l i t w i th th l i f w t r
a e a e an ee e e- a e

of our own sw t d soft d r i ch d sh i n i ng dee an an an an

cl r ri ngi ng d m nly d world r ngi g, v r d r s t

ea -
an a an -
a n e e -
ea e

E N LI S H
G .

Mythology i syst m of myths ; coll cti on of

s a e a e

popul r l g nds f bl s t l s or stori s r l ti ng to th

a e e , a e , a e , e , e a e

gods h ro s d mons or oth r b ings Whos

, e e , e mshv e e e na e a e

b n pr s rv d i popul r b li f Such t l s
ee e e e n not a e e . a e are

found i th tr di ti ons of th nci nt Gr ks H i n d oo s

n e a e a e ee ,

( 23 )
24 : TH E M Y T H TH E O LD E S T F O RM OF TRUTH .

an d Egypt i ns only but v ry n t i on h h d i t sys

a , , e e a as a s

t m of myth ology ;
e d th t of th nc i nt N m an a e a e or se en

i smor s i mpl rn st m i r culous stup ndous d

e e, ea e ,
a ,
e an

d i vi n th n y oth r mytholog i c l syst m of Wh i ch

e a an e a e

w h v r cord
e a e e .

T h myth i th old st form f truth ;

e d mythol
s e e O an

ogy i th knowl dg whi ch th nc i nts h d f th

s e e e e a e a O e

D i vi n Th bj ct of myth ology i to find God d

e . e O e s an

com to hi m W i th out wri tt n r v l ti on th i s m y

e . a e e e a a

b don i
e two w ys i th r by st dy i ng th i nt ll ct
e n a : e e u e e e

u l mor l
a ,
d p h ys i c l n tur of m
a an for vi d nc f a a e an , e e e O

th x i st nc of God m y b found i th prop r study

e e e e a e n e e

O f m ; or by study i ng n tur i
an th outw rd world a e n e a

i n i t g n r l s truct r
s ed pt t i ons d d p nd nc i s ;
e a u e, a a a an e e e e

an d trut hf lly i t m y b s i d t h t God m n i f sts hi m

u a e a a a e

s lf i n tur
e n a e .

Our Nors for f th rs ( for i t i th i r r l ig i on w

e e a e s e e e a re

t pr s nt i th i s volum ) h d no cl rly d fi d knowl

o e e n e a ea -
e ne

e dg f y god o ts i d of th ms lv s d n tur
e O an u e e e e an a e .

Li k th nc i nt Gr ks th y h d only som wh t
e e a e ee ,
e a a e a

v gu i d bout s pr m God Whom th rh psodi s t

a e ea a a u e e ,
e a

or sk ld i th Eld r Edd ( Hy dl l tS 4 3 44) d r

a n e e a n u , a e

not n m d whom f w i t i
a e, s i d v r look f
an e , s a ,
e e ar

e nough to In th l ngu g of th Eld r Edd

see . e a a e e e a

Th en one i s b or n
G re a e r t th an all ;
He b e c o m e s t
s ro n g

W i th th e t
s re n g th s e ar th ;
T h e m i gh i e s t t ki n
g
M e n c a hi m , ll
F as t k itn in p eace

W i th all p o w ers .

Th en c om e s th ano er

Ye t m o r e m i g h ty ;
26 T H O R K EL M A AN E — H A R A LD F A I R F A X .

isl nd duri ng th ti m f th r p bl i c vow d th t h

a e e O e e u , a e a e

would worsh i p no oth r God but hi m who h d cr t d e a ea e

th e ; d
s uni h i d i ng hour hanpr y d t h F nth r s y e a e e a e

of L ig h t to i llum i n t hi soul i th d rkn ss of d t h a e s n e a e ea .

A rngr i m Jonsson t lls us th t wh n T h k l M n e a e or e aa e

h d a rri v d t th g of m turi ty d r fl cti on h

a e a e a e a an e e , e

d i sd i n d bl i nd ob d i nc to tr d i ti on ry cus tom
a e a e e e a a ,

an d mploy d m ch of h i t i m i
e w i gh i ng th st b
e u s e n e e e a

li h d t n ts of hi
s e countrym n by th s t nd rd f
e e s e e a a o

r son H d i v st d hi m i nd f ll pr jud i c ; h
ea . e e e s O a e e e

pond r d on th subl i m i ty of n t r
e e d gu i d d hi m
e a u e, an e

s lf by m x i ms found d on tr th d r son By th s
e a e u an ea . e e

m ns h soon d i scov r d not only th f ll cy of th t f i th

ea e e e e a a a a

wh i c h gov rn d h i countrym n b t b c m
e e conv rt s e , u e a e a e

to th x i st nc of supr m pow r mor m i ghty th n

e e e e a e e e e a

Thor or Odi n In h i m k r h cknowl dg d hi God . s a e e a e e s ,

an d to hi m lon d i r ct d hi hom g from a conv i ct i on

e e e s a e a

th t non oth r w wor thy to b honor d d wor

a e e as e e an

shi p d e On p rc i i g th ppro ch of d th t hi s
. e e v n e a a ea ,

p i ous d s ns i bl m r qu st d to b conv ey d i nto

an e e an e e e e e

th op n i i ord r th t
e e h s i d h m i ght i
a r, n hi e a , as e a , e n s

l st mom nts cont mpl t th glori s of Alm i ghty God

a e e a e e e ,

who h cr t d th h v ns d th rth d ll th t
as ea e e ea e an e ea an a a

i n t hhm i s .

H r ld F i rf x ( H f g ) th first sov r i gn f Nor

a a a a aar a er , e e e O

w y th k i g th t un i t d Norw y und r hi sc pt r i
a , e n a e a e s e e n

th y r 8 7 2 i noth r r m rk bl x mpl i thi s

e ea , s a e e a a e e a e n

r sp ct H w ccustom d to ss i st t th publ i c
e e . e as a e a a e

o ff ri ngs m d by hi p opl i honor of th i r g ds

e a e s e e n e o .

A no b tt r or mor pur r l ig i on w
s e known i thos
e e e e as n e

d ys h ct d w i th prud nc i not b tr y i ng i th r
a , e a e e e n e a e e

cont mpt or d i sr g d for th pr v i li ng worshi p of th

e e ar e e a e

country l st hi s bj cts sti mul t d by s c h x mpl

,
e s u e ,
a e u e a e,

m i ght b com i di fl t not only to th i r s cr d b t

e e n
’

er e n ,
e a e , u
 E V ER Y CA US E IN N A TU RE IS A D I V I N IT Y . 27

a lso to th i r p ol i ti c l duti s Y t h r j ct d from hi

e a , e . e e e e e s

h rt th s p rof n c r mon i s
ea e e d b li v d i th a e e e e , an e e e n e

ex i st nc of mor pow rful god whom h s cr tly

e e a e e , e e e

a dor d I sw r h onc s i d n v r to m k my
e . ea ,
e e a , e e a e

O ff r i ngs to
e i dol but to th t God lon whos an m ,
a a e e o

n ip t h
o en ce form d th world d st m p d m w i th
as e e an a e an

hi own i m g
s It would b t of folly i
a m to
e . e an ac n e

exp c t h lp from hi m whos po w r d mp i r r i s s

e e e e an e e a e

from th cc i d nt l hollo w of tr or th p cul i r

e a e a a ee e e a

form of ston a e .

Such x mpl s i ll str t how n r th duc t d d

e a e u a e ea e e a e an

r fl cti ng Nors h th n w i symp t hy w i th Chri s

e e e ea e as n a

ti an i ty d lso go f , antow rd prov i ng th t th bj ct

a ar a a e O e

O f my thology i to find God d com to h i m s an e .

Sti ll w m st dm i t th t of th i s supr m God our

e u a a e e

for f th rs h d only som wh t v gu conc pti on ; d

e a e a a e a a e e an

to m ny of th m h w a lmost wholly unknown e e as a .

Th i r god we n tur l h um n god p rson T h r

as a a a a ,
a e . e e

c an b no g nu i n po try wi t h out i mp rson t i on

e e d e e e a ,
an a

p rf ct syst m f my thology i fin i sh d po m M y
e e e O s a e e .
~

th l g y i
o o i f ct r l i gi ous tru th xpr ss d i po ti c l
s, n a ,
e e e e n e a

l ngu g It scr i b s ll v nts d ph nom n i th

a a e . a e a e e an e e a n e

outw rd world to p rson l c us E ch c us i som

a a e a a e . a a e s e

d i v i n i ty or oth r — som god or d mon In t h i s m e e e . an

n e r, w h n th nc i nts h rd th cho from th woods

e e a e ea e e e

or mount i ns th y di d not th i nk a w now do th t

,
e ,
as e ,
a

th w v s of sound w r r fl ct d but th t t h r stood

e a e e e e e e ,
a e e

a dw rf p rson l b i ng who r p t d th words

a , a e a e , e ea e e

spok n by th ms lv s Th i s dw rf h d to h v hi
e e e e . a a a e a s

tory b i ogr p hy d th i s g v ri s to m th T
,
a a ,
an a e e a v . o

our po t i c nc stors th forc s f n t r w r not v i l d

e a e e e O a u e e e e e

und r sci nti fic n m s A C rlyl truth f lly r m rks

e e a e . s a e u e a ,

th y h d not y t l rn d to r duc to t h i r f nd m nt l
e a e ea e e e e u a e a

l m nts d l ctur l rn dly bout th i s b ut i ful

e e e an e e ea e a ea ,
28 TH O R IN THE T H UN D ER- S TO R M .

gr n rock bu i lt flow ry rth w i th i t tr s mount

ee ,
-
,
e ea , s . ee ,

a i ns d m ny sound i ng w t rs ;
an a bout th gr t d p
-
a e a e ea ee

sea of z r th t sw i ms ov r our h ds d bout th

a u e a e ea ,
an a e

v ri o s w i nds th t sw p through i t Wh n th y w
a u a ee . e e sa

th bl ck clouds g th r i ng
e a d s h utt i ng out t h k i ng a e an e

of d y d w i tn ss d th m pouri ng out r i n d i
a , an e e e a an ce

an d fi d h rd th th nd r roll th y d i d not th i nk
re , a n ea e u e ,
e ,

as w w do of cc m l t d l c tr i c i t y d i sc h rg d from
e no , a u u a e e e a e

th clo ds to th
e u rth d ho w i th l ctur room e ea ,
an S n e e e

how som th i ng l i k th s pow rf l h fts of l i gh tn i ng

e e e e e u S a

could b ground t f gl ss or si lk but th y scr i b d

e ou o a , e a e

t h p h nom non to
e e m i gh ty d i v i n i ty — Thor — who i
e a n

h i t h nd r c h ri ot r i d s t h ro gh t h clouds
s u e -
a d stri k s e u e an e

w i th hi hug h mm r Mj l s Th th ory of our

e a e , o n er . e e

for f th rs f rn i sh s food for th i m g i n ti on for our

e a e u e e a a ,

po ti c l n t r w hi l th r fl cti on of th w v s f
e a a u e, e e e e e a e O

sound d th d i sch rg of l ctr i c i ty i m r ly dry

an e a e e e s e e

r son i ng m th m t i cs d phys i cs To our

ea a e a an . an c e s

tors N t r pr s nt d h rs lf i h n k d b ut i ful
a u e e e e e e h er a e ,
ea

an d wful m j sty ; wh i l t us i th i s g of N w
a a e e o n a e e

tons M i ll rs O rst ds B l i
,
e , d Tyn d llse h i e , erz e u se s an a ,
s e s

e nwr pp d i multi t d of profound sc i nti fic p h r s s

a e n a u e e a e .

Th s phr s s m k
e e fl tt r ours lv s th t w h v
a e a e us a e e e a e a e

f thom d h myst ri s d r v l d h s cr t work

a e er e e an e ea e er e e

i ngs wh i l i
, po i nt of f ct w e n f from th r l a e a re as ar e ea

bottom our nc stors w r B t w h v robb d

as a e e e . u e a e e

ours lv s to e d xt nt of th po try of n tur

e a sa W ll e e e e a e . e

m i ght B rry C rnw ll compl i n a o a a

O y d li i f bl ! wh e h w e c ou s a es ere t e av e

A d th w d w n p pl d d h i w i th th i g
e oo s e re eo e ,
an t e a r, n s

S l ly ! W hy h ! w h y h
o ove i g ,
a as s c e nc e ra v e

S tt d f y
ca w t i m gi i g ?
e re a ar our s ee a n n s

Th ld Nors m n s i d
e O T h m i sch i f m k r Lok e e a : e e -
a e e

c uts for m r sport th h i r f th godd ss S i f but

e e e a O e e ,
 PR O M N EN I T F A C ULTI ES I M PER S O N A T ED . 29

th e gods comp l hi m to f rn i sh h e w h ir Lok u er ne a . e

g ts dw rfs to forg for h gold n h i r wh i ch grows

e a e er e a ,

a lmost pont n o sly W th i r pros i c d sc nd nts

S a e u . e, e a e e a ,

sa y :T h h t ( Lok
e ) eascorc h s t h gr ss ( S i f
e s h i r ) e e a
’
a ,

but th s m phys i c l g n t (h t) s ts th forc s f

e a e a a e ea e e e O

n tur to work g i n
a e d w gr ss w i th gold n
a a ,
an ne a e

( th t ai to ys br i g h t ) sa color spr i ngs up g i n a a .

Thus our nc s t ors spok of ll th work i ngs of a e e a e

n tur
a tho gh th y w r c us d by p rson l g nts ;
e as u e e e a e e a a e

an d i nst d of s y i ng ea w w do th t w i nt r fol
a , as e no ,
a e

lows summ r d xpl i n i ng h w th nnu l e , an e l a o e a a r e vo u

t i ons f th O r th prod c th c h ng s th t
e ea c ll d u e e a e a ar e a e

s sons f th y ar th y to k mor po ti c l v i w of
ea O e e ,
e o a e e a e

th p h nom
e on d s i d th t th bl i nd god Hod r
e en ,
an a a e e

( w i nt r ) w e i nst i g t asd by Lok ( h t ) to sl

a e y B ld r e ea a a e

( t h se mm ru god ) e .

Th i s i d of p rson i fy i ng th v i si bl work i ngs f

ea e e e O

na tur w e compl t ly d v lop d th t prom i n nt f

as SO e e e e e a e ac

u l ti es or ttri but s of t h g ds lso w r su bj ct to

a e e o a e e e

i mp rson t i one Odi n i t w s i d h d two r v ns H

a .
,
as a , a a e , u

g i n d anMun i n ; t h t i r fl ct i on d m mory
a Th y
s, e e an e . e

s i t upon h i should rs s d w h i sp r i nto h i e rs ,

an e s ea .

Thor s str gth w r doubl d wh n v r h gi rd d h i m

’
en as e e e e e e e

s lf w i th M gi gj d hi b lt f str ngth ; hi st l
e e n ar e r, s e O e s ee

glov s w i th wh i ch h w i ld d hi h mm r produc d
e ,
e e e s a e , e

th s m e aff ct e N y str ngth w

e e . m i n nt ch r
a ,
e as SO e e a a

t i ti w i t h Thor th t i t v n st nds out p r t from

ac er s c a e e a a a

hi m as i nd p nd an t p rson d i r pr s nt d by
e e en e ,
an s e e e e

h i son M gn ( str gt h) who ccomp n i s hi m on h i

s a e en , a a e s

journ ys g i nst th fr st g i nts

e a a e o -
a .

In th i s m nn r s ri s of myths w r form d d a e a e e e e e an

comb i n d i nto syst m wh i ch w now c ll mythology ;

e a e e a

a t m wh i ch g v
sv s e to our f th rs gods whom th y
a e a e e

worsh i p d d i whom th y tr st d d wh i ch gi v s
e , an n e u e ,
an e
30 T H ES E G O DS WO R H Y T O F RE V E R EN CE .

to us m i rror i wh i c h i r fl ct d th popul r li f
a n s e e e e a e,

t h i nt ll ctu l
e d mor l ch r ct r i st i cs of our
e e a an a a a e an c e s

tors A d th s gods w r i nd d worthy of r v r nc ;

. n e e e e ee e e e e

th y w r th mbod i m nts of th nobl st thoughts d

e e e e e e e e an

pur s t f l i ngs but th s thoughts d f l i ngs could

e ee ,
e e an ee

not b w k n d w i thout p rson i fi d i m g A soon

e a a e e a e e a e . s

as th d i v i n i d
e w born i t ssum d bodi ly form
e ea as , a e a ,

an d i ord r to gi v th m i nd mor d fin i t compr

,
n e e e a e e e e

h i
en s o n of i t i t w fr qu ntly dr wn down from , as e e a

h n d sculptur d i wood or ston

e a ve an Th bj ct e n e . e O e

w by i m g s to m k m n i f st unto th s ns s th
as a e a e a e e e e e

a ttri b t s of th gods d thus th mor si ly s cur

u e e , an e e ea e e

th d vot i on of t h
e e p opl Th h th n h d to e e e . e ea e a s ee

th i m ge f God th i m g
a e of th i nfin i t though t
o , e a e e e

e mbod i d i th god or h would not kn l down d

e n e ,
e ee an

worsh i p Th i s i d of w nti ng som thi ng concr t

. ea a e e e,

s om thi ng w i thi n th r ch f th s ns s w find d ply

e e ea O e e e ,
e ee

root d i hum n n tur

e n M do s not w nt
a b a e . an e a an a

s tr ct god but p
a l v i s i bl god
,
t l st v i s i bl
a er s on a , e ,
a ea a e

S i gn f hi pr s nc A d w who l i v i th bro d
O s e e e . n e e n e a

d yl i gh t of r v l d r l i g i on
a d sc i nc ought not to
e ea e e an e e

b so pron to bl m our for f th rs for p y i ng d i v i n

e e a e e a e a e

honors to i m g s st tu s d oth r r pr s nt ti ons ora e , a e an e e e e a

symbols f th i r gods for th i m g s w r

O e th words , e a e e e, a s e

i mply not th , gods th ms lv s to whom th h t h ne e e e e ea e

a ddr ss d hi pr y rs d suppl i c ti ons but m r ly th

e e s a e an a ,
e e e

symbols of th s gods ; d v ry r l i g i on C h ri sti n i ty

e e an e e e ,
a

i nclud d i M yth i c l i i t d v lopm nt

e , s T h t nd ncy a n s e e e . e e e

i to dr w th
s d i vi n down to rth i ord r to r i s
a e e ea ,
n e e

w i th i t g i n to h v n W h n God s ff rs w i th us i t
a a ea e . e u e ,

b com s si r for
e e to su ff r ; w h n h r d ms us
ea e us e e e e ee ,

our s lv t i on b com s c rt i n God i i ll syst ms

a a e e e a . s n a e

of r l i gi on s n i t w r through gl ss — n v r f c
e ee , as e e, a a e e a e

to f c No a e . J hov h d li v on e c an s ee e a an e .
 C H UR C H C E R EM O N I ES . 31

Ev n i our pr s nt cond i ti on our i mmort l soul

e as n e e a

c nno t do w i thou t th v i s i bl body d c nnot w i th out

a e e ,
an a

th i s r v l i ts lf to i t f llo w b i ngs so our f i th

e ea e s e -
e , a

r qu i r s
e v i s i bl churc h our r l ig i on must ssum
e a e , e a e

som form i wh i ch i t
e b ppr h nd d by th
n c an e a e e e e

s ns s Our f i th i m d strong r by th i s i bl
e e . a s a e e e V e

c h urch i th s m m nn r th m i nd g i ns knowl
n e a e a e as e a

e dg of th th i ngs bo t us by m ns of th bod i ly
e e a u ea e

org ns T h outw rd r i t or xt rn l form d c r

a . e a e e e a an e e

mon i l orn m nt w hi ch
a consp i cuous i th
a e , a re SO n e

Rom n d Gr k C th ol i c church s for i nst nc s rv

a an ee a e ,
a e, e e

t o w k n di fy d str ngth n th soul d ssi st th

a a e , e an e e e an a e

m mory i r c ll i ng th r l i gi ous truths d th v nts

e n e a e e an e e e

in th l i f of C h r i st
e d of th s i nts mor v i v i dly
e d an e a e an

forc i bly to th m i nd ; b s i d s p i ctur s d i m g se e e , e an a e are

to th unl tt r d wh t books
e e to thos duc t d i
e e a ar e e e a e n

th e t f r d i ng
ar OD id t Chr i st h i ms lf comb i n
ea . no e e

th i ngs sup rs nsu l w i th th i ngs w i th i n th r ch of th

e e a e ea e

s ns s ? T h puri fic ti on d
e e ti fi ti
e of th soul a an s an c ca on e

h e comb i n d w i th th i d of cl ns i ng th body i
e e ea ea e n

th e s cr m nt of b pti sm T h r m m br nc f hi m
a a e a . e e e a e O

an d f hi lov o how h g v hi body d blood for

s e, e a e s an

th e r d mpti on of f ll n m h comb i n d w i th th
e e a e an , e e e

ea t i ng of br d d dr i nk i ng of w i n i th s cr m nt
ea an e n e a a e

of th Lord s Supp r H g v hi r l i g i on outw rd

e
’
e . e a e s e an a ,

V i s i bl form ; e d just th soul i m i rror d i

an th , as e s e n e

e y s i th xpr ss i on of th count n nc i t h g st
e ,
n e e e e e a e, n e e

ur s d m nn rs of th body so our f i th i r fl ct d
e an a e e , a ‘
s e e e

in th church Th i s i w h t i m nt by myth
e . s a s ea

i c l d v lopm nt ;
a e d w h n w d i scov r t h i s t nd ncy
e e an e e e e e

to cl i ng t i s i bl s i gns d c r mon i s m n i f sti ng

o V e an e e e a e

i ts lf so
e xt ns i v ly v n i th Chri sti n ch rch of
e e e e e n e a u

our w t i m i t sh ould t ch us to b l ss s v r i
O n e, ea e e e e e n

judgi ng d bl m i ng th h th n for th i r i dol worsh i p

an a e ea e e -
.
32 D I FF ER EN T R EL G I IO N S .

lo g
As th n ti ons h v i nh b i t d th
n as rth e a a e a e e ea ,

th r h v b n d i ff r nt r l i gi ons mong m ; d
e e a e ee e e e a en an

how l d th i b
c ou oth rw i s ? T h countri s wh i ch
. s e e e e e

th y h v i nh b i t d ; th k i s wh i ch th y h v look d
e a e a e e S e e a e e

upon ; th i r l ws customs d soc i l i nsti tuti ons ; th i r

e a , an a e

h b i ts l ng g d knowl dg ; h v d i ff r d so w i d ly
a , a ua e an e e a e e e e

th t i t would b bs rd to look for un i form i ty i th

a e a u n e

m nn r i wh i c h th y h v found compr h nd d d
a e n e a e ,
e e e an

worshi p d G d N y th i s i not ll Ev
e o . mong a , s a . en a

C hri sti ns d i f w gi v th subj ct c r f l m i

a , an , e e e e a a e u ex a

n t i on v n mong t h os who conf ss

a , e e a d th s m e e o n e an e a e

f i th d m mb rs of m c h urc h w
'

a an d th
are e e on e an e sa e , e

find t h t th r l i g i on f a m i n v r p erf ctly

e e O on e an s e e e

l i k th t of no th r Th y m y u th s m pr y rs
e a a e . e a se e a e a e ,

l rn d subscri b to th s m conf ss i on h r th
ea an e e a e e , ea e

s m pr c h r d t k p r t i th s m c r mon i s
a e ea e an a e a n e a e e e e ,

b t s ti ll t h pr y r f i th
u d worsh i p of th
e aw i ll e , a an e on e

d iff r fro m th pr y r f i th d wors hi p of th oth r

e e a e , a an e e .

T W p rsons O n v r pr c i s ly l i k
e d
ar ev ry e e e e a e, an e e on e

w i ll i nt rpr t th words w hi ch h h rs d th c r
e e e e ea an e e e

mon i s i wh i c h h t k s p rt ccordi g to th d pth

e n e a e a a n e e

an d br dth of hi m i nd
ea d h rt — ccord i ng to th s an ea a e

e xt nt d ki nd of h i knowl dg d xp ri nc
e an d s e e an e e e e, an

a ccord i ng to oth r p rson l p c l i ri t i s d ch r ct r e e a e u a e an a a e

i ti
s Ev n t hi s i
cs . t ll Ev ry p rson c h g s hi
e s no a . e e an e s

r l i gi ous i ws h grows old r hi knowl dg d

e V e as e e , as s e e an

e xp ri c i ncr s so t h t th f i th of th yo t h i
e en e e a e, a e a e u s

not th t of th chi ld nor do s th m w i th si lv ry

a e , e e an e

locks ppro ch th lt r w i th pr ci s ly th s m f i th
a a e a a e e e a e a

as w h n h kn lt t h r youth For i t i not th

e e e e e a . s e

words d c r mon i s but th tho gh ts d f l i gs

an e e e ,
e u an ee n ,

th t w comb i n w i th th s symbols th t consti tut

a e e e e ,
a e

our r l i gi on ; i t i not th conf ss i on w hi ch w l rn d

e s e e e ea e

a t school but th i d s th t , sugg st d by i t i our e ea a a re e e n

34 THE M Y TH O LO G Y O F O U R A N CE S TO R S .

s i mpl thoughts of our c hi ldl i k i m g i n t i v po ti c d

e e, a a e, e an

proph ti c for f th rs upon th wond f l works of th i r

e e a e e er u e

m k r d noth i ng th t w m y l ugh t or d spi s

a e ,
an a e a a a , e e,

or p i ty Th s words of our f th rs i f r d i th
. e e a e , ea n e

r i gh t spi ri t w i ll m k us f l w ought to f l wh n
,
a e ee as e ee e

w e cont mpl t th glory d b uty of t h h v ns

e a e e an ea e ea e

an d th rth d bs rv how wond rfully ll th i ngs

e ea , an O e e e a

a re d pt d to ch oth r d to th w nts of m
a a e ea e an e a an ,

t h t th thoughts of h i m who st nds t th h lm of

a e a a e e

th i s sh i p of th un i v rs ( S ki dbl d ) must b ry e e e a n er e ve

d p d th t w
ee ,
an s nsi bl to th s m joys d
a e a re e e e a e an

su ff ri ngse ctu t d by th s m e f rs d hop s

, are a a e e a ea an e

an d p ss i ons t h t w r
a f lt by th m , d wom n a e e e e en an e

who l i v d i th d wn of our Goth i c h i story W w i ll

e n e a . e

b g i n to r li z h w th gr t d w i s Cr tor h l d
e ea e o e ea an e ea as e

our r c — slowly p rh ps but n v r th l ss sur ly

a e on , e a , e e e e e

to th consc i o sn ss t h t h i lov ing d ri ght ous

e u e a e s a an e

F t h r d t h t h h m d th sun d moon d
a e ,
an a e as a e e an an

st rs th r th d ll th t i th m i i t h i r
‘

a ,
e ea , an a a n e s, n e s ea

son .

Th Nors mythology r fl cts th n th r l i g i ous

e e e e , e , e e ,

mor l i nt ll ctu l d soc i l d v lopm nt of our

a ,
e e a an a e e e an ces

tors i th rl i st p ri od of th i r x i st nc
h e ea W y e e e e e e . e sa

o u rnc stors for w mus t b r i m i nd th t i i t

a e , e ea n a n s

mos t or i gi n l form th i s my th ology w common to ll

a as a

th T e t on i c n t i ons to th
eu nc stors f th A m ri c ns
a ,
e a e O e e a

an d th Engl i sh e w ll to thos of th Nors m n , as e as e e e e ,

Sw d s d D n s G ogr ph i c lly i t xt nd d not only

e e an a e . e a a e e e

ov r th whol f Sc nd i n v i i ncl d ing Ic l nd b t

e e e O a a a, u e a , u

a lso ov r Engl nd d consi d r bl porti on of Fr nc

e a an a e a e a e

an d G r m ny But i t i only i Ic l nd th t w i rd
e a . s n e a , a e

i sl nd a f th i y O w i th th snow cl d volc no Mt
e c s e a, e -
a a .

H cl for i t h rth nc i rcl d by w ll of gl c i rs

e a s ea , e e a a a e ,

an d w i th t h ro r i ng North S for i t
e gr v —it i a ea s a e, s
 IN IT S O LD ES T F O RM IT IS TE UT O N I C . 35

o nly i Ic l nd th t nyth i ng l i k
n e a compl t r cord a a e a e e e

of th i s nc i nt T uton i c my thology w put i wr i t

a e e as n

i g
n d pr s rv d ;
an d t hi s f c t
e e lon o ght to b
e an a a e u e

qu i t suffic i nt to l d us to cult i v t b tt r cqu i nt

e e ea a e a e e a a

a nc w i th th l i t r tur f Sc nd i n v i
e e T e ath e O a a a . O u se e

words of th t xc ll n t Ic l nd i c schol r th E gl i sh
a e e e e a a , e n

m anG org W hb D t It i w ll known s ys

e e e e a se n : s e , a

h e, th t th Ic l nd i c l gu g wh i ch h b n p
a e e a an a e, as ee re

s rv d lmost i ncorrupt i th t r m rk bl i sl nd h
e e a n a e a a e a , as

r m i n d for m ny c nturi s th d pos i tory of l i t r ry

e a e a e e e e e a

tr sur s th common prop r ty f ll th Sc ndi n v i n

ea e , e e O a e a a a

an d T uton i c r c es wh i ch would oth rw i s

e a h v p , e e a e er

i h d
s e th y h v p ri sh d i Norw y D nm rk
, as e a e e e n a , e a ,

Sw d n G rm ny d Engl nd T h r w
e e , e a ti man a . e e as a e

wh n ll th s countri s h d common mythology

e a e e e a a ,

wh n th e l r c i e ch of th m tr c d i t d sc nt
r o va a e n ea e a e s e e

i n v ry i ng g n log i s p to Od i n d th gods f
a e ea e u an e O

A sg rd a Of th t mythology whi h m y h ld i t w
. a , c a o s o n

a g i t
a ns y th t h t
anth w ld h o ll
er m mory a e or as s een , a e ,

as syst m ti c whol h v n i sh d from th m d i v l

a e a e, as a e e e ae a

l i t r tur of T uton i c E rop

e a e W i th th i n trod cti on
e u e . e u

O f Chr i st i n i ty th nc i nt gods h d b n d pos d

a ,
e a e a ee e e

an d th i r pl c s ss i gn d to d v i ls
e a e d w i tch s a Hr e e an e . e e

d th r t d i ti popul r t l or s p rsti ti on u
'

an e e a ra on , a a a e a e

bor t sti mon y; to wh t h d b n los t ; d tho gh

r

e e a a ee an ,
u

In th i s c ntury th sk i ll d w i sdom f t h Gri mms

e e an O e

an d th i r school h v e sh own th world wh t pow r a e e a e

of r stor ti on d r construct i on b i d s
e a an i t lli e a e In n e

g nt schol rsh i p
e d l bor ous r s rch
a th
an a 1 e ea , even e

gen i u sf the g r ea tom a s ter o f tha t s c hool f

o c r i ti c i s m

w ou ld ha ve los t n i n e ten ths i ts p ower ha d n ot a i th -

of f
u l I cela n d p r es er ved thr ou h the d a r k a es the two
f g g
E dd a s , whi ch p r es en t to u s , i n ea tu r es tha t f c a n n ot be
m i s ta ken , a n d i n wor d s whi ch ca n n ot d i e, the ver y f or m
36 WH A T B A S EN T S AY S .

an d f hi as on o f tha t won d r ou s ed i fi ce o f m ythology whi ch

ou r f f or e a ther s i n the d a w n of ti m e i mag i n ed to them
s elves as the temp le at the i r god s a n d of the
on c e of

w or s hip d u e to them f r om a ll m a n ki n d on thi s mi dd le

ea r th For m
. ccord i ng to th i r syst m of b l i f
an , a e e e e ,

could h v no x i st nc bu t for thos gods d st lw rt

a e e e e e an a a

d i vi n i ti s who fro m th i r bod i A sg rd w r v r

e , , e a e n a , e e e e

w tchf l to prot ct hi m d crush th common f of

a u e an e e es

both th rthly r c of gi nts or i oth r words th

,
e ea a e a , ,
n e , e

c h o ti c tur l pow rs A y
a na th r for th t d s i r s
a e . n o n e, e e e, a e e

to wh t m nn r of m hi for f th rs w r i th i r
se e a a e en s e a e e e n e

r l t i on to th gods how th y conc i v d th i r th ogony

e a e , e e e e e ,

how th y i m g i n d d construct d th i r cosmogony

e a e an e e ,

must b t k h i ms lf to th Edd s
e a e i llustr t d by th e e a , as a e e

S g s d h w i ll th r find mpl d t i ls on ll th s
a a ,
an e e e a e e a a e e

po i nts ; wh i l th A nglo S xon d T uton i c l i t r tur s

e e -
a an e e a e

only th row t v gu h i nts d ll si ons A w r d

ou a e an a u . s e ea

B ow lf d th Tr v l r s Song for i nst nc w m t

e u an e a e e
’
, a e, e ee

a t v ry st p r f r nc s to mytholog i c l stor i s
e e e e e e d myth e a e an .

i c l v nts w h i ch would b utt rly u n i nt ll i g i bl w r

a e e , e e e e e e

i t not for th full l i ght thrown upon t h m by th I

e e e ce ,

l ud i l i t r tur T hus f D t p i n i on
a e e a e . ar a se n
’
s O .

T h Nors my th ol gy w
e y t h n
e sh ws wh t t h o ,
e sa , e , o a e

r l i gi on f our c stors w ; d th i r r l i g i on i th
e O an e as an e e s e

m i n f ct th t w c r to know bout th m Know i n g

a a a e a e a e .

th i s w ll w e s i ly ccount for th r st Th i r
, e c an ea a e e . e re

li gi on i th soul of t h i r h i story
s e Th i r r l ig i on t ll e . e e e s

us wh t th y f lt ; th i r f l i ngs prod c d th i r thoughts

a e e e ee u e e ,

an d t h i r t h ough ts w r th p r nts f t h i r cts Wh n

e e e e a e O e a . e

w e study th i r r l i gi on w d i s cov r th uns n d

e e ,
e e e ee an

sp i ri t l fount i n fro m whi ch l l th i r o tw rd c ts

ua a a e u a a

w ll d forth d by wh i ch th ch r ct r of t h s w s
e e ,
an e a a e e e a

d t rm i n d
e e e .

T h mythology i n t h r th h i story nor th po try

e s ei e e e e
 TH O M A S C A R LY LE . 37

nor n tur l ph i losophy of our nc stors ; but i t i

th e a a a e s

t h g rme e d nucl us of t h m ll
an It i h i story for i t
e e a . s ,

tr ts of v nts ; but i t i
ea e e t h i story i th ord i n ry s no n e a

a cc pt nc of th t word for th p rsons figuri g th r i n

e a e a , e e n e e

h v n v r x i s t d It i n tur l ph i losophy for i t i

a e e e e e . s a a , n

ves ti g t th a es ori g i n f n tur ; but i t i

e t n tur l O a e s no a a

p h i losophy ccord i ng to mod rn i d s for i t p

a ifi e ea , e r s on es

an d d ifi n tur It i m t phys i cs for i t stud i s th

e es a e . s e a , e e

s c i nc d th l ws of b i ng ; but i t i t m t phys i cs
e e an e a e s no e a

in our s ns of th word for i t r p i dly ov rl ps ll

e e e , a e ea a

c t gori s It i po try i i t v ry ss nc ; but i t pi

a e e . s e n s e e e e s c

tur s e str ms th t flow tog th r Thus th Nors

a re ea a e e . e e

mythology i h i story but l i m i t d to n i th r t i m nor

s , e e e e

pl c ; po try but i nd p nd nt of rs s or th s s ; phi

a e e ,
e e e a e e e

l oso h
p y but w ,
i thout bstr ct i ons or syllog i sms a a .

W clos th i s ch pt r wi th th follow i ng xtr ct from

e e a e e e a

Thom s C rlyl s ss ys on H ro s d H ro worsh i p

a a e
’
e a e e an e -

an xtr ct th t undoubt dly w i ll b r d w i th i nt r st

e a a e e ea e e

an d pl sur ea e

I t h t t g i l d — I l d —b t p t h g l g i t
n a s ra n e s an c e an urs u , e eo o s s

sa y b,y fi f m t h
re , b tt mro f h w i ld l e d fb o o o t e s ea ; a an o a rr e n

ness d l an w ll w d m
a va y m th f th y i bl k
; s a o e ,
an on s o e e ar, n ac

te mp t t
es s,
y w i t h w i
e ld g l m i g b ty i a m m t im , ea n eau n su e r- e ;
t w i g p th
o er n u t m d g i m i th N t h O
e re , s e w i th
an r ,
n e or cean ;
it w jOk l i g g y lp h p l d h i d l
’

s sno -
u s, ro a r n e s e rs , su ur oo s an o rr vo

i
c an o c h m l i k h w t h t i b ttl fi l d f f t d fi
as s, e t e as e , c ao c a e- e o ro s an re

—w h f l l pl
e re o w l t l k d f lit t
a a ce s w i tt
e eas oo e or e ra u r e or r en

m m i l
e th
or a s ; d f th t h i g w w i tt d
e re co r o O ese n s as r en ow n . n

th e b s ea d f t h i w i ld l d i
oar o im f g s y t y wh an s a r o ra s s co un r , ere

ca ttl e b i t
can d m
su by m
s s f th m
,
an d f W h t th en, e an s o e an o a e

s ea y i ld e d it s ; m th y w
an p ti m th — m w h
se e s e ere oe c en, ese en o

h d d p th
a eeg h t i t h m
ou d tt d ms i lly
n t h i t h ge h t ,
an u ere u s ca e r ou s .

M h w ld b l t h d I l d
uc ou e t b osb t pf m h a c e an no een u rs u ro t e

sea — t b no di d b y th N t h m ! T h l d N
een s c ov e r e e or en e O ors e

p t w m y f th m t i
oe s e re an f I l d o e na ves o ce an .

S m dae un f th , ly Ch i t i p i t t h w h p
o ne o e e ar r s an r es s ere , o er

h p h d
a s li g i g f d
a a n f p g i m ll t d t i f
er n on ness or a an s , co ec e cer a n o
38 TH O M A S C A R LY LE .

th eir O ld p
j t b t b m i g b l t th
a
gan s on g s , us a ou e co n o so e e en

p oe m h s t f m yth i p p h t i m tly l l f
or c an s, o a li c, ro e c, os a o a re

g i o ns , h t c t h i a ra ci w h t N er : i t i ll
s t h s Eld a orse cr cs ca e er or

P ti Ed d
oe c Edd w d f
a . t i ty m l g y i th gh t
a, a or o un ce r a n e o o , s ou

t o i g i fy A
s n t S St l
n ces r es s I l d g tl m
. n orre ur e s on , an ce an en e an,

an t m ly t b l p
ex re e g d
no a t d b et h i S m e rs o n a d e, e u ca e V s ae un
’
s

g ra n d t k i h d t s on , oo n t y ft w d t p t
an nex ,
near a ce n ur a er ar s, o u

t g th m g
o e er , a l th b k h w t k i d f p
on s e v e ra o er oo s e ro e, a n o ro s e

s y p i f th w h l m yth l g y l i d t d b y w f g m t
no s s o e o e o o ,
e uc a e ne ra en s

o f t d i ti ra y ; on ar w k t t d lly w i th g t
v e rs e a or con s ru c e rea rea

i g
n i ty
enu t i t l t Wh t ,
na m i gh t
ve a en ll ,
i a t; on e ca u n con s c o us ar

a lt g tho e p pi er l w k — pl
a e rs t d i g t i ll
cu ou s , c ear or e a s an rea n s .

Thi i th Y gs s eP Edd o un By t h er or d th m
ros e a . ese an e nu er

ous o th S g m tly I l d i w i th th m m t i I l d i
er a a s, os ce an c, e co en ar e s, ce an c

or t w hi h g
no ,
l ly i th N t h t t h i d y i t i
c o on zea ous n e or o s a , s

p i bl t g i m d i t i i gh t
oss e o a n so y te d re c t h t ld ns e ven e ,
an see a O

s y t m f b li f i t w
s e o e f et f ,
as L t f g t th t i t
ere , ace o ace . e us or e a

is e r ro n e o u s ligi l t l k t it
re on : l d th gh t e usd t y oo a as o ou ,
an r

if w e t y m p th i w i t h i t m w h t
canno s a ze so e a .

Th p i m y h t i t i f t h i l d N th l d m yt h l g y
e r ar c ara c e r s c O s O or an o o

I fi d t b imp
n o t i f th i i b l w k i g f t
e ersona on o e v s e or n s O n a ur e

e arn e s t i m pl , g S i t i f t h e w k i
re co g f p
n h y i l
on t
o e or n s o s ca n a u re ,

as th i g w h lly m i l
a n t p d
o d di ira c u o u s , Wh t w s u en ou s an v ne . a e

no w l t ec f i
ur e th y w d d t d f ll d w i
o as s c en c e , e on er e a ,
an e o n n

a w eb f e li g ior e , Th d k h ti l p w
as re on . f t e ar ,
os e o ers o n a u re

th y fi g d t th m l
e ur e J ot o (g i t ) h g
e se v es h ggy as
'

un s an s , u e, s a

b i g
e n f d m i h t F t Fi S T m p t t h
s, o a e on a c c a ra c e r . ros ,
re , e a, e es ,
ese

are J ot Th u ns f i dly p w
.
g i e S mm
r en h t th o e rs , a a n, as u e r- ea , e

S un , are g d T h E m op i fs t.h i U i e i d i i d d b t w
re O s n v e rs e s v e e e en

th t w ; th y d w ll p t i p
ese o e i l i t e i a f d Th
ar n e re nn a n e rn e c n e eu . e

g od d ws ll b i eA g d a t h G
o ve d f
n t h A s ar Di i ,
e ar en O e sa s , or v n

i ti es J ij t; h im di t t d k h ti l d i th h m f
un e ,
a s an ,
ar , c ao c an ,
s e o e o

th Jt
e o uns .

C i ll thi
u r ous , d t i dl
a i s if w
; an w i ll l k t
no e or n an e e oo a

Th p w t
°

th f
e d ti oun f it a on o f Fi . Fl m f ie o er o re or a e, or n s an c e ,

w hi h w c d i g t by m t i i l h m i l m th by h i d
e es na e so e r v a c e ca na e, e re '

i g f m
n ro l th ti l h t f w d th t d w ll
o u rs e v e s e e sse n a c a ra c e r O on er a e s

i n it i l l th i g
as i n w i th t h
a ld N n th m L g m t
s, s, ese o or en , o e, a os

w i ft b tl d m d f th J t
,

s su f th b e e on , o Th e
g roo o e o uns . e sav a es

f th L d Il d ( y m Sp i h y g ) th g h t
,

o e a ron e s s an s, too sa so e an s vo a e rs ou

Fi w h i h th y h d d il
,

re. c b f
e w a never g d seen e o re , as a ev , or o ,
 TH O M A S C A R LY LE . 39

th t a bi t yo u sh ar ply wh
d i t d l i d th en p
yo u t o u ch e ,
an ve ere u on

d y w
r d F m oo . t h mi t y if it h d
ro u s, oo, t t p i d i ty
no c e s r , a no s u

t h lp i t w
o e ld h i d th t fl m i w d
,
ou e Wh t i fl m ? a a e s a on er . a s a e

F ro st th ld N e o di t b
ors e m t
seer h y s c e rn s o e a o n s ro u s , oar

J ot th g i t T ym H ym R i m th l d w d w
’

un, e an hr , r ly ,
or e, e o or ,
no n e ar

o b l t so e e h b t t i ll d i S tl d t i g i fy b f t
e re , u s use n co an o s n o a r- ro s .

Ri m w c t th as no w d d h m i l t hi g b t l i i g
en, as no ,
a ea c e ca n ,
u a v n

JO t u n, D i l ; th
or m t
ev JO t Rim d e h m
on s ro ushi un e ro v e o e s

h ors e s t i gh t a m b i g th i
n ,
m sat ; w h
coi h h n w e r an e s c ors e s e re

H il l d
a -
c ou fl t F t wi d Hi w —
s, or ee r os t hi -
b t n s s co s n o, no s, u a

—
.

ki m ns th an s,
g i
’
t H y m e w an I b g T h i Hym er s
’
co s are c e er s . s er

l k t th
oo s a k w i th hi d i l y e ro c s d t h y p li t i th s ev -e e, an e s n e

gl an c e f it o .

T h d w th un er t m as l t i i ty i t en no i e re e ec r c ,
v re ous or res n

ou s ; it w th g d D as
(T h d )e o Th g don n e r l f un er ,
or or, o ,
a so , o

th be fi t S mm
ene cen h t T h th u d w h i w th ; th
e r- ea . e un er as s ra e

g t
a h i g f
er n t h b l k o l d i t he d w i g d w
ac f Th
c ou s s e ra n o n O or s
’

an g y b w ; th
r ro fi b lt b
s ti g t f h e re - i
o th ll u rs n ou o eav en s e a

ren di g h m m fl g f m th h d f Th
n a er un H ro g h i e an o or e ur es s

t i t p —t h t i t h p l ; w t h
.

l d h it
ou c th
ar o m ov e r e ou n a n o s a s e ea ra

f l h
u bl w e i hi o d b s d — t h t i th
n s tl i g t m
re ea r a s e ru s n s or

bl t b f as th th d b g i
e o re eB ld un
g i t h
er W h i t e ns . a e r, a a n, e e

G d th
o , b t i f l th j t d b i g t ( W h m th
e eau u e us ly an en nan ,
o e ear

Ch i t i ar s mi i n f d t m b l Ch i t ) i t h
s s on a ri e s oun o re s e e r s , s e sun

b ea u t i f l t f i i bl th i g w d
u es o v s t e d di i n t i ll s : on ro u s , oo , an v ne s ,

a ft er ll a t mi our d lm a s ro n o ! B t p h p th es an t a anacs u er a s e no a

bl t g d w h
es o t ll f i e f w h m G i m m th G
ear e o m s one o o r ,
e er an

e ty m l g i t fi d t o o s th
, g d W
n s h Wi h
ra c e : Th g de o un sc , or s . e o

Wi h w h s ,
ld g i o l l th t w
cou wi h d ! ve I us t th ia th a e s e s no s e

i
s n c e re s t d y t th d t i f t h p i i t f m ? Th
an e e ru es vo ce o e s r O an e

ru d t i d l th t m
es ea f m d w h i h t i ll
a an h w
ev er i t lf i or e ,
c s S o s se n

th lt tf m f
e a es p i i t l lt
or s o Hi g h
o ur S id r ti ua cu ure . er con s e ra on s

h av e t t h th t t h g d Wi h i t th t G d
o eac us a e o s s no e ru e o .

O f th th g d e JO t
o I w i ll m t i
er o s ly f ty
or un s, en on , on or e

m l gy o o k th t S t m p t i t h J t E g i
’
s sa e, a ea- e yd es s e o un I r, a ver an

g e ro u s J O t ; d w tun t h i d yan noi T ot I s a , on o ur r ver re n ,

as

l e arn , th N tt i g h m b g m e o whn th a i i i ar ti e en , en e r ver s n a cer a n

fl d d t t ( ki d f b k w t
oo e s a e a ddy i g w i l i t h
n o ac y- a er or e n s r as, v er

d g an t th m ) ll i t E g
e ro u s o Th y y t H
e ,
ca ! a er . e cr ou ,
av e a care

t h i th E g
e re s mi g ! e C i a th t w d
er co ni i g li k ur o u s , a or s u rv v n , e

th p k f
e ea b m g d w ld !
o a Th
su ld t N tt i g h m b g
er e or e o es o n a ar e
40 TH O M A S C A R LY LE .

m e n had b e i e v e l di n t h e g o d Z Eg i r . I d d
n ee , o ur En g i sh b l l d
oo ,

t oo , in g oo d p t i ar , s Da n i s h , N o rs e , -
or ra th t er, a th e bo tt m o ,

Da n i s h an d N ors e an d S ax o n h av e no di ti ti s nc on , exce pt a

S u p fiil er c a on e —a s t of th li k B t
He a h e n t and Ch r i s i a n , or e e . u

a ll ov er i l dw our m i g l d l g ly w i t h D
s an e p p a re n e ar e an es ro er

— f m h i ro t i i th w ; d th i f
t e n ce s san n v a s on s ere e re an s, o cours e ,

i n a g t p p ti l g h
rea er t
ro or t ; d g t t f ll
on a on t e eas coas an re a e s o a ,

as I fi d i th n th
,
t y F m th H m b p w d l l
n e n or co un r . ro e u er u ar ,
a

over S tl d t h p h f th m m p pl i t i ll i
co an ,
e s eec o e co on eo e s s n a

S i g l
n d g I l d i ; i t G m i m h ti ll p l i
u ar e re e ce an c s er an s as s a ecu ar

N ti g Th y t
o rs e n e N. m N th m — i f t h t b
e ,
oo, are or an s, or en a e

an y g t b ty
re a ! eau

O f th h i f g d O di e w c h ll p k b y
e o d by ,
M k n, e s a s ea an
- -
. ar ,

a t p t
re s e n m h w h t th
, so ucf S di i
: d a e e ssen ce o can n a v an , an ,

i d d
n ee f ll p g , o i m i a g i t i a f t
an s h f f ,
t s : a r eco n on o e or ce s o n a u re

as g dl i k o t p d pe, s u l g i en — g d
ous, d d m e rs on a a enc es as o s an e on s .

N t io i bl t
n con ce va It i t h i f t t h g h t f m p
e o us . s e n an ou o an O en

i g i t l f w i th
n se w d w d th ia e t p d an i on er on s ever s u en ous un

v erse It i . t g ft s b t i f l Ap ll t t
s ra n e, a d er o ur eau u o o s a ues an

l
c ear m i l i g m yt h
s t n m d w p th N uses,
g d o co e o n u on e o rs e o s

b wi g
re l nt h ld t h ia e f t w i t h A g i th S J O ;
o o e r eas e r, e e a- t un

s en di g t T h t g t th ld f th m i th J O
n ou or o e e ca ron or e n e t un

co un r t y ; T h ft m y d t o r, a l pp i g th p t h i
er an a ven ure s , c a n e o on s

h d li k
ea ,
h g h e d w lk i g ff w i t h i t — q i t l t i
a u e at , a n it a n O u e os n ,

th e f th
e a rs p t o hi g d w te hi h l !
o A ki d f
rea c n o n o s ee s n o

v a can t h g l g w k w d g i th d h t i th t
u eness, ar e, a ar an oo ,
c a ra c e r z e s a

N o rs e y m; s m s te f y t enor lt g th t t d
o us orc e , as e a o e er u n u or e ,

t lk i g h lpl w i th l g
s a n e t i t id
ess, C id ly ar e, u n ce r a n s r es . on s er on

th i p i m y m yth f t h C t i
e r r ar Th g d h us o i g g t th e re a on e o s av n o e

t l t m d by w m w i d
.

g i an Y m i — g ier s a n a d m h an a e ar n s an uc

c on f d w k t f th
us e fl i t f F t d Fi — d t m i d
or ou o e con c o ro s an re e er ne

on t t i g w ld w i t h h i m Hi b l d m d th
con s ru c n a or
; s oo a e e s ea
hi fl h w L d ; th R k y
.

s es th as hi b e an
; f h i b w e oc s, s on e s o s e e ro s

th y f m d A g d th i g d d w ll i g h i k ll w th
e or e s ar , e r o s
’
e n ; s s u as e

g rea t bl lt f I m m i ty d th b i f i t b m th
ue v au o ens ,
an e ra n s o e ca e e

Cl d
ou Wh t s . Hyp B b d i g g i a b
a i ! U t m d e r- ro na an us n ess n a e

th g ht ; g t g i tl i k
ou m
re a
; t, b t m d i
an d tim e, e nor o us o e
'
a e n ue e,

i t mp t g t tl i k b t g d l i k
,

n o th e co t gi ac rea n e s s , d no an e, u o e, an

t g th g i t h d f t h S h k p
s ro n er an an th G oo th ! o e a es e a re s , e oe es

S pi i t r lly w ll b d i ly t h m
ua ,
as e as p g it o , ese en a re o ur ro en ors .
42 I N TR O D U C I O N T O F CH R S T AN I I I TY .

br nch s of th t r c But from th i s ti m w h v no

a e a a e . e e a e

T uton i c l i t r tur
e In noth r s ns w must r cog
e a e . a e e e, e e

n i z di sti nct G rm n mythology d i sti nct E gl i sh

e a e a , a n

mythology d v n m k d i sti nct i o b t w n th m y

,
an e e a e n e ee e

th l g io o f D nm rk Sw d n
es O d Norw y e a , e e , an a .

T h t i t i only f th Nors myth ology w h v

a s O e e e a e

a nyth i ng l i k compl t r cord w ll d d to i th

e a e e e ,
as a u e n e

first ch pt r ; b t w w i ll now m k mor thorough

a e u e a e a e

e x m i n ti on of t hi s f ct
a a a .

T h d i ff r nt br nch s of th
e T uton i c myth ology
e e a e e e

di d out d d i s pp r d
e Chri sti n i ty gr du lly
an a ea e as a a a

b c m i ntroduc d first i Fr nc bout fi hundr d

e a e e , n a e, a ve e

y rs ft r th b i rth f Chri st ; th n i Engl nd

ea a e e O e n a , on e

or two hundr d y rs l t r ; sti ll l t r i G rm ny e ea a e a e ,

n e a ,

wh r th S xons Chri sti n i z d by C h rl m gn bout

e e e a ,
a e a e a e a

A D 8 00 w r th l st h th n p opl
. .
,
e e e a ea e e e .

But i Norw y Sw d n D nm rk d Ic l nd th
n a , e e , e a an e a , e

ori gi n l Gothi c h th n i sm l i v d lo g r d mor i nd

a ea e e n e an e e

p nd n tly th n ls w h r
e e d h d mor f vor bl
a e pp e e e, an a e a a e o or

t i ti
un to grow d m t r T h nci nt mythologi c l
es an a u e . e a e a

or p g n r l i gi on flo ri sh d h r unti l bout th m i ddl

a a e u e e e a e e

O f th l v nth c ntury ; or to p k mor cc r t ly

e e e e e , S ea e a u a e ,

Chri sti n i ty w not c mpl et ly i ntroduc d i Ic l nd

a as o e e n e a

b for th b gi nn i ng of th l v th c ntury ; i D
e e e e e e e en e n en

m rk d Norw y som t w nty to thi rty y rs l t r ;

a an a , e e ea a e

w hi l i Sw d n p g n i sm w not wholly r d i c t d
e n e e , a a as e a a e

b for 1 1 5 0
e e .

Y t n i th r Norw y Sw d n
e e D nm rk gi v us
e a ,
e e n or e a e

an y mytholog i c l l i t r tur Th i s i furn i s h d

a us only e a e . s e

by th N m who h d s ttl d i Ic l d S h ortly

e or se en , a e e n e an .

a ft r th i ntrod cti on of Chri sti n i ty wh i ch g v th

e e u a ,
a e e

N m th
o r se c ll d Rom n lph b t i c l syst m
en e s o -
a e a a a e a e

i nst d of t h i r f mous Run i c f th

ea th r w p t
e a u or c , e e as u

i
n wri ti ng i Ic l nd coloss l myth ologi c l d hi
n e a a a a an s
 TH E CA TH O LI C PR ES I TS . 43

tor i c al l i t r tur wh ch e a full blown flow r f

e, i is th e -
e O

Goth i c p g n i sm In th oth r countri s i nh b i t d

a a . e e e a e

by Goth i c ( Sc nd i n v i n Low Dutch d Engl i sh ) d

a a a ,
an an

G rm n i c ( H i gh G rm n ) r c s sc rc ly y my th
e a e a a e ,
a e an e

log i c l l i t r tur w produc d T h G rm n JVi h

a e a e as e . e e a e e

Li d d th A nglo S xon B wu lf D p
’
lu g n en - e an e -
a eo s ra a ar e

a t b st only s m i myt h olog i c l

e e Th ov rthrow of h
-
a . e e ea

th end m w o too br pt d v i ol nt Its r d i c ti on

as a u an e . e a a

w as so compl t t h t th h th n r l i g i on w lmost
e e a e ea e e as a

wholly obl i t r t d from th m mory of th p opl

e a e e e e e e .

Occ s i on lly th r
a a fo nd uthors who r f r to i t
e e ar e u a e e ,

but th i r llus i onse a v ry v g d d f ct i v b s i d s

a re e a ue an e e e, e e

g i v i ng unm i s t k bl v i d nc of
a b i ng
a wr i tt n w i
e th p e e e e e re

jud i c ed cont mpt

an Nor do w find mong th rly
e . e a e ea

G rm ns th t sp i ri t of v n r t i on for th m mori s of
e a a e e a e e e

t h p st
e a d d s i r to p rp tu t th m i
, an e v rn cul r
e e e a e e n a e a a

l i t r t r ; or i f th y d i d x i st th y w r smoth r d by
e a u e e e ,
e e e e e

th e C t hol i c pri sthood Wh n th C th ol i c pri sts

a e . e e a e

g in d th sc nd ncy th y dopt d th L t i n l gu g
a e e a e a , e a e e a an a e

an d us d th t xclus i v ly for r cord i ng v nts

e a e d th y e e e e , an e

pronounc d i t i v n to m nti on by m th ld p
e a s n e e e na e e O a

g an gods ft n r t h n nO c ssei ty comp

e ll d th m to
a do so e e e e e .

A mong th Nors m n on th oth r h nd e d to

e e , e e a , an a

co si d r bl xt nt mong th Engl i sh t th ld
n e a e e e a e , oo, e O

r l i g i on flour i sh d long r ; th p opl ch r i s h d th i r

e e e e e e e e e

tr d i ti ons ; th y lov d to r c i t th songs d S g s

a e e e e e an a a ,

in wh ich w r r cord d th r l i g i ous f i t h d br v

e e e e e e a an a e

d ds of th i r nc stors
ee e d cult i v t d th i r n t i v
a e , an a e e a e

sp c h i sp i t of th pr i sts In Ic l nd t l st th
ee n e e e . e a a ea ,
e

pri sts d i d not succ d i root i ng t p g n i sm i f y u

e ee n ou a a , o

pl s b for i t h d d v lop d flfl i tly to produc

e a e, e e a e e e su c en e

th e se b ti ful blossoms th Eld r d Young r Edd s

eau ,
e e an e a .

T h ch i f r son of t hi s w
e e ea th t th p opl conti nu d a s, a e e e e

to u th i r moth r tongu i wri ti g w ll i sp k

se e e -
e, n
‘
n as e as n ea
44 T H E ED D A S .

i n g, so th t L ti n th l ngu g of th church n v r
a a , e a a e e , e e

got foothold It w us l ss for th monks to try to

a . as e e e

t ll S g s i L t i n for th y found but f w r d rs i

e a a n a , e e ea e n

th t tongu A i mpor t nt r sult of th i s w th t

a e . n a e a s, a

th S g b c m t h prop rty of t h p opl

e a a e a d not ofe e e e e e, an

t h f vor d f w In th n xt pl c our Nors Ic l ndi c "

e a e e . e e a e, e e a

a nc stors took profound d l i ght i po try d song

e a e n e an .

T h sk ld sung i
e ath moth r sp ch d t k i ng t h n e e -
ee , an a e

mos t f th m t ri l for hi songs d po ms from th

O e a e a s an e e

old my tholog i c l t l s i t w n c ss ry to study d a a e , as e e a an

b com f m i li r w i th th s i ord r th t h m i gh t b
e e a a e e, n e a e e

a bl on th e, h nd to und rst nd th producti ons

e on e a , e a e

O f oth rs d on t h oth r to compos songs h i ms lf

e ,
an , e e ,
e e .

A mong th num rous x mpl s wh i ch i llustr t how

e e e a e a e

t n c i ously th Nors m n clung to th i r nc i nt d i vi n

e a e e e e a e

i t i s w m y m nt i on th
e , e sk ld H llf d who wh n
a e e a a re , , e

h w e b pt i z d by th k i ng Ol f T ygg
as a e d cl r d e a r ve ss o n , e a e

br v ly to t h k i ng th t h would n i th r sp k i ll of
a e e , a e e e ea

th el d gods nor r fr i n from m nt i on i ng t h m i

O ,
hi e a e e n s

songs ,

T h r son th n why w c nnot pr s nt

e ea compl t
, e , e a e e a e e

an d t h oroughly syst m t i c T uton i c or G rm n or E g e a e e a n

l i sh or D n i sh or Sw di sh M yth ology i
a t th t t h s e ,
s no a e e

d i d not t som t i m x i st but b c us th i r r cords

a e e e ,
e a e e e

ar e so d f c ti v O uts i d of Norw y d Ic l nd
e e e . e a an e a ,

Chri st i n i ty tog th r w i th di sr g rd f p st m mori s

a ,
e e e a O a e e ,

h as sw pt most of th r sourc s w i th w h i ch to constr uct

e e e e ,

th m w y from th surf c
e , a a d th r r m i n only e a e, an e e e a

d ply b ri d ru i ns wh i ch i t i d i ffi cult to d i g up d

ee u e , s an

sti ll mor di ffic lt to pol i sh d dj ust i nto th i r ori g

e u an a e

i n l sym m tr i c l
a d compr h ns i ve form ft r th y
a an e e e a e e

h v b n brought to th surf c It i d iffi cult to

a e ee e a e . s

g th r l l th sc tt r d d p rti lly d c y d bon s of

a e a e a e e an a a e a e e

t h mytholo g i c l syst m
e d w i th th br th f hum n a e , an e ea O a
 T
M Y H O LO G Y I N I TS G E RM A N IC F O RM . 45

i nt ll ct r produc l i v i ng voc l org n i sm F w h v

e e e e a a a . e a e

a tt mpt d t do th i s w i th gr t r succ ss th n th
e e o ea e e a e

broth rs Gr i mm e .

For th l c i d ti on of our mythology i i t G

e e u a n s er

m n i c form for i nst nc th m t r i ls l though th y

a , a e, e a e a , a e

are not wholly w nt i ng y t d i fficult to m k a ,

a re e a e u se

O f i nc th y
, S w i d ly sc tt r d d must b sought
e e a re e a e e , an e

p rtly i qu i t corrupt d pop l r l g nds p rtly i

a n e e u a e e ,
a n

wri ti ngs of th m i ddl g s wh r th y som ti m s

e e a e ,
e e e are e e

found i nt rpol t d d wh r we oft n l st should a e , an e e e e ea

ex p ct to find t h m B t i i t Nors form w h v

e e . u n s e e a e

a mpl m t ri l for s tudy i ng th A mythology H r

e a e a e sa - . e e

w h v
e our gu i d not only
a e as l rg numb r f e a a e e O

sk ld i c l ys compos d wh i l th m ythology sti ll fl u

a a , e e e o r

i h d b t
s e v n compl t r l i gi ous syst m wri tt n
,
u e e a e e e e , e

down i t i tru ft r C h ri sti n i ty h d b n i ntroduc d

,
s e, a e a a ee e

i nIc l nd st i ll ccordi ng to l l v i d nc w i th o t th
e a , ,
a a e e e, u e

Chr i st i n i d s h v i ng h d y sp c i l i nflu nc upon

a ea a a an e a e e

i t d l i n t i on or h v i g m t r i lly corrupt d i t
s e ea Th s
, a n a e a e . e e

l ys m nuscri pts t wh i ch form th sourc f Nors

a ,
a , e c .
,
e e O e

mythology w i ll b mor f lly d i scuss d i noth r

,
e e u e n a e

ch pt r f thi s Introducti on
a e O .

W m y d d furth r th t i f w h d i
e a acompl te e ,
a e a , n a e

syst m th mythology f th G rm ns th Engl i sh

e ,
e O e e a ,
e ,

t
e c w should find i
.
, e comp ri g th m w i th th Nors ,
n a n e e e,

th s m ecorr spond nc
a d i d nt i ty
e w find ex i st e e an e as e e

i g b tw n th
n d iff r nt br ch s f th T uton i c
e ee e e e an e O e e

f m ly f l ngu g s W should find i i t ss nc th

a i O a a e . e n s e e e e

s m mythology i ll th T uton i c countri s w sh ould

a e n a e e e ,
e

fi d th i s g i n d i v i d i ng i ts lf i nto two groups th G

n a a e , e er

m n i c d th Goth i c d th l tt r group th t i th
a an e ,
an e a e ,
a s, e

Goth i c wo ld i nclud th nc i nt r l i gi on f th Sc n
, u e e a e e O e a

di i Engl i sh d Low Dutch If w h d s ffic i nt

n av a n S , , an . e a u e

m ns for m ki ng comp ri son w should find th t

ea a a a , e a
46 TH O R N O T T H E S A M E IN N O R WA Y A N D D E N M A R K .

any s i ngl myth m y h v b com mor pro m i n nt

e a a e e e e e ,

m y h v b com mor p rf ctly d v lop d by

a a e e br nch e e e e e e e one a

O f th r c th n by no t h r ;
e a e br nch f th gr ta a e one a O e ea

T uton i c f m i ly m y h v b com mor tt ch d to

e a a a e e e e a a e a

c rt i n myth th n noth r wh i l th myth i ts lf

e a a a e , e e e

would r m i n i d nti c l v rywh r Loc l myths th t

e a e a e e e e . a , a

i myths prod c d by th cont mpl ti on of th v i si bl

s, u e e e a e e

worki ngs f xt rn l n tur o color d by th tmos

'

e e a a e, are e e a

ph r of th p opl d country wh r th y
o e e fost r d
e e an e e e are e e .

Th god Fr y r i v d sp c i l tt nti on by th A
e e ec e e e e a a e e sa

worsh i p rs i S w d n but th Nors

e n d D n i sh Fr y e e , e e an a e

are s ti ll i r l i ty th s m god Thund r produc s not

n ea e a e . e e

th s m ff ct upon th p opl mong th tow r i ng

e a e e e e e e a e e

an d pr c i p i tous mount i ns of Nor w y

e d th lvl a a an e e e

pl i ns of D nm rk but th Thor f Nor w y d of

a e a , e O a an

D nm rk
e sti ll th s m god ; lthough i Norw y
a ar e e a e a n a

h i t ll mount i n hi b rd i br i rs d h
”

e s a as a a ,
s ea s e , an e

rush s pon hi h ro i c d ds w i th th str ngth d

e u s e ee e e an

fr nzy of b rs rk wh i l i D nm rk h w nd rs long
e a e e , e n e a e a e a

th e shor s eayouth w i th gold n locks d downy

-
e, a , e an

b rd ea .

It i th A mythology s it w e conc i v d d sa - , as as e e an

c h r i sh d by th
e N m
e f Norw y d Ic l nd e o r se en O a an e a ,

w hi c h th Old Nors l i t r tur prop rly pr s nts to us

e e e a e e e e ,

an d h nc t h myth s w i ll i th i s vol m b pr s t d
e e e n u e e e en e

i nth i r Nors dr ss d h nc i t n m N
e e M yth l e , an e e s a e, or s e o

o gy From
. wh t h lr dy b n s i d th r i no a as a ea ee a , e e s

r son to doubt t h t th S w d s d D n s prof ss d

ea a e e e an a e e e

i nth m i n th s m f i th follow d th s m r l i g i ous

e a e a e a , e e a e e

customs d h d th s m r l i gi ous i nsti tuti ons ; d

, an a e a e e an

upon th i s supposi t i on oth r Engl i sh wri t rs upon th i s e e

subj ct for i nst nc B nj m i n Thorp h v nti tl d

e , as a e e a e, a e e e

th i r books S di i M yth l gy But w do not

e ca n nav an o o . e

know th d t i ls of th r l igi ous f i th customs d

e e a e e a , an
 N O R S E M Y H O LO G Y T .

i nsti tuti ons of Sw d n d D nm rk for ll r l i bl e e an e a , a e a e

i nl nd sourc s of i nform t i on
a w nti ng d l l th
e a a re a , an a e

h i gh st uthor i ti s on th i s subj ct f i nv sti g ti on such

e a e e O e a ,

as Rudolph K ys r P A Munch Ernst S rs N M e e ,

. .
, a , . .

P t rs n d oth rs un n i mously d cl r th t lthough

e e e an e , a e a e, a a

th enc i nt Nors Ic l n di c wri ti ngs t nfr qu ntly

a e e- e a no u e e

tr t of h th n r l i gi ous ff i rs i Sw d n d D
ea ea e e a a n e e an en

m rk y t w h n th y do i t i lw ys i such m nn r
a , e , e e , s a a n a a e

th t th conc pti on i cl rly N

a e d th d l i n t i on
e s ea or s e, a n e e ea

i throughout d pt d to i nst i tut i ons

s th y x i st d i
a a e as e e e n

Norw y W a w r th t th r
. e thos who w i ll
a re a a e a e e a re e

f l i ncl i d to cr i ti ci s us for not c ll i g th i s mythol

ee ne e a n

ogy Sc nd i n v i n or Nor th rn ( mor l s ti c t rm )

a a a e a e e a e

but w would rn stly r comm nd th m to x m i n

e ea e e e e e a e

c r fully th wr i t ings of th bov n m d wri t rs b for

a e e e a e a e e e e

w x i ng too z lous on th subj ct

a ea e e .

A w clos d th pr v i ous ch pt r w i th
s e e xtr ct e e a e an e a

from Thom s C rlyl so w w i ll clos th i s ch pt r w i th

a a e, e e a e

a bri f quot ti on from

e qu lly m i n nt schol r th
a an e a e e a , e

a uth or f Chip f m O G m W k h p In th s ro a er an or s o . e

s cond volum of th t work M M ii ll s ys

e e a ax er a :
*

T h i ft A g l S e re s, l g g a lit t
er n o- ax on , no an ua e, no e ra u r e , no

m yt h l g y o of ll f i t t f th l i d ti f h
so u li t
o n eres or e e uc a on O t e ear es

hi t y f h
s or w hi h
o w i h bi t th
t e B i ti h i l
race th c no n a s ese r s s es as e

I l di N y i
ce an c . p t I l di b t a ,
y th d i
n one re s ec ce an c ea s ever o er a

l t f th g t T t i f m i ly f p h t
ec o e re a pt i g A g l
e u on c a O s eec ,
no e x ce n n o

S a x on d O l d Hi g h G
an m d G th i It i i I l d i l er an an o c . s n ce an c a on e

th t w fi d m pl t m i f g i T t i h th d m
a e n co e e re a ns O en u n e e u on c ea en o .

G th i
o l g
c, g as i m a i t th I l d i b th
an ua e, s o re an c e n an ce an c ; ut e

on ly l i t y w k w h i h w p
e ra r i G th i ori t l ti c e os s e ss n o c s a ra n s a on

o f t h Bi b l e Th A g l S e l i t t w i th th
. pt i f
e n o- ax o n e ra u r e , e e x ce on o

th B w lf i
e eoCh i t i uTh ld h
, s f th N i b l g r s an . e o e ro e s o e e e un e,

s uch w fi d th m r p
as e t d i th S bi p i h b
n e e resen e n e ua an e c, av e e en

t d i t h h g i g k i ght w h
c onv er e n o i
c th b ll d
urc f -
o n n s ; e re a s , n e a a s o

M ax M u ll er s
’
R ev i e w of Dr . D as e n t
’
s The N or s em a n i n I cel a n d .
48 M A x M ULLE R .

th e E ld er E dd y h i ld pp b f
a, S ig ur d th i and Br n a ear e o re u s In e r

f ll p g
u ga d an ld i g t h
ran i g d
e ur, ho
b t t h i l d n no n s a cre u e r ove, an

d fy i g l l l w h m
e n a nd d i i
a i s, th m u f th t an a v ne, n e na e o a on e

a l m i g h ty p i Th I l dias s on t i th k y m y
. e c e an c c on a n s e e to an a

r i ddl i e th E g li h l
n g g
e d t n m y m y s t y i h
an ua e an o an a s er n t e

E g li h h
n s t T h g h h O ld N
c a ra c e r i b t di l t f
ou t e o rs e s u a a ec o

l g g w hi h th A g l g ht t
.

th e m sa e an ua d S e b c e n es an a x on s ro u o

B it i
r t h g h h N m bl d i th m b l d th t fl d
a n, ou t e or an oo . s e sa e oo a oo s

an d bb i e y G m h t y th i
s n ever er f d fi an ear ,
et e re s an accen t o e

ance i th t gg d t h
n a p h d pi g f d i g
ru e nor e rn s eec ,
an a s r n o ar n

m d a i
ness th t t h bb i g th n a h t w h i h m k thro n n or e rn ear ,
c ar s e

N thm w h
or an h pp w h th
e re v e r i I l d i S i i ly e a ea rs , e er n ce an or n c ,

w h th e th S i
er on th T h me A h b gi
e n e o r on i g f h e a es . t t e e nn n o t e

n ni th t y w h th g t th
cen u r ,
d bg E p
en e re a n or e rn exo us e an , u ro e, as

D D r . t m k w i d g f b mi g t
asch re ar s, m f t bl
as n an er O eco n oo co or a e .

Th tw e ti d ti d
o na on s k d k i th g t es ne to run n e c -
an -
nec n e rea ra c e

o f i i li ti
c v F k d A gl S
za on, h d
ran t d yt b m an n o- ax o n , a a en enc o eco e

d ll d l y d i th
u an az ld i t p f ti t i ll i t h d
,
an ne er co u a rr v e a er ec on a

b een h t i d by h N
c as m
se d fi lly f d t dm i t
t e orse en, an na o rc e o a an

i f i
n us on f th b l d i t i t l g g i h i T h i g f
o no r e rn oo n o s s u s v e ns . e v or o

th e i b
v a r o us h f th T t i t k m yb m
ra n c es o d by e e u on c s oc a e e a s u re

th ep p ti f N m bl d w h i h t h y
re or on o i d ; d th
or an oo c e r e ce v e an e

na t i l h t f E g l d w m t th d
on a c a ra c e r o d t f n an o es ore o e esce n an s o

H lf G ro g th t h f ll w
an er f H an
g i t d H o t e o o e rs o en s an ors a .

B t wh t i u k w f th a ly h i t y f th N m ?
s no n o e ear s or o e ors e en

T h i w th l i f f kl f b t
e rs as e d th y h d
e o ti m
rec ess re e o o e rs , a n e a no e

t d o m re a d p d an th p t w h i h t h y h d l ft b h i d i
on er on e as , c e a e e n n

N w y
or aWh th y ttl d
. e re l it l th i w
e se e as co o n s s or as r u e rs , e r o n

t d i ti
ra th i
ons, yl g g w e r f g tt
ver Th i l
an ua e, e re soon or o en . e r an

g ua g h e wh t k t f ig g d
as no ere s ru cwh roo on o re n ro u n ,
even ere ,

as i N n m dy th y b m
or an l fR ,
e i th i l e ca e ear s o o ue n , or, a s n ese s es,

ki g f E gl d Th i b
n s o n an pti — I l d I
. e re s ut on e ex ce on ce an . ce

l d w di
an as d p pl d d i i l i d by N m i th
s co v e r e ,
eo e an c v ze ors e en n e

n ni th t y ; d i t h i t th
cen ur an t y th l g g n e n ne een cen ur e an ua e

S p k th i t i ll th d i l t f H ld F i h i
o en ere s s d th e a ec o a ra a r a r, an e

t i t ld th
s or e s o t i ll th t i f h Edd
ere are th V
s e s or e s o t e a, or e ener

a bl G e dm th D D t g i
ran o er pi d k t h f th
. r . asch ves us a ra s e c o e

fi t l di g s f th N
rs an n f g o th f ll e d f th orsef re u e es on e e s an or s o

I l d H d ib h w l
c e an . e f f e s crdm d th
es bj t o ov e o re e o ro v e e su ec s

>f
‘
T h e fo un d e r of N o rm a n dy i n Fra n c e .
50 M A x M ULLER .

d ilev ,
in d tfe ll i
d b li hi g
ng ti l t m
s a cre re e s an a o s n na on a cu s o s,

th mi i
e i f I l dw
s s on a r e s bl t t k o m h i t bl
ce an e re a e o a e a ore c ar a e

V i w e f h op t d th y b m th k p
t e as ,
f th
an y e e ca e e ee ers o os e v er

p m d lw d p
oe s an b d R
a i i
s i pt i
an w hi h rov e r s an un c n s cr ons c on

th e t i t h d t b p t d w w i th i q i i t i l
con nen a o ltye u o n n u s or a c r ue .

Th m e t w h m th
en ll t i f th
o i
o tpg p ty f e co ec on o e an c en a an oe r o

I l d i m m ly
c e an sib d w co m f Ch i t i
on l i ga s cr e e re en o r s an e a rn n

th e th
one , f d f p bl i h l th th ! f m
’l<
e oun er o a u c sc oo ; e o e r, a ous as

th e t h f h i t y f t h N t h t h H i m k i g l ( th
au or o a s or o e or , e e s r n a e

H m Ci l — t h W ld )
o e- rc e It i w i g t th i l b th t w
e or . s o n o e r a o rs a e

k w yth i g f t h
no an i t l i g i th t d i ti
n o eh m anc en re on , e ra on s, t e ax

im th
s, h bi t ef th N am D D
s O t d w ll m t f lly
e orse en . r . asch e s os u

on th ligi e y t m f I l d w h i h i th m t l t
re ou s s s e o ce a n , c s e sa e, a eas

i nit g s l tl i th t b l i d i by l l t h m m b f
e n e ra ou ne, a s a e eve n a e e e rs o

th T t i f m i ly d m y t ly b ll d
e e u on c a f th
,
an i a ru e ca e on e o e va r ou s

d i l t f th p i m i ti
a ec s o ligi d m yt h l g i l l
e r g ve
g f re ou s an o o ca an ua e o

th A y
e r T h i t h i g m i t t i g th
an ra ce . e re li s no n or e n e re s n an re

gi i
on th wh l
n hi t y f m e By i t
o e id p t y nd ts or o an . s s e, oe r a ar ,

i
s c e nce an d l w i k i t mp ati i i g i fi
, s n n o co a ra ve ns n can c e .

* S aem un d th e Wi s e . tS n o rr e S turl e s on .
 C H A P TE R III .

N O RS E M Y H O LO G Y T C O M P A RED W ITH T H E G RE E K .

R . s ys th Nors mythology m y hold

D A S EN T a e e a

i t own g i nst s
y oth r i t h world
a Tah f ct an e n e . e a

th t i t i th r l i gi on of our for f th rs ought to b

a s e e e a e e

e no gh to comm nd i t t our tt t i on ; but i t m y b

u e o a en a e

p rdon bl i us to h rbor v n s ns of pri d i f w

a a e n a e e a e e e, e

find for i nst nc th t th mythology of our Goth i c

, a e, a e

a nc stors s ff rs noth i ng but r th r i th g i n r i

e u e , a e s e a e n

m ny r sp cts by comp ri son w i th th t world f m d

a e e a a a -
a e

p g n i sm of th nci n t Gr ks W would th r for

a a e a e ee . e e e e

i nv i t th e tt nti on of th r d r to bri f comp ri son

e a e e ea e a e a

b tw n th Nors d Gr k syst ms of mythology

e ee e e an ee e .

A comp r i son b tw n th two syst ms i both i nt r

a e ee e e s e

e sti ng d i mport nt Th y
an th two gr nd st sysa . e are e a e

t ms of cosm ogony d th ogony f wh i ch w h v

e an e O e a e

r cord but th r d r w i ll g n rously p rdon th wri t r

e , e ea e e e a e e

i f h v ntur s th st t m nt lr dy t th outs t th t
e e e e a e e a ea a e e , a

of th two th Nors syst m i th gr nd r Th s two

e e e e s e a e . e e ,

th Gr k e d th Nors h v to
ee an gr t r xt nt th n
e e, a e, a ea e e e a

a ll oth r syst ms of mythology

e m bi d i fl
e d th co ne , ,
n u en c e e

c i vi li z ti on d t rmi n d th d sti n i s soc i lly d pol i t

a , e e e e e e ,. a an

i l ly of th Europ n n ti ons
ca , d sh p d th i r pol i t
e ea a , an a e e e

l i t r tur In li t r tur i t m i ght i nd d s m th t th

e a e . e a e ee ee a e

Gr k mythology h pl y d mor i mport nt p rt

ee as a e a e a a .

W dmi t th t i t h s ct d mor
e a a
p i u u p rt buta a e a e c on s c o s a ,

w i m gi n th t th r
e a x i sts wond rful bl i ndn s s
e a e e e a e e ,

( 51 )
52 N O R S E A N D G REE K M YTH O LO G Y WI D ELY D I FF ER .

a mong m y wri t rs to th tr nsc nd nt i nflu nc of

an e ,
e a e e e e

th blood d sp i ri t of nci nt N l d on North

e an a e o r se an

Europ n i ncludi ng Engl i sh d Am ri c n ch r ct r

ea , an e a , a a e ,

wh i ch ch r ct r h a at rn st mp d i ts lf pon our
e as 1 11 u a e e u

li t r tur ( for i nst nc i th c s of S h k sp r

e a e a s, a e, n e a e a e e a e,

th Thor mong ll T uton i c wr i t rs ) ;

e a d furth rmor
a e e an , e e,

w r jo i c i
e e th bsolut c rt i nty to wh i c h w h v
e n e a e e a e a e

a rri v d by studyi ng th si gns of th ti m s th t th com

e e e e , a e

p t
a rai i gnor venc wh i ch h pr v i l d
a i t h i s
e,country as e a e n

an d i Engl nd of th h i story l i t r tur

n a ,nci nt r l i gi on e , e a e, a e e

an d i nst i tut i ons of p opl so clos ly ll i d to us by a e e e a e

r c n t i on l ch r ct ri sti cs d ton f m i nd
a e, a a a a th e , an e O as e

Nors m n w i ll soon r or l t r b r mov d ; th t schoo l

e e , e a e e e e a a

of Nors ph i lology d nt i q i ti s w i ll
e long flouri sh an a u e e re

on th so i l of th Vi nl nd of our nc stors d th t th r
e e a a e , an a e e

is a gr nd futur not f h nc wh n Nors m ythology

a e, ar e e, e e

wi ll b cop i ously r fl ct d i
e l g nt l i t r tur e d e e n o ur e e a e a e, a n

i
n our fi rts p i n ti ng sculptur i ng d musi c
ne a ,
a , an .

Th Nors myt h ology d iff rs w i d ly from th Gr k

e e e e e ee .

Th y e th s m i
a re ss nc ; th t i to y both
e a e n e e e a s sa ,
ar e a

r cogn i ti on of th forc s d p h nom n of tur

e e e an e e a na e as

gods d d mons ; but ll myth olog i s

an e th s m i a e are e a e n

th i s r sp ct d th d iff r nc s b tw n th v ri ous
e e ,
an e e e e ,
e ee e a

mythol gi c l syst ms co s i st i th d i ff r nt w ys i
o a e ,
n n e e e a n

wh i ch n t r h i mpr ss d d i ff r nt p opl s
a u e as d i th e e e e e e ,
an n e

d ifi t m nn r i
eren w hi ch th y h v compr h nd d th
a e n e a e e e e e

un i v rs e d p rson i fi d or d i fi d t h
e, an v ri ous forc s
e e e e e a e

an d p h nom n of n ture In oth r words i t i i th

e a a e . e , s n e

e th i c l clothi ng d l bor t i on of th myths th t th

a an e a a e ,
a e

di ff r nt syst ms of my th ology di fl
e e e from th oth r ’

er on e e e .

In th V d i c d Hom ri c po ts th g rms of mythology

e e an e e e e

are th sm e i th Edd s of Nors l nd but th i s

a e as n e a e a

common stock of mt ri ls th t i th forc s d ph

,

a e a , a s, e e an e

nom n f n tur h b n mould d i nto

o a O a i fin i t
e, as ee e an n e
 B A LD ER A N D A DO N IS . 53

v ri ty f sh p s by th story t ll rs of th H i ndoos
a e O a e e -
e e e ,

Gr ks d Nors m n
ee an e e .

M mory mong th Gr ks i M m y th moth r

e a e ee s ne os n e, e e

of th m s s wh i l mo g th Nors m n i t i p
e u e ,
e a n e e e s re re

s nt d by M un i n
e e of th r v ns p rch d upon Od i n s , on e e a e e e
’

should rs T h m scul i n H i md l god of th r i nbow

e . e a e e a ,
e a

among th Nors m n w find i Gr c e th f m i n i ne e , e n ee e as e e e

Iri s who ch rg d th clouds w i th w t r from th l k s

, a e e a e e a e

an d r i v rs i ord r th t i t m i ght f ll g i n upon th

e , n e a a a a e

earth i g n t l f rti l i z i ng show rs S h w d ught r

n e e e e . e as a e

Of Th um s d El ktr
a gr ndd ught r of O k
a an e a, a a e ea n o s,

an d th sw i ft foot d gold w i g d m ss ng r of th gods

e -
e -
n e e e e e .

Th Nors B ld r i th Gr k A don i s Fri gg th

e e a e s e ee .
, e

moth r f B ld r mo rns th d th of h son whi l

e O a e ,
u e ea er , e

A phrod i t sorrows for h sp c i l f vor i t th young

e er e a a e, e

rosy sh ph rd Adon i s H gri f t hi d th wh i ch

e e ,
. er e a s ea ,

w asc us d by w i ld bo r w so gr t th t h would
a e a a ,
as ea a S e

not llow th l i f l ss body to b t k n from h rms

a e e e e a e er a

unti l th gods consol d h by d cr i ng th t h lov r

e e er e ee a er e

m igh t conti nu to l i v h lf th y r duri ng th spri ng e e a e ea , e

an d summ r on t h r th wh i l h m i ght sp nd th
e , e ea , e s e e e

oth r h lf w i th hi m i th low r world Thus B l d r d

e a n e e . a e an

A don i s both summ r gods d Fri gg d Aphrod i t

ar e e , an an e

are godd ss s of g rd ns d flow rs T h Nors god

e e a e an e . e e

of Th d r Thor ( Thursd y) wh mo g th Nors

un e , a , o, a n e e

m i only th prot ctor f h v n

en , s d rth i the e o ea e an ea s e
,

Gr k Z us th f th r of gods d m
ee e , T h gods of
e a e an en . e

th Gr ks
e ss nt i lly fr from d c y d d th
ee ar e e e a ee e a an ea .

T h y l i v for v r on Olympos t i ng mbrosi l food d

e e e e , ea a a an

dri nki ng th n ct r of i mmort l i ty wh i l i th i r v i ns

e e a a , e n e e

flows not i mmort l blood but th i mp ri sh bl i chor a , e e a e .

In th Nors mythologye th ot h r h ed Odi n hi m , on e e an ,

s lf d i s d i sw llow d by th F nri swolf ; Thor con

e e ,
an s a e e e

qu rs th M i dg rd s rp nt but r tr ts only n i n p c s
e e a -
e e , e ea e a e
54 G R EE K G O DS F REE F R O M D EC A Y .

an d f lls po i son d by th s rp nt s br th ; d th body

a e e e e
’
ea an e

of th good d b uti ful B ld r i consum d i th

e an ea a e s e n e

fl m s of hi f n r l p i l T h Gr k dw lt i bri ght
a e s u e a e . e ee e n

an d sunny l nds wh r th ch ng from summ r to

a ,
e e e a e e

w i nt r bro gh t w i th i t no f l i ngs of ov rpow ri ng

e u ee e e

gloom Th o tw rd n tur x rc i s d ch ri ng i fl
. e u a a e e e e a ee n u

e nc upon hi m m ki ng hi m h ppy d th i s h pp i n ss
e ,
a a ,
an a e

h xh i b i t d i hi myth ology T h Gr k
e e e nd l ss to s . e ee c ar e e

commu w i th th si l nt mount i ns mo n i ng w i nds

ne e e a , a ,

an d h v i ng ; h sp nt hi l i f to
ea gr t xt nt i
se a e e s e a ea e e n

th c i t i s w h r hi m i nd would b com mor i nt r st d

e e ,
e e s e e e e e e

i hum n ff i rs
n d w h r h cou l d sh r h i j oys
a a a d
, an e e e a e s an

sorrows w i th hi k i nsm n Wh i l th Gr k thus w s e . e e ee as

brought up to th rt i fici l soc i ty f th town th e a a e O e , e

h rdy Nors m n w i nur d to th rugg d i nd p nd nc

a e a as e e e e e e e

O f t h country e W h i l th l i f d th n tur surround . e e e an e a e

i g it i
n th Sou th wo ld n tur lly h v
,
n e t nd ncy to ,
u a a a e a e e

m k th Gr k mor h m n or r th r to d i fy th t
a e e ee e u a , a e e a

whi ch i h m n th popul r l i f s u d n tur i a th , e a e an a e n e

North wo ld h v t nd ncy to form i th m i nds of

u a e a e e n e

th Nors m n
e subl i m r d profound r co c pti on f
e e a e an e n e O

th un i v rs
e Th Gr k cl i ngs w i th t n ci ty to th
e e . e ee e a e

b uti ful rth ; th

ea r th i hi moth r Z us sur
ea e ea s s e . e ,

round d by h i gods d godd ss s i ts on hi gold n

e s an e e , S s e

thron on Olympos on th top f th mount i n i th

e, ,
e O e a ,
n e

cloud B t th t i . t lofty no gh for th

u sp i ri t of
a s no e u e

th Nors m n Odi n s V lh l i i h v n ; y Od i n
e e e .
’
a a s n ea e na ,

h i ms lf i not th h i gh st god ; M sp l h i m i si tu t d
e s e e u e e s a e

a bov A h i m e d i Musp lh i m i G i ml wh r
sa e , an n e e s e, e e

r i gns god who i m i gh ti r th n Od i n th god whom

e a , s e a , e

Hy dl v nt r s
n t to
a m e u e no na e .

In H d H W hip Thom s C rlyl m k s

er oes an er o or s ,
a a e a e

th followi ng stri ki ng comp ri son b tw n Nors d

e a e ee e an

Gr k mythology To m h s ys th r i i th
ee : e, e a , e e s n e
 T H E D ELUG E . 55

Nors syst m som th i ng v ry g nu i n v ry gr t d

e e e e e e, e ea an

m nl i k A bro d s i m pl i c i ty rusti c i ty so v ry d i ff r nt
a e . a , , e e e

from th l i ght gr c fuln ss f th ld Gr k p g n i sm

e a e e O e O ee a a ,

di sti gu i sh s th i s Nors syst m It i th ght th g

n e e e . s ou , e en

n i n though t of d p r d e rn st m i nds f i rly op n d

e ee ,
u e, a e , a e e

to th th i ngs bout th m f c to f c
e d h rt to
a e ,
a a e- -
a e an ea -

h rt i nsp cti on of th i ngs th first ch r ct r i sti c of ll

ea e e a a e a

good thought i ll t i m s Not gr c ful l i ghtn ss h lf n a e . a e e , a

S port i th
,
Gr k p g n i sm ;
as n c rt i n hom lye ee a a a e a e

truthfuln ss d rusti c str ngth gr t rud s i nc ri ty

e an e , a ea e e ,

d i sclos s i ts lf h r Thus C rlyl

e e e e . a e .

A th v i s i bl
s work i ngs of n tur
e i th gr t e a e ar e n e ea

an d m i n f tur s th s m
a v rywh r ; i ll cl i m s
ea e e a e e e e e n a e

w e find th v ult d sky w i th i t sun moon myri d

e a e s , , a

st rs d fl i tti ng clouds ; th
a an w i th i t surgi ng bil e s ea s

lows ; th l nd w i th i t m n i fold sp c i s of pl nts d

e a s a e e a an

a n i m ls i t l v t i ons d d pr ss i ons ; w find cold

a , s e e a an e e e ,

h t r i n w i nds t lth ough ll th s m y v ry w i d ly

ea , a , , e c .
, a a e e a a e

i color br i ll i ncy d pth h i g h t d gr

n , d ot h r qu l
a , e , e , e e e, a n e a

i ti s e d th m i nds
an d h rts of m
as ch ri sh hope an ea en e e,

f r nx i ty p ssi on t lthough th y m y b i fl u
ea , a e ,
a ,
e c .
, a e a e n

en c e d d ctu t d by th m i v r i ous w ys d to
an a a e e n a a an

v ri ous xt nts ; d myth ology i th i mp rson ti on

a e e an as s e e a

of n tur s forc s d ph nom n

a e
’
cont mpl t d by th
e an e e a as e a e e

hum n m i nd d h t so ll mythologi s no m tt r
a an ea r , a e , a e

i n w h t cl i m th y or i gi n t d d w r fost r d must
a e e a e an e e e e ,

of n c ss i ty h v th i r stock of m t ri ls th i r ground
e e a e e a e a , e

work found ti on d fr m i common w h i l t h y

Or a an a e n ,
e e

m y d iff r w i d ly from
a ech oth r i r sp ct to p cul i r
e ea e n e e e a

ch r ct ri sti cs bo th i th thi c l el bor t i on of th

a a e , n e e a a a e

myth d i th rch i t ctur l ff ct f th t u t

an n m bl
e a e a e e O e o e ns e e .

Thus w h v tr d i ti on bout at d l g for i nst nc

e a e a a a e u e, a e,

i n n rly v ry country on th glob b t no t w n t i ons

ea e e e e, u o a

t ll i t l i k In G s i s w r d of No h d h i k
e a e . en e e ea a an s ar ,
56 N O T T HE S A M E B UT A S I M I LA R TRA D ITI O N .

an d w t rs i ncr s d gr tly upon th rth

h o w th e a e ea e ea e ea ,

d stroy i ng ll fl sh th t mov d upon th r th xc pt

e a e a e e ea e e

i g
n thos who w r ew i th h i m i th k In Gr c
e e n e ar . ee e,

D uk l i on d hi w i f Pyrrh b com th found rs of

e a an s e a e e e e

a ne w r c of m a e A ccord i ng to t h Gr k story
en . gr t e ee , a ea

flood h d sw pt w y th whol hum n r c xc pt

a e a a e e a a e, e e

on e p i r D k l i on d Py rh wh
a ,
eu a th flood an r a, o, as e

a b t d l nd d on Mt P rn ssos d th nc d sc nd
a e , a e . a a ,
an e e e e

i g p i ck d up ston s
n ,
e d c st th m round bout e an a e a , as

Z us h d comm nd d From th s ston s spru g

e a a e w e e e n a ne

r c —m from thos c st by D uk l i on d wom n

.

a e en e a e a , an e

from thos c st by hi w i f In Nors l nd Odi n d

e a s e . e a , an

h i two broth rs V i l
s d V sl w th gi nt Ym r d
e , e an e, e e a e , an

wh n h f ll so much blood flow d from hi wounds

e e e ,
e s ,

th t th whol r c of frost gi nts w drown d xc pt

a e e a e -
a as e ,
e e

a s i ngl g i nt who s v d h i ms lf w i th hi hous hold

e a , a e e s e

in k iff ( k ) d from hi m d sc nd d
a S ar , an w r c of e e e a ne a e

frost gi nts Now th i s i not t r di ti on c rri d fro m

-
a . s a a a e

on e pl c to th oth r i t i n tur l xpr ssi on of th

a e e e s a a a e e e

s m thought ; i t i si m i l r fi t to ccount for th

a e s a a e
°
or a e

or igi n of th l nd d th r c of m e a A p opl d v l
an e a e an . e e e e

ops i t mythology i th s m m nn r i t d v lops i t

s n e a e a e as e e s

l ngu g T h Nors mythology i r l t d to th Gr k

a a e . e e s e a e e ee

mythology to th s m xt nt th t th Nors l ngu g e a e e e a e e a a e

i r l t d to th
s e a e Gr k l ngu g d no mor ;
e d ee a a e, an e an

comp r t i v mythology wh n th schol r wi lds th

a a e , e e a e e

p en , i i nt r st
s as i ng comp r t i v
e e ph i lology as a a e .

Th Gr ks h v th i r ch os th
e ee ll mbr c i ng sp c
a e e a , e a -
e a a e,

th e N m h v G i g g p th y wn i ng byss
orse en a e n un a a , e a a

b tw n N i flh i m ( th n bulous world) d Musp lh i m

e ee e e e an e e

( th world
e of fi ) T h Gr ks h v th i
re r t i t ns
. cor e ee a e e a ,

r spond i ng i m ny sp cts to th Nors gi nts T h

e n a re
’
e e e a . e

Gr ks t ll of th M l i n nymphs ; th Nors m n of
ee e e e a e e e

th e lv s t ; but th s comp ri sons

e e , e c . ch i fly i nt r e e a a re e e
58 TH E S E P A RA TE G RO UP E X ! U I S I TE .

Know e st th ou ho w t o p y?
ra

Kn o w e s t th ou how to o ffe r ?
Be tt er n ot p ray at al l

Th an to o ffe r too m u ch ,
B tte er is no th i n
g s en t
d Th an t oo m uch co n s u m e .

In th s f w d s i mpl words e couch d the

e e e an e ar e

s am thought i th J wi sh d Gr k ccounts just

e as n e e an ee a

g i v n It i s th i s i d nt i ty i thought w i th d i v rs i ty
e . e n , e

of d pth br dth b uty s i mpl i c i ty t i th xpr s

e , ea , ea , , e c .
, n e e e

s i on or symbol th t ch r ct r i z s th di ff r nc s b tw n a a a e e e e e e e ee

all my t holog i c l syst ms E ch h i t own p culi ri

a e . a as s e a

ti s st mp d upon i t d i th s p c l i r i ti s th
e a e , an n e e e u a e e

S p i r i t of th p opl th i r t nd ncy to thorough i nv sti

e e e, e e e e

g a ti n or
o u p fi i li ty th i r
s str ngth
er or w kn
c a ss th i r , e e ea e , e

p rofoundn ss or fri vol i ty e r fl ct d i m i rror ,

ar e e e e as n a .

Th b a uty of th Gr k mythology cons i sts n t so

e e e ee o

much i n th syst m consi d r d e whol e i th ,

e e as a e, as n e

s p r t si ngl groups of myths E ch group h i ts

e a a e e . a as

own c t r round w hi ch i t r volv s ch group mov s

en e a e e , ea e

in i t own p h r
s d t h r d v lops i ts own ch rm i ng
S e e , an e e e e a

p rf cti on w i th out r g rd to th eff ct upon th syst m

e e , e a e e e e

Of myth ology cons i d r d whol E ch group i s e e as a e . a

e xqu i s i t d furn i sh s
e, an i n xh ust i bl fount i n of e an e a e a

l g nd ry n rr t i v but th c ntr l thought th t should

e e a a a e, e e a a

b i nd ll th s b uti ful groups i nto

a e e eagr nd whol i s on e a e

w k N y th compl x multi pl i c i ty i nto wh i ch i t

ea . a , e e

const ntly k pt d v lop i ng

a long th Gr k m i nd
e e e , as as e ee

w as i v i gorous ct i v i ty w
n th c us th t fin lly h t
a , as e a e a a S a

ter e d it I not th i s s m
. sp i ri t wh i ch w find
S a e ,
e so

d i st i nctly d v lop d i th Gr k m th l gy th i s w nt
e e e n e ee v o o ,
a

of c ntr l i z i ng t h o ght most wond rfully d p

a e a u ,
e an er

f tl y r fl ct d i
ec e th soc i l
e e d pol i t i c l ch r ct ri sti cs
n e a an a a a e

of th Gr k st t s d i ll th mor r c nt R
e ee a e , an n a e e e e o

m nc n t ons
a i
e ? E ch Gr k st t d v lop d p c u
a a ee a e e e e a e
 G REE K T
M Y H O LO G Y A N EP C I P O EM . 59

li ar b uty d p rf cti on of i t own ; but b tw n th

ea an e e s e ee e

di ff r nt st t s ( Sp rt Ath ns
e e a e th r w no a a, e , e e as

strong bond of un i on whi ch could k p th m tog th r ee e e e ,

an d h nc ll th f uds
e e d c i v i l w rs
a d fin l d i sso
e e an a an a

l ti
u onIn th Nors mytholog y on th oth r h nd
. e e , e e a ,

th c ntr l i z i ng i d
e e or thought i i t p cul i r f tur
a ea s s e a ea e
'

in i t l i s i t str ngth
e d b uty s In th Nors m y
e an ea . e e

t h l gy t h
o o ,myth d th e di v i n i ty i i t i
on e an e on e s n ex r

ea bly i commun i on w i th th oth r ; d thus lso

n e e an , a ,

th i d
e of un i ty c ntr l i z ti on i prom i n nt f tur
ea , e a a , s a e ea e,

an d of th ch i f ch r ct ri sti cs of th T uton i c
on e e e a a e e e

n ti ons Wh i l th Gr k mythology for sh dow d ll

a . e e ee e a e a

th e p tty st t s of Gr c
e w ll a e thos of South ee e, as e as e

Europ d South A m r i c th Nors mythology for

e an e a, e e e

sh dow d th pol i ti c l d soci l d sti n i s of u i t d

a e e a an a e e n e

Sc ndi n vi u i t d Gr t Bri t i n u i t d G rm ny d
a a a, n e ea a , n e e a , an

th U i t d St t s of North A m r i c
e n e a eWh n th Gr ks e a . e e ee

un i t th y f ll W N th
e, e al i v only to b u i t d
. e or e r n er s e e n e .

A w would b l d to suppos from

s e st dy of th
e e e, a u e

physi c l d cl i m ti c l p cul r i ti s of Gr c
a an a d a e ia e ee e an

Nors l nd w find th t th Gr k mythology forms

e a ,
e a e ee an

e pi c po m d th t th Nors i tr g dy Not only

e , an a e e s a a e .

th e mythology consi d r d whol but v n th

, e e as a e, e e e

ch r ct r of i t sp ch
a a e d of i t v ry words d
s ee , an s e an

phr s s must n c ss ri ly b sugg st d d modi fi d by

a e , e e a e e e an e

th e xt rn l f tur s of th country Thus i Gr c

e e a ea e e . n e e e,

wh r th sun s r ys n v r scorch d wh r th north

e e e
’
a e e , an e e e

er n w i nds n v r p i rc w n tur lly find i th sp ch

e e e e, e a a n e ee

of th p opl bri lli ncy r th r th n gloom l i f r th r

e e e, a a e a , e a e

th n d c y d const nt r no ti on r th r th n pro
a e a ,
an a e va a e a

l ong d l th rgy
e But i th froz n bound r gi ons of
e a . n e e -
e

th North wh r th long
e , rms of th gl c i rs clutch
e e e a e a e

th v ll ys i
e a th i r cold mbr c
e n d th d t h port nd
e e a e, a n e ea -
e

i g v l nch s cut th i r w y down th mount i n s i d s

n a a a e e a e a -
e ,
60 TH E O K T O N Y .

th e tongu of th p opl would w i th p cul i r i nt u

e e e e , a e a o

s i ty of f l i ng dw ll ee pon th tr g dy of tur , e u e a e na e .

Th D n i sh po t G
e d t i g xpr ss d
a si mi l r i d e run v e e e a a ea

mor th an s i xty y rs g wh n h s i d th t th A
e ea a o, e e a a e sa

F i th unfolds i fi cts th most glori ous dr m of

a n ve a e a a

v i ctory th t v r h b n compos d or v r could ba e e as ee e ,

e e e

compos d by y mort l po t A d H uch d fin s

e , an a e . n a e e

th s fi cts follows
e e ve a as

A 1 Th C
ct ti . e re a on .

A II T h t i m p d i g h d th f B ld
ct . e e re ce n t e ea o a er .

A t III T h d t h f B ld
c . e ea o a er .

A I V T h t i m i m m d i t ly
ct . di g th d th f B ld
e e e a e s ucce e n e ea o a er

V R g k th T w i l i g h t f t h g d t h t i t h d l i
.

A ct . a n a ro , e o e o s, a s, e ec ne

an d f ll i mm d i t ly f ll w d by t h
a ge ti f th w ld
a e o o e e re e n e ra on o e or .

It i i n st i m bl p cu li r i ty of th Nors mythol
s an e a e e a e e

ogy th t i t i ddi ti on to b gi nn i ng wi th th ogony

, a ,
n a e a e

( b i rth of th gods ) lso nds w i th th eoktony ( d th ,

a e a e ea

of th gods) e In th Gr k mythology th dr m . e ee , e a a

l cks th fifth or fin l t d w h v only pros i c

a e a ac , an e a e a a

a ccount of how th p opl t l ngth gr w ti r d of th i e e e a e e e e r

gods d l ft th m wh n th y b c m old d f bl
,
an e e e e e a e an ee e .

B t th
u Edd s h v th okton i c myth i w hi ch th
e a a e a e , n e

h ro i c d th of th gods i sung w i th th s m po ti c
e ea e s e a e e

S p i ri t th i r youthful xplo i ts d vi ctori s A S th

as e e an e . e

sh d s of n i gh t fl b for th morn i ng d wn thu

a e ee e e e a , s

V lh l a gods h d to s i nk i nto th
a
’
s r th wh n th a e ea , e e

id th t
e a, i dol i
a of no cons qu nc i th i s world
an s e e e n ,

first burst upon th m i nds of th i dol worsh i p rs T hi s e e -

e .

id easpont ously cr t d th myth of R g n rok A ll

an e ea e e a a .

th e l m nts of i t myth i c l form w r for s h dow d i

e e e s a e e e a e n

th e old r group of Nors conc pti ons T h i d of

e e e . e ea

R gn rok w s gg st d lr dy i th Cr ti on ; for
a a as u e e a ea n e ea

th gods e th r r pr s t d proc d i ng from gi nts

a re e e e e en e as ee a ,

t h t i from
a s, vi l ch ot i c sourc d mor ov r th t
an e , a e , an , e e , a
 T H E N O R S E Y ELD S I THE I
P R Z E T o T H E G REE K . 61

wh i ch b born must d i
c an Th Gr ks di d not
e e . e ee

r l s th t i t ns from th i r pri sons i T rt ros d

e ea e e a e n a a an

bri ng th m p to nt r th l st struggl w i th th gods

e u e e e a e e .

S i gns of such cont s t fli tt d bout l i k clo ds i th a e e a e u n e

d p blu so th rn sky but th y d i d not g th r i nto

ee -
e u e ,
e a e a

d lug i ng thu d r storm T h i d s w r too brok n

e n e - . e ea e e e

an d sc tt r d to b a un i t d i nto
e e gr nd p i ctur e e on e a e .

Th Gr k w so much llur d by th pl sur s of

e ee as a e e ea e

l i f th t h could find no ti m to f thom i t d pth s

e, a e e a s e

or r i s bov i t A d h nc wh n th glori s of th i s
e a e . n e e, e e e

l i f h d v n i sh d t h r r m i n d noth i ng but
e a a ev in ,
e e e a e a a

sh dow low r world wh r th p l ghosts of th

a ,
a e ,
e e e a e e

d d kn w no gr t r h pp i n ss th n to r c i v ti di ngs
ea e ea e a e a e e e

from th i s busy world .

Th Nors m n w i ll i ngly y i lds th p r i z to th Gr k

e e a e e e e ee

wh n th qu sti on i of pr ci s i on i d t i ls d xt rn l
e e e s e n e a an e e a

a dornm nt of th figur s ; but wh n w sp k of d p

e e e e e ea ee

si gn i fic nc d i ntr i ns i c pow r th
a e Nors m n po i nts
an e , e e a

qu i tly t R gn ok th Tw i li ght of th gods

e a a d ar , e e , an

th Gr k i
e i l nt ee s S e .

T h Goth h e b for b n i nd i c t d conc ntr t d

,
as as e e ee a e , e a e

l i f ; th Gr k d i i d d i t i nto p rc ls Thus th
e e ee v e a e . e

Gr k mythology i fri volous th Nors i profound

ee s , e e s .

T h fr i volous m i nd l i v s but to njoy th p ss i ng mo

e e e e a

m nt ; th profound mi nd r fl cts cons i d rs th p st

e e e e , e e a

an d th futur T h Gr k b ndon d h i ms lf w h olly

e e . e ee a a e e

to th pl sur s of th i s l i f r g rdl ss of th p st
e ea e e, e a e e a

or fu t ur Th Nors m n cc pt d l i f
e . good
e e a a e e e .
as a

gi ft but h kn w th t h w m r ly i t tr nsi nt pos

, e e a e as e e s a e

se s so r Ov r v ry mom nt of l i f h ngs thr t n i ng

. e e e e e a a ea e

sword wh i ch m y i th n xt mom nt prov f t l

, a n e e e e a a .

Li f poss ss s no hour of th futur

e e e A d t h i s i th e e n s e

p cul i r ch r ct ri s ti c of th h ro i c l i f i th North
e a a a e e e e n e ,

th t our nc stors w r pow rf lly i mpr ss d wi th th

a a e e e e u e e e
62 D E PTH O F N O RS E AN D CH R S I TI A N TH O UG HT .

unc rt i nty of li f
e a Th y const ntly w i tn ss d th e . e a e e e

i nt rc h ng
e of li f a d d th e d th i s nouri sh d i e an ea , an e n

th m th thought th t l i f i not worth k pi g for

e e a e s ee n ,

no knows h w soon i t m y d Li f i ts lf h
on e o a en . e e as

no v lu but th obj ct const ntly to b h ld i vi w

a e, e e a e e n e

i to d i
s honor bl d th Wh i l w
e an p rmi tt d a e ea . e e ar e e e

to li v l t us stri v t di w i th honor i t i s i d i
e, e e o e , s a n

Bj k m l ;
ar e d i th l y of H m d
aa of th Eld r
an n e a a er e e

Edd w r d a e ea

W ll h w f ght e av e e ou ;
O l gh t d G t h w t d n s au e re o s e s an ,

O th f ll by th w d n os e a en e s or ,

Li k gl b h e ea es on a ra n c .

G t gl y w h g i d re a or e av e a ne ;
T h g h w t m w w h ll ou no or o- o rr o e s a

N l i t i ll o on e ves eve

Ag i t t h d ’
a ns e n orn s e cre e .

It i th i s s m conc pti on of th probl m of l i f

s a e e e e e

th t i th Chri sti n r l i gi on h
a n e ssum d di vi n r a e as a e a e

form T h ough hi i d s w r cloth d i

. rud r form s ea e e e n a e ,

th Nors m n st i ll r ch d th s m d pth of thoug h t

e e a ea e e a e e

as wh n th Chri sti n s ys I m r dy to l y down

e e a a : a ea a

my l i f i f I m y but di h ppy d i chi ld of God ;

e, a e a , e a

for wh t i m profit d i f h h ll g i n th whol

a s a an e e S a a e e

world d los hi own soul ?

, an e s

T h Nors m n lw ys conc ntr t d h i i d s

e e much
a a a e a e s ea as

as possi bl For th i s r son h kn w but thr i ns

e . ea e e ee S

p rjury murd r d dult ry ; th t i i g i nst God

e , e , an a e a s, s n a a ,

i
s n g i nst th st t
a a d i g i nst f llow m ;e d a e, an S n a a e -
an an

a ll th s i e ef ct but i — dec i tfuln ss

a re n In a on e S n e e .

th s m m nn r t h Nors m n conc ntr t d h i i d s

e a e a e e e a e a e s ea

in r g rd to th pun i shm nt of i
e a W h n th Edd s e e s n . e e a

t ll us bout th pun i shm nt of th w i ck d th y sum

e a e e e e , e

i t ll up i
a N t d ( th str nd of corps s) th t pl c
n aas r a n e a e , a a e
 N A A S TRA N D . 63

far from th sun th t l rg d t rri bl c v th doors

e , a a e an e e a e, e

of wh i ch op n to th north T hi s c v i bu i lt of
e e . a e s

s rp nts w ttl d tog th r d th h ds of ll th

e e a e e e , an e ea a e ser

p nts turn i nto th c v fill i ng i t w i th str ms of

e e a e, ea

p o i son i wh i ch p rj ur rs murd r rs
, n d d lt r rs e e ,
e e an a u e e

h v to w d T h su ff r i ng i t rri bl ; gory h rts

i

a e a e . e e s e e ea

h ng outs i d of th i r br sts ; th i r f c s
a e dy d i e ea e a e a re e n

blood ; strong v n m dr go s fi rc ly run through th i r

e o -
a n e e e

h rts ; th i r h nds
ea ri v t d tog th r w i th v r
e a are e e e e e e

burn i ng ston s ; th i r cloth s wr pp d i fl m s ;

e e e are a e n a e

r mors l ss r v ns t r th i r y s from th i r h ds
e e e a e ea e e e e ea :

Bu t all t h e h o rr o r s
Yo u c an n o tk now ,

Th t a He l ’
s con d emne d en d ure ;

t i th S wee
‘

S ns e re

B i tt ly p ihd er a re un s e ,

F l pl a se e a s u re s

R p t pi ea rue a n .

T h po i nt to b obs rv d i
e th t ll th pun i sh e e e s, a a e

m nt h r d scri b d i th s m for ll th w i ck d
e e e e e s e a e a e e .

But w i th th i s th v rs t i l Gr k i not cont nt , e e a e ee s e .

H mult i pl i s th s i ns
e d th pun i sh m nts
e T rt ros
e an e e . a a

i s full of d sp i r d t rs d t h w i ck d th r su ff r
e a an ea ,
an e e e e e

a v r i ty of tortur s
a e Enormous vultur s cont i nu lly e . e a

gn w th l i v r of Ti ty but i t lw ys grows g i n
a e e o s, a a a a .

Ix i on i s l sh d wi th s rp nts to
a wh l wh i ch
e e e a ee , a

strong w i nd dri v s conti nu lly round d round T e a an . an

t los su ff rs from
a unc s i ng dr d of b i ng crush d
e an ea ea e e

by gr t rock th t h ngs ov r hi h d ; h st nds i

a ea a a e s ea e a n

a str m of w t r th t flows up to hi thro t d h

ea a e a s a , an e

a lmost p ri sh s from th i rst ; wh n v r h b nds hi

e e e e e e e s

h d to dri nk th w t r r c d s ; d li ci ous fru i ts h g

ea e a e e e e e an

o v r hi s h
e d wh n v r h str t ch s out hi h nd th y
ea , e e e e e e s a e

ev d ahi s gr sp
e Thus i t i s to b t nt li d T h
a . e a a ze . e
64 O U TWA R D N A T URE I N F LUEN CES TH E M Y TH O LO G Y .

D an aI d e s must fill c i st rn th t h hol s i th bot a e a as e n e

t m ; ll th w t r th y pour i
o a e runs out qu lly f st
a e e n e a a .

S i yph s sw t i ng d ll out of br th rolls hi h g

o s, ea an a ea , s u e

ston up th mount i n i d ; wh n h r ch s th sum

e e a S e e e ea e e

m i t th ston rolls down g i n

, e e a a .

T h fund m nt l i d
e i lw ys t h s m
a e It i
a ea s a a e a e . s

a lw ys pun i shm nt for i ; but i t i xpr ss d d

a e s n s e e e an

i llustr t d i a eso m ny di ff r nt w ys T h v ri ty
n a e e a . e a e

e nh nc s th b ty T h Gr k mythology i r i ch
a e e eau . e ee s ,

for prof s n ss of i llustr ti on i w lth T h Nors

u e e a s ea . e e

myth ology i poor b c us i t i so strong ; i t cons m s

s , e a e s u e

a ll i t s tr ngth i th profoundn ss of i t though t

s e n e e s .

Th Nors myth ology xc ls i th

e e t t d e e n e c on c e n ra e n e ss

an d str ngth of th wh ol syst m ; t h Gr k xc ls i

e e e e e ee e e n

th b e ty of th s p r t groups of myth s T h
ea u e e a a e . e one

is a r l i gi on of t g th th oth r of b ty
e s r en , e e ea u .

T h i nflu nc t h t th out w rd f tur s of

e e e coun a e a ea e a

try x rc i s pon th though ts d f l i ngs of m

e e e u e an ee en ,

e sp c i l ly dur i ng t h Vi goro s i m g i n t i v po ti c d
e a e u ,
a a e, e an

prop h t i c ch i ldh ood of n ti on

e h r d ly b ov r a a , c an a e e

e sti m t d N c ss ri ly th r for do w find thi s i fl

a e . e e a , e e e, e n u

e nc fl ti g d modi fy i ng
e a
’

ec n ti on s mythology
an a na
’
,

wh i ch i ch i ld l i k p opl s thoughts d f l i gs ’
s a -
e e e an ee n ,

cont mpl ti g n tur r fl ct d m syst m of r l i gi on

e a n a e e e e a e e .

H c i t i m i n ntly fitti ng i comp ri ng th Nors

en e, s e e
,
n a e e

myt h ology wi t h th Gr k to t k look t th hom e ee , a e a a e e

of th Nors m n W th r for cordi lly i i t th

e e e . e, e e e, a nv e e

tr v l r from th smooth b t n tr cks of south rn E

a e e e -
ea e a e u

rop to th m ount i ns l k s v ll ys d fjords of

e e a , a e ,
a e an

Nors l nd You m y com i m i dsumm r wh n B l

e a . a e n e ,
e a

d er ( th summ er sunl i g h t ) r l s s pre m wh n t h u e u e e, e e

r di nt d wn d glow i ng suns t ki ss ch oth r d

a a a an e ea e an

go h nd i h nd on th mount i n tops ; b t w would

a n a e a u e

a lso i nvi t you to t rry unt i l B ld r i l i n w h n th

e a a e s S a ,
e e
66 N O R S E S C EN E R Y .

in it Through th s cl fts th ri v rs f d by v st gl
. e e e e e , e a a

c i rs upon th mount i ns find th i r w y to th

e e a , e a e sea .

Th y com from th d i st nc now mus i c lly d ch t

e e e a e, a an a

t i ngly m n d ri ng th i r w y b n th th w i llows now

ea e e a e ea e ,

tumbl i ng do wn th lop s r k i ng d di stort d by th e S e , ee an e e

rocks th t ppos th m un ti l th y r ch som wful

a o e e ,
e ea e a

pr c i p i c
e d t mbl down som
e an i ght hundr d to
u e e e e a

thous nd f t i a si ngl l p i nto th d pths b low

ee n a e ea e e e ,

wh r no h m n b i ng v r y t t hi foot W
e e u a e e e e se s . e are

no t ov rdr w i ng t h e p i ct r You c nnot g t to t h

a e u e . a e e

foot of such f lls th V ori ng Forc or Rjuk n Forc a as e e a e,

but you m y look ov r th pr ci p i c from bov d

a e e e e a e an se e

th w t rs pour i ng l i k fi
e a e d fl y wool i nto th e ne an eec e

s th i ng c ldron wh r you
ee a d i sc rn th rough th, e e c an e e

v pory m i sts shoots of fo m t th bottom l i k rock t s

a a a e , e e

of w t r r d i ti ng i ve ry d i r cti on You h r low

a e ,
a a n e e . ea a

r mbl i ng so nd round you d th v ry rock v i br t s

u u a , an e e a e

b n th your f t ; d
e ea you h ng h lf gi ddy ov r
ee an as a a e

th cl i ff cl sp i ng your rms ro nd som young b i rch

e , a a a u e

tr th t tr mbl i ngly l ns ov r th bri nk of th st p

ee a e ea e e e ee ,

an d turn your y s to th h g mount i n m ss th t

e e e u e a a a

br sts y
ea it bl ck m l ncholy s i d s s m i ngly
o u, s a ,
e a e ee

w i th i n ston s throw d i t snow wh i t h d f i

a e
’
, an s -
e ea ar n

th clouds bov
e your tho ght s i nvolunt ri ly t urn to
a e, u a

hi m th God whom th sk ld d r not n m

,
e ,
to hi m e a a e a e,

a t whos b i dd i ng G st Fj ld d R k i ng Forc
e an a e an ee e

S pr ng from G i g g p from th body of th g i nt

a n un a a ,
e e a

Ym r from ch os Y look long r upon th i s won

e ,
a . ou e

d f l sc n
er u d you b g i n to t hi nk of R gn rok of
e e, an e a a ,

t h Tw i l i gh t of th
e g ods Onc s n d t h gr nd e . e ee , an e a

p i ctur w hi ch d fi s th brus h of th p i nt r w i ll for

e, e e e e a e ,

e v r ft rw rds flo t b for your mi nd l i k dr m

e a e a a e e e a ea .

M k j ourn y by st m r on som of thos nobl

a e a e ea e e e e

d m gn i fic nt fjords on th w st co st of N l d
‘

an a e e e a o r s e an .
 N O R S E S CE N E R Y . 67

T he whol sc n ry looks l i k e mov i ng p nor m of

e e e a a a a

th fin st d scr i pt i on
e e T h d rk mo nt i ns r i s
e lmost . e a u a e a

p rp nd i cul rly from th w t r s dg to

e e a normous e a e
’
e e an e

h i ght ; th i r s mm i ts crown d w i th i
e e d s ow st nd
u ,
e c e an n ,
a

out h rp d cl r g i nst th bri ght blu sky ; d

S a an ea a a e e an

th r v i n s on th
e a mo nt i n tops
e fill d w i th hug e u a ar e e e

gl c i rs th t cl sp th i r frosty rms round th v ll y

a e , a a e a a e a e ,

an d s nd down l i k str ms of t rs long t h w th r

e ,
e ea ea a e ea e

b t n ch ks of th mount i ns num ro s w t rf lls d

ea e ee e a ,
e u a e a an

c sc d s f ll i ng i
a a e ndl ss v ri ty of gr c ful sh p s
,
a n an e e a e a e a e

from v r i o s lt i tud s i nto th fj ord b low Som ti m s

a u a e e e . e e

a sol i t ry p k l i fts i t lordly h d thous nd f t

a ea s ea a a ee

cl r bov th surro nd i ng mount i ns d tow ri ng

ea a e e u a ,
an e

l i k mon rch ov r ll i t d fi n t ly r fus s to hol d com

e a a e a ,
e a e e

mun i on w i th y li v i ng th i ng s v th gl H r d an a e e ea e . e e an

th r forc pp rs l i k stri p of si lv ry fl y cloud

e e a e a ea , e a e e ec ,

susp d d from th brow of th mount i n d d sh i ng

en e e e a , an a

down mor th n two thous nd f t i e l p ; d ll

a a ee n on e ea an a

th i s m rv lously gr nd sc n ry from b s to p k
a e a e e , a e ea ,

st nds r fl ct d d p i t i lofty i th c l m cl r
a e e e ,
as ee as s ,
n e a , ea ,

sea- gr n w t r of th fjord p rf ct i
ee a e m i rror e ,
e e as n a .

Th r i no storm ; th d p w t r of th fjord i
e e s e ee a e e s

S i l nte d t r st an Not v n th fl i ght of s i ngl b i rd

a e . e e e a e

ru ffl s i t gl ssy surf c A th st m r gl i d s g ntly

e s a a e . S e ea e e e

a long b tw n th rocky w lls you h r no sound s v

e ee e a ,
ea a e

th monotonous t h ro bb i ng of th scr w
e d th e e an e c o n se

q nt pl sh i ng of th w t r All ls i sti ll d th
ue S a e a e . e e s as ea .

Th forc s h ng i i l nc ll round O cc si on lly

e e a n S e e a a ,
a a

o r rch d by r i nbows s sp nd d i th ri si ng m i st
ve a e a u e e n e .

Th ek d mount i ns h v sombr look th t would

na e a a e a e ,
a

m k you m l ncholy w r i t not for th ov rpow ri ng

a e e a e e e e e

gr nd ur Sunsh i n r ch s th w t r only wh n th
a e . e ea e e a e e e

S un s r ys f ll n rly v rt i c lly i cons qu nc of th

’
a a ea e a , n e e e e

i mm ns h i ght of th mount i ns si d s whos nor

e e e e a
’
e , e e
68 S I M PLE AN D MAR TI AL R EL G I IO N .

mous sh dows lmost p rp tu lly ov rsh d th n rrow

a a e e a e a e e a

fjord T h noo d y sun p i nts str k of d l i c t

. e n a a a ea e a e

p l i sh gr n on
a id form i ng stri ki n g contr st
ee on e S e, a a

to th oth r d rk o rs h dow d s i d of th profound

e e a ve a e e e

fjord It i w i nspi ri ng It i s tup ndous It i sol

. s a e- . s e . s

e m l y gr nd
n Y but f ncy yours lf i
a . f i ry ou c an a e n a a

l nd w i th lv s d spri t s d n ck ns d trolls
a ,
e e an e an e o an

d nci ng i sporti v gl ll round you

a n e ee a a .

Words p i nt no d q t p i ctur of th stu

c an a a e ua e e e

p end m j sty d
o u sn e s s, gr nd ur of Nors sc n ry
a e ; an a e e e e

but th r d r wond r y long r th t th i s coun

c an e ea e e an e a

try h gi v n to th world such m rv lous product i ons

as e e a e

i
n po try musi c d th e fi ,
rts N y w h t i mor
? an e ne a a , a s e

to our p rpos t pr s nt would you not look for gr nd

u e a e e ,
a a

an d m rv lous my tholog i c l syst m from th po t i c

a e d a e e e an

i m gi n t i v hil d h d f th n t i on th t i nh b i ts th i s
'

a a e c oo o e a a a

l nd ? Knock d i t h ll b p n d unto you ! d

a ,
an S a e O e e an

e nt ri ng th sol mn h lls d p l c s of th gods

e e e a an a a e e ,

wh r ll i cord i l i ty d puri ty you w i ll find th r

e e a s a an , e e

p rf ctly r fl ct d th w i ld d tumultuous confl i ct of

e e e e e e an

th l m nts strong rusti c p i ctur s full of rn st d

e e e e , e , ea e an

d p th ough t w i nsp i ri ng d wond rf l You w i ll

ee , a e- an e u .

find th t si mpl d m rt i l r l i g i on wh i ch i nsp i r d

a e an a a e e

th e rly Nors m n d d v lop d th m l i k tr full

ea e e an e e e e e a ee

of v i gor xt ndi ng long br nch s ov r ll Europ You

e e a e e a e .

w i ll find th t si mpl d m rt i l r l i g i on wh i ch g v
a e an a a e a e

th Nors m n t h t r stl ss unconqu r bl sp i ri t

e e e
p t to a e e e a e , a

t k fi t th v ry m nti on of subj cti on d con

a e re a e e e e an

str i nt ; th t r l i gi on wh i ch forg d th i nstrum nts

a a e e e e

th t brok th f tt rs m nuf ctur d by th Rom n

a e e e e a a e e a

mp rors d stroy d tyr nts d sl v s d t ught

,

e e , e e a an a e , an a

m th t n t r h v i ng m d ll fr
en a a u e d qu l a a e a ee an e a , no

oth r r son but th i r mutu l h pp i n ss could b

e ea e a a e e

a ssi gn d for m k i ng th m d p nd nt You wi ll fi d

e a e e e e . n
 S I N CER ITY AN D G R A CE . 69

th t i mpl
a d m rt i l r l i g i on wh i ch w
S e ch ri sh d
an a a e as e e

by thos v st multi tud s wh i ch e M i lton s ys th

a e , as a , e

populous North
p df mh f li t p o u re ro er ro z e n o ns o ass

Rh e n e or t h e D a n a w , w h e n h e r ba r b a ro u s s o n s
li k d l g S
Ca m e
th th d p d e a e u e on e ou an s rea

B th G i b lt d t h Li by
e nea d ra ar an e an san s .

But i t m y b n c ss ry for th r d r to r fr sh hi m
a e e e a - e ea e e e

s lf w i th f w d ughts of th t xc ll nt b v r g k pt
e a e ra a e e e e e a e e

i
n M i m r s gush i ng fount i n d dr i nk w i th hi gl i t
e
’
a , an s

t ri ng horn b for h w i ll b w i ll i ng to cc pt th s
e ,
e e e e a e e e

an d m ny mor such st t m nts th t w w i ll m k i

a e a e e a e a e n

th cours of th i s i ntrod cti on

e e u .

To r turn to our th m T h gods of Nors l nd

e e e . e e a

a re st rn d w i nsp i ri ng ; thos of Gr c
e an g ntl a e- e ee e are e e

an d lov ly In th Nors mythology w find d p d vo

e . e e e ee e

ti on but s ldom t rs In th Gr k th r
, e i ol nt ea . e ee , e e are V e

e moti ons d th t rs flow cop i ously In Nors l nd

an e ea . e a ,

th r i pl nty of i m gi n ti on ; but i t i not of th t

e e s e a a s a

l i ght v r i g t d butt rfly so p bubbl n tur s i n

, a e a e , e , a -
e a e a

Gr c e In th Nors mythology th r i pl nty of cor

ee . e e e e s e

di l i ty
a d s i nc ri ty d th gods tr t you hosp i t bly
an e , an e ea a

to fl sh of th bo r S h i m ; d th v lkyri s w i ll
e e a , ae r n er an e a e

g i v you d p dr u ghts from bowls flow i ng w i th l

e ee a a e .

In Gr c th r i gr c fuln ss p rf ct ti qu tt
ee e e e d s a e e , a e e e e e, an

you di n on mbros i d n ct r ; th r Eros d Psych

e a a an e a e e an e,

th gr c s d mus s hov r bout you l i k h v nly

e a e an e , e a e ea e

ch rubs Gr c s d mus s
e . w nti ng i Nors l nd
a e an e ar e a n e a ,

T h Nors mythology i c h r ct ri z d t h roughout by

e e s a a e e a

d p d g nu i n s i nc ri ty ; th Gr k on th oth r
ee an e e e e ee , e e

h d by subl i m gr c fuln ss ; but w i th C rlyl we

an , a e a e e , a e,

th i nk th t s i nc ri ty i b tt r th n gr c
a e s e e a a e .

But th comp ri son b tw Nors e d Gr k a e ee n e an ee

mythology i s too v st fi ld for us to tt e mp t to d o a a e a

70 N O R S E A N D G R EE K T
M Y H O LO G Y .

j u sti c to i t i thi s volum It would b

e n i nt r st e . e an e e

i
n
g work to how how NorsS d Gr k mytholog i s e an ee e

r sp cti v ly h v color d th r l i gi ous soc i l p oli ti c l

e e e a e e e e , a , a

an d l i t r ry ch r ct r of Gr k
e a a a d Rom nc ep opl ee an a e e es

on th h nd d Nors m n d T utons on th
e on e a , an e e an e e

oth r Som body wi ll undoubt dly i d u ti m b

e . e e n e e e

i nsp i r d to und rt k
e such t sk W must study
e a e a a . e

both d wh n th y
, an eh rmon i ously bl nd d i our
e a re a e e n

n tur w must l t th m tog th r sh p our pol i t i c l

a e, e e e e e a e a ,

soci l d l i t r ry d s ti n i s
a an d t mp r d by th
e a e e , an , e e e e

Mos i c Chri sti n r l i g i on th y m y b nti tl d to som

a -
a e , e a e e e e

consi d r ti on v n i our r l i gi ous li f

e a e e n e e .
 C H A P T E R IV .

RO M A N T
M Y H O LO G Y .

N ll th t h b n s i d up to thi s t i m Rom n
a a as ee a e a

mythology h not onc b n m nti on d Why as e ee e e .

not ? Prop rly p k i ng th r i no such th i ng Ite S ea , e e s .

i s h i stori c l f ct th t n rly th whol Rom n

an a a , a ea e e a

l i t r tur sp c i lly th t p rt of i t wh i ch m y b c ll d
e a e, e e a a a a e a e

b lle l tt
es - e i sc rc ly nythi ng but i m i t ti on It
r es , s a e a a .

di d not l i k t h Gr k , d Old Nors

e pri ng from th
e ee an e, S e

popul r m i nd by wh i ch i t w ch ri sh d through
a , as e e

c ntur i s ; b t t l st
e e l rg porti on of i t w
u a ea a a e as

produc d for p y d for orn m nt mostly i th t i m

e a an a e , n e e

of th tyr nt Augustus to t i ckl hi

e a d g i ld thos , e s e a r an e

ch i ns th t w r rtf lly forg d to f tt r th p opl s of

a a e e a u e e e e e e

south rn Europ e Th i s i dry but stubborn truth

e . s a ,

an d i t i wo d rf l w i th wh t t n c i ty th schools i
s n e u a e a e n

a ll c i v i l i z d l nds h v cl ng to th Rom n or L t i n
e a a e u e a a

l ngu g ft r i t h d b com noth i g but

a a e, a e mr a e e n a e e

corps ; e though i t could b xp ct d th t y

as e e e e a an

g nu i n cultur could b d r i v d from th i s d d

e e e e e e ea

monst r e .

It i h ow v r s, ncour gi ng f ct th t t h T uton i c
e e , an e a a a e e

rcs a e i nd i c t i ng
a re t nd ncy to m c i p t th m
a a e e e an a e e

s lv s from th f tt rs of Rom n bond g

e e e d h ppye e a a e, an a

S hould w b i f our Engl i sh words w r m nci p t d

e e e e e a a e

th r from W hould th n
e e .
n i th r m ip t nor
e S e u se e e e anc a e,

t d en y nor i d i t
en c , but would h v no gh of n c a e, a e e u

Goth i c words to u i pl c of th m Ay th si gns se n a e e .

, e

( 7 1)
 O X O RD F AN D CA M B R D G E I .

of th ti m s e ncour gi ng Look t wh t i b i ng
e ar e e a . a a s e

don t Oxford d C mbri dg i London d i

e a an a e, n an n

Edi nb rgh B h old wh t h b n don duri ng t h s

u . e a as ee e e e

l t r y rs by D t S mu l L i ng Thorp C rlyl
a e ea as e n , a e a , e, a e,

M ax M ii ll Cl sby V i g f e r, M gn usson Morri s ea , u s s on , a , ,

Hj l t l i
a ad ot h rs A d look t th p bl i c t i ons of
n , an e . n a e u a

th Cl r ndon pr ss wh i c h i now publ i sh i ng Ic l nd i c

e a e e , s e a

S g s i th ori gi n l t xt T hi s i ri gh t Ev ry
a a n e a e . s . e

scr p of Ic l ndi c d Anglo S xon l i t r tur must

a e a an -
a e a e

b e publ i sh d for w must e w h t thos old h ro s

,
e see a e e e ,

who cr s h d Rom u d i st i tut d

e w ord r of e an n e a ne e

th i ngs tho ght i v ry di r cti on W must find t

,
u n e e e . e ou

w h t t h i r sp i r ti ons w r To th cr d i t of th
a e a a e e . e e e

Sc ndi n v i ns i t must h r b s i d t h t th y b g n to
a a a e e e a , a e e a

appr c i t th i r l d Ic l ndi c l i t r t r much soon r

e a e e o e a e a u e e

th n th ri ch E gl i sh m n r l i z d t h v lu of th
a e n a ea e e a e e

A nglo S xon -
d th t th
a Engl i sh
, ani d bt d to a e a re n e e

R sm s R sk th D n i sh schol r for th most v lu bl

a u a , e a a , e a a e

contri buti on to A nglo S xon st di s ; but i t m s t lso -

a u e u a

b e dmi tt d i th first pl c th t th Sc n di n v i ns
a e , n e a e, a e a a a

h v don f too l i ttl for Ic l nd i c d i th n xt

a e e ar e e a ,
an ,
n e e

pl c th t w i thout pr p r ti on i Ic l nd i c but l i ttl

a e, a a e a a n e a , e

progr ss could b m d i th st dy of Anglo S xon

e e a e n e u -
a .

But Engl nd w i th i t us l l i b r l i t y i l i t r ry
a , s ua e a n e a

m tt rs i now r p i dly m k i ng
a e , s m nds for th p st a a a e e a .

A d w ll
n h m i ght
e I th publ i c ti on of th
s e . n e a e

Ic l ndi c d Anglo S xon l i t r tur h i th gr t st

e a an -
a e a e S e s e ea e

g i n r for i t i no t h i ng l ss th n bri dg th t w i ll
a e ,
s e a a e, a

un i t h pr s nt d p st h i story M ur r d
e er e e an a . a e an

M O bi w tch i ng w i th A rgos y s th i nt r sts of

us are a e e e e e

T ton i c stud i s i G rm ny
eu e n e a .

Gr k should b studi d for th t i no i m i t ti on

ee e e ,
a s a .

It i i nd i g no s It i cryst l cl r str m flow i ng

s e u . s a a ea ea

un dult r t d from th C st l i n foun t i n of P rn ssos

a e a e e a a a a a a .
74 WE M US T N OT TH RO W LATI N WH O LLY O V ERB O A RD .

p i eces i n th e s n t hous
C rt i n i t i th t th R
e a e- e . e a s a e 0

m ns m u d d hi m d th n d cl r d hi m th gu rd
a r er e , an e e a e e a

ian p i ri t of th c i ty ; thus worsh i p i ng

S god by
e as a ,

n m Qu i ri nus hi m whom th y could not b r

a e , e ea as a

ki ng Such f ls hoods th
. th s n t i nv nt d
a e as e on e e e a e e e ,

wh n th y s i d th t Romulus whom th y h d m
e e a a , e a ur

d r d h d b n t k n up i nto h v n th Rom n
e e a ee a e ea e , e a

wri t rs t ll us w r const ntly t ugh t to th Rom n

e e e e a a e a s

by N m Pomp i l i usu d by oth r S b i n

a d Etrur i n , an e a e an a

pri sts ; d such i nstructi on l i d th found t i on of

e an a e a

th i r myth s T h h i story of Romulus i i f ct i

e . e s, n a , n

m i n i tur th h i story of Rom

a e, e e .

B t i sp i t of th i s
u nd much ls th t e i jus ti c , an e e a c an n e

b e s i d g i nst Rom
a a d L t i n w c nnot fford to
a e an a , e a a

throw th l ngu g d l i t r tur of th

e a Rom ns a e an e a e e a en

ti l y ov rbo rd
re T h i r h i story w too r m rk bl f
e a . e as e a a e or

th t ; b si d s m ny scri bbl d i L ti n down th rough

a e e , a e n a

th m i ddl
e g s d th L t i n l ngu g h pl y d
e a e ,
an e a a a e as a e so

consp i cuous p rt i Engl i sh l i t r tur a d i ath n e a e, an n e

sc i nc s th t no duc t d m
e e , a v ry w ll do w i th e a e an c an e e

out i t Wh t w r sp ctf lly obj ct to i m k i ng i t

. a e e e u e s a

th found t i on of l l duc t i on th i s b i g i g th
e a h l a e a ,
r n n e sc o ar

up so to sp k
, L t i n l ngu g h i story d li t r
ea , 0 11 a a a e, an e a

t r ; th i s nouri shi ng d mouldi ng th t nd r h r t

u e an e e e ea

an d m i nd on R m th ught thus m k i ng th m
o an o , a e an ,

i nt ll ctu lly
e e d mo lly a sl v bound i Rom n
an ra , a a e n a

ch i ns whi l w fr born Goth s th d sc nd nts of

a . e e ee- ,
e e e a

Od i n d Thor o ght to b gi n our d c ti on d

an , u e e u a an

r c i v our first i mpr ssi ons from

e e e own anc stors e our e .

Th tr should dr w i t nouri shm nt from i t own

e ee a s e s

roots ; d w A m r i c ns
an th you g st d most
e e a ar e e n e an

V i gorous br nch of th t glori ous Goth i c tr

a th b u a ee , e ea

ti ful d nobl Ygdr si l i th Nors cosmogony w h os

an e a n e e , e

thr gr nd roots stri k down mo g th Anglo S xon s

ee a e a n e -
a ,
 WE M US TS T UD Y E N G L S I H A N D A N G LO - S A XO N . 75

Sc nd i n vi s
a d G rm ns
a In ord r fully to com
an , an e a . e

pr h nd th m w must study th l i f f th ch i ld ;
e e e an , e e e o e

an d i ord r to compr h nd ours lv s

n e p opl w e e e e as a e e, e

must study our own nc i nt h i story d l i t r t r d a e an e a u e an

m k o rs lv s thoro ghly cqu i nt d wi th th i m gi

a e u e e u a a e e a

na ti v d proph ti c ch i ldhood of th
e an T ton i c r c e e eu a e .

W must gi v f mor tt nt i on th n w do first to

e e ar e a e a e , ,

Engl i sh d A nglo S xon an d w m st w h v -

a , an e u ,
as e a e

h rd Dr S H C rp nt r of th Un i v rs ity of Wi
ea . . . a e e ,
e e s

cons i n most truthf lly r m rk b gi n w i th th most

,
u e a , e e

mod r Engl i sh d th n follow i t t p by st p

e n ,
an e
‘

S e e , c en

tury by c ntury b ck to th mos t nci nt A nglo S xon

e ,
a e a e -
a .

A li i g l ngu gv n b l rn d t a ti m s f st a e c an e ea e en e as a as a

d d ea d w would pply Dr C rp nt r s pr i nc i
on e, an
” e a . a e e
’ <

p l e st i ll furth r W would m k of t h l
e i v i ng
. e a e on e e

Rom n i c l ngu g s ( Fr nch It l i n or Sp n i sh ) k y

a a a e e , a a a , a e

to th L ti ; d bov ll w would m k mod rn

e a n an a e a , e a e e

Gr k pr p r t i on for old cl ss i c Gr k It c nnot

ee a e a a a ee . a

b controv rt d th t ch i ldr n l rn to r d
e e e d wr i t a e ea ea an e a

l ngu g much soon r d s i r i f th y first l rn to

a a e e an ea e e ea

sp k i t v n though th book sp ch m y d i ff r con

ea , e e e -
ee a e

s id bly from th d i l ct wh i ch th ch i ld l rn d fro m

e ra e a e e ea e

hi moth r ;
s mpl v i d nc of wh i ch f ct m y b found
e a e e e e a a e

i
n th d i ff r nt count i s of Engl nd
e e e d Scotl nd d e a an a an

thro ghout th Europ n countri s

u e ea e .

In th n xt pl c th t i n xt ft r Engl i sh d
e e a e, a s, e a e an

A nglo S xon w must study G rm

-
a M so Goth i c d
, e e an , ae -
an

th Sc ndi n v i n l ngu g s
e a d sp c i lly Ic l nd i c
a a a a e , an e e a e a ,

wh i ch i th only li i g k y to th h i story of th m i d
s e v n e e e

dl e g s d to th Old Nors l i t r tur It i th only

a e , an e e e a e . s e

l ngu g now i u i
a a e lmost u ch ng d form n se n an a n a e ,

through knowl dg of w hi ch w a r d th l i t r e e e c an ea e e a

t
* Au h o r f of E ng li s h o the F our teen th Cen tur y an d o f A n In tr od uc ti on to
the S tud y of the Ang lo S -
a x on La ng u a g e .
76 EN G L S I H M O RE TER S E THA N LA TI N .

tur of th mi ddl g s W must by no m ns forg t

e e e a e . e ea e

th t w h v T uton i c nti qu i ti s to w hi c h w st nd
a e a e e a e e a

in nti r ly difl t d f clos r r l ti on th n w

an e e
’

eren an ar e e a a e

do to Gr c or Rom A d th N m h v ee e old e . n e o rs e en a e an

l i t r tur wh i ch th schol r must f n c ssi ty b f mi l

e a e, e a o e e e a

iar w i th i ord r to compr h nd th h i tory of th

n e e e e s e

m i ddl g s e a e .

Wh n w h v thus don justi c to our own T

e e a e e e eu

ton i c r c w m y turn our tt nti on to th nc i nt

a e e a a e e a e

p p eO l round es th M
a d i t rr n n S th most iempor e e a ea ea, e

t nt of wh i ch i l i t r ry d h i stor i c l r sp cts
a n th e a an a e e are e

H br ws Gr ks d Rom ns T h nti q i t s of th s
e e ,
ee an a . e a u ie e e

p opl s w i ll lw ys form i mport nt d p rtm nts i our

e e a a a e a e n

coll g s d un i v rsi ti s d t i our duty to study

e e an e e , an I s

th m ; but th y hould not

e th y sti ll to gr t
e S , as e a ea

e xt nt do const i tut th ll bsorb i ng subj ct of our

e ,
e e a -
a e

a tt nti on th umm umm u m th found ti on d

e ,
e s a s ar , e a an

sup rstruct r of our duc ti on d cultur

e u e e a an e .

It h b n rgu d by som th t th L ti n i
as ee a e e a e a s

mor t rs th n Engl i sh ; but d i d th r d r v r r fl ct

e e e a e ea e e e e e

th t i t t k s bout i ty yll bl i L t i n to xpr ss

a a e a s x s a es n a e e

a l l th t w a y i Engle i sh w
c ani th f ty y l
sa l bl ? n or s a es

T h l rg numb r of i fl ti
e a e l nd i ngs h v e lso b n n ec on a e a e a ee

l ud d
a e po i nt of s p r i or xc ll nc i t h L t i n ;
as a u e e e e e n e a

but l ngu g g w d m k s p g
as a a a i t gr d
e ro s an a e r o r es s , a

u lly
a m nci p t s i ts lf from th th r ldom of i nfl cti on
e a a e e e a e

an d cont nts i ts lf w i th th e bstr ct p i ri tu l ch i n

e e a a , S a a

th t l i nks th words tog th r i nto s nt nc s ; d

a e e e e e e an

d i d th r d r v r run cross th i s si gn i fic nt truth

e ea e e e a a ,

e xpr ss d by G org P M rsh who s ys th t i

e e e e . a ,
a a n

L ti n you h v to b bl to n lys
a a e d p rs e a e a a e an a e a

s nt nc b for you
e e e compr h nd i t wh i l i Eng
e e c an e e ,
e n

li sh you must compr h nd th s nt nc b for you e e e e e e e e

c an n lys or p rs ? F w d h b n d wi l l
a a e a e or ar as ee an
 G REE K F
P R E ER A B LE T o H E B R EW O R LA TI N . 77

for v r b th w tchword of l ngu g s Th y must

e e e e a a a e . e

e i th r progr ss or d
e e ie .

Wh n th q st i on i sk d wh th r H br w Gr k
e e ue s a e , e e e e , ee

or L t i n should b pr f rr d by th st d nt w
a e e e e e u e , e

a nsw r th t th ch o i c i not d iffic lt

e a to m k
e e s a u on e a e,

an d our p i n i on h i f ct lr dy b n g i v n L t i n
O as n a a ea ee e . a

i s th l ng g f r c of robb rs ; mos t of i t i
e a ua e O a a e e s

noth i ng b t i mi t t i on d b s i d s i t i
u m r corps a , an e e s a e e e,

wh i l Gr k i th only
e ee of th th r th t is e on e e ee a s

sti ll li vi ng d mod rn Gr k — for th t i wh t w

,
an e ee a s a e

m st b g i n w i th — i th k y to th old Gr k l i t r
u e s e e e ee e

t r w i th i t ri ch b t i f l d ori gi n l stor of my
a u e s , ea u u an a e

th l gy po try h i story or tory

o o , d ph i losophy
e , A ,
a , an . s

Ic l ndi c i th xtr m north of Europ i th li i g

e a n e e e e e s e v n

k y to th
e m i ddl g s d to th c l br t d Old
e e a e an e e e a e

Nors Edd s d S g s so mod rn Gr k i th f

e a an a a , e ee n e ar

so th i th li i g l ngu g th t i ntroduc s
u s e to th
v n a a e, a e us e

S p i ri t O f Hom r H rodot s D mosth n s d Pl to ; e , e u , e e e , an a

an d th s th norns or f t s wh pr si d ov r th
u e a e , o e e e e

d sti n i s of m
e e d ti ons h v i most won
en an na ,
a e n a

d f l m nn r kn i t or r th r wov n us tog th r w i th
er u a e , a e e ,
e e

th eGr ks d th mor w i nv s ti g t th d v lop

ee , an e e e e a e e e e

m nt d progr ss of n t i ons d c i v i l i z ti on th
e an e a an a , e

mor v i v i dly th truth w i ll fl sh upon our m i nds

e e a ,

th t th Gr k d th Ic l ndi c
a e two si lv r h i r d
ee an e e a are e -
a e

v t r ns who hold i th i r h nds two gold n k ys

e e a ,
n e a e e ,

th e to unlock th tr sur s of nc i nt ti m s th
on e e ea e a e e , e

oth r th os of th m i ddl g s ; th
e e th tr sur s e e a e e on e e ea e

of th south d th oth r thos of th north of

e an e e e e

Europ But w must fr ours lv s from th bond g

e . e ee e e e a e

of Rom ! e

W h n w g t w y from Rom wh r sl v s w r
e e e a a e, e e a e e e

e mploy d t ch rs d p y mor tt nti on to th

e as ea e ,
an a e a e e

a nti qu i ti s of Gr c wh r i t w th h i gh st honor
e ee e, e e as e e
78 S HA K E S PE A RE .

t h t th gr t st nobl st d most loqu nt m could

a e ea e , e an e e en

a tt i n to to b l i st n d to by yo ths g r to l rn
a , e e e u ea e ea

an d to b t ught th n th e pr s nt l v ry both of th
a , e e e e S a e e

t ch r d of th stud nt w i ll c s but sc rc ly b for

ea e an e e e a e, a e e e

th n e .

T h c s of S h k sp r i
e a e m i n nt x mpl to us a e ea e s an e e e a e

of wh t th Goth i bl to ccompl i sh wh n h br ks
a e s a e a , e e ea

th Rom n ch i ns
e Hi works
a not a i m i t t i on of
. s ar e an a

S n c or E hyl nor
e e a th y th fr i t of c r ful
se u s, ar e .
e e u a a e

s tudy of th A P ti or G du d P e rs um Noe ca ra s a a rn ass . 0 ,

h kn w b t l i ttl L t i n
e e d l ss Gr k but w h t m d
u e a an e ee ,
a a e

h i m th und i sp t d H rc l s i
e Engl i sh l i t r tur w
u e e u e n e a e as

th h ro i c p i ri t of G thd m w h i c h flow d i hi v i ns
e e S o o e n s e ,

an d wh i ch drov hi m w y from th L t i n sch ool b for e a a e a e e

hi s mot i on l n tur h d b n flogg d d tortur d out

e a a e a ee e an e

of hi m Sh k sp r . d not Rom n l i t r tur

a e d
e a e, an a e a e an

sch ol sti c i sm i th l v r th t h r i s d Engl i sh l i t r

a , s e e e a as a e e a

tur d gi v n i t th first r nk mong ll th T utons

e an e e a a a e e .

It i not w r p t th d l g of L ti n words th t flood

s , e e ea , e e u e a a

i t th t h
, gi v n th i s pr em i n nc to Engl i sh but i t i
a as e e e e , s

th g nu i n Got hi c str ngt h t h t v ry wh r h

e e e tr i d to e a e e e e as e

br k down th Rom n w lls T h l v s of L ti n w i ll

ea e a a . e S a e a

find i t d i fli l t nough to pl i h w Sh k sp r who

cu e ex a n
‘

o a e e a e,

w as not for g but for l l t i man a h whos L e,t i n w a e, e e a as

sm ll d whos Gr k w l ss h w h th st r of
a an e ee as e , o e, e a

po ts th sw t sw n of A von w m d w ll born
e ,
e ee a ,
as a e as e as .

Ay h w ,
m d H w lso
e as of th os who to c st
a e . e as a on e e , a

a l i vi ng l i n h d to sw t d stri k th s cond h t upon

e a ea ,
an e e e ea

th M us s nv i l It i tru th t Sh k sp r d i d not
’
e e a . s e a a e ea e

a rri v t full ppr ci ti on of th Goth i c sp i ri t for h

e a a a e a e , e

d i d not h v opportun i ty to cq i nt h i ms lf thor

a e an a ua e

oughly w i th th Goth i c myths ; but th n th y v r e e e e e

h unt d hi m l i k th ghost of H ml t ccusi ng th i r

a e e e a e , a e
 HE WH O Is N OT A SON O F TH O R . 79

murd r r w i thout find i ng y v g r W th r for

e e ,
an a en e . e e e e

c ount Sh k sp r on our i d of th i s gr t qu sti on

a e ea e S e ea e .

M y th t i m sp d i ly com
a e y t h t i m emust com ee e, n a , e e e,

wh n Gr k d A nglo S xon d Old Nors d G oth i c

e ee an -
a an e an

an d G rm n w i ll sh k h nds ov r th bloody ch sm of
e a a e a e e a

Rom n v nd l i sm ! a a a

W f ncy w e mor th n
a who r ds th i s ch p
e se e e a on e ea a

te r, d do s not r m mb r th t h i
an e son of Thor e e e a e s a ,

str tch out hi h nd for Mj l

e th t hug d m ighty
s a o n e r, a e an

h mm r of Thor to sw i ng i t t us for wh t w h v s i d
a e , a a e a e a

an d h v not s i d bo t Rom Rom n mythology

a e a d a u e, a , an

th L t i n l ng
e g a d l i t r tur ; but
a l s ! for hi m
ua e an e a e ,
a a ,

an d fortun t ly for us th Rom n school m st r took

a e ,
e a -
a e

Thor s h mm r w y from hi m d wh i pp d th str ngth

’
a e a a an e e e

wh r w i th to w i ld i t out of hi m W only r p t th t
e e e . e e ea a

w know noth i ng of Rom n mytholog

e but th Gr k a y, e ee

an d Nors twi n s i st rs d w i th th ss i st nc of th
e ar e e , an e a a e e

M os i c Chri sti n r l i g i on th y h v
a -
gr nd m i ss i on i
a e e a e a a n

th Goth i c Gr k d v lop m nt of th world

e -
ee e e e e .

—F N l t m
O TE d m
e ar i n g d t es mph tso e of o ur rea ers ay con si er he s e e a ic
t
ass er ld dd
i on s w i t d h h t th t
u n fo u n e a nd not s u s ai n e b y th e ig es au o ri y, w e
tk l t tt
, ,

a e th e m ll
ib e r y of H ak i ng t h e fo ow i ng q uo a i o n s f ro m A T ai n e , who i s
d pl t h t l t p
. .

him l se f a is ci e of G ui z o th e is o r i an of c i vi i z a ion O n ag e 17 of

t t )
.
,

T ai n e
’
s E n g l i sh Li ter a tu r e , V
( d m ol I V an La u n ’
s r an s l a i on we re a : If an ,

d d pt dp d p lt fi m t
.
,

re uc e to n arro w c o n c e ion s and e ri v e o f al l s e cu a i ve re ne en is at

m t l t th t ht d p t l p t
,

th e sa e dime a oge e r a b s o rb e an d s rai g en e by r ac ica occ u a i on s ,

ll
yo u w i fin d , m d t d t mas i n Roll m e, ru im en ary ei ies ere ho ow na es, s e rvi n g to
d t t ldt l lt t h h ld
,

e s i gn a e th e ri v i a e ai s of agr i c u g e n e ra i o n
ur e , o us e o c o n c e r n s , e ti

t m p d m th l
,

q u e tt e s , i n fa c of a r r i ag e , o f th e fa r m ro uc i n g a y o o gy , a ph il o s o
p t th th th d
, ,

ph y , a o e ry , e i er wo r no i ng or b o r ro w e
p t t t t
.

O n ag e 20 mof ha s am e w o r k T ai n e s ay s : A on g th e an c i e n s , t h e La i n
lt t
i e r a ure t t t th
i s wo r h d mt t
noth i n g a t th e ou se en b o r ro w e an d i i a i ve
h th t pp t
.
,

ll
T us i t wi l be se en m m a we ar e n ot a on e in o ur O osi i o n to R o an i s

th m ht ll p t
,

an d wi T ain e we ig e ven b e w i i n g to b e w ro n g fo r th e re s e n .
 C H A P TE R V

I N TERP RETATI O N O F N O RS E M Y TH O LO G Y .

ON S ID ERABLE h b n s i d on th i s subj ct i as ee a e n

th pr c d i ng p g s
e d th i nt r pr t t i on wh i ch
e e a e , an e e e a

w i ll b dh r d to i t hi s volum h b n cl rly i nd i
e a e e n e as ee ea

t d
ca e W propos
. w to g i v g n r l synopsi s of
e e ne e a e e a

th mor prom i n nt m thods of i nt rpr t i ng Nors m y

e e e e e e e

th o l o g y .

In th i ng ll undoubt dly gr n m ly th t
on e a e a e e, a e , a

a ll myth olog i s mbody r l igi ous f i th A w v n

e e e a . s e, e e

to th i s d y ch i hi own w y s k to find Go d by
'

a , ea n s a , ee

ph i losophi c l sp cul ti on (n tur l th ology ) by our m

a e a a a e ,
e o

ti ons by good d ds or by ll th s t
,
ti m ; d
ee ,
a e e a on e e an

as w wh n w h v found hi m r st upon hi br s t
e, e e a e ,
e s ea ,

a lthough w do not f lly gr e to our co c pti on of u a ee as n e

hi m ,
ch ea of us h v i ng hi own God
on e ch h a s as ea as

hi own r i nbow ; thus our for f th rs so gh t God v ry

s a e a e u e e

wh r — i th rocks i th b bbl i g str m i th

e e n e , n e a n ea ,
n e

h vyea of gr i n i th st r str wn sky of n i ght d

ear a , n e a -
e , an

in th spl ndor f th sun It w r v l ti ons of

e e O e . as e e a

d i v i n i ty th t th y look d for T h f nd m nt l l m nt
a e e . e u a e a e e e

in th i r mythology w
e r l i gi ous d th i s f ct as a e o n e, an a

must n v r b lost ight of To i nt rpr t myth

e e e S . e e a ,

th n i not o ly to gi v i t sourc but lso i t i m

e , s n e s e, a s a

an d obj ct tog th r w i th th
e , tho ughts d f l i ngs
e e e an ee

th t i t w k ns i th h um n br st
a a a e n e a ea .

Som wri t rs ( W i ll i m d M ry Howi tt d oth rs)

e e a an a an e

m i nt i n th t th Nors myth ology i d gr d ti on f

a a a e e s a e a a o ,

( 80 )
 C H A P TE R V

I N TERP RETATI O N O F N O RS E M Y TH O LO G Y .

ON S ID ERABLE h s b n s i d on th i s subj ct i a ee a e n

th pr c d i ng p g s
e d th i nt r pr t t i on wh i ch
e e a e , an e e e a

w i ll b d h r d to i t hi s volum h b n cl rly i nd i
e a e e n e as ee ea

t d
ca e W propos
. w to g i v g n r l synopsi s of
e e ne e a e e a

th mor prom i n nt m thods of i nt rpr t i ng Nors m y

e e e e e e e

th o l o gy .

In th i ng ll undoubt dly gr n m ly th t
on e a e a ee , a e , a

a l l mytholog i s mbody r l ig i ous f i th A w v n

e e e a . s e, e e

to th i s d y ch i hi own w y s k to find God by

a , ea n s a , ee

phi losophi c l sp cul t i on (n tur l th ology ) by our m

a e a a a e ,
e o

ti ons by good d ds or by ll th s t
,
ti m ; d
ee ,
a e e a on e e an

as w wh n w h v found hi m r st upon hi br st
e, e e a e , e s ea ,

a lth ough w do not fully gr e to our co c pt i on of a ee as n e

hi m ,
ch eaof us h v i ng hi own God
on e ch h a s as ea as

h i own r i nbow ; thus our for f th rs sough t God v ry

s a e a e e e

wh r — i th rocks i th b bbl i g str m i th

e e n e , n e a n ea , n e

h vyea of gr i n i th st r str wn sky of n i ght d

e ar a , n e a -
e ,
an

in th pl ndor of th sun It w r v l ti ons of

e S e e . as e e a

d i vi n i ty th t th y look d for T h f nd m nt l l m nt
a e e . e u a e a e e e

in th i r mythology w
e r l i gi ous d th i s f ct as a e o n e, an a

must n v r b lost s ight of To i nt rpr t myth

e e e . e e a ,

th n i not o ly to gi v i t sourc but lso i t i m

e , s n e s e, a s a

an d obj ct tog th r w i th th
e , tho ughts d f l i ngs
e e e an ee

th t i t w k ns i th h um n br st
a a a e n e a ea .

Som wri t rs ( W i ll i m d M ry H wi tt d oth rs)

e e a an a e an e

m i nt i n th t th Nors mythology i d gr d ti on of
a a a e e s a e a a ,

( 80 )
 A B ER R A TI O N FRO M TH E TR U E R EL G I IO N . 81

or b rr ti on from th t
a e a li gi wh i ch w rv ld
, e rue r e on , as e ea e

to m i th rl i st p ri od of th h i story of th hum
an n e ea e e e e an

rc
a e d i found pur
an s d d fil d i th B i bl ; e an un e e n e e

th t i t pr s nts sp rkl i ng w t rs from th ori gi n l f unt

a e e a a e e a o

i
a n of tr di ti on T h po i nt w i th s ri ousn ss to i t
a . ev e e as

som th i ng th t b rs us on tow rd th pri m l p ri od

e a ea a e a e

of tongu
on e d r l i g i on In r f r nc to th
e an on e e . e e e e e

Eld r Edd th y y th t i t d sc nd d thro gh v st

e a, e sa a e e e u a

ag s grow i g l i k ll tr di ti ons conti nu lly d rk r

e ,
n ,
e a a , a a e ,

an d ccumul t i ng low r m tt r
a a d mor d i v rg nt d e a e an e e e an

mor p g n doctri n s th w lls of ld c stl s b com

e a a e , as e a o a e e e

cov r d w i th moss s d l i ch ns ti ll i t fin lly ssum d

e e e an e , a a e

th form i wh i ch i t w coll ct d from th mouths

e n as e e e

of th p opl e d put i
e p rm n nt wri tt n form
e, an n a e a e e .

Th s i nt rpr t rs cl i m th t th rough ll myth ologi s

e e e e e a a a e

th r run c rt i n gr t l i n s wh i ch conv rg tow rd

e e e a ea e , e e a

on e common c nt r d po i nt to eor i gi n l sourc of

e an an a e

a r l ig i ous f i th wh i ch h grown d i mm r d mor

e a , as e an e

d i sfigur d th furth r i t h gon

e , e T h g ogr ph i c l e as e . e e a a

c nt r th y y from whi ch ll th s syst ms of h th n

e e , e sa , a e e e ea e

b l i f h v proc d d i th s m — C ntr l A s i ; th y
e e a e ee e s e a e e a a e

po i nt to th st rn ori gi n of th Nors m n ; th y ss rt
e ea e e e a e a e ,

w i th full confid nc th t th r l i gi ous cr d of th Nors

e e, a e e ee e e

m i th f i th f P rs i
an s e Indi Gr c
a od v ry oth r e a, a, ee e , an e e e

country tr nsf rr d to th snow c pp d mount i ns of

, a e e e -
a e a

Norw y d j k l of Ic l nd h v i ng only b n mod i fi d

a an o u s e a , a ee e

th r so to gi v i t
e e, as i of or i g i l i ty w i thout d e an a r na e

stroyi ng i t pri m v l f tur s Th y rgu th t Lok

s e a ea e . e a e a e

of th Nors m n Pluto of th Gr ks Ahri m n of th

e e e , e ee , a e

P rs i ns S i v of th H i ndoos t
e a , a ll or i g i n lly th
e , e c .
, are a a e

d vi l of th B i bl who h ch ng d hi n m d mor
e e e, as a e s a e an e

or l ss hi p rson l form d ch r ct ri sti cs T h

e s e a an a a e . e

b i bl i c l Tri n i ty i d g n r t d i nto th thr fold tri n i ty

a s e e e a e e ee

of Odi n Vi l d V ; Od i n H n r
, e, an d Lod r ; d e , oe e , an e an
6
82 I
H S T O R CA L I IN T E R P RE T A T O N I .

Odi n ,
T hor
B ld r Th y find i th Nors cos
, an d a e . e n e e

m g y i o on som wh t muti l t d d i nt rpol t d con

,
n a e a a e an e a e

di ti on th Scri pt r th ory of th cr ti on pr s rv ti on
,
e u e e e ea , e e a ,

d structi on d r g n r t i on of th world Ygdr si l

e an e e e a e . a

i
s th tr of l i f i th g rd n of Ed n ; A k hd
e ee e n e a e e s a

Embl th first hum n p i r

a, Ad m
e d E ; t h a a , a re a an ve e

blood of th sl i n gi nt Ym r i whi ch th whol r c

e a a e , n e e a e

of frost gi nts w drown d ( xc pti ng

-
a p i r who as e ,
e e on e a ,

w r s v d d from wh om
e e a e w g i nt r c d sc nd d )
,
an a ne a a e e e e ,

i th flood of No h th d l g ; th c i t d l c ll d M id
s e a , e e u e e a e a e

g rd i th tow r of B b l ; i th d th of B ld r by
a s e e a e n e ea a e ,

Hod r who w i nsti g t d by Lok th y find th cruc i

e ,
as a e e, e e

fi i x on of Chr i st by Jud s i nsti g t d by th d v i l t ; a , a e e e , e c .

d i spl yi ng v s t mount of r di ti on profoundn ss d

a a a a e u ,
e an

i ng nu i ty th t m i gh t h v b n ppl i d to som good

e ,
a a e ee a e e

purpos W r fr i n from gi v i ng mor of th r sults

e . e e a e e e

O f t h i r l rn d e d rudi t i nv sti g ti ons from f r

ea e an e e e a , ea

of s duci ng ours lv s or our r d rs i nto th dopti on

e e e ea e e a

of th i r bs rdi ti se a u e .

Oth r schol rs ( Snorr S tu l

e S xo G m m ti a e r e s on , a ra a c u s,

S h m R sk
u ,
d oth rs ) g i v us wh t i c ll d
a ,
an hi e , e a s a e an s

t i l i nt rpr t t i on
or c a ss rti ng th t Odi n Thor B ld r
e e a ,
a e a , , a e ,

an d th oth r d i t i s th t figur i
e th Nors mythology
e e e a e n e e ,

a re v ri t bl nc s t ors of th Nors m n m
e a e a d e e e e , en an

wom n who h v l i v d i th r mo t p st ; d di
e a e e n e e e a an as s

t nc l nds nch ntm nt to th v i w so th ordi n ry

a e e e a e e e ,
e a

k i ngs d pri sts of p h i stori c ti m s h v b n m gn i fi d

an e ro- e a e ee a e

i nto gods Odi n d th oth r di v i n i ti s

. i Snorr an e e e are n e

St l H i m k i gl r pr s nt d
u r e so n s
’
h v i ng com to
e s r n a e e e e as a e

Nors l nd from th gr t S i thi d co ntry lyi ng b

e a e ea v o ,
a u e

tw n th Bl ck S
ee d th C sp i n S
e A ccord i ng to
a e a an e a a ea .

t h h i stori c l i nt rpr t t i on th myth i c l worlds

e a r le e a e a are ea

countri s th t b po i nt d
e t on th m p a T hi s w
c an e e ou e a . as

th pr v i l i ng v i w t k n duri ng th l st two c nturi s

e e a e a e e a e e ,
 H S I T R I C A L I N T ER
O P R ET A TI O N . 83

an d e v n th t s g c i ous schol r of th rl i r p rt of th i s
e a a a a e ea e a

c ntury Prof ssor R sm s R sk dh r s lmost xclu

e ,
e a u a , a e e a e

i ly to th h i stor i c l i nt rpr t t i on
s ve e a e e a .

It i curi ous to r d th s old uthors d obs rv

s ea e e a an e e

how i nc r ly th y h v look d upon Od i n

S e e xtr
e a e e as an e a

o rd i n ry d nt rpri s i ng p rson who form rly rul d i

a an e e e e e n

th Nor th
e d i n ugur t d gr t ch ng s i
an th gov rna a e ea a e n e e

m nt c stoms d r l i g i on of Nor w y Sw d n
e ,
u an d e a ,
e e , an

D nm rk T h y sp k of th gr t uthori ty wh i ch h
e a . e ea e ea a e

e njoy d d how h v n h d d i v i n honors p i d to hi m

e ,
an e e e a e a .

Th y i ng n i ously conn ct Odi n w i th th Rom n Com

e e e e a

m w l th w i th M i th r i d t s
on ea ,
d Pomp y ( p a e an e se e .

Th i s h i stori c l sk tch of Od i n w i ll b gi v n i con c

a e e e n ne

t i on w i th th Od i n i c myth ; s ffic i t h r to y th t th
e u e e e sa a e

k i ng of Pont s d ll hi b rb r i n ll i s w r obl i g d
u an a s a a a a e e e e

to y i ld to th g n i us of Pomp y A d h r i t i s i d
e e e e . n e e s a

th t Odi n w
a of th numb r d f t d by Pomp y
as one e e e ea e e .

H w e obl i g d to w i thdr w h i ms lf by fl i ght from th

as e a e e

v g nc of th Rom ns ! Od i c m to Norw y by w y
en ea e e a n a e a a

of Holst i n d Jutl nd On hi w y through D nm rk

e an a . s a e a

h found d th c i ty O d i
e e d pl c d h i son Skjold
e n se, an a e s

upon th D n i sh thron How profound ! Wh t u

e a e . a er

d i ti on ! How m ch l i k th nthus i sti c work of th u e e e a e

Sw d R db k who m k s out th A tl nti s of Pl to to

e e u ec ,
a e e a a

b Sw d n
e d shows th t J ph t son of No h c m
e e , an a a e , a , a e

th r d s ttl d w i th hi f mi ly ! Wh t profound l rn
e e an e e s a a ea

i g (g l h th i t) t h s m
n e a must h v poss ss d ! W
r e e e en a e e e e a re

a m z d d confo nd d t th v st mount of m nt l
a e an u e a e a a e a

forc th t h b n brough t i nto cti vi ty t th unt i ri n g

e a as ee a ,
a e

z l d th m rv lous i ng nu i ty w i th whi ch th s th o
ea an e a e e , e e e

ri s h v b n t p ; but w c nnot w i tn ss ll th i s
e a e ee se u e a e a

wi th out f l i ng of d p r gr t th t so muc h rud i t i on

a ee ee e e a e

an d i ng nu i ty so muc h m nt l str ngth w

e . so fru i t e a e , as

l ssly thrown w y Th y w r g n r lly profound L ti

e a a . e e e e e a a n
84 ET H C A L I IN T ER P R ET A T O N I .

schol rs d wrot th most of th i r books i L ti n but

a , an e e e n a

thos pond ro s tom s m k th i r uthors fools i fol i o

e e u e a e e a n s

i th l i ght of mod rn h i stor i c l knowl dg

n e T h y studi d
e a e e . e e

by th t k i nd of l mp th t i llum i n t s sm l l spot on th
a a a a e a a e

t bl e but l v s th whol room d rk A mor c r ful

a ,
ea e e e a . e a e

an d nl i gh t n d study of our
e rly l i t r tur h of cours
e e ea e a e as e

gi v n th d th blo w to so pros i c i nt rpr t ti on of th

e e ea -
a an e e a e

Nors myth ology t h pur ly h i stori c l

e i
as e e a one s .

Th n w m t by th
e c ll d thi l i nt rpr t ti on
e ar e e e s o- a e e ca e e a

of mythology s k i ng i t ori gi n i m n s p cul i r n tur

,
ee s n a
’
e a a e,

e sp ci lly i
e a mor l po i nt of v i w T h dvoc t s of
n a a e . e a a e

th i s th ory cl i m th t myth ology i m r ficti o n cr t d

e a a s a e e ea e

to s t i s fy m s sp i ri tu l mor l d moti on l n tur

a an
’
a , a , an e a a e .

T h gods ccord i ng to t hi s i nt rpr t t i on r pr s nt m n s

’
e a e e a e e e a

V i rt s ued v i c s mot i ons f cult i s of m i nd

an e ,
d muscl
e a e an e,

e ct .p rson i fi d Od i n th y y i w i sdom ; B ld r i
,
e e .
, e sa , s a e s

goodn ss ; Thor i str ngth ; H i m d l i gr c t

e s e e a s a e, e c .

Ag i n T h or i t h i mp rson t i on of str ngth

a : s d cour
e e a e an

a g ;e t h g i nts r pre s nt i mpot a nt sloth d rrog

e c e e
; e an a an e

th confl i cts b tw n T h or
e d th g i nts
e ee str ggl an e a a re a u e

go i ng on i th hum n br st A d g i n th m i schi f
n e a ea . n a a : e e

m k r Lok i nst i g t d th bl i nd Hod r to ki ll th good

a e e a e e e e

B ld r ; N nn B ld r s w i f took h husb nd s d th
a e a a, a e
’
e, er a
’
ea

so much t h rt th t h d i d of gri f ; Hod r i ft r

o ea , a s e e e e s a e

w rds sl i n by Odi n s son V l ; ll n tur w ps for B l

a a
’
a e a a e ee a

d er, but st ill h i not r l s d from H l ( h ll ) T h t i

e s e ea e e e . a s,

phys i c l str ngth w i th i t bl i nd rthly d si r s ( Hod r)

a e s ea e e e ,

gui d d by i ( Lok ) unconsc i o sly k i lls i nnoc nc

e s n e , u e e,

( B ld
a r) Lov e
( N nn .
) d i s brok n
e h rt d ; r fl ctai on a e e -
ea e e e

( V l )
a e i ro s d d
s a s bdu s p h ys
u ei c l str ngth (
an Hod r ); u e a e e

but i nnoc nc ( B ld r) h v n i sh d from th world to

e e a e as a e e

r m i n i H l s r gi ons unti l th rth i r g n r t d

e a n e
’
e e ea s e e e a e ,

a ft r R gn rok T h th i c l i nt rpr t ti on m k s th
e a a . e e a e e a a e e

gods th f culti s of th spi ri t d th gi nts th f ul

e a e e , an e a e ac
 P HY S I CA L I N TER P RE A T TI O N . 85

t i s of th body i m ; d b tw n th two soul d

e e , n an an e ee e , an

body th r i const nt struggl for supr m cy T hi s

,
e e s a a e e a .

i nt rpr t t i on i v ry good b c us i t i v ry p ti but

e e a s e , e a e s e oe c,

it h mor to do w i th th ppl i c ti on of th myths th n

as e e a a e a

w i th th i r pr i m ry sourc
e a e .

F i n lly i nt rpr t t i on th t h
a ,
an fr q ntly b n e e a ,
a as e ue ee

a llud d to i th pr c d i ng p g s of th i s i ntroducti on i
e n e e e a e , s

th p hy i l or i nt rpr t ti on from n tur

e s ca ,
i mp rson e e a a e, -
e a

ti on of th v i s i bl work i ngs of n t r T h d i v i n i ti s
e e a u e . e e

are th forc s ed p h nom n of n tur p rson i fi d ;

e an d e e a a e e e an

e v i d nc of th corr ctn ss of th i s v i w
e e e b bund ntlye e e c an e a a

pr s nt d by d fin i ng tymolog i c lly th n m s of th
e e e e e a e a e e

s v r l d i v i n i ti s th i r ttri but s d w ll i ngs d c hi v

e e a e , e a e ,
e an a e e

m n t s d by s how i ng how f i thfully th works of

e ,
an a e

th gods corr spond w i th th

e v nts d sc n s of th
e e e e an e e e

outw rd world Th r i no do b t th t th i s i th
a . e e s u a s e

tru i nt r pr t ti on of ll myth olog i s ; d th t i t i

e e e a a e an a s,

so to sp k th k y to th Nors mythology i t i
ea , e e e e , s

hop d w i ll b su ffic i ntly d monstr t d i th s cond

e e e e a e n e e

p rt
a of th i s book i conn ct i on wi th t h myths th m n e e e

se lv s ; but th th i c l or p rh ps b tt r th sp i r i tu l
e e e a , e a e e e a ,

i nt rpr t t i on must by ll m ns b
e e a dd d T h sp i r a ea e a e . e

i t l or
ua th i c l d th p hys i c l i nt rpr t ti on must
e a an e a e e a

b e combi n d In oth r words w e . sc rc ly m k e , e c an a e a e .

th i nt rpr t ti on too
e e th p m p hi
e a T h ph nom n an ro o or c . e e e a

an d forc s of n tur h v b n p rson i fi d by our for

e a e a e ee e e e

f th rs i nto d i ti s but th myths h v b n l bo

a e e e , e a e ee e a

r t d to su i t d corr spond w i th th mor l i nt l

a e an e e a , e

l ctu l
e d mot i on l n tur
a an th i n
e r l i f of m a a e, e ne e an .

T h d i ti s h v
e eb n conc i v d i
e a hum n form
e ee e e n a a ,

w i th hum n ttr i but s d ff cti ons T h nc i nt

a a e an a e . e a e

Nors m n h v m d th i r mythology r fl ct h um n
e e a e a e e e e a

n tur
a d h v
e, cloth d th gods w i th t h i r own
an a e e e e

f cul ti s of m i nd d body i r sp ct to good d

a e an n e e an
86 ETH CA L I IN T ER P R ET A TI O N .

e vi l v i rtu
,
d vi c ri gh t d wrong A Rudolf
e an e, an . s

K ys r b t i fully xpr ss s h i ms lf
e e ea u e e e e

Th g d e h di i g p
o s a re f t t l th d i
e or a n n o w e rs o n a ure c o e n

p l i ty T h y d i t th w ld w h i h t h y
e rs on a . e td b
re c e or , c e c rea e ; ut

b i d th m
es e t d h m i g h ty g dd
e s an f f t t d ti me h o esses o a e an e, t e

g t
re a w h t
n o rn s ,i h w ld t to h ll
sus a n m b i g t e or -
s ruc ure , t e a -
e ra c n

t re e f Oh w ld ( Yg d t i l) e Th li f or f h w ld i t g ra s . e e o t e or s a s ru

g l e b t w eh g d d
een l i g h t g d
t e t h oo i d d h an o s on e on e s e, an t e

ff p i g f h t i m tt h g i t t d i t bi g f ’
O s r n o c ao c a e r, t e a n s , n a u re s s ur n o rc e s ,

on h t th T h i t gg l t d l i t m
e o er . s b i g
s ru e ex en s a so n o an s
’
e n

th e Spi it p d f m h g d h b dy b l g t h w ld f
r ro c e e s ro t e o s, t e o e on s o t e or o

t h gi
e t th y t g g l i th h th f t h p m y If
an s e s ru e w eac o er or e su re ac .

t h e pi i t q
s r by i t con d b y m g t h
u e rs v r ue an ra v e r ,
an oes o e av en

a ft d th t fi g h t i
er ea t w i th h g d s g i t th i l
, o n con ce r t e o a a ns e ev

pw o e rsb t if h ; b dy u q d li k t h e pi i t i t l fo con u ers an n s t e s r to se

by w k ea d l w d i n ess th m i k ft d th t
an o e s re s , en an s n s a er ea o

th e w ld f h g i t i h l w
or o t g ie d j i
an s h i m n t e o er re ons, an o ns

se l f i th h i l p w i th w f
w t e ev
g i t th g d o e rs
‘

n e a r a re a a ns e o s .

N tur i th moth r t whos br st w ll

a e s e e a e ea e a a re

nour i sh d In nc i nt ti m s h w th obj ct of
e . a e e S e as e e

chi ldli k cont mpl ti on e

y dor t ieon N tur a d ,
na , a a . a e an

m enw r i clos commun i on w i th ch oth r much

e e n e ea e ,

clos r th n w now
e a Th y h d mor d l i c t
e a re . e a a e e a e

p rc pti on f d mor symp th y for su ff ri ng n tur ;

e e o , an e a ,
e a e

an d i t w r w ll i f som of th puri ty of th i s tho gh t

e e e e e u

could b br th d down to us th i r pros i c d sc nd

e ea e ,
e a e e

a nts who h v b ndon d th o ff ri ngs to gi v pl c

, a e a a e e e e a e

to v ri c ( d i H bsuch t n hm
a a e e l d i Opf r u fa a z u, a s e e a

hO t r en Gri mm) . .

It w b uti f l custom whi ch i sti ll pr s rv d

as a ea u ,
s e e e

i n som p rts of Nor w y to f st n bundl of gr i n

e a a ,
a e a e a

to long pol wh i ch
a C hri stm s e, w r ct d 0 11 a e ve as e e e

som wh r i th y rd or on th top of th hous or

e e e n e a ,
e e e

b rn for th w i ld b i rds to f d upon rly on Chri st

a , e ee ea

m d y morn i ng
as - a
( our h t h n nc stors lso
,
h d t h ea e a e a a e

Chri stm s or Yul t i d f sti v l) In our d g n r t

a e- e e a . e e e a e
88 O UR A N C ES TO R S N O T PR O S A C I .

b tw n th chi ld t h v i gorous m
e ee e d old g, e an , an a e,

th i m g i n t i v
e d proph t i c ch i ld t h
a a e mot i on l d
an e ,
e e a an

a ct i v m e d th r fl cti ng ld r So
an , an n ti on e e e e e . a a ,

w hi c h l i k th nc i nt Gr k d Nors for i nst nc

e e a e ee an e, a e,

h as h d n tur l growth d d v lopm nt h first

a a a a an e e e , as

i t ch i ldh ood of i m g i n t i on
s d proph cy produc i ng a a an e ,

po try ( Hom r d th Edd s) ; th n i t m nhood

e e an e a e s a

of moti on d cti v i ty produc i ng h i story ( H rodotus

e an a ,
e

an d th S g s ) ; e d t h n i t old g of m t r
a a an fl e s a e a u e re ec

ti on p d m g ph i losoph y ( Socr t s ) D i vi d ng th
, ro uc a e . i e

thr p r i ods i Gr k h story mor d fl t ly w w i ll

ee e n ee i e e nl e , e

find th t i m gi n ti on d po try pr dom i n t d duri ng

a a a an e e a e

th ewh ol ti m b for Solon ; mot on cti vi ty d

e e e e e i ,
a an

h i story duri ng th ti m b tw n Solon d Al x nd r e e e ee an e a e

t h Gr t ;
e d th n r fl ct i on
ea an d ph i losophy such e e e an , as

th y w r from A l x nd r to th coll ps of th Gr k
e e e, e a e e a e e ee

st t s
a e .

Ev n mong th Rom ns th most pros i c of ll

e a e a , e a a

p op l s th t n t i on of subdu rs nsl v rs
e e , a a d robb rs e , e a e an e ,

tr c s of thi s growth from po t i c chi ldhood thro gh

a e e u

h i stori c m nhood to ph i losop hi c ld g

a b found O a e c an e ,

wh i ch prov s mor ov r th t th i s i e l w f h m n e e a s a a o u a

d v lopm nt th t c nnot b r d i c t d lth ough i t m y

e e e a a e e a a e , a a

b p rv rt d
e e Th t of th Rom ns i most d i stort d
e e . a e a s a -
e

growth show i ng th t , th tw i g i b nt th tr i a as e s e e ee s

i ncl i n d UZ e m t m f. i rm m tse — you sow

en e ec er s , e es as ,

so w i ll you r p to q ot th Rom ns own words ea , u e e a

’

a g i nst t h m T h Rom ns h d t h i r po ti c d pro

a e . e a a e e an

p h ti
e g dur
c i ng t
a h r i
e gn of t h s v n k i ngs ; t h i r e e e e e e

e moti on l d hi stori c l g dur ing th most prosp rous

a an a a e e e

an d glor i ous poch of th r p bl i c ; e d fin lly t h i r e e u an a ,

e

a g eof r fl ct i on d p hi
e losope h y b g n w i t h th t i
an m e a e e

of th ld r C t e Rom took
e e di stort d m i s n
a o . e a e ,
a

th pi ro cours from th b gi nn i ng so t h t h pro

c e e e , a er
 THE RO M A N S AG A N I . 89

found st most po ti c myt h i th t of th w li k

e an d e s a e ar e

M rs d a th p
an i w f
l t h f th er d nurs
ra of a c ou s o ,
e a e an e

th f t ie i d Rom l s
ra r c T hi s myth i proph ti c d
e u u . s e ,
an

in i t th whol hi story of Rom i r fl ct d

e ei e s e e e as n

a m i rror T h Rom ns th ms lv s cl i m th t th i r
. e a e e e a a e

S i byll i n books ( proph cy ) b long to th ti m of th i r

e e e e e e

k i ngs Wh n d ri ng th tr ns i ti on p ri od from th
. e ,
u e a e e

e m ti on l to th p hi losoph i c g Rom w to h v
o a e a e, e as a e

d r m t i c wr i t rs
a a h produc d i com dy th clumsye ,
s e e n e e

Pl u tus Whom th Rom ns m ploy d i turn i ng

a ,
e a e e n a

h nd m i ll ; d i tr g dy th fl t Enn i us whos works

a -
an n a e e a , e

w r lost ; so th t h only r lly po ti c l tr g dy i

e e a er ea e a a e s

th e f t f h dr m ti c po ts H oth r po ti c l
a e O er a a e . er e e a

w rks of w hi ch th world h bo st d so much c m

o ,
e as a e , a e

l t r ft r th d th of C i c ro th i r m ost f mous or tor

a e ,
a e e ea e , e a a ,

duri ng th l i f of th crown d A g st s ; th y c m l i k
e e e e u u u e a e e

an Il i d ft r Hom r d th m ost of th m w poor

a a e e ,
an e e as a

i m i t t i on a f Gr k l i t r tur O just thi s book i ee e a e, as s a

poor i m i t ti on of Sc nd i n v i n l i t r tur E p
a a a a e a e . x z so
’

f t du l i
on e bi b t q w c asgo to t h fount i n an ar a u e a

i ts lf i f you w nt to dr i nk th
e p r d sp rkl i ng
a e u e an a

w t r T h Rom n l i t r tur i m i n ntly worthy of

a e . e a e a e s e e

th econs i d r ti on of th h i stori c l ph i losoph r but i t

e a e a e ,

ough t not to b c non i z d d us d to tort r th l i f e a e an e u e e e

ou t of stud nts w i th e .

Th H br ws h v th i r i m gi n ti v po t i c d
e e e a e e a a e, e an

proph ti c g from G n s i s to M os s ; th i r moti on l

e a e e e e e e a

an d h i stor i c l g from Mos s to Solomo

a da th ne e n, an e

b g i ns t h i r g of r fl c ti on d ph i losophy
e e a e e e an .

T ki ng gr nd coloss l g n r l v i w of t h h i story
a a a , a , e e a e e

of th world w would y t h t th
e c i nts b long
, e sa a e an e e

ch i fly to th po ti c g th m i ddl g s to th mot i on l
e e e a e, e e a e e e a

a g e, d modan rn t i m s to th r fl cti ng g of th e e e e e a e, e

hum n r c T hus th l i f of th i nd i vi du l i i
a a e . e e e a s, n
90 PH Y S I CA L I N TE R P R ET A T O N I I N S U FFI O I E N T .

m i n i tur th li f of p opl or of th whol hum n

a e, e e a e e e e a

f m i ly
a .

Th i s w d i gr ssi on d w conf ss th t i t i not

as a e , an e e a s

t h first
e w h v m d ; but i th world of though t
on e e a e a e n e ,

as i th n world of m s i c monotony i t di ous ; d

e u , s e an

th r d r h v i ng p rh ps r fr s h d hi
e ea e a m i nd by th e a e e e s e

i nt rlud w w i ll proc d t d i sc ss f rth r th u i on

e e, e ee o u u e e n

of th th i c l w i th th physi c l i nt rpr t t i on of
e e a e a e e a

m yt h ology P hys i c l i nt rpr t t i on lon i th sh ll

. a e e a a e s e e

w i th out th k rn l N tur gi v s us only th sourc

e e e . a e e e e

of th myth ; b t w w nt i t v lu i th m i nd
e u e a s a e n e s

an d h rts of p opl i th i r ch i ldhood T h touchi g

ea a e e n e . e n

gr c fuln ss of N nn
a e ed of Idun r cl i n i ng on Br g a a , an e a e s
’

br s t w not sugg s t d by tur lon but t h

ea ,
as e e na e a e, e

pi ctur s of th s r fl ct corr spondi ng n tur s i

e e e e e e a e n ou r

a nc stors To xpl i n
e . myth s i mply by th ph e a a e e

no m i
e n on xt rn l n tur ( b i t r m mb r d how
n e e a a e e e e e e ,

e v r th t m
e ,
lso const i t t s p rt of n tur ) th t
a an a u e a a a e a

s gg st d i t to th nc i nts wo ld b d i g m y
u e e e a e ,
u e
’

re uc n

t h l g y to
o o n tur l sci nc ; d i t i d to wi tn s
a a a e e an s sa e s

h w th
o b ti f l d po ti c l Edd s i th h nd
e ea u u an e a a , n e a s

of som h v dw i ndl d down i nto th dry ch m i stry

e, a e e e e ,

chronology l ctro m gn ti sm m th m ti cs stronomy

, e e -
a e , a e a , a ,

or i f you pl s th l m n cs of our for f th rs

,
e a e, e a a a ,
e a e ,

i ns t d of b i ng pr s nt d
ea th gr nd prop h ti
e e e e as e a , e c

dr m wh i ch for sh dow d th h ro i c d nt rpri s i n g

a a e a e e e an e e

d ties of th T ton i c n t i ons T h tw lv dw ll i ng

nv e eu a . e e e e s

of th gods t h y y r pr s nt th tw lv si gns of
e , e sa , e e e e e e

th zod i c ; B ld r th y m k th const ll t i on of th
e a a e e a e e e a e

l i on ; Odi n s tw lv n m s th y y ’
th t w lv
e e a e ,
e sa ,
are e e e

months of th y r ; h i fifty two m s wh i ch h e ea s -

na e , e

h i ms lf num r t s i G i m i m l
e e th
e a efifty two n r n s aa , ar e e -

w ks i th y r ; th th i rt n v lkyri s
ee n e th t h i r
ea e ee a e are e

tee n w moons ine th y r How profound ! H w n e ea . o

 T
N A U R A L S C EN C E I . 91

p e rfe ctly v ryth i ng d pts i ts lf to th th o y ! Th i s

e e a a e e e r

i nv lu bl d i scov ry w
a a e m d on th s v nth of D e as a e e e e e

ce mb 1 827
er , It ought to b l g l hol i d y ! T h
. e a e a a e

on e ox thr m sur s of m d d i gh t s lmon wh i ch

,
ee ea e ea an e a

Thor ccord i ng to th Eld r Edd cons m d wh n

, a e e a, u e ,
e

h h d com to Jotunh i m to f tch h i h mm r th y

e a e e e s a e , e

cl i m lso r pr s nt th y r s tw lv months for

a a e e e e ea
’
e e ,

Fur th rmor th thr gods H r J f e e, e ee , aa ,

a n

h r d Th id
aa ,
an th thr fund m nt l l m nts
r e, ar e e ee a e a e e e ,

sulphur m rcury d s lt ; Odi n Vi l

, e d V , th
an a ,
e, an e , a re e

thr l ws of th un i v rs gr v i ty moti on d ffin i ty

ee a e e e, a , , an a .

Thor i l ctri c i ty ; hi b lt i
s e e l ctri c cond ns r s e s an e e e e ,

hi glov s
s l ctri c conductor H g
e an e e wi th whom . r un n e r,

h e cont nds i p tri f c ti on ; th M kk k l f wh om

e , s e a e o er a e,

T hj l f sl w i th m g
a e ti c n dl
e , G u l d i oxyg n
s e a ne ee e . n a s e ,

K vaser i sug r t B t th i s w i ll do
s aA not th s
, e c . u . re e e

gold n k ys w i th wh i ch to unlock th s cr t ch mb rs
e e , e e e a e

of t h Edd s ! e a

A ll th d i t i s do not r pr s nt ph nom n
e e e d forc s e e e e e a an e

of n tur a d th i s f t g i v s i f poss i bl st i ll mor i m

e, a n ac e e e

p or t nc to th nth ropomorph i c i nt rpr t ti on Som

a e e a e e a . e

myths m r cr t i ons of th i m gi n ti on to g i v
are e e ea e a a , e

symm try d po ti c l fin i sh to th syst m or w m i ght

e an e a e e , e

sa y to th dr m — to compl e t th d l i na t i ons of
a th e e e e ea e

ch r ct rs th t pp r on th st g of cti o H rmod
a a e a a ea e a e a n . e ,

for i nst nc i no ph nom non i phys i c l n tur h

a e, s e e n a a e : e

i th
s s rv nt of Od i n i th ch r ct r of th l tt r
e e a n e a a e e a e

as th god of w e Od i n i th god of th h v ns ar . s e e ea e ,

but i t i not i thi s c p c i ty h s nds out th v lkyri

s n a a e e e a es

to pi ck up th f ll n h ro s on th fi ld of b ttl e a e e e e e a e .

In r j cti ng th hi t i l i nt rpr t ti on w do by
e e e s or ca e e a , e

no m ns m n to d ny th i nfl nc of th mythology
ea ea e e ue e e

upon th soci l r li gi ous pol i ti c l d l i t r ry l i f of

e a , e , a an e a e

th N e m But thi s i not

o r se en xpl n ti on of th
. s an e a a e
92 H S I TO R ICA L P R O P H ECY .

mythology i ts lf but of i t i nflu nc upon th m i nds e ,

s e e e

of th p opl If w m n i t i proph ti c s ns th
e e e . e ea n a e e e, e

Nors my t hology h lso

e hi stori c l i nt rpr t ti on as a an a e e a .

In i t w m i rror d th gr d futur of th Nors sp i ri t ;

as e e an e e e

by i t th N m w r t ught to m k thos d ri ng
e o r se en e e a a e e a

exp d i ti ons to v ry p rt of th c i vi l i z d world m k i ng

e e e a e e , a

conqu sts d pl nt i ng colon i s ; to cross th bri ny d p

e an a e e ee

an d op t h w y to Ic l nd Gr nl nd
en e d A m ri c ;
a e a , ee a an e a

to t k poss ssi on of Norm ndy i Fr c s bdu Eng

a e e a n an e, u e

l nd d m k i nro ds i nto Sp i n d It ly ; to p ss
a an a e a a an a a

b tw n th p i ll rs of H rcul s d v st t th cl ssi c
e ee e a e e , e a a e e a

fi lds of Gr c
e d c rv th i r myst ri ous run s on
ee e , an a e e e e

th m rbl li on i A t h ns ; to l y th found ti ons of

e a e n e a e a

th Russi n E m p i r p n tr t th w lls of Const nt i

e a e, e e a e e a a

no
pl d sw i ng
e an t h i r two dg d b ttl x s i i t str ts ; e -
e e a e-a e n s ee

to s i l up th ri v rs Rhi n th Sch ldt th S i n

a e ed e, e e , e e e, a n

th Lo i r
e conqu ri g Cologn d A ch n d b si gi ng
e, e n e an a e an e e

P ri s ; to l d th
a of th chi v lry of Europ i
ea e van e a e n res c u

i g th holy s pulchr
n e d rul ov r A nt i och
e d Tib e an e e an e

ri s un d r H r ld ; to s v r th f tt rs forg d by th
a e a a e e e e e e e

R m n mp rors br k th crosi rs i th h nds of th

o a e e , ea e e n e a e

Rom n pop s d i nfus

a nobl r d fr r sp i ri t i nto
e an e a e an ee

th n t i ons of th
e a rth ; d by th i r mythology th y e ea an e e

w r t ugh t to gi v to th world th t g rm of l i b rty

e e a e e a e e

th t struck root i th rl i st l i t r tur of Fr nc bud

a n e ea e e a e a e,

d d i
e th M gn Ch rt of Engl n d
n e a d d v lop d i ta a a a , an e e e s

f ll blown flow rs i th A m ri c n D cl r ti on of Ind

u -
e n e e a e a a e

pe n d e n e e .

pri nc i p l obj ct of th s cond p rt of thi s vol

T he a e e e a

um i to gi ve f i thf l ccur t
s d mp l t pr s n
e a a u , a a e an co e e e e

t tia of th myth s ; b t i nt rpr t ti ons d r fl cti ons

on e u e e a an e e

w i ll b fr ly i ndulg d i
e T h b s i s of th i t p
ee e n . e a e n er re

t tia w i ll b th physi c l d th i c l comb i n d th

on e e a an e a e , e

two t k n a un i t T h r fl cti ons w i ll consi st i

e as a . e e e n
 A CO M P LET E T
M Y H O LO G Y . 93

po i nti ng out occ si on lly th fulfilm nt of th p pha a e e e ro e

c i s h i stori c lly or r th r th ppl i c ti on of th myths

e a ,
a e e a a e

to h i stori c l ph i losoph y Wh n only th physi c l sourc

a . e e a e

of th myth i gi v n i t nthropomorph i c l m nt m st
e s e , s a e e e u

b suppl i d i
e th m i nd of th r d r
e n Wh n Thor i
e e ea e . e s

gi v n th i mp rson ti on of thund r d H i md l
e as e e a e , an e a as

th r i nbow cloth d w i th p rson l i ty th n th r d r

e a , e e a ,
e e ea e

must cons i d r wh t s ns ti ons would b w k n d i hi

e a e a e a a e e n s

own br st by th s ph nom n i f h h d b n t ght

ea e e e e a e a ee au

to r g rd th m
e a p rsons A d wh n h h gi v n
e as e . n e e as e

th m st tur g i t clothi ng b ri ng xpr ssi on of th

e a e, a , , ea , e e e

e y d
e anco nt n nc u d p rsone l ch r
a ct r corr spond
e , an e a a a e e

i g w i th th i r lofty pos i t i ons i

n e th m n g m nt f th n e a a e e O e

a ff i rs of th world th n h
a e form so m i d of th s
, e e c an e ea e e

d i ti s cont mpl t d by th nc i nt N m
e e as e a e e a e ors e en .
 C H A P TE R VI .

T HE N O RS E M Y TH O LO G Y F U N I S H ES A B U N D A N T A N EX R D

C LLE N T M A
E I A L O R TH E U S O O TS S C U L
T ER F E F P E , P

TO R S A N D P A I N T R S E .

N pr v i ous ch pt r i t w cl i m d th t th ti m
a e a e as a e a e e

must com wh n Nors mythology w i ll b cop i ously

e e e e

r fl ct d i our l g nt l i t r tur d i our fi rts ;

e e e n e e a e a e an n ne a

an d w i ns i st th t w who
e Goths d br nch s ofa e are ,
an a e

th nobl h Ygdr si l ough t to d v lop som fibr

e e as a , e e e e.

l v s buds d flow rs w i th nouri shm nt dr wn from

ea e , an e e a

th roots of our own tr

e of x i st nc d not b con ee e e e, an e

t
s an tly borrow i ng from our n i ghbors If our po ts e . e

would but study Nors mythology th y would find i e , e n

it mpl m t ri l for th mos t subli m po try Th

a e a e a e e e . e

Nors myth ology i i ts lf fin i sh d po m d h b n

e s e a e e , an as ee

most b ut i f lly pr s nt d ea th u Eld r Edd but i t e e e In e e a,

f rn i sh s t t h s m ti m v ri ty of th m s th t
u e a e a e e a a e e e a c an

b comb i n d
e d l bor t d i nto w po ms w i th ll
e an e a a e ne e a

th edv nt g s of mod rn t mod rn c i vi l i z ti on d

a a a e e ar ,
e a an

e nl i gh t nm nt Wi th th sp i ri t of C h ri sti n i ty touch
e e . e a ,
a

of b uty d gr nd r
ea ban unconsci ously throwna eu c an e

ov r th lofti n ss of st tur th growth of muscl th

e e e a e, e e, e

bold m ss s of i nt ll ctu l m sonry th t mp stuous

a e e e a a , e e e

str ngth of p ssi ons th os gods d h ro s of i mp tu

e a , e an e e e

ous tur s d g i g nti c proporti ons thos ov rwh lm

na e an a , e e e

i g t r g d i s of pri m i t i v v i gor w hi ch
n a e e to b found e , are e

in th Edd s e If our A m ri c n po t would but p y

a . e a e a

9
( )4
96 O LE B ULL .

d p d fil of th t
ee e gi rt d rock bound l nd c ll d
es a s ea - an -
a a e

N l d wh r th snow crown d mo nt i ns tow r l i k

o rse a n ,
e e e -
e u a e e

c stl w lls th y found i l fy summ r bow r S g

a e- a ,
e n a ea e e a a a

book full of m gi c words d b uti ful p i ctur s d a an ea e , an ,

l i k A l x nd r of old th y m d th i s wond rful boo k

e e a e ,
e a e e

th i r p i llow T h y m y t ll you th t th Sc ndi n v i n

e . e a e a e a a a

schools l i k th A m ri c n
,
pr tty thoroughly L ti n
e e e a , ar e e a

i d but t h t t h y stol out of th sc h ool room stud i d

ze ,
a e e e -
, e

th i s S g book d from i t th y dr w t h i r i nsp i r ti on

a a- , an e e e a .

T h wr i t r once sk d th f mous Nors vi ol i n i st O l

e e a e e a e , e

Bull wh t h d i nsp i r d hi m usi c l t l nt d gi v n hi

,
a a e s a a e an e s

musi c th t w i rd ori g i n l i n xpl i c bl xpr ssi on d

a e , a ,
e a e e e an

styl H s i d th t from ch i ldh ood h h d t k n pro

e . e a , a e a a e a

found d l i gh t i th p i ctur squ

e d h rmon i ous comb i
n e e e an a

n t i on f gr nd ur m j sty d gr c fuln ss of th
a o a e , a e ,
an a e e e

fl w
o cl d v ll ys th si lv r cr st d mount i ns t h s i ng
er - a a e , e
“

e -
e e a , e

i g brooks b bbl i ng str ms thund ri ng r i v rs sylv n

n ,
a ea , e e , a

shor s d sm i l i ng l k s of hi n ti v l nd H h d
e an a e s a e a . e a

ea g rly d vour d ll th folk lor ll th stori s bou t

e e e a e -
e, a e e a

trolls lv s d spri t s th t c m w i thi n hi r ch ; h

, e e an e a a e s ea e

h d sp c i lly r v l d i
a e e ll th mythologi c l t l s bout
a e e e n a e a a e a

Odi n T h or B ld r Ym r th M i dg rd s rp nt R gn rok
, , a e , e , e a -
e e , a a ,

e ct . d t h s t h i ngs h
an s i d h v m d my m si c
e e , e a , a e a e u .

Truthf lly h our own po t Longf llow who h hi m

u as e e , as

s lf t k n mor th n
e a e dr ft from M i m r s fount i n
e a on e a e
’
a ,

an d commun d mor th n onc w i th Br g — s i d of e e a e a e a

O l Bull
e :

H l i d i t h t i d l w ld e ve n a ea or

Wh l g g i p h b os e
g an ua e s n ot s eec ut son ;
d him h th
,

A m ro u n
g ev er o re t e ro n

O f l d p it th i d w hi l d ;
e ves an s r es e r an ce s r e

Th S mk l g h t th ld
e tr o ar s an , t e ca a ra c ur e

It h dl g w t f m th h i g h t
s ea on a e rs ro e e

A d m i gl d i w i ld d l i g h t
,

th n n e n e e

Th m f bi d i th i flig h t
e s cr e a o s e a- r s n e r ,
 M EN F R E! U EN TLY A CT L IK E AN TS . 97

The rum o r tt of th e fo r e s re e s,

T h pl e g f t h i m
un pl b
e l o e a ca e seas ,

T h t m lt
e f th u wi d u t ig ht
o e n a n ,

Vi o ce sf l d l i k t m p t bl w i g
o e ,
e ru e s o n

O ld b ll d d w i ld m l d i
a a s an e o es

Th gh m i t d d k
ro u p i gf
s an ar ness our n o rt h

Li k El i fl i
’
eg i vaw g ar s r v e rs o n

O t f th g l i
u o f th Ne th a c e rs o e or .

Th s th th i ngs t h t m k po t s
e e are d mus i ci n
e a a e e , an a s

ar e p o ts T h n cont i n s th s m uth or
e . e ue e a e a :

A d wh h pl y d th
n tm ph en e a e ,
e a os e re

W fill d w i th m i as d h e us c, an t e e ar

C g ht h f th t h p
au f g ld ec o o a ar o o

Wh m i h d w i d os e d us c a so e r a s o un ,

Th h td tgf gtt b d e un e s a or o o oun ,

Th l p i g i l t b k w d ll d
e ea n r vu e ac ar ro e ,

Th bi d m dw f mb h dt
e r ca e o n ro us an re e,

Th d d m f m b e th h ea ca e ro en ea t e sea,

Th m i d th h p k ’
e a en to e ar er s nee .

Only th s f w l i n s m k i t cl r th t Longf llow h

e e e e a e ea a e as

not only commun d w i th Br g but h lso r fr sh d

- e a e, as a e e e

h i ms lf t th C st l i n fount i n ; th t h h not only

e a e a a a a a e as

p n tr t d th m yst r i s of th Gr k mythology but h

e e a e e e e e ee , as

also v i si t d th d i ti s of th North
e e e e e .

If you do not b l i v th t th Nors mythology fur e e e a e e

n i sh s su it bl th m s for po try th n do not cho th

e a e e e e ,
e e e

vo i c of th multi tud
e d cry th i d
e down b c us i t e an e ea e a e

s ms w M f q tl t l i k nts W h n d t
ee ne . en re u en v ac e a . e a re an

app rs mong th bl ck on s t h y ll tt ck i t for th y

ea a e a e , e a a a , e

h v onc for ll m d up th i r m i nds th t ll nts must

a e e a a e e a a a

n c ss ri ly b bl ck ; th y h v th ms lv s b n bl ck ll
e e a e a e a e e e e ee a a

th i r l i v s d ll th i r nc stors w r bl ck so f
e e , an a e a e e e a , ar as

th y know nythi ng bout th m T h us i t h b com

e a a e . as e e a

fix d op i n i on w i th m ny th t mythology c ss ri ly
e a , a ne e a

m ns Gr k or Rom n
ea eeW s i d to of our fri nds a . e a on e e :
98 O E LE N S CH LJEG ER .

We wri ti ng book on Nors mythology S ys our

a re a e . a

l rn d fri nd A not th os old s tori s bout Jup i t r

ea e e : re e e a e

an d M rs pr t ty w ll wri tt n
a p by th ies t i m ? W e e u e e

s i d w thought th y w r too m ch so ; b t w
a e e e e, u u e are

wri ti ng bout Odi n d Thor T h n our l rn d fri nd

a an . e ea e e

shook hi h d i s rpri s d s i d th t h n v r h rd
s ea n u e an a a e e e ea

f thos g ntl m n b for If r d r s c s i th ’

O e e e e e e . ou r ea e a e s e

sm a eth t of our l rn d fri nd th n l t hi m x mi n

as a ea e e ,
e e e a e

t h subj ct for h i ms lf
e e L t hi m r d th Nors m ythol e . e ea e e

ogy through c r ful ly L t hi m th n t ll us wh t th m a e . e e e a e es

s gg sti v of subl i m po try h fo nd i th upp r th

u e e e e e u n e e , e

m i ddl d th low r worl d s of th Od i n i c mythology ;

e an e e e

how h w i mpr ss d w i th th r g i ons of th gods of th

e as e e e e e , e

gi nts d of th dw rfs ; wh t h thought of th v ri ous

a ,
an e a a e e a

e xplo i ts of th gods ; how h w i mpr ss d w i th th gr t

e e as e e e ea

an d w i s Od i n t h goo de d s hi n i ng B ld r th m i g hty
, e an a e , e

Thor th subtl d m l i c i ous Lok th qu nly Fri gg

, e e an a e, e ee ,

th g n i l Fr y th lov ly Idun r cl i n i ng on t h
e e a e ,loqu nt e e e e e e

Br g s br st d th g ntl N nn L t hi m r d d
a e
’
ea , an e e e a a . e ea an

s ee wh th r or not h wi ll b d l i ght d w i th ll th m g
e e e e e e a e a

n ifi t sc n ry of Gl dsh i m V lh l M i dg rd N i fl h i m
cen e e a e ,
a a ,
a ,
e ,

Musp lh i m e d Gi e
g g p w i,th th an norns Urd n un a a e ,

V d der an d Skuld ; w i th th glori ous

e, an h Ygdr s i l ; e as a

w i th th fo nt i n of M i m r ( l t hi m t k d p dri nk
e u a e e a e a ee ,

wh i l h i th r ) ; w i th th h v nly bri dg B i frost ( th

e e s e e e ea e e e

r i nbow ) pon wh i ch th gods d i ly d sc nd to th Urd r

a ,
u e a e e e a

fount i n ; d w i th th w i ld t mp st tr v rs d r gi ons of
a an e e e -
a e e e

R an ( t h godd ss of the w i f of Eg ) T h c l e e s e a, e r er . e e e

b t d po t O l
ra e hl g f und i ll th s th i ngs i
e e en sc ae er o n a e e n ex

h u t i bl scop for po t i c mb ll i shm nts

a s e e d h v il d e e e e ,
an e a a e

hi ms lf of i t i hi work nti tl d G d f th N th w i th
e n s , e e o s o e or ,

th z l e d pow r of
ea g nu i n po t H r v i v d th
an e a e e e . e e e e

m mori s of th p st H b d th gods com forw rd

e e e a . e a e e e a

o u t of t h m i sts of th c nturi s d h cco m pl i sh d i

e e e e , an e a e n
1 00 TH O R S F I S H ’
IN G .

Re j o i ci n g l fl ld fl h
am e s from He c a s
’
ca ro n as ,

H g m
u e t w i th d o lt
f i g
en h
s on e s ea en n c ra s

Fly t —i t ou th d i d fi t m w h
, s sca e s es re - s re a s as .

Th ff i g h t d
e a f A k d f l th
r e h k
so n s o s o ee e S oc ,

A t h w m d th l i
s e d k
or o e an ro c ,

A d
n ll w i t th R g k
su en a e a n a ro .

T hi f
o l i g m w
s ou gh t m i ll ;
c ra v n a nau e er
’
ca e

It h d th
nev er t fill e o c eas e o ;
N th m hi h g y p i t i ll
’
a o re s un r a n can s .

Up w d b y h ar h t hi l py y
c an c e e u rn s s S ee e e,

A d
n hi m
,
p d d i gh
ov er s us en e n ,

Th g y h
e d h d th py
or ea e o es .

Th e p t t k w i th h i w d i t
ser en a en s o n e ce ,

Susp t i g g h t th d i g h t
ec n n au e ar n c ea ,

R g lp d w
av e n o u s th b it u s o n e a .

Hi l t h
s j w th b b d t l m p
ea e rn a s e ar e s ee co re s s ,

Hi p ds h d m
on tl th
e ro u s by ; ea us e av e e a ss

Di r e w a s J o r m u n g a n d e r ’
s hi s s .

In g i a n c o i t l s h e w ri h e s h i st l e ng th a bo u t ,

Po i son o u s s t re am s he s pe w e t h o ut,

But h i s t l h lp h i m g h t s r u gg e s e n au .

Th m i g h ty T h
e k w th p i fi g h t or no e no e er n ,

Th l t h m
e w m hi
oa t g th d p i t
so e or , s s ren es e,

N w
o m t h d m o er
’
t yi ld th fi g h t
a c e us e e .

Hi g i ly h d T h th th ti d ’
s r s h ea or e av e o er e e,

N om t l y th i g h t m y bi d
or a e e e s a e,

Th e dw h t i th
s ca re d t hid ave s as e
’ ’
san s o e .

A wh
s dN t dyw
en d b
a c c u rs e a a s ra n a ns an u rn s ,

Hi i m p i
s th t g i t h o us h t ro a
’
a ns e av e n e u rn s

A d w i th h i t i l t h
n p s a e oce an s u rn s .

Th p e h d ky d p d k
arc e w p th s roo s, ar ness en ra s e s un ;
N w th m t h l
o t g th i h w
e a c e ss s ren s s o n

O f th e g o d w h o m w a r r i o r s ow n .
 TH O R s
’
F I S H IN G . 1 01

Ar o u n d hi s l oin s he d ra w s his gi r dl t i gh t e ,

Hi s eye t t i m ph fl
wi h r u a sh e s bri g h t ,

T h e fr a i l b t pl i t oath h i s s an e a s w i ght ; e

T h e fr a i l b t pl i t —b t th d
’
oa s s, u on e o cean s g ro u n
Th or a
g i
a nh t h f t i g f d ; a oo n o un

W i th i n hi s ar m s th e w o rm i s b o u n d .

y
H m er , w h o i n th e p thdt k t
s r i fe no ar a oo

B ut l i k t m bl i g p h k
e a re n as en s oo ,

R ou s e th h i m t t th t k o aver e s ro e .

I th l t
n e i gh t t h
as l h th d
n d ,
e va a a e cre e

T h i O di
or, n tm t d n s
’
u os nee ,

T t h w m h ll b w t h h d
o e or s a o e ea .

Th i us, k i th
n s un gi t pk v o ce , e c ra v e n an S o e,

W h i l t f m h i b lt k i f h t k
s ro s e a n e e oo ,

F g d by d w f
or e th t h k ar s anea e r oc .

Up m g i b lt t i g h t g
’
on th e a t fil c e s ra an o e ;
T h i b i tt
or n t m il ;er s c o rn o s e

Mj l o ner s w g i i t h w
anh i l n a r e e .

I th w m
n e f t f ll t w
or
’
l g i t f ll
s ro n u o-s core ea ue s e ;
F m G i m l t th
ro l m f h ll
e o e re a s o e

E h d J m d y ll ’
c oe g or un an er s e .

Th e y w d ; T h li g ht i g
o ce an a t th k y ;
ne or s
’
n n s ren e S

T h g h t h t m th g t
rou e s or
y ,
e re a sun s
’
e e

L k d
oo e t th
ou figh t f m hi ghon e ro .

Bi f t i t h t h f th i b i g h t t g
ro s
’ ’
eas s on e or n r es re e n ;

O n it t p i
s o w wh i t , h n sno -
e S een ,

H im d l t hi p t w
e a a s os as s een .

On th h m d b lt t h d gg
e c ar h the pw ; e e a er a no o er

Th e t f J t h im g t l
s ar o o un e
’
an o our ;
B t w i A g d il h
’
u no , n s ar s ev our,

Wh enll hi a ff t f i l d t ll Hy m s e w or s o e a er sa
W d i g t th p
,

m w
’
a n o e se r ent s a

k dg h g t
,

O n th e e w e e
’
an o sa .
10 2 THE D WA R FS .

Th e S un , di
t d i l d t hi d
sm a yd e ,
ha s ene n c ou s o e,

H im d l t
e d hi h d id ;
a u rne s ea as e

T h w h m bl d i hi p i d
or as u e n s r e .

Th k i f p e il
n f d w b th th m i
e re v a s, ar o n enea e a n,

Th p t p t w i th t i l d p i
e ser en , s en o an a n,

T t h b tt m
o e k gi o o san a a n .

Th g i et fl d hi h d mid k t
an e , s ea
’
ro c s o s av e ,

F f lly t h g d d i d
e ar u e o ra v e ,

W i th h i l i g h t i g t s h w n n s ore t e av e .

T m do t g t th i k h i
a ness q t i s un , o n s con ues va n ,

Hi i s l gre ld t i
no on er co u con a n,

D d th w m t i g i
a re e or o r se a a n .

Hi d i t f m t i t f ll h i g h t h d w
s ra an or o s u e e re ,

A d Mj l
n th g h th b i ll w b l
o ner ro u e o s ue

S w i ft th t h fi b lt fl w
er an e re - o e .

H p d y t t h w m h d f ll
o e , e b ,
t h th t k e or a a en enea e s ro e ;
B utth W i ly h i ld f L k
e c o o e

W it h t a s at R g er k urn a n a ro .

Hi h m m s l t b k w d th g i t b
a er os ,
ac en s e an - an e ,

W t d h i t g th h i p w
as e s i s ren , s ro ess va n ;
A d Mj l
n m t w i th R
o ner m i us an re a n .

T HE D W A RFS .

Lo k e sat t t i ll h i d k y g l m
and th o ug h , s ar e es ea

W i th j y t th d d h d d o a e ee e
’
on e ;
Wh S i f l k d i t th
en ytl t m
oo e n o e cr s a s re a ,

H er g w w ll i g h g
c o u ra e as e -
n one .

For n eve r
g i h f t m b
a h i a n er so a er a r

S h ll h b i d w i t h h
a S h
e d f w ra er an s o sno ;
F m th h t f l i m g
ro e h t adi d pie u a e s e u rn e n es a r,

A d h t t n b g to fl w e a rs e an o o .

In a m th l i k
ca v e rn s fty f
’
ou , e a c ra ox ,

L k th th t ll p i h d
’ ’
t
o e sa nea e a ne s s a e,

Wh en dd th d i g w h d i th
su en a un er n as e ar n e roc ks ,

A d f n f lly t m b l d t h g l d
ear u re e e a e .
1 04 T H E D WA R FS .

O a be tt er t h I ll b t i
h a m m e r fo r ee
’
O a n ;
A d h h k lik
n ep t s oo e an as en- ree ,

F wh
or t k h i ld b kl
ose d g
s ro h ll b
e s e ,
uc er an re a v e S a e

A d th g i n t w i th t e h ll fl ! an s e rro r s a ee

N t o ! i d Th
so d hi
cr e y fl hdfi o r, an s e es as e re ;
T hy b t ll l d f b l d
ase re a s on ca s ou or oo ,

A d h i th Im m w i th m y w b th F y
’
n er co e s o rn ro er re ,

T m k th o f a th f d
e ee o rav e n s e oo .

I ll t k h ld f th y m d th y l bl k h i
’
a e o o ar s an coa -
ac a r,

A d F y f t h y h l b hi d
n re o ee s e n ,

A d h y l t f l b dy t t m w ll t ’
n t us u o o a o s e ear,

A d tt thy l i m b t th w i d
n sca er s o e n .

0 p sm F y th g t l d k i g !
a re e, re ,
ou re a -
sou e n

A d w pi g h kin ,
d hi f t ee n ,
e s se s ee ;
0 m y d th I ll
e rc ,
an b i g ee
’
a co u rs e r r n ,

N m t h i t h w i d w ld h ll m t
0 a c n e e or s a ee .

W i th t w h i p ou p d th th y h ll i d ;
or s ur ro u n e ear ou s a r e

H ll ew
’
y by d y ne er
’
by i g ht ; ear a n or n

H h ll e S yy a f th
c a rr i
g g t i d ou sa e o er
’
e ra n e,

A d h i g ld n h i f i h y
s lig ht o en a r u rn s ou .

L k p mi d
o e w ll w i t h h i g l
ro i g t
se g as e s oz n on ue

T h t th a t l g th l t h i m g
e a sas a en e o,

A d h n k i th e santh t h d k k m g n e e ar ,
e ar ro c s a on ,

N th ld f t i f b l w
e ar e co -
o un a n , ar e o .

H ept h i b lly
c re onppl l s e ,
as su e as ee ,

Th k i th h d g i t e t h g h
e c rac s n e ar ran ro u ,

T i ll h m w h th d w f t d h m m i g t l
e ca e e re e ar s s oo a er n s ee ,

By t h l i g h t f f e bl o a ur n a c e ue .

I t w tw ro g dly i g h t t
’
as a oo s o see

Th dw f w i th th i
e p ar s, e r a ron s on ,

A h mm i g
- a d m lt i g
er n b i ly an s e n so us

P g ld f m t h
ure gh b w
o t ro e ro u ro n s on e .

R k oc y t l f m d d h d fli t th y m d
cr s a s ro san an ar n e a e,

W h i h t i g d w i t h th c , b d dy n e e ro s e u
’
s e,

Th y et i t bi cas d b l n o d ru es an c ar un c es re ,

A d h i d th m i
n k h d bf e n c ra c s ar .
 T H E D WA R S F . 1 05

Th y t k th
e oo l t l l d i pp i g w i t h d w
em fr e s h vi o e s a r n e ,

Dw f w m ar h d pl -
k d th m th m
o en a uc e e , e o rn ,

A d t i
n d w i th th i j i h l
s a ne pph i bl e r u ce t e c e ar sa re s ue ,

Ki g D i hi n w i
an h th w n s c ro n s nce a o rn .

T h f m ld th y
en or e h d
e ra th b ight t g
s e s e a rc e out e r es re e n

W hi h h y cg pi gm d ww
t e o un S r n ea o e a rs ,

A d d pp d
n ro d p l w ith t fl w
e ro un ti ear s , ou a or s a n,

F m wid w d m id t
ro o s
’
an a en s
’
e ars .

A d ll
n a d th a ro u nm i g h t pl i ly b h w e c a v e rn a n e S o n

Wh gi t hd
ere b an s t pl y a on ce een a a ;
F or th g e d w w i th h p f h g m l h ll t w
ro u n as ea s o u e u s c e -s e s s re n,

A d t n g fi h w
s ra n m k d i
e h l y s e re ar e n t e c a .

H e re i h thy
an t d t f m th w ll
c o sau r us s oo ou ro e a ,

Th m t ere t ld f i t y
ons e rs ne er
’
o o n s or ,

W hi l t h d b t h N i i th w t f ll
s ar y e x n e a er a

S g w i ldly t h d y
an f th i g l y e a s o e r or .

H e re b f th m m m t h
ones o d m t d e a o an as o on ,

A d n p t w i th w i g d w i th l w
s er en s n s an c a s ;

Th e l ph t t k f m t h b i g
e e an
’
s us s ro e u rn n zon e

A rem ll t t h t t h i
s a th i j w o e ee n e r a s .

W h L k t th d w f h d h i
en o e o dm d k w e ar s a s e rr a n a e no n,

I n t i f t h w k th y w
a r ce or dy e or e e re rea ;
!uo th D li O L pt i t w h ll b h w
va n : O e r, no s a e s o n

T h t d w f i th i f i d h i p
a ar s t dy n e r r en s a re s ea .

W b th t
e o li f m th l f m t k
ra c e our ne ro e se sa e s oc ;
Wh t y k h ll b f
a ou i h d w i th p d
as s a e urn s e s ee ,

F it h ll b i d t h t th f th k
’
or n e er s a e sa a e sons o e ro c

T d th i b k
urn e ki m ie r d ac s on a ns an n nee .

T h y t k th m th k i f l g w i ld b
e oo e e S n o a ar e -
oar,

T h l g t th t t h y
e ar ld fi d
es a e co u n ,

A d t h b ll w t h y b l w t i ll t h f
n e e o s g e e e u rn a c e
’
an ro a r ,

A d th fi
n fl m d h i g h f th w i d
e re a e on or e n .

A d th y t
n k w i th t h i l d g h mm
e s ruc t k t k e r s e e- a ers s ro e on s ro e,

T h t th p k f m t h k i fl w h i g h
a e s ar s ro e S n e on ,

B t
u w d g
n ev er a d bd p k Lk or oo or a s a e o e,

T h gh f l m l i l k d i h i y
ou ou a ce ur e n s e e .
106 T H E D WA R FS .

T he th d un d i t t w i th
e re r w h th g h t
fa r s an , s o rro e ou

O ll h d g g d t bt i
’
n a e en a e o o a n,

A d n , mm as b su fi kl w e r-i ly g h t
re ez e c e, no a n x ou s sou

T d th d w f l b
o ren er i e ar s
’
a or va n .

W h i l t t h b ll w pl i d B k
s e ed Si d o th h mm
s e ro ,
an n re e a e r,

A d Th n th t t h p k fl w h i g h
or, a e S ar s e on ,

A d th
n id f th
e s lt d es g w i th th
o elm vau e cav e ra n e c a o r,

L k h o g d et ch g f
an t fl e
y o a u e ore s -
.

A d h
n t hime l l w ll i g w i th
sa m d pi t
a s e n v e no an s e,

O B k th w i t j
n ro tblw
, e r s us e o ;
B t th d w f k i w th i k d h k d t th t
’
u e ar s s n as c ,
an e ree e no e bi e,

N o r on ce d th b ll w t bl w cease e e o s o o .

A d n w not g t y f m th , s ran i g fi e o sa , ro e ro a r n re

C m t h g ld a e h i d G lli b
e o t e n- a re u n u rs e ,

T o s e rv e h g th as g d F y
a c ar er e s un - o re ,

S f ll w i ld b
ur e , o th i th fi t
a -
oars s e rs .

T h y t k th m p g ld f m th i
e oo e t t ure o ro e r s e cr e s o re ,

T h pi b t m ll i
’
t w
e ece i as u s a n s ze,

B t u t h d b
e re
’
l g i th f a een on n e u rn a c e ro a r ,

T w
’
j w l b y d ll p i
as a e e e on a r ze .

A b d d i g l l f w g h t g ld
roa re r n a o ro u en o ,

A s k w i th i t t i l i i t h d
a sna e s a n s ea ,

A d n
g l a d f g m d i d h i m f ld
ar an O e s t e r en o ,

T g th w i t h
o e t l id
er ra r e ar a .

’
T w l i d d h y d w gh t wi th
as so an e av ,
an ro u car e ,

T h i i t p d th g h th w h i t fl m g l w ;
r ce asse ro u e e a es
’
o

A i g t p d
r n ofit f O d i t w
ro uce , or n o e ar,

N l b th y p d I t w
O a or e s a re ,
ro .

T h y w k d i t d t d i t w i th w d
e or e an k i ll u rn e on ro u s s ,

T i ll th y g i t th i t e av e e v r ue ra re ,

Th t h th i t hi d i g h t f m i t i m th f ll
a eac r ce r n ro s r e re e

Ei g h t i g th i p t f i
r n s, as e r are n a r .

Tw th m w i th w h i h O d i ti fi d
’
as e sa e c n s an c e

G d B ld d N f i th ;
’ ’
o a er s an ann a s a

O hi g
n tl b m w D p l i d
s en e oso as rau ne r a ,

W h th i y w en l d i d th
e r e es e re c o se n ea .
108 TE N S TA N Z A S IN DA N IS H .

Hi s j t tt i d L k
ob e c l g a m i a ned ,
o e no on er re a ne

N th th
’
ea th b t t i gh t h i d h i m t T h
e e ar ,
u s ra e o or ,

W h w d th o o th h i
ne
g h t m an f i e a r
’
n e e r , s u re , a u ore a r

Hi y hd s e l kd bf
es a
’
e er oo e on e o re .

Th b e F y b t d d w y p dly d
o ar re e s ro e, an a a ro u ro e,

A d Th t k th i g l t d h m m
n or oo e r n e s an a er ;
T V lh l th y h i d w h
O a a th ide e , e re e asas re s e,

M i d f t i lt i g
’
d w
o l th lm n an as sa e c a or .

At f ll
a l m t i g T h g O di th i g
u so e n n ,
or av e n e r n ,

A d L k hi f
n l t h y p d d;
o e s ou re a c er ar on e

B t th p d
u we i f hi
ar im on
g i as va n, or s cr es s o on a a n

M t d p us th h i
o h d d
enan ce e a rc -
s nner ar ene .

For th b n fit of thos whoe e r d D ni sh w

e e c an ea a , e

w i ll gi v i th ori g i n l th l st t st nz s of th
e n e a e a en a a e

l tt r po m of O hl hl g b ginn i ng w i th th sp i n
a e e e e n sc ae e r, e e

n i ng of S i f s h i r ’
a :

N u kom m e d G ulde t en D v ae rg e flo k
0 g g a v e d e t t i l D v ae r g i n d e n ;
tt
Hu n s a e , s o m HO r , d e t p a a S i n Ro k ,
Hv i s Hj u l h e n s u s e d fo r V i nde n .

O g s pa n d t og s pa n d t , m ens G u ld t r a a d e n ra n dt
Til Ha a r f o r d e n d e i l i g e D i s e ;
Hu n s n u rr e d o
g sang, v ed K i l d e rn e s Klang ,

En u n d e rl i g S pi n d e v i s e

G udin de n i V a ar S kl a b ae r e si t Ha a r
He l fr i t fo r V i n d e n h e re ft e r ,
Ei fl e t t e d e t m e r ,
at y n d i g S ig ter
Dets G l d
an s m ed s tra a l e n d e K rae ft e r .

Hv e r S v e n d
s o m d e t s a a f ra Hi m m e l e n s
, ,
l
B aa ,

Ha n s Hj e r t e S a Ha a re n e fa n g e kl .

S e v l Lo kk er vis t ei pa a v e n e s te F y re

N e d bO lg e
‘

s aa bl o d e , sa a l ange .

Si n t G ul d e t d dt
er o , s a a s n a rt d e t ha r m o d t
G udi n d e n s Ti di g d n n ,
en hO i e ,
Det l ev e nd e bli g f t
er o e er S ig gi e r,
Og ld a er, s om HO rr e n
'

, S i g bO i e
’

.
 THE B R US H A N D T H E C H S EL I . 109

Be h o ld er si n G l d
an s, i V i n d e n e s Da u d s,

Og ld
a er S ig a ld r i
g u d ryk k e ;
S om M i d d a g e n s S i n , d e t s k be r S ig i nd
Ba g Hj e l m e n s l u d e n d e S kygg e

S aa s an g h un g i k
og m e d y d m y g e Bl i k

Fo r T h o r , o g r a k t e h a m Ha a re t ;
Pa a L kk o e n h a n s a a o g m a a tt e t i l s t a a

S aa fa g e r var i n g e n ba a re t .

Fr a B j e rg e t va lt nu F y re pa a S in G a lt
Og T
h o r m e d Ha a re t o g Ha m m e r ,
T i l V a l h a l d e fo r , h v o r Hae r fa d e r b o r
I Ly t se s s a l ig e Fl a m m e r .

Da sa tt p e aa S i f lig T
a n g pa a e t Ri f ,

S ig f t as G uld h a a r e t p a a s a n e , t d
0 g m o n n e S i g S a a i Lo e r saa l kk s m aa ,

T r i n d t o m d e n h v ae l v e d e P a n d e .

P aa s tr a a l e n d e T hi n
g fik O i n d S i n Ri n g ,
M a n ti lg a v L k S i n BrO d e
’

o e .

M en s n a rt d o g i gj e n Bj e r g t ro l d e n e s V en

M aa fo r s i n T rO l O S h e d b O d e .

Th r r m i ns now to d i scuss bri fly wh th r th

e e e a e e e e

N ors mythology furn i sh s subj cts for p i nti ng

e d e e a an

s culptur If th r d r h b com conv i nc d t h t th r

e . e ea e as e e e a e e

i m t ri l i
s a ei t wort h y of th gr t st po t th n i t i
a n e ea e e , e s

not n c ss ry to y much bout p ai nti ng d sculp

e e a sa a an

tur for w know th t most thi ngs th t

e, e b s id i a a c an e a n

ve rs e b m d v i s i bl on th c nv s or b ch i s l d
c an e a e e e a a ,
e e e

i m rbl
n W sh ll th r f r b bri f on th i s p rt i cul r
a e . e a e e o e e e a a

poi nt b t ft r th pr s nt ti on of f w s bj cts for

, u a e e e e a a e u e

th p i nt r or sculptor w sh ll h v som thi ng to

e a e
y , e a a e e sa

a bout nud t e ar .

C t h brush or th c h i s l
an e k for m or sugg st i v e e as e e e

subj cts th n Od i n B ld r T h or Fr y Idun N n

e a , a e , , e , , a n a,

Lok t ? or gro ps l i k th norns t t h Urd r

e, e c . u e e a e a
1 10 T H E B R US H A N D T H E C H S EL I .

f ount i n ? or Urd ( th p st ) d V d d (th p r s nt)

a e a an er an e e e e ,

who str tch from st to w st w b wh i ch i torn

e ea e a e , s

t opi c s by Skuld ( th futur ) ; th v lkyr s

e e th e e e a ie In e

h t of th b ttl p i ck i ng up th sl i n ; or wh n th y
ea e a e e a e e

ca rry th f ll n H kon Ad l t to V lh l ? C nnot

e a e a e s en a a a

a b uti ful p i c tur b m d of E g r d R

ea d th i r
e e a e e an an an e

d ught rs th w v s ? of t h gods hold i ng th i r f st

a e , e a e e e ea

w i th Z Eg d s nd i ng out Thor to f tch

er an c ldrone e a a

for th m from Jo t unh i m ? or of Thor cl pp i ng th

e e a e

p ot on hi h d l i k hug h t d w lk i ng ff wi th
s ea e a e a an a o

it ? Wh t mor touch i ng sc n
a b p rc i v d
e e e c an e e e e

th n th d th of B ld r ? Only i t h t short po m
a e ea a e n a e

H m h i m t ( f tch i ng th h mm r ) th r
a ar s e e no l ss e a e e e ar e e

th n thr b ut i ful subj cts ( 1 ) Thor w k s up d

a ee ea e : a e an

m i ss s hi h mm r ; h f ls round hi m for i t ; h
e s a e e ee a e

i ssurpri s d d h s i t t s ; h wri nkl s hi brows d

e an e a e e e s an

hi h d tr mbl s
s ea Lok looks down upon hi m from
e e . e

a bov ; th rogu i i hi y ; h would l i k to br k

e e e s n s e e e e ea

out i ro r of l ught r but d r not (2) All th

n a a a e , a e . e

gods ng g d i dr ssi ng Thor i Fr yj s cloth s ;

ar e e a e n e n e a
’
e

h e i t ll str i ght youth w i th gold n h i r d

s a a a e a an a

fi ne brown b rd ; l i ghtn i ng fl sh s from hi y s ;

ea a e s e e

w hi l Full puts on hi m Fr yj s j w ls th r i t
e a e a
’
e e e e s a er

ri bl confl i ct go i ng on
e h i br st w i t h th i s hum i l In s ea

i tia of hi d i gn i ty wh i ch h c nnot ov rcom Lok

on s ,
e a e e . e

st nds h lf r dy n r by
a a -
m i d s rv nt ; h dr ss s
ea ea as a -
e a e e e

Thor s h i r d i h i ms lf h lf cov r d by th bri d l

’
a an s e a -
e e e a

v i l w hi ch Thor i to w r All t k
e i nt ns s ea . a e an e e

i nt r st i e e th work for th y
n so nx i ous to h v
e ,
e are a a e

th str t g m succ d ( 3 ) Th gi nts h v l i d t h

e a a e ee . e a a e a e

h mm r i t h l p of th bri d ; Thor s i z s i t d
a e n e a e e e e , an

as h push s e si d th v i l h l i t r lly grows i nto hi

e a e e e e e a s

m j sti c d i v i n i ty for w h n v r h w i lds hi m i ghty

a e , e e e e e s

Mj l hi
o n er str ngth i r doubl d T h di s ppo i nt d
s e s e e . e a e
112 TH E G ER M O F THE F A ITH .

we m ay i e l k n unto th t wh i ch op r t s b tw n th a e a e e ee e

soul
a n d th e body d thus i t m y b s i d t h t th m y an a e a a e

t h l gy
o o d t h popul r l i f comb i n d produc d th i r
an e a e e e e

nud t To y th t th popul r ch r ct r of th
e ar . sa a e a a a e e

Gr ks t k n i ndi v i d lly or coll cti v ly w ti m

ee ,
a e ua e e , as s u

l t d i nto li f by th i r mythology ; th t th vi rtu s

a e e e a e e

an d th v i c s of th p opl ori gi n t d i i t l ;
e e e e e a e n a on e

would c rt i nly b e i ncorr ct

a d si d d v i w of e an e an n
o e -
e e

th subj ct
e T h Gr ks brought w i th th m from th i r
e . e ee e , e

ori g i n l h om i nto Gr c th g rms of th t f i th wh i ch

a e ee e, e e a a

a ft rw rds b c m d v lop d i c rt i n di r cti on und r

e a e a e e e e n a e a e e

th e i nflu nc of th popul r l i f
e e d th cti on of e a e an e a

e xt rn l c i rcumst nc s upon th t l i f but wh i ch i turn

e a a e a e, n

r ct d upon th popul r l i f w i th
ea e pow r wh i ch e a e a e

i ncr s d i ea e proporti on n th syst m of mythology as e e

a cqu i r d by d v lop m nt
e mor d c i d d ch r ct r
e e e a e e e a a e .

Th es m i tru of th Nors m n d of th Goths

a e s e e e e an e

i
n g n r l W h n i t i found for i nst nc th t th
e e a . e s , a e, a e

mytholog i c l r pr s nt t i on of Od i
a f th r of th
e e e a n as a e e

sl i n (V l f th r) d th t V l h l ( th h ll of th sl i n )
a a -
a e , an a a a e a e a ,

th v lkyri s
e a d i h j e cont i n strong i nc nti v
an e n e r e s, a a e e

to w rl i k d ds th n i t must not b i m gi n d th t th i s
a e ee , e e a e a

m rti l sp i ri t th t di spl y d i ts lf so pow rfully mong

a a ,
a a e e e a

th Goths g n r lly
e d mong th Nors m n p ti u
e e a , an a e e e ar c

l ly w
ar , th ffspr i g of th myt h ology of our
as e O cs n e au e

tors ; b t w m y r th r conc i v th t th Nors m n

u e a a e e e a e e e

w r from th b gi nn i ng r c of r m rk bl phys i c l
e e e e a a e e a a e a

pow r th t cci d nt l xt rn l c us s such

e , a a svre a e e a a e , as e e e

cl i m t mount i nous country confl i cts w i th n i ghbor

a e, a , e

i g p opl s
n t
e brought th i s i nh r nt physi c l forc
e ,
e c .
, e e a e

i nto ct i v i tya d thus w k n d th w rl i k an p i ri t ; d a a e e e a e S an

th n i t m y b s i d th t th i s m rt i l sp i ri t st mp d
e a e a a a a a e

i ts lf upon t h i r r l i g i ous i d s upon t h i r mythology

e e e ea , e ,

an d fin lly th t th a mythology wh n i t h d r c i v d
a e , e a e e e
 WE G O TH S ARE A CH A S TE RA CE . 113

th i s c h r ct ri sti c i mpr ss from th p opl g i n r ct d

a a e e e e e, a a ea e

to pr s rv d v n f rth r i nfl m th t m rti l sp i ri t
e e e an e e u e a e a a a .

A d th r i no i ncons i st ncy b tw n th i s v i w of th
n e e s e e ee e e

subj c t d th t wh i ch w pr s nt d i th th i rd
e an a as e e e n e

ch pt r a e .

It w s i d t th outs t th t w Goth s
as a a ch st e e a e are a a e

rc
a e, d anb h or th lo th som n di ty of Gr k t
a e a e u ee ar .

W w r e ch st p opl b for our f th rs c m und r

e e a a e e e e e a e a e e

th i nflu nc of C h r i st i n i ty
e e e T h Eld r Edd wh i ch a . e e a,

is th gr nd d pos i tory of th Nors my thology m y

e a e e e , a

b s rch d through
e ea d through
e d th r w i ll t an ,
an e e no

b found
e s i ngl nud myth not
a i m p rso et i on of e ,
an e na

an
y k i nd t h t b cons i d ra d outr gc an upon v i rtu e e e an a e e

or v i ol ti on of th l ws of propri ty ; d thi s f t
a a e a e an ea

u re of th Odi n i c r l i gi on d s rv s to b urg d
e e e e e e e as an

i mport nt r son why our p i nt rs

a ea d sculptors should a e an

look t hom for som th i ng wh r w i th to mploy th i r

a e e e e e e

t l nt b for th y go bro d ; look i our own nci nt

a e , e e e a a n a e

Goth i c h i story b for go i ng to nci nt Gr c , e e a e ee e .

But th rti st who i go i ng to c hi s l out

e a Odi n s e an ,

a T h or B ld r N nn or Lok must not b

, a a e , a a a, a e . e a

m r i mi t tor H m st poss ss cr t i v m i nd H
e e a . e u e a ea e . e

must not go to wo k t p i c of Nors t w i th hi r a a e e e ar s

i m g i n ti on full of Gr k myths much l ss m st h

a a ee , e u e

a tt mpt to pply Gr k pri nc i pl s t p i c of Goth i c

e a ee e o a e e

ar t .H w i ll find th Nors ch i s l
e som wh t mor e e e a e a e

pond ro s w pon to sw i ng ; d you c nnot turn

e u ea an a as

r pi dly w i th r i lro d
a you a w i th Fr nch
a a c ar as c an a e

fi a cr eor A m ri c n gi g To try to ch i s l out th gods

e a . e e

of u for f th rs ft r South Europ n p tt rns wo ld

o r e a e a e ea a e u

b lik
e tt mpti g to wri t Engl i sh w i th th m i nd full
e a e n e e

of L ti n synt x H nc w r p t th t w do not
a a . e e e e ea , a e

w nt a i m i t tor but
an ori gi n l g n i us Gr k m y
a , an a e . ee

th l gy h
o o b n pr s nt d so m ny ti m s d so w ll
as ee e e e a e , an e ,

8
0
1 14 DR . J O HN B A S CO M .

th t a mi t ti on th r p ti ti on i comp r ti v ly sy
the i a , e e e , s a a e ea .

H who wo ld bri ng out Got hi c

e u t ( d but l i ttl of ar an e

it h hi th rto b n brought
as e t ) must h i ms lf b ee ou e e a

po t d wh t m i n of w l th t h r i op n to hi m !
,

e , an a a e ea e e s e

Would th t g n i n t f v r wo ld tt ck our rti sts

a e u e ar e e u a a a

d th t som of th tr sur s th t l i hi d i th '

an a e e ea e a e n e

gr n i t qu rr i s of th Nors myt hology m i ght sp di ly

a e a e e e ee

b e xhum d !
e e

In hi work nti tl d S i s f B ,ty Dr

e John e c en c e o ea u ,
.

B scom h t k n d ci d d grounds g i nst nud figur s

a as a e e e a a e e

in t
ar W would r comm nd th i gh t h ch pt r of
. e e e e e a e

th t work to th c r ful cons i d r ti on of th r d r

a e a e e a e ea e .

W e not bl for w nt of sp c to gi v hi op i n i on
are a e a a e e s

in full but m k th follow i ng bri f x t r ct

, a e e e e a :

Th i d i ti i w h i h t h i d lg d i t l f i
e re s on e re c on n c ar as n u e se n a

m t m k d i l ti
os ar f p p i ty
e d th t t
v o a th
on id fo ro r e ,
an a oo o n e s e o

i
v ce .I f th f q re t d i ty f i fi g
er to e Thi i re uen nu o ts u re s . s s a

p i t p w h i h t i t h b p tty
o n u on c im
ar d di
s s a ve een re unan ou s , an s

p d t t t th p i i
ose o f t h w i th h t
rea e O d di d i n on s o o ers a u eu r an s a n,

i i g
as ar s n b t f m i t atm i t hi g
es d ro i ti th a v r ue ore c n an sens ve an

wi f m i
se , t i t m p h y i l t h m th t i l T h i p t i
ro ns nc s ore s ca an s e ca . s ra c ce

has b m een b d i p i t i g th i
ore a lpt b th l
use n a n n an n scu u re , o as e ss

nee dd dh e ,
l j ti fi bl d
an e n ce t di g b m ess us a e, an as ev e r en n to e co e

m o rel d l tf l i
oo s e th d bl
an ym b l f
us l u d f m n e ou e s o s o co o r an or ,

th w h
an fi dt h p en t
con nef h l tt i ot t e u re , s e rn use o t e a er n s on e

or m t l e aD pi t ll g d
. i ti
es — d pi t e h hi gh t
a d
e e n e ce ss es, es e t e -
on e

l i m d d i g i d t m pt f ti t
c a s an un s u se i ti c on e o ar s s, o ur co n v c o n s a re

t g ly g i t t h p t i
s ron a a ns li k i j i t t t
e d rac ce , as a e n ur ous o as e an

m o ra sl I d d if i j i
. n m ee l i , t b th w i n ur ous to o ra s , t can no e o er se

th i j i
an t t i
n ur o u s t h to m d g as e, my S nce ar as no o re an e ro u s ene

th an l i i p
a df y
a s c v o us e rv e r t e an c .

N y i a th r d i nt d wn of our Goth i c h i story

,
n e a a a .

our po ts d rti sts m y i f th y would but look for

e an a a , e

th m find ch st th m s to whi ch th m y cons cr t

e , a e e e ev a e a e

th whol
e rdor of t h i r souls for th sth ti c l l v
e a e e ae e a e e a

ti on d nnobl m nt of our r ce A p opl w

an e e e a . s a e e e a re
 C H A P TE R VII .

THE SOURCES OF NORSE MYTHOLOGY AN D

INFLUENCE OF THE A S A—FA ITH .

N ord r to t h oroughly compr h nd th Od i n i c mythol

I ogy i t i n c ss ry to m k c r f l study of th
e e e e

s e e a a e a a e u e

h i story l i t r tur l ngu g s d d i l cts of th T u

, e a e, a a e an a e e e

ton i c r c s d of th i r popul r l i f i ll i t v ri ous

a e an e a e n a s a

m n i f st ti ons
a e a .

T h ch i f d p i t i f th N e m yth l gy '

e e e os or e s o e ors o o a re

th Eld r or S m d Edd ( po try ) d th Young r ’

e e ae un s a e an e e

or S Ed d ( pros ) In Ic l ndi c E dd m ns
n o rre s
’
a e . e a a ea

g t
r ea
g d m
-
th d
ran som th i nk th i sopp ll t i on
er , an e a e a re

f rs t th nc i nt ori gi n of th myths i t cont i ns

e o e a e e a .

Oth rs conn ct i t w i th th Indi n V d

e e d th Nors e a e a an e e

ri d ( Sw d i sh
e t to k ow )
e oe a, n .

I . The E ld er E d da .

Th i s work w vi d ntly coll ct d from th mouths as e e e e e

of th p opl i th s m m nn r
e e e Hom r s I li d
n e a e a e as e
’
a ,

an d th r i si m i l r unc rt i nty i r g rd to who put i t

e e s a a e a n e a

i wr i t i g
n It h g n r lly b n s ppos d th t th so gs
n . as e e a ee u e a e n

of th Eld r Edd w r coll ct d by S m d th W i s

e e a e e e e ae un e e

( born 1 05 6 d i d but S p
,
h Bugg d N
e M o us e an . .

P t rs both m i n nt Ic l ndi c schol rs h v m d

e e en , e e e a a , a e a e

i t s m qu i t prob bl th t i t w
ee not put i wri ti ng
e a e a as n

b for th y r 1 2 40 Thi s i not th pl c for di sc s

e e e ea . s e a e a u

si on of thi s difficult qu sti on d th r d r i r f rr d e , an e ea e s e e e

to S ph B gg Introducti on t S u d E dd d
o us u e s
’
o ce ni n ar a an

( 1 1 6)
 T H E E LD E R ED DA . 117

to P t rs n s Hi t y f N th Li t tu i f h w i sh s
e e e
’
s or o or er n er a r e, e e

to i nv stig t th i s subj ct T h r
e a e thi rty n i n po ms e . e e a re -
e e

i
n th Eld r Edd e d w h v h r to look t th i r
e a, an e a e e e a e

cont nts Li k th most of th Ic l nd i c po try th s

e . e e e e a e , e e

po m s do t d i st i ngu i sh th ms lv s do s th po try f
e no e e e ,
as e e e O ~

Gr c ee e d Rom by m tri c l syst m b s d on qu n

an e, a e a e a e a

t i ty but h v
,
rr ng m nt of th i r own i common
a e an a a e e e n

w i th th po try of th th r old Goth i c ti ons th A glo

e e e o e na , e n

S xons t Th i s syst m cons i sts c hi fly i th num

a , e c . e e n e

b er of l g yll bl on d i lli t ti s T h songsa es an n a er a on . e are

d i vi d d i nto stroph s commonly cont i n i ng i ght v rs s

e e a e e e

or l i n s Th s stroph se . us lly d i v i d d i nto two

e e e a re ua e

h lv s d ch of th s h lv s g i n i nto two p rts

a e , an ea e e a e a a a ,

wh i ch form fourth p rt of th whol stroph a d a e e e, an

cont i n two v rs s b longi ng tog th r d u n i t d by

a e e e e e an e

a ll i t r ti one a .

Th ll i t r ti on ( l t t r rhy m ) i th most ss nti l

e a e a e e e s e e e a

l m nt i Ic l ndi c
e e e i fi ti
n It i found i ll
e a v e rs ca on . s n a

k i nds of v rs d i v ry g th Ic l nd rs sti ll
e e an n e e a e, e e a e

usi ng i t ; d i t n t r i thi s th t i th two l i n s

an s a u e s , a n e e

b longi ng tog th r thr words occur b gi nn i ng w i th

e e e ,
ee e

th es m l tt r two of wh i ch must b i th first

a e e e , e n e

l in e d th th i d i
an th b gi n i ng of th s cond
e r
n e e n e e .

T h th i rd e d l st of th s i c ll d th ch i f l tt r
an a e e s a e e e e e

h d st v ) b c us i t i r g rd d rul i ng ea -
a e , e a e s e a e as

ov r th two oth rs wh i ch d p nd on i t d h v th
e e e e e an a e e

na m sub l tt rs ( tudl s pport rs ) All rhym l t

e -
e e s a r, u e . e- e

t rs must b found i cc nt d syll bl s d no mor

e e n a e e a e , an e

words i th t w l i n s should b g i n wi th th s m
n e o e e e a e

l tt r
e — e t l st no ch i f word wh i c h t k s th
a ea cc nt e , a e e a e

on th first syll bl Thi s pri nc i pl i i llustr t d by

e a e . e s a e

th follow i ng first h lf of th s v nth stroph

e of V 6 a e e e e

lusp a th old st song i th Eld r Edd

, e e n e e a
118 IC E LA N D C I P O ETR Y .

Te fl d u i tun i ,
Te i t i r v ar u ;
V a r pe i m c e t t ug i s

V t an Or gu i ll .

Fr ee v rs i on
e E gl i sh
in n

W i th g l d t bl t i
o en a e s n t h e ga r e n d
G l d t h y pl y d
a e a e ,

N orw th as h e re to t e oa l i a n t go d s

W t f g ld
an o o .

T h rhym l t t rs h r
e thos i i t li
e- e e e e a re e n a cs .

Th po ms of th Eld r Edd
e e i sp c i l e e a ar e n no e a

conn c ti on e w i th th oth r d th y m y b di
on e e e ,
an e a e

v i d d i nto t h r
e cl ss s pur ly mytholog i c l m yth
ee a e : e a , o

logi c l d i d ct i c d mythologi c l h i s tori c l po ms

a -
a ,
an a -
a e .

Th Eld r Edd pr s nts th Nors cosmogony

e e a e e e e ,

th e doctr i n s of th Od i n i c myth ology d th l i v s

e e , an e e

an d do i ngs of th gods It cont i ns lso cycl

e . a a a e

of po ms on th d m i gods d myth i c h ro s d
e e e -
an e e an

h roi n s of th s m p ri od It g i v s
e e e a compl t e e . e us as e e

a i w of th
V e mythologi c l world of th Nor th
e a e as

Hom r d H si od do of th t of Gr c But ( to
e an e a ee e . u se

i
n p rt th l ng g of th H wi t t ) i t pr s nts th i
a e a ua e e o s e e s

to us not H m r d o s work d up i nto

as o gr t
e e ,
e on e ea

po m bute ,
th rh psodi sts of Gr c pr s nt d to
as e a ee e e e e

Hom r s h nds th m t ri ls for th t gr t po m i

e
’
a e a e a a ea e n

th e v ri o s hymns d b ll ds of th f ll of Troy
a u an a a e a ,

wh i ch th y sung l l ov r Gr c No H om r v r
e a e ee e . e e e

a ros i Nors l nd to mould ll th s s bl i m lyri cs

e n e a a e e u e

of th El d r Edd i nto
e e lordly p i c Th story of
a one e . e

S i gurd d Bryn hi ld whi ch occup i s th l tt r por

an , e e a e

t i on of th Eld r Edd w i l t r ti m s i G rm ny
e e a, a s, n a e e n e a

mo ld d i nto th gr t d b ti f l N i b l g Li d ;
u e e ea an ea u u e e un en - e

a ltho gh i t w much lt r d by th G rm n po t or
u as a e e e e a e
1 20 T H E E LD E R E D D A .

found d or m h i m g i n d but sti ll b ut i ful b

e an as a e , ea e

yond conc pti on e .

Th Eld r Edd op ns w i th V olusp a ( th v l s

e e a e e a a
’

proph cy ) d th i s song m y b r g rd d
e , an of a e e a e as on e

th old st i f not th old st po ti c monum t of th

e e ,
e e , e en e

North In i t th myst r i ous v l or proph t ss s t d

. e e a a, e e , ea e

som wh r uns n i th m rv lous h v n s i ngs

e e e ee n e a e ea e , an

a wful song of th b i rth of gods d m ; of th gr t e an en e ea

Ygdr s i l or Tr a of Ex i st nc whos roots d br nch s

, ee e e, e an a e

e xt nd through ll r g i ons of sp c
e d conclud s ha e a e, an e er

thr i ll i ng hymn w i th th t rr i bl R gn rok or T wi l i ght e e e a a ,

of th gods wh n Od i n d th oth r gods p ri sh i

e , e an e e e n

th fl m s th t d vour ll cr ti on
e a e d th
a w h v ns e a ea , an e ne ea e

an d w r th r i s b uti fully gr n to r c i v th r i gn
ne ea e ea ee e e e e e

of B ld r d of m i ld r n t r s
a e an e a u e .

T h s cond song ie th Eld r Edd i Ha m al ( th

e n e e a s va e

h igh song of Odi n ) Odi n h i ms lf i r pr s nt d i t

-
. e s e e e e as s

a uthor It cont i ns pr tty compl t cod of Odi n i c

. a a e e e e

mor l i ty d pr c pts of w i sdom T h mor l d soc i l

a an e e . e a an a

a x i oms th t brought tog th r i Ha m al w i ll sur

a ar e e e n va

pri s th r d r who h b n ccustom d to r g rd th

e e ea e ,
as ee a e e a e

Nors m n e rud d h lf w i ld r c hunt i ng i th

e as a e an a a e, n e

s v g for sts of th North or sco ri ng th co sts of

a a e e e ,
u e a

Europ i qu st of plund r Th y cont i n profound

e n e e . e a a

k o wl dg not m r ly of hum n n tur b t f h m n

n e e, e e a a e, u o u a

n t r i i t v ri ous soc i l d dom st i c r l ti ons Th y

a u e n s a a an e e a . e

a re mor l i k th prov rbs of Solomon th n nyth i ng i

e e e e a a n

hum n l i t r tur
a e a e .

T h t hi rd po m i th Eld r Edd i V fth d i m al

e e n e e a s a ru n s

t( h t i V fth d
a s, sp ch or song) V fth d i
a ru n er s
’
ee . a ru ner s

d r i v d from
e e
f w b or w v i ng d th uh strong ;
oa , a e ea ,
an r ,

h nc V fth d i th p w rf l w
e e a ru th pow r
n er s e o e u ea ver , e on e e

ful i r i ddl s d i t i th
n m of g i nt wh i th
e , an s e na e a a , o n e

fi st p rt of th po m propounds s ri s of i ntri c t
r a e e a e e a e
 T H E E LD ER ED D A . 121

qu sti ons or r i ddl s Od i n t lls hi w i f Fri gg th t h

e e . e s e a e

d s i r s to i si t th l l w i s g i nt V fth d
e e v to find e a - e a a ru n er,

ou t from h i m th s cr ts of th p st d m sur str ngth

e e e e a an ea e e

w i th hi m Fri gg dvi s s hi m not to und rt k thi s

. a e e a e

journ y s y i ng th t h cons i d rs V fth d

e ,
a th a s e e a ru n er e

strong st of ll g i nts Od i n r m i nds h of hi m ny

e a a . e er s a

p r i lous dv nt r s d xp ri nc s rgu i ng th t th s
e a e u e an e e e e ,
a a e e

a re s ffic i nt to s c r hi m i hi cur i os i ty to
u e V fe u e n s s ee a

th dru h lls Fri gg w i sh s hi m p p

n er s
’
a . jour e a rO S e ro u s

ne
y d s fan r turn d lso
a e th n c ss ry pr s nc of
e , an a e e e a e e e

m i nd t hi m ti ng w i th th g i nt Od i n th n pro
a s ee e a . e

c ee d on hi journ y
s d nt rs th h lls of V fth d
s e an e e e a a ru n er

in th gu i s of e mort l w yf r r by n m G g d
e a a a a e ,
a e an r aa .

H gr ts th lord of th h ous
e ee d s ys h i com to
e e e , an a e s e

l rn wh th r h w
ea w i s or omn i sc i nt g i nt Such
e e e as a e e a .

an ddr ss v x s V fth d
a e com i ng i t d i d from
e e a ru n e r, as a

s tr ng r
a d h soon i nforms G
e ,
an g d th t ief h i an r aa a e s

not w i s r th n h i ms lf h sh ll not l v th h ll l i v
e a e e a ea e e a a e .

But th g i nt findi ng ft r h h d sk d th s t r ng r
e a , , a e e a a e e a e

a f w qu sti ons t h t h r lly h d

e e worthy nt gon i st
,
a e ea a a a a

i hi pr s nc i nv i t s hi m to t k
n s e e s t d ch ll ng s
e, e a e a ea , an a e e

h i m to nt r i nto d i sput ti on th t th y m i ght m sur

e e a a ,
a e ea e

th i r i nt ll c tu l str ngth on th cond i ti on th t th

e e e a e , e a e v an

q i
u sh d p r ty —
e t h un a bl to ns w r q st i on put e on e a e a e a ue

h h —
to hi m by t ot r should forf i t h i h d Od i n e e e s ea .

a cc pts th i s d ng rous ch ll ng Th y ccord i ngly di

e a e a e e . e a s

cuss by qu sti on d nsw r th pr i nc i p l top i cs of

,
e an a e ,
e a

Nors myth logy T h pr t nd d G g ad sks th

e o . e e e e an ra a e

g i nt m ny qu sti ons wh i ch th l tt r ns w rs corr ctly ;

a a e , e a e a e e

but wh n th form r t l ngth sks hi dv rs ry wh t

e e e a e a s a e a a v

Od i n wh i sp r d i th of hi son B ld r b for h
e e n e e ar s a e e e e

h d b n pl c d on t h fun r l p i l —
a ee a e qu sti on by e e a e a e

wh i ch th ston i sh d g i nt b com s w r th t h i
e a e a e e a a e a s ah

t g a i t i
on s Odi n h i ms lf who w lon c p bl of
s e , as a e a a e
1 22 TH E E LD E R ED D A .

a nsw ri ng e gi nt cknowl dg s h i ms lf
i t, the a a e e e van

q i
u s h d e d ,
s ans w i t h t rree r t h t h c nnot vo i d th e o a e a a e

d th wh i ch h i hi cru l pri d h d i nt nd d to i nfl i ct
ea e n s e e a e e

upon i n oc nt w nd r r
an n e a e e .

T h fourt h song i G i m i m al ( t h s ng of Gr i m
e s r n s e o

n er ) .
It b g i ns w i teh pr f c i pros i w h i ch i t i
a e a e n e, n s

r l t d th t Odi n und r th n m of G i m
e a e a ,
vi si t d
e e a e r n e r, e

h i fost r son G i
s e -
d d th l tt r d c i v d by
e rr o ,
an f ls e a e ,
e e e a a e

r pr s nt ti on by Fri gg t k s h i m for sorc r r m k s

e e e a , a e a e e , a e

hi m i t b tw n t w fir s
s e ee d p i n t h r w i t h o t nour
o e an e e e u

t for i ght d ys unt i l A g ki ng s son ’

i hm
s en e th a ,
n ar, e ,

r ch s hi m dri nki ng horn H r upon G i m si ng

ea e a -
. e e r n er s

th e song w hi ch b rs hi m L m nt i ng h i con
ea s na e . a e s

fi m t
ne d bl ss i ng Ag
en an h go s on to p i ct r th
e n ar, e e u e e

tw lv bod s of th gods d th spl ndors of V lh l

e e a e e an e e a a ,

whi c h h d scr i b s t l ngth d th n sp ks of th

e e e a e ,
an e ea e

my thologi c l world tr Ygdr s il of th v lkyri s of

a -
ee a , e a e ,

th e gi nt Ym r of th sh i p S ki dbl d
a e , d dd e a n er, an a s

v ri ous oth r cosmologi c l xpl n ti ons

a e a e a a .

Th fifth song i S ki i m al or For S ki i ( th

e s rn s ,
rn s e

journ y of S ki ) T hi s g i v s i th form of di
e rn e r . e n e a a

logu th story of Fr y d G rd of hi lov to h

e e e an e ,
s e e r,

an d hi woo i ng h s th rough th g ncy of hi f i thful

er e a e s a

s rv nt S ki
e a ft r w h om th song i n m d
r n e r, a e e s a e .

Th s i xth i th L y of H rb rd
e s It i di logu
e a a a . s a a e

b tw n T hor d th f rrym n H rb rd wh r fus s

e ee an e e a a a ,
o e e

to c rry hi m ov r t h str m T hi s f rn i sh s
a e e occ ea . u e an a

s i on f c h of t h m to r c unt hi xplo i ts T h y
or ea e e o s e . e

contr st th i r d ds d x plo i ts T h cont st i con

a e ee an e . e e s

ti nn d w i th ou t i nt rrupti on unt i l n r th
e e d of t h ea e en e

po m wh r Thor fin lly ff rs compr m i s g i n

e , e e a O e a o e, a a re

q sti ng to b t k n ov r th ri v r H rb rd who i
ue e a e e e e . a a ,
s

i n f c t Odi g i n r f s s i d ci d d t rms T h n
a n, a a e u e n e e e . e

Thor sks hi m to sh ow hi m noth r w y T hi s r qu st

a a e a . e e
1 24 T H E E LD ER E D D A .

Lok h lp d hi m to g t i t b ck from th gi nt T h ym
e e e e a e a r .

Th t nt h i t
e he Song of A lv i s
s ( th l l
e w i s ) A lv i s e a -
e .

com s for Thor s d ught r h i bri d Thor cunn i ngly

e
’
a e as s e .

d t i ns hi m ll n i ght by sk ng hi m qu sti ons conc rn

e a a a i e e

i g th
n v r i ous
e worlds
a h h v i s i t d A lv i s nsw rs e as e . a e

an d t ch s
ea h i m t h en m s by wh i ch t h emost i
a mpor e e

t nt thi ngs i n tur

a c ll d i th r sp cti v l
n a e are a e n e e e e an

gu g s of d i ff r nt worlds of m of th gods of th
a e e e : en , e ,
e

v ns of th gi nts of th lv s of th dw rfs d
a ,
e a ,
e e e ,
e a , an

fin lly of t h r lms of th d d d of th supr m

a e ea e ea an e e e

god Th dw rf b i ng
. e of thos m vthi l obj cts
a ,
e on e e ca e

w hi ch c nnot nd r th l i ght of d y w d t i n d ti ll
a e u e e a ,
as e a e

d wn w i thout ccompl i s hi ng hi obj ct

a a s e .

Th l v nth po m i V g t m L y Od i n ssum s
e e e e e s e a
’
s a . a e

th n m V g t m
e a e In ord r to rri v t c rt i nty con
e a . e a e a e a

c rn i ng th port ntous futur of th gods h d sc nds

e e e e e ,
e e e

to N i fl h i m go s i to th bod s of H l d c lls th
e ,
e n e a e e , an a e

va a l up from h gr v mound sk i ng h bout th er a e- , a er a e

f t of B ld r S h l i st ns to hi m i nd i gn ntly sw rs
a e a e . e e a , an e

h i q st i ons unw i ll i ngl b t t l st d i scov rs th t V g

s ue y, u a a e a e

t m i t h k i ng of th
a s e gods d ngri ly t lls hi m to e ,
an a e

ri d hom e e .

W w i ll om i te synopsi s of th r m i nd r d a e e a e , an

m r ly gi v th i r t i tl s
e e e th y do not nt r so com
e e ,
as e e e

p l t l
e ey i nto t h syst m of myt heology t h e first l v n as e e e e

( )
1 2 R i gsm l ( Song of R i
aa g) ( 1 3 ) T h L y of H y d l , e a n a,

( )
1 4 T h Song of
e V ol nd ( )
1 5 T h Song of Hu lg H j , e e e or

v ar d ( )
1 6
so n , Song of H lg H di g b I ( )
1 7 Song
e e un n s an e ,

of H lg H d i g b II ( 1 8) Song of S i g rd F f i
e e un n s an e , u a n s

b n I ( 1 9 ) So g of S i g rd F f i b II ( 2 0 ) Song
a e ,
n u a n s an e ,

O f F fn r ( 2 1 ) Song of S i g d i f
a e , ( )
22 Song of S i gurd r a, ,

( )
2 3 Song of Gudrun I ( 24 ) So g of G dr n III ( )
25
, n u u ,

Brynh i ld s Ri d to H l ( 2 6) Song of Gudr n II ( 2 7 )

’
e e , u ,

Son g of Gudrun III ( 2 8) T h W p i ng of O d , ( )

2 9 e ee run ,
 TH E E LD E R ED D A . 1 25

T he Song of A t l ( 3 0 ) T h Sp ch of A tl ( 3 1 ) T h e, e ee e, e

Ch ll ng of Gudrun ( 3 2) T h Song of H m d (33 )

a e e ,
e a e r,

T h Song of Grott
e ( )
3 4 Ex t r cts from th Yo g re, a e un e

Edd ( 3 5 ) Extr cts from th V l g S g (3 6) Song

a, a e o s un a a a,

of S i pd g I ( 3 7 ) Song of S ipd g II ( 3 8 ) T h L y
/

v a ,
v a ,
e a

of th S ( )
e3 9 Od i n s
un,R v n Cry ’
a e -
.

Th nt i qu i ty of th s po ms c nnot b fix d but
e a e e e a e e ,

th y c rt i nly c rry us b ck to t h r mot st p ri od of

e e a a a e e e e

th s ttl m n t of Norw y by th Goths

e e e e a e .

It m y b dd d h r th t m ny of th po ms of th
a e a e e e a a e e e

Eld r Edd e w ll m ch of th Old Nors po try

a, a s e as u e e e

g n r lly
e e a v ry d i fficult to und rst nd on ccount
,
a re e e a , a

of th bold m t ph ori c l l ngu g i n wh i ch th y

e e a a a a e e a re

wri tt n Th po t di d not c ll
e . obj ct by i t usu l
e e a an e s a

n m but borro w d figur by wh i ch to pr s nt i t

a e, e a e e e ,

ei th r from th
e mythology or from som oth r sourc
e e e e .

Th s h would c ll th sky th ku ll f th gi t Ym
u e a e e s o e an er

th r i nbow h c ll d th b i dg
e a f th g ed ; gold
a w e e r e o e o s as

th t e
f F yj
ea r s o po try th p t or
re d i k
a
f O d i e , e r es en r n o n .

Th rth w c ll d i nd i ff r ntly th wif f O di th

e ea as a e e e e e o n, e

fle sh
f o Ym er , the d a ug hter o f ni ht
g , the v es s el tha t

fl oa ts o n or th f u d ti the ages , e o n a on o f the a i r; h rbs

e

an d pl nts w r c ll d th h i or
a e e a e e a r the fl eec e o f the
ea r th A b ttl w
. c ll d b th f a e as a e a a o blood, the ha i l o f
O di n , the s hoc k
f
o bu c kler s th e sea was t rm d
e e the
eld o i
fi f p i r a tes , th e g i r d le of th e e a r th ; c e , th e g r ea tes t
of a ll br i d es ;
g a h i , th e ho r s e of th e s pw a ves ; t h e

to gu n e, the s wor d o f w or ds , e tc .

II Th Y u g E dd . e o n er a,

wr i tt n by Snorr S t l
e th th or of th f m ous e u r e so n , e au e a

H i m k i g l ( born 1 1 7 8 d i d
e s r n i mostly pros
a d , e s e , an

m y b a r g rd d e sort of comm nt ry upon th

e a e as a e a e

Eld r Edd T h pros Edd consi sts of two p rts

e a . e e a a
126 B EO W UL FS ’
D R A PA AN D N I E B E LU N G E N -
L ED I .

d lud ng of G ylf ) d th B g
G ylfagi n n i n g ( th e e i e ,
an e ra arae

hu r orS k ald s kapa r m al (th e conv rs ti ons of Br g th e a a e, e

god of po try or th tr ti s on po try ) G ylf gi i g

e ,
e ea e e . a nn n

t lls how th Sw di h k i ng G ylf m k s journ y to

e e e s e a e a e

A sg rd th a bod of th gods wh r Od i n i nstructs

, e a e e ,
e e

hi m i th old f i th
n d gr d lly r l t s to hi m
e a , an a ua e a e

th e myths of th N m Th m nn r whi ch
e or se en . e a e In

th e whol i tol d r m i nds us of A T u d d O

e s e ho san an ne

N i ght or of po ms from l t r ti m
s, for i ns t nc
e a a e e, as a e

Bocc cc i o s D m
a
’
It i pros synops i s of th
eca er on . s a e e

whol A f i th w i th h r
e sa d th ra quot ti o
,
e e an e e a a n

f rom th Eld r Edd by w y of luc i d t i on

e e It shows a a e a .

a gr t d l f i ng nu i ty d t l nt on th p rt of
ea ea O e an a e e a

it s uthor
a d i th most p rspi cuo s d cl r
,
an s e e u an ea

pr s nt ti on of th mythology th t w poss ss
e e a e a e e .

But ll th m t ri l for th corr ct pr s nt t i on

a e a e a e e e e a

of th Nors myth ology i not fo nd i th Edd s ;

e e s u n e a

or r th r w do not p rf ctly und rst nd th Edd s

a e e e e e a e a ,

i f w confin e our studi s to th m lon For full

e e e a e . a

compr h nsi on of th myths i t i n c ss ry to study

e e e , s e e a

c r f lly ll th s mi myth ologi c l Ic l nd i c S gas

a e u a e e -
a e a a ,

whi ch consti t t r sp ct bl l i br ry by th ms lv s ;
u e a e e a e a e e e

an d i conn cti on w i th th s w must r d th A nglo

n e e e e ea e

S xon B w lf D p
a eo d th G rm n N i b lu g
u
’
s ra a, an e e a e e n en

Li d e In th n xt pl c w must x mi n c r f lly
. e e a e, e e a e a e u

a ll th folk l or of th Goth i c r c
e d w must i
e e a e, an e , n

shor t study th m n i f st ti ns of th Goth i c m i nd

, e a e a o e

an d sp i ri t v rywh r i th d v lopm nt of th
e e e e : n e e e e e

St ta e d of th Church i
an th i r po try d hi story e , n e e an ,

in th i r v ri ous l ngu g s d num rous di l cts i

e a a a e an e a e , n

t h i r l i t r tur
e i th i r customs d m nn rs d
e a e, n e an a e , an

in th i r pop l r b l i f If w n gl ct ll th s w
e u a e e . e e e a e e e

sh ll n v r und rst nd th Edd s ; i f w n gl ct th

a e e e a e a e e e e

Edd s w sh ll n v r und rst nd th oth r sourc s of

a e a e e e a e e e
1 28 I N F LU EN CE O F TH E A S A F A ITH .

of Chri sti n i ty t l t r p ri od T h A f i th w
a a a a e e . e sa a a s,

so to p k i nborn w i th th Nors m n
S ea ,
it h d d e e e ,
as a e

l p d i ts lf from c rt i n g rms
ve o e e d ssum d form e a e an a e

w i th th popul r l i f lmost unconsc i ously to th l tt r

e a e a e a e .

Chri sti n i ty on th oth r h nd w g i v n to th p opl

a ,
e e a , as e e e e

as r l i gi o s syst m compl t i i ts lf i nt nd d for

a e u e e e n e , e e

a ll th n ti ons of th rth ;
e a wh i ch by i t own e ea on e s

di v i n pow r op n d for i ts lf w y to conv i cti on d

e e e e e a a , an

th ro gh th t conv i c t i on p r t d on th popul r sp i ri t
u a O e a e e a

in d i r cti o pr vi ously po i nt d t by th fund

a e n e e ou e a

m nt l pri nci pl s f th r l igi on i ts lf A th syst m

e a e o e e e . s e e

of th A f i th ros w i thout y consc i ous bj c t of

e sa a a e an O e

a ff ct i ng th mor ls th r for
e i t d i d not
e mbr c y a , e e e e a e an

a ct l cod of mor ls i th h i gh r s ns of thi s t rm

ua e a n e e e e e .

Th A e doctri n do s not prono nc by pos i ti v

sa e e u e e ex

pr ss i on wh t i vi rtu
e d w h t i v i c ; i t pr suppos s
a s e an a s e e e

a consci ousn ss th r of i i t vot r i s It only p

e e e n s a e . re re

s nts v i rtu
e r p i ng i t own r w rds d v i c i t
e as ea s e a an e s

o w p n i shm nt if not h r upon th

n u e rth th
,
e e e ea , en

w i th c rt i nty b yond th gr
e a T h s K ys r e e a ve . u e e .

T h Nors syst m of mythology mbod i d th doc

e e e e e e

tri n of e i mp ri sh blan soul i m ; i t h d V lh l e a e n an a a a

an d G i ml t p rt for d w i ti ng th br v
e se a d
a an a a e a e an

vi rtuo s d H lh i m d N t d for th w i ck d
u , an e e an aas ra n e e .

T h mo l e d soc i l m x i ms of th Nors m n
ra an a a e e e are

r pr s nt d
e e e b i g utt r d by Odi n h i ms lf i th
e as e n e e e n e

Ha m al ( h i gh song of Od i n ) th s cond song of th

va ,
e e e

Eld r Edd e d by th v lkyr i S i g d i f i

a, a n th S i g d i e a e r a n e r r

f m al ( th l y of S i gd i f ) th tw nty fi t po m of
u e a r a , e e -
rs e

th s m w ork
e a R d th s po ms d m x i ms d
e . ea e e e an a ,
an

j dg wh eth r t h y w i ll w rr nt th p si ti on r p t dly
u e e e a a e o e ea e

t k n i t hi s W rk th t th l ctri c sp k th t h
a e n o , a e e e ar a as

m d Engl nd d A m ri c gr t d fr c m
a e a an t e a ea an ee a e no

from th bori gi n l Bri tons not from th Rom n

e a a ,
e a
 S A M UEL LA N G I is
1 29

ensl v rs but must b sought i th proph ti c i m gi n

a e ,
e n e e , a a

ti v d po t i c ch i ldhood of th
e an Goth i c r c R de e a e . ea

th s po ms d judg wh th r th m i n nt Engl i sh
e e e an e e e e e e

wri t r S mu l L i ng i r i ght wh n h s ys
e ,
a e a , s e e a

All th t a m e n h O p e fo r O f g o o d t
g o v e rn m e n a n d fu u r e i m t
p r ov e m e n t i
p y l n l
he i r t h s i ca and t t m o ra c o n i i on , all hadt
i ili d m
c v j y t thi d y f i i l li g i
ze en en o d p l i ti l
a s a o c v re ou s an o ca

l i b ty —th B i t i h
,

er ,
‘

ti t ti
e p t t i l g i l ti th
r s c on s u on , re re s en a ve e s a on , e

t i l by j y
r a i ty f p p ty f
ur ,
d m f mi d d p
s e cur o ro er ,
re e o o n an e rs on ,

th i fl e f p bli
n pi i
u e n ce o th d t f p b l i ff i
u c O n on over e con uc o u c a a rs ,

th R f m ti
e th
e or l i b ty f t h p
a on , th p i i t f th g
e er o e ress , e S r o e a e,

—l l th t i
a h ba f l t m i m d ti m
s or as e en o v a ue o an n o e rn es as a

m mb e f i ty er i tho i E p
so c e i th N w W ld m y
,
e er n u ro e or n e e or , a

b t e d t t h p k l ft b i g p
ra ce o e sh by t h
ar e urn n u on our s or e s es e

n or th b b i ern ar ar an s .

R d th s po ms ea find tru t h i th words of

e e e an d n e

B ron Mont squ i u th

a dm i r bl uthor of Th S p i i t
e e , e a a e a e r

of L w ( L E p a i t d s Lo i s ) wh n ’
h s yssTh gr r t es , e e a : e ea

p r rog ti v of Sc n d i n v i
e a ed wh t ought to m a a a, an a r ec o

m nd i t i nh b i t nts b yond v ry p opl u pon rth

e s a a e e e e e ea ,

i th t th y fford d th gr t r sourc to th l i b rty

s, a e a e e ea e e e e

of Europ th t i to lmost ll th l i b rty th t i

e, a s, a a e e a s

a mong m ; d wh n h c lls th North th forg

en an e e a e e e

of thos i nstrum nts wh i ch brok th f tt rs m nuf ct

e e e e e e a a

u d i
re th South n e .

In th l d Goth i c r l i gi on w r mbodi d pri nc i pl

e O e e e e e es

an d l m nts wh i ch h d
e e t nd ncy to m k i t vot ri s
e a a e e a e s a e

br v i nd p nd nt ho st rn st just ch ri tabl pru

a e, e e e , ne ,
ea e , , a e,

d nt t mp r t l i b rty lovi ng t ; pri nci pl s d mor l

e , e e a e, e -
, e c . e an a s

th t i d cours of t i m d und r f vor bl c i rcum

a n ue e e an e a a e

st nc s volv d th R publ i c of Ic l nd th M gn
a e e e e e e a , e a a

Ch rt of Engl nd d th D cl r t i on of Ind p nd nc
a a a , an e e a a e e e e.

T h rul s of l i f e i nd i c t d by th H i gh Song f
e e as a e e o

O di n d i S i g d i fu m al i
an wh i ch th v lkyri gi v
n r r , n e a e es
9
1 30 O D N I IC R U LES OF L I FE .

couns l to S i gurd F f i b
e bri fly s umm d u p
a n s an e, are e e

by Prof ssor K ys r follows

e e e as

1 Th .
g i
e t i re cof t h n d p i ty f
on o h m t w hei h e rav o u an na ure , c

call fs t ggl g i t
or a s ru t ld i
e a a ns d f b our n a ura es res an or e a ra n c e

t w d th w
o ar k e f th
ea ne ss o o ers .

2 C .
g d
o u ra f i t he b
an t h t b ah h d d of th o e ar t e ar e cr ee s o e

ne w d
s an fig ht g i t m i
to a a ns ene es .

3 Th . t gg l f i d p d
e s ru e i l i f w i th g d t
or n e en en ce n e re ar o

k w l dg
no e w ll e t f t
as e i d p
as od orwhi h h ld
un e ; a n n e en en c e c S ou ,

th f b
er e ore , d by le e arn e f l i g d i d t y
a ov e o e a rn n an n us r .

4 A t i t dh
. s r c t
a th d p m i er en ce o oa s an ro ses .

5 C d. an d fid l i ty
or an w ll f ei gh t i l d tias e as ore s n ov e , e vo on

t th t i d f i
o e r e d b t di i m l ti t w d h f l
r en , u ss d w u a on o ar t e a se an ar

t th d
o e th g i t th i m pl b l
ea a a ns my e a ca e en e .

6 R p t f
. es ld g
ec or o a e .

7 H p i t l i ty l i b
. os al i ty d h i ty t th p
,
e ra ,
an c ar o e oor .

8 A p d t f
. ru ight i
en w d ore sd d d n or an ee .

9 T mp
. e ly i th g t i fi ti f th
e ra n c e , n ot o n b t n e ra ca on o e s ens es, u

l i th
a so n i e f p w
ex erc s e o o er .

10 C t . tm t d h f l
on en en an c eer u ness .

1 1 M d ty
. d p li t
o es i
an i t o en es s n n e r co urs e .

12 A d i . wie s reth g to d w i ll f n f ll w me p oo o our e o en, e s e

i ll y t
c a o d l w i th t d f t i l f d t d
s u r ro u n o u r s e ve s a s ea as c rc e o e vo e

ki m ns d f i th f l f i
en an a d u r en s .

13 A . f l t t m t f t h b d i f th d d
care u re a en o e o es o e ea .

Li st n now to Od i n h i ms lf h gi v s p r c pts of
e e , as e e e e

w i sdom to m nk i nd i a n

HAV AM AL
1 . Al l d o o r -w a y s

B e fo r e g o i n g fo r w a r , d
S hou ld
be loo e kd to ;
Fo r i f cu d fi lt
i t i s to k no w

W h e re fo e s m a y S i t
W i th i n a d ll
w e in g

2 . G i v e rs , h a il !
A gues t is com e in
1 32 H AV A M AL .

8 . He i s ha ppy
W ho fo r h i m s e f l O b t ai n s

Fa m e an d ki d w n or d s
*

Le s s s u re i th t
s a

W h i ch a m an m u s t hav e
In ano th er s
’
brea s t .

9 . He i s ha ppy
Who in him se f l p o s s e s se s

F am e and w i t wh i l li e v ing ;
Fo r b a d co u n s e s l
Ha v e o ft been re c eiv e d
F ro m an o th er s
’
bre as t .

A be tt er bu r h e n t
N o m an be a rs on th e w a y
Th m h g d
an uc oo s ense ;

T h t i th g h t b tt th
a s ou e er an r i ch e s

I n t g pl
a s ran e ace ;
S u ch i s th e r e co urs e o f th e i n i g e nd t .

11 . A wors e p r o v i s i on

O n th e w a y h e c an n o t c a rr y
Th an t o o m u c h b e e r b i bb i n g ; -

S O goo d is n o t,

As i t i s sai d ,

B e e r fo r t h e sons of m en .

12 . A w o rs e p rov i s i on

N O m an c an tk a e f ro m t bl
a e

Th an t o o m u c h b e e r bi b b i n g , -

Fo r t h e m o r e h e di kr n s

T he l ess co n ro t lh e ha s
O f his ow n mi d n .

l
O b i v i on
’
s h e ron
’
ti s ca ll de

Th t a ov e r p t ti
o a on s h o v e rs ;
He t l th m i d
s ea s e n s o f m en .

W i th t hi b i d p i i s r
’
s n on s

I w f tt d as e e re

I G n l d d w ll i g
un a
’
s e n .
 H AV A M AL . 1 33

Dr u n kI w as,
Iw as o v e r- d run k ,

At th t a cunn ing Fj a l a r
’
s .

It ’
S th e b e s td r un k e n n e ss

When ever y on e a f er t it
Re g a i n s hi s r e a s on .

T itac u rn and p d tru en ,

An d i n w a r d a ri ng

S hou ld k i a n
g
’
s ch i ld re n

Jy
o ou s a nd l i b e ra l
Ev e r y on e shou ld be
Un ti l h i s hour of d th ea .

A cow ar dly m an
T hi k n s he w i ll ever li ve

If w a r fa re h e avoi d s ;
Bu t old age wi ll
G i v e hi m no p eace .

Th o u gh s p e ars m ay s p a re

A fo o l g a p es

W he n to a house he c om e s ,

T o h i m s e f m a tte rs l or is S i l t
en

B ut a ll at on ce ,

If h e g e s ri n , t d k
T h e n i s th e m a n s m i n
’
d di pl y s a ed .

He l
a one k now s ,

Who wan d e rs wi d e

An d h a s m u c h ex p e ri e n c e d ,

By w h a t di p i ti s os on

Ea c h m i ld an s ru e ,

Wh o c om m on s en se p o s s e s s es .

Le t a ld th p m an ho e cu ,

Y t f th m d d i k m d
e o t ly e ea r n o e ra e ,

Sp k eai b ly b il t
sens or e S en .

A Sf f lt
o a au

N m
O w i ll d m h th
an a on i s ee ,

If t h g t b ti m t l p
ou oes e es o s ee .
134 H AV A M AL .

A g re e dy m an ,
If h e b e n ot mo d t e ra e ,

Ea t t hi m
s o s or a tl s o rr o w .

O ft ti m hi
en es s b lly
e

D w l
ra ght s au er on lly m a S i an

W ho a m on g the p d t m ru en co es .

21 . Ca ttl k e now

When to g o hom e
An d th en f rom g raz i ng cea s e ;
Bu t a fo o l i sh m an
N ev er k now s

Hi s t
s o m a ch s
’
m e a s u re .

22 . A m i s e ra b l e m an ,

An d i l l - c on d i ti one d ,

S n e e rs at ev er yth i g n

O ne
g t hi
h e n k w no s n ot,

W h i ch h e ou g h t t k o now ,

Th t a he i s n ot f r e e f ro m fa u t s l .

23 . l
A fo o i s h m a n
Is a ll n i gh t aw a k e,

P on d e ri n g ov e r yth i
e v er ng ;
He th
g ro w s
en re ti d ,

An d w h e n m o r n i n g com e s

Al l i s l am e n t as b e fo r e .

l
A fo o i s h m a n
T hi k n s all who on him smi e l
T o b e h i s fri e n d s ;
He fe e l s it n o t,

lt
A h o u gh th y p ke S ea i ll of hi m ,
When he Sit m g s a on th e l
c e ve r .

l
A fo o i s h m a n
T hi n k s all w ho s p k ea h i m fa i r
T o b e h i s fri e n d s ;
Bu t h e w i ll fin d
t t
,

If i n o cour he com e s ,

Th t a h e h a s fe w a d v o ca e s t .
136 H AV A M AL .

32 . M an y m en are mu t lly
ua

W e ll d i s p o s e d
-
,

Ye t atll t m t t bla e wi or en e a ch o th er .

T h t t i f w i ll
a s r b ; e ever e

G t w i ll g t i i t t
ue s ue s rr a e .

Ea r ly m ea l s

A m an ld ft t k sh ou O en a e,

U l n esst f i d h h o a r en
’
s ou s e e g oes ;
El h w i ll i t
se d m p
e S an o e,

W i ll m h lf f mi h d
see a a s e ,

A d n f f w thi g i q i
c an o e n s n u re .

Lo n g i s and d
i n i re c t th e w a y
To a b a d fr i e n d ’
s,

Th o u gh b y th e roa d h dw l l ; e e

B ut t o a goo d fr i e n d ’
s

Th e pt a hs li e di re c t ,

Th o ug h h e b e fa r a w y a .

ld d p t
A g u e s s h ou t e ar ,

l y ty
N ot a wa s s a

I n plone ace :

Th w l m b
e m e co e e co es u n w e com e l
If h t l g tie oo on con nue s

I n th h
ano er s
’
o us e .

O ne s
’
own h ou s e i s b e s t ,

S ma ll th o ug h it be ;
At h o m e i s ever y on e hi s own m as t er .

Th o ugh h e but t w o goa s t p os s e ss ,

An d a s t
t t d
ra w h a ch e co t,-

Ev e n t h t i b tt th
a s e er an b egg i ng .

O ne s
’
own h ou s e i s b e s t ,

S ma ll th o u gh i t be ;
At h o m e i s ev er y on e hi s ow n m as t er .

B l diee ng at h e ar t is he
W ho has to ask

Fo r f o o d at ev er y m e al t i d -
 H AV A M AL .

Le a v i n g i n t h e e h i s a rm s fi ld ,

Le t n o m a n g o
t l
A f o o s e n g h fo r w a r ;
’
t d
Fo r i t i s h a r d to k no w

When on hi s w ay
A m an m a y n ee d hi s w e a p on .

I h ave n ev e r fo u n d a m an so t l
b o un i fu
O r so h os i p t bl a e

Th t a he ref d p
us e a re s e n t;
O r of hi s p p ty
ro er

S lib l
o e ra

Th t h a d e s co r n e a re co m p ense .

O f t h p p ty e ro er

W hi ch h e h as gai n e d ,

N O m an sh o u ld
s u ffe r d; nee

F orth e i h t d ft
p d
a e o s s are

Wh t f a or wth dd ti d e ear as es ne

M h g
uc w th i p t d
oe s ors e an s ex ec e .

W i th m dar tm t s an ves en s

F i d h ld h th g l dd
r en s S ou eac o er a en,

Th w hi h
ose i th m l m t
c are n e se ves os s i gh tly
q it
.

G i d
v e rs an re u e rs

A rel g t fi don es r en s,

If l l l a g w ll
e se oes e .

T hi f i
o d s r en

A m h an ld b f i d
S ou e a r en ,

A d g i ft w i t h g i ft
n s q it ; s re u e

L gh t
au w i th l er
g h t au er

M en h ld S i ou re c e v e ,

B t l
u i g w i t h ly i g
eas n n .

T hi f i
o d s r en

A m h an ld b f i d
S ou e a r en ,

T him
o d t hi f i an d; o s r en

But of h i s fo e
N o m an sh a ll
Hi s f r i e n d ’
s f ri e n d be .
138 H AV A M AL .

44. Kn o w i f t fi d th ou ha s a r en

W h m t h f lly t t t
o ou u ru s e s ,

A d f m w h m th ld t g d d i ’
n ro w o ou ou s oo er ve ;
T h h ld t b l d hy m i d w i th h i
ou s ou
’
s en t n s,

A d g i ft
n h g s ex c an e,

A d ft n g to h
en i m o o see .

45 If th
. h t ou th as ano er

W h m th l i ttl t t t
o ou e rus es ,

Y t w e ld t g d f m h i m d i
ou
’
s oo ro e r ve ,

T h h ld t p k h i m f i
ou S ou
’
s S ea a r,

B t th i k
u f t i ly n c ra ,

A d l n i g p y w i t h ly i g
e as n a n .

46 B t f h i m y t f t h
. u o e ur er

W h m th l i ttl t t t
o ou e rus e s ,

A d th n p t t hi ou ff t i
sus ec es s a ec on ,

hi m th h ld t l gh ’
B f e or e ou S ou s au ,

A d n t th y th
c o n ra ry g h t p k to ou s s ea

R q it l h
e u ld th g i ft
a S m blou e re se e .

I w
once y g as o un ,

Iw j yi g l
as o u rn e n a one

A d l t my w y
n os a ;
Ri h I th
c g h t m y l f ou se

Wh I m t then e an o er

Man i s th e j oy of m an .

Li b e r a l and bra v e
Men li ve be s t ,

T h y lde se om c h e ri s h s or ro w ;
But a bare m i n -
dd e m an
Dr e a d
yth i g ;
s ever n

Th i g g dly i y t
e n ar s uneas e v en at
gi f s .

My g m t i ar fi ld en s n a e

Ig w y
av e a a

T tw w
o d m o oo en en

H th y m d t b
e ro e s e se e e o e

Wh th y g t l k
en e o c oa s :*

E p x d t i lt i
ose kd o n su s a na e m an .

t l mk The m ai o r a es th e an .
1 40 H AV A M AL .

Mo d t ly w ie ra e se

Sh ld hou eac one be,

B ut never ove r o
wi se
Hi s d ti y es n let k now

N o m a n b e fo re h a n d;
Hi s m i n d wi ll b e fr e e s tf rom ca r e .

Br a n db u rn s fr o m b r a n d
Un ti l i t i s bu rn t o ut,

Fi re i s fro m fir e q ik
u c en e d
M an to m a n
Be c om e s k w by p h no n S eec ,

Bu t a f l by hi b h f l i l
oo s as u s en c e .

He s h ld i
ou ly r se ear

W ho th p p ty l i f
ano er s
’
ro er or e

De s i re s to h av e
S ld m l g g i h
e o a s u s wo f l
G t p y
e s re ,

O r l pi g m
a s ee n an v i c oryt .

E ly h
ar ld i S ou r se

He w h o h a s fe w w o r k e rs ,

An d g o h i s w o r kt o see to ;
G rea tlyi s h e re t ddar e

W h l p th mo S ee s e o rn a wa y :

W lt h h l f d p d
ea a e en s o n e n e rg y .

O f d y pl rk an s

A d n f hi gl
roo S n es

A m k w th m
an no s e e a s ur e ;
O f th fi w d e re oo

T h t m y ffi
a a su ce

B th m
o d tim ea s ur e an e .

W h d d f t d
as e an re ec e

L t e m aid t T hi an r e o ng fi “

Alt h gh h i g m
ou t s ar en s be n ot t o o g oo d;
O f hi s sh o e s and b re e c h e s
Le t no on e be a s h am e d ,

N or of h i s h o rs e ,

t
Al h o u g h h e h a v e n ot a goo d on e .

T he p bli
u c as s e m b ly .
 H AV A M AL . 1 41

62 . I q n u i re a nd im p t
ar

S hou ld ever y m an o f s e nse ,

Who wi ll be a c co u n e td s age .

Le t one on ly k now ,

A s e con d m ay n ot ;
If th re e , all th e w o r ld kn ow s .

G as p s an d
ga p e s,

Whe n to th e sea he c om e s ,

Th e eag e l ov er ol d o c e an ;
S O is a m an
Who a m on
g m an y com e s ,

An d h a s f e w a d t
v o ca e s .

Hi s pw ho er S ou ld
Ev e r y g i m sa a c ou s an

Us e w i th d i ti s cr e on ,

Fo r h w i ll fi d
e n ,

When am on g th e b o ld h m e co e s,

Th t a no on e l
a one i d s g h t i
ou e s t.

Ci rc u m s p t ec and r e s e rv e d
Ev e r y m an sh o u ld b e,

An d w a r y in t ti g
r us n fri e n d s ;
O f th e w o r d s

Th t a a m an sa y s to ano th er

He O f t en py
a s th e p en a lty .

M u ch ly to o ear

I m t m y pl
ca e o an ace s,

B t t
u l t t th ;
oo a e o o ers

Th b e w d k
eer as ru n ,

O r t no dy re a

T h d i li k d
e ld m hi t
s e se o s m om e n t .

67 . H ere d th I h ld
an ere s ou

H b
av e i it d e en nv e

If I m l h d a d d; ea a n ee e

O r t w o h am s h a d h u n g
At th t t a ru e fr i e n d ’
s

Wh e r e o f on e I had t
e a en .
1 42 H AV A M AL .

68 . Fi r e i s be s t
Am o n g t h e son s of m en ,

An d th e S i gh t of th e s un ,

If h i s h e a h lt
A m an can h av e ,
Wi t h a li f f e re e f ro m vi ce .

N o m an l k ac s ever yth i ng ,

lt
A ho u gh h i s h e a lth b e bad
O ne in his s on s is ha ppy ,

O ne i n hi s k i n,
O ne d t w lth
in ab un an ea ,

O i
ne hi g dw kn s oo or s .

It i b tt t l i s e er o ve,

E t
venl i m i b ly ; o ve s e ra

A li i g m v n lw y an c an a a s g e t a. co w .

I wfi sa m re c on s u e

Th i h me p p ty
r c an s
’
ro er ,

A d d th t d w i t h t
n ea s oo ou hi s d oor .

Th e h a d h lt
b k c an ri e on o rs e ac ,

Th h dddi
e ttl ;
one- an e r ve ca e

T h d f fig h t
e d b f l
ea ,
an e u se u

T b b l i d i b tt
O e n s e er

Th t b b t an o e u rn :
*

N g t g d f m
o one p e s oo ro a cor se .

A s on is be tt er

Ev e n i f b o r n lt
a e,

Af t er h i s fa h e r t ’
s dp te ar u r e .

G r av e s o n e s t se ld om

St d an by th e w a y s i e - d
U l n e s s rai s e by a d
i n sm an k k i n s m an .

73 Tw o
. are a d v e rs a ri e s

Th e t ong u e i s t h e b an e of t h e h e ad
Un d er y l k
ev er c oa

I ex p t h d
ec a an .

M
a
urat i s , d ea d on t h e f un e ra l pi l e .
1 44 H AV A M AL .

80 . Th us
’
t is m a d e m a n i fe s t ,

If o f r un e s th ou q u e s ti o n e s t h i m ,
Th ose t o th e hi gh o n e s n own , k
W hi c h tpw i td t h e g re a o ers nven e ,

A d th g
n t t lk p i t d
e rea a er
*
a n e ,

T h t h h d b t h ld i l
a e a es o s e n ce .

81 . At th d y i t b p i d
eve e a s o e ra s e ,

A w m ft o h i b t1
an a er s e s u rn ,
'

A w d fts it i p
or d a er s ro v e ,

A m i d ft a h i m i da er S e s a rr e ,

Ice ft it h
a b er d as e en c ro s s e ,

B eerft it i d a k er s run .

I th w i d
n e h ld h w w d n one S ou e oo ,

In a br e e z e ro w o ut to se a,

In t h ed k t lk w i th l ar a a ass,

M y an th y fdy a re e e es o a .

yg m d
’

In hip
a s t b vo a es a re o e a e,

B t u h i ld i f a p t ti
S e s or ro e c on ,

A w d f s t i ki g
or or s r n ,

B t u dm lf a ki a se or a ss .

By t h fi he ld d i k bre on e S ou r n e er ,

O th
n i li d ; e ce S e

B y u h th t i l
a or s e a s e an ,

A w d th t i
s or ty ; a s ru s

F d h
ee t h ma orse _ a o e,

Bu t a d og at t h e fa r m .

In a m ai d en s
’
w or d s

N o one sh o u ld pl ace fa i h , t
N or i n w ha t a w o m an sa y s ;

Fo r on a t u rn i n g whee l
Ha v e th eir h e ar t s b e e n fo r m e d ,

An d g u i l e in th eir bre a s t s been l id

a .

In a crea ki n
g b o w ,

A bu rni n g fl am e ,

A y aw nin
g w o f, l
A cha tt e ri n
g c ro w ,
O di n . 1 D ea
“
d .
 H AV A M AL . 1 45

A g ru n i n g t sw i ne ,

A ro o e s s tl t re e ,

A w ax i ng w a v e ,
A bo i i n g k ttl l e e,

A fly i g d t n ar ,

A f ll i g b i ll w
a n o ,

A i gh t
’
on e i n s ce ,

A il dco p t e ser en ,

A w m b d t lk
’
o an s e -
a

O r b k a w d ro en s or ,

A b pl y
e ar s
’
a

O r y l h i ld
a ro a c ,

A i k s c lf ca ,

A l f w i ll d th ll
se -
e ra ,

A fl tt i g p p h t
a er n ro e e s s,

A p co r w ly l i se ne S a n,

A s e re n e s k y,

A l
gh i n g o r
au l d ,

A ba r i n g dog k
An d a h ar lt
o
’
s g ri e f,

An ea rly -
sown fi ld e ,

Le t no on e t t ru s ,

N or p rem a ure t ly i n a son

We a th er l th fi ld
ru e s e e ,

An d w i t t h e s on ,

Ea c h of w h i ch i s d oub tf l u .

t
A b ro h e r s m u r e r e r
’
d
T d
,

h o u g h o n t h e h i g h ro a -
m e t,
A h a f b u rn l -
t h ou s e ,
An o v e r -s w i f t h ors e

( A h o r s e i s u s e e ss l
If a l e g be bro k en )
N O m an i s so c o n fid i n
g
AS to t t ru s an y of th ese .

S u ch i s th e l ov e of w om en ,
Who fa l seh oo d me i dt t a e,

As i f d on e ro v e n ot r o u g h -s h o d
O n s lipp y er i ce,
1 46 H AV A M AL .

A s pi i t d
r e two -
y e a r -o l d

And u n b ro k en hors e ;
O r as in a r ag i ng t
s orm

A he m l l
pi b t ; ess sh i s e a en

O i f t h h lt w
r as t t th
e a e re se o ca c

A i d re n i th th w i g f ll
eer n e a n e .
*

Op ly I w p k
en no S ea ,

B I b th
e cau s e k w o sex es no

U t bl m mi d t w d w me n
’
ns a e are en s n s o ar o

Ti th p km tfi
’
s w en e S ea os a r,

W h w m t f l ly t h i k
en e os a se n

Th t d i a th ti
e ce v es e v en e ca u ou s .

92 . F i h ll p k
a r S a s ea ,

A d mn y ff on e o er,

W h w ld b t i
o w m
ou l o a n a o an s
’
ove

P r a i s e t h e fo r m
O f a fa i r d am s e l;
He g e t s, w ho co ur s t her .

93 . At l ov e sh o u ld no on e

Ev e r w o n d er

In th
ano er

A b t e au eo us t c o u n e n an c e

O ft pt i t th w i
ca va es e se,

W h i h pt i t
c ca t th f li h va es no e oo s .

94 . L t e no w d ton e on er a

A th f lly
’
no er s o ,

It i t h l t f m
s e y o o an .

All p w f l d i
-
o er u e s re

M k a f th
es o f m e so n s o en

F l oo s f th w i
ev en o e se .

95 . Th m i d e ly k wn on no s

Wh t li a th es h t n e ar e e ar ;
Th t l i a a on e i f ff t i
s co n s c o u s o o ur a ec on s

N di
O i w s ea s e s or s e

T o ai bl m s ens e an

Th an t t b no t t w i th hi m l f
o e c on e n se .

S uch l ines t h as hi s S ow dd th e N or se o ri g i n o f th e E a .
1 48 HAV A M AL .

M an y a fa i r m a i d e n,

W hen righ tly k n ow n ,

T w d m i fi kl
o ar en s c e

Th t I p i d
a ex er en ce

Wh th t d i
en t m id
- a s cr e e a en

Id ydi t d g
e co e n o an er

C t m ly f
on u y ki d
e o e v er n

T h t w i ly g i l
a r

H p d p
ea m ;
e u on e

N orf th t d m l g i
o d I a a se a ne a ug h t .

At h o m e l e t a m an be c h e e r fu l ,

An d t t li b l ;
ow ar d a
gues e ra

O f wi d t h h ld b
se con uc e s ou e,

O f g d m m y d dy p e h ;
oo e or an rea s e c

If m h k w l dg
uc h d i no e e e e s res,

H m t ft
e us t lk w h t i g d
o en a on a s oo .

Fi m b l f m b h i
u all d l e s ca e

W h l i ttl h t
o y e as o sa

S h i th
uc t s f th i m pl
e n a u re o e S e .

Th e old
gi an s o ugh ; tI t
N ow I a m co m e b a c : k
Li ttl e got I th e re by l
s i e n ce ;
In m a n yw d or s

I pk S o e to m y ad v a n ag e t
In S ut tu n g s
’
ha ll s .
*

G u nl a d gav e m e ,
O n her go ld en sea t ,

A d rau h
g t of th e p i re c o u s m ea d;
A bad p r e c om ense I ft a e rw a r d s ma d e

F h
or wh l er o e so u l ,

H f
er t l erv e n ov e .

1 06 R t m th I d
’
. a e s ou c au s e

T m k
o p a e a s ace ,

An d t o g n a w t h e r o c k
O v e r an d u n e r m e d
F o r th e t
s o ry o f S uttun g an d G un l a d , se e secon d p t pp ar ,
.
—
246 253 .
 H AV A M AL . 1 49

W e re the gi a n t ’
y s wa s

Th us I m y hea d di d p i l er .

1 07 . O f a we ll assu m d f m e or

I ma d g d e oo use

Fe w th i g f i l n s a th e w i s e ,
Fo r O d rae r e r i s now c om e up

To m en
’
s ear thl y d w ll i e n
gs .

’
d btf l
T i s to m e ou u ,

T h t I ld h
a m co u ave co e

F m th g i
ro t t e an
’
s c o ur s ,

H d a t G l d id d m
no un a a e e

Th t g d d m l
a oo a se

Ov wh m I l id my
er m o a ar .

O n ll w i g
t h e d a y fo o n

C m a th f
e t gi t e ro s -
an s

T l o m th i g f th Hi g h
e a rn so e n o e O ne

I t h Hi g h O h ll ;
’
n e ne s a

A ft B l
er k th y i q i d
o v er e n u re ,

W h th h w i th t h g d w
e er e e o s ere c om e,

O rS tt g hu d d t y
un d h i m a e s ro e .

O di I b li
n e ev e

A i g th g
r n -
oa
*
ave .

W h i h i f i t h w i ll t t ?
o n s a r us

S d
u tt u n
g f d d e ra u e ,

O f hi d i k b s ft r n e re ,

A d G
n l d m d un aw p! a e to ee

Ti m e
’
t i s to di s c ou rs e

F m ro th e s p k ea er s
’
ch ai r .

By t h e w e ll f U do r

I l t
S i en s at ,

I w sa an d me i dt t d a e ,

I li t s en ed to m e n
’
s w or d s .

In th e N or t h a ho y l oa t h w as tk a en o n a ri n g k pt i
e n th e t mp l
e e fo r
t tp p
ha ur o s e .
1 50 H AV A M AL .

Of r un e s I h e ar d di s co u r s e ,

An d of thi n
gs di i v n e,

N or O f r i s ti n g
*
th m e w ere th y e silen t ,

N o r o f s ag e coun s e s, l
At t h e Hi g h O n e s h a
’
ll .

In t h e Hi g h O n e s h a
’
ll
I th us hear d s ay

I l th L d f f
cou n s e ee, o a n e r,

T o k di ;
ta e a v ce

Th w i lt p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro , ou a es .

Ri set t
no i ght a n ,

U l n ess t pl o ex or e ,

O t
r ar m p ll d t g
co t e e o o ou .

I l th L d f f
c o un s e ee, o a n e r,

T t k
O di ;
a e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro ,
ou a es .

I n an h t enc mb an re ss
’
e rac e

Th m y t t l p
ou a es no S ee ,

S th t i h
O a m nh l p th er ar s s e c as ee .

S h w i ll b t h
e e e c a us e

T h t th a t tou care s no

F orT hi g pi n w d ; or r n ce s
’
or s

F d th w i lt h
oo ou S un

A d h m
n jy ;
u an o s

S w f l w i lt t h
o rr o u g t l p ou o o S ee .

I l th L d f f
co un s e ee, o a n e r,

T t k
o di ;
a e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro ,
ou a es .

A th
’
no wifer s e

E tin th ce ou n ever

T o ts e cre con v e rs e .

I l th L d f f
co un s e ee, o a n e r,

T t k
o di
a e a v ce ;
T h w i lt p fit i f t h t k t i t
ou ro , ou a es

By f ll fi th
.

e or r

If t h h ou t t l av e o ra v e ,

P i d th
ro v w ll w i t h f
e dee e oo .

C a r vi n g : run e s a re r i s t e d ru n e s a re c a rv e d .
1 52 H AV A M AL .

If th ou to no one ca n s t
T hy w h o l e min d di l s c os e .

1 23 . I l th L df f
cou n s e ee, o a ner,

T t k
o ad i e a v ce ;
T h W i lt p fit i f t h
ou ro , ou t a kest it .

W d th
or s ou never

Sh ld t h g
ou s ex c an e

W i th w i tl a f l e ss oo .

F orf m roi ll di ti an -
con on e d m an
T h w i lt
ou g t n ever e

A t f g d
r e u rn or oo ;
B t u g d m
a w i ll
oo an

B i g th
r n f ee avo r

By h i p i s ra se .

Th i m i g li g f
ere s a n n o a ffe c ti on,

Wh ere t ll
on e c an e

A th no ll hi m i d
er a s n .

E yth i g i b tt
ver n s e er

T h b i g w i th h d
an e n t e ecei tf l u .

H i e ts th f i
no ano er s
’
r en d
Wh o y
ev er h sa s as e sa y s .

I l th L df f
coun s e ee, o a n er,

T t ko adi e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th
ou ro ,
ou tk ta es it .

E veni th w d n re e or s

! l t w i th w
u a rr e no a ors e m an
O ft th
en b tt y i ld e e er e s,

W h th w en t ik e o rs e s r es .

I l th L d f f
co u n s e ee, o a n e r,

T t ko adi ; e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th
ou ro , ou t a ke st
B e t no h m k a s oe a e r,

N or a S h a ft m a k e r ,

Un l ess fo r thy l f se i t be ;
Fo r a sho e , i f i ll m a d e,

O r a t ifshaf c ro o kd e

W i ll ll d w il th
,

ca o n ev on ee .
 H AV A M AL . 1 53

I l th L d f f
coun s e ee, o a ne r,

T t k o d i a e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro , ou a es .

Wh f i j y th k w t
e re v e r o n ur ou no es ,

R g d th t i j
e ar y thy w ; a n ur as o n

A d gi n t th y f vep o oes no ea ce .

I l th L d f f
c ou n s e ee, o a n e r,

T t k o d i ;a e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro ,
ou a es .

R j i d t e o ce il a ev

B th e ou n e v e r,

B t l t g d gi
u e th pl oo ve ee e a s ur e .

I l th L d f f
cou n s e ee, o a n e r,

T t k o di ; a e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro , ou a es .

I b ttl
n a a e

L k t
oo p no u ,
96

( Li k w i )e s ne L

Th e f ms on sth b m ) o en en e co e ,

T h t m m y t f i t th
a en a no as c na e ee .

1 3 1 If th
. w i lt i d ou
g d w m n uce a oo o an

T pl o t easan c o n v e rs e ,

Th m t p m i f i
ou us ro se a r,

A d h ld t i t
n o o :

N Ot f m g d i f it
on e u rn s ro oo , ca n b e g ot;

I j i th t b w y
en o n ee o e ar ,

B t tu w
no y ov e r- ar

At d i k i g b th r n m t w y
n e ou os ar ,

A d w i th th w i f ; ’
n ano er s e

A d t h i dly
n r

T h t thi d l d th
,

a t
ev es e u e ee no .

1 33 W i th i
. lt d i i n su or e r s on

T t th rea ou n ev er

A gu t w yf es ; or a a re r

T h y ft li ttl k w
e o en e no ,

In a ttl w m t l
ba e e us n ot w d o o k up, b ut f o r ar

m p t k h h ll d
.

1 T o b e co
'
e an i c - s r i c m
en , w ic th e N or s e en ca e to b ecome s wi n e .
1 54 H AV A M AL .

Who si t w i hi n , t
O f w ha th y t wh
ra c em e a re o co e .

Vi cesd i t an v r ues

Th e f mo t l b
s on s o r a s ear

I th i b
n t m i gl d ;
e r re a s s n e

N o i one g d s so oo

T h t f i l i g tt d h i m
a no a n a en s ,

N or b d so t b g d fa th i g
as o e oo or no n .

At h ay p k oar s ea er

L gh th
au ou n ev er,

O ft i g
en d t h t w h i h th g d tt
s oo a c e a e u er ;
O ft f m h i
ro l d hi d a S r ve e e

Di tw d i
s cre e or s ssu e,

F m th w h
ro ki i p d t
os e ose S n s en en

A d d k d w i th
n ec e s cars ,

A d wh g l i t i g m
n o g t ho i l o er n a on e v e .

I l th e L d f f
coun s e e, o a n e r,

T t k
o di ;
a e a v ce

T h w i lt p fit i f th t k t
ou ro , ou a es

R ila t t gnot a a ues ,

N f m th y g t
or ro th t h i m ; a e ru s

T t w ll th i d i g t
rea e e n en ,

Th y w i ll p k w ll f th
e S ea e O ee .

S t g i th b
ro n s e ar

Th t m t b i d
a us e ra s e

T odm i t l l
a a .
*

D thO gi oup y ve a enn ,

O th y w i ll ll d w
r e ca o n

E y i l l thy l i m b
ver on s .

1 38 . I l th L d f f
coun s e ee, o a n er,

T t k
o di ;
a e a v ce

T h w i ll p fit i f th t k t i t
ou ro ,
ou a es .

Wh th b d i k t
erev e r ou eer r n es ,

d
T h e m e an i n g i s , i t i s lt w h p t l t
i ffic u d to S ho os ii y t o e v e ryb o y
a A d o or

ld t t d m h p h tt
.

wo u h av e t o b e s r on g to s an so uc O e n i n g an d s u i ng .
1 56 T H E LA Y O F S I G D RI FA .

S IG UR D

S ig m un d ’
s s on

(Re c e n tly d i d th e rav e n

F d ee on carri on )
*

An d S i g u r d s w o rd
’
s .

S HE

2 . Lo n g h a v e I l pt S e ,

Lo n g b e e n w i th l p pp s ee O re ss e d ,

Lo n g m t l ff i g !
’
are or a s su er n s

O di n i s th e cause

Th t I a hav e be e n una b e l
t ff t p To ca s o or or .

S igurd t down d sk d h n m
sa an a e er a e . S he th n took
e

a h orn fill d w i t h m d e d g v hi m ea ,
an a e the m i n n i s -
c up

( cup of m mory ) e .

S HE 2

3 Ha i l to Day !
l
.

Ha i to th e s on s of Day !
To N i gh a n d h e r t d a u gh e r, t h ai l!
t pl d y W i h a ci e e s
B h ld h e o us ere ,

A d h i tt i g g i ni t y e re S n ve us v c or .

H i l t th g d ! a o e o s

H i l t t h g dd ! a o e o es ses

H i l t th b t th !
a o e oun e o us e ar

W d d wi d m or s an s o

G i t bl w i ve o us no e t a n,

A d h li g h d w h i l w li
n ea n an s e e ve .

S h w s n m d S igd i f
e a d wa v lkyri S h
e r a, an as a a e . e

s i d th t two k i ngs h d m d w on ch ot h r
a a a a e ar ea e ,
on e

of whom w n m d Hi l m g u as ; h w a ld d e a n n ar e as O an a

gr t w rr i or d Od i n h d prom i s d hi m v i c t ory T h
ea a , an a e . e

oth r w Ag
e as broth r of A d whom no d i vi n i t y
n ar , a e u ,

wo ld p tron i z S i gd if o rc m Hi l m g
u a e . i r a ve a e a u n n ar n

b ttl ; i r v ng f w hi ch Odi n pri ck d h w i th

a e n e e e or e er a

p th F The d th ar e n e s i s r e f e rs to afn e r s
’
ea .
 T H E LA Y O F S I G D R IFA . 157

l p thorn
S ee -
d d cl r d th t th nc forth h
, an should e a e a e e s e

n v r h v v i ctory i b ttl
e e a e d should b gi v n i n a e, an e e n

m rri g But s i d h I i d t hi m th t I h d
a a e .
,
a s e, sa
'

o a a

bound mys lf by vow not to spous e y m who a e e an an

could b m d to f r S i gurd nsw rs

e a ed i mplor s ea . a e , an e

h to t ch hi m w i sdom
er ea h h d i nt ll i g nc from , as s e a e e e

all worlds :

S I G D R I FA Z

5 . Be e r I be a r to th ee,

Co l um n of ba ttl !e

W i th m i gh t m ing ld e ,

t
An d w i h b r i gh t g l y or

T i f ll f
’
s u g o son ,

A d nl t y w sa u ar sa s,

O f p t t i t ti
o en n can a ons,

A d j y n di
o o us s co urse s .

S ig -
th m t k w
run e s ou us no ,

If i t y ( i g ) t h
v c or wilt h
s r ou av e ,

A d n th y w
on d h i lt i t th m ;
s or
’
s r s e

S m o h
e h p
on t e c a es,

S m o th
e g on d e uar ,

A d tw in m thce m naf Ty e e na e o r .

7 . Ol ( l )-
th m t k w
a e - ru n e s ou us no ,

If t h w i lt t th t th w i f ’
ou no a ano er s e

T hy t t b t y i f th
ru s e ra , ou

I h n fid
er con e .

O th n h m
e t th y b i t d
orn us e e r s e ,

A d th b d b k
’
n on e an s ac ,

A d N n d th
au il b
’f
d
on e na e s co r e .

8 . A p m cu t b bl d us e esse ,

A d g i n t p il g d d
a a ns er u ar e ,

A d g li k i
n th
ar li q
c t; n e uor cas

Th I k w en no

T h w i lt ou h never ave

M d w i th t
ea h y m i gl d reac er n e .

The n am e o f a r un e ; o ur N .
1 58 THE LA Y O F S I G D RIFA .

9 . Bi a rg ( h e -
lp ) -
r un e s th ou mus tk now,

If th ou w i lt he lp
An d l o os e th e chi ld f rom w o m e n ;
In t h e th yp a t
lm e m u s b e g rav e n,
A d
n d th j i t b l p d
ro u n e o n s e c as e ,

A d th d i
n p y d f id
e s es ra e or a .

B im (
r )-
t h m
s e a- r u n e s tk w ou us no

If t h w i lt h
,

ou av e s e cure

Afl t th yoa ili g t d sa n s ee s .

O n th p w th y m t b i t d
e ro e us e r s e ,

A d
n th on h lm bl d e e -
a e,

A d w i th fi
n t th ppl i d
re o e oar a e .

N o gsur h ll b e tw i g
S a e so o er n ,

N orw d k
av e s so ar ,

B t f m th
u ro th f eh lt m
o ce a n ou sa e s a co e .

Li m ( b -
h ) ra n cth m t k w -
ru n e s ou us no ,

If t h l h w ld b
ou a eec ou e,

A d wn d k whwt h l
o un s no o o ea .

O n th b k th y m
e artb itd e us e r s e ,

A d n th on l f t e eav e s o re e s ,

O f th wh os e b g h b d oset w d ou s en eas ar .

M al ( p - sh ) eec th m t k w -
ru n e s ou us no ,

If t h w i lt t h t
ou a no on e

F or i j y w i th h t q i t th
n ur a e re u e ee .

T h th m t w i d
os e ou us n ,

T h th m t w p
os e ou d us ra ro un ,

T h th m t lt g th pl
ose ou us a o e er ace

I th
n m b ly
e asse ,

Wh p pl h
e re eo e av e

I t f ll
n o u tt g co u r o o .

H g (th g h t )
u -
ou th m t k w - ru n e s ou us no ,

If t h wi
ou m a w i lt b ser an e

Th an y th ever o er .

Th i t p t d
ose n er re e ,

Th i t d
ose r s e ,

Th d i d H pt
os e ev se ro ,
*

F m th fl i d
ro e u

Whi h h d l k d
c a ea e

O di n .
1 60 TH E LA Y O F S I G D R IFA .

Th y e a re t
w i h th e go s , d
Th y e a re t
w i h th e e v e s ; l
t
S o m e w i h th e w i s e v an s,

S om e h um a n b e i ng s h av e .

Th ose are bO k -
run e s

Th ose are b i a rg -
rune s ,

An d a ll Cl ( al e - r un e s ,
)
'

An d p re c i o u s m egin -
(p o w e r- r un e s )
Fo r th os e who ca n ,

W i th o u t c on fus i o n or c o rr u pt i on ,

T u rn t h m t h i w l fa
e o s e re .

U se,i f th h t d t d th
ou as un e rs o o e m,
U t i l th p w
n e p ih o e rs er s .

N w th
o h lt h ou s a c o os e ,

Si n ce h i ai c ff d tho ce s O e re ee,

K een m d w ar i ! e arr or

My p sh il
eec or s e n ce

Thi k n it i thy m i d
ov e r n n .

All il h
ev th i m
s av e e r e a s u re .

S I G UR D

I w i ll t fl no ee,

T h g h th h ld t k
ou ou S ou s now d o om e d
I m tb
a no o rn a cra v e n .

Th y f i dly il
r en ll coun c s a

I w i ll i re ce v e ,

A l S g onli f i i m as e s n e .

S I G D R IF A

T hi I t h s lfi t ee co un s e rs

T h t t w d th y k i
a o ar n

T h b th bl m l
ou ear ee a e ess.

T k t h ty g
a e no as v en e an c e ,

A lt h g h t h ouy i p t if e ra s e u s r e

T h t i t i i d b fit th d d
a , s sa ,
en e s e ea .

23 . T h i I th s l dly ee coun s e s e co n

Th t a th t h w
no oa ou s ea r,

If i t t b t no e rue .

C ruelb d on s
 TH E LA Y O F S I G D R I FA . 1 61

Fo ll ow b ro k en fa i h t
Ac c u r s e di s t k
th e fa i h -b r e a er .

T hi s I th ee l th i dly
co u n s e r

Th t i th
a n e asse m b ly t h ou

C t d t
o n en no w i th f l ; a oo

Fo r an un w i s e m an
O ft u tt ers wor d s

Wo rs e th an he k n o w s o f.

Al l i s vain,

If th ou ld t i l ;
ho es s en ce

T h w i lt th
en m ou b see a c rav e n orn ,

O l t ly
r e se ru d a ccu s e .

D b tf l i t t ti m y ’
ou u s a s e rv an s es on ,

U l n ess g d a t hoo g t t t on e ou e es .

O n th tdy
e n ex a

L t h i l i f g f th
e s e o or ,

A dn mso li en s w d
’
es re ar .

T hi I s l t h f t h ly
co u n s e ee our
°

If wi k d
a c e s o rc e r e s s

D w ll b y t h w y
e e a ,

T go i b tt
o on s e er

T h th t l d g
an ere o o e,

T h g h i gh t m y é t k th
ou n a ov r a e ee .

Of hi g y
s earc n e es

Th e f m
son s ho d en av e nee ,

Wh fi ly th y h t fi gh t
en e rce e av e o

O ft p i i w m
e rn c o u s o en

By t h w y i d e ai s e s t,
Wh w d o s d or l d d
s an v a or ea en .

T h i I th
s ee l fifthl y cou n s e

Alt h gh t h
ou f i w m ou se e a r o en

O n th b eh i tt i g
en c es s n ,

L t t th i ki d d i l *
’
e no e r n re s S v er

O v er th y l ph pw S ee a ve o er .

T ki
o th ss ti ee w m en ce no o an .

W hi ch t m ht t
hou ig m es ge t by a r r i ag e .
1 62 T HE LA Y O F S I G D RI FA .

T hi I th
s ee counse l S ix th ly
A lth gh ou a m on g m e n p as s

O ffe n s i v e t i p y t lk s a ,

N e v e r, w hi l d k e run en, q u a rr e l
W i th m en of war :

Wine t l
s ea s th e w i t s of m an y .

Br a w l s an d di kr n

To m an y m e n hav e been
A h e a r fe t lt-
s orr o w ;
To so m the eir d th ea

To s om e ca a l m i ty
Man y a re t h e g r i e fs O f m e n !

T hi I th
s l ee th ly coun s e sev en
°

If t h h t di p t
ou as s u es

W i th d i g m a ar n an ,

B tte it i
er f m s or en

T fi g h t th
o t b b t an o e u rn

W i t h i th i d w ll i g
n e r e n .

T h i I th
s l i gh th ly
ee c o un s e e

T h t t h g d th g i t
a ou uar ee a a ns

A d n h w d
e sc it e e ce .

E tin ce m id no a en ,

N or w i fe of m an ,
N or to w an t on n e s st i nci e .

T hi I ths ee l i th ly
coun se n n

T h t tha ou cor p b y
ses ur ,

W h e re v e r o n th th t h
e e ar ou fin d e s t th m ; e

W h e th e r fr o m i ks c th y ness e hav e di d e ,

O r fr o m t h e sea ,

O r a re f ro m w e a p on s d d ea .

Le t db i
a m o un e ra s e d
F th d p t d
or ose e ar e ;
L t th i h d
e d h d b w
e r an s an ea e ashe d ,

C mb d
o d w ip d d y
e ,
an e r ,

E i
re h ffi th y
n t l id ;e co n e a re a

A d p y f
n th i h ppy l p
ra or e r a S ee .
1 64 R U D O LP H K E Y S ER .

p r ctai c But one t h

. whol w find th m r fl ct d i e e e e e e e n

th popul r ch r ct r of th Nors m n such

e a a a h i story
e e e e , as

t ch s i t to us duri ng h th ndom Br v ry prud nc

ea e ea e . a e , e e,

an d lov of i nd p nd nc
a e i t br i ght st f tur s e e e e are s e ea e ,

a lth ough br v ry oft n d g n r t d i nto w rri or fi

a e e e e e a e a erce

n ss prud nc i nto d i ssi m ul ti on d th lov of i nd

e , e e a , an e e e

p end i nto
en ces lf w i ll If on t h he nd w -
find . e on e a e a

nobl s lf comm nd d vot d f i thfuln ss i fri ndsh i p

e e -
a ,
e e a e n e

an d lov nobl h rt d hosp i t l i ty

e, e-d g n ros i ty
ea lov
e a an e e , a e

of r i ght d of l g l ord r w lso an on th oth r

e a e , e a s ee , e e

h nd unyi ldi ng stubbornn ss fi rc p i ri t of r v ng

a ,
e e , a e e S e e e,

a r pulsi v rrog nc f r ch i ng s lf i nt r st d
e e a a e, a ar - e a e -
e e , an an

e xc ssi v d p n d nc upon th form l i ti s of th l w

e e e e e e e a e e a .

A cold d unmov d an xt ri or oft n conc l d soul e e e e ea e a

torn by th b i tt r st gri f or sti rr d up by th w i ld s t

e e e e ,
e e e

p ssi ons A p ssi on t outburst of joy or of gri f w

a . a a e e as

consi d r d di g i fi d F w words but n rg ti c cti on

e e un n e . e , e e e a ,

w as e st m d i conduct d compl i nt w si l nc d i
ee e n , an a as e e n

ord r th t v ng nc could stri k th mor sur ly d

e a e ea e e e e e an

h v i ly Und r tr nq i l i ndi ff r nt mi n w r con

ea . e a a u , e e e e e

cea el d th bold st d most d ep l i d pl ns d th

e e an e - a a , an e

r l i nt nti on first c m to l i ght i th d c i s i v mom nt

ea e a e n e e e e .

On th wh ol th r w c rt i nly i mpr ss of ri gi di ty
e e, e e as e a an e ,

i ns ns i b i l i ty
e d s lf g odn ss st mp d upon th pop l r
an e - o e a e e u a

ch r ct r b t th i s st mp w mor upon th outsid

a a e ,
u a as e e e

th n i i t i nn rmost ch r ct r mor th r sult of

a n s e a a e , e e e

i nord i n t pru d nc th n of
a e v i l d i sposi t i on ; d
e e a an e an

thro gh ll i t f i l i ngs th r shi n s forth d i gn i ty of

u a s a e e e a

so l w hi ch nnobl d pow r d h ld up glory i th i s

u e e e an e n

li f d i ft r g s th h i gh st bj ct of hum n
e an n a e a e as e e O e a

p rt ssi gn d to th N
T he a a e e o rsem en i n the gr nd a

dr m of Europ n hi story w to fr
a a ea as ee th e hum n m i nd a

R eli g i on of the N or th m en , c h a p . x vi i .
 TH E D A Y S O F THE WE E K . 1 65

from th C s ri n thr ldom of Rom i wh i ch i t h d

e ae a a a e, n a

so long b n ch i n d ; to show wh t m rv ls s lf gov rn

ee a e a a e e -
e

m nt d fr i nsti tut i ons

e an ccompl i sh
ee d thus c an a , an

h nd d own to us th i r d sc nd nts glori ous h ri t g

a ,
e e e a , a e a e

of i mp r i sh bl pri nc i pl s wh i ch w must study d i

e a e e , e an n

a gr t m sur b gu i d d by
ea ea e e e .

W r t i n i th d ys of th w k th r m mbr nc
e e a n e a e ee e e e a e

of th i s r l i gi on wh i ch w brought to Engl nd mor

e ,
as a e

th n fourt n hundr d y rs g by th Goths who

a ee e ea a o
1

e ,

c m to gi v th t country
a e w n m e d w f t
a a ne a e an a ne a e

in th world eT h Goths t ught t h p opl of Br i t i n

. e a e e e a

to d i v i d th w k i nto th i r S u d y M d y Ty
e e ee e n- a , oon - a , s

d y O di
a , d y Th d y
’
n s- d F y or F yj d y
a ,
or s -
’
a ,
an re
’
s re a s-
’
a .

T h n m of S turd y t h Engl i sh w to th Rom n

e a e a a e o e e a

god S turnus ; but th l st d y of th w k w known

a e a a e ee as

a mong th rly Nors m n d i sti ll known mong

e ea e e , an s a

th m e L ug , d g Lb d g th t i W hi g d y
as a ar- It a , r- a , a s as n -
a .

i poss i bl
s E C Ott e qu i ntly r m rks th t our
e, as . . a e a , a

A glo S xon for f th rs m y h v

n -
a w i sh d to ch ng e a e a a e e a e

th i s n m wh n i l t r ti m s th y h d c s d to h v
a e e , n a e e , e a ea e a e

only w shi ng d y out of th s v n l i k th i r

on e a -
a e e e , e e

north rn nc stors e a e .

W now pr p r d to pr s nt th Nors mythol

e ar e e a e e e , e e

ogy d w sh ll d i vi d i t i nto thr d i v i si ons T H

, an e a e ee : E

C ATI O N A N P S RV ATI O N T H L I F A N E
RE D RE E , E E D x

P LO S OIT H G O S d RA N A K A D R G N
F T E D , an G RO N E E ER

A TI O N Th s thr d i vi si ons w d d i c te r sp ct i v ly
. e e ee e e a e e e

to U V R D,AN d S K UL th thr
ER D norns WA S D E, an D, e ee , ,

Is , d S H A LL B
an wh i ch phold th world s structur E, u e
’
e
an d pr s i d ov r th d st i n i s of gods
e e d m e e e e an en .
 P A RT I .

THE CRE A T IO N AN D PRE S ER V A T IO N O F

THE WO R LD .

URD .

U riSa r o rO i

k vetSr e ng i m a6 r .
1 72 G I N UN G A G A P .

wa s Nifl h i m ( th n bulous world) d f to th south

e e e , an ar e

w as Musp l h i m ( th fi world ) B tw n th m w
e e e re . e ee e as

Gi g g p (
n un t h y wn
a iang g p) In th m i ddl
e of a a . e e

N i flh i m l y th pri ng c ll d H g l m
e a d from i t
e S a e ve r e e r, an

flow d tw lv i cold str ms th r i v rs Eli g of

e e e ce- ea , e e va ar ,

wh i ch Gjol w si tu t d n r st H l g t M usp lh i m
as a e ea e e -
a e . e e

w as so bri gh t d hot th t i t burn d d bl z d d an a e an a e an

could not b trodd n by thos wh di d not h v th i r

e e e o a e e

hom d h ri t g th r
e an In th m i dst of th i s i nt ns
e a e e e . e e e

l i ght d burn i ng h t t Surt gu rdi ng i t bord rs

an ea sa , a s e

w i t h fl m i ng sword i hi h nd
a a n s a .

S EC TI O N II . TH E O R G I IN O F THE G I A N TS ( RH I M T H U R S A R ) .

first b i ngs c m i nto x i st nc i th follow i ng

T he e a e e e e n e

m nn r Wh n thos ri v rs th t
a e : e c ll d Eli g e e a a re a e va ar ,

an d whi ch flow d from th pri ng H g lm h d

e e S ve r e e r, a

flow d f from th i r spri ng h d th v nom wh i ch

e ar e -
ea e e

flow d w i th th m h rd n d
e do s dross th t runs
e a e e ,
as e a

from f rn c a d b c m
u i
a e, A d wh n th i
an e a e ce . n e e ce

stood sti ll d not th v por ri si ng from th

,
an r an ,
e a a e

v nom g th r d ov r i t d froz to r i m
e a e e d ie th i s an e e, an n

m nn r w r form d i th y wn i g g p m ny l y rs
a e e e e n e a n a a a e

of cong l d v p r p i l dea e ov r th o th r T h t p rt
a o e on e e e e . a a

o f Gi n un
g g p t h t l y tow
a rd a t h north w a thus a a e as

fill d w i th th i ck d h vy i
e d ri m d anv ry ea ce an e, an e e

wh r w i th i n w r fogs d g sts ; but th south s i d

e e e e an u e e

of G i g g p w l i ght n d by th sp rks d fl k s
n un a a as e e e a an a e

th t fl w t of M sp l h i m Thus wh i l fr z i ng
a e ou u e e . e ee

cold d g th ri ng gloom proc d d from N ifl h i m

an a e ee e e ,

th t p r t of G i g g p wh i ch look d tow rd Mus

a a nun a a e a .

p elh i m w
e hot d br
asi ght ; but G i g g p w
an n un a a as as

l i gh t w i ndl ss i ; d wh n th h t d bl st m t
as e a r an e e ea e a e

th froz n v por i t m lt d i nto drops

e e a d by th m i ght e e ,
an e
 Y M ER . 1 73

of hi m who th s d rops qu i ck n
s en td i nto the hea t, *
e e e e

l i f d w r sh p d i nto th l i k n ss of m
e an e e Hi a e e e e a an . s

n m w Ym r b t th frost gi nts c ll d hi m A
a e as e ,
u e -
a a e ur

g lm r Ym r w not god ; h w b d ( vi l i ll )
e e . e as a e as a e , r ,

as w r ll hi k i nd W h n h l pt h f ll i nto
e e a s . e e S e , e e a

sw t d from th pi t of hi l ft m w x d m
ea , an e s e ar a e a an

an d wom n d
a of hi f t b g t w i th th oth r
a ,
an on e s ee e a e e

a son from whom d sc nd th frost gi nts d th r

, e e e -
a , an e e

for Ym r i c ll d th old frost gi nt (Rhi m thu )

e e s a e e -
a rs .

Thus th Eld r Edd i th l y of V fth ud

e e a, n e a a r n er

C tl w i t o un ess n ers

E th w f m d re e ar as or e ,

W as b o r n B e rg e l m e r ;
Th r u d g e l m e r
Wa s his s i re ,

Hi s g r a n d s i re Au r g e l m e r .

F r om El i v a g a r
Sp ra n g v e n om d p ro s,

W h i ch g r e w t i ll t h y e b e cam e a i
g an ; t
B ut s p k ar s flew
F ro m th e sou th w ld
-
or

T o t h e i c e t h e fire g a v e w a y .

Un d er th e a rm pit
g rew ,
’
T is s ai d ,
o f Rh i m t h u r s ,

A gi r l and boy t og e th er ;
F t w i th f t b g
oo oo e a t ,

O f th t w i g i ta se an ,

A i h d d s x- ea e s on .

S EC TI O N III I I N O F TH E CO W A UD HUM BLA

. TH E O R G

A N D T H E B I RTH O TH E G O D F S .

On wh t di d th gi nt Ym r l i v i
a p r ti n nt e a e e, s a e e

qu sti on H r i th ns w r T h n xt th ing w h n
e . e e s e a e : e e , e

t he r i m h d b e n r solv d i nto dro p s w s th t th

e a e e e , a a e

p m d T he su re e go .
1 74 O D N I ,
VIL E AN D V E .

cow wh i ch i c ll d A udhumbl w m d of i t Four

,
s a e a, as a e .

m i lk ri v rs - t of h e t ts d thus h f d Ym r
r an o u er ea , an s e e e .

On wh t d i d th aw f d? S h l i ck d r i m ston s e co ee e e e- e ,

w hi ch w r s lt ; d th first d y th t h l i ck d th
e e a an e a a s e e e

ston s th r c m t v n i ng out of th ston s m n s

e e e a e a e e e e a a
’

h i r th s cond d y m n s h d d th th i rd d y
a ,
e e a a a
’
ea ,
an e a

all t h m w eth r Hi n m w Bur H w

an as e e . s a e as e . e as

f i r of f c gr t d m i ghty H b g t son by n m
a a e, ea an . e e a a a e

Bor Bor took for hi w i f wom n whos n m w

. s e a a e a e as

B tles d ught r of th g i nt B l th
a, a a d th y h d e e a o o rn , an e a

thr sons Od i n Vi l
ee d V th rul rs of h v n
,
d ,
e an e, e e ea e an

ea rth ; d Od i n dds th Young r Edd i th gr t st

an , a e e a, s e ea e

an d l ordl i st f l l th gods e O a e .

T h frost g i nts w r
e th n th first r c or th
-
a e e, e , e a e e

first dyn sty of gods T h Eld r Edd m k s th i s dyn

a . e e a a e

a sty mbr c thr b i ngs for A g l m i th p ss g

e a e ee e ,
ur e er n e a a e

quot d i th m e Ym r s e sa e as e .

Od i n d sc nd d from th frost g i nts whi ch i lso

/

e e e e -
a , s a

prov d by p ss g i th Young r Edd wh r G ng

e a a a e n e e a, e e a

l r sks wh r Odi n k pt h i ms lf
e e a h v n e ed rth e e ere ea e an ea

w r y t m d Th n h w nsw r d H r wi th th
e e e a e . e e a s, a e e aa , e

frost gi nts ( Rhi m th

-
a ) u r sar .

S EC TI O N I V . TH E N O RS E D ELUG E A N D THE O R G I IN OF

H EA V EN AN D E A R TH .

Bor s sons Od i n V i l
’
d V sl w th gi nt Ym r , , e an e, e e a e ,

but w h n h f ll th r e so m ch blood out of hi

e e e e ran u s

wounds th t w i th th t th y d rown d ll th r c of
, a a e e a e a e

t h frost g i nts s v
e who got w y w i th hi hous
-
a ,
a e on e, a a s e

hold ; hi m th gi nts c ll B g lm H w nt on b rde a a er e er . e e oa

hi bo t s d wi t h h i m w nt hi w i f
a , an d from t h m e s e, an e

cm a w r c of frost g i nts
e a ne Thus th Eld r Edd a e -
a . e e a:
176 TH E H E A EN LY B O D ES V I .

Fro m Ym e r
’
s fl esh

The ear th w a s fo rm e d ,

A n d fr o m h i s b o n e s t h e h i ll s,

T h e h e a v e n fr o m t h e s k llu

O f th ta i c e -c o ld g i t an ,

A n d fr o m h i s b l d thoo e sea .

An d G ri m n er
’
s l ay
O f Ym e r
’
s fl e sh

Was ear th td cre a e ,

O f hi s bl d th oo e sea,

O f hi s bo n e s th e hi ll s.

O f hi s hai r t re e s and pl t an s,

O f hi s s k ll u th e h e av en s ,
An d of h i s b ro w s
T h e gen e tl p
o w e rs

Fo rm e d d d
M i g a r fo r th e s on s men ;
B u t O f h i s b ra i n
Th e h e a v y l d c ou s a re

All cre a e td .

S EC TI O N V . T H E H EA V E N LY B O D ES , I TI ME THE WI N D,

T HE RA N BO I W .

h v nly bodi s w r form d of th sp rks from

T he ea e e e e e e a

M usp lh i m Th gods di d not cr t th m but only

e e . e ea e e ,

pl c d th m i th h v ns to gi v l i ght nto th world

a e e n e ea e e u e ,

an d ssi gn d th m
a pr scri b d loc l i ty d moti on By
e e a e e a an .

th m d ys d n i ghts d s sons w r m rk d Thus

e a an an ea e e a e .

th Eld r Edd
e e i V olusp aa, n :

Th k w t e sun ne no

Hi p p ph s ro er s ere ;
Th t k w t e s ars ne no

T h i p p pl ; e r ro er ace

Th m k w t e o on ne no

Wh h p i ti w e re er os on as .

Th w h g e re as now e re ra s s

U ti l B
’
n or s s on s
 TH E S UN AN D MO O N . 1 77

T he ex p an se did ra i s

By w h o m t h e g r e a t
d
Mi g a r w a s m a e d d .

From t h e s o u h t h e t s un

S ho n e on ll ; th e wa s

Th en d i d th th e ear

G re e n h b p d
er s ro uc e .

Th e m oon w t h d en a ea

Th e s un f ll w d o o e ,

Hi s right h d h ld an e

Th e t d fh
s ee s o e aven .

M f th r of th sun d moon It
un d ilfa r e wa s th e a e e an .

is st t d i t h
a e Young r Edd
n th teM d i lf h d two e a a un a re a

ch i ldr n son d d ght r so lov ly d gr c ful

e ,
a an a au e ,
e an a e

t h t h c ll d th boy M n ( moon ) d th gi rl Sol

a e a e e aa e
*
an e
*

(sun ) d th ,
l ttanr h g v i m err i g to G l
a ( et h e a e n a a e en er e

shi n i ng ) on e .

But th gods b i ng i nc ns d t M dilf

e , p e m p e e a un ar e s
’
r e su

ti on took hi chi ldr n d pl c d th m i th h v ns

,
s e an a e e n e ea e ,

an d l t S l dr i v th hors s th t dr w th
e o e of th e e a a e c ar e

su n T h s hors s
. c ll d A k ( th v r w k f l)
e e e a re a e arv a e e e -
a e u

an d Al i ( th r p i d
sv nn ) ; th y g entl d b
a ut i ful on e e a re e e an ea ,

an d nd r t h i r w i th rs t h gods pl c d two sk i ns fill d

u e e e e a e e

w i th i to cool d r fr sh th m or ccordi ng to
a r an e e e , , a

a noth r nc i nt tr di t i on
e a i ron r fri g r nt subst nc
e a , an e e a a e

c ll d i
a e k l A sh i ld by
sarn m S v li ( cool) st nds
o . e ,
na e a n ,
a

b for th Sun th sh i n i ng god Th mount i ns d

e e e , e . e a an

th oc n would bur
e ea up i f th i s sh i ld sh ould f ll w y n e a a a .

M n w aa t to g i d
e th
as m oon i
se h cours d u e e n er e, an

r gul t h i ncr si ng d w n i ng sp ct
e a e er ea an a a e .

A g i n t by n m Norv a , who dw lt i Jotunh i m a e e, e n e ,

h d a d ught r c ll d Ni gh t
a a ewho l i k ll h a e , e a er

r c w of d rk d sw rth y compl x i on S h w
a e, as a a an a e . e as

In t h e N ors e l an gu a g e , a s a sol in th e An g l o -S ax on , th e s un is of the

fem i n i n e an d the m o on of th e m a s c u i n e g e n l d er .
1 78 H R I M F A X E A N D S K I N FA X E .

first w dd d to m
e e l l d N gl f a d h d by hi m
an
’

ca e a ar e , an a

a son m d A d d ft rw rd to noth r m c ll d
na e u , an a e a a e an a e

A by whom h h d d ugh t r c ll d E rth

n n ar , s e a a a e a e a

Sh e fin lly spo s d D lli ng (d y br k) of

a e u e rc e a -
ea ,
as a - a e,

d th i r son w D y (d g ) chi ld li ght d f i r l i k ‘

an e as a a r , a an a e

hi f th r
s a Al l f th
e . g v Ni ght d D y two hors s
a er a e an a e

an d t w c rs o ad t th m
, an
p i t h h v ns
se th t th y e u n e ea e a e

m i gh t dri v s cc ssi v ly
e u ft r th oth r ch i
e e on e a e e e ,
ea n

t w nty four ho rs ti m round th world N i ght ri d s

e -
u
’
e, e . e

firs t w i th h st d H im f er
( r i m
ee t h t v ry r ax e e a e e

morn ,
h as nds hi co rs b d ws th rth w i th th
e e s u e, e e e ea e

fo m from hi bi t T h st d dri v n by D y i c ll d
a s . e ee e a s a e

S ki f ( s
n ax e hi n i ng f ) d ll th sky
-
d axrth gl i st
,
ns an a e an ea e

from hi m n Thus th Eld r Edd i th l y of

s a e . e e a, n e a

V afth r u dn er
M u n d i l fa r e h i g h t he
W ho t h e m o o n s fa h e r i s ,
’
t
And l
a so th e s u n
’
s

Ro u n dh eaven j ourn e y
Ea c h d a y th y e m us t ,

T o co u n ty ea rs fo r m e n .

In t he l a y of G r i m n er :

Aa rv a k an d Al s v i n n ,

Th i i i p he rs t s u ence

Ti d th re t d w e s un o ra
'

U d n th i h lder e r S ou er

T h g tl p w t h g d
ese en e o ers , e o s,

H av e ld i l
co n c e a e an ro n - c o o n e s s .

S li
va th h i ld i
n ll d e s e s ca e

W hi h t d b f c th s an s e or e e s un ,

Th f lg et d i ty
re u en e ;
R k oc d s m t Iw
an oce an us , e en,

B b e t urn ,

F ll i f m i p l
e t ro ts ace .

Fa x m ane .
1 80 TH E S EA S O N S .

r c who
a e most form i d bl of ll Hi n m i
i s th e a e a . s a e s

M a an a
g m ( moon sw llow
ar r ) h i fill d w i
- th th a l i f e : e s e e e

blood of m who dr w n r th i r d d h w i ll
en a ea e en , an e

sw llow up th moon d st i n th h v ns d th
a e , an a e ea e an e

earth w i th blood A i t i s i d i th V O l u pa of th . s s a n e s , e

Eld r Edd e a :

E tw d i th I w d as ar n e ro n oo

Th ld i tt th e o one S e ,

A d th b i g t h f th n ere r n e or

F f ll k i d d
’
e n re r s e n re .

O f th h m i gh t i t ese, on e, t e es ,

Th m d e o on s
’
e vo u re r,

I f m m t fi d li k n or os en -
e,

A d fill d w i th t h l i f b l d n e e e- oo

O f th d d d h dyi g e ea an t e n ,

R dd w i th ddy g e ens ru o re

Th f th h i g h g d e s e a ts o e o s .

T h h ll th hi en S a e s un s ne

O f mm b d k d su er e ar en e ,

A d fi kl h w th n c e t e ea er .

C i y t h i t ? on c e v e e s or no

Th gods t Ev n i ng
e d M i dn i ght M rn i ng
se e d an o an

Noon For noon d Aft rnoon to count out th y r

, e an e ,
e ea .

Th r w r only two s sons summ r d w i nt r ; h

e e e e ea ,
e an e en c e

spri ng d f ll must b i nclud d i th s two T h

an a e e n e e . e

f th r of Summ r i c ll d S
a e d ( th m i ld ) who i
e s a e v a su e , s

such g ntl a d d l i c t b i ng th t wh t i mi ld i
e e an e a e e ,
a a s s

fro m hi m c ll d sw t ( a l gt) T h f th r of Wi nt r
a e ee sv s e . e a e e

h astwo n m s V i d l a d Vi d
e ,
l ( th w i nd cool ) ;
n on e an n s va e -

h i th son of V
e s d ( sl t bri ng i ng )
e d li k
a su ll hi ee -
, an ,
e a s

rc h
a e, i y br t h
as an d i of gri m d gl oomy
c ea an s an

asp ct e .

Wh nc com th w i nds th t
e e e so strong th te , a a re a

th y mov th oc n d f fi to fl m
e e e ea d st i ll
an an re a e, an ar e

so i ry th t no mort l y
a a di sc rn th m ? A nsw r a e e c an e e e

In th north rn xtr m i ty of th h v ns si ts gi nt
e e e e e ea e a a
 TH E E LDE R ED D A .
1 81

c ll d H
a e lg ( corps
r aes ve sw llow r ) cl d
er w i th gl s e -
a e , a ea e
’

plum s W h n h spr ds t hi w i ngs for fl i ght th

e . e e ea ou s , e

w i n d s r i s from und r th m
a e e e .

W hi ch i th p th l d i g from rth to h v n
s e a ea n ea ea e ?

T h gods m d
e bri dg fr m rth t h v n d c ll d
a e a e o ea o ea e an a e

i t B i fros t ( th v i br t i ng w y) eW h v ll s n i t d a a . e a e a ee an

c ll i t th r i nbow It i of thr hu s d construct d

a e a . s ee e an e

w i th mor t th n y oth r work But tho gh strong

e ar a an e . u

i t b i t w i ll b brok n to p i c s wh n th sons of M us
e, e e e e e e

pe l , ft r ah ev i ng tr v rsad gr t r i v rs sh ll r i d ov
a r e e ea e ,
a e e

it. T h r i noth i ng i n tur th t

e e s hop to m k n a e a c an e a e

r s i st nc wh n th sons of M p l s lly forth to th

e a e e e us e a e

gr t comb t Now li st n to th Eld r Edd on som

ea a . e e e a e

of th s s bj cts
e e u e .

In th l y of G i me a r n er

S k l h w lf i m d o t e o s na e

T h t h f i f d g dd a t e a r- a c e o e ss

T o th e o cean chas es ;
A n o h e r Ha t t e is ca ll ed,

He is Hro d v i t n e r ’
s son

He t h e b ri g h t m ai d of heaven S ha ll p re ce d e .

In the V ol sp au

T h w t th p w en ll en e o e rs a

T th i j d g m
o t t e r u en sea s ,

Th l l h ly g d
e a -
o o s,

A d th n h ld l e re on e coun c i

T i ghto d t th w
n i an o e an n
g m oo n
G av e n am e s ;
Morn th y e n am e d
An d m i d d a y , -

t
A f e rn oo n a n d eve,

W h e r e by to re c k on y e a rs .

In t h e l ay of V a fthr u d n e r :

V i nd s val i s hi s n am e

Wh o win t er s
’
t
fa h e r i s ,
182 BI L A N D HJ UK E .

An d S va s ud s um m e r s
’
t
fa h e r i s
Ye a rly th y e bo h t
S h ll a j ever o u rn e y ,

U ti l t h p
n e o w e rs p e r i sh .

Hr ae s v e l g e r i s h i s n am e

Who at th e en d of h e av e n si s, t
A gi an i n a n e ag e st l ’
pl um a g e

Fr om h i s w i n s c o m e s ,
g
d It i s sai d ,
th e w i n
ll m p Th t a ov e r a en asses .

In r f r nc t M n i t sho ld b dd d th t the
e e e e o aa e, u e a e ,
a

Young r Edd t lls th t h onc t ok ch i ldren fr m

e a e u s, a e e o o

earth Th i r n m s w r Bi l d Hj k T h y w nt
. e a e e e an u e . e e

from th spri ng c ll d By g e d bor on th i r sho l a e r e r, a n e e u

d rs th b ck t c ll d S g r w i th th pol c ll d S i mul
e e u e a e ae e e e a e .

Th i r f th r s m w V i dfi Th s ch i ldr n follow
e a e
’
na e as n . e e e

M n aa m y b s n from th
e, as rth a e ee , e ea .

S E CT O N I V I . TH E G O LD E N AG E . TH E O R G I IN OF TH E

DW
V A R FS . TH E CR E A T O N I O F TH E FI RS T M AN AN D

WO M A N .

In th b gi nn i ng Allf th ( Odi n ) ppo i nt d rul rs

e e a er a e e

an d b d t h m j dg w i th hi m th f t of m
a e e d u e e a e en an

r gul t th g v rnm nt of th c l sti l c i ty Th y m t

e a e e o e e e e e a . e e

for th i s p rpos i pl c c ll d Id l d ( th pl i ns of
u e n a a e a e av o e a

Id ) w h i ch i th c nt r of th d i v i n
a ,
bod ( A sg rd
s e e e e e a e a ,

th bod of th s s) T h i r first work w to r ct

e a e e a a . e as e e

a court or h ll wh r th r tw lv s ts for th ma ,
e e e e are e e ea e

s lv s b si d s th thron wh i ch i occup i d by All

e e ,
e e e e s e

f th r T hi s h ll i th l rg st d most m gn i fic nt
a e . a s e a e an a e

in th un i v rs b i ng r spl nd nt
e ll s i d s both
e e, e e e e on a e

wi thi n d w i th out w i th th fin st gold Its n m i

an e e . a e s

Gl dsh i m (h om of gl dn ss ) T h y lso r ct d
a e e a e . e a e e e ah

oth r h ll for th s nc tu ry of th godd ss s It i

e a e a a e e e . s a
1 84 THE E LD ER ED D A .

T he asas m et
On Id pl i a s
’
a ns ;
T h y lte ai d a rs ra se

A d t m pl
n b i lt ;
e es u

F th y t bl i h d
urn a c e s
"

e es a s e ,

P i th i g f g d
r e c o us n s or e ,

T h i t g th t h y t i d
e r s ren e r e

I m n yw y an a s

Wh m ki g t g
en a n on s

A d f mi g t l
n or n oo s .

O th
n g th y pl y d
e re e n e a e

I j yf l m
n o d u oo ,

N ork w t ll ne a a

Th w e t f g ldan o o ,

U ti l th
n m e re ca e

Th g i t m i d
ree an a s

E di g t g
xcee n s ron

Fro m J o t hn h e i m .

Th en all th e pw o e rs

We nt to the th ro n e ,

Th e h o ly go d s,

An d h e lt ld c on s u

W h h ld f d w f
o s ou O ar s

Th th f h i
e ra c e en as on

F m th l i i d b
ro e v on e s

A d bl d f th g i
n t oo o e an .

M o ds og n e r , ch i e f

O f t h e d w a r fis h r ace ,

An d D u r i n , too ,
W e re th en c re a e td ;
An d li k e to m en
D w a r fs i n t h e e ar th
W e re fo r m e di n n u m be rs

AS D u r i n or d d e re .

An d th en th e re cam e

O ut O f th e ra n k s

P o w e r fu l and fa i r ,

Th re e a sas h om e ,
 THE G O DS AN D TH I E R A B O D ES . 1 85

An d fo u n d on sh o re ,

In h e lpl pl i g h t
ess ,

As k an d Em b l a,
*

W i th o u t th i f t e r a e .

Th y h d e y t a n ot e

S pi it rmi d or n ,

Bl d oo b ty or e au

O l ly h
r ov e ue.

O di g n pi i t av e S r ,

H oe n e r
g m i d ave n ,

L d o g bl d
er ave oo

A d l n ly h ov e ue .

TI O N V II H G O D S A N D TH E I R A B O D ES
S EC . T E .

In th Old Nors l ngu g god i c ll d a (pl

e e a a e a s a e ss .

i )
ce s r d godd ss d y j
an a T h go d s dw ll i A sg rd
e s n a . e e n a .

In i t m i dst
s th pl i ns of Id ( I d bll th ss m
ar e e a a ae r, e a e

bl i ng pl c of th gods )
-
a e d Od i n s h i g h s t Hli d
e , an
’
-
ea

skj lf from wh r
a ,
h looks out upon l l th
e e worlds e a e .

But bov th h v n of th s s
a e e h i gh r h v ns
ea e e a a are e ea e ,

an d i th h i gh st st nds th
n e i mp ri s h bl gold roof d
e a e e a e -
e

h ll G i ml wh i ch i bri gh t r th n th
a e, s e a e sun .

T h gods to whom d i v i n hon rs must b r nd r d

e , e o e e e e ,

are tw lv i numb r d th i r n m s
e e n Od i T h or e , an e a e a re n, ,

B ld r Tyr Br g H i md l Hod r V i d r V l Ull r

a e , ,
a e, e a ,
e ,
a ,
a e, e ,

Fors t Lok In th i s l i st Njord d Fr y

e e, e . not an e ar e

m nti on d for th y ori gi n lly b lo g d to th v ns or

e e , e a e n e e a

s ea gods d w r r c i v d mong th s s by v i rtu

-
, an e e e e e a e a a e

of tr ty i whi ch Njord w gi v n
a ea n host g d as e as a a e, an

Fr y i hi s son
e s .

Of godd ss s w find th numb r tw nty i

e e de e e e -
s x, an

Vi ngolf i th i r h ll Odi n s h ll i th gr t V lh l
s e a .
’
a s e ea a a .

Sp rs support i t c i li ng ; i t i roof d w i th shi lds d

ea s e s e e ,
an

co ts of m i l dorn i t b nch s Th i th r d to V i
a a a s e e . e an n

As h an d El m .
1 86 TH E G O DS AN D TH I R E A B O D ES .

golf Odi n i nv i t s ll m wound d by rms or f ll n e a en e a a e

i
n b ttl Th r for h
a e . c ll d V lf th ( f th r of
e e e e 1s a e a a er a e

th sl i n )
e d hi
a i nv i t d gu sts
,
an c ll d i h j s e e a re a e e n er e s .

Th y e w i t d upon by v lkyri s
ar e a e a e .

T h dw ll i ng of Thor i T h ud
e e g or T h u d h i m s r van r e .

Hi h ll th i mm ns Bi l ki
s a ,
eUll r T h or s son e e s r n er . e ,
’

li v s i n Yd l
e B ld r l i v s i Br i d bl i k w h r noth
a er . a e e n e a , e e

i g i mpur i found
n Njord e of th v ns dw lls
s .
, on e e a , e

i
n No tun by th a H i md l i n h b i ts H i m i nbjorg
e se a . e a a ,

w hi ch st nds wh r Bif t bri dg ppro ch s h v n

a e e ro s
’
s e a a e ea e .

Fors t h G li t for hi dw ll i ng whos roof of i lv r

e e as ner s e , e S e

r sts on gold columns Th ch i f god d ss Fri gg w i f

e en . e e e , e

of Odi n h h dw ll i ng pl c i F l d F yj
, as er e -
a e n e n sa , an re a,

th godd ss of lov dw lls i Folkv ng ; h

e e h ll i S ss e, e n a er a s e

r y m S
n er g dw lls
. i t h gr at S k a b k und r t h e n e ea o va e e e

cool w v s ; th r h dri nks w i th Od i n v ry d y from

a e e e s e e e a

gold n v ss ls
e e e .

W h v so f m nt i on d th follow i ng cl ss s of
e a e ar e e e a e

d i ti s g i nts gods godd ss s v ns ( d i ti s) d

e e : a , ,
e e , a s e a -
e e , an

dw rfs In ddi ti on to th s th Young r Edd m

a . a e e e e a en

ti ons two ki nds of lv s lv s of l i ght d lv s of e e : e e an e e

d rkn ss Th lv s of l i ght dw ll i Alf hei m (h om

a e . e e e e n e

O f th lv s ) but th lv s of d rkn ss l i v und r th

e e e , e e e a e e e e

ea rth d di fl from th oth rs sti ll mor i th i r

, an
’

er e e e n e ao

ti ons th n i t h i r pp r nc T h lv s of li ght
a n e a ea a e . e e e are

f i r r th n th
a e b t th a lv s of d rk ss bl ck r
e sun , u e e e a ne a e

th n p i tch
a .

Th n w h v lot of i nf ri or sp i ri ts such trolls

e e a e a e , as ,

h ldu w i tch s ( tt ) n i ss s n cks t ll f wh i ch

er, e v ce r ,
e ,
e , e c .
,
a O

figur xt ns i v ly i th Nors folk l or but

e e e e xt n n e e -
e, an e e

si v d scri pti on of th m w i ll not b tt mpt d i th i s

e e e e a e e n

work .
 C H A P TE R II .

T H E P R E S E RVA T I O N .

AS IL M IM F O UN T I N ’ ’
T HE A S H Y S G DR UR S . ER A . D

F O U N TA I N H N O N S F AT S . T E R O R E .

G D RA S IL i of th nobl st conc pt i ons th t

s on e e e e a

v r nt r d i nto y sch m of cosmogony or

e e e e e an e e

hum n xi st nc It i i f ct th gr t t r of l i f
a e e e . s n a e ea ee e,

wond rfully l bor t d d xt nd d through th w h ol

e e a a e an e e e e e

syst m of th un i v rs It furn i sh s bodi s for m nk i nd

e e e e . e e a

from i t br nch s ; i t stri k s i t roots th rough ll worlds

s a e e s a ,

an d spr ds i t l i f g i v i ng rms through th h v ns

ea s e- a e ea e .

All l i f i ch r i sh d by i t
e s v n th t of s rp nts whi ch
e e , e e a e e ,

d vo r i t roots d s k to d stroy i t It h thr

e u s an ee e . as ee

gr nd roots f p rt O of th m xt nds to th
a ar a a . ne e e e e

s s noth r to th g i nts i th t v ry pl c wh r
a a ,
a e e a n a e a e e e

w as form rly G i g g p d th thi rd st nds ov r

e n un a a ,
an e a e

N i flh i m e d un d r th i s root wh i ch i
,
an const ntly e , s a

gn w d by th s rp nt N i dhug d ll hi r pti l
a e e e e an a s e e

brood i th fount i n H g l m
, s eUnd r th root a ver e er . e e

th t str tch s out tow rd th gi nts i M i m r s fount

a e e a e a s e
’

i
a n, i whi ch w i sdom d w i t li hi d T h own r of
n an e . e e

th i s fount i n i c ll d M i m r H i full f w i sdom

a s a e e . e s O ,

b c s h dri nks th w t rs of th fount i n v ry

e au e e e a e e a e e

morn i ng w i th th G j ll h Onc O d i n c m e d a ar o rn . e a e an

b gg d dr gh t of th i s w t r whi ch h r c i v d but
e e a au a e , e e e e ,

h h d to l v
e a of hi y s i p wn for i t Thus
ea e on e s e e n a .

i t i r cord d i
s e th Eld r Edd e n e e a
 I
M M ER A N D T H E UR A
D R -
F O UN TA I N . 189

F llu ll I k w we no ,

G t O di w h
re a
.

n, e re

T hi y t h l t ;ne e e ou os

Mi m w ll
’
I n er s e ,

Th f ti p
e o un a n u re ,

M d Mi mea di k er r n s

E a c h m o rn i n g ne w,

pl d g W i th O di n s
’
e e .

C i y t h i ? once ve e s

Und r th root of Ygdr si l whi ch xte nds to the

e e a ,
e

s s i h v n i th holy Urd r fount i n H r th

a a n ea e ,
s e a -
a . e e e

gods t i j udgm nt Ev ry d y t h y ri d up h i th r
Si n e . e a e e e

on hors b ck ov r B i frost (th r i nbow) w hi ch i c ll d

e a e e a ,
s a e

th bri dg of th gods ( d b u) Odi n ri d s hi gr y

e e e s r . e s a

e i ght foot d Sl i pn r H i md l on G l d t p
-
e T h oth r
e e ,
e a o o . e e

hors s e Gl d (bri ght) G yll ( g i ld r ) G l ( th

ar e a ,
er e , er e

shi i ng ) S k id b i m ( fl t foot) S ilf i t p ( s i lv r

n on e ,
e r er ee -
,
r n o e

top) S i n r ( si n ws ) G i l (th sunb m) F lh f ( p l

, e e ,
s e ea , a o n er a e

ho f ) L tf t ( l i ght foot) It h b n st t d b for

o , e e -
. as ee a e e e

th t th gods worthy of d i vi n honors w r tw lv

a e d e e e e e , an

h r w h v t hors s n m d B ld r s d Thor s
e e e a e en e a e . a e
’
an
’

a re w nti ng B ld r s h ors w burnt w i th hi m

a . a e
’
e as s as

t r s body d for T hor h h s to go on foot H

e
’
, an as , e a . e

c nnot p ss th A b i dg for th th und r wh i ch h i

a a e sa r e, e e ,
e s,

wou ld d stroy i t ; th r for h d i ly w d s thro ugh th

e e e e e a a e e

r i v rs K m t O m t d two oth rs c ll d K l ug to
e or ,
r ,
an e a e er a ,

g et to th counc i l of t h godse e .

T h g i nts c nnot p ss t h A b i dg for th

e a d i a a e sa r e, e re n

i t i burn i ng fi
s d th w t rs of h v n ro r round re an e a e ea e a a

it . If i t w r sy for v ry to w lk ov r i t th
e e ea e e on e a e , e

gi nts would go up to h v n by th t bri dg

a d ea e a e, an

p rh ps succ d i bri g i ng r i n upon th g ods

e a ee n n u e .

At th Urd r fount i n dw ll e lso thr m i d nsa -

a e a ee a e ,

n m d Urd V d d
a e d Skuld ( Pr s nt P st
, er d an e an e e , a an

Futur ) Th s m i d s fix th l i f ti m of ll m
e . e e a en e e e a en ,
1 90 TH E N O RN S .

an d c ll d norns Th y gu rd th fount i n wh i ch
a re a e . e a e a ,

t k s i t n m from th first d hi gh st of th thr

a e s a e e an e e e e,

Urd (Urd r fount) B s i d s th s th r

a -
oth r norns
. e e e e e e a re e ,

som of wh i ch
e of h v nly ori g i n but oth rs ba re ea e , e e

long to th r c s f lv s d dw rfs T h ornse a e O e e an a . e n

who of good orig i n

a re good th ms lv s d di ar e e e e , an s

p ns good d sti n i s
e e Thos m to whom m i
e e . e en s

fortun s h pp n D ugh t to scr i b th m to th v i l

e a e a e e e e

norns Thus i t i th t som m

. fortun t ds a e en a re a e an

w lthy whi l oth rs cqu i r n i th r ri ch s nor honors ;

ea , e e a e e e e

som l i v to good old g wh i l oth rs

e e a cut ff i a e, e e ar e O n

th i r pri m
e e .

Furth rmor i t must b st t d of th h Yg dr si l

e e e a e e as a ,

th t on i t topmost bough s i ts
a s gl who knows an ea e

m ny th i gs d b tw n th gl s y s s i ts h wk
a n , an e ee e ea e
’
e e a a

by n m V df la e A squ i rr l whos n m i R t t k
e o n er . e ,
e a e s a a os ,

runs up d down th tr an d s ks to c us stri f e ee , an ee a e e

b tw n th gl
e ee d th s rp nt N i dhug
e ea eFour st gs
an e e e . a

l p bout b n th i t br nc h s
ea a e d f d on i t buds
ea s a e an ee s .

Th y e c ll d D i n D li D y d D th
ar e a e aa , va n, un e r, a n ur a ror .

But th r so m ny sn k s w i th Ni dh ug i th fo nt
e e ar e a a e n e u

i H
a n
g l m th
ver t no etongu count
e r, th m Thus
a e c an e .

th Eld r Edd
e e a

Th t Yg d il e re e ra s

B b d e a rs a sorer ur en

Th m i m g i an en a ne .

Ab h t g bi t i t ov e t e s a s e ,

O i id g t i t n ts S es a e ro s ,

N i dh g g w b l w u na s e o .

M p t li ore ser en s e

U d Ygd l h ’
n er ra s i s as

T h i m pl t th i k f an S e ons n o ;
G oi n and M oi n ,

The s on s o f G r a fv i t n e r ,
 C H A P TE R III .

E XE G E TI CA L RE M A R K S U PO N H E CR EATI O N T AN D

PRE S E R V A TI O N O TH W O R LD F E .

N Nors t he i ll mytholog i s th b g i nn i ng
e as n a e , e e

of cr ti on i cosmogony pr s nti ng m ny qu s
ea s a e e a
"

ti ons d ifficult of soluti on Th n tur l d s i r of knowl . e a a e e

e dg sks for t h ori gi n of ll th i ngs ; d

e a e th a an as e

b g i nn i ng lw ys r m i s i n xpl i c bl th m i nd tr i s
e a a e a n e a e, e e

to s ti sfy i ts lf by p n tr t i ng f i nto th pri m v l

a e e e a as ar e e a

forms of m tt r d m ns f sust i n i ng l i f
a e an possi ea O a e as

bl e W follow th d v lopm nt of th tr b ck to th
. e e e e e e ee a e

s d d th n to th mbryo of th s d but sti ll w

ee an e e e e ee , e

a re un bl to xpl i n how m i n i tur k

a e e x i st i
a a a e oa c an e n

sc rc ly mor th n m r po i n t i th corn W v n
a e e a a e e n e a . e e e

i nsp ct th e first d v lopm nt of th pl nt w i th th

e e e e e a e

m i croscop but w cqu i r knowl dg not of th forc

e, e a e e e e e,

but only of i t m n i f st ti o s or ph nom n Such w

s a e a n e e a . as

a lso th xp ri nc of e e nc stors wh n th y i nqu i r d

e e e our a e ,
e e e

i nto th or i g i n of th i s world
e Th y h d th s m d s i r . e a e a e e e

to know but w r ,t so w ll prov i d d w i th m

e e s of
no e e e an

find i ng out w w i th , m i croscop i c t l scop i c

as e are ou r , e e ,

an d sp ctrum n lys i s i nstrum nts

e a a e .

T h first ffort of th sp cul t i v m to solv th °

e e i e e a e an s e e

myst ry f x i st nc T h first qu sti on i How h

e o e e e . e e s: as

th i s world b gun to b ? Wh t w i th b gi nn i ng
e e a as n e e ,

or wh t w th r b for th r y t w nyth i ng ? In
a as e e e e e e e as a

th Gr k myt h ology m ny forms s m to

e ee ri s out of a ee a e

n i gh t wh i ch s ms to shroud th m ll T h us i th
, ee e a . n e

( 1 92 )
 P O N D US I N ERS .
1 93

Nors myth ology th

e g t i i t h first
e ne a di ti ve s e , a c on o

i
s ne q u a p c w
n on , m i g h tS y
a e wh i ch w emust con sa ,
e

i
c e ve of x st
i i ng b
as e for nyt h i ng ,
b conc
e i vde a c an e e e as

ex i sti ng i i t Our nc stors i m gi n d i th b g i nn i ng

n . a e a e n e e

only y wn i ng g p i wh i ch th r w bsolut ly noth

a a a n e e as a e

i g
n .
Wond rfully noug h e t h y s i d the t th i d e a a e on e S e

of th i s i mm ns g lf xt nd d to th nort h d th
e e u e e e e an e

oth to th south
er though th r could b such th i ngs
e ,
as e e e

as th
n or d ut h anb for thso cr t i on of th
e worl de e ea e .

Th north
e i d w cold S t h esouth asw rm ; d thus ,
w e a an e

find by clos r i nsp cti on th t thi s noth i ng sti ll w

e e a as

som th i ng th t cont i n d i i ts lf pposi t forc s cold

e ,
a a e n e O e e ,

an d h t forcea of,
contr ct i on e d forc of xp ns i on
a an e e a ,

but t h s forc s w r ie e st t of bsolut i n rti

e e e n a a e a e e a.

Thus lso th Gr k ch os
a e ee a

di i dig t q m l ru s n es a ue o e s,

N q i d q
ec m i i p
u d iua g
n s t q d onm us n ers , con es a ue eo e

N b onj t m d
en e i d i m i
un c a r u m s co r a se na re ru .

We c nnot conc i v how

a body cont i n i ng two e e a a

forc s eb p d
c an i for v ryeforc i a i nfin i ton us n er s , e e e s e

an d c nnot r st a nl ss i t i pri son d by i t opposi t

e u e s e s e

forc d th i s i th n str i f
e, an T h Nors v i w i ph i lo s e e . e e e s,

soph i c lly sp k i ng mor corr ct H r th opposi t

a ea , e e . e e e e

forc s s p r t d by gulf d th y c nnot p n

e are e a a e a , an as e a e e

tr t th mpty sp c th y r m i n i n rt
a e e e a e, e e a e .

It h b for b n st t d th t th Nors m n b l i v d
as e e ee a e a e e e e e e

i n a gr t d lm i ghty god who w gr t r th n Odi n

ea an a ,
as ea e a .

Th i s god pp rs i th cr ti on of th world wh r
a ea n e ea e ,
e e

h s nds th h t d bl sts from M usp l h i m

e e e d i mp rts
ea e a e e an a

li f to th m lt d drops of ri m H w i ll pp r g i n
e e e e e . e a ea a a

as th just ed mi ghty who i to r i gn w i th B l

an on e, s e a

d er i th r g n r t d
n rth H i th tru Allf th
e e e e a e ea . e s e e a er .

Wh n th thought w di r ct d to i nqu i r i nto th

e e as e e e e

13
1 94 T H E S UPR E M E G OD .

ori g i n of th world qu sti on would n tur lly sug

e , on e e a a

g s t noth r thus
e a e ,

Qu sti on W h t produc d th world A nsw r T h

e : a e e
?
e : e

gi n t Ym r
a e .

Qu sti on But on wh t d i d t h gi nt Ym r l i v ?
e : a e a e e

A nsw r On th m i lk of
e cow
: e a .

Qu sti on Wh t di d th w l i v on A ns w r On
e : a e co e ? e :

s lt
a .

Qu sti on Wh r di d th s lt com from ? A nsw r

e : e e e a e e

From th ri m e e .

Q sti on W h nc c m th ri m ? A nsw r From

ue : e e a e e e e :

i
ce - cold str ms ea .

Qu st o Wh nc c m th cold A ns w r From
i e ?n : e e a e e e :

N i flhei m .

Q sti on But wh t g v l i f to th ri m
ue : A nsw r a a e e e e ? e

Th h te ea .

Q sti on Wh nc c m th h t A s w r From
ue ? : e e a e e ea n e :

hi m wh s nt i t o e .

H r i nq i ry could go no f rth r T hi s proc ss

e e u u e . e

bro gh t th i nqu i r r to th god w h om h d r d not

u e e e e a e

n m th uthor d rul r of ll th i ngs T hi s unknown

a e, e a an e a .

god th us pp rs only b for th cr ti on d ft r

a ea e e e ea an a e

th f ll of th world
e a H i not god of t i m but of
e . e s a e

t rn i ty H i from v rl sti ng to v rl sti ng

e e . e s e e a e e a .

Th Eld r Edd e c lls Ym r A g l m f th r of

e a a e ,
ur e e r, a e

T h dg l m
ru d gr ndf th r of B g l m
e er ( B gg l
an a a e er e er er e

m ) er Th
. first syll bl s of th s words xpr ss th
e a e e e e e e

gr d l h rd n i ng of m tt r from u (loo cl y) to
a ua a e a e a r se a

th u d ( p ck d compr ss d strong cl y )
r a d fin lly to
e , e e , a , an a

b g ( rock )
er Ym r th t i th first ch oti c world
. e , a s, e a

m ss i produc d by th un i on of frost d fi
a , s Th e e an re . e

d d cold m tt r i q i ck n d by th h t i nto hug

ea a e s u e e e ea a e

sh p l ss gi nt w hi ch h to b l i n ; th t i th crud
a e e a , as e S a a s, e e

m tt r h d to b brok n to p i c s b for i t could b

a e a e e e e e e e
1 96 TR I N ITY .

th e s cond i J f h
e ( qu lly hsi gh ) ; but h a n who a ar e a e

S i tt th on th
e h i gh st th ron i c ll d Th i d ( th
e e e s a e r e e

th i rd) Th n i th cr ti on of m th d i vi n i ty p
. e n e ea an e a

p rs i th form of tri n i ty T h thr gods Odi n

ea n e a . e ee , ,

H n r d Lod r cr t th first hum n p i r ch

oe e ,
an e , ea e e a a , ea

on e i mp rti ng to th m a gi ft corr spondi ng to hi e a e s

own n tur Od i n ( b d sp i ri t) gi v s th m sp i ri t th
a e .
'

n , e e , e

sp i ri tu l l i f ; h i hi ms lf th sp i ri t of th world
a e e s e e e ,

of wh i ch m n s i r fl cti on H n r ( l i ght) i ll m i
a
’
s a e e . oe e u

n t s th so l w i th und rst ndi ng

a e e u Lod r (fi e a e re ,

G rm l d
e . to fl m ) g i v s th w rm blood d
o er n , a e e e a an

th blus hi ng color tog th r w i th th burn i ng k nn s

e , e e e ee e s

of th s ns s It i vid n t th t Odi n s broth rs on

e e e . s e e a
’
e

th s e e occ si ons m r m n t i ons of hi b i g ; th y

a ar e e e e a a s e n e

proc d from hi m d only r pr s nt diff r nt ph s s

ee , an e e e e e a e

of th s m di v i n pow r Lod r i prob bly th

e a e e e . e s a e

s m p rson
a e eft rw rds st ps forw rd as a i nd e a e a as an e

p nd nt d i vi n i ty by n m Lok Wh n h w un i t d
e e a e e . e e as e

w i th Odi n i th tri n i ty h s nds qu i t g ntl n e d e e a e , e e an

i nv i s i bl fl m of l i ght th rough th v i ns of A k d
e a e e e s an

Embl th t i of m nk i nd A ft rw rds ssumi ng th

a, a s a . e a , a e

na m of Lok h b com s th consum i ng fi of th

e e, e e e e re e

ea rth Lod r produc s d d v lops l i f ; Lok cor

. e e an e e e e

ru p t ds d stroys
an l i f e e .

By th cr ti on th l m nts e ea s p r t d Ym e e e e ar e e a a e . er s
’

body i p rc l d out ; org n i c l i f b gi ns But th

s a e e a e e . e

ch oti c pow rs though conqu r d

a e ,not d s troy d ; e e , ar e e e

a gi nt sc p s i hi k w i th hi f m i ly d from
a e a e n s ar s a , an

th m com s
e w r c eof gi nts D i sturb i ng d
a ne a e a . an

d dly i nflu nc s
ea p rc pti bl v rywh r i n tur
e e are e e e e e e e n a e,

an d th s i nflu nc s e e r pr s nt d by th h osti l
e e ar e e e e e e e

di sposi ti ons of th gi nts tow rd th s s d of e a a e a a an

th i r struggl s to d stroy th work of th l tt r Th

e e e e e a e . e

gi nts h v b n forc d to fly to Jo tunh i m to Ut

a a e ee e e ,
 THE G O LD E N AG E . 1 97

g rd to th out rmos t d s rts b yond th

a ,
e a;
e but e e e e se

sti ll th y m n g to g t wi th i n M i dg rd th bod of
e a a e e a ,
e a e

m an , d h r an th y dw ll i th rugg d mount i ns
e e e e n e e a ,

in th i cl d j k l
e ce- d i th
a b rr n d s r ts i o u s an n e a e e e , n

shor t v rywh r wh r y b rr nn ss pr v i ls Th i r
, e e e e e e an a e e e a . e

a g ncy i p rc pti bl i th d v st t i ng storms c us d

e s e e e n e e a a a e

by th w i nd strok s of H
e -lg th g i nt gl i e r te sv e e r, e a ea e n

th North ; i t i f lt i w i nt r s cold snow d i ’

e s e n e ,
an c e,

an d i l l thn pow rs of n tur wh i ch

a e u fri ndly e a e ar e n e

to fru i tfuln ss d l i f e an e .

T h g ld g f t h g d w h e o en a e o e o s, en

O h g t h y pl y d n t e re e n e a e

I j yf l m d n o u oo ,

N k w ll or ne at a

Th w t f g ld e an o o ,

U ti l th m n e re ca e

Th gi t m i d ’

re e an a s

F m J t h im ro o un e ,

r pr s nts th gold n g of th ch i ld d th ch i ldhood

e e e e e a e e an e

of th hum n r c Th l i f of th gods i i t d if
e a a e . e e e n s

f e re nt st g s of d v lopm nt r s mbl s th l i f of m
a e e e e e e e e e en .

Ch i ldh ood i i nnoc nt d h ppy m nhood bri ngs

s e an a ,
a

w i th i t c r s d troubl s T h gods w r h ppy

a e an e . e e e a

an d pl y d on th a gr n so long
e th i r d v lop e ee as e e e

m nt h d not y t t k n y d ci d d outw rd di
e a e a e an e e a re c

t i on ; but th i s fr dom from c r nd d wh n th y ee a e e e e e

h d to m k
a dw rfs d m a e d t h rough th m got a an en an e

a whol world full of troubl s d

e i ti to prov i d e an , an x e es e

for d prot ct just

an th gold e
g nds
, for th as e en a e e e

ch i ld wh n i t nt rs pon th cti v i ti s of l i f
e e d e u e a e e, an

for th r c wh n i t nt rs i nto th m ny compl i c ti ons

e a e, e e e e a a

an d c r s of org n i z d soc i ty
a e T h gods pl y d w i th
a e e . e a e

p i c s of gold T h pur gold symbol i z s i nnoc nc

e e . e e e e e .

Th s pi c s f gold (g ll
e e e e tbflu ) w r
O lost but u n ar r e e ,
1 98 C R EA TI O N O F MAN .

w r fo u d g i n i th gr n gr ss of th r g n
e e n a a n e ee a e e e

cr t d r th From th bov i t must b cl r th t

a e ea . e a e e ea a

th th r gi nt m i ds who c m from Jotunh i m

e ee a a , a e e

an d put d to th gold n g
an must b th norns
en e e a e, e e ,

th ell p rv d i ng n c ss i ty th t d v lops th ch i ld i nto

a -
e a e e a e e e

m nhood It do s not follow th r for th t th s

a . e , e e e, a e e

m i ds w r gi nt ss s for th gods th ms lv s d
a e e a d d e e , e e e e es c en e

from th gi nts Nor did th norns i ntroduc i l i nt

e a . e e ev o

t h world but th y m rk d out for th gods

e ,
cr r e a e e a a ee

wh i ch could not b ch ng d ; d i mm d i t ly ft r e a e an e a e a e

th pp r nc of th m i ds from Jotunh i m th gods

e a ea a e e a e e

must cr t m whos f t thos s m norns would

ea e an , e a e e a e

a ft rw rds d t rm i n
e a e e e .

T h gods di d not cr t th dw rfs but only d t r

e ea e e a , e e

m i n d th t th y w r to h v th form d und r
e a e e e a e e an e

st ndi ng f m
a o en .

M w m d of tr s — f th h d th l m
an as a e ee o e as an e e .

Th r i som th i ng gr c ful i thi s i d

e e s e T h Nors a e n ea . e e

conc pti on c rt i nly i of h i gh r ord r th n thos

e e a s a e e a e

whi ch produc m from rth or ston s It i mor e an ea e . s e

n tur l d mor nobl to r g rd m

a a an h vi ng b n e e e a an as a ee

m d of t r s wh i ch
a e th y gro w from th
ee ,
rth as e e ea

h v nw rd sh ow
ea e a unconsc i o s ttr cti on to t h t an u a a a

wh i ch i di vi n th n s th Gr ks do to m k m e, a , as e ee , a e en

st nd forth out of cold cl y d h rd ston s W con

a a an a e . e

f ss th t th Nors myth looks Gr k d th Gr k

e a e e ee an e ee

looks Nors ; y t th r m y b egood r son for i t e e e a e a ea .

Th pl sti c Gr k r g rd d m
e a st tu wh i ch ee e a e an as a a e,

g n r lly w form d of cl y or ston but to wh i ch

e e a as e a e, a

di v i n sp rk of t g v l i f T h Nors m n kn w not
e a ar a e e . e e e e

th pl sti c r ts
e ad th r for h d to go to n t ur
a ,
d an e e e a a e, an

not to t for th i r symbols T h m nn r i w hi ch

ar , e . e a e n

Od i n br th s p i ri t d l i f i nto th tr s r mi nds
ea e S an e e ee e us

v ry forci bly of th Mos i c rr ti v It i i nt r s ti ng

e e a na a e . s e e
2 00 THE G O D S KI LL O R M A RR Y TH E G I A N TS .

ai ns Th i r v ry n tur i clos ly ll i d to ston s d

. e e a e s e a e e an

mou t i ns W h n Brynh i ld drov i

n a . ch ri ot on th e e n a a e

w y to H l
a d p ss d t hrough pl c i whi ch
e , an a e a a e n a

g i nt ss dw lt th gi nt ss s i d
a e e , e a e a

T h h lt t ou s a no

P t h gh ass ro u

My t pp t d s on e -s u or e

D w ll i g pl e n - ace .

Th w pons of th g i nts
e ea th follow i ng myths w i ll e a , as e

S how w r ston s d rocks ; th y h d clubs d sh i lds

, e e e an e a an e

of ston H g w pons w r fl i t ston s T h

e . r un n er s
’
ea e e n -
e . e

g i nts lso h v dom sti c t d n i m ls T h g i nt

a a a e e a e a a : e a

T h ym r t on mound pl i ti ng gold b nds for hi

sa a a a s

gr yh ounds d smoothi ng th m n s of hi hors s

e an e a e s e .

H h d gold horn d cows

e a d ll bl ck ox n -
Th y e an a -
a e . e

p oss ss bund nc of w lth

e a d tr sur s a e ea an ea e .

T h g i nt i l d strong
e d pow rful v ry k O w
a s O , an e , e n

i g n d w i s but lso s v r pro d

an d bo st i ng
e, Th a e e e, u an a . e

g i nt ss i i ol nt p ss i on t
a e d i mp rt i n nt
s v In th i r
e , a a e an e e . e

l zy r st th gi nts
a e good n tur d ; th y m y b
e a a re -
a e e a e as

h ppy
a hi ldr n ; but t h y m s t not b t s d
as C e e u e ea e .

T h g i nts r pr s n ti ng th w i ld d i sturb i ng ch ot i c
e a e e e e , , a

forc s i n tur t h b fi t gods

e n a subd or con e, e en e c en c an ue

trol th m i two w ys T h e i to k i ll th m
n d u a : e on e s e an se

th i r r m i ns for promot i ng th fru i tf ln ss of th rth

e e a e u e e ea ,

t h oth r i to n i t w i t h th m i oth r w rds to m rry

e e s u e e ,
n e o , a

th m Th i s forms th subj ct of l rg numb r of

e . e e a a e e

myth s wh i ch wh n w h v form d corr ct g r l

, , e e a e e a e en e a

conc pt i on of th gi nts n d no furth r xpl n ti on

e e a , ee e e a a .

Od i n k i lls S k m i m th d structi v m lstrom of th o e r, e e e ae e

oc Thor crush s H g
e an . th b rr n mount i n e r un n e r, e a e a .

Od i n m rri s G l d Nj d m rri s Sk d Fr y m rri s

a e un a , or a e a e, e a e

G rd t
e ,
e c .

Wh n th Odi n i c myth ology w sup rs d d by t h

e e as e e e e
 EL V ES AN D H U LD ERS . 201 .

Chri sti n r l igi on i t l ft num rous ffspr i ng of lv s

a e e a e O e e ,

trolls ( dw rfs ) n i ss s n cks m rm i ds pri nc s pri n

a , e , e , e a , e ,

c ss s t ll of wh i c h st i ll l i v i th m mory d
e e , e c .
,
a e n e e an

tr d i ti ons of Sc ndi n v i T h y m y b s i d to b long

a a a a . e a e a e

to th f i ry mythology of th s co ntr i s W g i v
e a e e u e . e e a

bri f sk tch of th s obj cts of popul r b l i f ch i fly

e e e e e a e e ,
e

from th xc ll nt work of Thom s K i ghtl y A g n r l

e e e e a e e . e e a

knowl dg of th m i n c ss ry i ord r to ppr c i t

e e e s e e a n e a e a e

th r i ch folk lor l i t r tur of N

e -
l d e e a e o r se a n .

Th lv s sti ll r t i n th i r d i s t i nct i on i nto whi t d

e e e e a e e an

bl k ac T h w hi t or good lv s dw ll i
. e th i d nc
e e e e n e a r, a e

1 th gr ss or i t i e th l v s of tr s ; th bl ck or
a , s n e ea e ee e a

e v i l lv s r g rd d
e e und rground p opl who
are e a e as an e e e,

fr q ntly i nfl i ct s i ckn ss or i nj ury on m nk i nd for

e ue e a ,

w hi ch th r i p rti c l r ki nd of doctors d doc

e e s a a u a an

tr ss s i most p r ts of Sc nd i n v i T h lv s
e e n a a a a . e e e ar e

b l i v d to h v th i r k i ngs
e e e d to c l br t
a th i r
e e , an e e a e e

w ddi ngs d b nqu ts just th s m

e an th dw ll rs
a e , e a e as e e e

a bov ground Th r i
e i nt r s ti ng i nt rm d i t cl ss
. e e s an e e e e a e a

of th m c ll d i popul r tr d i ti on hi ll p opl ( h g
e a e n a a -
e e au a

f lk) who
o ,
b l i v d to dw ll i c v s d sm ll
are e e e e n a e an a

h i lls W h n th y show th ms lv s th y h v
. e e h nd e e e e a e a a

som hum n form T h common p opl s m to con

e a . e e e ee

n t w i th th m
ee d p f l i ng of m l ncholy e if a ee ee e a , as

b w i l i ng
e a h lf qu nch d hop of s lv t i on Th i r
a a -
e e e a a . e

sw t s i ngi g m y occ si on lly b h rd on s m m r

ee n a a a e ea u e

n i gh ts out of th i r bi lls wh n st nds sti ll d

.

e ,
e on e a an

l i st ns or i t i xpr ss d i th b ll ds l ys hi
e , ,
as s e e e n e a a , a s e ar

to th lf h i ll ; but noe e must b so cru l

-
by th on e e e as e

sl ight st word to d stroy th i r hop s of s lv ti on for

e e e e a a ,

th n th spr i t ly musi c w i ll b turn d i nto w p i ng

e e e e e ee

an d l m nt t i on a T h Nors m n usu lly c ll th

e a . lv s e e e a a e e e

h ldu or hu ld f lk d th i r mus i c h ld l t It
er re o , an e u r es a a .

i i
s t h m i nor k y
n d of
e dull d m ournf l sound e , an a an u .
2 02 T R O LLS .

Nors fiddl som ti m s p l y i t b i ng thought to h v

e er s e e a , e a e

l rn d i t by l i st n i ng to th nd rground p opl mon g

ea e e e u e e e a

th h i lls
e d rocks T h r i lso t n c ll d th lf
an . e e s a a u e a e e e

ki ngs tun whi ch s v r l of th good fid dl know

’
e, e e a e er s

ri gh t w ll but n v r v nt r to pl y for soon i t

e ,
e e e u e a ,
as as

b gi ns both old d you g d v n i n n i m t obj cts

e an n ,
an e e a a e e ,

a re comp ll d to d nc d th pl y r c nnot stop unl ss

e e a e, a n e a e a e

h e pl y th i b ckw rds or th t som

c an a c ms
e a r a a ,
a e on e o e

b h i nd hi m d cuts th stri ngs of h i fiddl O l B ll

e an e s e . e u

an d Th g i A d or th p opl thi nk l r d to
e r n u n so n , e e e , ea n e

pl y th fiddl from th h i ll p opl T h l i ttl und r

a e e e -
e e . e e
‘

ground lv s who t h o ght to dw ll und r th ho s

e e , ar e u e e e u es

of m nk i nd a d scri b d spor ti v ,
d m i sch i vous
a re e e as e an e ,

an d i m i t t i ng ll th
as cti ons of ma Th y s id a e a en . e are a

to lov cl nl i n ss bout th ho s
e ea d pl c ed to a e u e an a e, an

r w rd such s rv nts
e a n d cl nly e a as ar e ea t an ea .

T h dw rfs h v b com trolls

e a T h y not g n r a e e e . e ar e e e

a lly r g rd d m l i gn nt Th y
e a e though t to l i v
as a a . e ar e e

i ns i d of h i lls mounds
e
‘

d mo nt i ns ; som t i m s i
,
an u a e e n

si ngl f m i l i s som ti m s i soci ti s T h y figur

e a e ,
e e n e e . e e

e xt nsi v ly i th folk lor T h y

e e n though t to b e -
e . e ar e e

e xtr m ly ri c h f wh n on gr t occ s i ons of f sti v i ty

e e ,
or e ea a e

th y h v th i r h i lls r i s d p on d p i ll rs p opl
e a e e a e u re a , e e

th t h v ch nc d to b p ss i ng by h v s n th m
a a e a e e a a e ee e

sh ovi ng l rg ch sts full of mon y to d fro

a e ed e an , an

O p n i ng d cl pp i ng down th l i ds of th m Th i r
e an a e e . e

dw ll i ngs
e v ry m gn i fic nt i ns i d b i g d cor t d
are e a e e e n e a e

w i th gold d cryst l T h an obl i gi ng d n i ghborly a . ey a re an e ,

fr ly l nd i ng d borrow i ng d oth rwi s k p i ng up

ee e an an e e ee

a fri ndly i nt cours w i th m nk i nd B t th y h v

e er e a . u e a e a

sa d prop ns i ty to st l i ng not only prov i s i ons but ls

e ea , , a o

wom n d chi ldr n Trolls h v

e an gr t di sl i k t e . a e a ea e o

no i s prob bly from th r coll cti on of th t i m wh n

e, a e e e e e e

T h or us d to b fl i ng i ng hi h mm r ft r th m wh i l
e e s a e a e e , e
2 04 M E RMA N AN D M ERM A D I .

To l rn musi c of hi m p rson must p r s nt h i m wi th

ea , a e e e

a bl ck l mb d lso prom i s hi m r surr cti on d

a a an a e e e an

r d mpti on
e e .

Th t m k l c ll d i
e s ro Norw y g i m or f g i m ar ,
a e n a r os s e- r

( forc gr i m )
e- i m s i c l g n i us
,
l i k st h nack H u a e e e e . e

who h l rn d from hi m as ea pl y i such m st rly

e c an a n a a e

m nn r th t th tr s d nc
a e a d w t rf lls stop t hi
e ee a e an a e a a s

mus i c .

Th m rm n i d scri b d
e e of h ndsom form
a s e e as a a e

w i th gr n or bl ck h i r d b rd H dw lls i th r
ee a a an ea . e e e e

in th bottom of the or i cl i ffs n r th —shor e sea n ea e s ea e,

an d i r g rd d s r th r good d b fi t k i nd
e a e as a e a an en e c en

of b i ng e .

Th m rm i d ( h fi e ) i er pr s nta d i t h popul r a rue s e e e e n e a

tr di ti on som ti m s good t oth r t i m s

a e vi l d
e as , a e e as e an

tr ch rous H pp r nc i b t i ful F i sh rm n
ea e . er a ea a e s eau . e e

som ti m s e h i th br i ght summ r s sun w h n

e see er n e e
’
,
e a

thi n m i st h ngs ov r th si t ti ng on th surf c of

a e e s ea, e a e

th w t r d comb i ng h long gold n h i r w i th

e a e ,
an er e a a

gold n comb or dr i v i ng up h snow wh i t c ttl to

e ,
er -
e a e

f d on th str nds or sm ll i sl nds A t oth r ti m s

ee e a a a . e e

s h com s
e b uti ful m i d n chi ll d d sh i v ri ng
e as a ea a e , e an e

wi t h th cold of th n i ght to th fir s th fis h rm n
e e , e e e e e

h v k i ndl d hop i ng by thi s m ns to nti c th m to

a e e , ea e e e

h erlov H pp r nc prognosti c t s both storm d

e . er a ea a e a e an

i ll s cc ss i u th i r fishi g P opl th t
e n drown d
e n . e e a ar e e ,

an d w h os bod i s not found e b l i v d to b t k n

e a re , ar e e e e e a e

i nto th dw ll i ngs of th m rm i ds
e e e e a .

It i th pr v l nt op i n i on mong th common p opl

s e e a e a e e e

of th North th t ll th s v ri ous b i ngs w r onc

e a a e e a e e e e

worst d i econfl i ct w i th sup ri or pow rs

n a d con e e ,
an

d m e d t ner m i n unti l doomsd y i c rt i n ssi gn d

o e a a n e a a e

a bod s Th rocks w r gi v n to th dw rfs ; th grov s

e . e e e e e a e e

an d l fy tr s to th
ea lv s ; th c v s d c v rns to th
ee e e e e a e an a e e
 YG D R A S IL . 205

h i ll p opl ; th
-
e l k s d ri v rs to th m rm n
e e s ea, a e an e e e a ,

m rm i ds d n cks ; d th sm ll forc s ( w t rf lls)

e a an e an e a e a e a

to th f g i m Both th C thol i c d Prot st nt

e o ss e r s . e a an e a

pr i s ts h v tri d to xc i t
e a e v rs i on to th s b i ngs
e e e an a e e e e ,

b t i
u v i n Th y sti ll l i v
n a .d fill th f i ry t l s e d e an e a - a e an

folk lor w i th th i r str ng c h r ct rs d

-
e c p bl
e a e a a e ,
an ar e a a e

of furn i sh i g s ri s of unri v l d subj cts for th

n a e e a e e e

p i nt r d sculptor T h s w i rd stori s
a e an xc l . e e e e are e e

l tl y d p t d to dorn
en a a p i c d dr m ti c po t ry
e a our e an a a e as

w ll our h i stori c nov ls But th y must b th oroughly

e as e . e e

und rstood first not only by th po t but lso by hi

e ,
e e , a s

r d r Thom s K i ghtl y from Wh om w h v gi v n

ea e . a e e , e a e e

a h ort
S bstr ct h gi v n us a a xc ll nt work i
, as e an e e e n

Engl i sh on Goth i c f i ry mythology d w would a ,

an e

r comm nd our r d rs to r d hi work i conn cti on

e e ea e ea s n e

w i th Dr D t T l f m th Ey ld W h v t
. ase n
’
s a es ro e
'

e . e a e o

pr s nt th ori g i n l m th ology not i t fl p i g

e e e a y , s O
’

s r n .

Ygdr si l i most subl i m a d fin i sh d myth

s a It i e an e . s

a symbol un i ti ng ll th l m nts of myth ology i nto a e e e e a

po t i c l syst m Th tr symboli z s d xt nds i t

e a e . e ee e ,
an e e s

roots d br nch s i nto th w h ol un i v rs Its roots

an a e , e e e e .

ar e gn w d by s rp nts d st gs b i t i t br ch s but
a e e e , an a e s an e ,

th i mmort l tr
e sti ll st nds firm d flouri sh s from
a ee a an e

g to g Th N m w h ol xp r i nc of l i f i ’
a e a e . e o r se en s e e e e e e s

h r pr s nt d i p i ctur th t i th r i r g rd to b ty
e e e e e n a e a e e n e a ea u

or d pth of thought finds no qu l i ll th oth r sys

e e a n a e e

t ms of mythology Thom s C rlyl s ys I l i k too th t

e . a a e a : e a

r pr s nt ti on th y ( th Nors m n ) h v of th tr
e e e a e e e e a e e ee

Ygdr si l ll l i f i figur d by th m
a : a tr e Ygdr si l s e e as a ee . a ,

th A h tr of Ex i s t nc h i t roots d p down i th
!

e s -
ee e e, as s ee n e

ki ngdom of H l or D th i t trunk r ch s up h v n e a, ea s ea e ea e

h i gh spr ds i t boughs ov r th whol un i v rs It

, ea s e e e e e .

i th Tr
s eof Ex i st nc At th foot of i t i th D th
ee e e . e ,
n e ea

ki ngdom i t thr N , ( fs t s ) th P st Pr
ee s nt or n a s a e , e a , e e ,
206 Y G D RA S IL .

Futur w t ri ng i t roots from th S cr d W ll Its

e, a e s e a e e .

boughs w i th th i r buddi ngs d d i l fi g — v nts

,
e an s ea n s e e ,

th i ngs fl d thi ngs do su c t s troph s str tch

’

e re ,
n e, a a e , e

th rough ll l d d ti m s Is not v ry l f of i t
a an s an e . e e ea a

b i ogr phy v ry fib r th r
a ,
e t or word ?
e Its boughs e e e a n ac

ar e h i stori s of n ti ons ; th rustl of i t i th noi s of

e a e e s e e

hum x i st nc onw rds from of old It grows th r

an e e e, a . e e,

th br t h of h m n p ss i on rustl i ng through i t ; or
e ea u a a

storm t st th storm w i nd howl i ng th rough i t l i k th

"

-
e ,
e -
e e

vo i c of ll th gods It i s Ygd r si l th Tr of Ex i st
e a e . a , e ee

e nc It i th p st th pr s nt d th f tur ; wh t
e . s e a , e e e ,
an e u e -

w as don wh t i do i ng wh t w i ll b don ; th i nfin i t

e, a s , a e e e e

conj g ti on of th rb t d Cons i d ri ng how hum n

u a e ve o o . e a

th i ngs ci rcul t ch i n xtri c bly i commun i on w i th

a e, ea e a n

a ll ,
how th word I sp k to y to d y i borrow d e ea ou -
a s e ,

not from U lfil th M so Goth only b t from ll m a, e ae -

,
u a en

si nc th first m b g n to sp k —I fi d no si m i l i t d
e e an e a ea ,
n u e

so tr thi s of tr
ue as B t i ful ltog th r b ut i ful a ee . eau a e e ,
ea

an d gr t T h m chi n of th un i v rs ! A l s do but
ea . e a e e e e a ,

th i nk of th t i contr st ! a n a

Th n m Ygdr si l i d r i v d from Odi n s n m

e a e a s e e
’
a e,

Ygg ( th r d p thi nk r) ed d i ll ( c rr i r hors )

ee e ,
an ras a e ,
e .

Ygdr si l th r for m ns th B
a , f
e e G d phr se, ea e ea r er o o ,
a a e

whi ch finds l i t r l xpl n ti on wh n Odi n h ngs n i n

a e a e a a e a e

n i gh ts on thi s tr b for h di scov r d th run s ee e e e e e e e .

T hus th Eld r Edd e e a

I k w th t I h g no a un

N i wh l i gh t ne o e n s,

A d t O di ff d n o n O e re ,

O th t t n a re e ,

F m wh t t i t p i g ro a roo S r n s .

O wi d kdt n a n -
ro c e re e ,

W i th p w dd a s ear oun e ,

My l f t m y lf se o se ,

O f w hi h k w c no on e no s .

Her oes an d Her o wors hip -

.
208 Y G D RA S IL .

an d th t poss ss s l i f d consc i ousn ss h i ts

m en, al l a e e e an e , as

hom i thi s tr e n d i t work to do T h norns con

ee an s . e

t tly r fr sh i t w i t h w t r from th Urd r fo nt i n ;

s an e e a e e a -
u a

th elv s hov r bo t i t ; H i md l susp nds hi t i

e e e a u e a e s r

color d rch b n th i t ; th glory of B ld r sh i n s upon

e a e ea e a e e

i t ; M i m r l i fts hi h d i
e th d i st nc d th p l s ea n e a e, an e a e

H l w tc h s th sh d s of m
e a e wh h v d p rt d th i s
e a e en o a e e a e

ea rth d jour y t hro gh th n i n worlds ov r G j ll b

an ne u e e e a ar ro

to th i r fin l r w rds T h p i ctur i so gr nd th t
e a e a . e e s a a

nothi ng but i nfin i t soul compr h nd i t ; no brush

an e c an e e

c an p i nt i t no colors
a r pr s nt i t Noth i ng i qu i t
, c an e e e . s e ,

noth i ng t r st ; ll i cti vi ty It i th whol world

a e a s a . s e e ,

an d it b compr h nd d only by th m i nd of m
c an e e e e e an ,

by th soul of th po t d b symbol i z d by th c s
e e e , an e e e ea e

l ss fl w of l ngu g It i not th m for th p i nt r

e o a a e . s a e e e a e

or sculptor b t for th po t Ygdr si l i th tr of

,
u e e . a s e ee

e xp ri nc of th Goth i c r c It i t h symbol of
e e e e a e . s e a

gr t r c pr ng ori gi n lly from th s m root b t

ea a e, S u a e a e u

d i vi d d i nto m ny br nch s Nors m n Engl i shm n

e a a e , e e , e ,

A m r i c nse t It h th r roots d xp ri nc h s
a ,
e c . as ee , an e e e e a

t ught th Goths th t th r
a e i r l i ty but t h r ki n d sa e e a re n ea ee

of p opl i th world som th t work n rg ti c lly for

e e n e : e a e e e a

nobl d t n l p rpos s d th i r root i i A h i m ;

e an e er a u e , an e s n sa e

som th t work qu lly n rg t i c lly b t for vi l d

e a e a e e e a ,
u e an

t mpor l nds d th i r root i i J t nh i m

e a e ,
an d m ny e s n o u e an a

wh di sti ng i sh d t h ms lv s only by sloth d i mpo

o u e e e e an

t nc
e d t h i r root i i
e, a n N i flh i m w i th th godd ss H l
e s n e e e e

or d th i H g lm wh r th s rp nt Ni dh g w i th
ea , n ver e er , e e e e e u ,

a ll h i r pti l brood gn ws t th i r l i v s Thus th

s e e , a a e e . e

Gothi c r c i r fl ct d i Ygdr si l d if our po ts w i ll

a e s e e e n a , an e

study i t th y w i ll find th t th i s gr nd myth i i ts lf i

e a a s e n

f ct root i th Urd r fount i n d from i t m y spri n g

a a n e a -
a ,
an a

an Ygdr si l of po try xt nd i ng long br nch s through

a e , e e a e
 M M ER SI ’
F O UN T A I N . 20 9

out th po ti c l world d d l ig hti ng th n ti ons of th

e e a an e e a e

ea r th .

B n th th t root of Ygdr s i l w hi ch shoots down

e ea a a ,

to J t h i m th r i fount i n c ll d ft r i t w tch r
o un e ,
e e s a a a e a e s a e

Mim F u t
er s i i’
wh i ch w i sdom o d knowl dg
n a n, n an e e a re

conc l d Th n m M i m r m ns th k wi g T h
ea e . e a e e ea e no n . e

gi nts b i ng old r th n th s s look d d p r th n

a ,
e e a e a a ,
e ee e a

th l tt r i nto th d rkn ss of th p st Th y h d
e a e e a e e a . e a

w i tn ss d th b i rth of th gods d th b gi nn i ng of
e e e e an e e

th worlde d th y for s w t h i r downf ll

, an Conc rn i g e e a e a . e n

both th s v nts th gods h d to go to th m for knowl

e e e e , e a e

e dg e,id wh i ch i most forc i bly xpr ss d i th

ah ea s e e e n e

V O l pa th first song i th Eld r Edd wh r

us , e vl n e e a, e e a a a,

or proph t ss from J t h i m i r pr s nt d ri s i ng
e e , o un e s e e e e as

up fro m th d p d unv i l i ng th p st d futur to e ee an e e a an e

gods d m It i thi s w i sdom t h t M i m r k ps i

an en . s a e ee n

hi fount i n
s Odi n h i ms lf mus t h v i t In th n i ght
a . e a e . e ,

wh n th sun h
e t b h i nd th bord rs of th
e rth
as se e e e e ea ,

h go s to Jotunh i m
e e Odi n p n tr t s th myst ri e . e e a e e e es

of th d p but h m u st l v hi y i p wn for th
e ee , e ea e s e e n a e

dri nk wh i ch h r c i v s from th fount i n of knowl dg e e e e e a e e.

But i th glory of morn i ng d wn wh n th sun r i s

n e a , e e es

a g i n from Jotunh i m Mi m r dri nks from hi gold n

a e , e s e

horn th cl r m d wh i ch flows ov r O di n s p wn
e ea ea e
’
a .

H v n d thi s low r worl d mutu lly i mp r t th i r

ea e an e a a e

w i sdom to ch oth r ea e .

Th norns w tch ov r m th rough l i f Th y

e a e an e . e

sp i n hi thr d of f t t hi b i rth d m rk out w i th

s ea a e a s an a

i t th l i m i ts of hi sph r of ct i on i
e l i f Th i r d s e e a n e . e e

cr s ee i nvi ol bl d sti ny th i r di sp ns ti ons i n vi

ar e a e e , e e a e

t bl n c ssi ty T h gods th ms lv s must bow b for

a e e e . e e e e e e

th l ws of th
e a norns ; th y l i mi t d by ti m ; th y
e e ar e e e e

ar e born d must di Urd d V d d th P st an e . an er an e, e a

an d Pr s nt r pr s nt d
e e str tchi ng w b from
, are e e e e as e a e
210 T HE N O R N S .

ea st to w s t from th r d i nt d wn of l i f to th glow
e ,
e a a a e e

i g suns t
n d Sk ld th Futur
e ,
an t rs i t to p i c su , e e, ea e e .

Th r i e e d ply l i d pl n i th un i v rs
s a ee -
closa a n e e e, a e

un i on b tw n sp i ri t d m tt r T h r i no such
e ee an a e . e e s

th i ng i nd p nd nt l i f or cti n T h nds of th
as e e e e a o . e e e

thr ds wh r w i th our l i f i wov n li d ply hid i

ea e e e s e e ee n

th e byss of th b gi nn i ng S lf consci ousn ss i m r ly

a e e . e -
e s e e

an bstr cti on T h s lf consci ous i ndi vi du l i m r ly

a a . e e -
a s e e

a l f wh i ch i m gi n s i ts lf to b som th i ng but i i
ea ,
a e e e e , s n

f ct only bud th t unfolds i ts lf d f lls ff from

a a a e an a o

th tre of th un i v rs Th s lf contr di cti on b tw n

ee e e e . e e -
a -

e ee

absolut n c ss i ty d fr w i ll w
e e e unsolv d r i ddl
an ee as an e e

w i th our h th n nc stors d puzzl s th m i nds of

ea e a e , an e e

m ny of our most profound thi nk rs sti ll Thus s ys

a e .
, a

th Eld r Edd
e eth norns c m to d c i d th d sti ny
a, e a e e e e e

of H lg H d i g b
e e un n s an e

It w i t i m f y as n es o o re ,

Wh h gl m d en t e ea es s cr e a e ,

H ly w t f ll o a e rs e

F m h h ly h i ll ro t e e av en s ;
T h t H lg en o e e,

Th g t f l e rea o sou ,

B gh i l d g bi t h er av e r

In Br a a l u n d .

In t h e m a n s i o n i t w a s n i gh t
The n o rn s c am e ,

Wh o sh ou ld th p e ri n c e s
’

Li fe dt
e e rm i n e ;
Th y e hi m d e c re e d
A p i r nce mos t fa m e d to b e ,
An d l d of ea e rs

A tdb t
c c oun e es .

W i th l l th i m i g h t th y p
a e r e s an

Th f t l t he d a a rea s,

W h t h t h b g h h ld
en a e ur s S ou ov e r th row

In B ra a l u n d .
 P A RT

THE LIFE AN D E XPLO IT S O F THE G O DS .

V ERD A D

V afin er V erban d i r eyk .

216 O D N I ’
S N A M ES .

N th i d k
ow e re s ar O d k
f ar s ;
W w i ll b th t V
e o o a lh l i d a r e

A d t t h h ly f
n o e o an e .

L t O di p y
e us n ra

I t n o mi d t our n s o en er t ;
He g i v e s and g r an s t
G o ld to th e d e s ervi ng .

He g a v e He r m o d
A he m l and cors e e lt ,

An d f r o m h i m S i g m u n d
A s w or re c e i v e d d .

Vi t y c or to hi s s on s h e g i v e s,
Bu t t o s om e ri ch e s ;
E lq
o ue n ce t o th e g r e a t
An d t o m e n w i t ;
Fai r Wi n h e g i ve s to d t d ra e rs ,

B ut v i si on s to s k lda s ;

Vl a or he gives
y To m an a w a rr i o r .

Esp ci lly th h ro s const ntly t h

e a obj ct of
are e e e a e e

hi c r
s H gu i d s
a e d pro t cts th br v h ro through
. e e an e e a e e

hi w h ol l i f ; h w tc h s ov r hi b i rth
s e d ov r hi s
e e a e e s an e

whol d v lopm nt ; gi v s hi m wond rful w pons

e e e e e e ea ,

t c h s hi m w rts of w ; ssi sts hi m i cri ti c l

ea e ne a ar a n a

e m rg nci s ccomp n i s hi m i w
e e e ,
d t k s th
a a e n ar , an a e e

i mp tus out of t h n my s j v l i ns ; d wh n th ’
e e e e a e an e e

w rri or h t l st grown old h provi d s th t h m y

a as a a ,
e e a e a

not d i upon hi b d but f ll i honor bl comb t

e s e , a n a e a .

F i n lly h prot cts th soc i l org n i z ti on d i fl u

a , e e e a a a an n

en ces th hum n m i nd H r v ng s murd r prot cts

e a . e e e e e , e

th e s ncti ty of th o th subdu s h tred

a d d i sp ls e a ,
e a , an e

a nx i ti s d sorrows
e e an .

S E CT O N I II . O D N I ’
S N AM ES .

Odi n i c ll d Allf th s a e a e r, b us h i th f th r of
ec a e e s e a e

al l th gods ed V l f th , an a a er
( f th raof th sl i n ) b
e c us e a , e a e
 O D N I ’
S O U T WA R D A P P E A R A N CE . 217

he choos s for hi sons ll wh f ll i comb t For

e s a o a n a .

th i r bod h h pr p r d V lh l d V i ngolf wh r
e a e e as e a e a a an , e e

th ye c ll d i h j (h ro s ) In A sg rd Od i n
a re a e e n er es e e . a ,

h as tw lv n m s but i th Y g Ed d forty n i n
e e a e ,
n e o un er a -
e

n msa num r t d d i f to th s
e are e dd d ll th e a e , an e e a re a e a e

n m s by wh i ch th po ts h v c ll d hi m th
a e mb r e e a e a e , e nu e

w i ll r ch n rly two h ndr d T h r son for hi

ea ea u e . e ea s

m ny n m s s ys th Young r Edd i th gr t v ri
a a e ,
a e e a, s e ea a

ety of l ng g s For th v r i ous n t i ons w r obli g d

a ua e . e a a e e e

to tr nsl t hi n m i nto th i r r sp cti v tongu s i

a a e s a e e e e e e n

ord r th t th y m i ght suppl i c t

e a d worsh i p h i m
e a e an .

Som of hi n m s how v r
e ow i ng to dv nt r s
s a e , e e , a re a e u e

th t h v h pp n d to hi m on hi journ ys d wh i ch
a a e a e e s e an

ar e r l t d i old stor i s No
e a e p ss for w i s
n e . on e c an a a e

m an wh i not bl to gi v o ccount of th s won

s a e e an a e e

d f l dv ntur s
er u a e e .

TI O N I I O D I N S O UTWA R D A P PEA R A N CE
S EC I .
’
.

In pp r nc Odi n i a old t ll
ea a yd m e, s an , a , on e - e e an

w i th lo g b rd bro d bri mm d h t str i p d lo k

a n ea , a a -
e a , a e C a

of m ny colors d sp r i hi h n d On hi m
a , an a ea n s a . s ar

h w rs th gold r i ng D up
e ea two r v ns i t on hi
e ra n e r, a e s s

should rs two wolv s l i t hi f t d h ug ch r i ot

e , e e a s ee , an a e a

rolls bov h i h d H s i ts upon h i gh thron

a e s d
ea . e a e an

looks out upon th worl d or h ri d s on th w i ds e , e e e n

upon hi hors Sl i pn r Th r i s d p sp c ul ti v
e e e . e e s a ee e a e

e xpr ssi on on hi count n nc In th V olsu g S g

e s e a e . e n a a,

Odi n i r v l d s follows K i g V ols u g h d m d

e ea e as : n n a a e

pr p r ti ons for
e a a nt rt i nm nt Bl z i ng fir s burn d an e e a e . a e e

a long th h ll d i th m i ddl of th h ll stood

e a , an n e e e a a

l rg tr whos gr
a e e e, d f i r fol i g cov r d th roof
e een an a a e e e e .

( Th i s r m i nds us of Ygdr
e s i l ) K i ng V olsu g h d a .
n a

pl c d i t th r
a e d it w c ll d Odi n s tr
e e, Nowan as a e
’
ee . as

th gu sts t round th fi i th v n i g m
e e sa a e re n e e e n , a an
21 8 C D IN
’
S O U TWA R D A PP EA RA N CE .

e nt r d th h ll whos count nc th y di d not know

e e e a e en a e e .

H wor
e v ri g t d lo k w b r foot d hi br ch s
e a a e a e C a ,
as a e- e , s ee e

w r of l i n n
e e d w i d bri mm d h t hung down
e , an a e- e a

ov r hi f c H w v ry t ll look d old d w
e s a e . e as e a , e , an as

y d H h d sword i hi h nd Th m
on e - e e . e a a n s a . e an

w nt to th tr struck hi sword i nto i t w i th so pow r

e e e e, s e

ful blow th t i t sunk i nto i t v n to th h i lt No

a a e e e .

on e d r d gr t th i s m
a e Th n s i d h H who ee an . e a e : e

dr ws th i s sword out of th trunk of th tr h ll

a e e ee S a

h v it
a e gi ft from m asd sh ll fi d i t tru
a th t e, an a n e a

h n v r w i ld d
e e b tt r sword Th n w nt th old
e e e a e e . e e e

m an out of th h ll g i n d no kn w who h e a a a ,
an on e e e

w asor w hi th r h w nt N w ll tri d to dr w th e e e . o a e a e

sword out but i t would not mov b for V olsung s son

, e, e e
’
,

S i gmund c m ; for hi m i t s m d to b qu i t loos

,
a e ee e e e e.

F rth r on i th S g S i gm nd h d b c o m k i ng
a e n e a a u a e e ,

an d h d lr dy grown old wh h w g d w wi th
a a ea en e a e ar

K i ng Ly g T h norns prot ct d hi m so th t h could

n e . e e e a e

not b wound d In b ttl w i th Lyng th r c m

e e . a a e e e e a e a

m to S i gmund w ri ng l rg h t d blu clo k

an ,
ea a a e a an e a .

H h d but
e a
y d h d sp r i hi h nd
on e e e, an a a ea n s a .

Th m e swung hi sp r g i nst S i gmund S i gmund s

an s ea a a .
’

sword brok i two l ck h d l ft hi m d h f ll Th e n ,

u a e ,
an e e . e

s m S g ft rw rds t lls us th t S i gmund s son S ig

a e a a a e a e a
’
,

ur d s il d, g i nst th sons of Hundi ng on l rg

a e a a e , a a e

dr gon A storm ros but S i gurd comm nd d th t

a . a e. a e a

th s i ls should not b t k n down v n though th

e a e a e , e e e

wi n d sh ould spl i t th m but r th r b ho i st d h i gh r e ,

a e e e e .

A th y p ss d
S rocky po i nt m cri d to th h i p
e a e a , a an e e S

an d sk d who w a th comm nd of th sh i ps d
e as e a er e an

m Th y nsw r d th t i t w S i g rd S igm d
en . e a e e a as u un s on ,

th br v st of l l young m
e a e Th m s i d ll gr a en . e an a , a a ee

i npr i si ng hi m ; t k i th s i ls d t k m on
a a e n e a an a e e

bo rd ! Th y sk d hi m for hi n m H nsw r d
a e a e s a e . e a e e :
22 0 O D N I ’
S A TTRI B UTES .

is se t on
t bl to th s two wolv s ; for h h i ms lf
hi s a e e e e e e

st nds i no n d of food W i n i for hi m both m t

a n ee . e s ea

d dr i nk Thus th Eld r Edd i G i m ’

an . l y e e a, n r n er s a
:

G d E k e re an re e

F d h w f i g ee s t e a r- ar n ,

T i m ph t f t h f h t r u an a er o os s ;
F w i th w i ly ’
t or IS ne on

T h t O di i m w d a n n ar s reno ne

I i h d f s n o ur s e oreve r .

T m t O wolf i good om n Odi n musi ng hi m

ee a s a e . a

s lf w i th hi wolv s i
e xqu i si t th m for th sculptor
s e s ah e e e e e .

Odi n h d ri ng c ll d D up a W find i t hi
a a e ra n er . e s s

tory i th conv rs ti ons of Br g th s co d p rt of

n e e a a e, e e n a

th Yo ng r Edd
e u Lok h d onc out of m l i c cut
e a . e a e a e

a ll th h i r ff S i f th w i f of Thor
e a o But wh n Thor , e e . e

found th i s out h s i z d Lok d would h v crus h d

e e e e an a e e

e v ry bon i hi m i f h h d not sworn to g t th lv s

e e n e a e e e e

O f d rkn ss to m k gold n h i r for S i f th t would grow

a e a e e a , a

l i k o th r h i r Th w nt Lok to th dw rfs th t
e e a . en e e e a , a are

c ll d I ld sons d th y m d th h i r d Ski d
a e va
’
s , an e a e e a ,
an

bl d a ( Fr
n er y s sh i p ) d th p e r th t
’
Od i n own d d ,
an e S ea a e an

i c ll d G
s a ge Th n Lok unw g r d h i h
n er d w i.th e e a e e s ea

th dw rf whos n m i Brok th t h i broth r S i d

e a , e a e s ,
a s e ,
n re ,

would not b bl to m k thr mor tr sur s good e a e a e ee e ea e as

as th os th r just n m d Th broth rs w nt to th
e ee a e . e e e e

sm i thy S i d put pi g sk i n i th furn c d b d

. n re a -
n e a e an a e

Brok blow th b llows d not stop b for S i d took e e an e e n re

th t out of th furn c wh i ch h h d put i nto i t A fly

a e a e e a .

t i ts lf on Brok s h nd d st ng h i m but st i ll h
’
se e a an u ,
e

conti nu d blow i ng th b llows d th t wh i ch S i d

e e e , an a n re

took out w bo r w i th gold n i s tl s Th n S i d

as a a e e . e n re

p ut gold i nto th furn c T hi s t i m th fly t i ts lf

e a e . e e se e

On Brok s n ck d st ng hi m wors but h con ti nu d

’
e , an u e, e e

blow i ng th b llows d th t wh i ch th sm i th took out

e e , an a e
 O D N S I ’
A TTR I B UTES . 22 1

w a s th e gold ri ng D up (from th v rb m n i ng to ra n er e e ea

d mp ) Th th i rd t i m S i d
. e put i ron i th furn c e n re n e a e,

an d b d hi broth r b
a e sur t o conti nu blow i g or
s e e e e n

a ll would b spo i l d Now th fly t i ts lf b tw n

e e . e se e e ee

hi sy s d s tung hi y l i ds T h blood
e e an down s e e- . e ran

i nto h i ys th t h
s e could not ; th n Brok l t
e , SO a e se e e e

go of th b llows j ust for mom nt to dri v th fly

e e a e e e

a w y T h t wh i ch th sm i th now took out w

a . a h m e as a a

m erSi d
. g v hi broth r th s tr sur s d b d
n re a e s e e e ea e an a e

hi m go to A sg rd to f tch th w g r A a w Lok e e a e . s ne e

an d Brok c m ch w i th hi tr sur s th s s s t d
a e ea s ea e , e a a ea e

th ms lv s pon th i r thron s d h ld consult d

e e e u e e an e , an

Od i n Thor d Fr y w r ppo i nt d j udg s who should

,
an e e e a e e

r nd r fin l d ci s i on Th n Lok g v Od i n th
e e a a e . e e a e e

sp r whi ch n v r would m i ss i t m rk ; Thor h g v

ea ,
e e s a e a e

th h i r wh i ch i mm d i t ly g r w f st upon S i f s h d ;
’
e a , e a e e a ea

an d to Fr y h g v th sh i p wh i ch lw ys g t f i r
e e a e e , a a o a

w i nd eon t h s i ls w r ho i t d no m tt r wh r
as S as e a e e s e , a e e e

i t c pt i n w
s a goi ng d i t could lso b fold d
a as ,
an a e e as a

n pki n d put i nto th pock t i f th i s w r d s i r bl

a an e e , e e e a e .

Th r upon Brok c m forw rd d g v Od i n th r i ng

e e a e a an a e e ,

an d s i d t h t v ry n i nt h n i ght
a a ri ng qu lly h vy
e e a e a ea

would dr p from i t To Fr y h g v th bo r d s i d
o . e e a e e a , an a

th t i t could
a i th i d on th run n i ght d n e a r an e s e a, an

d y f s t r th n
a , a y hors
e d t h n iaght n v r w
an so e , an e e e as

d rk nor th oth r worlds so gloomy but th t i t would

a , e e , a

b l i ght wh r th i s bo r w
e pr s nt so bri ght shon
e e a as e e , e

i t br i stl s
s To T hor h g v th h mm r d s i d
e . e a e e a e ,
an a

th t w i th i t h mi gh t stri k
a l rg e bj ct h e as a e an O e as e

pl s d ; i t would n v r f i l d wh n h thr w i t h
ea e e e a , an e e e e

S hould not b fr i d of losi ng i t for no m tt r how

e a a , a e

f ari t fl w i t would lw ys r turn i nto h i h nd

e d a a e s a ,
an

a t hi w i sh i t would b com so sm ll t h t h m i ght

s e e a a e

conc l i t i hi bosom but i t h d

ea n f ult d th t
s , a on e a , an a
22 2 O D N S I ’
A TTR I B UTES .

wa s th t th h ndl w r th r short Accordi ng to th

a e a e as a e . e

d c i s i on of th gods th h mm r w th b st of ll
e e ,
e a e as e e a

th tr s r s
e d sp c i lly
ea u e prot cti on g i nst th
, an e e a as a e a a e

frost g i nts ; th y ccordi ngly d c i d d th t t h dw rf

-
a e a e e a e a

h d won th w g r T h l tt r w w nt d Lok s h d
’
a e a e . e a e no a e e ea .

Lok o ff r d to r d m i t i som w y but th dw rf

e e e e ee n e a , e a

would cc pt no lt rn ti v s W ll t k m th n s i d
a e a e a e . e a e e e , a

Lok d ie, mom nt h w f w y for h h d

an n a e e as ar a a , e a

Sho s w i th wh i ch h could run through th i

e d ov r e e a r an e

th e Th n th dw rf sk d Thor to s i z hi m
se a . e e a a e e e ,

whi ch w don ; but wh n th dw rf w nt d to cut hi

as e e e a a e s

h d ff Lok s d T h h d i yo rs b t not th
ea o , e ai : e ea s u ,
u e

T h n took t h dw rf t hr d d kn i f d w nt d to
e e a ea an e an a e

p i rc Lok s l i ps so to w h i l i ps tog th r but th

e e e
’
, as se s e e , e

kn i f w not sh rp nough Now i t w r w ll i f I

e as a e . e e e ,

h d my broth r s wl s i d h d i nst nt n ously th

’
a e a ,
a e, an a a e e

awl w th r d it w
as h rp Th n th dw arf
e e, an as S a . e e

s w d Lok s l i ps tog th r ( T h dw rfs

e e e
’
hr p e e . e a are e e re

r s nt d sm i ths f th gods )
e e e as o e .

T h ri ng D p e i symbol of f rt i l i ty Od i
ra u n n er s a e .

pl c d thi s r i ng on B ld r s fun r l p i l
a e d it w a e
’
e a e an as

burnt w i th B ld r (th summ r ) d wh n B ld r s nt a e e e , an e a e e

th i s r i ng b ck to Odi n hi w i f th fl w godd ss a , s e, e o e r- e

N nn s nt Fri gg th w i f of Od i n
a a, e c rp t ( of , e e , a a e

gr ss) wh i ch r pr s nts th r turn of v g t ti on d

a , e e e e e e e a an

fru i tfuln ss B ld r s nds th ri ng b ck

e . m m nto
a e e e a as a e e

of t h f i r ti m wh n h
e ad h i f th r ( Od i n ) work d e e e an s a e e

tog th r d r mi nds th f th r of ll th t h must

e e , an e e a e a , a e

cont i nu to bl ss th rth d m k i t fr i tf l But

e e e ea an a e u u .

th i s i not ll ; th i s ri ng lso symbol i z s t h f rti l i ty of

s a a e e e

th m i nd th cr t i v pow r of th po t th
e , e voluti on ea e e e e , e e

mp — h l Co p d ar e S h a kesp ea r e S y o c k an d th e o un of fl e sh

N o j ot of b l d;oo

T h e wo r d s ex p re s s ly ar e a p o un d of fles h .
224 O D N I ’
S A T TR B U T E S I .

S p r G u g i th k n sti ngi ng s t i r th t
ea n n er s b e ee , a e a c an e

e xpr ss d i po try d or tory

e e n e an a .

Od i n s h ors Sl i pn r ( sl i pp ry ) w th most xc l
’
e e e e as e e e

l nt h ors Run s w r c rv d on hi t th T h fol

e e . e e e a e s ee . e

low i ng myth gi v s ccount of hi b i rth Wh n e us an a s : e

th gods w r constr ct i ng t h i r bod s

e e e d h d lr dy u e a e ,
an a a ea

fin i sh d M i dg rd d V lh l
e c rt i n ti fi c m
a an a a , a e a ar cer a e

an d ff r d to bu i ld th m i
O e e th sp c of thr h lf e ,
n e a e ee a

y rs r si d nc so w ll forti fi d th t th y sh ould b
ea ,
a e e e e e a e e

p f ctly s f from th i ncursi ons of th frost gi nts d

er e a e e e -
a an

t h g i nts of th
e a mo nt i ns v n though th y sho ld e u a ,
e e e u

h v p n tr t d w i t hi n M i dg rd But h d m nd d for
a e e e a e a . e e a e

hi r w rd th godd ss Fr yj
s e a tog th r w i th th n d
e e e a, e e e su an

moon A ft r lo g d l i b r ti on th gods gr d t hi
. e n e e a e a ee o s

t rms prov i d d h wo ld fin i sh th wh ol work hi m

e ,
e e u e e

s lf w i th out y n s ssi st nc
e d ll w i th i n t h
an O e
’
a a e, an a e

sp c of a e w i nt r ; b t i f nythi ng r m i n d fi
on e e u a e a e un n

i h d on th first d y of summ r h sho ld forf i t th

s e e a e , e u e e

r comp ns gr d on On b i g told th s t rms th

e e e a ee . e n e e e , e

ar ti fi sti pul t d th t h s h ould b llow d th

c er a e a e e a e e u se

O f h i hors s c ll d S di lf ( l i pp ry f r r )
e, a d th i s
e va ar e S e -
a e ,
an

by th dvi c of Lok w gr nt d to hi m H ccord

e a e e as a e . e a

i gl y t to work on th first d y of w i nt r
n se d duri ng e a e , an

th n i gh t l t hi hors dr w ston for th bu i ld i ng

e e s e a e e .

Th normo s s i z f th ston s struck th gods w i th

e e u e o e e e

a ston i sh m nt d th y w cl rly th t th h ors d i d

e , an e sa ea a e e

on e h lf mor of th
a to i lsom work th n hi m st r
e e e a s a e .

T h i r b rg i n how v r h d b n concl d d i th pr s
e a a , e e , a ee u e n e e

e nc f w i tn ss s d confirm d by sol mn o ths for

e O e e an e e a ,

w i th out th s pr c uti ons gi nt wo ld not h v

e e e a a a u a e

thoug ht h i ms lf s f mo g th gods sp c i lly wh n e a e a n e , e e a e

Thor r turn d from e xp d i ti on h h d th n und r

e an e e e a e e

t k n tow rd th st g i nst v i l d mons

a e a e ea a a e e .

A th w i nt r dr w to
s e clos th bu i ld i ng w f
e e a e, e as ar
 O D N S I ’
A TTR I B UT ES . 22 5

a dv nc d d th bulw rks w r su ffi c i ntly hi gh d

a e , an e a e e e an

m ss i v to r nd r thi s r s i d nc i mpr gn bl In hort

a e e e e e e e a e . S ,

wh n i t w nt d but thr d ys to summ r th only

e a e ee a e , e

p r t th t r m i n d to b fin i sh d w th g t w y
a a e a e e e as e a e a .

Th n t th g ds on th i r s ts of justi c d nt r d
e sa e o e ea e an e e e

i nto consult t i on i nq i r i ng of no th r who mong

a , u on e a e a

th m co ld h v dvi s d to gi v Fr yj w y to Jotun
e u a e a e e e a a a

h i m or to pl ng th h v n i d rkn ss by p rm i t
e u e e ea e s n a e e

t i ng th gi nt t c rry w y th sun d th moon

e a o a a a e an e .

Th y ll gr d th t on but Lok L f y
e a a ee d a n e e au e ar s on an

th e th or f so m ny vi l d ds co ld h v g i v n
au O a e ee u a e e

such b d couns l d th t h should b put to cru l

a e ,
an a e e a e

d th if h di d t contri v som w y or oth r t p

ea e no e e a e o re

v nt th ti fi from compl t i ng hi t sk d obt i n i ng

e e ar cer e s a an a

t h sti p l t d r comp ns
e Th y i m m d i t ly proc d d
u a e e e e . e e a e ee e

to l y h nds on Lok who i hi fri ght promi s d upon

a a e, n s e

o th th t l t i t cost hi m wh t i t wo ld h would so
a , a e a u e

m n g m tt rs th t th m should los hi r w rd
a a e a e a e an e s e a .

Th t v ry n i ght w h n th tifi w nt w i th S di l
a e , e e ar cer e va

f r for b i ld i ng ston
a e m r sudd nly
u out of -
e, a a e e ran a

for st d b g n to n i gh T h hors b i ng thus

e an e a e . e e e

e xc i t d brok loose , d ft r th m r i nto th

e e an r an a e e a e e

for st wh i ch obl i g d th m
e , lso to run ft r hi e e an a a e s

hors d th us b tw n
e, an d th ot h r th whol e ee on e an e e e e

n i ght w l st th t t d wn th work h d not m d

as o , SO a a a e a a e

th e usu l progr ss Th m
a s i ng th t h h d no e . e an , ee a e a

oth r m ns of compl ti ng hi t sk r su m d hi own

e ea e s a ,
e e s

gi g nti c st t ur
a d th gods w cl rly p rc i v d
a e, an e no ea e e e

th t i t w i r l i ty mount i n gi nt who h d com

a as n ea a a a a e

a mongst th m No long r r g rd i ng th i r o ths th y

e . e e a e a , e

th r for c ll d on Thor who i mm d i t ly

e e e a e to th i r , e a e r an e

a ss i st nc d l i fti ng p hi m l l t Mj l
a e , an
( th crus h r ) u s a e o n er e e

th t th dw rfs h d m d h p i d th workm n hi
a e a a a e, e a e a s

w g s not w i th th sun d moon d not v n b

a e , e an , an e e v

15
22 6 O D N S I ’
A TTR I BUTES .

s nd ing hi m b ck to J t h i m for w i th th first blow

e a o un e , e

h sh tt r d th g i t s kull to p i c s d hurl d hi m
’
e a e e e an S e e , an e

h dlong i nto N i fl h i m But Lok h d run such r c

ea e . e a a a e

Wi t h S d ilf t h t s hortly ft th m i sch i f m k r

va a re , a a er e e -
a e

( Lok ) bor e gr y fo l w i th i g h t l
e gs Th
a i s i th a a e e . s e

ho m Sl i pn r wh i ch xc ls ll ho s s v r poss ss d by
e e e ,
e e a r e e e e e

gods m Th 01 gods p rj ur d th ms lv s d
en . e e e e e e , an in

r f r nc to thi s s ys th Eld r Edd

e e e e a e e a

T h w t h l th en en t e ru e rs ere,

Al l g d m t h ly o s os o ,

T th i t l ft o e r sea s a o ,

A d l t g th t k n c o un s e o e er oo ;
W ho all th e w i n s o m e ai r

Wi th g ui e had b e n e d ,l l d
O r t o th e g i a n s r a c e
’
t
d
O er s m ai en g ven
’
i *
d .

Th en Th or , w ho w as th e re,

Ar o s e i n w r a th f l m d u oo ,

Fo r se ld om sit h t i ll
s e s

W he n s u ch th i g h h n s e e a rs .

ll d w w ll th An n u e e re no a oa s,

A d w d f p mi f i n or s o ro se a r,

A d f i th t l g b f n a no on e ore

I i l pl i g h t d n coun c e .

Thi s ri ddl i propo nd d Who e th two who

s u e . are e

ri d to th Th i ng ? Thr y s h v th y tog th r t n
e e ee e e a e e e e , e

f t
ee d t i l ; d thus th y tr v l through th
an on e a an e a e e

l nds
a Th nsw r i Od i n who ri d s on Sl i pn r ; h
. e a e s ,
e e e e

has y t
on e h hors two e ; t h
e, hors runs eon i ght e e e e

f t Odi n h two ; only th hors h

ee ,
as t il e e as a a .

Odi n s hors Sl i pn r symbol i z s th w i nds of

’
e, e e , e e

h v n th t blow from i ght qu rt rs In S k

ea e , a d e a e . aan e an

Bl k i g i
e Sw d n i t w custom ry to l v sh f
n ,
n e e ,
as a ea e a ea

of gr i n i th fi ld for Odi n s hors to k p hi m from

a n e e
’
e, ee

j w m
Fr e y d p m d
a, ho t w d w
th e g o s h ad ro ise th e g i a n ,
as O er s
’
i fe .
2 28 O D N I ’

S J O UR N E YS .

a we a n d f r T h gi nt must p ri sh si nc h h
ea . e a e e e a s ve n

tu d i nto com b t w i t h Od i n
re aT h m i nd subdu s phys . e e

i c l n tur
a
-

aW h n th g i nt r cogn i z s Odi n h r l
e . e e a e e e ea

i z s hi own d pr ss d n tur
e s e d must di
e No rogu
e a e an e . e

c an look hon st m i th y In G i m m al
an e an n e e e . r n ers

Od i n ssum s th n m of Gr i m m r d go s to try th
a e e a e e , an e e

m i nd of hi fost r— son G i d G i d tortur s hi m d

s e e rr o . e rro e an

pl c s hi m b tw n two fir s A d h r b gi ns th l y
a e e ee e . n e e e e a ,

i
n wh i ch Odi n gl i fi h i ms lf d th pow r of th
or es e an e e e

gods d p i ti s h i f ll n fost r son but fin lly d i sclos s

an e s a e e -
, a e

h i ms lf d d cl r s d th to G i d for hi w nt of
e an e a e ea e rro s a

hosp i t l i ty Thus Odi n clos s hi ddr ss to G i d i

a . e s a e e rro n

th l y of G i m
e a r n er :

M y t h i g I t ld th an n s o ee ,

B t th h t f w u m mb d ou as e re e e re

T hy f i d m i l d th r en s s ea ee .

My f i d w d r en
’
s s or

Ly i g I n see

W i t h b l d ll d i pp i g oo a r n .

Th f ll by h w d
e a en t e s or

Yg g h ll w h s a no ave ;
Th y l i f i w e s no run o ut :

W t h w i th t h rah di ee are t e se s,

O di th w h lt n ou no s a see

D w t m i f th
ra t near o e, ou c ans .

O di I m md n a na e ,

Ygg I ll d b f w as ca e e o re ,

B f th t T h d e o re a un ,

V ak e r and S k i l fin g ,

V a fu d and Hr o pt a t y r ;
W i th th e g o d s G a ut a nd J lka ,
*

O fn e r and S v a fn e r ;
Al l w h i c h I l
be i e v e to be
N am e s of me l
a on e .

* J ac k th e G i a n t -
ki ll er .
 O D N I AN D M l M ER . 229

S EC TI O N V I . O D N I AN D I
M M ER .

In th l y of V g t m Od i n go s to H l d w k s
e a e a ,
e e , an a e

t h proph t ss to l r
e e e t h f t of h i son B ld r ea n H e a e s a e . e

a lso t k s couns l from th tmost sourc s f th oc n

a e e e u e O e ea ,

an d l i st ns to t h vo i c from th d p
e e Som myths e e ee . e

r f r to O d i n s p wn i ng hi y w i th M i m r oth rs to
e e
’
a s e e e , e

hi t lk i n g w i th M i m r s h d
’
s a e ea .

T h You g r Edd h v i ng st t d th t M i m r s w ll ’
e n e a, a a e a e e

i s i t t d und r th t root of th world

s ua e e h Ygdr s i l
a e -
as a

th t xt nds to Jotunh i m dds th t w i sdom d wi t

a e e e , a a an

li co c l d i
e n it
ea e d t h t Od i n c m to M i m r
n ,
an a a e e on e

d y a d sk d for
an a d i nk of w t r from th fount i n
e a r a e e a .

H obt i n d th dr i nk but w
e a e obl i g d to l v
e of ,
as e ea e one

hi y s i p wn f i t To t hi s myth r f rs th follow
s e e n a or . e e e

i g p ss g from t h V olusp a i
n a a e th Eld r Edd e n e e a

Al h w i th t one s e
*
s at ou ,

Wh m th t i t en ca e a an c e n

D ddpi } f h gd re a e r nce o t e o s,

A d i hi y h g n d n s e e s e az e .

Od i n
O f h t w ld t th k m ?
w a ou s ou as e

O di ! I k w ll n no a ,

Wh t h th i y di d t i k e re ou ne e e s s n

I h p w ll f M im
n t e ur e e o er .

M im di k m d hm er r n s ea eac o rn

F m V l f th pl d g ro a a er s
’
e e .

U d t d y y t wh t ? n ers an e e , or a

Th i s myth w gi v n i conn cti on w i th Ygdr silas e n e a ,

but i t i r p t d h r to sh d
s e ea e
y of l i ght upon
e e th e a ra e

ch r ct r of Odi n d i thi s wi s M i m r i brough t

a a e , an n e e s

i nto cl r r sunl ight lso

a ea e a .

l p p t T he dv a a, or ro he ess . t O in .
230 O D N I AN D M M ER I .

In r g rd to Od i n s p k i ng w i th M i m r s h d
e a
’
S ea e
’
ea , we
ha v th follow i ng p ss g i th l y of S i gd i f
e e a a e n e a r a

O h kh t d n t e ro c e
ii
s oo

W i th dg d w d e e s or ,

A h lm hi h d h b e on s ea e o re .

Then M i m er hea d
’
sp a ke s

fi t wi w d
It s rs se or ,

A d t yi g tt d
n rue sa n s u e re .

An d V olusp a w h n R gn rok , e a a is i mp ndi ng

e

Mi m e r dan c e
’
s sons ,

Bu t th e c e n ra t lt tk ree a es

At th e re s oun di g n

G j a ll a r h o r n ,
Lo u d bl ow s He i m dl a ,

Hi s h o r n is ra i s e d ;
O di n sp ea ks

Wi th M i m er
’
s h ea d .

Od i n s y i th sun M i m r s f unt i n i th
’
e e s e . e
’
o a s e

utmost sourc s of th oc n Into i t Od i n s y th

e e ea .
,
’
e e, e

sun si nks v ry v n i ng to s rch th s cr ts of th d p

e e e e ea e e e e ee ,

an d v ry mor i ng M i m r dri ks th gold brown m d

e e n e n e -
ea

(a uror ) W h na t.h d wn colors t h e w i th crei mson a e se a

d sc rl t t h n M i m r s wh i t fount i n i ch ng d to
’
an a e , e e e a s a e !

gold n m d ; i t i th n M i m r th w tch r of th
e ea s e e , e a e e

fount i n of kno wl dg dri nks w i th hi gold n horn th

a e e, s e e

cl r m d wh i ch flows ov r Od i s pl dg But M i m r
ea ea e n
’
e e . e

m ns m m y j ( A nglo S xon m m ) d w know

ea e or -
a eo or ,
an as e

th t a nc stors p i d d p r v r nc to th m mori s
our a e a ee e e e e e e e

of th p st d th t th f ll n h ro s who njoy d th
e a , an a e a e e e , e e e

h pp i n ss of V l h l w i th Odi n r v l d i th m mory
a e a a , e e e n e e

of th i r d ds don on rth i t i prop r to d d th t

e ee e ea ,
s e a a

Mim r i e i mp rson t i on of m mory

s an Our sp i ri t
e a e .

( Od i n d , d ) 0 s i nks
, down i nto
a an th d pt h s of th e e e

d O V l in d . dMm t S ee o c ab u ar y un er th e w o r i er .
23 2 T HE H S I T O R I CA L O D N I .

TI O N V III TH E H I S TO R I CA L O D I N
S EC . .

W h v now pr s nt d th mytholog i c l Odi n s

e a e e e e e a a

b sed on th i nscrut bl ph om n of n tur

a e d h v a e en e a a e , an a e

g i v n som h i nts i r g rd to th thi c l or nthropo

e e n e a e e a a

morph i c l m nt cont i n d i e e ch myth Our n xte a e n ea . e

subj c t w i l l b Od i n s w i v s th i r m i d s rv nts hi sons

e e
’
e , e a -
e a , s ,

t ; but b for w proc d to th m w w i ll g i v

e c . e eshor t e ee e e e a

outl i n of th h i stor i c l Odi n h i pr s nt d i th

e e a , as e s e e e n e

H i m k i gl of Snorr S tu l
e s r n by S xo G m m ti u
a e r e s on a ra a c s

an d ot h rs Mr M ll t th Fr nch wr i t r on North rn
e . . a e , e e e e

A nt i qu i t i s h g i v n synopti c l v i w of ll th t th s
e ,
as e a a e a a e e

wri t rs h v s i d bout th w nd ri ngs d xplo i ts of

e a e a a e a e an e

th i s f mous p rson d w w i ll m k
a bstr ct from
e , an e a e an a a

him .

Rom n Emp i re h d rr i v d t i t h i gh st po i nt of
T he a a a e a s e

pow r d w ll t h th n known world subj ct t i t

e ,
an sa a e e e o s

l ws wh n unfor s n v nt r i s d up n m i s g i nst
a ,
e an e ee e e a e e e e a a

i t from th v ry bosom of th for sts of Scyt h i

e e d on e e a an

th b nks of th
e a T i M i thri d t s by fly i g h d e an a s . a e n a

dr wn Pomp y ft r hi m i nto t h os d s rts T h k i ng

a e a e e e e . e

O f Pont s sought th r ufor r f g d w m ns of e e e u e an ne ea

v ng nc H h op d to m g i nst th mb i ti on of
e ea e . e e ar a a e a

Rom ll th b rb rous n ti ons hi n i gh bors whos

e a e a a a , s e , e

l i b rty h thr t n d H succ d d i thi s t first but

e s e ea e e . e ee e n a ,

a l l t h os p opl s i ll un i t d
e ll i s poorly rm d
e e ,
e as a e , a e as

sold i rs d sti ll wors d i sc i pl in d w r forc d to y i ld

e ,
an e e , e e e e

to th g n i us of Pomp y Od i n i s i d to h v b n of
e e e . s a a e ee

th i s numb r H w obl i g d to fl from th v ng nc

e . e as e ee e e ea e

of th Rom ns d to s k i countr i s unknown to hi

e a an ee ,
n e s

e n m i s th t s f ty wh i ch h could no lo g r find i
e e ,
a a e e n e n

h i own s .

Od i n comm nd d th A s s whos country w si tu a e e a , e as

a et d b tw n th Pontus E i u d th C sp i n S
e ee e ux n s an e a a ea .
 TH E H S I TO I C A L R O D N I . 2 33

Th i r pri nc i p l c i ty w A sg rd Od i n h vi n g un i t d
e a as a . a e

und r hi b nn rs th youth of t h n i ghbori ng t i ons

e s a e e e e na ,

m rc h d tow rd th w s t d north of Europ subdu i ng

a e a e e an e,

a ll th p opl s h m t on h i w y
e e e d i v i ng th m to
g e e s a an e

one or oth r of hi sons for subj cts M ny sov r i gn

e s e . a e e

f m i l i s of t h North
a e s i d to b d sc nd d from th s
e a re a e e e e e e

pr i nc s Th s H ngi st d Hors th S xon chi fs who

e . u e an a, e a e

c onq r d Br i t i n i th fifth c ntury count d Od i n i

ue e a n e e ,
e n

the num b r of t h i r nc stors

e So d i d lso et h oth r a e . a e e

A glo S xon pr i nc s
n -
a w ll th gr t r p rt of th e ,
as e as e ea e a e

pr i nc s of Low r G rm ny d th Nor th
e e e a an e .

A ft r h v i ng d i spos d of so m ny countr i s
e a d con e a e an

firm d d s t tl d hi w gov rnm nts Od i n d i r ct d

e an e e s ne e e ,
e e

hi cours tow rd Sc nd i n v i p ss i ng through Hol

s e a a a a, a

st i n d Jutl nd T h s prov i nc s m d hi m no r s i st
e an a . e e e a e e

a nc T h n h p ss d i nto F
e . e (eD nm rk ) a wh i che un en e a ,

s bmi tt d
u soon e h pp r d In th i s i sl nd h
as as e a ea e . a e

r m in d for long ti m
e a e d b i l t th c i ty of Od ns
a e an u e e e

( O d i Od i n s s
n s - ve, nctu ry ) wh i ch st i ll’
p r s rv as i i t a , e e e n s

n m th m mory of i t found r H nc h xt nd d
a e e e s e . e e e e e e

hi th ori ty ov r ll th North H subdu d th r st

s au e a e . e e e e

o f D nm rk e d pl c d hi son Skjold u pon i t thron

a an a e s s e.

T h d sc n d nts of Skjold cont i

e e e a d for m y g n r n ue an e e a

ti ons to rul D nm rk d w r c ll d S kj ld g e e a , an e e a e o un s .

Od i n wh s ms to h v b n b tt r pl s d to gi v
, o ee a e ee e e ea e e

c r wns to hi ch i ldr n th n t w r th m h i ms lf ft r
o s e a o ea e e , a e

w rds p ss d ov r i nto Sw d n wh r t th t t i m r l d
a a e e e e , e e a a e u e

a pri nc by n m G yl f who p i d hi m gr t honors d

e a e e, a ea an

e v n worsh ip d h i m
e d i v i n i ty Od i n qu i ckly cqu i r d
e as a . a e

i n S w d n th s m uthori ty h h d obt i n d i
e e e a e a as e a a e n

D nm rk T h Sw d s c m i crowds to do hi m hom
e a . e e e a e n

a g d
e , anby common cons nt b stow d t h t i tl f k i ng e e e e e o

upon hi son Y gv s d hi post r i ty H nc sprung

n e an s e . e e

th Y gl i g
e n n m by wh i ch th k i ngs of Sw d n
n s, a a e e e e
23 4 TH E H S I TO R I CA L O D N I .

w r for long ti m d i sti ngu i sh d G ylf di d d w

e e a e e . e e an as

forgott n ; Odi n cqu i r d l st i ng f m by hi d i sti n

e a e a a e s

g i
u sh d rul e H n ct d w l ws e i ntrod
. c d th e e a e ne a , u e e

customs of hi own country d st bl i sh d t S i gtun s , an e a e a a,

an nci nt c i ty i th s m prov i nc
a e Stock h olm n e a e e as , a

supr m counci l or tri bun l compos d of tw lv judg s

e e a , e e e e .

Th i r b s i n ss w to w tch ov r th publ i c w l t
e u e as a e e ea , o

d i stri but justi c to th p opl to pr s i d ov r th w

e e e e e, e e e e ne

wors hi p w hi ch Odi n h d bro g h t w i th hi m i nto th

, a u e

North d to pr s rv f i thf lly th r l i gi o s d m g

,
an e e e a u e e u an a

i c l s cr ts w hi ch t h t p i nc d pos i t d w i th t h m
a e e H a r e e e e . e

l v i d t on v ry m th ro gh out th country but

e e a ax e e an u e ,

e ng g d on hi p rt to d f nd th i nh b i t nts g i nst
a e s a e e e a a a a

a ll t h i r n m i se d to d fr y th
e e xp ns of th wor
e an e a e e e e e

sh i p r nd r d to th gods t S ig tun
e e e e a a .

Th s gr t cqu i s i ti ons s m not how v r to h v

e e ea a ee , e e , a e

s ti sfi d h i mb i ti on T h d si r of xt nd i ng f rth r
a e s a . e e e e e u e

hi r l i g i on hi
s e uthori ty d hi glory c us d hi m to
, s a , an s , a e

und rt k th conqu st of Norw y Hi good fortun

e a e e e a . s e

follow d hi m th i th r d thi s k i ngdom qu i ckly ob y d

e e ,
an e e

a son of Od i n m d S m i ng wh b c m th h d of n a e ee ,
o e a e e ea

a f m i ly th d i ff r nt br nch s of wh i ch r i gn d for
a e e e a e e e a

lo g t i m i N rw y
n e n o a .

A ft r Od i n h d fin i sh d th s glor i o s ch i v m nts
e a e e e u a e e e

h e r ti r d i nto Sw d n wh r p rc i vi g hi
e e d t e e , e e, e e n s en o

dr w n r h would not w i t for l i g ri ng d i s s to

a ea , e a a n e ea e

put d to t h t l i f w h i ch h h d so oft n
an en d so a e e a e an

v l i ntly h z rd d i th b ttl fi ld but g th ri ng round

a a a a e n e a e- e ,
a e

h i m th fr i ds d comp n i o s of hi fortun
e en h g v an a n s e, e a e

h i ms lf n i n wounds i th for m of ci rcl w i th th

e e n e a e e

po i t of l nc
n d m ny oth r c ts i hi sk i n w i th
a a e, an a e u n s

hi swords A h w d y i ng h d cl r d h w
. s go i n g
e as e e a e e as

b ck to A sg rd to t k h i s t mong th gods t
a a a e s ea a e a an

t rn l b nq t wh r h would r c i v w i th gr t
e e a a ue , e e e e e e ea
23 6 O D N I ’
S W I V ES .

i t is a lmost
m i r c lous sp ch i ts lf d w ll
as a u as ee e , an e

m y it ba c ll d sor t of s cond p ch But wh t

e a e a e S ee . a

most contri b t d to m k Od i n p ss for god w hi

u e a e a a as s

sk i ll i m g i c H could run ov r th world i th

n a . e e e n e

tw i kl i ng of
n y ; h h d t h comm nd of
an th i e e e a e a e a r

an d th t mp s ts h could tr nsform hi ms lf i nto l l

e e e ,
e a e a

sorts of sh p s c ld r i s th d d could for t ll

a e ,
ou a e e ea , e e

th i ngs to com co ld by nch ntm nts d pri v hi e, u e a e e e s

e n m i s of h lth d str ng th d d i scov r ll th

e e ea an e an e a e

tr s r s conc l d i th arth H kn w h w to
ea u e ea e n e e . e e o

s i ng i rs so t nd r d m lod i ous th t th v ry pl i s
a e e an e ,
a e e a n

an d mount i ns would op n d xp nd w i th d l i gh t ;
a e an e a e

th gh sts ttr ct d by th sw tn ss of hi songs

e o ,
a a e e ee e s ,

wo ld l v th i r i nf rn l c v rns d st nd moti onl ss

u ea e e e a a e an a e

a round hi m .

B t wh i l hi
u loqu nc tog th r w i th h i august
e s e e e, e e s

an d v n r bl d portm t procur d hi m lov

e e a e d e en ,
e e an re

sp ct i e c l m d p c bl ss mbly h w no l ss
n a a an e a ea e a e , e as e

dr dful d f ri ous i b ttl H i nsp i r d hi n m i s

ea an u n a e . e e s e e e

w i t h such t rr r th t th y th ought th y could not d

e o a e e e

scri b i t b tt r th by s v i ng h r nd r d th m bl i nd
e e e an a e e e e e

an d d f H would pp r l i k
ea . wolf ll d sp r t d
e a ea e a a e e a e an

b t i ng hi v ry s hi ld f r g h would throw hi ms lf
i s e e or a e, e e

a m i ds t th oppos i ng r nks m ki ng round h i m th

e a , a a e

mos t horr i bl c r g w i thout r c i v i ng y wound

e a na e, e e an

h i ms lf S ch i th h i stor i c l Od i n of th N rth
e . u s e a e o ,

such w i oth r words th gr t x mpl th t th

a s, n e , e ea e a e a e

Nors m n h d to i m i t t i w
e e d i p c
a a e n ar an n ea e .

I S W I V ES S EC TI O N Ix . O D N
’
.

Od i n s w i s J d ( Fjorgyn Hl d y ) R i nd
’
ve d are or , o n ,
an

Fri gg H v n i m rri d to rth Th i s w find i

. ea e s a e ea . e n

al l mytholog i s ( Ur nos d G i Z us d D m t r e a an a a, e an e e e ,

t )
e c .A mo g th Nors m n lso th rul r of h v n
n e e e a e e ea e
 O D IN
’
s W I V ES . 23 7

an d rth ( Od i n ) nt rs i nto m rri g r l ti ons w i th hi

ea e e a a e e a s

o w h nd i work T hi s r l ti on i xpr ss d i thr

n a . e a s e e e n ee

w ys Od i n i m rri d to Jord to Frigg d to R i nd

a : s a e , , an .

J d i
or th ori gi n l un i nh b i t d
s e th th rth a ,
a e e ar , , or e ea

w i thout r f r nc to m ; Fri gg i th i nh b i t d cul

e e e e an s e a e ,

ti t d
va e rth th bod of m ea d R i nd i th
,
rth
e a e an , an s e ea

wh n i t h g i b com unfru i tful wh n th wh i t

e as a a n e e , e e e

fl k s of w i nt r h v cov r d i t crus t ; i t i i thi s

a e e a e e e s s n

l tt r cond i ti on th t h long r s i sts th lovi g mbr c s

a e a s e e e n e a e

of h husb nd Th s thr r l ti ons

er a xpr ss d sti ll
. e e ee e a ar e e e e

mor cl rly by th i r chi ldr n W i th Jord Od i n b g ts

e ea e e . e e

T h r w i th Fr i gg B ld r d w i th R i nd V l
o , J d a e , an a e . or

i t h Gr k G i
s e Fr i gg i D m t r but th fortun t
ee a a, s e e e ,
e a e

Gr ks h d no godd ss corr spond i ng to R i nd ; th y

ee a e e e

kn w t th s v r Nors w i nt r
e no e e e e e e .

J d i som t i m s c ll d Fjorgyn
or s d Hl d y e but e a e an o n,

n i th r of th s n m s occur m ny ti m s i th Edd s
e e e e a e a e n e a .

Th r e eonly found occ s on l llus i ons to h such

a re a i a a e r,

as th fl sh of Ym r th d ug h t r of A u
e e r s i st r of e , e a e na , e

D g moth r of Thor
a ,
t e , e c .

Fr i gg i th d ght r of Fjorgyn d th first mong

s e au e an e a

th godd ss s th qu n f th
e e e ss d yj
,
Od i n
e ee O e a a an as n es .

i h
s d rly b lov d h usb nd S h s i ts wi th hi m i
er ea e e a . e n

Hli d kj l f d looks out

s a pon ll th worlds d for
an u a e ,
an

t h d t h of t h i r son th l i ght B ld r th y mourn to

e ea e , e a e , e

g th r wi th l l n tur Frigg knows th f t of m

e e a a e . e a e en ,

b t h n v r s ys or proph s i s nyth i g bout i t h

u s e e e a e e a n a er

s lf S h poss ss s f lcon d i sgu i s wh i ch Lok onc

e . e e e a a -
e, e e

borrow d of h e S h poss ss s m gn i fic nt m ns i on
er . e e e a a e a

F l wh r h t w p i g ov r V l h l m i sfortun ’
e n sa , e e s e sa ee n e a a s e

a ft r th d th of B ld r It i not c rt i n wh th r
e e ea a e . s e a e e

Fri d y i n m d ft r Fri gg or Fr yj or ft r Fr y but

a s a e a e e a a e e ,

th prob b i l i t i s th t i t i Fr yj s d y ( d i V m ) ’ '

e a e a re a s e a a es en e s .

W hi l Fr igg d Fr yj
e by m y uthors confound d
an e a a re an a e ,
2 38 ERI G C S
’
M A D - S ER I V A N TS .

th y e n v rth l ss wholly d iff r nt ch r ct rs Fri gg

ar e e e e e e e a a e .

is asa q u Fr yj i d i s Fr i gg
ee n , i m th lov
e ; a s va n a . s a o er s
’
e

Fr yj i th lov of th y u th or m i d
e a s e Th ss e e o a en . e a a

are l nd d i ti s th v ns
a d i v i i ti s of th w t r
e e , e a a re n e e a e .

T h v n godd ss Fr yj r pr s nts th surg i ng b i llowy

e a a- e e a e e e e , ,

u ns ttl d lov ; th y j Fr i gg r pr s nts lov i i t

e e e e as n e e e e e n s

n obl r d mor const nt form

e an e a .

S EC TI O N V A N TS x . ER I C G S
’
M A D - S ERI .

Full Hly Gn S t V a, Lofn ( S j f ) d

n, aa, n o ra, a r, o n , an

S y n, num r t d m i d s rv nts of Fri gg

ar e e e a e as a -
e a .

F ll go s bout w i th h h i r flow i ng ov r h
u a e a er a e er

should rs d h h d dorn d w i th gold n r i bbon

e an er ea a e a e .

S h i i ntrust d w i th th to i l tt
e s d sl i pp rs of Fr i gg
e e e e an e

an d dm i tt d i nto th most i mport nt s cr ts of th t

a e e a e e a

godd ss T h word F ll m ns full fuln ss d

e . e u a ea ,
e , an as

th s rv nt of Fri gg h
e e ar pr s nts th fuln ss of th s e e e e e e e

ea rth wh i ch i b uti ful ly s gg st d by h w vi ng h i r

, s ea u e e er a a

an d gold n r i bbon (h rv st ) e d w h n B ld r s nt th a e , an e a e e e

ri ng D p from H l h i w i f N nn s nt Frigg
ra u n er e , s e a a e a

c arp t d Full gold ri ng

e , an a a .

Hly h t h c r of thos whom Fri gg i nt nds to

n as e a e e e

d l i v r from p ri l
e e e .

Gn i th m ss ng r th t Frigg s nds i nto th

aa s e e e e a e e

v r i ous worlds on h rr nds S h h

a hors th t er e a . e as a e a

c an run through i d w t c ll d H f p ( th a r an a e1 , a e o va r n er e

hoof thr ow ) Onc

-
h drov out c rt i n v ns
e1 . e, as s e e , e a a

s w h
a i th eri wh n c ar f th m xcl i m d
n e a r, e on e O e e a e

W h t fli th ? a es e re

Wh t g th ? a oes e re

I th i l ft w h t g l i d ? n e a r a o a es

Sh nsw r d
e a e e
:

I fly t th gh I g no , ou o,

A d g l i d th g h t h i n e ro u e a r
2 40 G EFJ UN .

G e fj u n i s m i d d ll thos who d i m i ds b com

a a , an a e e a e e

her h nd m i d ns Of h th r i th followi ng
a -
a e . er e e s e an e c

dot i th Young r Edd K i ng G ylf rul d ov r th

e n e e a . e e e e

l nd wh i ch i now c ll d Sw d n It i r l t d of hi m
a s a e e e . s e a e

th t h onc g v W yf ri g wom n
a e e a r comp ns
e a a a n a , as a e e e

for h h v i ng d i v rt d hi m much l nd i hi r lm
er a e e , as a n s ea

h could plow w i th four ox n i d y d i g htfi ‘

as s e e n a a an a n

Th i s wom n w how v r of th r c of th s s d
a as e e e a e e a a , an

w as c ll d G fja e S h took four ox n from th North

e un . e e e ,

out of J t h i m (but th y w r th sons h h d h d

o un e ,
e e e e s e a a

wi th g i nt ) d t th m b for
a a ,
an plo w Now th se e e e a . e

plow m d such d p furrows th t i t tor p th l nd

a e ee a e u e a ,

wh i ch th ox n dr w w stw rd out to th
e e unti l th y
e e a e s ea e

c m to sound Th r G fj fix d th l nd d c ll d
a e a . e e e un e e a an a e

i t S l nd ee a A d th pl c wh r th l nd h d stood
. n e a e e e e a a

b c m w t r d form d l k wh i ch i s now c ll d
e a e a e , an e a a e a e

L g io
( th
r nn ) i Sw d n
e s ea d th i nl ts of thni s l k e e , an e e a e

cor spond x tly w i th th h dl nds of S l nd i

re e ac e ea a ee a n

D nm rk T hus s i th th Sk l d Br g
e a . a e a , a e

G fj d w f m G yl f e un re ro e,

Ri h i t d pt c n s ore u re asure ,

Th l d h j i d D m k e an s e o ne to en ar .

F h d d ig ht y b i g our ea s an e e es ear n ,

W h i l h t w t t i kl d d w t h m e o s ea r c e o n e ,

Th d gg d h ft m e ox en ra e t e re as s

T h t f m d th i w i m i l d a or e s nso e s an .

Th t y m ology
e e f G fj u i nc rt i n Som O e n s u e a . e ex

pl i n i t
a b i ng comb i n ti on of th Gr k 7 77 d
as e a a e ee an

Nors fj s p r ti o ( t
e
’

on , e
p ti )
a a Gr i mm com n err a se ara o .

p r s i t Wi th th Old S xon g h A glo S xon g f

a e e a e an, n -
a eo on ,

gf i t h
a n, Oc e G d t i g d r i v s i t from A glo
ean . r un v e e n

S xon g f
a
g l dn
e ea n ,ss H s ys i t i t ha s m W rd
e . e a s e a e o as

Fu m n ( Fy ) d th t th m n i g of th myth i th t
e n , an a e ea n e s a

mp Co th th m t d
are wi d th is y h Di o an d th e f o un i n g of Car ag e .
 I
R N D . 2 41

Fun e n Jutl nd w i th un i t d str ngth tor S l nd

an d a e e e ee a

from Sw d n Th i s would t h n b
e e h i stori c l i nt r
. e e a a e

r e ta ti o n
p .

d ri v t i on from g f to gi v h lso b n sug

T he e a e a, e, as a ee

g st d d th r i no doubt th t th plow i ng G fj u i
e e ,
an e e s a e e n s

th godd ss of gr i cultur
e e S h un i t s h rs lf w i th th
a e . e e e e e

gi nts ( th b rr n d unfru i tful fi lds or d s rts ) d

a e a e an e e e an

subdu s th m thus pr p ri ng th l nd for culti v ti on

e e , e a e a a .

In th i s s ns h i Fri gg s m i d s rv nt G fj u th
e e s e s
’
a -
e a . e n, e

plow d l nd d v lops i nto Frigg th fru i t b ri ng rth ;

e a , e e , e -
ea ea

h nc h i
e e m i d not wom n Th m i d i
s e s a t a , a a . e a s no ,

but h ll b m fru i tful

S a ec o e .

Ei i t h godd ss
r sf th h l i ng t
e d th i s i e O e ea ar , an s

about ll th t w know of h ; but th t i gr t d l

a a e er a s a
‘

ea ea .

A h l r for our fr i l body

ea e d for th s i ck m i nd ! a an e

wh t b fi t di vi n i ty !
a a en e ce n

S EC TI O N X II . I
R N D .

Thi s godd ss w m nt i on d i S cti on IX It i

e as e e n e . s

the th i rd form of rth i i t r l ti on t Od i n Thus ea n s e a o .

the l y f V gt m i
a O th Eld r Edd e a , n e e a

Ri d h ll b n a so n s a e ar

I t h w i t y h ll n e n r a s,

H h ll l y O d i e s a s a n s
’
s on

Wh i g ht ld en one n o .

H h d w i ll t w h e a an no as ,

N or hi s h ai r co m b,

pi l h b Er e h e t o t h e e as o rn e

B ld d y ’
a er s a v e r s ar .

Od i n s r p t d woo i ng of th i s m i d i s
’
e ea e a ex p re ss e d in
Ha am al f th Eld r Edd
v , s follows
O e e a, a

Th mi d ly k w e n on no s

Wh t li th h t a e s n e ar e e ar
2 42 R N D I .

Th t la a on e is con s ci o us o f o u r a ffe c t i o n s .

N Odi sease i s w ors e

To a sen si b e l m an
Th an n ot t o be con en t t t
w i h him se f l .

Th t I a ex d p e ri e n c e

W h i th en n d I t e re e s sa

Aw i t i g m y d l i gh t
a n e .

B dy
o d an lt m so u o e

W th t di
as a t m id s c re e a en

N ev e r th l I p e e ss h os se ss e r n ot .

Bi ll i g l *
’
n s ass

O n h er h I fco uc d oun ,

S un - b i gh tr l pi g , s ee n .

A p i j y
’
r n ce s o

T m
o em d see ght e n au ,

If t w i th th t f m t
no li a or o ve .

Y t
e n e arer i gh t h id n , s e sa ,

M t th
us O di ou, m n, co e,

If t h w i lt t lk t h
ou m id a e a en o ve r

A l l w i ll b d i t e s a s ro us

U l
n ess w l e a one

A re pi yt r v h mi d d o suc s ee .

I t d
re u rn e ,

Thi ki g t l
n n o ov e

At h wi
er d i se e s re ;
I th g h t ou

I h ld bt i
s ou O a n

H wh l h
er t d
o e ear an

W hen nex tI ca m e ,

Th e b o ld w a r ri o r s w e re
Al l w k a a e,

W i th l i gh t s b u rn i n g ,
An d b e a r i n g t o r ch e s

Th us w a s th e w a y to pl e as ure l d
c ose .

‘
Ri n dw d as a u gh e r o f t Bi ll i ng .
244 R N D I .

w sh d h f t i th v n i ng d wh n h b c m
a e er ee n e e e , an e s e e a e

si ck h prom i s d to cur h but th r m dy w so

e e e e r, e e e as

bi tt r th t h must first b bound H r pr s nt d to

e a s e e . e e e e e

h er f th r th t i t v n g i nst h w i sh must op r t
a e a ,
e e a a er , e a e

wi th ll i t d i ssolv i ng p ow r
a d p rm t
s ll h l i mbs e , an e ea e a er

b for h co ld b r stor d to h l th Thus h won

e e s e u e e e ea . e

th m i d n
e som thi nk w i th th s cr t cons nt of
a e , as e , e e e e

h er f th r B t th gods b n i sh d Od i n from By
a e . u e a e z an

ti um d cc pt d i hi pl c c r t i n Oll r wh om
, an a e e n s a e a e a e ,

th y v n g v Odi s n m T hi s Oll r h d bon

e e e a e n
’
a e . e a a e,

wh i ch h h d so ch rm d by i nc nt ti ons th t h could
e a a e a a a e

tr v rs th oc n w i th i t i
a e e h i p Oll r w b
e ea as n a S . e as an

i h d g n by th gods
s e a d b took h i ms lf t Sw d n ;
ai e , an e e o e e

but Od i n r t rn d i hi d i v i n di gn i ty d r qu st d
e u e n s e an e e e

hi son Bous whom R i nd h d born

s d wh s h w d
, a e, an o o e

a gr t procl i v i ty for w t r v ng th d th of h i
ea a r, o e e e e ea s

broth r S xo G m m tie . r l t s th i s
a confid ntly ra a c us e a e as e

as i f i t w r th most g n i n h i story not h v i g th

e e e e u e ,
a n e

f i nt st susp i c i on to i t mythi c l ch r ct r
a e as s a a a e .

S xo s R thi f i m nt i on d i th Eld r Edd

a
’
os o s e e n e e a as

H th i f ( hors th i f of H im frost s r m s ’
( h i )
’ ’
r os s - o r t e- e r n er s e e

r c S xo s V h i Od i who i th Eld r Edd i

a e . a
’
ec a s n, n e e a s

c ll d V k Th l tt r porti on of th myth i not gi v n

a e a . e a e e s e

i Ha m al
n d w r i t not for f i t h ful S xo w shou l d
va , an e e a a e

sc rc ly nd rs t nd th t porti on of th Eld r Edd wh i ch

a e u e a a e e a

w as quot d bov B t w i th th l i ght th t h sh ds

e a e . u e a e e

upon i t th r i no long r y d ub t Ri nd i th rth

e e s e an o . s e ea ,

not g n r lly sp k i ng but th rth who ft r th d th

e e a ea ,
e ea a e e ea

of B ld r i consi gn d to th pow r of w i nt r Do s not

a e s e e e e . e

th Engl i sh word
e i d r m i nd of th h rd froz n r n e us e a -
e

crust of th rth ? D fi tly d long h r si sts th e ea e an an s e e e

lov of Odi n ; i v i n h pro ff rs h th orn m nts of

e n a e e er e a e

summ r ; i v i n h r m i nds h of hi w rl i k d ds
e n a e e er s a e ee ,

th Nors m n s most ch r i s h d nt rpri s th summ r

’
e e a e e e e e 1n e e
 R N DI .

s son By hi l l pow rful w i tchcr ft h must d i ssolv

ea . s a - e a e e

an d i t w r m lt h
as stubborn m i nd F i n lly h
e e e er . a s e

g i v s b i th t V l th strong w rri or
e r o a e, e a .

In th i nc nt t i on of Gro i th Eld r Edd th i s

e a a a, n e e a,

i th first song th t th moth r s i ngs to h son er

:

s e a e e

I w i ll i g t th fi t s n o ee rs

O th t i th g h t m t f l
ne a s ou os use u ,

W h i h Ri d g B c n san to an

T h t f m th y h ld t h h ld t t
a ro s ou e rs ou S ou s cas

Wh t th m i k m a to ee see s r so e :

L t thy l f thy l f di et (B i d p d t ! ) se se re c . e n e en en

Wh t i i t th t s ms so i rksom to Ri nd d R
a s a ee e an an ,

an d th t both c st from th i r hould rs i

a ord r to
a e S e n e

b co m i nd p nd nt ? It i th i
e e e Wh n R i nd h d
e e s e ce . e a

thrown i t ff h r qu st d th o godd ss R to do
s e e e e e sea - e an

li k wi s
e e .

T h Gr ks h ve myth corr spondi ng som wh t to

ee a e a e e a

th i s T h god of th h v ns Z us com s down i th

. e e ea e ,
e ,
e n e

r i n i nto H r s l p ; but wh n h r s i st d hi ntr ti s

a e a
’
a e s e e e s e ea e

Z us l t f ll show r of r i n wh i l h w s i tti ng on
e e a
.
a e a ,
e s e as

t h top of
e mount i n d h ch ng d h i ms lf to
a a , an e a e e a

n i ghti n g l ( symbol of spri ng ti m ) Th n H r com

a e a - e . e e a

p ss i on t ly took th w t d dri pp i g b i rd i nto h l p

a a e e e an n er a .

B t look t t h d i ff r nc !
u a H r soon g i v s w y d
e e e e e a e a an

p i t i s but our Nors R i nd m k s d sp r t r s i st nc

e , e a e a e e a e e a e .

It r p t dly looks
e ea e i f Od i n h d conqu r d but th as a e e , e

m i d r ssum s h stubborn d i spos i ti on How tru th i s

a ea e er . e

i of th cl i m t i th
s e orth rn l ti tud s ! R i nd i not
a e n e n e a e s

i n ppl i c bl to our W i scons i n w i nt rs

a a e e .

Such i th p hys i c l i nt rpr t ti on of Od i s r l ti on

s e a e e a n
’
e a

to Frigg d Ri n d H v n d rth an w dd d . ea e an ea a re e e

tog th r ; d upo th i s m rri g rth pr s nts i ts lf i

e e an n a a e ea e e e n

two forms fru i tful d bl st unfru i tful d i mpri son d

: an e , an e

T he go dd ess of th e s ea .
246 G U N LA D — TH E O R G I IN O F P O E RY T .

i n the cold d frost A th k i ng of th y

c h a i n s .o f an . s e e ea r

Odi n mbr c s b th of th m B t Od i i lso th

e a e o e . u n s a e

S p i ri tu l ( d ) k i ng who un i t s h i ms lf w i th t h hum n
a aan ,
e e e a

ea rthly m i nd H finds i t cr d d . nc ltur d but e u e an u u e ,

susc pti bl of i mpr ss i ons P r th gh ts d nobl

e e e . u e ou an e

f l i ngs
ee d v lop d wh i ch grow i nto bloom i ng ti
ar e e e e , ac v

i ti s e B t t h n com s b ck g i n th unf l i ng coldn ss

. u e e a a a e ee e

an d d fi nt stubbornn ss w hi ch t k
e a poss ssi on of th e a e e e

m i nd sh utti ng t th i nfl nc of truth upon th m i nd

,
ou e ue e e .

It i d t i m w h n do bt
s a sa d sk pt i c i sme d d sp i r e u an e an e a

e v ry n i gh t l y th i r l d n w i ght upo th poor m n s

e a e ea e e n e a
’

soul How v r to th hon st s k r of truth i t i only

. e e e e ee e s

a tr ns i tory st t of tri l A w i s Provi d nc t k s hi m

a a e a . e e e a e

w i th t nd r d p t i nt h ds g i n to hi bosom H
e e an a e an a a s . e

s nds down show rs of bl ss i ngs or m i sfortun s upo

e e e e n

hi m W i th h i m i ld br th h m lts th froz n h rt
. s ea e e e e ea ,

an d i t t onc cl th s i ts lf w i th g rl nds of d i v i n st
a e o e e a a e

hu s W i th ll hi ch rms h to ch s th w i ntry i d
e . a s a e u e e r n

th t nc s s us d t h m i nd st nds forth unm n cl d

a e a e ,
an e a a a e

an d fr Wh t to th y r i l i gh t summ r d d rk
ee . a e ea s e an a

w i nt r i to us bri ght d gloomy p ri ods Of our x i st

e s an e e

e nc th t succ d c h oth r i th i r t rn d
e, a ee mg ea e n e u , a v an c

or i mp di ng sp i ri t l d v lopm nt wh i ch must con

e our ua e e e ,

ti n ue for v r Th i s i lso ont i n d i th myth bou t

e e . s a c a e n e a

Od i n d R i nd y i t i th b tt r h lf
an ,
na , s e e e a .

S EC TI O N X III . G UN LA D . T HE O R G I IN O F P O E RY T .

Po try i r pr s nt d
e i nsp i ri ng dr i nk
s H wh
e e e e a s an . e o

p rt k s of i t i kald po t T hi s dr i nk w k pt w i th
a a e s s , e . as e

th g i nts wh r G
e l d prot ct d i t
a , Od i n go s d own
e e un a e e . e

to th gi nts conqu rs ll bst cl s w i ns G l d ff

e a ,
e a O a e , un a
’
s a ec

ti on d g ts p r m i ss i on to p rt k of th dri nk H
,
an e e a a e e . e

br i ngs i t to th upp r world d gi v i t to m e T h us e an es en .

2 48 G U N LA D — TH E O RIG IN O F PO E RY T .

Fj al ar sk d h wh th r i t would not b som conso

a e er e e e e

l t i on to h to look out upon th w t r wh r h

a er e a e ,
e e er

husb nd h d p ri sh d ; d w h n h cons nt d to th i s
a a e e an e s e e e ,

Fj l a ars i d to h i broth r G l r th t h should g t up

a s e a a a e e

a bo th door d s h p ss d out through i t h

ve e ,
an , a s e a e , e

sh ould l t f ll m i ll ston upon h h d for h w

e a a -
e er ea , e as

si ck d di sgust d w i th h cry i ng T h broth r did

an e er . e e

so d thus h p ri sh d lso A son of G i ll i ng

,
an s e e e a .
, a

g i nt by n m S tt g v ng d th s tr ch rous d ds
a a e u un ,
a e e e e ea e ee .

H took th d w rfs out to

e d pl c d th m on
e a se a an a e e a

sh o l wh i ch w flood d t h i gh w t r In th i s cri ti c l
a ,
as e a a e . a

p os i ti on th y i mplor d S tt g to sp r th i r l i v s
e d e u un a e e e , an

a cc pt th v rs i nsp i ri ng b v r g wh i ch th y poss ss d
e e e e- e e a e, e e e ,

as ton m nt for th i r h v i ng k i ll d h i p r nts

an a e e e a e s a e .

S tt g h v i ng gr d to th s cond i t i ons r l s d th
u un , a a ee e e ,
e ea e e

dw rfs d c rry i ng th m d hom w i th hi m com

a , an ,
a e ea e ,

m i tt d i t to t h c r of h i d ugh t r G
e l d eH nc a e s a e un a . e e

po try i i nd iff r ntly c ll d K

e s blood S utt g
e e a e va s e r s
’
,
un
’
s

m d th d w rfs r nsom t
ea , e a
’
a ,
e c .

How d i d th gods g t poss ss i on of th i s v lu bl e e e a a e

m d of S tt g Odi n b i ng fully d t rmi n d to

ea u un ? e e e e ac

qu i r i t t out for Jotunh i m d ft r journ y i ng

e , se e , an a e e

for som ti m h c m to m dow i wh i ch n i n

e e e a e a ea , n e

th r lls w r mow i ng Ent ri ng i nto conv rs ti on w i th

a e e . e e a

th m Odi n o ff r d to wh t th i r scyth s
e , o ff r wh i ch
e e e e e , an e

th y gl dly cc pt d H took Wh tston from hi

e a a e e . e a e e s

b lt d wh tt d th i r scyth s d find i ng th t i t h d
e an e e e e ,
an a a

g i v n th i r scyth s
e xtr ord i n ri ly k n dg th
e e an e a a ee e e e

t hr lls sk d hi m wh th r h w w i ll i ng to d i spos of i t ;
a a e e e e as e

b t Od i n thr w th Wh tston up i nto th

u i
e d ll e e e e a r, a n as a

th thr lls
e tt mpt d to c tch i t i t f ll ch brought
a a e e a as e , ea

hi scyth to b r on th n ck of
s e of hi c mr d s
ea e e on e s o a e ,

so th t th y w r ll ki ll d i th scr mbl Od i n took

a e e e a e n e a e .

up hi n i ght s lodgi ng t th hous of S uttu g broth r

s
’
a e e n
’
s e
 G UN LA D -
TH E O R G I IN or PO E TR Y . 249

B ug who told hi m h w s dly t loss for l bor

a e, e as a a a a

er s , hi n i n thr lls h v i n g sl i
s ch oth r Odi n who
e a a a n ea e .

h r c ll d h i ms lf B l k (
e e a e Wh p rform th e o ve r on e o c an e e

most d ifficult work ) s i d th t for dr gh t of S tt g , a a a au u un

’
s

m d h would do th work of n i n m for hi m B ug

ea e e e en . a e

a nsw r d th t h h d no control ov r i t S tt g w nt d
e e a e a e . u un a e

i t lon abut h would go w i th B l k d try to g t

e, e o ve r an e

it . Th s t rms w r gr d on d Od i n work d for

e e e e e a ee ,
an
-

B ug th whol summ r do i ng th work of n i n m ;

a e e e e ,
e e en

but wh n w i nt r t i h w nt d hi r w rd B ug
e e se n e a e s e a . a e

an d Od i n t out tog th r d B ug se xpl i n d to e e , an a e e a e

S ttu g th
u gr m nt b tw n h i m d B l k but
n e a ee e e ee an o ve r ,

S ttu g w
u d f to hi broth r s ntr ti s d would
n as ea s e
’
e ea e an

not p rt w i th drop of th pr c i ous dri nk whi ch w

a a e e , as

c r fully p r s rv d i c v rn und r hi d ught r s cus

a e e e e n a a e e s a e
’

tody Into th i s c v rn Odi n w r solv d to p n tr t

. a e as e e e e a e .

W must i nv nt som str t g m s i d h to B ug H

e e e a a e , a e a e . e

th n g v B g th ugur wh i ch i c ll d R t
e a e au d e e a , s a e a e, an

sa i d to hi m th t h should bor hol through th rock

a e e a e e ,

i f th dg of th ugur w sh rp nough B ug di d
e e e e a as a e . a e

so d s i d th t h now h d bor d thro gh But Odi n

, an a a e a e u .
,

or B l k h i h r c ll d bl w i nto th ugur
o ver as e s e e a e , e e a

h l O e d th ch i ps fl w i nto hi f c
an H th n p
e e s a e . e e er

i d th t B ug i nt nd d to d c i v hi m
c e ve a d com
a e e e e e e an

m d d hi m to bor cl r through
an e B ug bor d g i n e ea . a e e a a ,

an d wh n B l
,
k bl w s cond t i m th ch i ps fl w
e o ver e a e e, e e

th oth r w y
e Th n Od i n tr nsform d h i ms lf i nto
e a . e a e e a

worm cr pt through th hol

, e d r sum i ng h i tur l e e , an e s na a

sh p won th h rt of G l d B ug put th ugur

a e e ea un a . a e e a

down ft r hi m but m i ss d hi m Aft r h v i ng p ss d

a e , e . e a a e

thr n i ghts wi th th f i r m i d h h d no gr t di f
ee e a a en , e a ea

fi ul ty i
c i nduc i ng h to l t hi m t k
n dr ught out er e a e a a

of ch of th thr j rs c ll d O d
ea Bodn d e ee a a e r oe r e r , ,
an

Son i wh i ch th m d w k pt But w i sh i ng to
, n e ea as e .
2 50 G UN LA D —TH E O R G I IN O F PO E RY T .

mk a mos t of hi dv nt g h dr nk so d p th t
e th e s a a a e, e a ee a

no t drop w l ft i th v ss ls Tr nsform i ng hi ms lf
a as e n e e e . a e

i nto gl h th n fl w ff f st hi w i ngs could

an e a e, e e e o as a as s

c rry hi m but S tt g b com i ng w r of th str t

a ,
u un e a a e e a a

g me lso,took upon
a h i ms lf gl s gu i s d fl w e an ea e
’
e an e

a ft r hi m T h gods on s i ng hi m ppro ch Asg rd

e . e , ee a a a ,

se t out i th y rd ll th j rs th y could l y th i r h nds

n e a a e a e a e a

on wh i ch Od i n fill d by d i sgorgi ng through hi b k

,
e s ea

th wond r work i ng l i quor h h d dr nk

e e -
H w how e a u . e as

e v r so n r b i ng c ught by S tt g th t h s n t som
e ea e a u un , a e e e

of th m d ft r hi m b ckw rds d
e ea a no c re we a a ,
an as a as

t k n of th i s i t f ll to th h r f po t st rs It i
a e e e S a e O e a e . s

c ll d th dri n k of s i lly po ts But th m d d i sch rg d

a e e e . e ea a e

i to th j rs w
n k pt for th gods d for thos m
e a as e e an e en

who h v s ffic i nt wi t to m k ri ght

a e u of i t H nce a e a u se . e e

po try i c ll d Odi n s booty Odi n s g i ft th b v r g

e s a e
’
,
’
, e e e a e

of th gods t e ,
e c .

But l t look t th i s m yth i i t ld r d p ur r

e us a n s O e an e

form Thus th Eld r Edd i Ha m al

. e e a, n va

O bli i h ll d ’ ’
i v on s e ron t s ca e

Th t p t ti h a ov e r o a ons o v e rs ;
H t l h mi d f m e s ea s t e n s o en .

W i th t h i bi d p i i s r
’
s n on s

I w f tt d as e e re

I G l d d w ll i g n un a
’
s e n .

D kI run w as,
Iw d k as o v e r- run

A th t i g Fj l
’
t a cunn n a ar s .

It h b t d k ’
s t e es ru n e nn e ss

Wh y ft it en ev er one a er

Re g a i n s hi s re a son .

Th i s p ss g th n r f rs to th ff cts of th stro g
a a e e e e e e e e n

dri nk of po tr d Od i n r comm ds to e i t w i th
y , an e en us u se

mod r ti on Wo l d i t not b W ll for som of our po ts

e a . u e e e e

to h d th dv c i
ee ? e a e
2 52 G U N LA D — TH E O R G I IN O F P O ETR Y .

To l e arn som e th i ng of the Hi g h O ne .

In t h e Hi g h O ne s ll
’
ha
t
A f e r Bo l v e rk th y i q i d
e n u re

W h e th e r he w i th th g d w e o s e re c om e ,

O r S u tt u n g h d d t y d hi m
a e s ro e .

O di I n, l
be i ev e,
A r i n g -o a th g av e .

t ll t t ? Who in hi s fa i h w i rus

S tt g d f dd u un e ra u e ,

O f hi d i k b ft s r n e re ,

A d G l d m d t w p n un a a e o ee .

It i s b uti ful i d th t Od i n cr ps i nto S uttu g s

a ea ea a ee n
’

h ll s s rp nt but wh n h h s drunk th m d of
a a a e e ,
e e a e ea

po try wh n h h b com i nsp i r d h so rs w y on

e , e e as e e e , e a a a

ea gl s p i n i ons
e
’
.

Od i n s n m B l k m y m n th
’
a worki ng v i l
e, o ve r ,
a ea e on e e ,

wh i ch m i ght b s i d of hi m i r l ti on to th gi nts e a n e a e a ,

or th who ccompl i sh s d i fficult thi ngs whi ch t h n

e on e a e , e

would i mp rson t th di fficulty i m st ri ng th t of

e a e e n a e e ar

po try W i thou t s v r str ggl no

e . g in a e e e u e on e c an a a

v i ctory i th t of po try d l st of ll i th Old

n e ar e , an ea a n e

Nors l ngu g G u l d ( from g

e a a struggl
e . d n a a nnr, e, an

MM to i nv i t ) i nv i t s Od i n to th i s struggl
, e S h s i ts e e . e

w ll forti fi d i th bod of th gi nt S h i sur

e e n e a e e a . e s

round d by ston w lls T h cup i wh i ch w th m d

e e a . e n as e ea

i c ll d O d
s a e
( d th t w h i ch mov
r oe r e r s t h sp i r i tC); -
r a r er , a e e

th t i th cup of i nsp i r ti on ; d th myth i

a s, e cl r a an e s as ea

as th s n m s K
e e i t h fru i t of wh i ch t h ju i c
a e . v a se r s e e e

i pr ss d
s e d m i x d w i th hon y ; i t produc s th i
e an e e e e n

spi ri ng dr i nk It i lso p rt i n ntly s i d th t K

. s a e e a a v ase r

p ri sh s i hi own w i sdom Do s not th fru i t burst

e e n s . e e

from t sup r b nd nc of ju i c
i s ? e aB t do not t k only
u a e e u a e

t h outs i d sk i n of th i s myt h ; pr ss th
e e thi c l ju i c e e e a e

out of i t .
 S AG A . 2 53

It should b noti c d h r th t K e
( th sp i t th e e e a va s e r e , e

ri p fru i t) i produc d by un i on of s s d v ns
e s e a a a an a , an

i nt i m t un i on of th sol i d
a e d l i qu i d l m nts e an e e e .

Th i s myth lso i llustr t s th wi d d i ff r nc b tw n

a a e e e e e e e ee

th Eld r
e d t h Young r Edd
e an How much pur r d
e e a .
e an

po ti c i th form r th n i th l tt r ! E ip f i
e n e e a n e a e x so on e
du l i c asbi b i g In th Eld r Edd i w t r i
nn ar a a te . e e a s a e n

wh i ch i t i worth our wh i l to fish

s e .

S EC TI O N X I V . S AG A .

Od i n i t only th s i nv ntor of po try h

no e e e , e

f vors d prot cts h i story S g T h Eld r Edd

a an e , a a . e e a

S k b k h i g h t th f o th d w ll i g
va e e our e n

l b i ll w
,

O i fl w h ver t o t e c oo -
o s ;
G l d d i k th O di ad S g r n ere n an a a

E y d y f m g ld ver p a ro o en cu s .

T h ch rm i ng i nflu nc of h i story could not b mor

e a e e e e

b uti fully d scri b d

ea e e .

S k b k i th brook of th d p
o va e s From th d p
e e ee . e ee

ari s th tho ghts d roll

e e u cool r fr sh i ng w v s an as e e a e

through gold n words S g e t ll Od i n thi nk . a a c an e , c an ,

about i t Thus th y i t tog th r d y ft r d y d n i ght

. e s e e a a e a an

aft r n i ght d r fr sh th i r m i nds from th foun t i n of

e an e e e e a

h i story S g i th s co nd of th godd ss s S h dw lls

. a a s e e e e e . e e

at S k b k o v ry l rg
va e ,
d st t ly
a bod T h e a e an a e a e . e

str m of h i story i l rg i t i bro d d d p S g i

ea s a e, s a an ee . a a s

from th word m n i ng t y In Gr c Kl i o w
e ea o sa . ee e as on e

of th mus s but i Nors l nd S g i lon un i t d

e e , n e a a a s a e, e

w i th Od i n th f th r of h ro i c d ds H f vor i th
, e a e e ee . er a s e

hop of th youth d th d l ight of th old m

e e an e e e an .
2 54 O D N I AS T HE I N V EN T O R O F R UN ES .

TI O N XV O D I N A S T H E I N V EN TO R O F R UN ES
S EC . .

Th or g n l m n i ng of th word run
e i i a ea is et e e s ec r ,

a nd it w us d to i gn i fy myst ri ous song mys t i

as e s a e , er

ous doctri n myst ri ous sp ch d mys t ri ous wri ti ng

e, e ee , an e .

O u rnc stors h d
a e lp h b t c ll d run s b for th y
a an a a e a e e , e e e

l rn d th s c ll d Rom n h r c t rs T h r un i c st v
ea e e o- a e a C a a e . e a e

row w a futhorc (fs a ih 0 k) not lph b t

, a , , ,
r, ,
an a a e

( A B,) i Gr ask or L n t i n But w h

ee t do s it m n a . a e ea

mythologi c lly th t Od i n i th i nv ntor of th run s ?

a , a s e e e e

Odi n h i ms lf s ys i hi f mous Run song i th E lder

e a n s a e- n e

Edd a

I k w th t I h g no a un

O wi d kdt n a n -ro c e re e
*

N i wh l i gh t ne o e n s,

W i th p w dd a s e ar oun e

A d t O di ff d n o n O e re ,

My l f t m y lf se o se ;
O th t t n a re e

O f w hi h k w c no on e no s

F m wh t t it p i gro a roo s r n s .

B d g m re a no one av e e

N h f d i k or a o rn o r n ,

D w w d I p d o n ar e e re ,

T ppl i d m y l f o r un e s a e se

W i li g l t th m a n e a rn e

T h f ll d w th
,

en e o n e n ce .

P t t g i o en s on s n ne

F m th f m d Il ro d e a e s on e a rn e

O f B l th B tl f th
’
o o rn , es a s a e r,

A d d gh t b t i d n a ra u O a ne

O f th p i m d e re c ou s ea ,

Dr a w n fro m O d r oe r e r .

Th en I b e g a n to b e a r fr u i t
An d t o k now m an y th i ng s ,

*Y
g d ilras .
256 O D N I AS TH E I N V EN T O R O F R UN E S .

N or s on of m an .

Help fi t i ll d
th e rs s ca e ,

F th t w i ll h lp th
or a e ee

Ag i t t ifa ns d s r es an care s .

F th or dIk w e s e con no ,

W h t th a f m q i
e son s o en re u re

Wh w i ll o l h li as ee c es ve .

F th th i d I k w
or e r no ,

If I h g t d av e re a nee

T t i my f
o r e s ra n oes,

Th w p e dg I d d
ea on s
’
e e ea en

O f my d i a ve rsa r e s

N m or wil
ar h m s g h t n or es ar au .

F th f
or th I k w e our no ,

If m pl en ace

B d on m y li m b
s on s,

I i g so s n

Th t I a w lk ; can a

T h f tt e t t f m my f t
e er s ar s ro ee

A d th m n l f m my h d
e an a c e ro an s .

F th fi ft h I k w
or e no ,

I h t f m
see a h ti l h
s od ro a os e an ,

A h f t fly i g m i d t h h t
s a n a e os ,

S w i ft i t
o s n t fly can o ,

Th t I a t t it can no a rre s ,

If ly I g i g h t f i t
on et s o .

F th or i th I k e w s x no ,

If w d m
on e o un s e

W i th g t a t re e n re e s
’
ro o ,
*

Al if m
so a an

D l h t d t m
e c are s a re o e,

H m h ll ar m th m
s a con s u e e s oo n e r

F th or th I k w e sev en no ,

If l f ty h a I
o ou s e se e

*
R t
oo s t w
of re es p ll fitt d e re t l t ll d
es e ci a y e f o r h ur f u ro om ( wi t t)
c h cr af

p d dm tlw d
.

T h ey ro uc e or a o un s .
 I
O D N A s T HE I N V EN T O R O F R UN E S . 2 57

B l aze o er
’
i ts i n m a t es,

S O ly i t h
fu ri o u s t b s a ll no u rn

Th t I a . t it ;
can no save

Th t g Ia i g
s on ca n s n .

F th
or i gh th I k e w e no ,

Wh t t ll i
a o a s

U f l t l
se u o e a rn ;
Wh h t d g w
e re a re ro s

Am o n g t h e sons of m en
Th t I a q i kly
can g u c ass ua e .

F orth i th I k
e n nw no ,

If I t di
s an d n nee

My b k arth w t ton e a er o s av e ,

I c anth wi d e n

O nth w e ll y aves a a ,

A d th
n l ll
e sea u .

F orth t th I k w
e en no ,

If I t ll w i
see ro - ves

S p ti g i
or n i n a r,

I can p t
so O e ra e

T h t th y w i ll f k
a e o rs a e

Th i w f m
e r o n or s

A d th i
n w mi d
e r o n n s .

F orth l th I k w
e e ev e n no ,

If I h t l d
ave o ea

My i t f i d t b ttl
anc en r en s o a e,

U d n t h i h i ld I i g
er e r s e s s n ,

A d w i th p w
n th y g o er e o

S f t th fi g h t
a e o e ,

S f f m t h fi gh t
a e ro e ;
S f a e ony i d th y g
e ve r s e e o .

F orth t w l fth I k w
e e no ,

If on t I a re e see

A p w i g i g f m h lt
co r se s n n ro a a e r,

I c an i t
so r s

A d i
n n d pi t
r un e s e c ,

T h t th m h ll w lk
a e an s a a ,

A d w i th m
n e co n v e rse .
 O D N I AS THE I N VE N TO R O F R UN ES .

Fo r t h et h i t th I k w r een no ,

If y gm
on a oun an

I p i kl w t
s r n e a e r ,*

H eh ll s t f ll
a no a ,

T h g h h i t b ttl m
ou e n o a e co e

T h t m h ll t i k b f w d
a an s a no s n e o re s or s .

t th I k w
‘

F h f
or t e ou r e en no ,

If i th n i ty f m e s oc e o en

Ih t ave m t th g d
o enu e ra e e o s,

A s as d l an e ves,

I k w th d i t i ti
no f ll
e s nc on s o a .

T hi f w k i ll d
s e d uns e c an o .

F th
or fi ft t h I k we een no .

W h t th d w f f Th d
a e
i g ar o o r oe re r S an

B f D lli g
e or e d e n
’
s o o rs .

St g th h
re n g t th e s an o e a sas ,

A d tn h l p p i ty
o t e e ves ro s er ,

W i d m t H pt ty ( O d i )
s o o ro a r n .

F th
or i t th I k w
e s x een no ,

If m d t m id f d ff t i
’
a o es a en s av or a n a ec on

Id i t p e s re o oss e s s ,

Th el I h gsou c an e

O f th w hi t m d d m l
e e -a r e a se ,

A d w h lly t
n h o mi d u rn er n .

F th
or t th I k w
e seven e en no ,

T h t th t y g m i d w i ll
a a oun a en

R l t tly i d m
e u c an a vo e .

Th ese g L df f
s on s, o a ner,

T h w i lt l g h l k d
ou on av e ac e ;
Y t i t m y b g d i f th
e a d t d t
e oo ,
ou un er s a n es

P fit b l i f t h
ro a l e t th m ou e a rn e s e .

F th
or i gh t th I k w
e e een no ,

Th t w hi h I
a t h c n ev e r eac

T m id
o wif a f m or e o an ,

The o ld h th ea m en p i kl d t
N ld w t
ors e en s r n e hei r c hi re n i h wa t er wh e
t
h ey n am e d th m e

p pl
.

t T he w ak er of th e eo e .
2 60 O D N I A s TH E I N V E N TO R O F R U N ES .

Eld r Edd Wh t Odi n s run s ? Wh t bu t

e a . w a ar e
’
e a a ne

e xpr ssi on of hi b i ng ? Od i n s run s r pr s nt th

e s e
’
e e e e e

m i gh t d w i sdom w i th wh i ch h rul s ll n tur v n

'
an e e a a e, e e

i t most s cr t ph nom n
s Odi n e m st r of run s i
e e e a .
, as a e e , s

th sp i ri t th t subdu s
e d controls phys i c l n tur
a H e an a a e . e

gov rns i n n i m t n tur th w i nd th

e a th fi d a e a e, e , e s e a, e . re , an

th m i nd of m
e th h t of th n my d th lov f an , e a e e e e an e e O

wom n Ev ryth i ng subm i ts to hi m i ghty sw y d

a . e s a , an

thus th run s w r i t d on l l possi bl thi ngs i h v

e e e e r s e a e n ea en

an d on rth H i th sp i ri t f th world th t p
ea . e s e O e , a er

v d s v rythi ng th lm i gh ty cr tor of h v n d
a e e e , e a ea ea e an

ea rth or to ,
mor mythologi c l xpr ssi on th
,
u se a e a e e , e

f th r of gods d m
a e an en .

Od i n hung n i n d ys on th tr ( Ygdr s i l ) d e a e ee a an sac

r i fi d h i ms lf to h i ms lf
ce d wound d h i ms lf w i th h i s
e e , an e e

own sp r Th i s h b n i nt rpr t d to m n th n i n
ea . as ee e e e ea e e

months i wh i ch th ch i ld i d v lop d i i t moth r

n e s e e e n s e
’
s

womb Turn b ck d r d th first stroph s c r fully

. a an ea e e a e ,

an d i t w i ll b fo nd th t th r i som s ns i th i s i nt r
e u a e e s e e e n e

but k nd r d r you v r try to subdu

,

p t
re a ti ion d i d , ea e , e e e

an d p n tr t i nto th s cr ts of m tt r w i th your m i nd ?
e e a e e e e a e

Do you know th t knowl dg c nnot b cqu i r d Wi th a e e a e a e

out l bor w i thout struggl w i thout s cri fic w i thou t

a , e, a e,

sol mn cons cr ti on of o s s lf to
e id ? Do you
e a ne
’
e an ea

r m mb r th t Od i n g v hi y
e e e p wn for dri nk
a a e s e e ln a a

from M i m r s fount i n ? Th sp r wi th wh i ch h now

e
’
a e ea e

wounds h i ms lf hows how sol mnly h cons cr t e S e e e a es

h i ms lf For th s k of th i s struggl to cqu i r knowl

e . e a e e a e

e dg th sp i ri t ff rs i ts lf to i ts lf It knows wh t h rd
e, e O e e e . a a

sh i ps d su ff ri gs must b ncount r d on th ro d t
an e n e e e e e a o

knowl dg but i t br v ly f c s th s obst cl s i t w nts

e e, a e a e e e a e , a

t wr s tl w i th t h m ; th t i i t gr tn ss i t glory i t
o e e e a s s ea e , s , s

pow r Ni n n i ghts Odi n h ngs on th tr

e . Rom w
e a e ee . e as

not bu i lt i d y T i m li t R m
n a d a . a n te o s er a o an a s c on er e
 V A LH A L . 2 61

g en tes N i th r i knowl dg cqu i r d i

! e e d y Th s e e a e n a a . e

m i nd i d v lop d by low proc ss H n i th r ts

s e e e a S e . e e e ea

nor dri nks h f sts You must lso curb your bod i ly
, e a . a

a pp ti t s d l i k Od i n look down i nto th d pths d

e e , an , e ,
e e an

p n tr t th myst ri s f tur w i th your m i nd Th n

e e a e e e e O na e . e

w i ll you l rn ll thos wond rf l songs th at Od i n

ea a e e u

l rn d cry i ng b for h f ll from th tr

ea e e e e e e ee .

Odi n i th uthor of th run i c i nc nt ti ons th t

s e a e a a a

p l y d so consp i cuous
a e p rt i th soc i l d r l i gi ous a .
a n e a an e

l i f of th Nors m n T h b l i f i sorc ry (g ld d
e e e a . e e e n e a r an

se ie ) w r un i v rs l mong th h th n Nors m n d
as e a a e ea e e e ,
an

i t h d i t or i g i n i
a th mythology wh i ch r pr s nts th
s n e , e e e e

m g i c rts
a ai nv nt i on of Od i n
as an e .

TI O N XV I V A LH A L
S EC . .

th Eld r Edd
e i eth l y of G i m n a, n e a r er

G l d h im i a sm d t h fi fth d w ll i g
e s na e e e n ;
T h th g ld b i g h t
e re e o en - r

V lh l t a d p i ; a s an s s ac o u s

Th H pt e re l t ro
*
se ec s

E h d y th ac m a ose en

W h d i by w p o e ea on s .

E i ly t b k
as w i o e no n s,

By t h wh t O diose m o o n co e,

Th m i e by i t p t
a n s on s as ec .

It f w i th p
s ro o i l id s e a rs s a ,

It h ll w i t h h i ld i d k d
s a s e s s ec e ,

W i th lt it b h t wd
c o rs e e s a re s enc es s re e .

E i ly t b k
as w i o e no n s,

By t h wh t O diose m o o n co e,

Th m i e by i t p t
a n s on s as ec .

A w lf h g o an s

B f th w t
e o re d e e s e rn oo r ,

O it v er
gl h an ea e o v e rs .

d O in .
2 62 V A LH A L .

Odi n w pr m i n n tly t h god of w

as H wh
ee e e ar. e o

f ll i b ttl c m ft r d th to Odi n V lh l Th r
e n a e a e a e ea In a a . e e

h b g
e e th b ttl
an n w f ll d ros g i n Glori ou
e a e a e , e an a e a a . s

w th l i f i
as e V lh l e n a a .

T h h ll w e c ll d V lh l th t i th h ll of th
a as a e a a , a s, e a e

sl i n ; Odi n w c ll d V l f th ( f th r of th l i n )
a as a e a a er a e e S a ,

an d th m i ds h s n te at to choos th f ll e h ro s e ou e e a en e e

on th fi ld of b ttl w r c ll d v lkyri s V lh l
e e a e e e a e a e . a a

must not b for st t d b confus d w i th th si lv r

,
as e e a e , e e e e

roof d v l skj lf
e a a a .

Th h ro s wh c m to V lh l w r c ll d i h j
e e e o a e a a e e a e e n e r e s,

from i d h j
e n wh i ch tog th r m n th xc ll nt
an er a , e e ea e e e e

w rri or d w find th t Od i n w lso c ll d H j

a , an e a as a a e er a

f th r ( f th r of h ro s )
a e a e e e .

V lh l i s i tu t d i
a a Gl ds h i m It i l rg
s a e d n a e . s a e an

r spl nd nt w i th gold ; p rs support i t c i l i ng i t

e e e S ea s e , 1s

roof d w i th sh i lds d co ts of m i l dorn i t b nch s

e e , an a a a s e e .

Swords s rv th p rpos of fie e d of i t i mm ns s i z
e u e r e, an s e e e

w form som i d wh n w r d i th Eld r Edd

e c an e ea e e ea n e e a

th t a

Fi h d d d ve un re oors

A d f ty m n or o re

M th i k i V lh l e n s a re n a a ;
Ei g h t h d dh th g h un re e roe s ro u

S h ll i f th a ssue or

Ag i t h w lf mb t a ns t e o t o co a .

Outsi d of V lh l st nds th sh i n i g grov Gl s r

e a a a e n e a e .

All i t l v s s d gold w h nc gold i fr qu ntly

ea e are re ,
e e s e e

c ll d Gl s r s l v s
a e a e
’
ea e .

Wh t do s Od i n gi v ll hi gu sts to t ? If ll
a e e a s e ea a

th m e who h v f ll n i figh t si nc th b gi nn i ng of
en a e a e n e e e

th world
e gon to Odi n i V lh l t h r must b a
ar e e n a a , e e e

gr t crowd th r Y th crowd th r i i nd d gr t
ea e e . e s, e e e s ee ea ,

but gr t though i t b i t w i ll sti ll b t h ough t too l i ttl

ea e, e e
2 64 V A LH A L .

th i rty i ri v rs th t i ssu i ng th nc flow tw lv to th

-
s x e a e e e e e

a bod s of th gods tw lv to th bod s of m

e e d , e e e a e en , an

tw lv to N i fl h i m
e e e .

Ah ! our nc stors w r uncul ti v t d b rb ri ns a ed e e a e a a a , an

th t i prov d by th l i f i V lh l wh r th h ro s
a s e e e n a a , e e e e e

t pork
a e d dr nk m d ! But wh t an w th n who
a ea a a re e, e ,

do th s m th i ng ? L t us look l i ttl mor c r fully

e a e e a e e a e

a t th words t h y us d
e Food th y c ll d fl sh d e e . e a e e , an

dri nk m d —xpr ssi ons t k n from l i f ; but th y

,
ea ,
e e a e e e

conn ct d e i nfin i t ly h i gh r i d
e an w i th th h v nly e e ea e ea e

nouri shm nt Although but f w know Wh t th i n

e . e a e e

h j er e s t w o ght to know i t
ea ,
Wh n w h r th
e u . e e ea e

word mbros i w th i nk of v ry fi nouri shm n t

a a, e a e ne e ,

a lthough w do not know wh t i t w e In th Ili d a as . e a

( 1 4 ,i t i us d of p ur w t r T h words
s u s d i e e a e . e e n

th Nors mythology i
e er f r nc to th food d dri nk n e e e e e an

of th gods e v ry s i mpl A d h i m ar eEld h i m e e, n -

r n e r, -
r n er,

an d S h im H i m ( ri m ) i th first
ee - r ner d most . r e s e an

d l i c t tr ns i t i on from l i q i d to sol i d ; h i m i
e a e a a u a r n er s

th produc i ng th i s tr ns i ti on T h food w form d

e on e a . e as e ,

as th words cl rly h ow by i ( d 6 d
e d ea S , a r an , n , d an e,

br th ) by fi ( ld ) d by w t r (
ea , )
re W h v e , an a e are , s ea . e a e

h r th most d l i c t form ti on of th most d l i c t

e e e e a e a e e a e

l m nts Th r i othi ng rthly i i t T h fund

e e e . e e s n ea n . e a

m nt l l m nt i w t r bo i l d by th fi wh i ch i
e a e e e s a e e e re, s

nouri sh d by th i ; d th dri nk i th cl r str m

e e a r an e s e ea ea ,

wh i ch flows from th h i gh st bod s of h v n th pur e e a e ea e , e e

e th r l curr nt wh i ch com s from th di st nt r gi ons

e ea e , e e a e

wh r th w i nds
e e s i l nt N y w c nnot v n c ll i t
e ar e e . a , e a e e a

a dri nk b t i t i th pur s t d most d l i c t br th of

,
u s e e an e a e ea

th i
e th t fills th lungs of th i mmort l h ro s i
a r, a e e a e e n

V al h al .

m i ghty b nd of m th r i i V lh l d Odi n
A a en e e s n a a , an

must i nd d b gr t h i ft i n to comm nd such

ee e a ea C e a a a
 THE V A LK Y R I ES .
2 65

num rous host ; but how do th h ro s p ss th i r t i m

e e e e a e e

wh n th y
e not dri nk ng Answ r Ev ry d y
i e
? ar e e : e a , as

soon th y h v dr ss d th ms lv s th y r i d out i nto

as e a e e e e e e ,
e e

th court
e d th r fight unt i l th y
, an t ch oth r i nto e e e ou ea e

pi c s Th i s i th i r p st i m
e e . But wh n m l t i m p
s e a e . e ea -
e a

p h th
ro a c y r mount th
e s, i r st ds ed r turn to dr ienk e ee an e

m d from t h skulls of th i r n m i s i V lh l Thus

ea e e e e e
*
n a a .

th Eld r Edd
e e a :

The e i nh e r e s j a ll

O d i pl
n O n s
’
ai n

H w d i ly
e a e a ch o th er,

Whil h e c os e n th e l s ai n a re .

Fr o m t h e b a ttl e - fie l d th y i d e r e

An d sit in p e ace w i th h th e ac o er .

S EC TI O N X V II . TH E V A LK Y R I ES ( V A LKY R J UR ) .

god of w Od i n s n d s out hi m i ds to choos

A s th e ar , e s a e

th f ll n h ro s ( hj o
e a e l) Th y e c ll d v lkyri s
e sa va . e are a e a e

an d l m i d ( lm y )
va Th v lkyr i s s rv i V l h l
a s va e ar . e a e e e n a a ,

wh r th y b r i th dri k t k c r of th dri k i ng
e e e ea n e n , a e a e e n

h orns d w i t upon h t bl
,
an Odi n s nds th m t
a t e a e . e e o

ev ry fi ld of b ttl to m k cho i c of thos who

e e a to e, a e e e ar e

b sl i n
e d to sw y th
a i ctory
an T h you g st of th a e v . e n e e

n orns Skuld lso r i d s forth to h os th sl i n d

, ,
a e C o e e a an

turn th comb t M or th n d oz n v lkyri s

e a . e a a e a e a re

n m d i th Eld r Edd
a e n d ll th s h v r f r nc
e e a, an a e e a e e e e e

to th cti vi ti s of w
e a e ar .

Th i s myth bout Od i n th god of w bout V l a as e ar , a a

h l a d th v lkyri s
an x rci s d gr t i nflu nc upon
e a e ,
e e e a ea e e

* m
I r th e N d l t k t
or th A p er i c a n R evi ew , o r a n yb o y e s e , hi n s hi s i s ro o f o f

m
b a r b a ri s t m m
we p
c an r e fe r d ll he t o th e on k s in T ri e r , w h o r e s e rv e th e sku

t h dl k p pl d k
,

of S ai n T eo mu f an d lg ave s i c eo e ri n k f ro i t; an d we n o w s e v e ra
oth t
e r s u ch inst t
an c e s h p t O ur N o r s e a n c e s o rs w e re n o t, h en , In t is re s ec an y
t h t p m k
.

m o re s av ag e h an th e C m ri s i an b i s h o s an d on s S ee N or th A er i ca n
p
.

Re vi ew , J an ua r y , 1 87 5 , . 1 95 .
266 TH E V ALK I Y R ES .

th e m i nd d ch r ct r of an nc stors T h dy i ng a a e our a e . e

h ro knows th t th v lkyr i s h v b n s nt ft r hi m
e a e a e a e ee e a e

to i nv i t hi m hom to Odi n s h ll d h r c i v s th i r
e e
’
a , an e e e e e

m ss g w i th joy d gl dn ss Th t th br v w r
e a e an a e . a e a e e e

to b t k n ft r d th to V lh l w
e a e a of th fund
e ea a a as on e e a

m nt l po i nts i f not th soul of th Nors r l i gi on

e a ,
e , e e e .
*

Th N e m f lt i th i r h rts th t i t w bsolut ly
or se en e n e ea a as a e

n c ss ry to b br v Od i n would t c r for th m
e e a e a e . no a e e ,

but d sp i s d thrust th m w y from hi m i f th y w r

e e an e a a , e e e

not br v A d i th r not som truth i th s doctri n

a e . n i s ? e e e n e

Is i t not sti ll pr emi n nt duty to b br v a Is i t t

e e e a e ?
<
no

th first duty of m
e to subdu f r ? Wh t w an e ea a c an e

a ccompl i sh unti l w h v got i d of f r A m i ? e a e r ea an s

a sl v a cow rd hi v ry thoughts
e, a a f ls unti l h
,
s e ar e a e, e

h as g t f r
o und r hi f tea Thus w find th t
e t h s ee . e a e

Odi n i c doctri n i f w d i s nt ngl th r l k rn l d e, e e a e e ea e e an

e ss nc of i t i tru v n i our ti m s A m must

e e , s e e e n e . an

b v l i nt — h must m rch forw rd

e a a e d cqu i t h i ms lf a a an a e

lik m e a H W much of
an .m h i w i ll b d t r
O a an e s e e e

m i n d i most c s s by th compl t n ss f hi v i ctory

e n a e e e e e O s

ov r f r Th i r v i ws f Od i n V lh l d th v lky
e ea . e e O , a a an e a

ri s m d th Nors m n th i nk i t sh m
e a e e d m i s ry e e a a e an e

not to d i i b ttl ; d i f n tur l d th s m d to b

e n a e an a a ea ee e e

com i ng on th y would cut wounds i th i r fl sh

, e n e e ,

th t Odi m i ght r c i v th m
a n w rr i ors sl i n Old e e e e as a a .

k i ngs bout to d i h d th i r bod i s l i d i

, a sh i p ;
e, a e e a n a

th sh i p w
e s nt forth w i th s i ls t d slo w fi
as e a se ,
an a re

burn i ng i t so th t onc ,t t i t m i ght bl z up

a e ou a se a a e

in flm a d i such m nn r bury worth i ly th h ro

e, an n a e e e

both i th sky d i th oc n T h Nors v i ki ng

n e an n e ea . e e

fought w i th i ndom i t bl rugg d n rgy H stood

an a e, e e e . e

in t h prow of hi sh i p s i l nt w i th clos d l i ps d fy i n g
e s ,
e ,
e , e

th w i ld oc n w i th i t monst rs
e ea d ll m d s e ,
an a en an

hm l l H S H
ee T o as Ca r y e s
’
er oes a n d er o- wo r s h i p .
2 68 TH E V LK Y IA R ES .

S o on s ha ll i n cre as e
T he ba n d of th e g o s d
To O di n s
’
fe as t
Ha k on i s bi dd en .

The kig beh e

n ld
Th e b e a u i fu m a i t l d s

Si tt i n
g on th i e r h o rs e s
In shi n i ng a rm o r,

T h i h i ld b f th m
e r s e s e o re e ,

S l m ly t h
o e
g h
n t f l ou u .

Th ki g he d n ear

Th w d e f th i l i p
or s o e r s,

S w th m b k
a e ec on

Wi t h p l h d a e an s,

A d th
n b p k th m us es a e e

M i g h ty g dd o esses,

W w
e re t w th ye no or

Y ou h ld hs ou c oose us

A b tt d m ?
e er oo

Sk g l o w u d ans e re

T hy f h f ll
oes av e a en,

Thy l di f ‘

an s re e ,

T hy f m i p a ; e s u re

N w w m t id
o e us r e

T g o w ld
re e n e r or s,

T t ll O d i
o e n

Th t H k a m a on co es .

An int rpr t ti on of th v lkyri s i not n c ss ry

e e a e a e s e e a .

T h god of w
e s nds hi th ough ts d hi w i ll to t h
ar e s an s e

c rn g of th b ttl fi ld i th form of m i ghty rm d

a a e e a e- e n e a e

wom n i th s m m nn r h s nds hi r v ns ov r
e , n e a e a e as e e s a e e

al l th rthe ea .

Eth i c lly consi d r d th n Od i n symbol i z s th

a e e ,
e ,
e e

m tchl ss hop of v i ctory th t i nsp i r d th Nors m n

a e e a e e e e ,

an d from wh i ch th i r d r i g xplo i ts spr ng ; d w

e a n e a an e

know th t thi s hop of v i ctory di d not l v th h r

a e ea e e e o
 TH E V A LK Y I R ES . 2 69

wh en f ll bl d i ng on th fi ld of b ttl but follow d

he e ee e e a e, e

h i m born i v lkyri n rms to V l h l

e n a d th nc h a a a a ,
an e e e

so r d on gl p i n i ons to G i ml
a e ea e th v rl sti ng e on e e e a

hi ghts Thus th Eld r Edd i th V l s Pro p h c y ’

. e e a, n e a a e

V l ky i h w a r es s e sa

Th t m h h d t l d a uc a r av e e ;
R dy th y w ea e er e

To G o dthj o d ri d e
*
to .

S ku ld held the c hil d ,

S kog ul f ll
o ow e d
Hi l d w i th G on d u l

An d G e i r sko g ul .

N o w ha v e I n a m e d
The va l ky i r e s a ll .

Re a d y w ere He rj an
’
s j m a i ds
‘

O ve r the earth to ri d e .

An d i n G ri m n er Lay
’
s

Hri s t an d Mi st
S h a ll h a n d m e the n orn ;

S ke g g ol d an d S kog ul ,
Hi ld
a n d Thr u d ,

Hlok a n d Har fj o te r ,

GO1 an d G e i r on ul ,
Ra n d g ri d an d Ra d g r i d ,
An d Re g i n l ei f
G i v e the e i n herj e s a le .

It should lso b r m mb r d th t th Nors v rsi on s

a e e e e e a e e e

of th N i bl u g p i c r pr s nt Brynh i ld
e n e v lkyri e e e as a a e,

wh o on ccount of d i sob di nc to Od i n h d b n
a e e e a ee

pri ck d by sl p thorn d con d mn d to c s b i ng

e a ee -
an e e ea e e a

choos r of th sl i n on th fi ld of b ttl
e e a d to w d e e a e, a n e a

m ort l m a an .

Th e di v i n e r ac e . 1 O di n
'
.
 C H A P TE R II .

HERMOD TYR HEI M D A L BRA GE A N D IDUN, , , ,

.

CTI N H RM SE O I . E O D .

DIN S sons m n ti ons of hi own b i ng A

’
are e a a s e . s

th god of w w rl i k v lor i
e of hi s rv nts a r, a e a s on e s e a ,

an d honor noth r H i nv nts th a t of po try but th e . e e e ar e ,

e

e x cuti on of i t h l v s to hi son Br g H do s not

e e ea e s a e . e e

m ddl w i th thund r h v i ng l ft thi s work of low r

e e e , a e a e

ord r to hi son Thor H i th f th r of l i ght d

e s . e s e a e an

d rkn ss d h l v s th b fi t l i gh t to d iffus
a e , an e ea e e en e c en e

i ts lf e d struggl w i th d rkn ss i nd p nd ntly ( B ld i

an e a e e e e a e
’

an d Hod r ) Nor do s h h i ms lf w tch th r i nbow

e . e e e a e a ,

but l ts th w tchf l H i md l t k c r of i t
e e a u e a a e a e .

H rmod (th v l i nt i comb t) w th son of Odi

e e a a n a as e n

an d th m ss ng r of th gods
e Od i n h i ms lf g v hi m
e e e e . e a e

h lm t d cors l t th m ns by wh i ch to d i spl y hi
e e an e e , e ea a s

w rli k ch r ct r d h i s nt on ll d ng rous m i
a e a a e , an e s e a a e s

s i ons Of hi m ny xplo i ts th most i mport nt

. s i a e e a on e s

wh n h w s nt on Sl i pn r to H l to bri ng B ld r
e e as e e e e a e

b ck It w H rmod d Br g who w r s nt to bi d
a . as e an a e e e e

H kon th ki ng w lcom wh n h rri v d t V lh l

a , e , e e, e e a e a a a .

I II T Y R S E CT O N . .

Tyr s n m i pr s rv d i Tu sd y H i th god
’
a e s e e e n e a . e s e

of m rti l honor ( comp r th G rm n Z i ) Tyr i s

a a a e e e a er .

th most d r i ng
e d i ntr p i d of ll th gods
a It i h an e a e . s e

who d i sp ns s v lor i w ; h nc w rri ors d w ll to

e e a n ar e e a o e

i nvok h i m It h b com prov rb i l to y of m

e . as e e e a sa a an

who surp ss s ll oth rs i v lor th t h i Tyr strong

a e a e n a , a e s -
,
2 72 I
HE M D A L .

( ha lli n s hi ti i , th e e v ult d rch ) Hi hors

t h e a e own r of a . s e

c ll d dw lls i Hi mm i bj g
i s a e G ull top (gold top ) , a n d h e e n n or ,

th e mount ns of h v n
ai of B i frost th r i n
ea e , a t th e e n d ,
e a

bow H i th w rd r of th gods d i th r for

. e s e a e e ,
an s e e e

pl c d on th bord rs of h v n to pr v nt th gi nts
a e e e ea e e e e a

f O m forc i ng th i r w y ov r th bri dg
r H r q i r s l ss
e a e e e . e e u e e

sl p th n b i rd d s s by n i ght w ll by d y
ee a a an ee as e as a a

h ndr d m i l s round hi m So cut i hi

u e e ath t no . a e s s ear a

sound sc p s hi m for h
e a v n h r th gr ss grow
e ,
e c an e e ea e a

i g on th rth d th wool on sh p s b ck H ’
n e ea an e a ee a . e

h as horn c ll d G j ll horn whi ch i h rd through

a a e a ar - , s ea

out th un i v rs Thus th Eld r Edd i th l y of

e e e . e e a, n e a

G r i m n er
’
Hi m m i n bj o r g c a e
T is ll d
W h e r e He i m a h e s a y dlt y
t d ll
Ha h w e i n g a n d r u e l .

Th ere th e g o d s
’
w ar d dier r n ks
In p e a c e fu l old ha ll s

Gl d a s om e th e g o o dm d ea .

H i md l h e sword c ll d H f d (h d) ; h figur s
a as a a e o u ea e e

at th d th of B ld r
e d pp rs i R gn rok
ea Phys a e an a ea n a a .

i l ly i nt rpr t d H i md l i
ca e th god of th r i nbo w
e e , e a s e e a ,

but th bri ll i nt r i nbow most b uti f lly symbol i z s

e a a ea u e

th f vori ng gr c of th gods Th r i nbow i ts lf i

e a a e e . e a e s

c ll d 2 t ( b i dg ) or B i frost ( th tr mbl i ng w y)
a e 0 8 a sa r e e e a ,

an d h who h es n p rf ct r i nbow ppr ci t

as ee a e e a c an a e a e

h w t h i s r spl d nt
o rch m ng ll r c s h s rv d
e en e a a o a a e as e e

as symbol of p c th bri dg b tw n h v n d
a ea e , e e e ee ea e an

ea rth th bri d g conn cti ng th r c s of th rth wi th

, e e e e a e e ea

th gods e Di d not God i. G s i s t hi bow i th n en e se s n e

cloud th t i t sh o ld b for tok n of cov n nt b tw n

a u e a e a e a e ee

hi m d th an rth ? A d wh n our poor l bori ng

e ea n e a

m ss s g t th i r t st culti v t d for po try t d

a e e e a e a e e , ar , an

myth ologi c l lo wh n th y h v l rn d to pp
a re, e e a e ea e a re
 B RA G E AN D I D UN . 2 73

c i t our common i n h ri t nc th y w i ll find th t our

a e e a e, e a

Goth i c h i story folk lor d mythology tog th r form

,
-
e an e e

A li k n

T h t bi d t th ki a n s us o e s es,

A b i dg f i b w th w r e o ra n o s ro n a c ro s s

Th g lf f t d igh e u o e a rs an s s .
*

In Gr c w find th godd ss Iri s

ee e th i mp r
e e e as e e

son t i on of th r i nbow ; wh i l i th B i bl th r i nbow

a e a e n e e e a

i not p rson i fi d
s ed i no mytholog i c l syst m do s
e , an n a e e

th gr c ful d i v i n i ty of th r i nbow nt r so prom i n ntly

e a e e a e e e

i nto th ff i rs of me a do s our H i md l In th first

a e n as e e a . e

v rs of Vo lusp a ll m nki nd i c ll d th sons of H i m

e e , a a s a e e e

d l a ,d t hi s thought i d v lop d i
an sp rt lyi s e e e n a e a a e a n

t h Eld r Edd
e c ll d Ri gsm al th l y of Rig ( H i m
e a, a e , e a e

d l ) to wh i ch th r d r i r f rr d
a , e ea e s e e e .

TI O N I V B R A G E A N D I D UN
S EC . .

Br g i th son of Od i n d Idun i s Br g s w i f
a e s e ,
an a e
’
e .

Br g i c l br t d for hi w i sdom but mor p i

a e s e e a e s , e es ec

ally for hi s loqu nc d corr ct forms of sp ch

e e H e an e ee . e

i not only m i n ntly sk i ll d i po try but th

s e t i ts lf
e e n e , e ar e

i from hi n m c ll d B g wh i ch p i th t i
s s a e lso us d a e ra e, e e s a e

to d not di sti ngui sh d po t or po t ss Run s

e e a e e e e . e ar e

i t d on hi tong
r s e H w rs s long flowi ng b rd ue . e ea a ea ,

an d p rsons w i th h vy b rd
e c ll d ft r hi m b rd ea ea ar e a e a e , ea

br g ( h ggh gi ) Hi w i f Idun ( IO ) k ps i
a e s e ra . s e a nn ee n a

box th ppl s wh i ch th gods wh n th y f l old g

e a e e ,
e e ee a e

appro ch i ng h v only t t st of to b com you g g i n

a , a e o a e e e n a a .

It i i thi s m nn r th y w i ll b k pt i r nov t d youth

s n a e e e e n e a e

unti l R gn rok Thi s i gr t tr sur comm i tt d to

a a . s a ea ea e e

th gu rd i nsh i p
e d good f i th of Idun
a a d i t sh ll b an a , an a e

r l t d how gr t ri sk th gods onc

e a e ea a e e r an .

Barry C orn w a ll .
 I D UN AN D H ER A P P LES .

f st ft r th d th of k i g or j rl i t w
A t the ea a e e ea a n a , as

custom ry mong th Nors m n for th h i r to occupy

a a e e e e e

a low r b nc h i front of t h ch i f s t nt i l Br g s
e e n e e ea ,
u a e
’

bowl w brought i Th n h ros m d

as pl dg n . e e a e, a e a e e,

an d dr nk t h cup of Br g
a A ft r th t h w
e con a e . e a e as

d ct d i nto th s t of hi f th r
u e e ea s a e .

A t th s cri fici l f sts of th Nors m n th con

e a a ea e e e , e

ductor of th s cr i fic c ns cr t d th dri nki ng horns

e a e o e a e e -
as

w ll th s cri fic d food Th gu sts first dr nk Odi n s

e as e a e . e e a
’

horn for th i ct ory d rul of th ki ng ; xt th y

,
e V an e e ne e

dr nk Njord s d Fr y s h orns for prosp rous s sons

a
’
an e
’
, e ea

an d for p c ; d th n m ny w r ea ccustom d to dr i nk
e an e a e e a e

a horn to Br g th god of po try A c h r ct ri sti c

a e, e e . a a e

c r mony i conn cti on w i th th i s horn w th t w h n

e e n e a s, a e

th bowl w r i s d th prom i s of p rform i ng som

e as a e ,
e e e e

gr t d d w m d wh i ch m i gh t f rn i sh m t ri l for
ea ee as a e, u a e a

th songs f th sk lds
e Th i s m k s th ch r ct r of
o e a . a e e a a e

Br g p rf ctly cl r
a e e e ea .

Idun s n m i d ri v d from th root i s

’
a e d s e e e , an ex

pr ss s const t ct i v i ty d r nov ti on wh i ch i d
e e a an a an e a ,
ea

b com s mor firmly st bl i sh d by th follow i ng myth

e e e e a e e .

TI O N V I D UN A N D H ER A P PLE S
S EC . .

Eg r t h god of th e r, who w w ll sk i ll d i n
e e s ea, as e e

m gi c onc w nt to A sg rd wh r th gods g v hi m
a , e e a ,
e e e a e a

v ry good r c pti n Supp r ti m h vi ng com e th

e e e o . e -
e a ,
e

tw lv m i gh ty gods tog th r w i th th godd ss s Fri gg

e e , e e e e e ,

Fr yj G fj
e a, Idun G rd S ig u F ll
e un , d N nn , e ,
n, u a, an a a,

s t d th ms lv s on th i r lofty doom s ts i
”
ea e e e eh ll e ea ,
n a a

around wh i ch w r rr ng d swords of such surp ssi ng e e a a e a

bri ll i ncy th t no oth r l ight w n c ss ry W hi l th y

a a e as e e a . e e

w r mptyi ng th i r c p c i ous dri nk i ng h orns ZEg

e e e e a a -
, e r,

wh t n xt to Br g
o sa r qu st d hi m to r l t som thi ng
e a e, e e e e a e e

conc i ng th s s Br g i nst ntly compl i d w i th hi s

e rn e a a . a e a e
276 I D UN AN D H E R A P P LES .

found ppl s growi ng wh i ch h thought w r of much

a e , e e e a

b tt r qu l i ty th n h own d th t t ll v nts i t
e e a a er ,
an a a a e e

w as worth whi l to m k comp ri son b tw n th me a e a a e ee e .

Idun d c i v d by hi words took h ppl s d w nt

,
e e e s , er a e an e

wi th hi m i nto th for st but th y h d no soon r nt r d e e , e a e e e e

i t th n T hj a cl d i h i gl plum g fl w r p i dly
as s e, a n s ea e- a e, e a

tow rd th m d c tch i ng up Idun c rri d h

a e , an d ,
a , a e er an

h er tr sur ff w i th h i m to Jotunh i m T h gods

ea e o e .
,
e

b i ng thus d pri v d of th i r r nov ti ng ppl s soon

e e e e e a a e ,

b c m wri nkl d d gr y old g w cr p i ng f s t

e a e e an a , a e as ee a

upon th m wh n th y di scov r d th t Lok h d b n

e e e e e a e a ee ,

as usu l th contri v r of ll th m i sch i f th t h d

a ,
e e a e e a a

b f ll n th m Inqu i ry w m d bout Idun i th

e a e e . as a e a n e

a ss mbly wh i ch w c ll d d th l st nybody kn w
e as a e ,
an e a a e

a bout h w th t h h d b n s n go i ng out of
er as a s e a ee ee

A sg rd i a comp ny w i th Lok Th y th r for thr t

n a e . e e e e ea

e n d hi m w i th tortur d d th i f h di d not i nst ntly

e e an ea e a

hi t upon som xp di nt for bri ng i ng b ck Idun d

e e e e a an

h er ppl s to A sg rd Thi s thr t t rr ifi d Lok

a e d a . ea e e e, an

h e prom i s d to bri ng h b ck from Jotunh i m i f

e er a e

Fr yj would l nd hi m h f lcon plum g H got th

e a e er a - a e . e e

f lcon plum g of Fr yj fl w i i t to J t h i m d
a -
a e e a, e n o un e ,
an

find i ng th t T hj w t ta fish i ng h lost noas s e as ou a sea , e

ti m i tr nsform i ng Idun i nto nut d fly i ng ff

e n a a an o

wi th h i hi cl wser B t wh n T hj
n r turn d d
s a . u e as s e e e an

b c m w r of wh t h d h pp n d h put on h i
e a e a a e a a a e e , e s

ea gl plum g d fl w ft r th m Wh n th g ods w
e- a e an e a e e . e e sa

Lok ppro ch holdi ng Id n ch ng d i nto nut b tw n

e a a ,
u a e a e ee

hi l ws d T hj
s C a w i th hi outspr d gl w i ngs
,
an a ss e s ea ea e-

r dy to ov rt k hi m th y pl c d on th w lls of A sg rd
ea e a e ,
e a e e a a

bundl s of ch i ps wh i ch th y t fi to th i nst nt Lok

e ,
e se re e a e

h d flown ov r th m ;
a d T hj could not stop
e e an as a s se

hi fl i gh t th fi
s c ght hi plum g
,
e d h thus f ll
re au s a e, an e e

i nto th pow r of th gods wh

e sl w hi m wi th i n th
e e ,
o e e

port ls of th c l st i l r si d nc
a e e e a e e e.
 I D UN A N D H ER A PP LES .

Wh n th s t i d i gs c m to Thj
e e e d ught r Sk d n a e as se s
’
a e ,
a e

( S h n i aG rm n S,
h d eh rm ) h put
a on h rmor c d
a e, a , s e er a an

w nt to A sg rd fully d t rm i n d to v ng h f th r s
e a ,
e e e a e e er a e
’

d th ; but th gods h vi ng d cl r d th i r wi ll i ngn ss to

ea e a e a e e e

a ton for th d de m i c bl rr ng m nt w nt r d
e ee , an a a e a a e e as e e e

i nto .Sk d w to choos husb nd i A sg rd d

a e as e a a n a , an

th gods w r to m k h
e l gh f t wh i ch h fl t
e e a e er au , a ea s e a

t d h rs lf i t wo ld b i mposs i bl for
e re e e y to com
u e e an on e ae

p l i hs H . cho i c of h
er usb nd w to b d t rm ei n d a a as e e e e

by m r i nsp cti on of t h f t of th gods i t b i ng

a e e e e ee e ,
e

s t i pul t d th t th
a e f t should b th only p rt of th i r
a e ee e e a e

p rsons v i si bl unti l h h d m d known h d t m i

e e s e a a e er e er

n ti on In i nsp cti ng th row of f t pl c d b for h

a . e e ee a e e e e r,

Sk d took f ncy to p i r wh i ch from th i r fi pro

a e a a a a e ne

porti ons h thought c rt i nly must b thos of B ld r

s e e a e e a e .

I ch oos t h s h s i d for on B ld r th r i noth i ng

e e e, s e a , a e e e s

uns mly T h f t w r how v r Njord s d Njord

ee . e ee e e e e
’
, an

w as gi v n h for husb nd ; d Lok m n g d to

e er a a an as e a a e

m k ha el ugh by pl y i ng som d i v rti ng nt i cs w i th

er a a e e a

a go t th ton m nt w fully ff ct d It i v n s i d
a , e a e e as e e e . s e e a

th t Odi n di d mor t h n h d b n sti pul t d by t k i ng

a e a a ee a e , a

out T hj y s d pl c
a s se s i ng th m to sh i n
’
e est rs ian a e e as a n

the firm a m e n t .

T hi s myth i nt rpr t d by th v i s i bl work i ngs of

, e e e e e

n tur m ns th t Idun ( th v r r nov ti ng spr i ng )

a e, ea a e e e -
e a

b i ng i th poss ss i on of T hj
e n
( t
eh d sol t i ng w i e a ss e e e a n

t ) er l l th gods — th t i
, a l l n tur — l ngu i sh s unt i l
e a s, a a e a e

sh i e d l i v r d from h c pti vi ty On th i s b i ng
s e e e er a . e

eff ct d h
e pr s nc g i n di ffus s joy d gl dn ss
e , er e e e a a e an a e ,

an d l l th i ngs r v i v ; w hi l h
a pursu r w i nt r w i the e e er e , e ,

h i i y br t h d i ssolv s i
s c th sol r r ys i nd i c t d by
ea , e n e a a a e

th fir s l i ght d on th w lls of A sg rd
e e T h w i ntry
e e a a . e

bl sts r g so f rfully i th fl m s th t th fl sh c nnot

a a e ea n e a e , a e e a

b bo i l d
e d th w i nd v
e , c rri s burn i ng ( Lok )
an e e en a e a e
278 I D UN A N D H E R A P P LES .

sti c k w i th i t T h th i c l i nt rpr t ti on w i ll sugg s t

. e e a e e a e

i ts lf to v ry r d r
e e e d Idun i to Br g
ea e , who s i ngs
an s a e,

a mong th t r s d by th musi c l brooks of spr i ng

e ee an e a ,

wh t po ti c l cont mpl ti on of th busy forc s of

a a e a e a e e

na tur i produc i ng blossoms d rip n i ng fru i t mus t

e n an e

a lw ys b to v ry son of Br g
a e e e a e .
2 80 D EA TH O F B A LD E R .

TI O N II TH E D EATH O F B A LD ER TH E G O O D
S EC . .

Thi s w v nt w hi ch th s s d m d of gr t
as an e e e a a ee e ea

i mport nc B ld r th Good h vi ng b n torm nt d by

a e . a e e a ee e e

t rri bl dr ms i ndi c ti ng th t hi l i f w i gr t p ri l
e e ea ,
a a s e as n ea e ,

comm n i c t d th m to th ss mbl d gods who sorrow

u a e e e a e e , ,

stri ck n r solv d to conj r ll thi gs to v r t from hi m

e , e e u e a n a e

th e th r t n d d ng r T h n Fri gg x ct d
ea e e o th a e . e e a e an a

from fi d w t r from i ron

re an d ll oth r m t ls a es ,
an a e e a , a

w lle from ston s rths d i s s s b sts b i rds po i sons

as e ,
ea , ea e ,
ea , , ,

an d cr p i ng t hi g s t h t non of t h m would do
ee
y n ,
a e e an

h rm to B ld r Sti ll Odi n f r d th t th prosp ri ty of

a a e . ea e a e e

th e g ods h d v n i sh d H s ddl d hi
a Sl i pn r a d e . e a e s e e an

rod down to N i flh i m wh r th dog from H l m t

e e ,
e e e e e

h i m ; i t w s bloody th br st a d b rk d long t i m e on e ea an a e a

a t Od i n Odi n dv nc d ; th rth tr mbl d b n ath

. a a e e ea e e e e

hi m d h c m to th h i gh dw ll i ng of H l
, an e a E st of e e e e . a

th door h kn w t h
e gr v of th v l w si tu t d ;
e e e a e e a a as a e

th i th r h rod e d s ng m g i c songs ( l
e b g ld )
e an a a eva a ra ,

unt i l h unw i ll i ngly stood p d sk d who d i sturb d

s e u an a e e

h er p c ft r h h d b n ly i ng so long cov r d w i th
ea e , a e s e a ee e e

snow d w t w i th d w Od i n c ll d hi ms lf V g t m
an e e . a e e e a , a

son of V l t m d sk d for w h om th b nch s w r

a a ,
an a e e e e e e

str wn w i th ri ngs d th couch s w r sw i mm i ng i gold

e an e e e e n .

S h r pl i d t h t th m d w
e e e br w d for B ld r b t ll
a e ea as e e a e ,
u a

th gods wo ld d sp i r
e Wh n Od i n sk d f r th r wh
u e a . e a e u e o

should b B ld r s b n h nsw r d th t Hod r would

e a e
’
a e, s e a e e a e

hurl th f mous br nch d b com th b n of Odi n s

e a a an e e e a e
’

son ; but Ri nd sh o ld g i v b i rth to who only u e a son ,

on e

n i gh t l d sh ould w i ld sword d would n i th r w sh

O , e a ,
an e e a

h i h nds nor comb hi h i r b for h h d v ng d h i

s a s a e e e a a e e s

broth r B t r cogn i z i ng Od i n by
e . un i gm ti c l qu s e an e a a e

t i on h s i d You
, s e t V gt ma I b li v d b t
: ar e no e a , as e e e ,
u

you Odi n th old r l r Odi n r pl i d You

a re , no e u e . e e : a re
 D EA TH or B A LD E R . 281

v l but th moth r of thr gi nts Th n th v l

a a, e e ee a . e e a a

told Od i n to ri d h om e d bo st of hi journ y but e an a s e ,

ass r d hi m th t no
u e a hould g i n v i si t h thus b
on e S a a er e

f Lok should b loos d from hi ch i ns d th rui n

o re e e e s a an e

of th gods h d com Thus th l y of V gt m i th

e a e . e a e a n e

Eld r Edd
e a

T g th w t h g d o e er e re e o s

Al l i il n cou n c ,

A d h g dd n t e o es ses

Al l i f n con e re n c e ;
A d th y nlt d e c on s u e

T h m i g h ty g d e o s,

W hy B ld h d a er a

O pp i d m re s s v e re a s .

T th t g d h i o l mb a o s s u er

W m t ffl i t i g as os a c n ;
Hi pi i d m s a us c ous re a s

S m d d p t d ee e e ar e .

T h y h g i t q ti d e t e an s ues on e ,

Wi f h sef t s e ers O t e u u re ,

W h th t h i m i g h t e t er s no

F b d l m i ty
or e o e ca a .

Th p id
e re s on se s sa

T h t t d th d t i d w a o ea es ne as

Ull ki m ’
er s ns an ,

O f ll h d t a t e e ar e s

Th t dgif a c au se r e

T F igg d So f r an v a n e r,

A d t th th p w
n o e o er o e rs ,

O th y
n a l d course e re so v e

T h t th y w ld d a e ou s en

T ybi g o ev e r e n ,

A t li i t
s s u r a n ce o so c ,

B ld t t h m
a er no o ar .

All p i w s ec es s ore

O th t p him a s o s are

F igg i d ll
r r e c e ve a

Th i w d m p t e r vo s an co ac s .
282 D EA TH O E B A LD E R .

V a l fath e r fe a r s
S o m e h i ng t d e fe c ti ve ;
He t hi n k s t h e h a m i nj e s *

M ay h av e d p t d;e ar e

The go s h e d c on v e n es ,

Thei r co u n s e l crav e s

d li b ti
At t h e e e ra on

M h i d i d
uc s ev se .

Up t d O d i s oo n,

L d f m
or o en,

A d n S l ip h
on e ner e

Th ddl l i d ;
e sa e a

R d h th
o e dw e en ce o n

To N i flh e i m .

A d og h e m e t ,
Fr o m He l c o m i n
g .

It l d ti d
w as b oo -
s a ne

O n it b t s rea s ,

O n it l gh t s i g th
s au t e r- c r a v n roa ,

A d n th j w ne er a .

It b k d ar e

A d w i d ly g p d
n e a e

A t th f t h f m gi
e g
a er o a c son

L g it h wl d
on o e .

F thor d O di ro e n

Th g e d th d d ro u n un e re

T i ll t H l l ftyo e
’
s o

Ho u s e h e cam e ;
Th en ro d e Ygg ( O di n )
T o th e e a s e rn t g a e, t
W h e re he k new th e re w as
A va a s l ’

g r ave .

T o th e p ph t
ro e es s he b e g an
A m ag i c s on g t
to ch a n ,

T o w ar d th e n or th l k d oo e ,

Po t t en run es ppl i d
a e ,

G uar d p t
i an s i ri s .
2 84 D EA TH O F B A LD ER .

An d O di ’
n s s on

O f lif e bere av e .

T H E V A LA

d
Ho e r w i h i h e r ll t
l
Hi s g o r i o u s b r o h e r t s en d;
He o f Ba e r w i ld ll
The ly
s a er be,
An d O di
’
n s son

O f li f e b e r e av e .

By c o m p li Ih
u s on av e s p o ken ,

N ow w i ll I b i l t e s en .

V E G T AM

Be l t l
n ot si e n ,
va a !
I w i ll q ti th ues on ee

U ti l l l I k w
n a no :

I w i ll y t k w e
*

no

Wh H d
o on o er v engean ce

W i ll i fl i t n c ,

O B ld ly ’
r a er s s a er

R i a se th pi l on e e .

T H E V ALA

Ri n d a s on sh a ll b e ar
In t h e w i n t y h ll r a s ;
He h ll l y O d i
’
S a s a n s son ,

W he n ight ld
on e n o .

He a h d w i ll t w
an no a sh ,

N or hi s h ai r c om b ,

E r e t o th e pi l e h e h a s b or n e
Ba ld er s
’
d ya v e rs ar .

By co mp l i Ihu s on av e s pk o en ,

N ow w i ll I b il t e s en .

V E G T AM

Be l t l !
n ot si e n ,
va a

I w i ll q t i th u es on ee

U ti l l l I k w
n a no :

I w i ll y t k w e no

Wh th
o m id are e a s

T h t w p t w i ll
a ee a
 D EA TH O F B A LD ER . 285

An d h e a v e n w a r d ca s t
Th i k il
e r nec - ve s .

T ll m th t ;
e e a

T i ll th th l p t en ou s ee es n ot.

T H E V A LA

N ot V e gtam a rt th ou,

As I b e fo re b e i e v e l d;
Ra h e rt a rt th ou O di n,

Lo r d of m en .

O D IN .

Th ou a rt no v a a, l
N or w i s e w om an ;
Ra h e rt a rt th ou th e m o h e r t
O f th re e th u rs e s (g i a n t s ) .

T H E V A LA

Ho m e d th
ri e ou, O di n !
An d ex u lt .

Th us s h ll a n ev er m o re
Man a g ai n v isi t me
Un i tl Lo k e fr e e
F ro m h i s bon d s e s ca p es,

An d R a g n a r o k
d t y m Al l e s ro i n g
-
co es .

Wh n i t h d b n m d known th t noth i ng i the

e a ee a e a n

world would h rm B ld r i t b c m f vori t p st i m

a a e ,
e a e a a e a e

of th gods t th i r m ti ngs t g t B ld r to st nd up
e , a e ee , o e a e a

an d s rv th m e m rk som hurl i ng d rts t hi m

e e as a a , e a a ,

som ston s wh i l oth rs h w d t hi m wi th th i r swords

e e , e e e e a e

an d b ttl x s ; for wh t v r th y di d non of th m

a e- a e a e e e e e

co u ld h rm hi m d th i s w r g rd d by ll
a gr t
,
an as e a e a as a ea

honor shown to B ld r But wh n Lok L uf y n a e . e e a e ar s o

b h ld th sc n h w sor ly v x d th t B ld r w s
e e e e e e as e e e a a e a

not hurt A ssumi ng th r for th gu i s of wom n

.
, e e e, e e a a

h w nt to F
e e l th m nsi on of Fri gg Th t godd ss
en sa , e a . a e ,

s i ng th pr t nd d wom n i nqu i r d of h wh th r
ee e e e e a ,
e er e e

sh kn w wh t th gods w r do i ng t th i r m t i ngs
e e a e e e a e ee .
2 86 D EA TH O F B A LD E R .

T he wom n ( Lok ) r pli d th t th y w r throw i ng

a e e e a e e e

d rts d ston s t B ld r w i thout b i ng bl to hurt

a an e a a e , e a e

hi m .

s i d Fri gg n i th r m t l nor wood

A y, a hurt
, e e e a c an

B ld r for I h v x ct d
a e , o th from ll of th ma e e a e an a a e .

Wh t ! xcl i m d th wom n h v ll th i ngs sworn

a e a e e a , a e a

to sp r B ld r ? a e a e

A l l th i gs r pl i d Fri gg xc pt
n li ttl shrub th t
, e e , e e on e e a

grows on th st rn s i d of V lh l d i c ll d m i stl
e ea e e a a , an s a e e

to e, d wh i ch I thought too young

an d f bl to r v an ee e c a e

an o th from a .

A soon s Lok h rd th i s h w nt w y d
as e ea e e a a , an ,

r sum i ng hi n t r l form pull d p th m i stl to

e s a u a d , e u e e e an

r p i r d to th pl c w h r th g ods w r ss mbl d
e a e e a e e e e e e a e e .

Th r h found Hod r st ndi ng f to

e e e s i d w i thout e a ar on e e

e ng gi ng i th sport on cco nt of hi bl i ndn ss

a n e , a u s e .

Lok goi ng up to hi m s i d Why do not you lso thro w

e a : a

som th i ng t B ld r ?
e a a e

B c us I m bl i nd sw r d Hod r d c nnot
e a e a ,
an e e e , an a s ee

wh r B ld r i
e e d b s i d s I h v noth i ng to thro w
a e s, an e e a e

w i th .

Com th n s i d Lok do l i k th r st d show

e e , a e, e e e , an

honor to B ld r by throw i ng th i s tw i g t h im d I w i ll
a e a , an

d i r ct your
e m tow rd th pl c wh r h st nds
ar a e a e e e e a .

Hod r th n took th m i stl to

e de nd r th gu i d e e e . an u e e

a nc of Lok d rt d i t t B ld r wh p i rc d through
e e a e a a e ,
o, e e

an d thro gh f ll down l i f l ss u S r ly n v r w th r
,
e e e . u e e e as e e

w i tn ss d i th r mong gods or m
e e , e mor troci ous
e a en , a e a

d d th n th i s ! Wh n B ld r f ll th gods w r struck
ee a e a e e e e e

sp chl ss w i th horror d th n th y look d t ch

ee e ,
an e e e a ea

o th r ; d ll w r of
e an m i d to l y h nds
a hi m
e e on e n a a on

who h d don th d d but th y w r obl i g d to d l y

a e e ee ,
e e e e e a

th i r v ng nc out of r sp ct for th s cr d pl c ( pl c
e e ea e e e e a e a e a e

o f p c ) wh r th y w r
ea e ss mbl d Th y t l ngth
e e e e e a e e . e a e
288 D EA TH O F B A LD E R .

N ep, th t h h t brok w i th gri f d h body w

a er ea r e e ,
an er as

l d upon th s m p i l
ai d burn d w i t h th t of h
e a e e an e a er

husb nd T h or stood b s i d th p i l
a . d cons cr t d i t e e e e an e a e

w i th hi h mm r Mj l s B for hi f t spr ng up
a e o n er . e e s ee a a

dw rf c ll d Li t Thor ki ck d hi m w i th hi foot i nto

a a e . e s

th fi e so th t h lso w burn d Th r w
re, a v st e a as e . e e as a a

concours of v ri ous k i nds of p opl t B ld r s fun r l

e a e e a a e
’
e a

proc ss i on Fi rs t of ll c m Od i n ccomp n i d by
e . a a e , a a e

Fri gg th v lkyr s d hi r v ns Th n c m Fr y
, e a ie , an s a e . e a e e

i
n hi ch ri ot dr wn by th bo r G ulli b t ( gold
s a ,
a e a n u rs e

brush) or S li d g t , ( t h sh rp toot h d ) H i md l
ru an n e e a -
e . e a

rod hi hors G ld t p d Fr yj drov i h ch ri ot

e s e o O , an e a e n er a

dr wn by c ts T h r w r lso gr t numb r of
a a . e e e e a a ea e

frost gi nts d mount i n gi nts pr s nt Odi n c st

-
a an a -
a e e . a

upon th f n r l p i l th f mo s ri ng D up whi ch
e u e a e e a u ra n e r,

h d b n m d for hi m by th dw rfs
a ee ad poss ss d th
e e a , an e e e

prop rty of produc i g v ry n i nth n i gh t i ght r i ngs of

e n e e e

e qu l w i ght B ld r s hors fully c p ri son d w

a e . a e
’
e, a a e , as

a lso l i d upon th p i l
a d consum d i th s m fl m s e e, an e n e a e a e

w i th th body of hi m st r e s a e .

M nwh i l H rmod w proc di ng on hi m i ssi on

ea e e as ee s .

Of hi m i t i to b r l t d th t h rod i n d ys ds e e a e a e e n e a an as

m ny n i ghts through d rk d d p v ll ys so d rk
a a an ee a e , a

th t h could not di sc rn nyth i ng unti l h c m to th

a e e a , e a e e

ri v r Gjol d p ss d ov r th G j ll bri dg ( bri dg

e an a e e e a ar e e

ov r th ri v r Gjol ) wh i ch i cov r d w i th gl i tt ri g
e e e , s e e e n

gold M dg d th m i d n who k pt th bri dg sk d

. o u , e a e e e e . a e

hi m hi m d p r nt g
s na d dd d th t th d y
e an a e a e, an a e a e a

b for fi fylk (ki ngdoms b nds) of d d m h d

e e ve es , a ea en a

ri dd n ov r th bri dg ; b t h s i d i t di d not sh k
e e e e u , s e a ,
a e

as much b n th ll of th m tog th r i t do s nd r
e ea a e e e as e u e

you lon a d you h v not th compl x i on of th d d ;

e , an a e e e e ea

why th n do y r i d h r on yo r w y to H l ? I ri d
e ou e e e u a e e

to H l ns w r d H rmod to s k for B ld r ; h v you

e , a e e e , ee a e a e
 D EA TH O F B A LD E R . 289

p rch nc s n h i m p ss th i s w y S h r pl i d th t
e a e ee a a ? e e e a

B ld r h d ri dd n ov r th G j l l bri dg
a e a d th t th
e e e a ar e, an a e

ro d to th bod s of d th ( to H l ) l y downw rd d
a e a e ea e a a an

tow rd th north
a e .

H rmod th cont i nu d hi journ y unti l h c m

e en e s e e a e

to th b rr d g t s of H l T h n h l ight d from hi
e a e a e e . e e a e s

hors dr w th gi rth s t i ght r r mount d hi m d

e, e e e , e e an

cl pp d both spurs i n to hi m T h hors cl r d th g t

a e . e e ea e e a e

w i th tr m ndous l p w i thout touch i ng i t H rmod

a e e ea . e

th n rod for w rd to th p l c l i ght d d w nt i

e e a e a a e, a e an e n,

wh r h found hi broth r B ld r occupy i ng th most

e e e s e a e e

di sti ngu i sh d s t i th h ll d sp nt th n i ght i hi

e ea n e a , an e e n s

comp ny Th n xt morn i ng h ntr t d H l ( d th )

a . e e e e ea e e ea

to l t B ld r ri d hom w i th hi m r pr s nti ng to h
e a e e e , e e e er

th sorrow wh i ch pr v i l d mong th gods

e H l r pl i d e a e a e . e e e

th t i t should now b tri d wh th r B ld r w so

a e e e e a e as

un i v rs lly b lov d h w s i d to b ; i f th r for

e a e e as e as a e e e e,

s h dd d ll th i ngs i th world th l i v i ng w ll
e a e , a n e ,
e as e as

th l i f l ss w i ll w p for hi m th n h sh ll r turn to
e e e ,
ee ,
e e a e

th gods but i f
e nyth i ng sp k g i nst hi m or r fus
,
a ea a a e e

to w p t h n H l wi ll k p hi m
ee ,
e e ee .

A ft r t hi s H rmod ros up B ld r w nt w i th hi m
e e e , a e e

out of th h ll d g v hi m th r ng D p e a toan a e e i ra u n e r,

pr s nt e e k ps k to Odi n N nn s nt Fri gg
as a ee a e . a a e a

c rp t tog th r w i th s v r l oth r gi fts d to Full

a e e e e e a e , an a

s h s nte gold fi g ri ng H rmod th n r o d b ck to

e a n er - . e e e a

A sg rd a d r l t d v ryth i ng t h t h h d h rd
an e a e d e e a e a ea an

w i tn ss d e e .

T h gods upon th i s d i sp tch d m ss ng rs through

e a e e e e

out ll th world to b s ch v ryth i ng t w p i

a e e ee e e o ee ,
n

ord r th t B ld r m i ght b d li v r d from th pow r of

e a a e e e e e e e

H l All th i ngs v ry w i ll i ngly compl i d w i th th

e . e e e re

qu st me n i m ls th rth ston s tr s d ll
, en , a a , e ea , e , ee , an a

m t ls just w
e a , th i ngs w p wh n th y com out
as e s ee ee
-
e e e

19
2 90 D EA TH O F B A LD ER .

of th frost i nto th w arm i Wh n th m ss ng rs

e e a r . e e e e e

w r r turn i ng w i th th conv i cti on th t th i r m i ssi on

e e e , e a e

h d b n qu i t
a ee succ ssf l th y fo nd on th i r w y
e e u , e u e a

hom gi nt ss ( ogr ss Ic l ggg ) who c ll d h rs lf

e a a e e , e . r , a e e e

Thok .Th y b d h lso w p B ld r out of th do

e a e er a ee a e e

m i n i on of H l But h nsw r d e . s e a e e :

T h k w i ll w p o ee

W i th d y t r e a rs
*

F B ld d th ’
or a er s ea ;
N i th i li f i d th e er n e n or n ea

G h m gl d ave e e a ness .

L t H l k p wh t h h e e ee a s e as .

It i suppos d th t th i s gi nt ss (ggg ) w no oth r

s e a a e r as e

th n Lok L uf y
a e h i ms lf who h d c us d th gods
a e ar s o n e ,
a a e e

so m ny oth r troubl s Th s th Eld r Edd r f rs to

a e e . u e e a e e

th d th of B ld r i
e ea Vo l sp a a e n u

I w th ld sa e con c e a e

F t f B ld a e o a e r,

T h bl d t i dgd e oo -
s a ne o ,

Th f O di e son o n .

I h fi ld n t e e s

Th t dg w p e re s oo ro n u ,

Sl d d p i g f i en er an ass n a r,

T h m i tl t e s e oe .

F m th t h b m d ro a s ru w as a e,

A m it m d s to e see e ,

A d dly i d t; ea n ox o us ar

H d h t i f th o er s o t or ;
B t F i gg b w i l d u r e a e

In Fe n s a l
l ty V a lh a l s
’
c a am i .

U d t d y y t wh t ? n e rs an e e , or a

To conqu r V fth ud e d to r v l h i m s l f
a r n e r, a n e ea e ,

h i m to solv th i s l st probl m
e a e

p k t * The s ar s of fir e a r e d ry ea r s .
 5 ° s ot -
u m

of tho and in !

ont of the do
m a tu r e !

[t h an M gh n tc u W ) m no other

v o hu l ca nsed the gods

T b m the mder Edda refers to

To conqu e r V a

hi m t s o l v
o e
 D EA TH e B A LD ER . 291

W hat sai d ( in
In his
’
s on s
‘
ll ,

Er e h e on tl pil e w as l ida ?

Thi s qu st i on th t fth d
i s th e e w un bl t a
r
a ru n er as a e o

a nsw r d h nc h h d forf i t h i h d N M
e , an e e e a e s ea . . .

P t rs n th i nks th t Odi n h i p d i nto B ld r s

e e e a s e re a e
'

e ar

th n m of th s pr m g l
e a e e u e e .

Th i s myth bout th d th of B ld r finds

a p t e e a e an a

e xpl n ti on i th s sons 3 th y r i t h ch g
a a n e ea e ea ,
n e an e

from l i gh t to d rkn ss i N l d B ld r r pr s n t
a e , n r se an . a e e e e

th br i ght
e d cl r s mm e wh n tw i l i gh t
an ea d l u e an ( av

br k ki ss ch oth r d 9 h nd i h nd i t h s
ea ea e an a n a n e e

north rn l ti tud s Hi d l by Hod r i th i t

e a e . s ea e s e v c orv

of d rkn ss ov r l igh t th d k
a e e of w i nt r ov r th , e
’

n ess e e e

l i ght of summ r d th e
g ,by V
an l i t h br k e r e vq e a e s e ea

i g forth of
n w l i ght ft r i
ne w i ntry d rkn s a e e . a es .

In th i s conn cti on i t i wor thy of no t i c th t

e s no e a

th r us d to b custom w h i mi now n rly forgo tt n

e e e e a , s ea e .

of c l br t i ng th b i hm t f d th or d rkn s t h
e e a e an s en i ea a es . e

w i nt r d m t og th r w i th t h
en e an su ie r, e e e ar

bt i of th M r q u n on e a -
ee .

how i t could com t e o

ri s l e
2 92 D E AT H or B A LD ER .

a g s h d th i r root d ori gi n i th nc i nt myth

e , a e an n e a e

gi v n bov
e a e .

No myth b cl r r th n th i s c anof B ld r e ea e a on e a e .

T h Yo ng r Edd
e s ys d i sti nctly th t h i so f i r
u e a a a e s a

an d d zzl i ng i aform d f tur s th t r ys of l i gh t

n an ea e a a

s m to i ssu from hi m B ld r th n i th god of

ee e . a e , e , s e

li ght th l i gh t of th world Li ght i th b st th i n g

,
e e . t s e e

w h v i
e tha world ; i t i wh i t
e n d pur ; i t
e s e an e c an

not b wound d ; no s hock

e d i sturb i t ; nothi ng i
e c an n

th worlde k i ll i t xc pti ng i t own n g ti v d rk

c an e e s e a e, a

n ss ( Hod r) Lok ( fi ) i j lous of i t ; th pur

e e . e re s ea e e

l i gh t of h v n d th bl z of fi ea e ch oth r s
an e a e re are ea e
’

e et rn l n m i s B ld r do s not figh t th mythology

a e e e . a e e ,
e

gi v s no xplo i ts by hi m ; h only shi n s d d zzl s

e e e e an a e ,

conf rri ng bl ss i ngs p n ll d thi s h conti nu s to

e e u o a ,
an e e

do st df st d unch ng bl unti l d rkn ss st l

ea a an a ea e, a e ea s

upon hi m d rkn ss th t do s not i ts lf know wh t

, a e a e e a

h rm i t i do i ng ; d w h n B ld r i d d cri s of
a s an e a e s ea , e

l m nt ti on
a e h rd through out
a ll n tur
are All ea a a e . na

tur s ks l i ght Do s not th y of th ch i ld s k

e ee . e e e e e ee

th l i ght of th morn i ng
e d do s not th ch i ld w p
e , an e e ee

wh n l ight v n i sh s w h n n igh t s ts i
e a Do s not e , e e n
?
e

th i s myth of B ld r r p t i ts lf i th old m wh a e e ea e n e an , o

l i k G th w h n d th d rk n d hi y s cri d out
e oe e, e ea a e e s e e , e :

m k Zi i t ( m r l i gh t ) ? Do s not th
e r c z gl from th
o e e e ea e e

lofti st p i nn cl of th mount i n s k l ght T h

e a i e
? e a ee e

l rk so rs on h i lofty p i n i ons d gr ts i w rbl i n g

a a s an ee n a

not s th k i ng of d y w lcom b ck i nto hi k i ngdom

e e a e e a s .

Th tr efirmly root d i th ground str i ns tow rd th

ee e n e a a e

l i g ht spr d i ng up w rd i s rch of i t T h b i rd of
, ea a n ea . e

p ss g on hi fr w i g fl i s ft r d follows th l i ght
a a e s ee n e a e an e .

Is i t not th longi ng ft r l i gh t th t dr ws th b i rd
e a e a a e

south w rd i th f ll wh n th d ys short n i th
a n e a e e a e n e

north d dr ws th
, an l i ttl w nd r r b ck g i n
a e e a e e a a a as
2 94 D EATH or B A LD E R .

e ns hrouds ll n tur d thus h i story cloth s h rs lf i

a a e, an e e e n

mour i ng not b c us th h ro di s but b c us th

n , e a e e e e , e a e e

i nnoc nt L i ncoln i
e p i rc d by th bull t of th foul s e e e e e

a ss ssi n who t rns to th n i ght d fl s Ev ry ti m

a , u e an ee . e e

l i ght i sl i n by d rkn ss i t i th b ut i ful

s a d good a e s e ea an

th t i stri ck n down but i t i n v r stri ck n down

a s e ,
s e e e

e xc pt to r turn d sh i n w i th i ncr s d spl ndor

e e an e ea e e .

B ld r di s i n tur wh n th woods
a e e n str i pp d ofa e e e ar e e

th i r fol i g wh n th flo w rs f d
e a e, d th storms of e e e a e an e

w i nt r h owl B ld r d i s i th sp i ri tu l world wh n
e . a e e n e a e

th good
e l d w y from th p t h s of v i rtu w h n th
ar e e a a e a e, e e

soul b com s d rk d gloomy forg tti ng i t h v nly

e e a an , e s ea e

ori gi n B ld r r t rns i
. atur wh n th g ntl wind
e e u n na e e e e e s

of spri ng sti r th i w h n th n i ghti ng l s h i gh not e a r, e e a e

’
e

i h rd i
s ea th h v ns d th flow rs
n e unlock d to ea e , an e e ar e e

p i nt th l ghi ng so i l w h n l i ght t k s th pl c of
a e au ,
e a e e a e

gloom d d rkn ss ; B ld r r turns i th sp i ri tu l

an a e a e e n e a

world w h n th lost soul finds i ts lf g i n throws ff

e e e a a , o

th m ntl of d rkn ss
e a d lik
e sh i i g sp i r i t so rs
a e ,
an e a n n a

on w i ngs of l i gh t t h v n to God who g v i t o ea e , , a e .

Th flow r w h i c h i s cr d to B ld r th B ld r s ’
e e s a e a e , e a e

bro w th
, fl mi
is i l It i compl t flo w r
e an ze s co u a . s a e e e

w i th y llo w di sc d wh i t r ys symbol of th sun

a e an e a , a e

w i th i t b m i ng l i gh t sunflow r Wh t po t i c l
s ea , a e . a a e a

thought ! T h l ight pouri ng d own upon th rth from e e ea

b n th B l d r s y brows d th h i rs of hi y l i d
e ea a e
’
e e -
,
an e a s e e- s

are th b ms W h t th m for Corr ggi o wh

e ea . a a e e a e , o

succ d d w ll p i nt i g th i nnoc nc of wom

ee e so e in a n e e e an

b m ng from
ea i h h lf clos d y s ' er a -
e e e

B ld r s w i f i N nn S h di s brok n h rt d t
a e
’
e s a a . e e e -
ea e a

hi d ath
s S h i th flor l godd ss who lw ys t rns
e . e s e a e a a u

h er sm i l i g f c tow rd th n H f th r w N p
a e a e sun . er a e as e

( p
n e bud
r, a) son of Od i n N nn s d
, B ld r s s nd . a a
’
an a e
’
e

i g th ri ng D
n e p to Od i c rp t to Fr i gg
ra u d n er n, a a e ,
an
 D EA H T or B A LD ER . 2 95

a ri ng to Full h b n xpl i n d h r tofor d how

a, as ee e a e e e e, an

b uti fully i t symbol i z s th r turn of rth s flow ry

ea e e e ea
’
e

c rp t w i th frui tfuln ss d bund nc w i ll b v i d nt

a e ,
e an a a e, e e e

to v ry th oughtful r d r
e e ea e .

Th w f ll n t ur we s i ly und rst nd wh n
s o rro o a a e e ea e a e

w kno w th t Lok r pr s nts fi

e d B ld r i gon to
a e e e e re a n a e s e

H l All th i ngs w p b com d mp wh n brought from

e . ee , e e a ,
e

th cold to th w rm i
e xc pti g fi d w r m mb r
e a a r, e e n re, a n e e e e

th t Thok th t i Lok i d i sg i s w pt dry t rs

a , a s, e n u e, e ea

(Sp rksa
); b t ll g nu i n t rs c us d by
u ch ng
a e e ea are a e a a e

of th h r t from coldn ss to w rmth It i common

e ea e a . s a

e xpr ss i on i Ic l nd y t to y th t th ston s wh n
e n e a e sa a e e ,
e

cov r d w i th d w w p for B ld r (9 mm B ld ) B l
e e e , ee a e a r . a

d r s sh i p Ri gh
e
’
i r i ghtly c ll d th l rg st of l l
,
n o rn , s a e e a e a

sh i ps Ri gh i th whol world d th whol rth

. n orn s e e , an e e ea

i B ld r s fun r l p i l T h t ops of th mount i ns

’
s a e e a e . e e a ar e

th m sts of th i s sh i p wh i ch i
e a round ( ri g ) th , s n as e

wh i rl i g world n .

It i ti m w c s d t lk i ng bout our b rb rou

s e e ea e a a a a s

a nc stors for i f w ri ghtly compr h nd th i s myth of

e , , e e e

B ld r w know th t th y ppr c i t d y profoundly

a e , e a e a e a e , na ,

an d po t i c lly ppr c i t d th e l i ght th t fills th y

a a e a e , e a e e e

an d bl ss s th h rt d w r s ns i t i v to th p i n th t
e e e ea , an e e e e e a a

cuts th rough th bosom of m v n i n to i t fin st d e an e e s e an

most d l i c t fib rs In th i s myth of B ld r i i nt r
e a e e . a e s e

wov n th m ost d l i c t f l i ngs w i th th subl i m st

e e e a e ee e e

s nt i m nts R d i t d compr h nd i t L t th
e e . ea an e e . e e ear

an d h rt d soul b op n to th vo i c l ss mus i c t h t
ea an e e e e e a

br th s th ro gh i t A d wh n you h v thus r d
ea e u . n e a e ea

th i s myth i con cti on w i th th oth r myths d i

, n ne e e an n

conn cti on wi th th b st S g s th n d not y noth r

e e e a a ,
e o sa a e

word bout th North not h vi ng y l i t r tur ! Th nks

a e a an e a e a

b to th
e orns th t th mo ks d pri sts whos most
e n , a e n an e , e

z lous work i t w to root out th m mori s of th

ea as e e e e
2 96 F O RS ET E .

p a st r duc th gods of our f th rs to common

an d e e e a e

pl c d mons d i d not succ d i t h i r d v st ti g m i

a e e ,
ee n e e a a n s

s i on i f i thful Ic l nd ! T h nks b to Sh k sp r th t
n a e a a e a e e a e, a

h e d i d not forg t th st rn m j sti c i mp rti l d e e e ,

a e ,
a a an

b uti ful norns v n t hough h d i d ch ng th m i nto

ea , e e e a e e

t h wr i nkl d w i tc h s th t figur i
e e M cb th ! N y th t e a e n a e a , a

t hi s our c i nt mythology i sp i t of th w i ntry bl sts

an e ,
n e e a

th t h v sw pt ov r i t i sp i t of th p m g cold
a a e e e ,
n e e i er c

to wh i ch i t h b n xpos d t th h nd of thos whoas ee e e a e a e

th o ght th y c m w i th h l i ng for th n ti ons i

u e a e ea e a ,
n

sp i t of ll th p rs cuti on i t h su ff r d from monks

e a e e e as e e

an d b i shops prof ssors d k i ngs ; th t i t i

, sp i t of ll
e an a ,
n e a

th s h b n bl to bud d blossom i our T uton i c

e e, as ee a e an n e

folk lor - M y qu ns
e, o un d pop l r l i f i proof of
a -
ee , an u a e, s

th s t rong v i t l forc i t cont i n d

e a d proof too of th e a e ,
an , , e

v i gorous tho ght of our for f th rs wh pr s rv d i t

u e a e o e e e .

A d nowh r i th i s mor
n e ev i d n t th n i Norw y
s e e e a n a .

T h s stori s w h ch h v t h i r root i th Nors m y

e e e i a e e n e e

t h l gy h v b n h nd d down by word of mo th from

o o a e ee a e u

g n r t i on to g n r ti on w i th r m rk bl fid l i ty Look
e e a e e a e a a e e .

a t t h os long ed n rrow d d p v ll ys of Norw y !

an a an ee a e a

T h os gr t cl fts
e d p f rrows plow d th mo nt
ea e ar e ee u e in e u

i
a n m ss i ord r th t i t m i gh t y i ld bounti ful crop
a n e a e a

of folk lor th s d of wh i ch i th Edd mythology

-
e, e ee s e a .

L t us g i v our ch i ldr n
e sh r i th h rv st !
e e a a e n e a e

TI O N I II F O R S ET S EC . E .

Fors t i th of B ld r d N nn H poss ss s
e e s e son a e an a a . e e e

th h v nly m ns i on c ll d G l i t
e ea e d ll d i sp t nts
a a e n e r, an a u a

at l w who br i ng t h i r c s s b for h i m go w y p rf ctly

a e a e e e a a e e

r conc i l d Hi tr i bun l i th b st t h t i to b fou d

e e . s a s e e a s e n

among gods d m T h us th Eld r Edd i th

an en . e e a, n e

l y of G i m
a r n er
 C H A P T E R IV

THOR HIS WIFE SIF ,

AN D SON ULLER .

S CTI O N I G NE E . E RAL S YN O S IS P .

HOR ( p nglo S xon

’

or r , pu G rm
pu n a r r , A -
a n or , e an

d thund r) ft r whom Thursd y i n m d

on n er , e , a e a s a e

( Thor s d y )
’
i t -
h ch i
a f god ,n xt ft r s Od i n H
e i e e a e . e s

a spri ng god subdu i ng th frost g i nts , e -

a .

T h or w rs d b rd hi ea n tur i fi h i a re ea , s a e s re , e s

gi rd d w i th th b lt of str ngth sw i gs h mm r i
e e e e ,
n a a e n

hi h nd r i d s i
s a , ch ri ot dr wn by two go ts from
e n a a a a ,

whos ho ofs d t th sp rks of fi fl sh

e an d thee a re a , an e

sc rl t cloud r fl cts h i fi ry y s ov r hi h d h
a e e e s e e e ,
e s ea e

w rs crown of st rs und r hi f t r sts th rth

ea a a ,
e s ee e e ea ,

an d i t s h o ws t h footpri nts of hi m i ghty st ps H

e s e . e

i c ll d A th
s a e d lso A k thsa ( from or k toan a e or a a,

an d i th stro g st of gods d m
s e H in e nor an en . e s e

m ly strong
ou s d t rr i bl wh n ngry but an i so e e e a , , as s

fr qu ntly th c s w i th v ry strong m
e e e hi
a e gr t e en , s ea

str ngth i coupl d w i th thoroughly i no ff nsi v good

e s e a e e

n tur Hi r lm i n m d T h ud g a d hi m
a e . s ea s a e r v an n s an

s i on B il k i i wh
s i c h fi
rn e r, h undr d n d forty ar e ve e an

h lls It i th l rg st ho s v r bu i lt Thus th
a . s e a e u e e e . e

Eld r Edd i th l y of G i m
e a, n e a r n er :

Fi h d d h ll ve un re a s

A d f ty m n or ore

M th i k h e n s as

B w d Bi l k i o e s rn e r ;
l pl t
Th i s i s th e d u s ua dd M ex an a i on b a s e on th e Yo un g e r E a o r e re c e n t

t t h th t ll d O th pt Ukk h
.

i n v e s i g a i on s s o w a he w as ca e ku -
or, a c o rr u ion of o-T or

h th d
.

U k ko i s ofF in n i s m o ri gi n , a n d i s th e na e of th e un e r -g o d o f th e T s h u d i c
tri b e s .K S ee F h p a leva la , ( th e
) i nn i s e ic . 298
 THO R . 2 99

O f h ou s e s ro o fe d
Th e re is none I k now

p i g My son s
’ *
s ur ass n .

Thor s ch ri ot i dr wn by two go ts c ll d T g
’
a s a a , a e an n n

jost d T g i s
an It i from hi dri v i ng bout i
ann r n er . s s a n

th i s ch ri ot h i c ll d Ak th ( ch ri ot r Thor ) H
a e s a e e or a ee -
. e

poss ss s th r v ry pr c i ous r ti cl s Th first i s

e e ee e e a e . e a

m ll t c ll d Mj l
a e a wh i ch both th frost d mount
e o n e r, e an

i
a n g i n ts know to th i r cost wh n th y s i t hurl d
a e ,
e e ee e

ag i nst th m i th i ; d no wond r for i t h spl i t

a e n e a r an e , as

m ny sk ll of th i r f th rs d k i ndr d T h s cond
a a u e a e an e . e e

r r th i ng h poss ss s i c ll d th b lt of str ngth

a e e e e s a e e e e or

prow ss ( M gi gj d ) W h n h gi rds i t bout hi m

e e n ar er . e e a

hi d i v i n
s str ngth i r doubl d T h t hi rd pr c i ou
e e s e e . e e s

arti cl w hi ch h poss ss s i hi i ron g untl t wh i ch h

e e e e s s a e , e

i obl i g d to p t on wh n v r h l ys hold on th h ndl

s e u e e e e a e a e

of hi m ll t No
s a i so w i s
e . to b bl to on e s e as e a e

l t ll T h or s m rv lous xplo i ts
1e a e a
’
a e e .

Now th r d r w i ll s i ly compr h nd th follow

e ea e ea e e e

i g b uti ful st oph s f om th p

n ea of Longf llow) ; wh
r e 1 e en e o

h as so i ng n i ously spri nkl d hi l i t r tur w i th d ws

e e s e a e e

from Ygdr si l a

I m th g d T h a e o or ,

I am th e w a r g o d ,
I am Th d !
th e un e re r

H i
e re my N th l d
n or an ,

My f t d f t
as ness a n o r re ss,

R ige If n ! orev e r

H e re mid i b g
a ce er s

R l I th
u e ti e na ons ;
T hi i m y h m m
s s a e r,

Mj l th
o n er, m i g h ty e

Gi t d
an s an s o rce re rs

C annot w i th t d i t ! s an

Tho r ’
s . 1
“
F r om Ta les of a Wa ys i d e I nn .
30 0 TH O R .

Th ese th e g au n e s
a re tl t
t I ld W he re w i h w ie it
A d h l i t f ff n ur a ar o ;
T hi i m y g i dl s s r e,

Wh I b it e nev er ra c e

St g th i d bl d !ren s re ou e

T h l i g ht th b h ld te ou e o es

St m th gh th h re a ro u e e av ens ,

I fl h f im
n as es o cr son,

I b t my d b s d u re ear

Bl w by th ight wi d
o n e n - n ,

A ff i g h t i g t h ti r n e na on s .

J i m y b th ; ov e s ro er

Mi y th l ight i g ;
ne e es a re e n n

Th w h l f my h i e ee s o c ar ot

R ll i th th d o n e un e r,

Th bl w f my h mm e o s o a er

Ri g i th th q k ! n n e ea r ua e

F l th w ld ti ll o rc e ru es e or s ,

H l d i t h ll l i t as ru e , s a ru e ;
M k i w k ee ness s ea ness,

St g t h i t i m p h
re n t s r u an ;
O th wh l ver th e o e ear

S t i ll i T h d y!
’
s or s- a

Thor i th f th r of M gn whos moth r i s J rn

s e a e a e, e e a

sx
a d of Mod
a, a n H i th husb nd of S i f
e . d st p
e s e a an e

f th r f Ull r ; h i th prot ctor of A sg rd

a e o e e s d Mid e e a an

g rd d i fr qu ntly c ll d Mi dg d
a , an s e e ; hi s rv nts
a e ar s ve o r s e a

a re Thj lf d th s i st r of th l tt r R k
a e , an e A mong
e e a e , os va .

T h or s s v r l n m s th most common on s
’
e e a a e V i ng e e a re

thor V i g
,
d Hl
n id
n e r, a n A ll th i s of cours h
or r f e . e as re

r nc to hi m
e e e th god of t h und r T hor
as e h e .
, as as

b n obs rv d i pu
ee e e ,th und r Th u d g hi r lm
s n a rr, e . r va n , s ea ,

i th h vy comp ct cloud wh r h r i gns ; hi m

s e ea a ,
e e e e s an

s on
i B,
il ki ( b
s i l— k i
rn er i ) t h fl sh
s s of l i ght
rn r , are e a e

n i ng th t for mom nt ( bi l ) l igh t p th h ns ;

a a e
’ t
u e e a ve

* mmBil i s w d a co l d m on m m or in N o rs e an ,
e an i n g o en t .
3 02 TH O R A N D H R U N G N ER .

so f st on hi snow sk t s ( k ) th t i th s rts no
a s -
a e s ees , a n e e a

on e cont nd w i th hi m H i lso v ry h ndsom

c an e . e s a e a e

i
n h i p rson s d poss ss s v ry qu l i ty of
e w rri or ;
an e e e e a a a

wh r for i t i prop r to i nvok hi m

e e e ngl comb ts
s e e in Si e a .

Ull r s m ns i on i Y d l (v ll ys of r i n ) From hi
e
’
a s a er a e a . s

runn i ng on sk s w judg th t h i p rson i fic ti on ee e e a e s a e a

o f w i nt r d i f th erti st choos s hi m for hi th m

, an e a e s e e,

h must r pr s nt h i m st nd i ng on snow sho s cl d i

e e e e a -
e , a n

a w i nt r su i t w i th h w d rro w i hi h nds W
e -
,
o an a n s a . e

are now pr p r d to g i v so m of Thor s dv ntur s

e a e e e
’
a e e .

TI N II TH O R A N D H RUN G N ER
S EC O . .

Thor h d onc gon stw rd to crush trolls but

a e e ea a ,

O d i n rod on h i horse Sl i pn r to Jotunh i m d

e s , e e , e , an

ca m to e gi nt by n m H u g a Th n sk d
a a e r n n er .
’

e a e

H u g r nwh t m th t w who w i th h lm t of
n er a an a a s, a e e

gold rod through th i e d ov r th s d dd d e a r an e e ea, an a e

th t i t w
a xtr ord i n ri ly good hors h h d Odi n
a s an e a a e e a .

r pl i d th t h would w g r hi h d th t so good
e e a e a e s ea a a

hors could not b found i Jotunh i m H u g

e e n e . r n n er

s i d th t i t w
a i nd d
a v ry xc ll nt h ors but h
as ee a e e e e e, e

h d a by n m G ldf ( gold m n ) th t could t k e

on e, a e o ax -
a e , a a

much long r p c s d h i mm di t ly spr ng upon

e a e , an e e a e a

hi hors
s d g llop d e w y ft r Od i n Odi n con
an a e a a a e .

t tl y k pt h d but H u g gi nt n tur h d ’
s an e a ea , r n n er s a a e a

b com so xc i t d th t b for h w h i ms lf w r O f
e e e e a e e e as e a a e

i t h h d com w i t hi n th g t s of A sg rd
e a eWh n h e a e a . e e

c m to th door of th h ll th gods i nv i t d hi m to
a e e e a e e

dri nk wh i ch soon h h d nt r d h d m nd d
, as as e a e e e e e a e .

Th n th gods t b for hi m the bowl s out of wh i ch

e e se e e

T hor w ccustom d to dri nk d th m h mpti d

as a e , an e e e e

ea ch i dr ught A d w h n h h d b com dr u k
n on e a . n e e a e e n ,

h g v th fr st v nt to hi loud bo sti ngs

e a e e ee H w s e s a . e a

g o i g to
n t k V lh l h s i d a d c rry
e i t f
f to Jotun
a a , e a , an a o
 TH O R A N D H R UN G N ER . O3

h i m ; h would d mol i sh A sg rd d k i ll th gods

e e e a an e ,

e xc p t Fr yj
e d S if whom h would t k ho m w i th
e a an ,
e a e e

hi m ; d wh i l Fr yj w
an pouri ng th c l sti l b v r
e e a as e e e a e e

a
g i
e nto t h bowls for h i m h
e r m rk d th t h w e e a e a e as

go i ng to dri nk up ll th l of th gods Wh n th a e a e e . e e

gods t l ngth gr w t i r d f hi rrog nc th y n m d

a e e e O s a a e, e a e

T hor wh i m m d i t ly c m
, o d sw ng hi h mm r
e a e a e, an u s a e

an d w v ry m ch nr g d d sk d who w to
as e u e a e , an a e as

bl m th t d g wi g i nts should b p rm i tt d to dri nk

a e a o se a e e e

th r or who h d g i v n s f ty to H g i V lh l
e e, a e a e r un n er n a a ,

an d why Fr yj should pour l for h m e a h di d t a e i as s e a

t h f sts of t h gods
e ea H g look i ng
e t T h or w i th . r un n e r, a

a ny th i ng but fri ndly y nsw r d th t Odi n h d a e e e, a e e a a

i nv i t d hi m e d th t h w und r hi prot cti on

an a e as e s e .

T hor s i d th t H g a should com to a th t r un n er e r ue a

i nv i t t i on b for h c m out ; but th g i nt nsw r d

a e e e a e e a a e e

th t i t would b but l i ttl honor t A th to k i ll

a e e o sa or

hi m u n rm d
, h w ; i t would b
a e b tt r proof
as e as e a e e

o f hi v lor i f h d r d cont nd w i th hi m t th
s a e a e e a e

bound ri s of hi t rri tory t G j ttung d ( G j t

a e s e , a r o ar r o
’

t un ag b ) ar Fool i shar w i t
. lso of m conti nu d as a e, e

H r un
g to l v my shi ld d m y fli t ston t
n e r, ea e e an n -
e a

hom ; h d I m w pons h r w wo ld now try

e a y ea e e e u a

holmg ng ; but I d cl r you to b

a
*
cow rd i f you e a e e a a

k i ll m un rm d Thor would t xcus h i ms lf from

e a e .
no e e e

a du l wh h w ch ll ng d out on holm ; thi s

e en e as a e e a
w as som th i ng th t no e h d v r o ff r d hi m b a on e a e e e e e

for H g now w nt hi w y d h st n d ho m
e . r un n er e s a an a e e e .

Th i s journ y of H u g w much t lk d of by th
e r n n er as a e e
g i nts d sp ci lly di d hi ch ll ng of Thor w k n
a , an e e a s a e e a a e

h ad t o p a y t h e h o m g an fin e
g l .
3 04 TH O R AN D H R U N G N ER .

th i r i nt r st d i t w of gr t i mport nc t th m
e e e ,
an as ea a e o e

wh i ch f th two sh o ld com out from th comb t

O e
“

u e e a

v i ctori ous For i f H g . wh w th most pow run n er , o as e

er uf l mong th gi nts should b conqu r d th y

a e a ,
e e e , e

m i ght look for noth i ng b t vi l from Thor Th y u e . e

th r for m d t G j tt g d m of cl y n i n
e e e a e a r o un ar a an a , e

m l s h g t r bro d b tw n
!

ras st ( i ?
) i h d e h t th an ee r as s a e ee e

sh ould rs ; th y could not find h rt corr spondi ng

e e a ea e

to hi s i z s d th f e, a ntook out of m r ; but ere o re on e a a e

th i s flutt r d d tr mbl d wh n Thor c m H u g

l

e e an e e e a e . r n

n er h d h rt of h rd ston sh rp d thr cor

a a ea a e, a an e e-

n e red ; hi h d w lso of ston

s ea d l i k w i s hi as a e, an e e s

sh i ld w hi ch w bro d d th i ck d th i s sh i ld h
e ,
as a an ,
an e e

h ld b for hi ms lf wh n h stood t G j tt g d
e e e e e e a r o un ar

w i ti ng for T hor Hi w
a w fl i t ston wh i ch
. s e ap on as a n -
e,

h swung ov r hi sh ould rs so th t i t w no tri fl to

”

e e s e ,
a as e

jo i n i comb t w i th hi m By hi si d stood th cl y
n a . s e e a

g i nt th t i c ll d M kk k lf
a ,
a s a e d w o er a e an as

so xtr m ly t rri fi d th t th sw t po r d fro m ff

e e e e e a e ea u e o

hi m T h or w nt to th h olmg ng tog th r w i th T hj lf
. e e a e e a e,

a s rv nt whom h h d got from p s nt by th

e a , e a a ea a e se a .

T hj l f a t th pl c w h r H
e r an o g w est nd i ng a e e e run n er as a ,

an d s i d to hi m a You st nd ungu rd d gi nt ; you : a a e , a

hold th sh i ld b for you b t Thor h s n you ; h

e e e e ,
u as ee e

com s w i th v i ol nc from b n th th rth d tt cks

e e e e ea !
e ea an a a

you T h n H g h sti ly put th shi ld b n th hi

. e run n er a e e e ea s

f t d stood on i t but h s i z d hi fl i t ston w i th

ee an , e e e s n -
e

both h nds Pr s ntly h w fl sh s of l i ghtn i g d

a . e e e sa a e n an

h rd lo d
ea hi g u d th n h c ra s w Thor i n hi s, a n e e sa n s asa

m i gh t rushi ng forw rd w i th i mp tuous sp d swi ngi ng

, a e ee ,

h i h mm r
s a d th row i g i t from th d i st nc
e an g i nst n e a e a a

H ru n
g T h l
n ertt r l
. i ft d t h fl i t ston
e w i tah both e e e n -
e

hi h nds
s ad t h r w i t w i th ll hi mi gh t g i nst th
an e a s a a e

h m mr ; th two m t i th i
a e e d th fl i t ston e n e a r an e n -
e
3 06 TH O R AN D H RUN G N E R .

protrud d from th b sk t d h d froz n wh r for h

e e a e an a e , e e e e

h d brok n i t ff
a e d thrown i t p i nto
o t h sky d an u e an

m d of i t t h st r w hi ch i c ll d O
a e e d l t a s a e r va n e
’
s oe .

F i n l ly h dd d t h t i t would t b long b for O

a e a e a no e e e r

v nd l would com hom g i n But Gro b c m so

a e e e a a . a e a e

d l ight d w i th t hi s n ws th t h forgot ll h m gi c
e e e a s e a er a

so gs d th fl i t ston b c m
n an e loos r th n i t w
n -
e e a e 110 e a a s,

d i t s t i cks f st i T hor s h d y t Th r for no ’

an a n ea e . e e e one

must th row fli t ston cross th floor for th n th

a n -
e a e , e e

ston i T hor s h d i mov d T hus s i ngs th Sk ld

e n
’
ea s e . e a ,

Thj d l f of H i
o o v n
°

W h m pl id e av e a e ev ence

O f h t i bl g i t j y ’
t e e rr e an s o u rn e

To G j
r ott u n g a rd ,

lk W i th mi g fi b e r g fo -
s
’
cons u n re

T h bl d b i l d i M il b th *
’
e oo o e n e e s ro e r,

Th m l d t m bl d e oon - a n re e ,

Wh th w t en e ar
’
s son en

T th t l gl d t t o e s ee -
ov e con e s .

I b i gh t fl m t d
n r a e s oo

Al l h l m f th k y t e re a s o e s

F U ll t p f th ’
or er s s e -
a e r,

A d th th k d n e ear ro c e ;
T pi fl w S l w id w
’
o e ce s e vo ner s o

W h th p f g t en e s an o oa s

D w th bl i m h i t
re e su e c ar o

A d i t di i m t n s v ne as er

T th m t i g w i th H g
o e ee n run n er .

Th most prom i n nt f tur of th i s myth i th

e e ea e s e

l ightn i ng wh i ch s tri k s down mong th rocks d e a e an

spli ts th m H u g (from fi g to wri nkl to h p

e . r n n er n er, e, ea

u p) i t h n k d wr i nkl d mo nt i ns w i th th i r p ks
s e a e , e u a e ea .

Ev rythi g i m d of ston
e n s H u g ah rt d e e . r n n er s
’
ea an

h d d sh i ld d w pon w r ll of ston ; b si d
ea an e an ea e e a e e e

m h *A n a e for T or .
 TH O R AN D H R UN G N E R . 307

hi m st nds
cl y y mount i n ( M kk k lf ) cl d i
a th e a e a o er a e a n

mi s t d th cont st i t G j tt an
g d on th e e s a r o un ar , e

bound ry of th ston cov r d fi ld T h or crush s th

a e e- e e e . e e

mount i n to m k w y f gri cultur T hj lf i th

a a e a or a e . a e s e

unti ri ng l bor wh i ch pr p r s th rock for culti ti on

a ,
e a e e va .

H dv i s s H g
e a to p r t c t h i ms lf from b lo w
e ru n n er o e e e

w i th hi sh i ld T h culti v ti on of th mount i n must

s e . e a e a

b gi n t th foot of i t ; th r l bors th i ndustri o us

e a e e e a e

f rm r Wh n h looks up th mo nt i n l i fts i t rocky

a e . e e e u a s

h d l ik hug gi nt of ston but th clouds g th r

ea e a e a e, e a e

a round th g i nt s h d th l igh tn i ngs fl sh d spl i t

e a
’
ea , e a an

it Thj l f m y lso b r g rd d
. a e concom i t nt of
a a e e a e as a a

th th nd rstorm
e u d would th n r pr s nt th pour
e , an e e e e e

i g r in
n Thor h d got hi m from p s nt by th
a , as a a ea a e

s e a, d h cont nds w i th t h mount i n of cl y from

an e e e a a ,

wh i ch th w t r pours down T h or s for h d m y lso

e a e .
’
e ea a a

r pr s nt th f c of th rth from wh i ch h ri s s
e e e e a e e ea , e e as
th son of rth d w know th t M i n rv spr ng
e ea , an e a e a a

forth full grown d qu i pp d from th br i n of Z us

-
an e e e a e .

O d l d Gro ( to gro w) r f r to th s d sprout

’I
<
r v an e an a e e e ee
i g (O
n d l) d gro wi ng
r van Thor c rri s th s d i
e an .
a e e ee n
hi b sk t ov r th i
s a cold str ms (Eli g ) th t i
e e e c e- ea va ar a s,
,

h pr s rv s pl nt l i f through th w i nt r
e e e e at h sprout -
e e e
; e

v ntur s out too rly i th p m g d t fr z s

e e ea n e s r an a oe ee e
O ff ; d it i an b ut i ful i d th t th gods m k sh i n
s a ea ea a e a e
i g st rs of v ryth i ng i
n a th r lm of g i nts th t h
e e n e ea a a as

b com u s l ss on rth d wh t mor c h rm i ng th m

e e e e ea , an a e a e e
c an th p i nt r ek for th n Thor c rry i ng on h i d i v i n
a e as a a s e

should rs th r ckl ss Oe d l w d i g throu g h th i

e e e rv a n e a n e ce
str ms of w i nt r ?
ea e

B for proc d i g to th n xt myth w w i ll p us

e e ee n e e , e a e
h r for
e e mom nt d t k cursory look t h i story to
a e an a e a a ,
s ee wh th r f w outl i n s of i t do not find th i r com
e e a e e e

O m t
r va n d e l , f ro p t(e a r, e ar
) l d h, a n d e en d i ll
, th e s ro u ven d r ,
r u er : th e s ee .
308 THO R AN D H R UN G N E R .

pl e te s t r fl cti on i th i s ston h rt d myth bout

e e n e- ea e a

H run g d T h or
n er an .

H u g ron hi hors G ldf r c i ng w i th Odi n d

n n er s e o a x, a an

Sl i pn r i th most p rf c t m nn r r pr s nts th
e e ,
n e e e a e e e e e

Rom n p t t y r v l i ng i th w lth robb d from th

a oe a s r e e n e ea e e

n ti ons of th rth i ri v lry w i th th g nu i n Gr k

a e ea , n a e e e ee

p t
oe r y d p h i losop
anh y ; for Sl i pn r i P g sos d e e s e a an

wh n th Rom n po t st rs
e e i th h i ght of th i
a e a e ar e n e e r

g lory H g i nt rt
r un i n d t
n erA sg rd drunk
s e d e a e a a , an

cr zy br ggi ng d sw ri ng th t h w i ll put ll th god

a ,
a an ea a e a e s

to d th xc pti g S i f (Fortun ) d F yj ( V nus )

ea e e n a an re a e ,

d stroy A sg rd d mov V lh l to J tu h i m ; or i
e a an e a a o n e , n

oth r words V nus d Fortun

e ,
e th only d i v i n i t i
an a are e es

th t sh ll b worsh i p d ; ll r l i gi on (A sg rd) sh ll b
a a e e a e a a e

root d out d h i story ( V lh l) sh ll only s rv to glori fy

e an a a a e e

Rom e .

But i th cours of ti m th North b gi ns to t k

n e e e e e a e

p rt i d t rm i n i ng th d sti n i s of th world ; Thor

a n e e e e e e

com s hom e d shortly ft rw rds du l i fo gh t

e, an a e a a e s u

b tw n th Goth d Rom n ( V nd l ) i w hi ch Rom i

e ee e an a a a n e s

worst d wh i ch could not b xpr ss d mor fitly th n by

e , e e e e e a

th fortun t blow of Mj l
e a e wh i c h crush s th ston o n er , e e e

h rt d d ston h d d G i nt (Rom n V nd l i sm )
ea e an e- ea e a a a a .

But th Goth b com s Rom n i z d h b com s sl v

e e e a e ,
e e e a a e

of Rom n th ough t d Rom n c i v i l i z ti on

a d thuan a a ,
an s

H r un
g f lls upon
n er T h or w i th
a h i foot upon Thor s , s
’

n ck unti l hi son M gn com s d t k s i t w y

e , s a e e an a e a a .

M gn i th A glo S xon who cr t d Gothi c C h ri s

a e s e n -
a ea e a

tian i ty d G th i book sp ch
an a d w ll m i ght th
o c - ee an e e

A nglo S xon b c ll d M gn
- a son of A th
e a d th
e a e, sa or an e

h g J
a for M gn i th myth i c l r pr s nt ti on
a r n s a x a, a e s e a e e e a

of th m ch n i c l rts wh i ch h v r c i v d th i r most
e e a a a , a e e e e e

p rf ct d v lopm nt i Engl nd d A m ri c ( th A glo

e e e e e n a an e a e n

S xons ) A d w n d only to look t th l i t r tur of

a . n e ee a e e a e
31 0 TH O R AN D G E IR R O D .

compr h nsi on f th r l ti ons of thi ngs th su p r m

e e O e e a , e e e

l w of th
a n i v s ; d h i story i but th r fl cti o
e u er e an s e e e n

of th s bl i m st r i ddl s i n t r
e u e e n a u e .

I H AN S E CT O N III . T O R D G EI RR O D .
*

It i w rth r l t i ng h w T hor m d
s o jo rn y to e a o a e a u e

G i d g d Wi th
e rro t hi h mm r Mj l
s ar or b lt ou s a e o n e r, e

M gi gj d
e or hi i r n glov s ; d th t w Lok s
n ar er, s o e an a as e
’

f lt F wh L k onc i Fri gg s f lc n gu i s
au . or en o e e, n
’
a o -
e,

fl w e t to m s h i ms lf c ri s i ty l d hi m t G i
ou a d
u e e ,
u o e o e rro s

g rd wh r h w l rg h ll H t down d
a ,
e e e sa a a e a . e sa an

lo k d i thr gh
o e p n i g i th w ll b t G i d
n ou an o e n n e a ,
u e rro

obs rv d hi m d d r d
e e of hi s rv nts to s i z an or e e on e s e a e e

th b i rd
e d b i ng i t t hi m B t th
an w ll w r o . u e a as so

h i gh th t i t w di ffi c lt to cl i mb up d i t mus d
a as u ,
an a e

Lok th t i t g v th s rv nt m ch tro bl
e a d h
a e e e a so u u e, a n e

tho g ht i t w t i m no gh t fly w y wh n th
u as e e u o a a e e s er

v nt h d g t v r th worst A th l tt r now c gh t
a a o o e e . s e a e au

at hi m h sp d hi w i gs d m d fforts ( t i tt d)
, e re a s n an a e e s r e

w i th hi f t b t th f t w r f st so th t h w
s ee ,
u e ee e e a ,
a e as

s i z d d b ght to th gi nt W h n th l tt r w
e e an rou e a . e e a e sa

hi y s h m i st st d t h t i t w
s e e b i rd ; d wh n
e ru e a as no an e

Lok w si l nt d r f s d to nsw r th q st i ons p t

e as e an e u e a e e ue u

to h i m G i d l ck d hi m down i
, c h st d l t
e rr o o e n a e an e ,

hi m h ng r for th r u month s T h s Lok fin lly h d

e ee . u e a a

to conf ss wh h w e d t s v hi l i f h h d t o e a s, an o a e s e e a o

mk a o th t G i d th t h should g t Thor to
e an a o e rro a e e

G i d g d w i th
e rr o t hi h mm r or h i b lt of str ngth
s ar ou s a e s e e .

On th w y T h r v i s i t d th h g Grid m th r of
e a o e e a ,
o e

Vi d r t h S i l nt S h i nform d hi m i r g rd to
a e e . e e ,
n e a

G i e r rod th t h w d g wi
, d d ng ro s gi nt
a e d as a o se a n a e u a ,
an

sh l nt hi m h
e e b lt of str ngth h i ron glov s d er e e , er e an

h erst ff w hi ch i c ll d G i d l d T h or th n w nt to
a , s a e r arv o . e e

h m t
T is G d d th d
e i rr o d t us n ot be c o n f o un e wi O in ’
fo s e r- s o n G e i rr o d ,

p
s

s on of Hr aud un g ( s e e .
 TH O R A N D G EI R R O D . 31 1

the ri v r V i m wh i ch i xc d i ngly l rg ; th n h
e er, s e ee a e e e

b ckl d th b lt ro nd hi m d st mm d th w i ld
u e e e a u an e e e

torr nt wi th hi st ff but Lok

e d T hj l f h ld th m s a ,
e an a e e e

s lv s f st i th b lt Wh n h h d com i nto th
e e a n e e . e e a e e

m i ddl f th ri v i t gr w
e O much th t th w v s e er e SO a e a e

w sh d ov r hi sh ld s Th n q oth Thor
a e e s ou er . e u
°

“f a x n ot , V im e r,
S i nce to w a d Id e e s i re

T o th e rea lm s of g i an t s !
K now , if th ou w ax e s t
Th en w ax e s m y asam i gh t
As h i g h as the h e a v e n s !

Up i cl ft h w G i d d ght r G j lp who
n a e e sa e r ro
’
s au e , a ,

stood on b th si d s of th st m d c us d i t growth ;
o e e re a an a e s

th n took h
e l rg st n d thr w ft r h
e At
a a e o e an e a e er .

i t sourc th str m m s t b st mm d
s e d h
e lw ys ea u e e e ,
an e a a

hi t w h t h im d t
a A t th s m t i m h r ch d
e a e a . e a e e e ea e

th le d d got hol d f sh rub d so h sc p d out

an an o a ,
an e e a e

of th ri v r ; h nc com s th d g th t sh rub s v d
e e e e e e a a e a a a e

T h or Wh n Thor w i th hi comp n i ons h d now com

. e s a a e

to G i d lodgi ngs w r gi v n th m i
e rr o , ho s but e e e e n a u e,

th r w only
e e ch i r i i t d on th i s Thor t
as on e a n , an sa

down Th en h n ti c d th t th ch i r w r i s d und r
. e o e a e a as a e e

hi m tow rd th roof H th n put Gr i d s staff g i nst

a e . e e
’
a a

th b ms
e d pr ss d h i ms lf down g i nst th ch i r ;
ea an e e e a a e a

th n no i s w h rd pon wh i ch follow d gr t
e a e as ea ,
u e a ea

scr m i ng f G i d d ught rs G j lp d G i p h d
ea ,
or e rr o
’
s a e , a an re ,
a

b n si tti ng nd r th c h i r d h h d brok n th
ee u e e a an e a e e

b cks of both of t h m
a T h n quoth Thor e . e
°

O I m pl y d n ce e o e

My a s am i
gh t
In t h e rea m l of
g i an t s,

Whe n G j al p and G r e i p,

G e i rro d s
’
d au gh e rs , t
W an te d to l i ft m e to h e a v e n .
3 12 TH O R AN D S K RY M ER .

Th n G i d i nv i t d Thor i nto th h ll to
e e rr o gms e e a see a e .

L rg fir s burn d l ng th h ll
a e e d wh n Thor h d e a o e a ,
an e a

com ppos i t to G i d th l tt r took w i th p i r of

e O e e rro e a e a a

tongs d hot i ron w dg

a re d thr w i t ft r T h or ; h
-
e e an e a e e

s i z d i t wi th th i ron glov s d l i ft d i t up i nto th

e e e e an e e

i but G i
a r, d b h i nd i ron p st to d f nd hi m
e rr o r an e an o e e

s lf Thor th r w th w dg wh i ch struck through th

e . e e e e, e

post d th ro gh G i d d thro gh th w ll so th t
an u e rr o an u e a , a

i t w nt outsi d
e d i nto th gro nd e an e u .

G i d i th
e rro i nt ns h t w hi ch prod c s v i ol nt
s e e e ea u e e

thund rstorms d h nc hi d ght r th vi ol nt tor

e ,
an e e s au e e e

r nt Of co rs Lok (fi ) i lock d up d st rv d
e . u e e re s e an a e

through th hott st p rt of th s mm r ; but th i s myth

e e a e u e

n ds no xpl n t i on d w proc d to th n xt
ee e a a ,
an e ee e e .

I V TH O R A N S K R Y M R
S E CT O N I . D E .

O d y th god T h or
ne accomp i d by Lok e t , a an e e, se

out on journ y i hi a dr wn by hi go ts Ni ght e n s c ar a s a .

com i ng on th y put u p t p s nt s cott g wh n

,
e a a ea a
’ ‘

a e, e

T h or k ill d hi go ts d ft r fl yi g th m put th m
e s a ,
an , a e a n e ,
e

in k ttl W h n th fl sh w bo i l d h t d own
a e e . e e e as e e sa

w i th hi f llow tr v l r to supp r d i nv i t d th p s nt
s e -
a e e e , an e e ea a

an d hi w i f d t h i r ch i ldr n to p rt k of t h r p st
s e an e e a a e e e a .

T h p s nt s son w
e ea a n m d T hj lf d hi d gh t r
’
as a e a e, an s au e

R k os Thor b d th m th row ll th bon s i nto th

va . a e e a e e e

go ts sk i ns whi ch w r pr d out n r th fir pl c
a
’
,
e e S ea ea e e a e,

b t young T hj lf brok
u of th h nk bon s to a e e one e S a -
e

co m t th m rrow Thor h v i ng p ss d th i gh t i
e a e a . a a e e n n

th cott g
e ros t th d wn of d y d w h n h h d
a e, e a e a a , an e e a

dr ss d hi ms lf h took hi h mm r Mj l
e e e d l i ft e s a e ,
e n er , an ,

i g i t up cons cr t d th go ts sk i s wh i ch h h d ’
n e a e e a n ,
e a
,

no soon r don th n th two go ts r ssum d th i r

e e a e a ea e e

w nt d form w i th th xc pti on th t
o e of th m w
,
e e e a on e e no

l i mp d on e f i t h i nd l gs T h o p rc i vi ng th i s
one o s e . r, e e ,
3 14 TH O R A N D S K R Y M ER .

i n hi s h nd pr p r d to d f nd h i ms lf wh t v r mi ght
a , e a e e e e a e e

h pp n Th n th y h rd rumbl ing d ro ri g
a e . e e ea a an a n .

W h n th morn i ng b g n to d wn Thor w nt out d

e e e a a , e an

sa w m a l y i ng h rt d i st nc from th hous i th
an a S o a e e e n e

w ds Th gi nt w l rg l y sl p i ng d snor d
oo . e a as a e, a ee , an e

loudly Th n T h or co ld und rst nd wh nc th no i s

. e u e a e e e e

h d com i
a th n i gh t H gi rd d hi ms lf w i th hi
e n e . e e e s

b lt of str ngth d hi di v i n str ngth gr w ; t th

e e , an s e e e a e

s m ti m th m
a e woke d ros h sti ly B t i t i
e an a e an a e a . u s

r l t d th t T h r on th i s occ si on b c m so m z d th t
e a e a o a e a e a a e a

h fo got to m k
e r of hi m ll t ; h sk d th ma e u se s a e e a e e an

for hi n m how v r T h l tt r nsw r d th t hi

s a e, e e . e a e a e e a s

n m w S k ym b t your n m I do not n d to k
a e as r er u a e ee as

a bout s i d h ; I know y
, a A th e; but wh t ou a re sa or a

h v you don w i th my m i tt n Th r pon S k ym

a e e e ? e eu r er

str tch d out h i h nd d p i ck d p hi m i tt n w hi ch

e e s a an e u s e ,

Thor th n p rc i v d w wh t th y h d t k n ov r n i ght
e e e e as a e a a e e

for hous th ch mb r wh r th y h d t k n r fug

a e, e a e e e e a a e e e

b i ng th th umb S k ym sk d wh th r Thor w nt d
e e . r er a e e e a e

hi m for tr v l i ng comp n i on d w h n Thor con

a a e a ,
an e

s nt d to th i s S k ym
e e
nti d hi prov i si on s ck d
,
r er u e s -
a an

b g n to t hi br kf st Th r d hi comp n i ons
e a ea s ea a . o an s a

d i d th s m i e noth r pl c T h n S k ym propos d
a e n a e a e . e r er e

th t th y sh ould p t t h i r prov i s i ons tog th r d wh n

a e u e e e , an e

T h or g v h i cons nt t th i s S k ym put ll th food

a e s e o ,
r er a e

i nto s ck d sl ng i t hi b ck H w nt b for
on e a an u on s a . e e e e

th m ll d y w i th tr m ndous stri d s but tow rd v n i ng

e a a e e e , a e e

h so gh t
e ut for th m pl c wh r th y m i ght p ss
ou e a a e e e e a

th n i gh t b n th
e l rg k T h n s i d S k ym to
, e ea a a e oa . e a r er

T h or th t h w go i ng to li do wn to sl p ; th oth rs
a e as e ee e e

m i gh t i th m nt i m t k th provi s i on s ck d p
n e ea e a e e -
a an re

p r th i r supp r T h n S k ym f ll sl p d snor d
a e e e . e r er e a ee ,
an e

tr m ndously d Thor t o k th provi si on s ck to unt i

e e ,
an o e -
a e

i t ; but i ncr d i bl th oug h i t m y pp r

, e t i ngl e a a ea ,
no a S e
 TH O R AN D S K R Y M ER . 315

knot could h unti nor r nd r s i ngl str i ng loos r

e e, e e a e e

th i t w b for S i ng th t hi l bor w i v i n
an as e e . ee a s a as n a ,

Thor b c m ngry s i z d th h mm r Mj l
e a e a w i th , e e e a e o n er

both h nds w nt ov r to S k ym
a ,
d struck h i m on
e e r er an

th h d
e eaBut S k ym wok
. d sk d wh th r th r r er a e an a e e e e e

h d f ll n
a a l f dow upon hi h d d wh th r th y
e a ea n s ea , an e e e

h d
a t n th i r supp r d w r r dy to go to sl p ?
ea e e e an e e ea ee

Thor nsw r d th t th y w r just go i ng to l p d

a e e a e e e S ee , an

w nt to li down und r noth r k but lso h r i t w

e e e a e oa ,
a e e as

d g rous to sl p At m i dn i ght Thor g i n h rd how

an e ee . a a ea

f s t S k ym l pt d snor d so ou t r g o sly th t
a r er S e an e ,
a e u a a

th nd ri ng no i s w h rd thro ugh th whol woods

u e e as ea e e .

A r i s i ng h w nt ov r to th g i nt sw ng hi h mm r
e e e e a ,
u s a e

w i th ll hi m i ght
a d struck h i m r i ght i
s th skull , an n e ,

an d th h mm r e t r d th h d cl r to th h ndl
a e en e e e ea ea e a e .

S k ymr sudd nly w k n i ng s i d Wh t i th m t

e r, e a a e , a : a s e a

ter w?no D id corn f ll down upon my h d ? an a a ea

How i i t w i t h y T h or ? T hor w nt h sti ly w y

s ou, e a a a

an d s i d th t h h d just w k d up ; i t w
a a m i dn i ght
e a a e as ,

h s id
e a d t i m to sl p
, an Th n tho ght h th t i f
e ee . e u e a

h could g t
e oppo rt n i ty to gi v th g i nt th i rd
e an u e e a a

blow h sh ould n v r e th l i ght of d y y mor e e see e a an e,

an d h now l y w tch i ng to
e wh th r S k ym w
a a s ee e e r er as

f st sl p g i n S h ortly b for d y br k h h rd
a a ee a a . e e a - ea e ea

th t th g i nt w l p i ng g i n H got p h
a e a as S ee a a . e u , as

t n d ov r to hi m swung hi h mm r w i th l l h i
e e e , s a e a s

m i ght d g v h i m such blow on th t mpl s th t

, an a e a e e e a

th h d of t h h mm r w buri d i th gi nt s h d ’
e ea e a e as e n e a ea .

S k ymr ros strok d hi c hi n d s i d Do th r i t

er a e, e s an a : e e S

b i rds bov m i th tr ? It s m d to m
a e e nI wok e ee ee e e as a e

t h t som
a moss f ll down upon m out of th boughs ;
e e e e

but you w k T or It s ms to m th t i t i
ar e h ? a a e, ee e a s

ti m to ri s
e d dr ssa d you h v not now
e an lo g e , an a e a n

journ y to th c stl wh i ch i c ll d Utg rd I h v

e e a e s a e a . a e
316 O D N I AN D S KRY M ER .

h rd you h v w hi sp r d mong yours lv s th t I m

ea a e e e a e e a a

not sm ll of st tur but you sh ll find l rg r m wh n

a a e, a a e en e

you com to Utg rd I m go i ng to g i v y good

e a . a e ou

a dvi c do not br g too much Utg rd Lok s co rti rs

e : a . a -
e
’
u e

w i ll not brook th bo sti ng of such i nsi gn i fic nt l i ttl e a a e

f llows
e you If you w i ll not h d thi s dvi c
as a re . ee a e

you h d b tt r turn b ck d th t i i f ct th b st
a e e a , an a s n a e e

th i ng for y to do But i f you d t rmi n d to

ou . are e e e

go furth r th n hold to th st ; my w y li s north

e e e ea a e

w rd to th os m o nt i ns th t you
a yond r Skry
e u a a see e .

m th n t ki ng th prov i s i on s ck slung i t on hi
er e a e -
a , s

b ck d d i s pp r d i th woods d i t h n v r
a an a ea e n e , an as e e

b n l rn d wh th r th s s w i sh d to m t hi m g i n
ee ea e e e e a a e ee a a

or not .

Thor w w nt on w i th hi comp n i ons ti ll i t w

no e s a as

noon wh n th i r y s b h ld c stl st ndi ng on

, e e e e e e a a e a a

gr t pl i n d i t w so h i gh th t th y h d to b nd
ea a ,
an as a e a e

th i r n cks q i t b ck i ord r to b bl to look ov r

e e u e a n e e a e e

it . Th y dv nc d to th c stl ; th r w
e a g t to
a e e a e e e as a a e

th ntr nc whi ch w lock d T h or tri d to op n i t

e e a e, as e . e e ,

but could not d b i ng nx i ous to g t wi th i n th ,

an e a e e

c stl t h y cr pt b tw n t h b rs of th g t Th y
a e e e e ee e a e a e . e

sa w th p l c b for th m th door w op n d
e a a e e e e ,
e as e ,
an

th y nt r d wh r th y w m lti t d of m of
e e e e , e e e sa a u u e en ,

w h om th gr t r numb r w r i mm ns ly l rg s i tti ng
e ea e e e e e e a e,

on t w b nch s T h n th y c m i nto th pr s nc of
o e e . e e a e e e e e

t h k i ng Utg rd Lok
e d s l t d hi m ; b t i t took
, a -
e, an a u e u

som ti m b for h would d i gn to look t th m d

e e e e e e a e ,
an

h sm i l d scornfully so th t
e e could hi t th ,
a on e s ee s ee ,

s yi ng It i t d i ous to k for t i di ngs of long jo r

a : s e as a u

ne y but i,f I m t m i st k n th i s l i ttl str i pl i ng m st

a no a e e u

b A th
e ; p rh ps h ow v r you
sa or r lly b i gg r e a , e e , ar e ea e

th n you look W ll wh t
a th f ts t h t you .
d e , a ar e e ea a an

your comp n i ons sk i ll d i ? N a i tol r t d a re e n 0 on e s e a e

318 THO R AN D S K R Y M ER .

thi rd t i m b t H g h d l d v r ch d th go l
e, u u e a a re a ea e e a

b for T hj lf h d got h lf w y T h n ll wh w r
e e a e a a -
a . e a o e e

pr s nt cri d t t h t th r h d b n su ffic i nt tri l of

e e e ou a e e a ee e a

sk i ll i th i s t Utg rd L k th n sk d T h r i wh t
n ar . a -
o e e a e o n a

a rts h wo ld ch oos to g i v proof of hi sk i ll for

e u e e s

whi ch h w f m s T h or nsw r d th t h p
e as so a ou . a e e a e re

f rr d to cont nd i dri nk i ng w i th y
e e e t h t w i sh d
n an on e a e .

Utg rd Lok c ns nt d d nt ri ng th p l c h c ll d
a -
e o e e , an e e e a a e e a e

hi s cu
p b r r d
-
b d h
ea e i m br i ng
, t h anl rg h wh
a i ch e e a e or n

h i court i s w r obl i g d to dr i nk
s er e et of w h n t h y e ou e e

h d tr sp ss d i
a e y wa y eg i nst st n bl i s h d
an us g a a a e a e a e .

Th ep b r
cu r brought -
t h
ea e h orn g v i t to T h or d e ,
a e ,
an

Utg rd Lok s i d W ho v r i good dri nk r w i ll mpty

a -
e a : e e s a e e

th t h rn t s i ngl dr ught th o g h som m m k

a o a a e a ,
u e en a e

two of i t ; b t th r i no so wr tch d dri nk r t h t h

u e e s e e e a e

c nnot xh st i t t th th i rd dr gh t Thor lo k d
a e au a e au . o e

a t th h orn e d t h o ght i t w an not l rg tho gh tol u as a e, u

e ra bl y long ; h ow v r h w v ry thi rsty h t i t

e e ,
as e as e e se

to hi l i ps d w i th t dr w i g br th dr nk long
s , an ou a n ea a as

an d d p h co ld i ord r th t h m i gh t not b
as ee as e u ,
n e a e e

obl i g d to m k s c nd dr gh t of i t B t w h n h i
e a e a e o au . u e s

br th g v w y d h t th horn down h w to
ea a e a an e se e ,
e sa

hi s st n i sh m nt th t t h r w l i ttl l ss of th l i q or
a o e a e e as e e e u

in i t t h n b for Utg rd Lok s i d T h t i w ll

a e e . a -
e a : a s e

dr nk b t t much to bo st f ; I sh o ld n v r h v
u , u no a o u e e a e

b l i v d b t th t A th could h v d r nk mor how

e e e u a sa or a e u e

e v r f th i s I m confid nt y w i ll mpty i t t th
e , o a e , ou e a e

s cond dr ght Thor m d no r ply b t p t th horn

e au . a e e ,
u u e

t hi mo t h
o s d dr nk u long h h d br th but
an a as as e a ea ,

th po i nt of th hor
e d i d not r i s e h xp ct d ; d n e as e e e e an

wh n h w i th dr w th horn from hi mouth i t s m d

e e e e s ee e

to hi m th t i t cont nts h d s nk l ss t hi s t i m th n
a s e a u e e a

th first ; st i ll th h orn co ld now b c ri d w i thout

e e u e ar e

sp i ll i ng Utg rd Lok s i d How now T h or h v you

. a -
e a : , , a e
 THO R AN D S K R YM ER . 319

not s v d for th th i rd dr ught mor th n you

a e e mk a e a c an a e

a w y w i th ? You m ust not sp r yours lf mor i p

a a e e e n er

form i ng f t th n b fits your ski ll but i f you m n

a ea a e ,
ea

to dr i n th horn t th t h i rd dr gh t y must dri nk

a e a e au ou

d ply You w i ll not b cons i d r d so gr t m

ee . e e e ea a an

hr e e you
as t hought to b mong th s s i f you
are e a e a a

do not show gr t r sk i ll i oth r g m s th n you p ea e n e a e a a

p r to h v h own i th i s T h n Thor b c m ngry

ea a e S n . e e a e a ,

put th horn to h i mouth d dr nk w i th ll hi

e s , an a a s

m i ght so to mpty i t nt i r ly ; but on looki g i nto

,
as e e e n

th horn h found th t i t cont n t s h d l ss n d but

e e a s e a e e e

l i ttl upon whi ch h r solv d to m k no furth r t

e, e e e a e e a

t mp t but g v b ck th b to th cup b r r Th n
e ,
a e a e or n e -
ea e . e

s i d U tg rd Lok It i
a a w pl i n th t your str gth
-
e : s no a a en

i not so gr t
s w t h ought i t to b ea W i ll you try
as e e .

som oth r g m s for w

e e th t you c nnot succ d
a e , e see a a ee

in th i s ? Y s i d T h or I w i ll try som thi g ls but

e s, a ,
e n e e,

1 m sur t h t such dr ughts

a e I h v b n dri nk i ng
a a as a e ee

would not h v b n count d sm ll mong t h s s but a e ee e a a e a a ,

wh t w tr i l h v you to propos ? Utg rd Lok

a ne a a e e a -
e

a nsw r d W h v v ry tri fl i ng g m h r i wh i ch
e e : e a e a e a e e e, n

w ex rc i s non b t ch i ldr n Young m th i nk i t

e e e e u e . en

noth i ng but pl y to l ift my t from th ground d I a ca e , an

should n v r h v propos d th i s to A th i f I h d not

e e a e e sa or a

a lr dy bs rv d th t you
ea O by no m ns wh t w
e e a a re ea a e

took you for Th r upon l rg gr y t . out upon e e a a e a ca r an

th floor e Thor dv nci ng p t hi h nd und r th c t s

. a a u s a e e a
’

body d di d hi utmost to r i s i t from th floor but

an s a e e ,

th e t b nd i ng i t b ck i
ca , th
e s m d gr Thor s a n e a e e ee as

l i ft d h d notw i th st nd i ng ll Thor s ffor ts only

e , a a a
’
e on e

of i t f t l i ft d up s i ng wh i ch Thor m d no fur
s ee e ,
ee a e

th r ffort Th n s i d Utg rd Lok T h g m h

e e . e a a -
e : e a e as

t rm i n t d just
e a e I xp ct d ; th t i l rg but as e e e e ca s a e,

Thor i sm ll d l i ttl comp r d w i t h our m

s a an Th n e a e en . e
320 TH O R A N D S KRYM ER .

s i d Thor Li ttl
a y u :c ll m I ch ll ng y e t as o a e a e e an on e o

wr stl w i th m for w I m ngry I

e e e, no h r no a a . s ee on e e e,

r pl i d Utg rd Lok look i ng round on th b nch s

e e a -
e, a e e e ,

wh wo ld not thi nk i t b n t h hi m to wr stl w i th

o u e ea e e

you ; b t l t som body c ll h i th r th t old wom n my

u e e a e a a ,

nurs Ell ( ld g ) d l t T hor prov hi str ng t h

e, e O a e , an e e s e

w i th h i f h wi ll S h h thrown to th ground
e r, e . e as e

m ny m not l ss strong d m i gh ty th T h or i
a a an e an an s .

A toothl ss l d wom n th n nt r d th h l l
e O d h a e e e e e a an s e

w as told by Utg rd Lok to wr stl w i th T h or T cut a -

e e e . O

th story s h ort th mor Thor t i ght n d h i hold th

e , e e e e s e

firm r h stood F i n lly ft r v i o l nt struggl Thor

e s e . a , a e a e e,

b g n to los hi footi ng d i t w not lo g b for

e a e s , an as n e e

h w
e bro ght down on
as u kn Th n Utg rd Lok on e ee . e a -
e

st pp d forw rd d told th m to stop dd i ng th t Thor

e e a an e , a a

h d now no occ s i on to
a k nyon ls i th h ll to a as a e e e n e a

wr stl w i th hi m d i t w lso g tti ng l t H

e e , an as a e a e . e

th r for
e e h o w d T h or
e S d hi comp n i ons to th i r
e an s a e

s ts d th y p ss d th n i ght th r njoy i ng th b st
ea , an e a e e e e e e e

of hospi t li ty a .

T h n xt mor i ng
e t br k
e f d y Thor d hi n , a ea O a , an s

comp n i ons ros dr ss d th ms lv s d pr p r d for

a a e, e e e e e an e a e

th i r d p rt r Utg rd Lok th n c m
e e a u e . d ord r d a -
e e a e an e e a

t bl to b t for th m on whi ch th r w nt d no good

a e e se e ,
e e a e

p i t
r O V 1 s1 o n s , eh r m t or dri nk Wh n th y h d br k
e ea . e e a ea

f st d th y t t on th i r w y Utg rd Lok com

a e e se ou e a . a -
e ae

pan e i d t h m out f t h c estl d p rt i ng h sk d

O e a e , an 0 11 a e a e

Thor h w h though t hi journ y h d turn d out d

o e s e a e , an

wh th r h h d f nd y m mor m i ghty th n hi m
e e e a ou an an e a

s lf Thor nsw r d th t h could not d ny th t h

e . a e e a e e a e

h d brough t gr t d i s h onor
a pon hi ms lf ; d wh t
ea u e an a

m ti fi
or m th most h
es dd d i th t you w i ll con
e e ,
e a e , s a

s i d r m m of l i ttl i mport nc Th n s i d Utg rd

e e a an e a e . e a a

Lok Now I w i ll t ll you th truth si nc you

e : out e e , e ar e
322 TH O R A N D H YM E R .

for wh t you took for a t w i r li ty th gr t a ca as n ea e ea

M i dg rd s rp nt th t ncomp ss s th whol rth d

a -
e e , a e a e e e ea , an

h w e th n b r ly long nough to i nclos i t b tw n

as e a e e e e ee

hi h d s d t i l so h i g h h d you h nd r i s d hi m up
ea an a , a r a a e

tow rd h v n Your wr stl i ng w i th Ell w lso

a ea e . e e as a a

most ston i shi ng f t for th r n v r y t w nor w i ll

a ea , e e e e e a s,

th r v r b
e e me for whom Old Ag ( for such i
e e, a an e n

f c t w Ell ) w i ll not soon r or l t r l y l w i f h

a as e e a e a o , e

ab i d s h com i ng B t now
e er w go i ng to p rt . u , as e ar e a ,

l t m t ll you th t i t w i ll b b tt r for bo th of us i f
e e e a e e e

y ou n v r com en r m e g i n for should you do

e so I ea e a a ,

Sh ll g i n d f nd mys lf w i th oth r i llusi ons so t h t

a a a e e e e , a

you w i l l n r pr v i l g i nst m On h ri ng th s
e ve e a a a e . ea e e

words Thor gr sp d hi h mm r d l i ft d i t i nto th a e s a e , an e e

i
a r, but h w bout to stri k Utg rd Lok w
as e as a e a -
e as

nowh r d wh n h
e e, turn d b ck to th c stl to
an e e e a e a e

d stroy i t h w only b ut i ful v rd nt pl i ns round

e , e sa ea e a a a

hi m d no c stl
an H th r for r tr c d hi s t ps wi th
a e . e e e e e a e s e

out stopp i ng t i ll h c m to Th d g But h h d e a e ru v an . e a

alr dy r solv d to m k th t tt ck on th M i dg rd
ea e e a e a a a e a

s rp nt wh i ch ft r w rds took pl c
e e ,
a e a a e .

It i s i d i th Young r Edd th t no
s a n t ll e e a a o n e c an e

a nyth i ng mor t u of thi s journ y of Thor s but i f th

e r e e
’

, e

r d r w nts to
ea e th most b uti f l th i ng th t h
a s ee e ea u a as

b n s i d bout th i s journ y h must l rn D n i sh d

ee a a e , e ea a an

r d ( El hl g
ea po m nt i tl d Th
e n sc J u
ae y ter s
’
e e e or s
’
o rne o

J tu h W h v only to d d th t f
th sshd
'

o n et rn . e a e a a as e a a a

th i r Lok so th gi nts h d th i r Utg d—

e e, L k e a a e ar o e.

I V TH O R A N D T H E M I D G A R D S ERP EN T
S E CT O N .
-
.

T h gods w r h v i n g f st t n r s d could ’
e e e a a ea a e ,
an

not g t nough to t d dri nk T h r son w th t

e e ea an . e ea as a

t t th
*
W ll m d w d
T he nex t lt b es l i ng is i ia E ar Fry e ’
s ra n s a i on of (E en

w k t tl d
s c hl ae g e r s
’
f L d
or en i e T h e G od s o the N or th . on on , 1 845 .
 TH O R AN D H Y M ER . 3 23

n w er w n t ofas k ttl for

in br w i ng al H a e e e a e . e

a sk d Thor to go d f tch i t but n i th r th s s

e an e ,
e e e a a

nor th v ns kn w wh r i t could b found b for

e a e e e e ,
e e

Tyr s i d to Thor E st of th r i v rs Eli g n r

a : a e e va a r, ea

th bord
e rs of h v n dw e lls t h d g w i Hym r
ea d e ,
e e o se e , an

th i s my f th r h k ttl wh i ch i strong d
a e as a e e s an on e

r st ( m i l ) d p D you th i nk w
a e ee g t i
.
t ?
s i d O e c an e a

Thor Y by str t g m i t m y b gott n nsw r d

. e s, a a e a e e , a e e

Tyr Tyr d Thor und r th s m bl nc of you g

.
,
an e e e a e a n

m now st rt d t d tr v l d unt i l th y c m to
an , a e ou an a e e e a e

Eg il W i th hi m th y l ft th go ts d proc d d
. e e e a an ee e

furth r to Hym h ll d w sh ll pr s ntly

e er s how
’
a ,
an e a e e se e

Thor m d m nds for h i jo rn y to Utg rd Lok At

a e a e s u e a -
e .

Hym h ll Tyr found hi gr ndmoth r

er s
’
a ugly s a e , an

gi nt ss w i th n i n hundr d h ds but hi moth r

a e e e ea ,
s e ,
a

b uti f l wom n brought hi m dri nk S h dvi s d

ea u a ,
a . e a e

h er gu sts to conc l th ms lv s und r th k ttl s i

e ea e e e e e e e n

th h ll for h
e ahusb nd w som ti m s cru l tow rd
,
er a as e e e a

str ng rs Hym r c m hom from hi fish i ng l t i

a e . e a e e s a e n

th v n i ng ; th j k l r sound d
e e e h nt r d th
e o u s e e as e e e e e

h ll d hi h d w full of frost I gr t you w l

a , an s ear as . ee e

c om hom Hym r s i d th wom n ; our son whom

e e, e ,
a e a ,

w h v b n so long xp ct i ng h
e a e ee now com h om to e e , as e e

y o r h
u lls d i acomp ny w i,t h hi
an m i t h n my of
n a s e e e

th g i nts
e d th fri nd of m
a V r (5 A g d
an e e an , ee 1 e . . s ar sv e or,

th prot ctor of A sg rd )
e eS how th y h v conc l d a . ee e a e ea e

th ms lv s
e t th g bl
e d of th h ll b h i nd th post
e a e a e en e a , e e

yond r Hym r thr w gl nc i th d i r cti o poi nt d

e . e e a a e n e e n e

ou t by h i w i f d th post i nst ntly fl w i nto sh i v rs

s e, an e a e e

a t th look of th g i nt th b m brok
e d i ght k t
e a , e ea e, an e e

tl s f ll down ;
e e w so h rd d strong th t i t d i d on e as a an a

not br k i f ll i ng T h go d s c m forth d str i ght

ea n a . e a e , an a

th el d gi nt g z d t hi
O n my It w no pl s nt
a a e a s e e . as ea a

s ight to Thor b for hi m but sti ll h ord r d thr

see e e , e e e ee
32 4 TH O R A N D H YM ER .

st rs to b k i ll d d s rv d on th t bl Thor lon
ee e e an e e e a e . a e

t two
a e Th i s m l s m d to th fri nd of H g
. ea ee e e e run n er

s om wh t xtr v g nt d h r m rk d th t th
e a e a a xt a ,
an e e a e a e ne

e v n i ng th y would h v to l i v on fish Th followi ng

e e a e e . e

morn i ng t br k of d y wh n Thor p rc i v d th t
, a ea a , e e e e a

Hym r w m ki ng hi bo t r dy for fish i ng h ros

e as a s a ea , e a e

an d dr ss d h i ms lf
e d b gg d th g i n t to l t hi m
e e w , an e e e a e ro

ou t to w i th hi m Hym r nsw r d th t such puny

s ea . e a e e a a

stri pl i ng h w could b of no as e to hi m ; b si d s h
as e u se e e ,
e

s i d you w i ll c tch your d th of cold i f I go so f out

a ,
a ea ar

an d r m in e long I m ccustom d t do Thor s i d

a as as a a e o . a

th t for ll th t h would row f from th l nd

a a a e as ar e a as

Hym r h d m i nd d w not sur wh i ch of th m

e a a , an as e e

w ould b t h first who m i ght w i sh to row b ck

e e g in a a a .

A t th s m t i m h we a so nr g d th t h w m ch
e e e as e a e a e as u

i ncl i n d to l t hi h mm r ri g t t h gi nt s kull ’
e e s a e n a e a S

w i thout furth r d l y b t i nt nd i ng to try hi str ngth

e e a , u e s e

e ls wh r h subdu d hi wr th d sk d Hym r wh t
e e e e e s a ,
an a e e a

h m nt to b i t w i th
e ea Hym r told hi m to look out for
a . e

a b i t h i ms lf Thor i nst ntly w nt up to h rd of

a e . a e a e

ox n th t b long d to th gi nt d s i z i ng th l rg st
e a e e e a ,
an e e a e

bull th t bor th n m Hi m i b j t (h v n br k r)
, a e e a e n r o er ea e -
ea e ,

wrung off hi h d d r turn i ng w i th i t to th bo t

s ea , an e e a ,

put out to w i th Hym r Thor row d ft w i th two

sea e . e a

d w i th such forc th t Hym r who row d t th

e ar s , a n e a e , e a e

prow w w i th surpri s how sw i ftly th bo t w dri v n

, sa e e a as e

forw rd H th n bs rv d th t th y w r com to th
a . e e O e e a e e e e e

pl c w h r h w wont to ngl for fl t fi h but T hor

a e e e e as a e a -
s ,

a ssur d hi m th t t h y h d b tt r go on good w y f
e a e a e e a a ur

th r Th y ccord i ngl y cont inu d to ply th i r

e . e a unti l e e e ar s,

Hym r cri d out th t i f th y d i d not stop th y would b

e e a e e e

i n d ng r from th gr t M i dg rd s rp nt N twi th
a e e ea a -
e e . o

st nd i ng th i s Thor p rsi st d i row i ng f rth r d i

a , e e n u e , an n

S p i t of Hym r monstr nc s i t w
e lo g ti m b for
er s
’
e a e as a n e e e
32 6 THO R AN D H Y M ER .

w hol old rth shr nk tog th r ; but th s rp nt s nk to

e ea a e e e e e a

th bottom for t th s i ght of i t t h g i n t b c m so

e , a e e a e a e

t rri fi d th t h cut th l i n Th n ccordi ng to both

e e a e e e . e , a

v rs i ons T h or struck Hym r such blow on th

e ,
e a e e ar

wi th hi fist t h t th g i nt f ll h dlong i nto th w t r

s a e a e ea e a e .

T h g i nt w
e not gl d wh n th y row d b ck Wh i l
a as a e e e a . e

h e c rr i d hi t w wh l s Thor took th bo t w i th
a e s o a e ,
e a ,

e ar s d ll an d c rr i d i t to t h hous of th g i nt
a , an a e e e e a .

Th n th g i nt ch ll ng d Thor to ho w noth r v i d nc
e e a a e e S a e e e e

of hi str ngth d r qu st d hi m to br k hi gobl t

s e an e e e ea s e .

Thor s i tti ng th r w i t through som l rg posts but

, ,
e e a e ,

it w brough t whol to th g i nt But Thor s f i r

as e e a .
’
a

fri nd g v hi m fri ndly dvi c T h row i t g i nst th

e a e e a e : a a e

for h d f Hym r s i d h i t i h rd r th n y
e ea o e , a s e, s a e a an

gobl t Th n T h or ss m d hi
e . e t g th T h a u e s a sas r e n . e

gi nt s for h d r m i n d whol but th round w i n

a
’
e ea e a e e, e e

gobl t w brok n T h g i nt h d lost gr t tr sur ;

e as e . e a a a ea ea e

th t dr i nk s i d h
a w too hot ; but th r y t r m i n d
,
a e, as e e e e a e

for Thor tri l of h i str ngth d t h t w to bri ng

on e a s e ,
an a as

t h k ttl out of hi h ll
e e e Tw i c Tyr tri d to l i ft i t but s a . e e ,

it w i mmov bl
as T h n Thor h i ms lf took hold of i t
a e . e e

a t th dg w i th gr t forc t h t h st pp d th rough
e e e SO ea e a e e e

t h floor of th h ll ; th k ttl h l i ft d onto hi h d

.

e e a e e e e e s ea ,

an d i t r i ngs r ng t hi h ls
s Th y h d gon long
u a s ee . e a e a

d i st nc b for Od i n s son look d b ck d w m ny

a e e e
’
e a an sa a a

h d d multi tud rush i g i mp tuously from th c v s

ea e e n e e a e

w i th Hym r T h n h l i ft d th k ttl from h i shoul

e . e e e e e e s

d rs sw ng th murd rous Mj l
e ,
u d l w l l th
e e o n er an S e a e

mount i n gi nts A ft r th t h proc d d to Egi l wh r

a -
a . e a e ee e ,
e e

h h d l ft h i go ts ;
e a d h h d
e t gon f s th nc a an e a no e ar e e

b for
e of th go ts dropp d down h lf d d It w
e on e e a e a ea . as

lm
a d w r m mb r from
e, an pr v i o s myth th t
e e e e a e u a a

p s nt n r th
ea a h d to g i v T h or hi son T hj l f
ea e sea d a e s a e an

d ught r R k
a e bond s rv nts for l m i ng
os of hi
va a s -
e a a on e s
 TH O R A N D R Y M ER . 327

go ts T h or fin lly c m to th f st of th gods d
a . a a e e ea e an

h d th k ttl w i th hi m
a e e d th r we noth i ng w to , an e e as ne

h i n d r Eg from furn i sh i ng l nough t th f s t

e r er a e e a e ea ,

th t h pr p r d for th gods t v ry h rv st t i m
a e e a e e a e e a e e .

Th i s myth forms th subj ct of th l y of Hym r e e e a e

in th Eld r Edd e T h whol myth f cours

e p
a . e e O e re re

s nts th thu d rstorm i confl i ct w i th th r gi g

e e n e n e a n

sea ; but h i stor i c l count

a rp rt of th i s struggl of a e a e

Thor w i th Hym r d th M i dg rd s rp nt i so forc i e an e a -

e e s

bly sugg st d t h t w c nnot om i t i t It i Luth r s

e e a e a . s e
’

struggl w i th t h pope d Rom n i sm Lu th r th

e e an a . e ,
e

h ro i c Thor w hi n my but d i d not stri k just i

e ,
sa s e e ,
e n

th r i ght t i m
e d i th ri ght w y d th gold n
e an n e a , an e e

opportun i ty w lost ft r Hym r (th pop ) h d as a e e e e a se v

r d th fi hi g l i n ; th t i ft r th old m mor i s
e e e s n -
e a s, a e e e e

w r d stroy d wh n th gold n l i conn cti ng th

e e e e , e e e ne e e

G rm ns w i th th i r po ti c d wn h d b n d i vi d d d
e a e e a a ee e , an

Rom n i sm w i th blood st i n d br st w i th clos m

a ,
-
a e ea , e e

br c first tw i n d round th whol sch ool syst m of

a e e a e e e

G rm ny d nor th Europ
e a an d horri bly m ngl d th i r e, a n a e e

gr nd m i ssi n w i th i t f ngs d t h n s i z d th T
a o s a , an e e e e en

ton i c L ocoon d hi sons d bound th i r u phi ti

a an s an e n so s

ca et d T uton i c h rts i e i t m i ghty folds A y th i s

ea n s .
,

R m o an Mi dg rd s rp nt w i th i t l i c nti ousn ss rro

a - e e , s e e , a

g nc d spoti sm unbri dl d mb i ti on u nbound d g

a e, e , e a , e e o

ti m dry r son i ng
s , d soull ss ph i losophy h
ea gr sp d an e , as a e

th e G th tw i c o
y thr i c bout th
e, m i ddl d es e, a e e, an

w i ndi ng i t sc ly b ck thri c round hi n ck h ov r

s a a e a s e , as e

topp d hi m In v i n h h stri n to t r su d r
e . a e as ve ea a n e

i t knott d
s d gory sp i r s
e H
an but shri k to e . e c an e

h v n for h lp d m y Thor h r hi cry d com

ea e e , an a ea s an e

to hi r scu ! M y Thor n xt ti m mb rk w ll rm d
s e e a e e e a e a e

w i th hi glov s d b lt d h mm r ; but h h d b t
s e an e an a e e a e

ter l v th gi nt sl i n on shor Y t Luth r di d

ea e e a a e . e e a
32 8 THO R AN D TH R Y M .

no bl work Alth ough hi first i nt nt i on w to l v

e . s e as ea e

th gi nt unmol st d
e a d only t k hi k ttl from e e , an a e s e e

h i m st i ll wh n h found
, d t rm i n d oppos i ti on thr t
, e e a e e e ea

c i ng h turn d round t down hi k ttl

u ,
e e d sl w a , se s e e, an e

both t h gi nt d th m ny h d d multi tud (pop

e a an e a -
ea e e e,

c rdi n ls b i shops t ) th t follow d hi m B ut Luth r

a a , , e c . a e . e

err d i not st bl i shi ng thoro ghly T uton i c i pl c

e n e a a u e n a e

of Rom n i c school syst m Th s h l ft hi gr t

a a e . u e e s ea

work only h lf fin i sh d If h h d m d good a of e . e a a e u se

hi h mm r t t h t i m much v lu bl knowl dg
s a e a bout
e e, a a e e e a

our T uton i c nc stors m i ght h v b n coll ct d d

e a e a e ee e e an

pr s rv d whi ch now i lost for v r

e e e s e e .

S EC TI O N V I TH O R A N D TH RY M . .

Th i s i s a v ry b uti ful myth d w w i ll gi v i t

e ea ,
an e e

compl t e e as i t i fo nd i
s th Eld r Edd
u i th l y n e e a n e a

of Th ym r . W gi v our w tr nsl ti on
e e o n a a

W t h f l w V i g th
ra u as n or

A h w k d s e a a e

An d h i s h a m m e r
Di d m i s s ;
Hi s b e a r d k
sh oo ,

Hi s h a i r t re mbl d e ,

The son o f th
ear

Lo o kd e a ro u n d hi m .

Th fi t f ll
us rs o a

H e pk s o e :

M k ar w L k no o e

Wh t I y ! a sa

Wh t a k no on e nows

E i th th
er on e ar

O i n h i gh h e av e n ,
r

Th e h am m e r i s s o tl en .

W ent th y t e o F yjre a s
’

F ai r d w ll i g e n ;
330 T H O R A N D TH R Y M .

N o m an
Bri n g s i t ba c k
Un l h gi m ess e ves e

F yjre my b ida as r e .

Fl w t h L k
e en o e

Th f the g i w
eah i d ; e r- u se zze

O ut he flew
F ro m ho m e of g i an t s,

In h e fl e w
T o hom e o f a s as .

M et hi m Th or

Fi t rs o f all

An dt h dd us a re s s e d hi m
H t th
as ou s u cc e e dd
e

I d i g th i
n o n ne e rra n d?
T h t ll b f
en e e o re p hi g
e rc n

Lo n g m e s s a g e s ;
t
W ha o n e s a s s i y tt i g n

Is o ft en of l i ttl l e v a ue ,

An d fa l s e hoo d p k h s ea s e

W ho rec li nes .

LO K E

W e ll hav e I s uc c e e dd e

In d o i n g m y e rr a n d;
T h ry m h a s t h y h a m m e r ,
The ki ng of th e g i an s t .

N o m an
Bri ng s i t ba c k
Un l h g i hi m
ess e ves

F yjre b id a as r e .

W t t h y th th f
en e en e ai r

F yj t fi d
re a o n ,

Fi t t h T h
rs en or

T h dd d h us a re s s e er

D th y l f F yj
re ss se ,
re a,

I b id l
n rb a ro es,

T g t h w w i ll i d
o e er e r e

T J t
o h im o un e .
TH O R A N D TH RY M . 331

An g r y g re w Fr e yj a,

An d S he rag e d
S o the ha ll of th e a s as

Mu s sh a t k e .

He r h e a v y ne c kl a ce ,

Br i s i n g a m e n b r o ,
k e :

Th en ld I b
w ou e

A l i k m id
ov e s c a

If w i th t h I w ld i dee ou r e

To J t h im
o un e .

Th en all th e asas

W ent t o t h e Thi ng ,
T o t h e Thi ng w e n t
Al l t h e a s yn e s ,
j
T he p
l di i i ti
o w e rf u v n es,

A d h ld
n lt e co n s u ,

H w t h y h ld g t
o e s ou e

Th h m m e b k a er ac .

Th p k H i m d l
en s a e e a

Th w h i t t g d
e es o

F k wi g w h
or e no n as e,

As t h e v an s a re a ll

Dr e s s w e Th or

In b r i dl a ro be s ,

Br i s i n g a m e n
Mus t h e w ear .

Le t j i n g e e s l ky
t
Ab o u h i s w a i s ; t
Le t a w o m a n s re s s
’
d
Co v e r h i s k ne es ;
O nh i s b o s o m w e pu t
d
Br o a b re a c h e s ,
An d ar t f llyu we
Hi s h a i r b ra i d .

S p k th
o e en Th o r,

Th e m i g h go d ty :

k
Mo c m e a l l
Th e a sas wou ld ,
332 TH O R AN D T HRY M .

If i n b ri dl
a r obe s

I ld b d d
s ho u e re sse .

S p k tho L k e en o e

La u fe ya r s o n
Be l t Th ;
si en or

St p o h t lk s uc a .

S oon w i ll g i t an s

B i ld i
u A g d n s ar

If t h thy h m m
ou a er

B i g
r n t b k no ac .

D d t h y th T h
re s s e e en or

I b id l
n b
r a -
ro es ;
Br i s e n g a m e n
He h a d to w e ar ;
Ke y th y j i g l
s let e n e

Ab t hi w i t
ou s a s ,

A d n w m da o an s
’
ress

F ll e hi k over; s nees

O hi b
n m t h y pls oso e ace d

B db h
ro a re a c es,

A d n t f lly th y ar u e

Hi h i d i d b i d
s a r ra .

S p k th o L k e en o e

La u fe y a r s o n
Fo r th ee m ustI
Be s erv a n t m id ;
-
a

Ri d e we b th
o

To Jt o unh e i m .

Ho m e w e re d ri v e n

Th en th e g c a ts ,
An d h i t dt h
ch e o t e car ;
Ha s t en th y m t
e us

The m o un ti h d
a ns c ra s e ,

T he ear th t d i fl m
s oo n a es ,

O di n s
’
son

R d t J
o e o ot u n h e i m .

S p k th o e en T h rym ,
Th ki g e n of g i an t s
3 34 TH O R AN D TH R Y M .

S o m u ch d i d sh e l ong

Fo r J o t u n h e i m .

Be h i n d the v ei l
T h ry m s o ug h t ki a ss,

B u t ba c k he sp g ra n

The l en g th f t h o e ha ll
W hy a re F yj re a s
’

E y es so s h p ?ar

F mh ro er e y it es se em s

Th t fi a re d th b
o u rn .

S t th a e re th e s h r e w d
M id a -
s e rv an t n ear,

A d th n us she s pk a e,

A n s w e r i n g t h e g i an t
S e l pt
ha s n otF yj re a

F i gh t
or i gh t
e n s,

S m oh d id h l
uc g s e on

F J t h im
or o un e .

I n m th p ca e e oo r

Si t f T h ym ;
s er o r

F b i d l g i ft
or r a

Sh d dt k
e a re o as

G i f m thy h
ve d
ro an

T h e g O l d e n ri n g s ,
t
If h o u e s i re s d t
d hi p f m
Fr i e n s o e,

F i d hi p f m
r en s o e

A d l n ov e .

S p k th Th y m
o e en r ,

Th ki g f g i
e t n o an s

Br i n g m e t h e h a m m e r
M y b ri d e to h a ll ow :

P l ace th e h am m e r
In t h e l a p o f t h e m a i d;
W e d u s oge h e r t t
In t h e n am e o f V ar .
*

T he g o dd ess who p id re s e s ov e r m arri ag e s .

 TH O R A N D T H RY M . 33 5

La u g h e d th en Th or s
’

t
He a r i n h i s b r e a s t;
S e v e re in min d
He k w hi h m m
ne s a er .

F i t l w h T h ym
rs s e e r ,

Th ki g e f gi t
n o an s,

C h d th
ru s ll
e en a

Th t a f gi t ;
ra c e o an s

S l w the ld e o

Si t f Th ym
s er o r ,

S h wh e kd o as e

F or b i d l g i ft ;
a r a

Sl p h g t
a s e o

F h i i g g ld
or s n n o ,

H mm a bl w er o s

F orh p f i g ;
ea s o r n s

Th m O di
us ca e n s
’
s on

Ag a i n b y h i s h a m m e r .

(
T hrym from p u ) i th no i sy thund r i ng i m i r nza s e ,
e

t tor of Thor Wh i l th th und r sl ps th gi nt

a . e e e ee ,
e a

forc s of n tur howl d r g i th storms d

e a e an a e n e an

w i nds th y h v stol n th h mm r from Thor Thor

, e a e e e a e .

go s d bri ngs hi h mm r b ck d th storms

e an s a e a an
‘

e ar e

m d to c s It h b n sugg st d th t Thor i th
a e ea e . as ee e e a s e

i mp rson t i on
e f tru t h a d t h Young r Edd sp ks
O , an e e a ea

of hi m h i g y t
as tton ed UN T U H
n ever av n e u er e an R T .

It h lso b n cl i m d th t th n m of hi r lm
as a ee a e a e a e s ea

Th u d v ng cont i ns th
r -
a s m root our Engl i sha e a e as

word t th but thi s w l v for th r d r to x mi n

ru , e ea e e ea e e a e

for h i ms lf B for th Nors m n l rn d to m k th

e . e e e e e ea e a e e

s ign f th cross th y m d th si gn of th h mm r
o e , e a e e e a e

u pon th ms lv s d upon oth r th i ngs th t th y

e e e an e a e

th r by w i sh d to s cur g i nst vi l i nflu nc s

e e e e e a a e e e .

Now l t us gl nc t th l st pp r nc of Thor
e a e a e a a ea a e

on th st g of th i s world T h Nors k i ng Ol f th
e a e . e e , a e

s i nt w
a g rly pursu i ng hi work of Chr i sti n r form
, as e a e s a e
336 TH O R AN D TH RY M .

in Norw y d w find hi m s i l i ng w i th fit scort

a , an e a e

a long th w st rn sh or of th t co ntry from h v n to

e e e e a u a e

h v n di sp nsi ng j sti c or do i ng oth r roy l work

a e , e u e e a .

On l vi ng c rt i n h v n i t i found th t str ng r
ea a e a a e , s a a a e

of gr v y s d sp ct w i th d b rd d of
a e e e an a e ,
re ea an a

robust d st t ly figur h st pp d i
an T h courti rs
a e e, as e e n . e e

a ddr ss hi m ; hi nsw rs surpri s by th i r p rti n ncy

e s a e e e e e

an d d pth A t l ngth h i brought to t h k i ng

e . Th e e s e . e

str ng r s conv rs ti on h r i not l ss r m rk bl

a e
’
e a e e s e e a a e, as

th y s i l long th b uti ful hor ; b t ft r wh i l

e a a e ea S e u a e a e

ddr ss s K i ng Ol f thus Y K i ng Ol f i t i
”

h e a e e a : e s, a , s

a ll b ut i ful w i th th sun shi n i ng on i t th r ; gr n

ea , e e e ee ,

fru i tf l ri gh t f i r h om for y ; d m ny sor

u , a a e ou an a a e

d y h d Thor m ny
a a w i ld fight w i th th mount i n
, a a e a

gi nts b for h c ould m k i t so A d now you s m

a , e e e a e . n ee

m i nd d to put w y T h or K i ng Ol f h v
e c r ! a a . a , a e a a e

s i d th str n g r kn i tti ng hi brows ; d wh n th y

a e a e ,
s an e e

l ook d g i n h w nowh r to b found Th i s i

e a a e as e e e . s

th l st myth of Thor
e a prot st g i nst th dv nc ,
a e a a e a a e

of C hri sti n i ty no doubt r pro chfully t forth by

a , e a se

som cons rv ti v p g n
e e a e a a .
*

Th om as Car yle , l Heroes an d Hero-wor ship .

3 38 VI DAR .

S t d an u p, Vi d ar !
An d l e t t h e w o f l ’
s fa h e r t *

Be g u e s t at th e fe a s t ,

T t
h a Lo k e m ay n ot

Br i n g re p ro a ch on us

He r e i n ZEg e r
’
s hal l .

r lmea thus d scr ib d e e i n th e Eld r e

G ro w n over wi h t sh rubs

t
A n d w i h h i g h g ra s s
Is Vd
’
i ar s w i e an d l d .

Th ere s it O di s n s
’

S on on th e h o rs e s ba c
’
k ;
t He wi ll a v eng e h i s fa h e r .

H ev ng s hi f th i th fin l c t stroph i R g
a e e s a er n e a a a e, n a

n rok ; for wh n th F nr i s wolf h sw llow d Odi n

a e e e -
as a e ,

V i d r dv nc s
a a d s tt i ng hi foot on th monst r s
a e ,
an e s e e
’

low r j w h s i z s th oth r w i th hi h nd d thus

e a e e e e e s a ,
an

t rs d r nds hi m ti ll h di s It i now hi sho

ea an e e e . s s e

do s hi m such xc ll nt s rvi c A ft r th un i v rs
e e e e e e . e e e e

h s b n r g n r t d
a ee e e e a e

T h d w ll V i d d V l e re e ar an a e

I th g d h ly t ’
n e o s o sea s,

Wh th fi f S ti lkd en e re o ur s s a e .

V i d r s n m (from i O
a
’
for st ) i nd i c t s th t h
a e v r, a e a e a e

i th god of th pri m v l i mp n tr bl for t wh r

s e e e a ,
e e a e es , e e

n i th r th sound of th
e e e nor th vo i c of m w s e ax e e an a

e v r h rd ; d h nc h i lso most fitti gly sur

e ea an e e e s a n

n m d th S i l nt God V i d r i th n i mp ri sh bl
a e e e . a s, e , e a e

an d i ncorrupt i bl n tur r pr s nt d i mm ns
e a e e e e e as an e e

i nd struct i bl for st w i th th i ron trunks of th tr s

e e e , e e ee

r ri ng th i r d ns
ea d lofty tops tow rd th clouds
e e e an a e .

Who h v r nt r d th i ck d p thl ss for st w

as e e e e e a an a e e ,
an

d r d bout i i t hug sh dows d lost h i ms lf i i t

e e a n s e a an e n s

L k o e .
 V ID A R . 339

sol mn d rkn ss w i thout f l i ng d ply s ns i bl to th

e a e ,
ee ee e e e

lofti n ss of th i d t h t und rl i s V i d r s ch r ct r
e e ea a e e a
’
a a e .

V i d r i th Gr k P
a s the r pr s nt ti v of i ncor
ee an , e e e e a e

ru p ti b l n t r e H i a u e t th r.
l r of t h e p c fuls no e u e e ea e

grov n r th bod of th gods w h r Idun dw lls

e ea e a e e ,
e e e ,

b t u of th gr t d w ei ld pr i m
ea v l for st
an th t m e a e ,
a an

n v r y t nt r d Th i d f Vi d r s woods i i m
e e e e e e . e ea o a
’
s

p ri sh bl n ss wh i l th t of Idun s grov i th con

e a e e ,
e a
’
e s e

st nt r n v t i on d r j uv n ti on f t h l i f of th
a e o a an e e a O e e e

g ds
o Th .
gods d l l e th work of th i r h nds sh ll an a e e a a

p ri sh
e d it i,
no wh r st t d t h t Idun surv i v s
an s e e a e a e

R gn rok Od i n h i ms lf p ri sh s d w i th hi m ll hi
a a . e e e ,
an a s

l bor d c r for m ; but n tur do s not p r i sh

a an a e an a e e e .

If th t sho ld b nti r ly d stroy d th n i t could not

a u e e e e e , e

b e g t d
r e en er a e If m tt r s h ould . p r i s h wh r would a e e ,
e e

t h n e th sp r
i i t t k
e , i t dw ll i ng ? If V i d r di d not
a e s e a

e x i st w h r wo ld V l b ? T h glory f th world
,
e e u a e e e O e ,

th ed v l pm nt th t h t k n pl c
e e o e d th sp i r i t
a as a e a e, an e

r v l d i i t p ri sh ; b t t V i d r for h i th i m
e ea e n ,
e u no a , e s e

p ri sh bl w i ld or ig i n l n t r th t rn l m tt r
e a e, ,
a a u e, e e e a a e ,

w hi ch r v ls i t forc to b t i not co m pr h nd d by
e ea s e ,
u s e e e ,

m an
; forc wh ai c h m s e s d r v r s w i thout an ee an e e e , ven

turi ng xpl n ti o ; but wh n ll th works of m

an e a a n e a e an

a re d str y d by c nsum i ng fl m s th i s forc of t rn l

e o e o a e , e e e a

m tt r w i ll b r v l d w i th i ncr s d spl ndor

a e e e ea e ea e e .

Th s w find th pow r d str ngth of th gods

u e e e an e e

xpr ss d i two myths i Thor d i V i d r both

!

e e e n ,
n an n a ,

sons of Odi n wh i th ,r d r knows th f th r o s, as e ea e , e a e

of ll th g ds T h or i th thund ri g noi sy crush

a e o . s e e n , ,

i g but w i th l b
n , fi t god ; Vi d r i
a si l nt dw lls
en e c en ,
a s e , e

f ar w y from d x rci s s no i nflu nc upon th

a a , an e e e e e , e

works of m xc pt h i nsp i r s
an , e profound w
e as e e a a e

an d r v r nc e Thor i th v i si bl i th i r m n i f st
e e e . s e e, n e a e a

ti ons wond rf l const ntly r turn i ng d ll pr s re u , a e an a -

e e v
34 0 V I DAR .

i n g, work i ngs of n tur ; V i d r i th q u i t s cr tly

a e a s e e , e e

work i ng h i dd n d s lf supporti ng i mp ri sh bl n ss
, e an e -
e a e e .

Popul ri ty f m posi ti on i nflu nc w lth ll th t

a , a e, , e e, ea , a a

m k s so muc h sti r d bustl i th world — sh ll

a e an e n e a

p ri sh ; but th qu i t Work i ng of th soul th hon st

e e e e , e e

p ursu i t of knowl dg th c r ful s cr t d v lopm nt

e e e a e e e e e e

of th pow rs of th hum n m i nd sh ll l i v for v r

e e e a , a e e e .

A d Vi d r
n d V l ( m i nd
a d knowl dg ) sh ll to
an a e an e e a

g th r i nh b i t t h s cr d dw ll i ngs of th go d s wh n
e e a e a e e e , e

th w v s of t i m h v c s d to roll V i d r
e a e e th god a e ea e : a as e

of i mp ri sh bl m tt r V l
e a th god of t rn l l i ght
e a e , a e as e e e a

(Sp i r i t) th t sh i n sau p on i t e .
3 42 N JO RD AN D S HA D E .

But th v ns g v hi m h ost g to th s s r c i vi ng
e a a e as a e e a a , e e

from t h m i hi st d H n r By thi s m ns p c
e n s ea oe e . ea ea e

w asr est bl i sh d b tw n th s s d v ns ( S P rt
e a e e ee e a a an a . ee a

II Ch p 1 S
,
a .
, ec .

Njord took to wi f Sk d th d ught r of th gi nt e a e, e a e e a

S h pr f rr d dw ll i ng i th e bod form rly

e e e e n e a e e

b lo g i ng to h f th r w hi ch i si tu t d mong rocky
e n er a e , s a e a

mount i ns i th r gi on c ll d Thrymh i m but Njord

a n e e a e e ,

lov d to r si d n r th
e e Th y t l st gr d th t
e ea e s ea . e a a a ee a

th y should p ss tog th r n i n n i ghts i Thry mh i m d

e a e e e n e an

th n thr i No t n But
e ee n d y wh n Njord c m
a u . on e a ,
e a e

b ck from th mount i ns to No tun h thus s ng

a e a a , e a

Am w y f th m t i ear o e oun a n s ,

N t l g w I t h o on as e re ,

O ly i i gh t n n ne n s ;

Th h w l f h l e o o t e wo ves

M th g h t d d i ll e ou soun e

T o th e s o ng of th e s w a ns .

To wh i ch Sk d s ng i r ply a e a n e

Sl p ld I ee cou n ot

O my t d n s e a - s ra n c o u ch

Fo r s cre am s of t h e s e a - fo w l .

T her e wa k es me
When f ro m t h e w a v e h e c om e s

y m th m w (g ll ) Ev e r o rn e e u .

Sk d th n return d to th rocky mount i ns d

a e e e e a an

dw lt i Thrymh i m Th r f st n i ng on h sk s
e n e . e e a e er ee

d t k i ng h bow h p ss s h ti m i th ch s '

an a er s e a e er e n e a e

of w i ld b sts d i c ll d A ndr di ( Sk godd ss)

ea , an s a e e- s ee- e .

Thus i t i s i d s a

Th ym h i m i t ll d r e
’
s ca e

Wh T hj d w ll d ere asse e e ,

H d m ow hS ka j d he ca p m tt d h
e to c oose N or w en sh e w as er i e to c oose a

d m
h us b an da ong l th t w ltd p
th e g o s, s e ei ng o n y ei r fe e ,
as r e a e on ag e 27 7 .
 JEG ER AN D RAN . 34 3

Th t t a s r e a m -m i g h ty g ian ; t
B t Sk du a e now d w ll e s,

P b id
ur e r e of th g d e o s,

In h e r fa h e r t ’
s o ld m a n s i on .

Njord i th god f th s ; t h t i to
e y of th t O e S ea a s sa ,
a

p r t of th
a whi c h e mm d i t ly conn ct d wi th
sea is i e a e e e

th e rth t h t p r t of th
ea ,
w hi ch i m d s rv i c
a a e se a s a e e e

a bl to m wh r fish i ng d comm rc i c rri d on

e an, e e an e e s a e .

Hi dw ll i ng i No tun whi c h m ns l nd of hi ps
s e s a ,
ea a S

(n or , s
’

h i p ; tu y rd pl c ) Njord s
n, r lm i bound
a d , a e .
’
ea s e

on th s i d by th
e on e rth t h l nd d on th e e ea , e a ,
an e

oth r by th r g i ng oc n w h r Eg w i th hi d gh
e e a ea , e e r er s au

t rs r i gns Njord s wi f i Sk d ( h rm ) th w i ld
e e .
’
e s a e a ,
e

mount i n str m w hi ch pl ng s down from th h i gh

a ea , u e e

rocks w h r h pr f rs to dw ll
,
e e s d pours h rs lf
e e e e , an e e

i nto th H e dw lli g i T h rymh i m th

se a . er i g e n s e , e r oa r n

h m o t th thund r i ng w t rf ll
e, a e T kn whol e a e a . a e as a e,

th myth i v ry cl r
e d s i mpl
s e ea an e .

T h comprom i s b tw n Njord
e d Sk d to dw ll e e ee an a e, e

n i n n i gh ts i Thrymh i m ( h om of upro r storms)

e n e e a ,

an d t hr n i ghts i No t n of cours h r f r nc to
ee n a u , e as e e e e

th s v r north rn l t i tud s wh r rough w th r

e e e e e d a e , e e ea e an

w i t v storms pr v i l dur i g th
n r gr t r p rt of th
e a n e ea e a e

y r ea .

S ECTI O N II G AN RA N . E ER D .

Th s do not b long to th v n d i vi n i ti s but

e e e e a a- e , ar e

g i v n h r i ord r to h th d i v i n i ti s of th
e e e n ei a ve e e e sea n

o ne pl c A Njord i th m i ld b fi t
a e . S n r s e , en e c en sea ea

th shor so Z Eg i th w i ld turbul nt r gi ng
e e, er s e , e , a s ea,

f arfrom th l nd wh r fishi ng d n vi g t i on c nnot

e a ,
e e an a a a

w ll b c rri d on th gr t oc n d y t bord ri ng
e e a e e ea ea , an e e

on th confin s of th s s H nc n r s twofold
e e e a a . e e e
’

n tur ; h i
a e gi n t but st i ll h i nt rcours w i th
e s a a , as e e
3 44 AEG ER A N D RAN .

th e gods Thus i M i m r E g r d Njord w h v

. n e , e an , e a e

th whol oc n r pr s nt d from i t or i g i n M i m r to
e e ea e e e e , s , e ,

i t l st st g of d v lopm nt to Njord i
s a a e w h om
e e e , , n , as a

b fi
en e t d i v i n i ty i t un i t s i ts lf w i th th gods ; th t
c en , e e e a

i to
s y blsass s ,
d s rv s teh nt
e rpr i s s
anof m e e e e e e en .

E g r v i s i ts th gods
e d th l tt r v i s i t hi m i
e , an e a e n

r turn ; d i t w onc w h n th gods v i si t d hi m

e an as e e e e

th t hi br w i ng k ttl w found too sm ll so th t

a s e -
e e as a , a

Thor h d to go to th gi nt Hym r d borrow

a e a e an a

l rg r
a e In Ei g
on e . h ll th bri ght gold w us d
r er s
’
a e as e

i nst d of fi ea d th r thre , l p ss d round spo n

an e e e a e a e a

t ly
a n e o us R i hi wi f
. Sh h
an s t i wh i ch s e . e as a ne , n

s h c tch s thos w h v ntur out upo th

e a e e Eg o e e n e sea . r er

an d R h v n i n d g ht rs th w v s Lok o c
an a e e au e , e a e . e n e

borrow d R n s t to c tch th dw rf Andv r who

e a
’
ne , a e a a e,

in th gu i s ofe fish dw lt ie w t rf ll W i th h
a e n a a e a . er

h nd h i bl to h ld th hi ps f st It w
a S e s a e o e S a . as a

p r v i l i ng p i n i on mong th
e a O nc i nt N m th t a e a e orse en a

th y who p ri sh d t
e ec m to R ; for F idthj f
e a sea a e an r o ,

wh w i th hi comp n i ons w i d ng r of b i ng
o s a as n a e e

wr ck d t lks bout hi h vi ng t r st on R n s couch

e e , a a s a o e a
’

i nst d of I g borg s d it w not good to com ’

ea n e ,
an as as e

e mpty h nd d to th h lls f R
-
a e d n h divi d d
e a o an an e r, e e

a r i ng of gold b tw n h i ms lf d hi m e ee e an s en .

Thus T gn r h i t i F i d thj f t S e e as n r o a ea :

VV h i l i g ld d f t r n co an as

S w w h fil l t h il no -
re at s e sa ;
O d k dm t ver ec an as

P tt h y h il a e rs eav a .

Th y t m th y m e ver s e e see no o re ,

S thi k i d k p d o c s ar ness s re a ,

A gl m d h h
’
s oo an o r ro r o ve r o er

Th h mb f h d d e c a er o t e ea .
346 JE G E R A N D RA N .

How g r R i to c ptur thos who v ntur u t

ea e an s a e e e e o

u pon h dom i n er lso i llustr t d i not h r p rt of

a is a a e n a e a

F i d thj f
r S g wh r K i g Ri ng d hi qu n I
o
’
s a a, e e n an s ee n

g be g orr i d ov r t h i
e on t he l k to b nqu te ce e a e a a e .

F i d thj f w nt long on sk t s
r o e aThus T gn r g i n a e . e e a a

Th y p d et m s ee p d as s or s ove r o ce a n s ee ;
Th q p y l i ttl K i g Ri g d th h d ’
e ue en s ra e rs e n n o ee .

T h i t l h d m d t d th t fi l l
e r s ee -s o co ra e s an e no s ,

H fl i h p t th me et w i ft h w i ll
as e as s as e .

M y an h i tt t h h
a r un e on t e ce cu e e ;
F i I g b g m dia r n e th h
or
’
s na e s c o v e re s e .

S th i g li tt i g
o on th y g
e r er n c o u rs e e o,

B t R th u t it l k h b l w
a n, e ra re s s , ur et e o .

A h l i h il o e f h h th
n ft
er s ver ro o S e a re ,

D w i k h th
o l i g h i h y w i g l ft
n s n et e s e n t e a n n c e .
*

But fortun t ly F i d thj f w not f w y H

, a e ,
r o as ar a a . e

c m to t h i r r scu
a e d
e e e, an

W i th i gl t g h att th m i
s n e u e se e a a n

B th t d od l igh s ee h i g i
an s e on t e ce a a n .

Of n r s d R n s d ght rs th w v s i t i s i d
e
’
an a
’
au e ,
e a e , s a

th t th y congr g t i l rg numb rs ccord i ng to th

a e e a e n a e e a e

w i ll of th i r f th r Th y h v p l locks d wh i t
e a e . e a e a e an e

v i ls ; th y
e s ldom m i ld i th i r d i sposi ti on tow rd
e ar e e n e a

m en ; t h y c ll
e d b i llowsa re or surg sa d e lw ys e ,
an are a a

aw k wh n th w i nd bl ws
a e e Th y l sh th soundi ng
e o . e a e

Shor s d ngri ly r g
e , an a d br k round th holms ; 1 a e an ea a e

th y h ve h rd b d ( ston s d rocks) d s ldom

a e a a e e an , an e

pl y i c lm w th r T h n m s of th d ght rs of
a n a ea e . e a e e au e

Eg r e d R an r pr s nt th w v s i th i r v ri ous
an e e e e a e n e a

m gn i tu d s d pp r nc s Thus Hi m i gl f th
a e an a ea a e . n oe a , e

VS ee i ki n g
f t X XV
T a les o the N l d o r th , Can os an d III .
‘
r Roc ky i s an s .
 fE G E R AN D RA N . 3 47

sky cl r ; Duv th d i v r ; Bl d ugh dd th bloody

-
ea a, e e o a a, e

or p rpl h i r d ; H f i g th sw ll i ng ; Bylgj b i llow ;

u e- a e e r n ,
e e a,

Kolg r gi ng a, t a s ea, e c .

Th s myths e e v ry s i mpl d n d xt d d a re e e an ee no e en e

e xpl n ti o s Eg i th A nglo S xon g th

a a n . r er s e -
a ea ar , e s ea .

lso c ll d Hl r th sh lt r r ( hle A nglo S xon

j

H i e s a a e e ,
e e e e ,
-
a

hl D n i sh L Engl i sh l ) d G ym th conc l
ao, a a ,
ee , an er, e ea

i g (g ym
n A ngl a S xon gym Nors gj mm to con
a, o -
a
'

an, e e e,

c l to k p ) T h s n m s xpr ss th
ea ,
ee . i it p e e a e e e e s ea n s u

ro r i i t c lmn ss d
a ,
n th cov ri ng of th d p
s a e , an as e e e ee .

Th n m of hi wi f R ( robb ry or th robb i g ;
e a e s e, an e e n

r aen a , to pl d r) d not s th cr v i ng i t s cri

un e ,
e e e sea as a s a

fi ce of h m n l i f d f tr sur s It i
u a common e an O ea e . s a

e xpr ss i o i Nors l nd th t th
e n br ws d s th s
n e a a e s ea e an ee e ,

d th i s t onc sugg sts n r s k t t l s T h fo m i n g

’
an a e e e e e . e a

l n ds no butl r but p ss s i ts lf round

a e ee d th r e a e e a ,
an e e

i pl nty of i t
s e Th t Z Eg wh n v i si t d by t h gods
. a e r, e e e ,

i ll m i n t d hi h ll w i th sh i n i ng gold r f rs of cours
u a e s a , e e e

to th p hosphor sc nt l i gh t of th
e ( Ic l nd i c e e e se a e a

m lld
are Nors m i ld ) T h os who
r, f m i li r w i th
e or . e a re a a

th e c nnot f i l to h v s n th sp rks of fi th t
sea a a a e ee e a re a

a pp r ntly fly from i t w h n i t surf c i d i sturb d i

a e e s a e s e n

th d rke T h us th s rv nts f n
a . Eld d Fun e e a O e r, e an

f ng ( both words m i ng fi )
e prop rly c ll d ean re ,
ar e e a e ex

ce ll t fir m n
en T h r l t i on b tw n Njord
e e d n
. e e a e ee an er

s ms to b th s m
ee b tw n O k
e th gr t
e a e as e ee e an o s , e ea

w t r nci rcl i ng th rth d Pontus th M d i t

.

a e e e ea , an , e e e r ra

n n w i thi n th confin s of th rth

ea , e e e ea .

Som f th old Nors h ro s e O r pr s nt d pos

e e e e ar e e e e e as

s ssi ng t rri fy i ng h lm t Eg r s h lm t ( gi hj d l ) ;
e a e e e ,
[ e
’
e e ce s rn r

an d t h us Od i s gold n h lm t i th b m i ng sky d
, as n
’
e e e s e ea ,
an

as t h dw rfs cov r t h ms lv s w i th
e a h lm t of fog so e e e e a e e ,

r Eg w rs on hi brow h lm t m d of d ns d rk
er ea s a e e a e e e a

n ss d h v n r ch i ng t rri fy i ng br k rs
e an ea e -
ea , e ea e .
 F REY .

rE
g f m i ly i t i c rt i n di d not b long
e r an d hi s a , s e a , e

a mong th s s y t th y w r r g rd d l i k th m
e a a , e e e e e a e , e e , as

m i ghty b i ngs whos fri ndshi p w sought by th gods

e ,
e e as e

th ms lv s ; d Engl nd th t proud m i str ss of th

e e e an a , a e e

s ea, i t h r fl ct i on of th myth of n
s e e showi ng wh t
e e e r, a

g r nd r
a sults ch i v ed h i stor i c lly wh n hum nar e a e e a , e a en

t p i
er d h ro i sm nt r i nto fr i ndly r l t i ons w i th
r se an e e e e e a

th e m ki ng i t s rv th dv nc m nt f c i v i l i z
s e a, a e e e a a e e O a

ti on wh n th gods go to Eg h ll to b nqu t
, e e r er s
’
a a e .

I III F R Y S E CT O N . E .

Njord h d two ch i ldr n — son Fr y d d ught r

a e a e an a a e

Fr yj both f i r d m i gh ty Fr y i
e a, of th most
a an . e s on e e

c l br t d of th g ds H pr si d s ov r r i n d sun
e e a e e o .
*
e e e e a an

sh i n d ll th fr i ts of th
e an rth d sh ould b i
a e u e ea , an e n

vo k d to obt i n g d h rv s t s
e d lso for p c
a H oo a e ,
an a ea e . e

mor ov r d i sp ns s w lth mong m

e e H i c ll d
e e ea a en . e s a e

va n d an
g d y g d d go
va n a ds g i v r é
(f gj fi)
o H, ear o an o -
e a . e

owns th hi p S k id bl d e d lso G l d b i tl (gu l

'

s a ner an a o en r s e

li hu ti ) or S li d ug t
n rs
( th s h rp tooth d ) b r an n e e a -
e , a e ar

w i th gold n bri stl s w i th w hi ch h ri d s folk rul r to

e e , e e as -
e

Odi n s h ll In t i m s morn i ng wh n h w y t ch i ld
’
a . e
’
, e e as e a ,

th gods g v hi m A lfh i m (h m of lv s )
e a e pr s nt e o e e e as a e e .

Of Fr y s shi p S ki dbl d e w h v b for s n (

’
a n er, e a e e e ee s ee

p 2 2 0 ) h w i t w m d by t h dw rfs sons of I l d
. o as a e e a , va ,

an d pr s nt d to Fr y e e It w l rg th t ll th gods
e e . as s o a e a a e

w i th th i r w pons d w stor s could find room on

e ea an ar e

bo rd i t A soon th s i ls
a . t f vor bl br z
s as e a a re se a a a e ee e

a ri s s d c rri s i t to i t pl c of d sti n ti on d i t
e an a e s a e e a ,
an

i m d of so m ny p i c s
s a e d w i th so muc h sk i ll th t a e e , an , a

wh n i t i
e t w nt d for voy g Fr y m y fold i t
s no a e a a e e a

tog th r l i k p i c of cl oth d p t i t i nt hi p ck t
e e e a e e an u o s o e .

* ll p
G th
e n era y s d d t m d
e a k i n g, bo asas a n d v an s a r e i n clu e i n the er go s,

bo th p pt
b ei ng ro i i ous .
3 50 F R EY .

As I n ow re m e m be r,

l
T h e w o f Fe n r e r t k oo fr o m yo u .

T YR

Il k h d
ac a an ,

T h l k t g d p t ti
ou ac es oo re u a on ,

S d it i t l k
a hs th i g o ac s uc a n ;
N or d th w l f f w ll
oes e o a re e

h pi
,

In h i
c a ns e nes

T i ll th d f th w ld
e en o e or .

K LO E

H ld thy t g
o Ty ! on ue , r

T hy w i f d I e an

H d a t g th
a s on o e e r,

B t th
u p f ll wou, o or e o ,

R i d t f th i g
e ce v e no a ar n

In fin e f ro m m e .

FR E Y

The w o f l I see
'

li e
At t h e m o u h t of t h e ri v e r
tl
Un i th e o w e rs p p e ri s h .

M i s ch i e f m a e r -
k
If th ou d t os n ot ho ld th y t on g u e

Thou l
a so s ha lt b e b o un d .

LO K E :

Fo r g o ld th b g h t ou ou
’
st

G ym e r s
’
d gh t au er,

An d so ld th y w d s or

At the s a m tim e e ;
Bu t w h e n th e s on s of M u s pe l
Co m e ri di n
g f ro m t h e a r w oo d k d s,

Wha t tt p
ha s h o u , o or f e o w , ll
To ly p ?
re u on

a s rv nt by n m
e a a e BY G V E R , who r sp onds
e

K n ow th t a ,
w e re I b o rn
O f so no bl e a ra c e
 F R EY . 3 51

As I ng a n s
’
F y re ,

An d h a d I
S o g l o ri o us a ha ll ,

I wou ld c ru sh th e e vi l c ro w ,

Br e a k h i s b o n e s t o t h e m a r ro w !

L K th n turns upon Byg

O E e d c lls hi m ve r , an a a

l i ttl i mp rti n nt thi ng th t lw ys h ngs bout Fr y s

e e e ,
a a a a a e
’

ea rs d cri s nd r th m i llston (
an e th r d r h lp
u e e e c an e ea e e

thi nki ng t th i s mom nt of Rob rt Burns f mous po m

a e e
’
a e ,

J h B l y
o n f) ; good for noth i n g f llow who n v r
ar e c or n a - -
e ,
e e

would d i v i d good w i th m e
.
d wh n th h ro s en , an e e e e

fought th y co ld not find hi m for h w conc l d

e u ,
e as ea e

i
n th str w of th b d
e a e e .

Fr y s m i d s rv nt i B yl Byg
e
’
a -
wi f
e whom a s e a, ver s
’
e,

Lok c lls th gl i st d fil th i t h g th t
e a e u b e an es a a c an e

fo nd mong th o ffspri ng of th gods Of cours Lok

u a e e . e e

e x gg r t s d us s b s i v l ng g b t i t w i
a e a e an e a u e a ua e, u as n

tr th sorry th i ng for Fr y th t h tr d d hi sword

u a e a e a e s

a w y f i t i to th i s f ct h ow s hi d f t wh n h
a ,
or s a e e s e ea e e

e nco nt rs S rt i R g n r k
u e u n a a o .

Fr y s w i f w G rd
e
’
d ught r of G ym
e as d e ,
a a e e r, an

th i r son w Fj l
e Fr y w worshi p d t hroughout
as o n er . e as e

th north rn countr i s
e e In th common formul of th e . e a e

o th hi n m w put first H AL M E s F R Y
a s a e as : J PI R E R

o x N O O J H N N A LM A
RD R As ! t h t i
x S Ih lp TT R I a s, O e

m Fr y e d Njord
e d th
an lm i ght y A ( Od i n ) On an e a sa .

J lu
(
-
C h r
e vei stm s ) i t w custom ry to
a l d out eve as a ea a

b e ar, wh i ch w cons cr t d to Fr y as d wh i ch w e a e e , an as

c ll d th ton m nt bo r On th i s th p rsons pr s nt
a e e a e e a . e e e e

l i d th i r h nds d m d sol mn vows ; d t th

a e a an a e e an a e

f st wh th fl sh of th s cri fic d n i m l w
ea ,
ere e e tn e a e a a as ea e

by th ss mbl d g sts th r w drunk mong oth r

e a e e ue , e e as , a e

horns h orn to Njord d Fr y for prosp rous s sons

, a an e e ea

an d for p c ea e .
3 52 F R EY AN D G ER D .

Ev ryt hi ng bou t Fr y go s to how th t h i th

e a e e S a e s e

god f th O rth s fru i tfuln ss T h

e ea Njord ri s s
’
e . e s e a, , e

as v por d d sc nds i r i n upon th l nd m ki g

a an e e n a e a , a n

i t fr i tful u Th r h b n much d i sput bout th

. e e as ee e a e

e tymologi c l m n i ng of th word Fr y F i nn M g
a ea e e . a

n u d ri v s i t from f
s s on e Nors f O m n i ng s d
e ree, e r , ea ee .

Gri mm on th oth r h nd thi nks th fund m nt l i d

, e e a , e a e a ea

is m i ldn ss gl dn ss ( comp r G rm n f h Nors

e , a e a e e a ro , e

f y )
r d A d. r i v d m n i ng of the word i m em u ea e s an , a sc

l i n f Fr yj ( G rm n f ) m n i ng wom n
e O e a e a rau ,
ea a .

TI O N I V F REY A N D G ERDS EC . .

Fr y h d d y pl c d h i ms lf i
e a Hlid kj lf
one d a a e e n s a , an

look d out upo ll th worlds H lso w J tu h im

e n a e . e a sa o n e ,

an d p rc i v d l rg d st t ly m nsi on wh i ch m i d
e e e a a e an a e a a a

w go i ng to nt r d
as h r i s d th l tc h of th
e e , an as s e a e e a e

door so gr t r d i ncy w thrown from h h nd ea a a a as er a ,

th t th i
a d w t rs e d l l worlds w r i llum i n t d
a r an a e an a e e a e

by i t It w G rd d ught r of th gi nt G ym
. as e , a a e e a er

an d Au b d r l ti v s of T hj
r o a,A t th i s ght Fr y
e a e a sse . Si e ,

as just pun i shm nt for hi d c i ty i mo u nti ng on

a e s au a n

t h t s cr d thron w str ck w i th sudd n s dn ss so

a a e e, as u e a e ,

th t on hi r turn hom h could n i th r sp k nor

a s e e e e e ea

sl p nor dr i nk nor d i d y
ee d r to i nqu i r th
, an on e a e e e

c s of h i ffl i cti on Fr y s m ss ng r w n m d
au e s a . e
’
e e e as a e

S ki Njord s nt for hi m d r qu st d of hi m
rn er . e an e e e ,
as

d i d lso Sk d a th t h sh ould k Fr y why h thus

a e, a e as e e

r fus d to sp k to y
e e ea an on e .

Thus th Eld r E d d i th l y of S ki e e a, n e a rn er
° *

K S AD E

S ki i d w i ftly rn e r, ar se, an s r un

Wh l ly i t p i ; ere one s s our en s v e son

H t lt e rb e r t s
’
r an s a i on .
3 54 F R EY AN D G ERD .

S K IR N E R

G ive m e th t a h o rs e of w on d ro u s b re ed
To c ro s s th e ni
g h tly fl m w i th p d a e S ee ;
An d th t l f b
a se -
ra n di h d w d t m i t
s e s or o s e

The g i an t ra ce w i th t g ff i g h t
s ra n e a r .

FR E Y :

T o yo u t d I
g i v e h i s w o n ro u s s t d ee

p To l t p d
a s s th e w a c h f u fir e w i h t s ee ;
A d th i w hi h b n by l i t w i ghts, c orn e va an ,

S lf b d i h d w i ll h i f m m i t
e -
ra n s e s oe en s e .

Fr y h v i ng th s g i v n w y hi sword found hi m
e , a u e a a s ,

self w i th out rms wh n h on noth r occ si on fought

a e e a e a

wi th B l d h nc i t w
e e, t h t h l w hi m w i th
an e e as a e S e a

t g s ntl rs Th i s comb t w how v r

s a
’
a e . tr i fl i ng a as , e e , a

aff i r for Fr y could h v k i ll d h i m w i th

a , e blow of a e e a

hi fist h d h
s f lt i ncl i n d ; b t th t i m wi ll m
, a e e e u e e co e

wh n th sons of M u p l w i ll s lly forth to th fight i

fl

e e s e a e n

R gn rok d t h n i nd d wi ll Fr y tru ly r gr t h
a a ,
an e ee e e e av

i g p rt d w i th hi f l ch i on
n a e H vi ng bt i n d th hors s a . a O a e e e

an d sword S k i t out on hi
, jour y d thus
rn e r se s ne , an

h e ddr ss d hi hors
a e e s e

D k i gh t i p d t i ti m I t w ’
ar n s S rea ; s e, ro ,

l i m b th m t i h w i th w ;
_

T o c e oun a n s ear sno

B t h h ll t ob th m i s a r e u rn , or o re a n

I d by t h g i tt ’
n uran c e , e an a en .

S ki rod i n to J tu h i m to th court of G ym
rn e r e o n e , e er .

F ri o s dogs w r ti d th r b for th g t of th
u u e e e e e e e e a e e

w od n i nclosur wh i ch surro nd d G rd s bow r H

o e e u e e
’
e .
.
e

rod tow rd sh ph rd wh w i tti ng on mound

e a a e e ,
o as S a ,

an d t h us ddr ss d hi m a e e

S h ph d y th t i t th m d
e er , ou , a s on e o un ,

A d t y w t hf l y n d
u rn our a c u e es a ro u n

H w m y I l ll t h b l dh
o d ? y;
a u ese oo o un s sa

H w p k h m d w i th G y m
o s m y?
ea un ar e er s
’
a
*

M m d ay . ai .
 FREY AN D G ER D . 3 55

T HE S H E P H ER D

W he n c e and w ha t are yo u ? o om e d d to di e ?
O r, d d ea , revi s i t yo u th e s ky ?
Fo r ri d by e n ig h t or ri d e by d a y ,

Yo u ne er
’
s ha ll c om e to G ym e r s m a y
’
.

S K IR N E R

I g ri e v e n ot , I ,
a be tt p t er ar

Fi t s h i m w h o bo a s ts dya re a h e ar t
At h o u r of bi r h t our li w v es e re s ha p d; e

d m fft
Th e boo o a e can ne er
’
e
’
s ca pd e .

But G rd i ns i d h rs th str g r d thus

e e ea e an e , an

her m i d s rv nt
a -
e a

Wh t d k w my a i
s ou n d s un no n e a rs nv a e,

F i g ht i g t h i m i
r p f l hd ;
en n s an s on s
’
eace u s a e

Th th f d t i
e k w i th l
e ar
’
s ou n a on roc s a ,

A d t m bl i g h k l l G ym h ll
’
n re n s a es a er s a .

T H E M AID S E R V AN T 2 ~

Di s m o u n td t d
e s an s a w a rri or s he e n ;
Hi s c o u rs e r p th c ro s e h e r b a g e g re e n .

G ER D

Ha s t
! bi d h i m t o m y b o w e r w i h s e e
e t p d
q d pl t d
,

To u a ff u n m i x e th e easan m ea ;
An d g o o b e i e u s ; fo r d td
fe a r I
t
M v b ro h e r m d i
’
s ur e re r s near .

S ki r n e r h vi ng nt r d G rd thus ddr ss es
a e e e , e a e hi m
Wh t y a lf are ? ou, e or asas
’
s on

O f m th
r wi ro p g? e s er v an as s ru n

Al t i it
on e b d o v s o ur a o e,

O bi k i g fl m d
’
er w hy h
c
y ?
er n a es, av e ou ro e

S K IR N E R

N or elf am I , nor a s as
’
s on ;
N or fr o m t h e w i s e r van as s p ru n g

Ye t o er
’
th e bi c k e ri n g fl am e s I r od e

A l on e to v i s i ty o ur ab o d e .
356 F R EY AN D G ERD .

E l even a ppl es h e re I ho ld ,

G d f
er , or yo u , o f p t g ld ; ur e s o

L t thi
e s fa i r g i f ty b mm o ur oso ov e

T o g ra n ty o un g F y y p i re our re c o u s l ov e .

G ER D

E l ppl t k
ev en a es a e not I
F mmro pi an as r ce of ch a s t i ty
Wh i l l i f m i
e e re a ns, no t on g ue sha ll t ll e

Th t F y d I t
a re an og e th d w ll er e .

S KI R N ER I

G er d , fo r y o u th i s w on d ro u s ri ng ,

Bu r n t on y o un
g B a ld er s pi l I b i g
’
e, r n ,

O n e a ch ni n t h n i gh t s h ll Ot h
a i gh t er e

D ro p fr o m i t , al l of e q l w ight
ua e .

G ER D Z

I t k t I th t w d
a e no i g , ,
a on rou s r n ,

Th gh i f m B ld p i l y
ou t ro a er s
’
e ou b ri n g
G ld l k t I i Gy b w
’

in er s
‘

o ac no , n o er ;
E nou
g h f m m y f t h d w or e a er s
’
o er .

S K IR N ER

ld th i b i g ht d l d w d
Be h o s r an s en er an ,

U h th d
ns d g l i tt e i g i
ea e my h d! an
—
r n n an

R f e us et m id ! l t y
no h d,
a en es our ea

B e d by th t h t b l d
s e v e re e re n c an a e .

G ER D

G er d wi ll ne er
’
b y fo r c e b e l e d
T o g ra c e a c on q u e ro r s
’
ha t e fu l
bed ;
But h i s t It ro w , t
w i h m ai n a n d m i gh t
G ym e r s h ll
a m ee ty our be ast i n figh t .

S K IR N E R 2

Beh o ld th i b i gh t d l d w d s r an S en er an ,

U h th d
ns d g l i tt i g i
ea e my h d!
an er n n an

S l i by i t
a n dg y i h ll l i
s e e o ur s re s a e,

Th t g i t l d i d m d t d i
a an o s oo e o e .
3 58 F REY ’
AN D G ER D .

O di n i s w ro h , t and m i gh ty T h or ;
E
’
en F y llre sha n ow y ou r nam e a b ho r .

Bu t e re y ’
o er our i l l -fa td e h ea d
Th e l td d
as re a c u rs e of h eav e n be s p d
re a ,

G i an t d Th
s an u rs e s fa r an d n ear,

S s on s , and hear
’
u tt u n g s ye asas,

Ho w I t tlb
fo r b i d w i h fa a an

Thi m i d th j y th f i t f m
s a e o s, e ru o an .

C ld G i m
o i th t g i
r t hight
ner s a an

Wh y oh ll h ld i ou l m f m i ght ;
s a o n re a s o

Wh l e re i p f tw i t d t
s av e s n cu s o s e ro o s

S h ll b i g f l b
a r n g f m t h g t ;
ou e v e ra e ro e oa s

N or w t d gh t
s ee er b l i th f ra u ,
n or er a re

S h ll ya d i gi
o u, h sa v r n, ev er s a re .

Ti d I w i d h m y ti h m ;
’
! s one n t e s c c ar

T h th I t
us, th gi us tf m ra ce e an or ;
A d th
n f ll h re et blw e c a ra c e r s e o ,

F y d L t d tl W
ur an us an res e ss oe .

E
’
enI w d I t ight w i d
as oun , s ra un n

T hi f t l p ll i f y
s a a ki d
s e ,
ou a re n .

G ER D

N ow l w h i l y w i b ld !
h ai ,
no a , ou a rr o r o

T k t k t hi p f y t l l d
a e, a e s cu o cr s a co ,

A d q
n ff h p m th g l i
ua ld t e ure e e n o .

Y t d m d I th t l ld bi d ’
e ee e n e er a ove co u n

T o y th m y h t i l m i d
v an a- ou os e n .

S K IR N E R Z

It u rn n ot h o m e t o bo w e r or ha ll
T i ll I h av e l
t mie a rn ne e r ra n d all ;
W he re yo u w i ll y i ld e th e n i gh t of j oy
Nj d th ll t b oy
’
T o b ra v e or s, e ga an .

G ER D
'

Ba r i s - l e i s hi g h t th t fl ,
e sea o ove ;
N ine t p d i th t k w g
n i gh s e l a se ,
n a no n ro v e

S ha ll brav e Nj d th g ll tby
or
’
e, e a an o ,

F ro m G er d t k th k i f j y
a e e ss o o .

Th n S ki
e rn e r rod hom Fr y stood forth
e e . e

h i l d hi m d
a e an a sk d w h t t i d i ngs
e a .
 0
z
c

FR E Y AN D G ER D . c O 2

FR E Y :

S pe a k
p k a d t ll w i th p d !
S k i rn e r , s ea n e s ee

Tk t h h f m y t d
,

a e no t e a rn e s s ro our s ee ,

N t i y f t t i ll y h
or s r id our oo ,
ou av e sa ,

H w f my l w i th G ym m id !
’
o a re s ove er s a

S K IR N ER

Ba r i s -
l i s high
e t th t f l ,
e sea o ove ;
N ine n igh s e a t l p d i th t k w se , n a no n g ro v e
Nj d h g ll tby ’
T o b ra v e or s, t e a an o ,

W i ll G er d y i ld th k i f j y
e e ss o o .

FR E Y :

Lo n g i s one ni
gh t ,
and l on
g e r tw a in
B ut h o w fo r th re e en d ur e my pi a n ?
A mon h t of rapt u re s oon e r fli es

Th h l f ight f w i hf l i g h
an a one n o s u s s .

Th i s po m i ll str t s h w b uti f lly myth

e u a e b o ea u a c an e

l bor t d G rd i th s d ; S ki
e a a e . e i ths i th t e ee rn er s e a r a

com s w i th th sunsh i n T h us th myth i si ly

e e e . e s ea ex

pl i n d Th rth i wh i ch th s d i w r si st
a e : e ea ,
n e ee s se n, e s

th mb r c of Fr y ; hi m ss ng r S ki
e e a e e who bri gs s e e e rn e r, n

th s d out i nto th l i gh t i v i pro m i s s h th

e ee e ,
n a n e er e

g l
o d ~en of h rv st
ea rs d t h r i ng t ha symbol eof an e ,
e

a bund nc S h h h g i nt tur wh i ch h s t
a e . e as er a na e, a no

y t
e b n touch
ee d by t h d i v i n sp i r
e i t ; h r l i z s t e e S e ea e no

th glory wh i ch h tt i n to by Fr y s lov Ski r ’

e s e c an a a e e .

n er must co jur h h must u i nc nt ti ons h

n e e r, e se a a ,
e

must ho w h how h i f not mbr c d by Fr y must

S er s e, e a e e ,

for v r b th bri d of th cold frost d n v r p

e e e e e e , an e e ex e

ri u c th joys of w dd d l i f S h fin lly s u rr d rs
c e e e e e . e a en e

h rs lf to Fr y d th y mbr c ch oth r wh n th
e e e , an e e a e ea e , e e

buds burst forth i th grov T hi s m vth th n corr n e e . e e

sp nds to P rs phon th godd ss f th gr i n pl nt d

e e e e, e e O e a a e

in th ground D m t r s sorrow on ccount of th

e . e e e
’
a e

na k d fors k n fi ld from wh i ch th sprout sh ll

e , a e e , e a

shoot forth from th h i dd n r d i Fr y s i mp ti nt e e ee , s e

’
a e
3 60 WO RS H P I or F R EY .

l ongi g ; d S ki n i M rcuri us wh bri ngs Pros r

an rn er s e , o e

p i n up from th low r world

a e e .

But th myth h lso d p r th i c l si gn i fic ti on

e as a a ee e e a a .

Our for f th rs w r not s ti sfi d w i th th m r sh ll ;

e a e e e a e e e e e

d Fr y s lov to G rd wh i ch i d scri b d so v i v i dly

’
an e e e ,
s e e

i nth E ld r Edd i t k n from th

e e tur of lov a, s a e e na e e,

w i th ll i t longi ngs d hop s d i not only

a s an e , an s a

symbol of wh t t k s pl c i v i s i bl n tur A tha a e a e n e a e . S e

w rmth of th sun d v lops th s d thus lov d v l

a e e e e ee , e e e

ops th h rt ; lov i th y of l i gh t ( S ki ) s nt
e ea e s e ra r n er e

from h v n wh i ch n i m t s d nnobl s th clump

ea e , a a e an e e e

of rth G rd i th m i d wh i ng g d i
ea . e srthly e a , o s e a e n ea

a ff i rs
a d do s not y t r l i z
an nythi ng nobl r th n
e e ea e a e a

h er e v ry d y c r s T h n lov c lls h ; h br st
e -
a a e . e e a er In er ea

a w k ns a w l i f ; wond rf l dr ms l i k g ntl br z s
e a ne e e u ea e e e ee e

e mbr c h a ed wh n th dr ms grow i nto consc i ous

er, an e e ea

n ss h y s
e er
p d t e h i g
e h r sph r
a re of x i st o en e o a e e e e

e nc Th i s myth i most p rf ctly r fl ct d i th lov

e . s e e e e e n e e

story of F i d thj f S g old Nors rom nc mould d

r o
’
s a a , an e a e e

i nto most f sci n ting Ep i c Po m by T gn r A good

a a a e e e .

Engl i sh tr nsl t i on f th i s po m pp r d f w y rs
a a O e a ea e a e ea

a g i
o London n d w r publ i sh d i th
,
i s country
an as e e n

und r th usp i c s of B y rd T ylor It i lso tr ns

e e a e a a a . s a a

l t d i nto lmost v ry oth r Europ n l gu g

a e a de e e ea an a e, an

i justly cons i d r d
s of th fin st po ti c l produc
e e on e e e e a

ti ons of th i s c ntury e .

I V WO RS H I P O F F REY S E CT O N . .

T h S g s t ll us e h lr dy b n st t d th t
a a e ,
as as a ea ee a e , a

Fr y w worsh i p d xt ns i v ly th roughout th north rn

e as e e e e e e

countri s e .

In T h dhj m th r w d ri ng th r i gn of Ol f
ro n e e e as u e e a

T ygg r t mpl i wh i ch Fr y w z lously wor

ve s s o n a e e n e as ea

sh i p d Wh n th k i ng h v i ng ov r thrown th st tu
e . e e , a e e a e
3 62 WO RS H P I OF F REY .

r c i v d from m d r w rd d m w ll for th m Now

e e e e an e a e e e e .

I gi v y th i s ox i ord r th t Glum m y som d y

e ou , n e a a e a

h v to l v Tv r no l ss r luct ntly th n I do
a e ea e e -
aa e e a a .

A d n w gi v t m
no i gn to how wh th r you cc p t
e o e a S S e e a e

th i s o ff ri ng or t A t th t mom nt th ox b llow d
e no . a e e e e

lo dly d f ll d d pon th ground T h k l con

u an e ea u e . or e

s id d t hi s
er e good o m n d mov d w y w i th l i ght r
a e , an e a a a e

h rt A ft r w rds ( i t i r l t d i V i g gl m S g ) Gl m
ea . e a s e a e n a u
’
s a a u

i
n h i old d ys b c m
s nvolv d i d ng rous su i t for
a e a e I e n a a e

m nsl ght r whi ch nd d i hi h v i ng to r l i nqu i sh

a au e , e e n s a e

Tv r to K ti l son f Thorv ld Kr k w h om h
e -
aa e , O a o ,
e c on

f ss d h v i ng k i ll d On th i gh t b for h rod to
e e a e . e n e e e e

t h thi g ( ss mbly co rt)

e n wh r hi c s w to b
a e ,
u , e e s a e as e

d c i d d h dr m d th t th r h d co gr g t d num
e e , e ea e a e e a n e a e a

b er of m t T r to m t Fr y ; h w m ny
en a ve -
aa ee e e sa a

down by th r i v r ( t i r i v r i Ic l ndi c) d th r
e e a s e n e a ,
an e e

sa t Fr y on b nch Glum sk d who th y Wr

e a d e . a e e e e, an

th y nsw r d W
e a yo r d p rt d r l ti v s
e e : d e are u e a e e a e , an

h v com
a e to pr y Fr y t h t you m y t b dri v n
e a e a a no e e

from Tv r ; b t i t v ils us noth i ng Fr y nsw r

e -
aa u a a . e a e s

us short d gri ly d now r m mb rs th ox wh i ch

an an an e e e e

Th k l th T ll g v to h i m
or e Gl m wok
e d from
a a e . u a e, an

th t ti m h s i d th t h w on u fri ndly t rms w i th

a e e a a e as n e e

Fr y e .

In th t mpl t Ups l i Sw d n Fr y tog th r

e e e a a a, n e e ,
e , e e

w i th Od i n d T h r w sp c i lly worshi p d ; d by
an o , as e e a e an

th estory of th Nors m Gunn r H lm i ng who i e e an a e , n

Sw d n g v h i m s lf out Fr y i t i tt st d th t th
e e a e e as e , s a e e a e

p opl i som e prov i nc s of S w d n p t th i r h i gh st

e e n e e e u e e

trust i th i s god d v n b l i v d hi m som ti m s t

n , an e e e e e e e o

a pp r i h u m n f rm
ea n a o .

Th hors i t pp rs w r g rd d
e e, f vori t a ea , as e a e as a a e

a n i m l of Fr y At hi t mpl i T h dhj m i t i s i d
a e . s e e n ron e s a

th r w r hors s b longi ng to hi m It i r l t d of th
e e e e e e . s e a e e
 WO RS H P I O F FR E Y . 3 63

Ic l nd r R f k l t h t h lov d Fr y bov ll oth r gods

e a e a n e a e e e a e a e ,

an d b stow d upon hi m
e q l sh r i ll h i b st
e an e ua a e n a s e

poss ssi o s H h d brow hors c ll d Fr y f ( com

e n . e a a n e a e e -
ax

p r Col f F i r f
a e -
wh i ch h lov d so h ighly
ax , a -
ax ,
*
e e

th t h m d sol mn vow t k i ll th m who should

a e a e a e o e an

ri d t hi s h ors g i nst hi w i ll vow wh i ch h lso

e e a a s , a e a

ful fill d Anoth r Ic l nd r Br nd lso h d hors

e . e e a e ,
a , a a a e

c ll d Fr y f wh i ch h m d so much of th t h w
a e e -
ax , e a e a e as

s i d to b l i v i i t i
a e d i v i n i ty
e e n as n a .

Fr y s bo r G lli b t h b n r f rr d to i con
e
’
a ,
u n urs e, as ee e e e n

n ec ti w i th th Jul or C hri stm s f st i v i ti s d th r

on e a e e ,
an e e

a re found m ny x mpl s of sw i n aifi i th ld e a e e sac r

-
ce n e O

Nors wri t i ngs K i ng H d k m d sol mn vows on

e . e re a e e

th e ton m nt bo r on J l
a e ed i of th pros
-
a u -
ev e , an n on e e e

suppl m nts to th nc i n t Edd i c po m of H lg Hj

e e e a e a e e e or

va r d w find t h t th
s on ton m nt bo r i m nti on d
e a e a e e - a s e e

as b i ng l d out on J l
e i e ord r th t th y m i ght u -
eve, n e a e

l y h nds upon i t
a a d m k sol mn vows an a e e .

A h i ghly v lu d wood n st tu or i m g of Fr y w a e e a e a e e as

found i t mpl t T h dhj m wh i ch k i ng Ol f

n a e e a ron e , a

T ygg
r h w d i p i c s i th pr s nc of th
v e ss on e e n e e n e e e e e

p opl Kj t th R i ch k i ng of Agd i Norw y

e e . o ve e , er n a ,

on e of th ch i fs who fo gh t g i nst H r ld F i h i
e e u a a a a a r a r,

h d
a w i ght upon wh i ch th g d Fr y w sculptur d
a e e o e as e

in i lv r
S Th i s tr s r wh i ch h h ld i gr t v n r
e . e a u e, e e n ea e e a

ti on f ll ft r th b ttl i nto th h nds of K i g H r ld

, e a e e a e e a n a a ,

an d h pr s nt d i t to hi fri nd th c hi ft i n I g m
e e e e d s e , e e a n e un

Thorst nson who ft rw rds c rri d th i m g i p rs

e ,
a e a a e e a e n a u e

an d h ld i t i e v ry h i gh st m Th i s l st m nti on d
n e e ee . a -
e e

im g w a eprob bly born

as mul t w ft n t h a e a s an a e ,
as as O e e

c s no doubt w i th th gold br ct t s wh i ch
a e, , found e a ea e are

i
n th gr v h ows
e d i th
a r th h v i ng upon th m
e- an n e ea ,
a e

t h i m g s of m
e a d n i m ls
e d wh i ch furn i sh d
en an a a , an ar e e

w i th cl sp for f st n i ng to n ckl c
a a a e a e a e .

F ax m e a n s h a i r .
3 64 ER E Y J A .

V I F Y JAI S E CT O N . RE .

Th e godd ss of lov
i Fr yj lso c ll d V n d i s or
e e s e a, a a e a a

V an ab id S h i th d g ht r of Nj ord
r e . d th s i st r
e s e au e an e e

o f Fr y S h r nks n xt to Fr i gg
e . S h i v ry fond
e a e . e s e

of lov d i tti s d l l lov rs would do w ll to i nvok

e e , an a e e e

h er It i from h n m th t wom n of b i rth d

. s er a e a e an

for tun c ll d i th Ic l nd i c l ngu g h t f yj u

e ar e a e n e e a a a e i s re r

( c mp
o r Nors f u a e d G rm n f ) H e bod ir an e a r au . er a e n

h v n i c ll d Folkv ng wh r h di spos s of th
ea e s a e a , e e s e e e

h ll s ts To w h t v r fi l d of b ttl h r i d s h
a -
ea . a e e e a e s e e s e

a ss rts h r i ght to
e h lf th sl i n th oth r h lf
er on e a e a , e e a

b longi ng to Odi n Thus th Eld r Edd i Gri m

e . e e a, n

n rs l y
e
’
a
°

F lk g i ll d o van
’
t s ca e

Wh F yj h i g ht ere re a as r

T di p f h h ll t o s os e o t e a -
sea s .

E ydy f h li ver a o t e s a n

Sh h h h lf e c ooses t e a

A d l h lf O di n e ave s a to n .

H m ns i on S ym
er (
a h v i g m ny or l,rg e ssr n er a n a a e

sea ts ) i l rg d m gn i fic nt ; t h nc
,
s a e h r i d s out
an a e e e s e e

i
n a dr wn by two c ts S h l nds f vor bl
c ar a a . e e a a a e ear

to th s wh for h ss i st nc
o e o S h poss ss s
s ue er a a e . e e e a

n ckl c c ll d Br i s i ng m n
e a e a B i i g
e S h m rri d a e , or r s n . e a e

a p rson c ll d Od r d t h i r d gh t r n m d H
e a e e , an e au e ,
a e n os,

is so v ry h ndsom th t wh t v r i b uti ful d

e a e a a e e s ea an

pr c i ous i c ll d by h n m h i ( th t m ns
e s a e er a e n os s r a ea ,

n i c thi ngs) It i lso s i d th t h h d two d ught rs

e . s a a a S e a a e ,

H nos d G m th
an l tt r n m m n i ng pr c i o s
er se e, e a e a e ea e u .

B t Od r l ft h i
u w i f i ord r to tr v l i nto v ry
e e s e n e a e e

r mot countri s S i nc th t ti m Fr yj conti nu lly

e e e . e a e e a a

w ps d h t rs
ee , an drops of p r gold h n c h
er ea ar e u e ; e e s e

i
s a l so c ll d th f i r w p i ng godd ss ( i t g d tf g
a e e g )iS a -
ee e r a ra o .

I n po try gold i c ll d Fr yj s t rs th r i n of
e , s a e e a
’
ea ,
e a
3 66 F R EY J A .

li s w r s i d to b d sc nd d from th gods d th
e e e a e e e e e an e

l tt r g i n from th g nts Hy dl gi v s som of th i r

a e a a e ia ,
n a e e e

g n log i s lso Thus h g ts opportun i ty to sp k

e ea e a . s e e an ea

of H i md l d hi gi nt moth rs th n of Lok d
e a an s a e , e e an

of th monst rs d sc nd d from hi m wh i ch sh ll pl y
e e e e e , a a

so consp i cuous p rt i R gn rok th n of th m i ghty a a n a a , e e

god of thund r d fin lly f god y t mor m i ghty e , an a O a e e ,

whom h v ntur s not to n m s e d h r h e nds e a e, an e e s e e

h ert l S h w i ll not p roph sy furth r th n to wh r

a e . e e e a e e

Od n i sw llow d by th F nri s wolf d th world by

i s a e e e -
an e

th y wni ng byss Fr yj ft r th i s sks h for

e a a . e a a e a er a

dri nk f r m mbr nc t g i v to Ott r h gu st d

O e e a e o e a , er e an

f vor i t i ord r th t h m i ght b bl to r m mb r

a e, n e a e e a e e e e

th whol e t lk d th p di gr two d ys ft rw rds

e a an e e ee a a e a ,

wh n th c s b tw n hi m d A g ty sh ould b
e e a e e ee an n an r e

d c i d d by proofs of th i s ki nd Hy dl r fus s to do
e e . n a e e

th i s d upbr i ds h w i th busi v l ngu g By th i s

, an a er a e a a e .

Fr yj i xc it d to wr th d th r t ns to k i n d l
e a s e e a an ea e e a

fi re round th gi nt ss from wh i ch h would not b

a e a e , s e e

a bl to sc p i f h di d not comply w i th h r qu st
e e a e, s e er e e .

Wh n th thr t b gi ns to b c rri d o t ( t th br k
e e ea e e a e u a e ea

i g forth of th fl m i ng uror i th morn i ng ) Hy d l

n e a a a n e n a

gi v s th r qu s t d dri nk but t th s m ti m curs s i t

e e e e e ,
a e a e e e .

Fr yj i not t rri fi d by th i s but r mov s th curs by

e a s e e ,
e e e e

h erbl ssi ng d rn st pr y rs to ll d i vi n i t i s for th

e an ea e a e a e e

succ ss of h b lov d Ott r

e er e e a .

W should l i k to g i v th l y i full
e i t i found e e e a n , as s

i
n th Eld r E d d e but h vi ng quot d s v r l stroph s
e a, a e e e a e

from i t b for d i t b i ng qu i t long w r luct ntly

e e, an e e ,
e e a

om i t i t W dv i s our r d rs how v r by ll m ns
. e a e ea e ,
e e , a ea

to r d th E L ea E A Th r i mor profounde D ER DD . e e s e

th ught i i t th n i
o y oth r hnm n work t v n a n an e u a , no e e

S h k sp r xc pt d Wh t p i ty th t i t i so li ttl
a e ea e e e e . a a a s e

known !
 F R E YJ A . 367

Wom n c m ft r d th to Fr yj Wh n Egi l
e a e a e ea e a . e

S k ll g im
a h d lost hi young son
a r s on d w d sp i r
a s , an as e a

i g unto d th
n th i s ccount hi d gh t r Th g d
ea 0 11 a , s au e or er ,

wh w o m rri d to Ol f i L
as ad l com s to consol
e a n ax - a a - a ,
e e

hi m ; d wh n h h rs th t h w i ll n i th r
an e t nor s e ea a e e e ea

d r i nk th n h ,
lso s ys th t h h
e s t d w i ll not
e a a a s e as no an

ea t or dr i nk b for h com s to Fr yj W i th h e e s e e e a . er

l v rs who h v b n f i thf l nto d th

o e a g th r d ;
e ee a u u ea ar e a e e

th r for H gb rd ngs Lov i r n w d i Fr yj s

e e e a a Si : e s e e e n e a
’

h lls
a .

Fr yj i th godd ss of lov b tw n m
e a s d wom n
e e e e ee an a n a .

H nc w find i h n tur b uty gr c mod sty th

e e e n er a e, ea , a e, e , e

longi ngs j oys d t rs of lov ,

‘

d w find lso th t
, an ea e, an e a a

b urn i ng lov i th h rt wh i ch br ks t i w i ld
e n e ea ea ou n

fl m s S h rul s i F lkv ng i th h um n dw ll i ngs

a e . e e n o a , n e a e ,

wh r th re e s ts nough for ll N
e e ar e sc p s h ea e a . O on e e a e er

i nflu nc Od i n sh r s th l i n qu lly w i th h for th

e e . a e e S a e a er, e

h ere h tw gr nd bj cts i v i w — to conqu r hi n my

as o a O e n e e s e e

an d to wi th h rt of th m i d n n e ea e a e .

T hus th Nors mythology t ch s us th t th sturdy

e e ea e a e

Nors m n w not i nsusc pti bl to i mpr ssi ons from

e a as e e e

b uty nor un m ov d by lov T h most b ut i ful flow rs

ea e e . e ea e

w r n m d ft r Fr yj s h i r d y d w d v n
e e a e a e e a
’
a an e e- e , an e e

a n i m t bj cts wh i ch l i k th flow rs w r r m rk b l
a e O e , , e e e ,
e e e a a e

for th i r b uty w r n m d ft r th i s god d ss

e ea , for e e a e a e e , as

i nst nc th butt rfly ( Ic l F yj u h

a e e — Fr yj s h ) e e . re aen a e a
’
en .

Th r i s m i mythologi c l S g c ll d O
e e s a e dd -
a a a a e r var o
’
s

S g a O a . dd s i gn i fi s A rrow odd ;
r var o d th i s s m e -
an as a e

A rrow odd i i mpl i c t d i

-
l rg numb r of lov
s a e n a a e e e

e xplo i ts i t h b n s gg st d th t h m y b Fr yj s
, as ee u e e a e a e e a
’

husb nd whos m th r d r r m mb rs w Od r th
a , e na e e ea e e e e as e e

st m of wh i ch i d d h nc w h v i th North lso
e s 0 , an e e e a e n e a

not only g dd of lov but lso god of lov ( Cu pi d )

a o es s e, a a e ,

w i th hi rrows ! s a
3 68 A BR E I F RE VI EW .

Fr yj s c ts symbol i z sly fondl i ng d s nsu l njoy

e a
’
a e an e a e

m nt T h n m of h husb nd Od r m ns s ns
e . e a e er a , e , ea e e,

und rst nd i ng but lso w i ld d s i r Th v ri ous m s

e a ,
a e e . e a na e

b stow d upon Fr yj w h n h tr v ls mong th di f

e e e a e S e a e a e

f t n t i ons d not th v r i ous mod s by wh i ch lov

ere n a e e e a e e

r v ls i ts lf i hum n l i f T h godd ss s S j f Lofn

e ea e n a e . e e e o n, ,

and V h r tofor m nt i on d w r r g rd d m ss n
a r, e e e e e , e e e a e as e e

g rs d tt nd nts of Fr yj Fri d y ( di V i ) i
e an a e a e a . a es en er s s

n m d ft r h
a e ( S p g
a e er . ee a e

TI O N V II A B R I E F REV I EW
S EC . .

Th liv s d
e xplo i ts of th prop i t i ous di vi n i ti s
e . an e e e

h v now b n pr s nt d ; d i pr s nti g th myths

a e ee e e e an n e e n e

w h ve not onl gi v n th forc s d p h nom n

a e y e e e an e e a

of n tur symbol i z d by th myths but w h v lso

a e e e , e a e a

tr i d to bri ng th mythology down from h v n to th

e e ea e e

ea rth d xh i b i t th v lu i t h d i th m i nds of our

, an e e a e a n e

a nc stors W h v t ri d
e . Socr t s d i d w i th hi
e a e e , as a e s

ph i losop hy to h ow wh t i nflu nc th myths h v had

, S a e e e a e

upon th l i f of e for f th rs ; i oth r words w h v

e our e a e n e , e a e

tri d to put k rn l i nto th h ll W h v tri d to

e a e e e S e . e a e e

pr s nt th myth ology not th sci nc

e e e d l ws by , as e e e an a

whi ch th un i v rs i gov rn d but som thi g — c ll

e e e s e e , as e n a

i t sc i nc or w h t you w i ll — by wh i ch to i llustr t how

e e a a e

th cont mpl t i on of th forc s

e e d ph
a om n of n tur e e an en e a a e

h v i nfl nc d h um n tho ght d c ti on L g g
a e ue e a u an a . an ua e

i i
s i t or i g i n noth i ng but i mpr ss i ons from n t r
n s e a u e,

wh i ch h vi ng b n r volv d for t i m i th h um n
a ee e e a e n e a

m i nd find t h i r xpr ssi on i words Po try i i i tse e e n . e s n

ori g i n noth i ng ls b u t xpr ssi ons of h u m n th ought e e e e a

an d f l i ng c ll d forth by th c nt mpl t i on of th
ee a e e o e a e

wond rful works f God A d thi s i lso tru of

e O . n s a e

mythology .
3 70 A BR E I F RE VI EW .

but to prot ct h v n d rth so th n k d d s rt

e ea e an ea , e a e e e

an d th i mp n tr bl for st x i st only to r m i d us of
e e e a e e e e n

th i ncorrupt i bl
e v i t l forc of n tur s f g i nst l l
e a e a e, a e a a a

a tt cks T h i mp ri sh bl n ss of n tur pp rs mor

a . e e a e e a e a ea e

stri k i ngly i th st p ndous mount i n s d gi g nti c

n e u e a an a

for sts th n i th f rti l culti v t d d prot ct d p rts

e a n e e e, a e an e e a

of th rth N w l t us g i n k Is th r noth i ng
e ea . o e a a as : e e

h r for th po t or rti st ? H th Nors mythology

e e e e a as e e

noth i ng th t b l bor t d d cloth d w i th b u

a c an e e a a e an e ea

ful forms d colors ? Do s th i s mythology not con

an e

t i n g rms th t t
a e d v lop i nto fr gr nt l v s
a ar c an e e a a ea e ,

sw ll i ng buds d r di nt blossoms ? Do s not th i s

e an a a e

o ur Gothi c i nh ri t nc d s rv pl c w i th t h h nd
e a e e e e a a e e a

m i ds of l i t r tur ?
a W i ll note a po ts p bl i c sp k
e o ur e ,
u ea

e r s,l ctur rs ss y i sts a d wri t rs of l g nt l i t r tur

e e ,
e a , n e e e a e a e

g n r lly who m k so m ny qu i nt llus i ons to d

e e a ,
a e a a a , an

borrow so m ny l g nt d s gg sti v i llustr ti ons

a e e a an u e e a

from Gr k mythology ; w i ll th y not w

, ee
y do e ,
e sa ,

th i r w nc stors th honor to d i p th i r p occ

e o n a e e e en a

i
s on a ll y i nto th m ythology of th Goth i c r c ? It i
e e a e s

b d pr ct i c to borro w wh n w
a a e g t long w i t h o u t e e c an e a

i t b s i d s th pr d cts of th south thri v not w ll i

,
e e e o u e e e n

our north rn Gothi c soi l d cl i m t Ygdras il grows

e an a e .

b tt r h r
e e d th t ie e , antr l rg no gh d fr i tf l a s a ee a e e u an u u

e no gh to sust i n th Gothi c r c w i t h nthusi sm d

u a e a e e a an

i nsp i r t i on for c ntur i s y t to com

a d to supply
e e e e, an a

w h ol r c of futur b rds
e a e d po ts d rti sts w i th e a an e an a a

pr ci ous d n i m ti ng li x i r Our n xt g n r ti on
e an a a e . e e e a

wi ll compr h nd th i s e e .
 C H A P TE R VII .

THE DE V ELOP M ENT OF E V IL LOKE AN D .

HIS OFFSPRING .

S TI O N I LO K EC . E .

E h v now m d cqu i nt nc w i th th l i v s
a e a e an a a a e e e

d xplo i ts of th good
an d prop i t i ous d i v i n i
e e an

t i s w i th th s s d v ns But w h t of th vi l ?
e ,
e a a an a . a e e

W h nc com th y d how h v th y b n d v lop d ?

e e e e , an a e e ee e e e

M n y ph i losoph r h puzzl d hi br i n w i th th i s v x d
a a e as e s a e e

qu sti on d th w i s st m i nds
e ,
an st i ll ng g d i d p
e e a re e a e n ee

m d i t ti ons i r g rd to i t It i
e a n d w i ll r m i n
e a . s an e a an

unsolv d probl m But wh t d i d th old Goths d

e e . a e , an

p r ti cul rly our Nors for f th rs th i nk bout th

a a e e a e , a e

d v lopm nt of v i l ? Wh t forms di d i t ssum mong

e e e e a a e a

th m ? How did i t spri g for t h i n tur

e d how d i d n n a e, an

it i mpr ss t h m i nds e d h rts of teh p opl ? Th s an ea e e e e e

ar e q sti ons now to b nsw r d

ue e a e e .

Th r i th
e e Nors mythology two i nd i vi du ls
ar e n e e a

by th n m of Lok Th e a e —
i Utg d Lok h i d ous e . e on e s ar e, e

in hi whol b i ng d hi ch r ct r w sk tch d i
s e e , an s a a e as e e n

th myth bout Thor

e d S k ym
a ( pp 3 1 2 —322 ) h an r er s ee . e

r pr s nts phys i c l d mor l vi l i ll i t n k d lo th

e e e a an a e n a s a e a

so m T h oth r i A
en e ss . Lok f whom th r lso
e e s sa - e, O e e a

h v b n ccounts gi v n t v ri ous ti m s i conn cti on

a e ee a e a a e n e

w i th th prop i ti ous gods ; d i t i of hi m sol ly w

e an s e e ar e

now to sp k th form r b longs wholly to th r c

ea , as e e e e a e

o f g i nts A Lok whom w sh ll h r ft r c ll by hi

a . sa - e, e a e ea e a s

( 3 7 1)
3 72 LO KE .

common n m Lok i th s m v i l pri nci pl i ll i t

a e, e, s e a e e e n a s

v r i ous m n i f st ti ons ; b t h m k s h i pp r nc
a a e a u as e a e s a ea a e

a mo g th gods h r pr s nts vi l i th s ducti v

n e ,
d e e e e e n e e e an

s m i ngly b uti ful form i w hi ch i t gl i d s bo t t hro gh

ee ea n e a u u

t h world
e W find hi m flo wi ng i th v i ns of th
. e n e e e

hum n r c d c ll hi m i or p ssi on In n tur h

a a e an a s n, a . a e e

i th corr pti ng l m nt i
s e i
u fi d w t r In th e e e n a r, re a n a e . e

bow ls of th rth h i th volc n i c fl m i th

e e ea e s e a a e, n e se a

h e pp rsa fi rc s rp nt d i th low r world

ea as a e e e e , an n e e

w r cogn i z hi m
e e p l d th T h s l i k Odi n Lok
e as a e ea . u ,
e ,
e

p rv d s ll n tur A d i no di vi n i ty i i t mor cl
e a e a a e . n n s e e ar

th n i thi s th t th i d proc di ng from th v i si bl

a n , a e ea ee e e

work i ngs of n tur nt r d th h m n h rt d m i nd a e e e e e u a ea an

an d t h r found i t mor l or th i c l r fl ct i on
e e Lok s a e a e e . e

symbol i z s i sh r wdn ss d c i tfuln ss tr ch ry m l

e s n, e e ,
e e e ,
ea e ,
a

ic e, t Lok i i nd d i hi d v lopm nt
e c . e of th
s ee n s e e e on e e

profound st myth s In th b g i nn i ng h w i nti m t ly

e . e e e as a e

conn ct d w i th Od i n th n h b c m n i t d w i th th i
e e ,
e e e a e u e e a r,

an d fin lly h i mp rson t s th d str cti v fi

a e A d i e a e e e u e re . n n

th s ch ng s h k ps grow i ng w rs
e e a e d wors e ee o e an e .

In th b nqu t of [ Eg r h r m i nds Odi n th t th y

e a e e e e a e

in th b gi n i ng of t i m had th i r blood m i x d
e e n Thu e e e . s

th Eld r Edd
e e a :
K LO E

D th m i d O di o ou n ,
n,

Th t w i tim m i g a e n
’
e s o rn n

M i d b l d t g th ! xe oo o e er

Th th p t d d en ou re en e st

T h t th w ld t k d i k a ou n ev e r ou s as a r n

U l it w ff d t b th f n ess as o e re o o o us .

S m n ss of blood symbol i z s s m n ss of m i nd d
a e e e a e e , an

Lok i i th Young r Edd c ll d Odi n s broth r th

e s n e e a a e
’
e , e

un cl of th gods Und r th n m of Lod r or L pt

e e . e e a e e ,
o e r,

Lok took p rt i th cr ti on of m ; h g v th
e a n e ea an e a e e

s ns s th sourc s of v i l d si r s th p ssi ons th fi

e e , e e e e e , e a , e re
3 74 LO KE .

h t d d unst dy i H i son of th gi nt Fa
ea e an ea a r . e s e a r

b ut th t i th
a e, who stri k s th sh i ps th w i nd
a s, e on e e e , e .

Hi moth r i L u f y or N l th form r m n i ng l f
s e s a e , a , e e ea ea

i sl d th l tt r n dl
e , an O k tr s produc l v s
e a d e ee e . a ee e ea e an

p i n s produc n dl s ; both L f y d N l
e e th r ee e au e an a ar e e e

for combusti bl s Hi broth rs

e Byl i t ( dw ll i ng
e . s e ar e e s e

d stroy r r gi ng fl m ) d H lbli d th l tt r b i ng
e e ,
a a e , an e n e, e a e e

a noth r n m for Odi n

e a e .

In th pr vi ous ch pt rs i t h fr qu ntly b n s n
e e a e as e e ee ee

how Lok t i m d g i n ccomp n i d th gods th y

e e an a a a a e e , e

m k i ng
a of hi str ngth u sed cunn i ng ; but i t h s e an as

a lso b n sh own how h ct d i co c rt w i th th

ee e a e n n e e

j otuns d xpos d th gods to v ry gr t p ri ls d

an e e e e ea e an

th n xtri c t d th m g i n by hi tifi
e e a e By Lok s e a a s ar ces . e
’

a dvi c th gods ng g th tifi to bu i ld dw ll i ng

e e e a e e ar c er a e

so w ll forti fi d th t th y should b p rf ctly s f fro m

e e a e e e e a e

th i nc rs i ons of th frost g i nts

e u For th i s th tifi e -
a . e ar c er

is to r c i v Fr yj prov i d i ng h compl t s h i work

e e e e a, e e e s

w i thi n sti p l t d t i m ; b t Lok pr v nt d hi m fro m

a u a e e u e e e e

compl ti ng hi t sk by th b i rth of Sl i pn r Wh n th
e s a e e e . e e

dw rfs f rg th pr c i ous th i ngs for th gods i t i h

a o e e e e , s e

wh br i ngs o bout th t th work l cks p rf ct i on d

a a e a e e ,
an

e v n th h ndl of Thor s m ll t Mj l
e e a b com s too
e
’
a e , o n e r, e e

short ; for v i l i v rywh r pr s nt d m k s th b st

e s e e e e e e an a e e e

th i ngs d f cti v H cuts th h i r of th godd ss S i f d

e e e . e e a e e ,
an

by th i s h m k s w y for th forgi ng of th pr ci ous rti

e a e a e e e a

cl s ; thus vi l oft n i sp i t of i ts lf produc s good

e e e n e e e

r s lts Ex mpl s of th i s bo nd i th h i story of th

e u . a e a u n e e

world Lok gi v s T hj
. opportun i t y to rob Idun
e e as s e an ,

but bri ngs h b c k g i n d th us c us s T hj er a a a an a e ass e s

’

d th H h ng rs t G i d
ea . e d c s s T h or to
u e a e rr o
’
s, an au e

und rt k hi d ng rous journ y ; but h lso looks ft r

e a e s a e e e a a e

T h or s h mm r d ccomp n i s hi m m i d s rv nt t
’
a e , an a a e as a - e a o

g et i t b ck H st ls Fra yj s Br i s i.ng m n d qu r
e ea e a
’
a e , an a
 LO KE . 3 75

r ls w i th H i md l bout i t But hi worst d d i B l

e e a a . s ee s a

d r s d th For th s r sons Lok i i Old Nors

e
’
ea . e e ea e s n e

po try c ll d son of F b t son of L f y son of N ]

e a e : ar au e, au e ,
a ,

broth r of Byl i t broth r of H lbl i d f th r of th

e e s , e e n e, a e e

F nri s wolf f th r of th M i dg rd s rp nt f th r of H l
e -
, a e e a -
e e , a e e ,

uncl of Od i n v i si tor d ch st goods of G i d th i f of

e ,
an e - e rr o ,
e

Bri si ng m n d of Idun s ppl s d f nd r of S i gyn ( hi

a e an
’
a e , e e e s

w i f ) S i f s h i r d stroy r dv i s r of B ld r s b n t
e ,
’
a e e , a e a e
’
a e, e c .

Odi n H n r d Lok ,
oft n tog th r It i
oe e an e a re e e e . s re

l t d th t th y onc t t to xplor th whol world

a e a e e se ou e e e e .

Th y c m to str m d follow d i t nti l th y c m

e a e a ea ,
an e u e a e

to forc ( c sc d ) wh r th r t
a e ott r n r th
a a e e e e e sa an e ea e

forc eIt h d c ght s lmon i th forc

. a d t au a a n e e an sa

h lf sl p i ng t i ng i t T h n Lok pi ck d p ston
a ee ea . e e e u a e

an d thr w i t t th tt r str ck i t i th h d d th n
e a e o e ,
u n e ea an e

bo st d of hi d d f h h d ki ll d or c pt r d both
a e s ee ,
or e a e a u e

th ott r
e d s lmon w i th
e anst n Th y th n took a on e o e . e e

th s lmon
e ad ott r w i th t h m d c m to
an g rd e e an a e a a

( f rm
a
) wh r t h
,
y nt r d t h ho s
e e T h bond e e e e e u e e e,
*

who l i v d th r h i gh t H i dm r
e bl f llow w ll
e e, re a ,
an a e e e

sk i ll d i e crom ncy T h gods sk d for n i ght l d g

n ne a . e a e o

i ngs but ,
dd d th t th y w r suppl i d w i th prov i s
a e a e e e e

i ns ; w h r upon t h y s h ow d w h t th y h d c ught
o e e e e a e a a .

But wh n H i dm r w th ott r h c ll d to hi m h i
e re a sa e e e a e s

sons F fn r d R gi a d told th m th t th i r broth r

e an e n , an e a e e

Odd r ( ott r) h d b n sl i n d who h d don i t

e e a ee a , an a e .

F th r d sons th n tt ck th gods ov rpow r d

a e an e a a e , e e an

b i nd th m d th n i nform th m th t t h ott r w
e , an e e a e e as

Hr i dm r s son T h gods o ff r d r s m for th i r

e a
’
. e e e a an o e

liv s e l rg
,
Hr i dm r hi ms lf wo ld d t rm i n i t ;
as a e as e a e u e e e

th y m d tr ty ccord i ngly co fi m i ng i t w i th o th s
e a e a ea a ,
n r a .

Wh n th ott r th n h d b n fl y d Hr i dm r took
e e e e a ee a e , e a

th e sk i n d d m n d d th t th y sh o ld fill i t w i th
an e a e a e u

sh i n i ng gold d th n p rf ctly cov r i t w i th th s man e e e e e a e .

t P e as an , fa r m e r .
376 LO K E .

Th s w r th t rms of gr m nt Th n Odi n s nt
e e e e e e a ee e . e e

Lok to th hom of th sw rthy lv s ( S t lf h i m )

e e e e a e e var a -
e ,

w h r h m t th dw rf A ndv r ( w ry c uti ous sp i ri t )

e e e e e a a e a , a ,

who l i v d fish i th w t r Lok borrow d R s

e as a ,
n e a e . e e an

ne t d c ugh t h i m
an d d m nd d of hi m
a ,
an e a e , as a r an

som for hi l i f ll th gold h h d i th rock wh re

s e, a e e a n e , e

h d w lt
e A d wh n th y c m i nto th rock th dw r f
e . n e e a e e e a

prod c d ll th gold wh i ch h poss ss d w hi ch w

u e a e e e e , as a

consi d r bl mo nt ; but Lok obs rv d th t th dw rf

e a e a u e e e a e a

conc l d un d r hi m gold ri ng d ord r d hi m

ea e e s ar a , an e e

to gi v i t up T h d w rf pr y d Lok by ll m ns to
e . e a a e e a ea

l t hi m k p i t ; for w h n h k pt t hi s r i ng h s i d
e ee e e e ,
e a ,

h could produc for hi ms lf mor of th m t l from

e e e e e e a

it . But Lok s i d th t h s h o ld t k p so m ch e a a e u no ee u as

a p nny d took the r i ng from hi m d w nt out

e , an ,
an e .

T h n s i d th dw rf th t th t ri g sh o ld b th
e a e a ,
a a n u e e

b n of th p rson who poss ss d i t Lok h d no

a e e e e e . e a

o bj cti on to th i s d s i d th t i ord r th t th i s pur

e ,
an a a ,
n e a

pos sh uld b k pt h sho ld bri ng th s words to th

e o e e , e u e e e

k owl dg of hi m wh sh o ld poss ss i t T h n Lok

n e e o u e . e e

r turn d to Hr i dm r d sh ow d Od i n th gold ; but

e e e a , an e e

wh n th l tt r w th ri ng h tho gh t i t w pr tty ;
e e a e sa e e u as e

h th r for
e t k i ng i t g v Hr i dm r th r st of th
e e e, a , a e e a e e e

gold Hr i dm r th n fill d th ott r sk i n w ll h

. e a e e e e -
as e as e

co ld d t i t down wh n i t w full Th n Odi n w nt

u , an se e as . e e

to cov r th b g w i th gold d ft rw rds b d H id

e e a ,
an a e a a e re

m ar Wh t h r th
s ee b g w p rf ctly cov r d ; but
e e e a as e e e e

Hr i dm r x m i n d d look d c r f lly i v ry pl c
e a e a e , an e a e u n e e a e,

an d found uncov r d h i r n r th mouth wh i ch

an e e a ea e ,

Odi n wo ld h v to cov r or th gr m nt wo ld b
u a e e , e a ee e u e

brok n Th n Od i n produc d th r i g d cov r d th

e . e e e n an e e e

h i r wi th i t d s i d th t th y w h d p i d th ott r
a , an a a e no a a e e

r nsom But w h n Odi n h d t k n hi sp r d Lok

a . e a a e s ea , an e

hi sho s so th t th y h d noth i g mor to f r Lok

s e , a e a n e ea , e
3 78 LO KE .

dug l rg gr v
a a d w nt down i nto i t
e a Wh n F fn r
e an e . e a e

no w cr pt ew y from th gold h p i t poi son but thi s

a a e e S ,

fl w ov r S i g d h d d F fn r p ss d ov r th ’
e e ur s ea ,
an as a e a e e e

gr v S i g rd p i rc d hi m wi th hi sword to th h rt
a e u e e s e ea .

F fn r tr mbl d conv lsi v ly d fi rc ly shook hi

a e e e u e , an e e s

h d d t i l S i gurd spr ng t of th gr v wh n
ea an a . a ou e a e e

th y e w sach oth r T h
ea c nv rs t i on t k s pl c e . en a o e a a e a e

b tw n th m i wh i ch F fn r h ps c rs s upon S i g rd
e ee e ,
n a e ea u e u

unti l th f rm r xp i r s B gi h d gon w y wh i le
e o e e e . e n a e a a

Si gurd k i ll d F fn r b t c m b ck wh i l S i gurd w
e a e ,
u a e a e as

Wi p i ng t h blood ff th sw rd
e o e o .

R E G IN 2

Ha i l to th ee n ow , S i g ur d!
N ow th ou ha s t vic or t y w on
An d Ff a ner l
s ain .

Am o n g a ll m en who t d re a th e ear th
Mos t fe a r l ess

Ip l ro c ai m th ee to b e born .

S IG U R D 2

Un c e r t ai n i t i s to k now ,

When we al l c om e t o t
g e h e r,
S on s o f v i c ori ou st g o d s,

Who w a s bo rn m o s t fe a r l ess ;
Man y a m a n i s b ra v e
W ho s t i ll d oes not th t ru s th e b ld
a e

I t n o a no th er m an
’
s b t re a s .

R E G IN

G l d t th
a w S ig
ar d ou no ,
ur ,

G l d f thy
a i t y o v c or ,

A ths w ip t G m
ou th g es ra on e ras s .

Th h t m y
ou as

B thro w dd er oun e ,

L t m y lf h
e m h th
se ave so e s a re e re i n .

S I G UR D

It w th w h as ou o c a us e d
T h t I h ld i d
a s ou r e
 LO KE . 3 79

t ty
Hi h e r o v e r f ro s m oun ti ; a ns

lt l
Hi s w e a h a n d i fe
W ld t h p tt d
ou k ti ll p
e s o e sna e s ossess,

H d t th
a s t i t d m t fi gh t
ou no ex c e e o .

Th n w nt B gi to F fn r d cut th h rt out
e e e n a e an e ea

of hi m w i th th sword c ll d R i d l
e d ft rw rd a e e , an a e a s

dr nk the blood from th wound H s i d

a e . e a

S it d w w S ig
o d!n no , ur

I w i ll g t l p o o s ee :

H ld F f
o h t by t h fi
a ner s
’
ear e re .

S huc p t a re as

W i ll I p t k f ar a e o

A ft th i d i k f b l d
er s r n o oo .

S I G UR D :

Th di d t b t thy l f
ou s a se n se

Wh I i F f en bl d n a ner s
’
oo

M y h p bl d s ti d
ar a e s a ne .

I t m y t g th
se s ren

Ag i t t h p w
a ns f th d e o er o e ra
g on
Wh i l t h d i d t l i i th
e ou s e n e hea h t .

B E G IN

Lo n g w o u ld t th s ou

Ha v e l e t t h e o ld

T ll li i th h th
ro e n e ea ,

H d t th
a t
s d ou no use

Th w d whi h I m d
e s or c a e,

Th y h p d bl d
s ar en e a e .

S IG UR D

Co u r a g e i s b e tt er

Th an s w or d t g th
-
s ren

Whe re an g y m
r m t fi g ht ; en
.
us

Fo r t h e b ra v e m a n
I lw y
a wi a s see n

V i t y w i th d ll bl d
c or a u a e .

It i b tt f th b
s e er or e rav e m an
T h f th w d
an or e co ar

T j i
o i th b ttl
o n n e a e

It i b tt f th g l d
,

s e er or e a
3 80 LO KE .

Th an fo r t h e s o rro w i n g

t In all ci rcum s a n ce s .

S i gurd took F fn r s h rt put i t on spi t da e

’
ea , a an

ro st d i t ; but wh n h thought i t mus t b ro st d

a e e e e a e

enough d wh n th ju i c ooz d out of th h rt h

, an e e e e e ea , e

f lt of i t wi th hi fing rs to wh th r i t w w ll don
e s e see e e as e e .

H burn d h i ms lf
e e d put h i fing r i nto hi mouth but
e , an s e s ,

wh n th blood of F fn r s h r t touch d hi tongu h

e e a e
’
ea e s e e

und rstood th song of b i rds H h rd b i rds si ng i ng i

e e . e ea n

th bush s
e d s v n b i rds s g
e ,
an estroph ch t lk i ng
e an a e ea , a

abou t how R g i n m i ght v ng hi broth r k i ll S i g rd

e a e e s e ,
u ,

an d poss ss th tr sur e lon wh n S i gurd fin lly s ys

e ea e a e, e a a :

N t i l t o so v o en

W i ll f t b t h t R g i a e e, a e n

S h ll m y d th a a n n o un c e ea

F h ll b t h or s o on s a o

B th g ro e rs o

He n c e to He l .

An d h e cut
h d ff R gi n t ft rw rds F fn r s
th e ea o e ,
a e a e a a e
’

h rt d dr nk both hi
ea , an d B g i n s blood
a Th n s an e
’
. e

S i gurd h rd th b i rds s i ng
ea e

S i g d ! g th ur a er

G ld i g o en r n s ;
It i yl s not ro a

T b m th d by f o e s o e re e ar .

I k w m id no a a

F i th l l a re r an a

E d w d w i t h g ld n o e o ,

If t h ld t b t g h ou co u s u et er .

T o G j uk e l i e
G reen p th
a s,

F t o r un e be c k ons

T h e w an d e r e rs fo r w a r d;
Th e re a ki g
fa m o u s n

Ha s f t d d ght
o s e re a au e r,

He r th S i g d m t
ou, ur ,
us win .
 LO K E s
’
CH LD R E N I .

c h r ct r to b s ti sfi d
a a e e a e an d pl s d wi th
ea e t he curs e

a tt ch d to th ri ng
a e e .
*

I II LO K E S CH I LD R EN THE F EN R I S WO LF
S E CT O N .
’
.
-
.

Lok s w i f w S i gyn th i r son w N r or N f

e
’
e as e as a e a r e,

an d broth r of hi m w Al ( O l ) or V l
a e as e e a e .

W i th th h g A ng rbod Lok h d thr ch i ldr n

e a ,
e a, e a ee e .

A g b d w
n er gi nt ss of J tu h i m d h
o e as a m a e o n e , an er na e

m ns ngu i sh bodi ng T h chi ldr n s n m s F

ea a - . e e
’
a e ar e e n re r

or F nri s wolf th M i dg rd s rp nt c ll d J m u g d
e -
, e a -
e e a e or n an e r,

an d H l T h gods w r not long i gnor nt th t th s

e . e e e a a e e

monst rs conti nu d to b br d up i Jotunh i m d

e e e e n e ,
an ,

h vi ng h d r cours to di v i n ti on b c m w r of ll
a a e e a , e a e a a e a

th e ev i ls th y would h v to s ff r from th m ; th t th y
e a e u e e a e

w r sprung from such b d moth r w

e e b d om n a a e as a a e ,

an d from such f th r sti ll wors Allf th ( Odi n )

a a e , on e e . a er

th r for d m d i t dv i s bl to s nd th g ds to bri ng
e e e ee e a a e e e o

th m to hi m W h n th y c m h th r w th s rp nt
e . e e a e, e e e e e

i nto t h t d p oc n by wh i ch t h
a ee rth i nc i rcl d But
ea e ea s e e .

th mons t r h
e grown to suc h
e normous si z th t
as an e e, a

hold i ng hi t i l i hi mouth h ngi rdl s th whol

s a n s e e e e e

ea rth H l h c st h dlong i nto N i flh i m d g v h

. e e a ea e ,
an a e er

pow r ov r n i n worlds ( r g i ons ) i nto wh i ch h d i

e e e e , s e s

tr i but s thos who e s nt to h eth t i to y ll who a re e e r, a s sa , a

d i through s i ckn ss or old g

e H r h poss ss s e a e . e e s e e e a

h bi t ti on prot ct d by xc di ngly h i gh w lls d

a a e e e ee a an

strongly b rr d g t s H h ll i c ll d El i d ( pl c
-
a e a e . er a s a e v n er a e

of storm ) ; hung r i h t bl ; st rv ti on h kn i f e s er a e a a , er e
'

d l y h m s rv nt ; slown ss h m i d s rv nt ;
e a , er an - e a e , er a -
e a

pr c i p i c h thr sh old ; c r h b d ; d burn i n g

e e, er e a e, er e an

a ngu i sh forms th h ng i ngs of h p rtm nts Th e a er a a e . e

To wi d th
a n y on e t p
wh o th ld
sh e s to re a i s g re a e i c of th e N or we w ou
t lt
,

mm
re c o d V en th e i M
'

u
els un g a S W ll m aga ra n s a e d b y Ei r k r ag n s s on an d i ia
M o rri s L d . pon on , 1 87 2 . S ee . 14 .
 TH E F EN R S I -
WO L F . 83

one h lf of h body i l i v i d th oth r h lf th color of

a er s ,
e e a e

hum n fl sh S h m y th r for s i ly b r cogn i z d ;

a e . e a e e e ea e e e

th e mor so h he d r df lly st rnas d gr i m

s e as a ea u e an

count n nc e a e .

T h wolf F e w br d up mong th gods but

e n rer as e a e ,

Tyr lon h d cour g no gh to go d f d hi m

a e a a e e u an ee .

N v rth l ss wh n th gods p rc i v d th t h v ry d y
e e e e ,
e e e e e a e e e a

i ncr s d prod i g i sly i s i z

ea e d th t th or cl s w rn d
ou n e, an a e a e a e

th m t h t h wo ld
e a d y b com f t l to th m th y
e u on e a e e a a e , e

d t rm i n d to m k
e e e v ry s trong i ron ch i n for hi m a e a e a ,

wh i ch th y c ll d L di ng T k i ng th i s f tt r to th
e a e e . a e e e

wolf th y r qu st d hi m to try hi str ngth on i t F

,
e e e e s e . en

re r, p rc i i ng th t th nt rpri s wo ld not b v ry
e e v a e e e e u e e

d i ffic l t for hi m l t th m do wh t th y pl s d p rm i tt d
u ,
e e a e ea e , e e

h i ms lf to b bound d th n by gr t muscul r x rti on

e e , an e ea a e e

burs t th ch i n d t hi ms lf t l i b rty T h gods

e a an se e a e . e

h i ng s n th i s m d noth r c h i n twi c
av ee strong
, a e a e a , e as

as t h form r
e d t h i s t h y c ll d Drom
e , Th y p
an e a e e . e re

v i l d on th wolf to p t i t on ss ri ng hi m th t by
a e e u , a u a ,

br ki g th i s h wo ld gi v
ea n i ncont st i bl proof of
, e u e an e e

hi s str gth ; i t would b gr t honor to hi m i f so

en e a ea

gr t ch i n could not hold hi m

ea a a .

T h wolf e w w ll no gh t h t i t would not b so

sa e e u a e

ea sy to br k th i s f tt r but find i ng t th s m t i m
ea e e , a e a e e

th t hi str ngth h d i ncr s d si nc h brok L d i ng

a s e a ea e e e e e ,

an d thi nk i ng th t h could n v r b com f mous w i th a e e e e e a

out runn i ng som ri sk h volunt r ily subm i tt d to b e ,

e a e e

ch i n d Wh n th gods told hi m th t th y h d fi i sh d
a e . e e a e a n e

th i r t sk F
e a shook h i ms lf v i ol ntly str tch d hi
, e n re r e e , e e s

l i mbs roll d on th ground d t l s t burst hi ch i ns

, e e ,
an a a s a ,

wh i ch fl w i p i c s ll round hi m H thus fr d
e n e e a a . e ee

h i ms lf from Drom
e From t h t t i m w h v th e . a e e a e e

p rov rbs to g t loos out of L d i ng or to d sh out of

e , e e e , a
3 84 TH E F EN R S I -
W O LF .

Drom wh e, nyth i ng i to b ccompl i sh d by pow

en a s e a e

er uf l fforts e .

A ft r th i s th gods d sp i r d of v r b i ng bl to
e e e a e e e e a e

b i nd th wolf ; w h r for Od i n s nt S ki
e th m e e e e r n e r, e es

s ng r of Fr y down to th bod of th d rk lv s
e e e , e a e e a e e

( S t lf
v ar a —
h i m ) to ng g c rt
e i n dw rfs to, m k t h e a e e a a a e e

ch i n c ll d G l i p
a a It w m d e t of i eth i ngs n er . as a e ou s x ,

n m ly th no i s m d by th footst p of
a e ,
e t th e a e e e a ca , e

hear d of wom n th roots of th mount i ns th

a a , e e a , e

si n ws of th b r th br th of th fi h d th
e e ea ,
e ea e s , an e

spi ttl of b i rds ( th n m r t i on of th s thi ngs pro

e e e u e a e e

duc s ll i t r ti on i Ic l ndi c ) A d lth ough you s ys

e a e a n e a . n a , a

he who r l t s thi s i th Young r Edd m y not

e a e n e e a, a

h v h rd of th s t hi gs b for you m y si ly con

a e ea e e n e e, a ea

v i nc yo rs lf th t I h v t b n t ll i ng you l i s
‘

e u e a a e no ee e e .

You m y h v obs rv d th t wom n h no b rd

a a e e e a a as ea ,

th t t m k no noi s wh n th y run d th t th r
a ea s a e e e e , an a e e

ar e no roots und r th mo nt i ns ; but i t i the e u a s n e ve r e

l ss non th l ss tru wh t I h v r l t d l th ough

e e e e e a a e e a e , a

th r m y b som th i gs th t you
e e a e not bl to e n a are a e

furn i sh proof of .

How w th i s ch i n sm i thi d ? It w p rf ctly

as a e as e e

smooth d soft l ik s i lk n stri ng d y t

an w e a e , an e , as e

sh ll pr s ntly
a v ry firm d stro g W h n th i s
e e s ee, e an n . e

f tt r w bro ght to th gods th y w r profus i

e e as u e ,
e e e e n

th i r th nks to S ki
e for th troubl h h d gi v n
a rn e r e e e a e

h i ms lf d for h vi ng don hi rr nd so w ll d t k
e an a e s e a e , an a

i g th wolf w i th t h m th y proc d d to
n e l k c ll d e e ee e a a e a e

Am t to holm ( rocky i sl nd ) wh i ch i c ll d
s v ar n e r , a a s a e

Ly g n Th y show d th stri ng to th wolf d

ve . e e e e , an ex

pr ss d th i r w i sh th t h would try to br k i t t th
e e e a e ea , a e

s m t i m ssuri ng hi m th t i t w som wh t strong r

a e e a a as e a e

th n i t th i nn ss would w rr nt p rson i suppos i g

a s e a a a e n n

i t to b T h y took i t th ms l s
e . ft r noth r i
e e e ve one a e a e n
38 6 T HE F EN R S I -
W O LF .

th e rth ; ft rw rds to m k i t sti ll mor s cur th y

ea a e a , a e e e e, e

f st n d th d of th cord to noth r m ssi v ston

a e e e en e a e a e e

c ll d T h i t wh i ch th y s nk sti ll d p r T h wolf
a e v e, e a ee e . e

m d i v i n th most v i ol nt fforts to br k loos

a e n a e e e ea e,

an d p n i ng hi tr m ndous j ws d turn i n g i v ry
, O e s e e a , an n e e

possi bl d i r cti on nd vor d to bi t th gods Th y

e e , e ea e e e . e ,

s i ng thi s thrust sword i nto hi mouth w i th i n hi

ee , a s s

outstr tch d j ws so th t th h i lt stood i h i low r j w

e e a , a e n s e a

an d th po i nt i th roof of th
e mouth ; d thi s i sn e e an

c ll d hi p l t sp r
a e s H howls horri bly
a a e- a e ,

an d th fo m flows cont i nu lly from h i mouth i such

e a a s n

a bund nc th t i t forms the ri v r c ll d V on ; from

a e a e a e

wh i ch th wolf i lso som ti m s c ll d V

e
g d s a e e a e o n ar an er .

Th r h w i ll r m i n unti l R gn rok th Tw i l i ght of

e e e e a a a , e

th gods e But why d i d not th gods sl y th wolf wh

. e a e , en

th y h v so much v i l to f r from hi m ? B c aus

e a e e ea e e

th y h d so much r sp ct for th s ncti ty of th i r

e a e e e a e

p c st ds th t th y would not st i n th m w i th th
ea e - ea a e a e e

blood of th wolf ltho ugh proph ci s for told to th m

e , a e e e e

th t h must
a ed y b com th b n of Od i n on e a e e e a e .

Th F nr i s wolf i th
e rthly fi ch i d by m
e -
s e ea re a ne an ,

e xc d ingly f roc i ous wh n l t l

ee h e b n t e e
‘

o o se, as as ee er

r i bly i llustr t d by our r c nt fir s i Ch i c go d h

a e e e e n a an er

s i st r c i ty Boston ;
e d vouri ng wolf i t tt cks d as a e a a an

l i cks up th dw ll i ngs of m it i s id i
e th l y e en , as s a n e a

of H kon aa

F f lly f e ar u ar e s

Th F i w lf e enr s- o

O h fi ld f m ver t e e s o en

Wh h i l d en e s oo s e .

Onc i t sh ll w i th i t upp r j w r ch i ng to th
e a , s e a ea e

h v ns d w i th th low r j w on th rth dv nc
ea e an e e a e ea , a a e

wi t h t rror d d struct i on
e d d stroy th fi
an d e ,
an e e re an

fl m of h v n Od i n ( th sun ) A t pr s nt i t i f t
a e ea e , e . e e s e
 THE I
M D G A R D -S E RP E N T H EL . 387

t e re don th i sl nd wh r gr v i dug d furn c

e a ,
e e a a e s an a a e

i bu i lt of ston w i th th dr ft ( mouth ) p rt i lly b rr d

s e, e a a a a e ,

so th t th fi i surround d by th i gs wh i ch pr v nt
a e re s e n e e

i t spr d i ng
s It i m n g d d controll d by m
ea . s a a e an e en

for th i r dv nt g e d i t i so us ful th t no
a a wo ld a e, a n s e a on e u

th i nk of nt i r ly d stroy i ng i t (k i ll i ng i t)
e e e .

S EC TI O N III . J O R M U N D G A N D E R, O R T HE I
M DG A RD
T S ER P EN .

Th Mi dg rd or world s rp nt w h v lr dy b
e a -
e e e a e a ea e

com tol r bly w ll cqu i nt d w i th d r cogn i z i

e e a e a a e , an e e n

h i m th w i ld tumultu us
e T h or cont nd d w i th o s ea . e e

hi m ; h got hi m on hi hook but d i d not succ d i

e s , ee n

ki ll i ng hi m W lso r m mb r how Thor tri d to l i ft

. e a e e e e

hi m i th form of
n t Th e North bounds i n a ca . e a

stori s bout th e s rp nt wh i ch
a oth i g but e se a - e e , ar e n n

v ri t i ons of th ori gi n l myth of th Edd s Od i n

a a e a e a .

c st hi m i nto th
a wh r h sh ll r m i n unti l h e s e a, e e e a e a e

i conqu r d by Thor i
s R gn rok
e e n a a .

TI O N I V H EL S EC . .

T h godd ss or g i nt ss (i t i d i fficult to d c i d wh t
e e , a e s e e a

to c ll h ) H l i s p i nt d w i th v i v i d colors S h rul s
a er , e , a e . e e

ov r n i n worlds i N i flh i m wh r h dw lls und r

e e n e , e e s e e e

on e of th roots of Ygdr si l H hom i c ll d H l

e a . er e s a e e

h i m T h w y th i th r H l w y i long H rmod tr v
e . e a e ,
e -
a , s . e a

l d it i
e e in d ys d n i n n i ghts Its cours i s
n n e a an e . e

alw ys do wnw rd d northw rd H dw ll i ng i sur

a a an a . er e s

rou d d by f c or i nclosur w i th
n e a or mor l rge
en e e on e e a

g t s Gloomy ri v rs flow through h world O of

a e . e er . ne

th s str ms i c ll d Sl i d wh i ch ri s s i th s t d
e e ea s a e , e n e ea an

flows w stw rd through v ll ys of v nom d i full f

e a a e e , an s o

mud d swords A dog st nds outsi d of c v ( G i p

an . a e a a e n a

h l li )
e Wi th blood st i n d br s t d loud howl i ng
r .
-
a e ea an
 88 H EL .

th i s dog c m from H l to m t Od i wh n th l tt
a e e ee n, e e a er

rod down to w k th
e l who l y buri d i h a e e v a a, a e n er

gr v mound st of th H l g t
a e- ead to i nq i r bout e e -
a e, an u e a

t h f t of B ld r
e a e Horri bl i th com i ng of H l for
a e . e s e e ,

s h b i nds th dy i ng m
e w i th strong ch i ns th t c nnot
e an a a a

b brok n
e A ngu i sh gn ws h i h rt
e . d v ry v n i ng a s ea , an e e e e

H l s m i ds com
e
’
d i nv i t hi m
a Th s m i ds
e lsan e . e e a are a o

r pr s nt d d d wom n who com i th n i ght d

e e e e as ea e , e n e an

i nv i t hi m who i dy i ng to th i r b nch s
e A d to t h
s e e e . n e

v i si on of th dyi ng m op ns horri bl gloomy world

e an e a e,

of fog ; h s s th sun th g nu i n st r of d y si nk
e ee e , e e e a a ,

an d d i s pp r w hi l h a on th oth r h nd h rs th
ea , e e, e e a , ea e

g t of H l h rshly gr t on i t h i ng s op n i g t
a e e a a e s e , e n o

r c i v hi m H l c i v s ll th t di of s i ckn ss or old
e e e . e re e e a a e e

a g e But
. i t ls s ms th t oth rsaboth good
o d v i
eel a e , an e ,

com th r ; for B ld r w know c m to H l ft r h

e e e a e e a e e , a e e

h d b n sl i n by Hod r
a ee A d S i gurd who w r m m
a e . n , e e e

b er sl w F fn r w ft rw rds ss ssi n t d by G nn r
e a e ,
as a e a a a a e u a

an d w nt to H l ; e d th i th r w nt lso Brynh i ld i
e an e e a ,
n

h er b uti ful ea ft r h h d b n b rn d on hc a r, a e s e a ee u e er

f n r l p i l H l s comp ny i l rg but h h dw ll
u e a e . e
’
a s a e, s e as e

i ngs nough for ll ; for h

e r g i ons xt nd w i d ly d
a er e e e e , an

h er plcs t rri bly h i gh d h v l rg g t s Of

a a e a re e an a e a e a e .

co rs i t i ll sh dows but i t h th pp r nc of
u e s a a , as e a ea a e

r l i ty
ea .

For B ld a e r,
Th d td t e e cora e sea s

W t w w i th i g ere s re n r n s ;
Th l dly h e or co u c

W d i t i h g ld as ra an w t o ,

A d h p m d n t e ur e ea

W b w d f hi m as re e or .

But th r s ms to h v b n pl c e e ee t si d a e ee a a e se a e

down i th d p st byss of H l for th w i ck d ;

n e ee e a e e e

it i s i d th t th vi l w nt to H l d th nc
s a a e e e e , an e e
3 90 TH E N O R S EM E N
’
S I D EA or D EAT H .

broom d th r , an e e al l p ri sh d
e e , an d th e p ri sh s w r
a e e e

s w p t cl
e n ea .

S E CT O N I v . TH E H O RS E M E N
’
S I D EA or D EA TH .
*

T heNors myth ology sh ows th t our nc stors h d

e a a e a

a d ply root d b l i f i th i mmort l i ty of th soul

ee - e e e n e a e .

Th y b l i v d i st t of r tri bu ti on b y nd th gr v
e e e e n a a e e e o e a e .

Th d i ssol t i n of th bo d y w typ i fi d by B ld r s
e u o e as e a e
’

d thea d l ik
,
th
an l tt r i t w r s lt of Lok s
e e a e as a e u e
’

m l i gn i ty just
a th d v i l broug h t d th upon A d m
, as e e ea a

an d E d through t h m upon l l m nk i nd
v e, an e a a .

But wh i l w find th b l i f i th i mp ri sh bl n s
e e e e e n e e a e e s

of th soul firmly st bl i sh d th i d s r g rd i ng th
e e a e , e ea e a e

st t of x i st nc ft r d th w r som wh t u ns ttl d
a e e e e a e ea e e e a e e .

W e soon to pr s nt th Edd i c doctri n s of futur

ar e e e e a e e

l i f but i conn ct i on w i th H l i t s ms prop r to gi v

e, n e e ee e e

som fur th r xpl n ti on of th i d s th t our for

e e e a a e ea a e

f th rs nt rt i n d f d th H l s g t i op n
a e e e a e o ea . e
’
a e s e , or

j r s i d th old Goth s wh n t h sh d s of d th w nt
a a , a e , e e a e ea e

out thro gh th d rkn ss of n i ght d t rri fi d ll ;

u e a e an e e a

but i t i lso op n to r c i v th c hi ld w i th rosy ch k

s a e e e e e ee s

as w ll th m w i th ho ry locks d tr mbl i ng g i t
e as e an a an e a .

T h f tur st t w e r g rd d
u conti nu ti on of
e a e as e a e as a a

our rthly x i st nc Thi s i prov d by th custom so

ea e e e . s e e

pr v l nt mo g th Nors m n of supplyi ng th d d
e a e a n e e e e ea

w i th th b st p rt of th i r prop rty d th first

e e a i e e an e n e c e ss

ti s f l i f A co i n w p t und r th d d m n s tong
e o e . as u e e ea a
’
u e,

th t h m i ght b bl to d fr y h i first xp ns s wi th
a e e a e e a s e e e

i t on h i w y to h i fin l bod s Of cours t h d d
a s a a e . e e ea

w nt i th r to Od i n or to H ] but th r l ti on b tw n
e e e e , e e a e ee

V lh l
a d H l h i m pr s nt d d i fficult i s wh i c h th
a an e e e e e e e

m
For m pl t da th
o re j t co d d e e i s cus s i o n of is s ub e c th e rea er is r e f e rr e

to K e y s e r s R eli g i on
f
’
m t ltd l o the N or th en ra n s a e b y B arc ay P en n o c k N ew

k
.

Yo r , 1 854 .
 T H E N O R S E M EN
’
S I D EA or D EA H T . 391

Nors m n strov i v ri ous w ys to solv It w s i d

e e e n a a e . as a

th t th y who
a sl i n i b ttl go to Od i n i V lh l
e are a n a e n a a ,

wh i l thos who di of s i ckn ss or old g go to H l

e e e e a e e

i H lh i m
n But ccord i ng to th i s i t would b th k i nd
e e . a e e

of d th lon wh i ch d c i d d th soul s f tur st t ;

ea a e e e e
’
u e a e

only thos who f ll by w pons would sc nd to th

e e ea a e e

gl d bod s of h v wh i l ll wh d i of si ckn ss
a a e ea en , e a o e e

would h v to w nd r w y to th d r k world of th
a e a e a a e a e

abyss d th r
,
w r p opl i whos y s noth i ng
an e e e e e e n e e e

exc pt w rl i k d ds w pr i s worthy But th Od i n i c

e a e ee as a e . e

mythology t k n wh l pr s nts di ff r nt v i w
, a e as a o e, e e a e e e ,

although i t must b dm i tt d h b for r p t dl y e a e , as as e e e ea e

b n st t d th t br v ry w
ee a e c rdi n l v i rtu mong
, a a e as a a a e a

our Nors nc stors e a e .

W r m mb r from pr v i ous ch pt r i thi s book

e e e e ,
a e a e n ,

th t th sp i ri t or soul of m w
a e g i ft of Odi n wh i l an as a , e

th body blood d xt rn l b uty w r

e , g i ft of an e e a ea e e a

Lod r who ft rw rds s p r t d from th tri n i ty of

e , a e a e a a e e

Od i n H n r d Lod r d b c m th m i sch i vous

, oe e an e an e a e e e

Lok T h us th so l b long d to th sp i ri t world or

e . e u e e e -
,

H v n d th body to th m t ri l world to th D p
ea e , an e e a e a , e ee .

T h two soule d body w r jo i n d tog th r i

, th i s
an , e e e e e n

ea rthly l i f but t i t clos th y w r s p r t d d ch

e, a s e e e e e a a e , an ea

r turn d to i t ori gi n l sourc T h soul w i th i t mor

e e s a e . e , s e

r fin d bod ily f rm i wh i ch i t w thought to b

e e o n as e en

l p d w nt to th hom of th gods wh i l t h body

ve o e , e e e e , e e ,

w i th th gross r m t ri l l i f wh i ch w conc v d to
e e a e a e, as ei e

b i ns p r bl from i t w nt to th
e e a a bod s of H l to b
e , e e a e e e

com th pr y of Lok s d ugh t r T h us m n s b i ng

e e e e
’
a e . a
’
e

w asd i v i d d b tw n Od i n d H l Od i n whos ch i f
e e ee an e .
,
e e

ch r ct ri sti c w g d f w s ms to h v cl i m d hi
a a e as o o ar, ee a e a e s

sh r ch i fly from thos who f ll i b ttl ; d th i s

a e e e e n a e an

prob bly m y sugg st to

a som r son why B ld r
a e us e ea a e

w nt to H l
e B ld r i not fighti ng god h only e . a e s a ,
e
3 92 T H E N O RS EM E N S
’
ID EA or D EA TH .

sh i n s conf rri n g numb rl ss bl ssi ngs on m nk i nd

e , e e e e a ,

an d d th fin lly st ls upon hi m
ea a Odi n s ms not t ea . ee o

h v m c h n d of hi l i k T hus d th by rms c m
a e u ee s e . ea a a e

to b consi d r d h ppy l t by th z lous follow rs

‘

e e e a a o , e ea e

of th f i th for i t w s proof of Odi n s f vor sm i l

e a sa -
a ,
a
‘

a
’
a

i g upon th m
n H who f ll by rms w e . c ll d by e e a as a e

Odi n to h i ms lf b for H l l i d cl i m to h sh r of
e , e e e a a er a e

h i b i ng ; h w Od i n s chos n son who w i th longi g ’

s e e as e , n

w as w i t d i V lh l th t h i th r nks of th
a a e n a a ,
a e, n e a e

i h j
e n m i ght ssi st d sust i n th gods i th i r l st
e r e s, a an a e n e a

b ttl i R gn rok In ccord nc w i th thi s th ory

a e, n a a . a a e e

w find i
e th nc i nt song of pr i s to th f ll n k i ng
n e a e a e e a e

Eri k Blood th t S i gmund sks Odi n th i s qu s ti on

-
ax , a a e :

W hy t h h i m t h f th sna c en, a e r,

F m f t d gl y ? ro or un e a n or

Why l hi m th not e av e ra er

T fill p hi t y o u s s or

O i t y d? ’
n v c or s roa

O D IN

Be cau s e no m an k now s

W he n gra y wo f l *
so g or y
Hi s g r i s ly m aw sho w s

In A s g a r d s
’
a bo d e ;
T h e r e fo r e O di n ca ll s

An d Eri k fa i n f a ll s

ll w h i l i g l d T o fo o s e e or

A d fight f hi g d n or s o .

By th i s Od i n m ns to y w do not know wh n ea sa , e e

th F nr i s wolf m y com
e e -
d th r for w m y n d a e, an e e e e a ee

Er i k s ssi st nc In th s m s ns th v lkyri i
’
a a e . e a e e e e a e s

m d by Eyv i nd S k l d pi ll i Hak m al to y
a e a es e r, n o n ar , sa

N ow a r e s tr e ng then ed the hos t o f the g od s ,

S ince th y e k
h a v e Ha a on

An d h i s va li t m y an ar

Ho m e to th m l be se ves rou g h t .

T he F e n r i s -w o lf .
3 94 T H E N O R S EM E N
’
S I D EA or D EA TH .

an d Egi l S k ll g i m l m nti ng th d th of hi
a a r s on , a e e ea s

d rown d son knows th t t h son h

e co m to th hom
, a e as e e e

of th gods ( G dh i m ) wh i l of h i ms lf h s ys th t
e u e r , e e e a a

h f rl ssly w i ts th com i ng of H l
e ea e a a e e .

Of N n w r d th t h w nt w i th h husb n d
a na e ea a s e e er a ,

B ld r to H l but t h souls of nobl wom n w r b

a e , e e e e e e e

li e ved to go to h v n ft r d th Th r th y found ea e a e ea . e e e an

a bod w i th Fr yj
e d th sp i r i ts of m i d ns w i th G f
e a, an e a e e

jun Wh n i t i s i d th t Fr yj sh r s th sl i n wi th
. e s a a e a a e e a

Od i n i t m y b suppos d to m n th t th sl i n who i
, a e e ea a e a , n

l i f h d lov d w i v s w r un i t d to th m g i n w i th
e a e e , e e e e a a

Fr yj e a .

On th oth r h d i t w e c rt i nly b l i v d th t
e an ,
as as e a e e e a

bl sph my d b s n ss m i ght shut out v n th br v st

a e an a e e e e e a e

from V l h l In th S g of Burnt Nj l H kon J rl

a a . e a a a , a a

sa ys of th bold but w i ck d H p who h d s duc d hi

e e ra , a e e s

b n f ctor s d ught r d burn d t mpl T h m

e e a
’
a e an e a e e : e an

who d i d th i s sh ll b b n i sh d from V lh l d n v r a e a e a a an e e

com thi th r e e .

Th r d r m y th i nk th t th st t m nts h r p
e ea e a a e a e e e e re

s nt d show som i nconsi st ncy i th th ory d pl

e e e e n e e an an

of s lv ti on ccord i ng to th doctr i n s of th Nors

a a a e e e e

m yt h ology W dm i t th t th r . m to b som i e a a e e s ee s e e n con

si st ncy but l t us k i not th i s ch rg lso fr qu ntly

e , e as , s a e a e e

m d a g i nst th Scri ptur s ? Is not th church on th i

e a a e e e , s

v ry qu sti on of th pl n of s lv ti on di v i d d i nto tw
e e e a a a , e o

gr t p rti s th
ea ai ns i st i ng on f i th
e , d th oth r on
e on e a an e e

works ? T h p rty quoti g d r quot i g P ul i

e on e a n an e n a , n

hi s p i stl to th Rom ns ( iii

e e wh r h s ys th t e a ,
e e e a ,
a

m an i just i fi ed by f i th w i th out th d ds of th l w ;
s a e ee e a

d th oth r pp l i ng to J m s p i stl (i i wh r ’
an e e a ea a e e e , e e

h s ys th t by works
e a , m i just i fi d
a d not by f i th a an s e , an a

only A d th most m i n nt d i v i n s h v found h

. n as e e e e a e ar

mony i th pri nci pl s of th Mos i c Chri sti n r l igi on

n e e e a -
a e
 TH E N O R S E M E N S
’
I D EA or D EA TH . 3 95

as l i d down i th Scri ptur s so w v ntur to ss rt

a n e e , e e e a e

th t profound study of t h Od i n i c mythology w i ll

a a e

e n bl th stud nt to l i c i t subl i m h rmony i i t

a e e e e a e a n s

doctri n s d pri nc i pl s e an e .

T h str i ct construct i on of th
e doctri n pp rs e a s a- e a ea

to b th i s th t lthough m i th i nt rm d i t st t
e , a a an n e e e a e a e,

b tw n d th d R gn rok w d i v i d d b tw n Od i n
e ee ea an a a , as e e ee

an d H l y t ch on s h r of hi b i ng ft r d th
e , e ea e
’
S a e s e , a e ea ,

w as gr t r or l ss ccord i ng to th l i f h h d l i v d
ea e e a e e e a e .

T h sp i r i t of th v i rtuous
e d th br v h d th pow e an e a e a e er

to b r up to h v n w i th i t ft r d th th b tt r p rt
ea ea e a e ea e e e a

of i t corpor l b i ng d H l obt i n d only th dust

s ea e , an e a e e .

But h whos p i ri t by wi ck dn ss d b s s su l lus t

e e S , e e an a e, en a

w as dr wn w y from h v n b c m i ll hi b i ng
a a a ea e , e a e n a s e

th pr y of H l
e e Hi soul w not strong nough to
e . s as e

mount fr ly up to th c l sti l bod s of th gods but

ee e e e a a e e ,

w as dr wn down i nto th byss by th dust w i th wh i ch

a e a e

i t h d v r b n clogg d
a e P rh ps th r pr s nt ti on of
e ee e . e a e e e e a

H l e b i g h lf wh i t d h lf p l blu h d i t ori g i n
as e n a e an a a e- e a s

in th i s thought th t to th good d th app r d , a e , ea ea e as a

bri ght ( wh i t ) godd ss of d l i v r nc but to th wi k d

e e e e a e, e c e ,

as a d rk d pun i sh i ng d i ty
a an e .

Wh n th drown d c m to th h lls of R th
e e e a e e a an , e

se a -
godd ss took th p rt of H l ; th t i R cl i m d
e e a e a s, an a e

th body
e h p rt wh i l th sp i r i t sc nd d to h v n
as er a , e e a e e ea e .

Bondsm n c m to Thor ft r d th Th i s s ms to
e a e a e ea . ee

xpr ss th i d th t th i r sp i ri ts h d t th pow r to
'

e e e ea, a e a no e e

m ou t p w
n i th fr born h ro s to th h i gh r c l sti l
u ee- e e e e e e a

a bod s but w r obl i g d to l i ng r m i dw y

e , e e it w r e e a , as e e,

a mong th low flo ti ng clouds und r th st rn dom i n i on

e a e e e

of Thor ; — tho gh t p i nful to th f li ngs of hum n

a u a e ee a

i ty but n v rth l ss not i ncons i st nt w i th th v i ws of

, e e e e e e e

our nc stors i nc i nt t i m s But wh n t h bonds

a e n a e e . e e

m en , w th ascustom i th most nc i nt Gothi

as e n e a e c
3 96 T H E N O R S EM EN
’
S IDE A or D EA TH .

t i m s follow d th i r m st r on th fun r l pi l th
e , e e a e e e a e, e

moti v m st h v b n th t th y wo ld conti nu to
e u a e ee a e u e

s rv hi m i th futur l i f or th i r throw i ng th m
e e n e e e, e e

s lv s
e e th i r m st r s fun r l p i l could h v no
on e a e
’
e a e a e

m n i ng w h t v r
ea a e e .

T h old Nors m n h d m ny b uti ful i d s i

e con e e a a ea ea n

n ec ti w i th d th Thus i t h l y of A tl i t i s i d
on ea . n e a e s a

of hi m wh d i s th t h go s to t h oth r l i ght Th t
o e a e e e e . a

th d d i
e th
ea mounds w r i n st t of consc i ous
e e e n a a e

n ss i i llus tr t d by th followi ng p ss g s from Fri d

e s a e e a a e

th i f s S g
e
’
a a
°

N w h i ld o l y i
,
tw cl fty g re n , a us n o o ra v e s

D w by h o h n th d p bl w t e s e a -s o re , ne ar e ee -
ue av e s

Th i d h ll t
e r l b m i w t
s o un s s a o ou r sou s e us c s ee ,

S i gi g ndi g th
n t d th y b t
ou r r e as on e s ra n e ea .

Wh d th h i ll h p l m l i g h t i th w
en ro u n e s t e a e oon s ro n

A d m i d i g h t d w f ll
n h B t t n e s a on t e a u a -s o n e ,

W ll i O T h t e
’
i s ddg t, ors e n , n o ur roun e ra v e s

A d p k t g th th tl w ’
n S g ea o e er o er e en e a ve s .

F i n lly i t i a b uti ful tho ught th t th r w

, s a ea a e e as a

symp th t i c u i on b tw en th d d d th l i vi ng
a e n e e e ea an e .

A th P rs i ns b l i v d th t th r i v rs of th low r
s e e a e e e a e e e e

w orld gr w by th t rs of th l i vi ng d i nt rf r d
e e ea e an e e e

w i th th h pp i n ss of th d p rt d so th Nors p s
e a e e e a e ,
e e ea

an t st i ll b l i v s t h t wh n d ugh t r w ps for t h
e e e a e a a e ee e

d th of h f th r h must t k c r th t no t r
ea er a e s e a e a e a ea

f lls on hi corps for th r by th p c of th d c s d

a s e, e e e ea e e e ea e

would b di sturb d W find th i s s m tho ght

e e . e a e u ex

p r ss d i th Eld r Edd wh r H lg s ys to S i grun

e e n e e a, e e e e a

Th l t S ig ou a on e caus e s ,
r un

F m S fj l d ro ev a e ,

T h t H l g i b th d a e e s a e

In
’
s o rro w s de w .
3 98 LO KE S ’
P UN I S HM E N T .

an d ki ll d
he of th m by n m Fu f g T h
e on e e a e n en . e

g ods drov hi m i ntoet h woods but wh n th y h d e , e e a

s t d th ms lv s t th t bl
ea e e e d h d b gun t dri nk
e a e a e an a e o

h c m b ck g i n
e a e a d sk d Eld r th oth r s rv nt
a a , an a e e , e e e a

o f Z Eg wh t th gods t lk d bout t th b nqu t

e r, a e a e a a e a e .

Th y t lk bout th i r w pons d bout th i r br v ry

‘

e a a e ea an a e a e ,

r pl i d Eld r but n i th r th gods nor th lv s sp k

e e e , e e e e e e ea

w ll of you Th n s i d Lok I must go i nto E g r s

e . e , a e, e
’

h ll to look t th b nqu t scol d i ng d vi l words

a , a e a e : an e

bri ng I to th sons of th gods d m i v i l i th i r l

e e an x e n e a e .

Th n Lok w nt i nto th h ll ; but w h n th y who w r

e e e e a e e e e

th r w who h d nt r d th y w r ll s i l nt Th
e e sa a e e e , e e e a e . en

sa i d Lok to th godse e

T h i ty I h i th rs er

T th h ll m o e a ca e

L g w y I j yd on a o u rn e e

Th g d t k e o s o as

W h th w ld g t m e er on e ou ra n e

A d i k f th p i m d r n o e re c o us ea .

W hy y il t gd ! are e s en , o s

A d it t bb ? n s so s u o rn

H y l t y t g ? av e e os ou r on ues

Gi m t ve e a sea

A d pl t th b q t n ace a e an ue ,

O t m w y r u rn e a a .

B R AG E

The go s w i d
n ev e r ll
G i v e yo u a s e a t
An d pl ace at th e ba n u e ; q t
d We ll k now th e g o s
T w h m th y w i ll g i o o e ve

Pl t th b q t easure a e an ue .

Th e n Lok b g i ns to bus th gods n d r m nd s

e e a e e , a e i

O d i n how th y onc m i x d blood tog th r

e a d Vi d r e e e e ,
-
n a

must yi ld hi m hi s s t But b for Lok dr nk h

e ea . e e e a e
 Lo x E s
’
P UN I S H M EN T . 399

gr t d ll th gods d godd ss s xc pti ng Br g who

ee e a e an e e e e a e,

occup i d th i nn rmost b nch A d now Lok pours

e e e e . n e

out hi bus upon l l th gods d godd ss s much of

s a e a e an e e ,

wh i ch h b n gi v n h r tofor Hi l st q rr l i
as ee e e e e . s a ua e s

w i th S i f th w i f f Thor But th n B yl h rs th
, e e O . e e a ea e

mount i ns qu k d tr mbl It i Thor th t i com i ng ;

a a e an e e. s a s

an d wh n h nt rs th h ll h thr t ns to crush v ry
e e e e e a e ea e e e

bon i Lok s body ; d to hi m Lok fin lly yi lds for

e n e
’
an e a e ,

h knows t h t T h or c rr i s out hi t h r ts
e a On go i ng a e s ea .

out h h ps c rs s upon Eg
e ea d hop s th t h
u e r e r, an e a e

(n ) m yern v r mor m ak b nqu ts fore th

e gods e a e a e e ,

but th t fl m s m y pl y upo hi r lm d burn h i m

a a e a a n s ea an

too .

Lok now fl d d hi d h i ms lf i th mount i ns

'

e e an e n e a .

T h r h bu i lt hi m
e e dw ll i ng w i th four doors so th t
e a e , a

h could
e v ryth i ng th t p ss d round hi m Oft n
see e e a a e a . e

i th d y ti m h
n e ssum d th l i k n ss of s lmon d
a e e a e e e e a a an

c onc l d h i ms lf und r th w t rs of c sc d c ll d
ea e e e e a e a a a e a e

F raan a ng F rc wh r h er mploy d h i ms
o lf i
e,d i v i e e e e e e n n

i g
n d c i rcumv nt i ng wh t v r str t g ms th gods
an e a e e a a e e

m i ght h v r cours to i ord r to c tch hi m O d y

a e e e n e a . ne a

as h t i hi dw ll i ng h took fl
e sa n d y rn
s d e e ax an a an

work d th m i nto m sh s i th m nn r th t n ts h v
e e e e ,
n e a e a e a e

si nc b n m d by fish m n Odi n h d how v r si tti g

e ee a e er e . a e e , n

i nHli d kj l f d i scov r d Lok s r tr t ;

s a ,
d th l tt r e e e
’
e ea an e a e ,

b comi ng w r th t th gods w r ppro ch i ng thr w

e a a e a e e e a a ,
e

hi st i nto th fi
ne d to conc l h i ms lf i th
e re an r an ea e n e

ri v r W h n th gods nt r d Lok s hous K

e . e e who e e e e
’
e, v a se r ,

w as th most d i st i gu i sh d mong th m ll for hi qu i ck

e n e a e a s

n ss d p n tr ti on tr c d out i th hot mb rs th
e an e e a ,
a e n e e e e

v sti g s of th t wh i ch h d b burnt d told Od i n

e e e ne a een , an

th t i t must b
a i nv nt i on to c tch fish Wh r upon
e an e a . e e

th y t to work d wov
e se t ft r th mod l th y an w e a ne a e e e e sa

i mpri nt d i th sh s Th i s t wh n fin i sh d th y
e n e a e . ne , e e , e
400 LO KE S ’
P UN I S H M EN T .

thr w i nto th i i wh i ch Lok h d hi d h i ms lf

e e r ve r . n e a e .

Thor h ld d of th e t d l l th oth r gods l i d

on e e n e ne an a e e a

hold of th oth r d thus jo i ntly dr w i ng i t long th

e e en , a a e

str m Notw i th st nd i ng ll th i r pr c uti ons th t

ea . a a e e a e ne

p ss d ov r Lok who h d cr pt b tw n two ston s

a e e e, a e e ee e ,

an d th gods only p rc i v d th t som l i v i g th i ng h d

e e e e a e n a

touch d th m sh s T h y th r for c st th i r t
e e e e . e e e e a e ne a

s cond t i m h ngi ng so gr t w i ght to i t th t i t v ry

e e, a ea a e a e e

wh r r k d th b d f th ri v r But Lok p rc i v i ng
e e a e e e o e e . e, e e

th t h h d but hort d i st nc to th
a e a sw m onw rd a S a e e sea, a a

an d l apt ov r the t i nto th forc T h gods i nst ntly

e e ne e e . e a

follow d h i m d d i v i d d th ms lv s i nto two b nds

e an e e e e a .

Thor w d i ng long i m i d str m follow d th

,
a a t n -
ea , e e ne ,

wh i lst th oth rs dr gg d i t lo g tow rd th

e e Lok a e a n a e se a . e

th n p rc i v d th t he h d only two ch nc s of sc p
e e e e a a a e e a e,

e i th r to sw i m out to th
e or to l p g i n ov r th e s ea, ea a a e e

ne t H chos th l tt r but
. e h took tr m ndous
e e a e , as e a e e

l p Thor c ught hi m i hi h nd B i ng h ow v r
ea a n s a . e e e

e xtr m ly sli pp ry h would h v sc p d h d not T hor

e e e , e a e e a e a

h ld hi m f st by th t i l ; d th i s i th r son why
e a e a an s e ea

s lmon h v h d th i r t i ls v r i nc so fi
a a e d sl i m
a e a e e S e ne an .

T h gods h v i ng t h s c pt r d Lok
e th y dr gg d
a u a u e e, e a e

h i m w i th o t comm i s r t i on i nto uc v r wh r i n th y e a a a e n, e e e

pl c d th r sh rp po i nt d rocks bori ng hol through

a e ee a - e ,
a e

ea ch of th m H v i ng lso s i z d Lok s chi ldr n V l

e . a a e e e
’
e ,
a e

an d N r or N f t h y ch ng d th form r i nto
a e, wolf
ar e, e a e e e a ,

an d i th i s l i k n ss h tor hi broth r to p c s d
n e e e e s e ie e an

d vour d hi m T h go d s th n m d cords of h i i nt s
e e . e e a e s e

ti n s w i th whi ch th y b und Lok on th po i nts of th

e , e o e e e

rocks cord p ssi g und r hi h ould rs noth r

, on e a n e s S e ,
a e

und r hi lo i ns d thi rd nd r hi h ms d ft r
e s , an a u e s a , an a e

w rds tr sform d th s cords to f tt rs of i ron Th n

a an e e e e e . e

th g i nt ss Sk d took
e a s rp nt d s sp d d i t ov r
e a e a e e an u en e e

hi m i s ch m nn r th t th v nom sh ould f ll i nto

n u a a e a e e a
40 2 LO KE S ’
P UN I S H M EN T .

m n s di v i n work i l i f i
a
’
qu i t m nn r to bri ng
e n e, n a e a e

consol ti on d co mfort d n v r to d sp i r
a an ,
an e e e a .

A th rth d
s i th i r v ri ous m n i f st ti ons
e ea an se a n e a a e a

are r pr s nt d by v ri ous d i vi n i ti s so th fi lso p

e e e e a e ,
e re a re

s nts v ri ous forms It i c l sti l un i t d wi th Odi ; i t

e a . s e e a ,
e n

is rthly i th F nri s wolf d i t i subt rr n n i

ea n e e -
, an s e a ea n

th e ch i n d Lok Th t Lok symbol i z s fi i lso

a e e . a e e r e, s a

i llustr t d by th f ct th t th common p opl i N

a e e a a e e e n or

w y wh n th y h r th fi
a , e cr ckl i ng y th t Lok
e ea e re a , sa a e

i wh i pp i ng hi ch i ldr n
s In w i d r s ns Lok i i s e . a e e e e s n

one word th v i l th d v i l T h common p opl

e e o n e, e e . e e e

a lso know Lok di v i n i ty of th tmosph r Wh n e as a e a e e . e

th e sun dr ws w t r th y y th t Lok i dri nki g

a a e , e sa a e s n

w t r Wh n v pors ri s from th rth d flo t bout

a e . e a a e e ea an a a

in th tmosph r th i s ph nom non i lso scri b d to

e a e e, e e s a a e

Lok Wh n h sows hi o ts mong th gr i n h e p

e . e e s a a e a ,
'

ro

duc s p cul i r eri l ph nom non of wh i ch th nov l

e a e a a a e e ,
e e

i t Bl i h
s sp ks i c of hi rom nc s s y i ng th t
er ea n on e s a e ,
a a

th i s tr mbl i ng moti on of th i wh i ch th p opl c ll

e e a r, e e e a

Lok s o ts confus s d bl i nds th y s N y truly i t

e
’
a ,
e an e e e . a ,

confus s d bl i nds for w n d not t k th i s only i

e an ,
e ee a e n

a l i t r l s ns e a It i th t moti on w hi ch shocks th
e e . s a e

n rv s of m wh n th soul conc i v s v i l th oughts ;

e e an e e e e e

i t i th t n rvous concuss i on wh i ch shocks th whol

s a e e e

syst m of th cri m i n l w h n h go s to comm i t hi foul

e e a e e e s

m i sd d ee .

H v i ng now g i v n d scri pti on of Lok — h vi g

a e a e e, a n

p i nt d w i th words th ch r ct r of thi s w i l m i hi
a e e a a e y, sc ev

ous sly d d c i tf l d i vi n i ty w k w i th P t rs n
,
an e e u , e as , e e e ,

wh r i th p i nt r wh wi ll pr s nt hi m i l i vi ng colors
e e s e a e o e e n

on c nv s ? W w nt p rson l r pr s nt ti on of hi m
a a e a a e a e e e a .

W w nt hi l i mbs h i body d hi h d W h r i
e a s , s an s ea . e e s

th p i nt r wh
e gi v hi ch i n th prop r form hi
a e o c an e s e e , s

mouth th ri ght sh p p i nt hi d i mpl s w i th thos

e a e, a s e e
 T HE I RO N PO S T . 4 03

p d fi wri nkl s wh n h sm i l s d do justi c to

.

d ee an ne e e e e , an e

h i nos
s d upp r l i p ? Who w i ll p i n t thos d l i c t
e an e a e e a e

e el v ti ons d d pr ss i ons of hi h k th t t rri bl

a an e e s c ec s, a e e

bri ll i ncy of hi y s hi subtl

a d cr fty for h d
s e d e ,
s e an a e ea , an

hi h i r t onc st i ff
s a a d w vy ? Who w i ll p i nt th i s
e an a a

i mmort l youth who y t v rywh r r v ls hi old g

a e e e e e e ea s a e,

or thi s old m whos f c mocks t v ryth i ng l i k

an e a e a e e e a

r ckl ss youth ? H r i
e e th m w i thout mod l e e s a e e a e , a

t h m for
e e m st r of th t a a e e ar .

S I O N V II H I O N O S T
E CT . T E R P .

Th follow i ng story from th south of G rm ny

e e e a

i llustr t s how stor i s

a e b r mod l d d ch g d e c an e e e e an an e as

to th i r xt rn l dornm nt d sti ll pr s rv th i r fun

e e e a a e an e e e e

d m
a t l f tur
en a T h r d r wi ll not f i l to d i scov r
ea e . e ea e a e

Lok i th follow i ng tr d i ti on nt i tl d D S t k tm
e n e a , e e er oc

Ei s en , story wh i ch i i t most ori g i n l form must

a n s a

d t b ck to th ti m wh n Lok w known i G rm ny
a e a e e e e as n e a .

Opposi t St St ph n s Tow r i Vi nn th r i
e . e e
’
e n e a e e s

found i t i s i d, of th old l ndm rks of th i s c i ty

s a , on e e a a ,

th e c ll d S t k t E i
s o- a e ( th i ron post
oc
) It i en s en e . s a

post th t h i th cours of t i m b com bl ck n d

a as n e e e e e a e e

an d ch rr d d i nto wh i ch n i l
a e , an ft r n i l h b n a a e a as ee

dri v n so clos tog th r th t th r i not room for

e e e e a e e s a

s i ngl e moron e d th post i l i t r lly i nclos d i

e , an e s e a e n an

i ron c s i ng Th i s cov ri ng of i ron k ps th dry post

a . e ee e

i
n an upri ght posi ti on d n r th ground i t i f st n d , an ea e
‘

s a e e

by ani ron r i g w i th unusu lly wond rful l ck In

n an a e o .

old n ti m s thi s post w

e e l ndm rk for to i t xt nd d as a a a , e e e

t h gr t W i n rw ld
e ea In conn cti on w i th i t th follow
e e a . e e

i g t l i told by H M i n rt
n a e s . e e :

Ay g g d l k i g l k m i t h pp
oun oo ti by m R i b t
- oo n oc s a ren ce , na e e n er ,

h d
a tly w h h t d b m g g d t h i m t
s e cre on t e e ar an e co e en a e o s as er s
’

d g h t D th
au er b t th w
o ro t m ea h h p th t h
; u ere as no uc o e a S e
404 THE I RO N PO S T .

wou ld eve r b e c o m e h i s w i fe . O ne eveni ng th e t w o l ov e r s ag r e e d

to m e e t ou si t d th i ty ; th y f
e e c e o rg e t th emse v es l in th e i r c on v e r

sa ti i on, n t h i d bt d th i
e r h p d h
ou t ths l k
an e r O es, an e ar no e c oc

th t t i k h h w h t h g t f h i ty i t b l d
a s r es t e o ur en e a e o t e c s o e c os e ;
an d th l h ef g tt ov e r t t k m y l g t g t it p d
as or o en o a e one a on o e o ene

B t wh t mi f t i f th y h ld b h t t wh t di g
.

u a a s or un e e s ou e s u ou , a a s ra c e

t hi b l
o s d i f i t h ld b m k w th t h h p t th
e ov e ,
s ou e co e no n a s e as S en e

i gh t t i d th i ty t i d f h f th h mp y
’
n ou s e e c i ,
ou s e o er a er s ou s e , n co an

w i th m ! S dd
a ly t h an i it w
u f m th g
en d e re ar se s as e re ro e ro u n

a p l m w i th t h
a e an,t f hi f h ply m k d w i th
e con our o s ace s ar ar e ,

w d f l fl h i g y w i g b l k l k d bl k h t
on er u as n e es, e ar n a ac c oa an ac a ,

an d i th l tt w
n e k f th
a er R i b t i aves l t i ly a co c - ea er . e n er n v o un ar

sh ddu he rs h i m b t t i ll h
as e d s ees t f g t hi mi ,
u s e oes no or e s s

f t or u ne l b i g h t n t f the n i ty h th s f u pl i h i
ou o e c ; e e re ore ex a ns s

d i t t th t g
s re s s od k him l d him
e s ra n gh t p y
e r, an as s to en e n ou o a

th e g t w t h
a e-L i k f l i k
a c ! w h i.p t h t g e i t R
or i e s e rs e s ra n er n o e n

b t if I m t h lp y d y b l d t f y
’
er s e ar ; a o e ou an our e ov e ou o ou r

di t th y m t p m i m p th l t i f y
s re s s , en ou us ro se e u on e s a va on o o ur

l d y t g l t th h ly m
,

s ou y S
n ev er on an R i b t
un a o ne ec e o ass . e n er

h it t
es ; b t it i
a es i f t pi p m i
u d
s i ty k
n wac a ou s ro se, an n e ce ss no s

no l w H p mi
a s . d th g te p ro it wse s, p t an e a e o en s as ere s on a

n e o u sl y .

F our w ee k l t whs a e r, en Re i n b e r t s at i n h i s w or k sh o p the

d p d th t t t dd
,

o or O ens an g a s ra n e m an e n e rs . Re i n b e rt sh u e rs at

th e s i gh t
h i m ; b u t w h e n t h e s ra n g e r
of o e s n o t e v e n c a re t o t d
l k oo ly k
at hi m , a n d on t p
a s s fo r h i s m a s e r , h e re g a i n s h i s e ace

o f mi d W h t h pp t i
n . h d ll d th m t th i i t
en e a re n ces a ca e e a s e r, e v s or

or d d i f t i g w i th l k d b lt d th m t i
ere an ro n as en n ,
oc an o ,
an e as er s

w i ll i g t nd t k th w k B t w b g th t g (
o un er a e e or . u no e an e s ra n er c un

i g
n n L k ) w i th
as w d f l k w l dg f d t i l t m t i
o e a on er u no e e o e a s o en on

l l t h d i ff t p t f th l k pl i d w i th g t l q
'

a e e ren ar s o e oc , ex a ne rea e o u e n ce

t h w h l pl
e f it d t k p i l p i
o e t d
an o i b th m,
an oo S ec a a ns o escr e e an n er

i w h i h th
n pi g m t
c i ly b b
e S t d it d ; d l
r n s us n e ce s s ar e en an un e an a

th gh b th th m t
ou d th pp t i h d t d m i t th t h
o e as er an e a ren ces a o a a s uc

a l kwoc t w i th t th gas f p
no i b i l i t i y t h t i
out e ra n e o os s e s, na ,
a

w ou ld i d d b m t p i n t i ll th i h d b g t w i m
ee e a as er e ce , s e r ea s e an o s

wh th y t i d t t h i k f i t w d f l
en e r e t ti o d gn o s on er u co n s ru c on an a rr a n e

th pl i th i m i d d th y h d t d m i t th t th y d i d t
e an n e r n s, an e a o a a e no

t t th m l t d th w k T h t h t g m t h
ru s e se v es o o e or . en e s ra n er s
’
ou

as s u m d d ply f w d i d i b bly
e a ee f l -
mi l ; d
u r ro e ,
n e s cr a s c o rn u s e an
406 TH E I RO N PO S T .

O t f l d Ri b thd t t l f
n a ccou n o s an d wid er, e n er a o rav e ar an e

b f e or e h fi lly g t h i b l d D th
e na A f w d y
o ft s e ov e oro ea . e a s a er

h h d
e a t d th g r e u rn e m t i d p l m t i t th
,
e ov e rn en s sue a ro c a a on o e

e ff t th t w h t
ec a m i th ld m k k y th t w ld p
a ever s cou a e a e a ou o en

th t l k h ld th b y g t h i d i pl m f m t h i p R i
a oc s ou e re e s o a o as e rs . e n

b t er d hi m l f
a n n o un c e di d t d p i d t hi
se as a can a e, an re a re o s

w ork h p t m k th k y B t f t h fi t t i m h i w k
s o o a e e e . u or e rs e s or

d id t no m t see d T h i w t bb o succee d w ld t . e ro n as s u o rn a n ou no

as s u m th f m
e q i d ; d i t m d t i hi g t hi m
e or re u re an se e e as on s n o ,

wh h
en t l t hd e a d d i g i i g th k y t h p p
as a succe e e n v n e e e ro er

f m or d p t it i t
, an th f u t t m p it it w t d
n o e u rn a c e o e er ,
as u rn e

d tw i t d w h h t k it p t
,

an s e t g i en H i i m i
e g oow ou a a n . s a ence re

i t
n o w th B t wh
ra h . t l g t h u f t m y en f l e a en ,
a er an un success u

a tt m pt h d g t th k y dy d p t i t i t th f
e s, a o e e rea an u n o e urn a ce

an d f lly
care ti i d t u wh t it w
s cru th t th l w ay
n ze o see a as a us a s
i
ru n e d h i w k h w i th m i d t f t h fi
s or , e sa lw i n e s o e re a c a se ze

a ft th k y
er d t
e t i k h di
e ,
an d th t d i g bl
e rr o r - s r c en e s co v e r e a sa re e a e

t g t w i t d f ( L k ) t i g t h i m t f th bu i g
s ra n er s
’
s e ace o e s ar n a ou o e rn n

f u rn a c e H q i kly . t h d th k y w y t d i t i d i t
e u c sna c e e e a a ,
u rn e , se ze

w i th h t g t th th
t e on d s d p t i t i t th fi
a e g
o i er en ,
an u n o e re a a n

an d l d b h ld ! w h
o an h t k it e o th h dl w m
en e oo out e an e as so e

w h t t w i t d b t th h
a s edp ,
d i t i ght h p (W
u e ea r e s e rv e s r s a e . e re

m mb e th t i t w L k f lt th t t h h dl f T h h m
er a as o e s
’
au a e an e o or s
’
a

m er b m e cath h t ) e ra er s or .

R i b t e n w er d t th g no m t th t th k y
a nn o u n c e o e o v e rn en a e e

w as dy ; d th d y ft th g
rea an m t ffi i l d t h
e a a er e o v e rn en o c a s an e

i ti m h d i p p t dRi b t ’
c zens a rc i t th e i n ro c e s s o n o e ro n os ,
an e n er s

k y p
e o d th l k I h i t h i m t h i
ene e oo . h th w n s en us a s a s su cce s s e re

th k y h i gh
e e p i t h i b t t u y b dy n p i iet d i d a r, u o ever o
’
s s ur r se

no t m d w
co g i
e It w o gnh t f a y
a n w h . b t ld as sou or ever e re , u cou

no wh b fe re d d R i b t h d t p mi t m k
e oun ,
an w e n er a o ro se o a e a ne

on e m ti m
so T e mm m t th f t th t i t h d b p
e . o co e o ra e e ac a a een os

s i bl t e p th l k h d
o o en i l i t th w
e oc d p t d e ro v e a na n o e oo en os ,
an

i
s nce th t t i m a y m i t h h d t h m w h h l ft
e ev e r s as on e e sa e en e e

Vi e nn a; th th i p t w f m d w i th i t m b l
us s os il as or e s nu er ess na s .

R i b t b e n m erm t d me ca i d hi e b l a d Up t as e r an a rr e s e ov e . o

th i t i m h h d k pt h i p m i
s e e d h d
a tt d d p th
e s ro se an a a en e u on e

h ly m
o y S d y ; h b g t d i k d g m bl b t h
as s e ver un a e e an o r n an a e, u e

i
con s c e n t i ly t i d t k p h i p m i
o us con Fi lly i t h p
n ue o ee s ro se . na a

p en s th t h a t y d l i ttl t l g t th g m b l i g
e once s a e a e oo on a e a n
 THE I RO N PO S T . 40 7

ho u s e , and has t ens t e r ri fid e in or d er n ot to c om e too lt a e to

ch u r ch . Bu t t h e d oor of St . S t phe en s
’
c h u rc h is l d
c os e . O ut

si d e si t s an old w om an ( Lo k e a s s um e d th e g u i s e o f a w o m a n *
ft ld d t h) w h i q t to h i s ue s i o n , i n fo rm s
’
a er Ba er s w ea ,
o, n an s er

h i m th t m i ta F i ll d w i th d dly g i h h
ass s ou h . e ea an u s e rus es

b k t hi
ac m d o wh l gh d t hi m d i i t d th t
s co ra es, o au e a an ns s e a ,
as

t h lf p t l l k d it w l th ’
m b g
a ss e an a a -
as e e ve n o c oc ,
an as as on y re e

q t p t l
u a r e rs th m as ld t y t b
e even, H h e ass cou no e e ov er . e as

t b k g i th h h d i w p b t t h
en s ac a a n ; y e c u rc -
o or s no o en , u a t e v er

m m o t h t th p i t l
en e th lt —th m i
e n e rs , e r es ea v es e a ar e ass s ov er .

Th ld w m
e o i i h i m by t h
o an m d hi ld
r ses, s e z es e ar s, an s sou e

p t f m him
ar s ro .

T h us th myth d v lops i nto tr d i ti o ry story d

e e e a na , an

on e story b g ts noth r ; th y w nd r bou t from th

e e a e e a e a e

south to th north d from th north to th south e an e e ,

an d ch ng w i th th t i m s r m i nd i ng us of th v r i ous
a e e e , e e a

m n i f st t i ons of l i f ; r m i nd i ng us how hum n th i ngs

a e a e e a

c i rc l t d d v lop ch i n xtri c bly i nt r wov n w i th

u a e an e e , ea e a e e

a ll d lw ys r m i nd i ng us too th t th r i
, an a a h vn
e , , a e e s a ea e

a bov th rth de x i st nc b yond wh t i s llott d

e ea an an e e e e a a e

to u s m ort ls on r th a ea .

TI O N V III A BR I E F R EV I EW
S EC . .

W h v now compl t d th s cond p r t of our

e a e e e e e a

work d w i tn ss d th l i f
, an d xplo i ts of th gods e e e e an e e .

It r m i ns now to s um up bri fly th m i n f tur s of

e a e e a ea e ,

an d t h pri nc i p l l ssons t ught i

e th i s p orti on of th
a e a n, e

mythology .

W c nnot f i l to h v obs rv d th t th l i f of th
e a a a e e e a e e e

gods i i th first pl c s, r fl cti on of th work i ngs

n e a e, a e e e

of vi si bl tur d i th s cond pl c
e na r fl ct i on
e, an , n e e a e, a e e

an d for sh d ow i ng of th l i f of m
e a p rti cul rly of e e an , a a

l i f i i ts v r i ous m n i f st t i ons i th h i story of th

e n a a e a n e e

Goth i c r c W h v lso w i tn ss d h w wond rf lly

a e . e a e a e e o e u

th i t r sts
e d works of th gods —
n e e yanhow b o e na , a s

h T ok .
40 8 A BR E I F RE VI EW .

l u te ly the gods th ms lv s — i nt rl i nk d w i th ch e e e are e e ea

oth r th t c ntr l i z i ng tho gh t wh i ch

e , a e h b n a u , as as ee

s i d b for forms
a e of th most prom i n nt ch r
e, on e e e a

t i ti
ac e r s of Nors or Goth i c mythology tho ght d
cs e ,
u an

h i story .

W h v s n how th d i v i n i t i s d d mons ft r
e a e ee e e an e , a e

h v i ng b n cr t d nt r upon v ri ous cti v i ti s con

a ee ea e ,
e e a a e , ‘

t nd w i th ch oth r d
e r conc i l d d how w
ea e an a re e e , an ne

b i ngs
e d v lop d i thi s struggl ll d sti n d to
are e e e n e, a e e

figh t on s i d or th oth r i th fin l confl i ct

on e e e e n e a .

T h myth r fl cts n tur

e d soc i ty t h e i e a e an e , e on e n ex

t i bly i
r ca commun i on w i th th oth r ; d i th d
n e e an n e e

ve ol pm t of n tur en d soc i t y w find t hr a r l ti o s e an e e ee e a n

th r l t i on of th
e e a s s to th gi nts th r l ti on of th e a a e a , e e a e

s s to th v ns d th r l ti on of Lok to Od i n T h
a a e a ,
an e e a e . e

s s d gi nts try to u n i t but m t w i th poor succ ss

a a an a e, ee e ,

t h i r n tur s
e too ppos i t T h un i on of th s s
a e ar e o e . e e a a

an d v ns i ccompl i s h d wi th but l i ttl d i ffi culty ; wh i l

a s a e e e

b tw n Od i n d Lok th r i t nd cy to s p r t
e ee an e e e s a e en e a a e

mor d mor T h b gi nn i ng of w rf r b tw n th
e an e . e e a a e e ee e

gods d th gi nts i th b gi nn i ng of n tur s d v l

an e a s e e a e
’
e e

o p m t ; t hen g i nts storm th h v ns

e d a r puls d ; e ea e an ar e e e

t hi s struggl l sts through l i f d i

e i t Sl i pn r i
a e, an n e e s

produc d L t r b gi ns th w b tw n th s s d
e . a e ,
e e ar e ee e a a an

v ns wh i ch nds i p c
a , d w i th th i s p c b g i ns
e n ea e , an ea e e

th d v lopm nt of soc i ty ; th
e e e s s d v ns tog th r
e e e a a an a e e

f r mi ng s ri s of b uti ful myths th t h v r f r nc

o a e e ea , a a e e e e e

to w to th l t ti of th r th to th c i vi l i z i ng
ar , e cu l va on e ea , e

i nflu nc s of th w t r to th gr t r d v lopm nt of
e e e a e ,
e ea e e e e

th m i nd
e d h rt th t i to knowl dg lov h
an ea ,
a s, e e, e, u

m n i ty d p c th obj ct of w hi ch i r conci li
a an ea e , e e s e a

ti on r ch d by l bor d struggl s B t nm i ty soon

,
ea e a an e . u e

a ri s s mong th gods th ms lv s Od i n s un i on w i th
e a e e e e .
’

Lok i d i ssolv d In th m i dst f th good th r i

e s e . e o e e e s
 P A RT III .

R A G N A R O K AN D RE G ENER A T IO N .

S K U LD .

L i ti t j um pt
S a a r,

En kki fr m ;
e a

S kyggi Skuld fy i
r r r s j é n .
 RAG N ARO K .

mong th Nors m n on th oth r h nd w find

A e e e , e e a , e

in th i r most nc i nt r cords cl rly xpr ss d f i th

e a e e a ea e e e a

i
n th p ri sh bl n ss of ll thi ngs ; d w find th i s
e e a e e a an e

f i th t ev ry st p th t th Nors m n h t k n Th
a a e e a e e e as a e . e

ori gi n of th i s f i th w s k i v i n ; i t conc ls i ts lf
a e ee n a ea e

b n th th w t rs of th pri m v l fount i s of th i r
e ea e a e e e a a n e

th ough ts d sp i r t i ons Th y r g rd d d th but

an a a . e e a e ea as

th m i ddl of
e long l i f T hey consi d r d i t cow rd i c
e a e . e e a e

to sp r l i f th t i to r turn ; th y t h ought i t folly to

a e a e a s e e

c r for world th t must n c ss ri ly p ri sh ; wh i l

a e a a e e a e e

th y kn w th t th i r sp i ri ts would b cloth d w i th
e e a e e e

i ncr s d v i gor i
ea e th oth r world H ppy w r th y n e e . a e e e

who l i v d b n th th pol r st r for th gr t st f r

e e ea e a a , e ea e ea

th t m knows th f r of d th d i t b d th m not
'

a an , e ea ea , s ur e e .

Th y rush d ch rfully u pon th sword ; th y t r d

e e ee e e en e e

th b ttl boldly for l i k th i r gods who v ry m om nt

e a e , , e e , e e e

look d forw rd t th i n vi t bl R gn rok th y kn w

e a o e e a e a a , e e

th t l i f could b purch s d by h ro i c d th
a e e a e a e ea .

T h v ry f ct th t t h gods i th cr t i on proc d d
e e a a e n e ea ee e

from th gi t Ym r for sh dow d th i r d structi on

e an e e a e e e .

Th g rm of d th w
e e i th i r n tur from th b g i n
ea as n e a e e e

n i ng d th i s g rm wo uld gr du lly d v lop

, an th i r
e a a e e as e

str ng th gr du lly b c m w st d d consum d Th t

e a a e a e a e an e . a

wh i ch i born must di but th t wh i ch i not born

s e, a s

c nnot grow old

a .

T h gr du l growth of th i s g rm of d th
e a a d cor e ea , an

r spondi ng w st of th str ngth of th gods i pro

e a e e e e , s

f
o un d ly sk tch d th roughout th mythology
e e T h gods e . e

c nnot b conqu r d unl ss th y m k th ms lv s w k

a e e e ,
e e a e e e e ea
:

b t such i th v ry n tur of th i ngs th t th y must do

u s e e a e , a e

th i s To wi th ch rm i ng G rd Fr y m st gi v w y
. n e a e , e u e a a

h i sword but wh n th gr t fin l confl i ct com s h

s , e e ea a e e

h
as no w pon In ord r th t th F nri s wolf m y b
ea . e a e e -
a e

ch i n d Tyr must r i sk hi ri ght h nd d h los s i t

a e ,
s a , an e e .
 R AG N A RO K . 41 5

How sh l l h th n fight i R gn rok ? B ld r could

a e e n a a a e

no t h v d i d h d not t h gods b n bl i nd
a e e , a d p mp e ee an re s u

tuons ; th i r thoughtl ssn ss put w pons i n t o th h nds

e e e ea e a

of th i r n my Hod r would n v r h v thrown t h

e e e . e e e a e e

f t l m i stl to h d not th i r own ppo i nt d g m b n

a a e e, a e a e a e ee

an i nduc m nt to h i m to honor hi broth r

e e Wh n Lok s e . e e

b c m s p r t d from Od i n th d t h of th gods w
e a e e a a e , e ea e as a

for gon conclus i on

e e .

T h i mp rf cti on of n tur i
e e lso v i v i dly d p i ct d
e a e s a e e

i
n th Edd s e T h sun w so scorch i ng h t th t th
a . e as o a e

gods h d to pl c a sh i ld b for i t ; th fi w so
a e a e e e e re as

d structi v th t th gods h d to ch i n i t i ord r th t

e e a e a a , n e a

i t m i ght not br i ng ru i n upon th whol world Li f e e . e,

a ft r th n tur l d th w not conti nu d only i th

e e a a ea , as e n e

sh i n i ng h lls f V lh l but lso i th subt rr n n

a O a a , a n e e a ea

r g i ons mong th sh d s of H l
e a e a e e .

Our old Goth i c f th rs i th po t i c d wn of our a e , n e e a

r c i nv sti g t d th ori gi n d b gi nn i ng of n tur

a e, e a e e an e a e

an d ti m T h d i v i n po t i c
e . d i m g i n t i v sp rk i
e e e an a a e a n

th m l i ft d th m up to th Et rn l to th t wond rful
e e e e e a , a e

s cr t fount i n wh i ch i th sourc of ll th i ngs Th y

e e a s e e a . e

look d bout th m i profound m di t ti on to find th

e a e n e a e

im g a d r fl ct i on of th t glor i ous h rmon y wh i ch

e an e e a a

th i r soul i i t h v nly fl ight h d found but i ll

e n s ea e a ,
n a

ea rthly th i ngs th y d i scov r d stri f d w rf r Wh n e e e e an a a e . e

th storms b nt th p i n
e tr s on th mount i n tops
e e e ee e a ,

an d wh n th fo m i ng w v s roll d i gi g nti c f ry
e e a a e e n a u

a g i nst th rocky cl i ffs th Nors m n w stri f W h n

a e , e e a sa e . e

th growl of th b r
e d th howl of th wolf bl nd d
e ea an e e e e

w i th th mo i ng of th w i nds d th ro ri ng of th
e an e an e a e

w t rs h h rd stri f In unc si ng confl i ct w i th th

a e , e ea e . ea e

ea rth w i th th b sts d w i th ch oth r h w m

, e ea an ea e , e sa en

s t nd conqu r d f ll If h l i ft d hi w ry y
a , e , an a . e e s ea e e

tow rd th sk i s h w th l i ght struggl i ng w i th d rk

a e e , e sa e a
 RA G N A R O K .

n sse w i th i ts lf Wh n l i gh t ros out of d rkn ss

an d e . e a e a e ,

it w gr t d wi th n t hus i sm ; wh n i t s nk g i n
as ee e e a e a a a

i nto d rkn ss i t r ys w r brok n

a e , d i t d i ss lv d i
s a e e e an o e n

gli mm ri ng colors ; d i f h look d down i nto th

e an e e e

h rt of m
ea i nto h i own br st h fo nd th t ll
an , s ea ,
e u a a

thi s confl i ct of opposi ng l m nts i th outw rd world e e e n e a

d id but f i ntly symbol i z th t t rri bl w rf r p rv d i ng

a e a e e a a e e a

an d sh tt r i ng h i whol b i ng
a e W ll m i ght h long s e e . e e

for p c d
e a e, w wond r t h t thi s d p long i ng
an c an e e a ee

for r st d p c wh i ch fill d hi h rt i th m i dst

e an e a e, e s ea n e

of ll hi str ggl s
a s w wond r w u
y th
e t h i
, c an e e ,
e sa , a s

lo gi ng for p c found gr nd xpr ss i on i

n ea e fin l a a e e n a a

confl i ct through w hi ch i mp ri sh bl n ss d h rmony e a e e an a

w r tt n d
e e a ai e
?

Th i s fin l confl i ct th i s d i ssoluti on of n tur s d

a ,
a e
’
an

l i f s d i sh rmony th Edd pr s nts to us i th d th

e
’
a , e a e e n e ea

of th gods w hi ch i usu lly st t d c ll d R gn rok

e , s a ,
as a e ,
a e a a .

T h r i noth i ng mor subl i m i po try th n th

e e s e e n e a e

d scri pt i on i th Edd s of R gn rok It i pr c d d

e , n e a ,
a a . s e e e

by g s of cri m a e d t rror Th v l looks down

e an e . e a a

i nto N i fl h i m d e , an

Th aw h w d e re S s e a e

I h h y t m n t e e av s re a s

M —f l m d en ou ur e r e rs ,

A d p j n e r u r e rs ,

A d th m w h th w i ’
n e o o er s ves

S d t i e uce o s n .

Th grow i g d pr v i ty
e d str i f in th world pro e a an e n e

cl i m th ppro ch of th i s gr t v nt Fi rst th r i
a e a a ea e e . e e s

a w i nt r c ll d Fi m b l w i n t r duri ng wh i ch sno w w i ll
e a e u -
e ,

f ll from th four corn rs of th world ; th frost s w i ll

a e e e e

b e v ry s v r th w i nds p i rc i g th w th r t m
e e e e, e e n , e ea e e

p t
e s uou s, d th sun w i ll i mp rt no gl dn ss
an e Thr a a e . ee

such w i nt rs sh ll p ss w y w i tho t b i ng t mp r d
e a a a a u e e e e
418 RA G N A RO K .

floo d sh ll N glf r flo t nd th gi nt H ym b i t
a a a a , a e a r e s

st rsm n
ee a .

T h F nri s wolf dv nc s
e d o p ns hi
e normous
-
a a e an e s e

mout h ; th low r j w r ch s t tl e rth d th e a ea e o

i
e ea an e

upp r to h v n d h would op n i t sti ll wi d r

e on e ea e , an e e e

h d b room to do so
a e F i r fl s h s from hi y s d . e a e s e e an

nostri ls T h M i dg rd s rp n t pl c i ng h i ms lf by th
. e a -
e e , a e e

s id of th F i wolf vom i ts forth floods of po i son

e e en r S -
, ,

wh i ch fill th i d t h w t rs A m i dst th i s d v st
e a r an e a e . e a a

t i on th h ns r nt i tw i n
e d th
e a ve sons of ar e e n a , an e

M p l com ri di ng through th p n i ng i br i lli nt

us e e e o e n a

a rr y Surt ri d s first d b for

a .
d b h i nd hi m e , an e e an e

fl m s burn i ng fi Hi sword outsh i n s th sun i ts lf

a e re . s e e e .

B i frost ( th r i nbow ) th y ri d ov r i t br ks to
e a , as e e e , ea

pi c s Th n th y d i r ct th i r cours to t h b ttl fi ld
e e . e e e e e e a e- e

c ll d Vi gri d Th i th r r p i r lso th F nri s wolf d

a e . e e a a e e -
a n

th M i dg rd s rp nt
e d Lok w i th l l t h follow rs of
a -
e e , an e a e e

H l e d H ym w i th l l t h frost g i nts
, an r But th sons a e -
a . e

of M u p l k p th i r ffulg nt b nds p rt on th b ttl

s e ee e e e a a a e a e

fi ld wh i ch i
e , hundr d m i l s ( t ) on ch si d s on e e e r as s ea e .

M nwh i l H i md l ri s s d w i th ll hi s tr ngth
ea e e a a e ,
an a s e

h blows th G j ll
e horn to rous th gods who ss m
e a a r -
a e e , a e

bl w i thout d l y
e Odi n th n ri d s to M i m r s fount i n
e a . e e e
’
a

an d consults M i m r how h d h i w rri ors to nt r e e an s a ar e e e

i nto ct i on Th a h Ygdr s i l b g i ns to qu i v r nor i

. e as a e e , s

th r nyth i ng i h v n or on rth th t do s t f r
e e a n ea e ea a e no ea

an d tr mbl i th t t rr i bl hour
e Th gods
e n d l l th a e e . e an a e

i h j
e n of V lh l m th ms lv s w i th p d d s lly
er e s a a ar e e e S ee an a

forth to th fi ld l d on by Od i n w i th hi gold n h lm t
e e , e s e e e ,

r spl nd nt cu i r ss
e e d sp r c ll d G
e g Od i n a , an ea a e un n er .

pl c s h i ms lf g i nst th F ri s wolf T h or st nds by

a e e a a e en -
. a

h i s i d but
s r nd r hi m no ssi t nc h vi ng hi m
e, c an e e a s a e, a

s lf to comb t th M i dg rd s rp nt Fr y ncount rs
e a e a -
e e . e e e

Surt d t rri bl blows

, an xch ng d e Fr y f lls ; e a re e a e e re e a
 R A G N A RO K . 419

and ow s hi d f t to hi not h v i ng th t trusty

he e s e ea s a a

sword wh i ch h g v to S ki Th t d y th dog
e a e rn e r . a a e

G rm th t h d b n ch i n d i th G i p c v br ks
a , a a ee a e n e n a- a e, ea

loos H i th most f rful monst r of ll d tt cks

e . e s e ea e a ,
an a a

T yr ,d th y k i ll
an ch oth r Thor g i ns gr t r nown
e ea e . a ea e

for ki ll i ng th M i dg rd s rp nt but t th s m t i m
e a -
e e , a e a e e,

r tr ti ng n i n p c s h f lls d d upon th spot uff

e ea e a e , e a ea e , s o

t d w i th th floods of v no m w h i ch th dy i ng s rp nt
ca e e e e e e

vom i ts forth upon hi m T h wolf s w llows Od i n but . e a ,

a t th t i nst nt V i d r dv nc s
a a d s tt i ng h i foot upon
a a a e , an e s

th monst r s low r j w h s i z s t h oth r w i th h i h nd

’
e e e a e e e e e s a ,

an d thus t rs d r nds h i m t i ll h d i s
ea an V i d r i bl e e e . a s a e

to do th i s b c us h w rs thos sh o s wh i ch h v
e a e e ea e e a e

b for b n m nti on d
e e ee d for wh i ch stu ff h
e b n e , an as ee

g th
a r d i
e el l g s m
n a ly t h shr ds aof l th r
e wh i
, ch na e , e e ea e

a re cut ff to form th to s d h ls of sho s ; d i t

o e e an ee e an

is on th i s ccount th t thos who d s i r to r nd r

a a e e e e e

se rv i c to th gods should t k c r to throw such shr ds

e e a e a e e

a w y Loka . d H i md l fight e d k i ll
an ch oth r e a an ea e .

T h n Surt fli g fi
e d fl m ov r t h world
n s Smok
re an a e e e . e

wr th s up ro und th ll nouri sh i g tr ( Ygdr si l)

ea e a e a - n ee a ,

th h i gh fl m s pl y g i nst th h v ns d rth
e a e a a a e ea e an ea

c on s u m d i k down b n th th
e s n s e ea e se a .

Al l th i s i v i v i dly d subl i m ly pr s nt d i th
s an e e e e n e

Eld r Edd thus

e a,

E t f M i dg d i th I w das o ar n e ro n oo

The o ld hag *
s at,

Fe n r e r
’
s t e rri b e l
Ra c e sh e fo s t d e re .

O ne f of th m e

S ha ll at l t as

In t h e g u i s e o f a t llro

D e v o u r t h e m oo n .

A n g e rb o d a . S ee p . 17 9 . 1 M oo ngarm . S ee p . 180 .
42 0 RA G N A R O K .

It fe e d s on th e b o i e s d
O f m en, when th y e die
Th e s ea s t of d th e g o s

It t s ains w i th d bl d re oo

Th e s un s hi bl k
ne ac en s

In t h e su mm t h ft e rs erea er

An d th e w th g w b
ea er ro s ad

Kn o w y e now m o re or not ?

T h e h ag
’
s wa t c h e r,

Th e g a ld Ed g e r ,
S at on th e h i ll t-
op

An d pl y d
a e hi s h ar p;
N e ar him crow e d
In t h e b i r dw -
oo d
A fai r -
re d co c k
W hi ch Fj a l a r h i g h t .

Am o n g t h e g o s d crow e d
Th e g o com b e ld -
d coc k ,

He w ho w a k es in V a l ha l

The hos t s of h e ro e s ;
Be n e a h t h e t ear h t
Cr o w s ano th e r,

Th e ro o t -re d co c k ,

In t h e h a ll s of He l .

Lo u d bar k s G a rm

p At G ui a-c a v e

T h f tt e d e e rs a re s e v e re ,

Th w l f i t f e o s se re e ,

V l k w th f t a a no s e u u re .

M d h ore oes s e see

O f th i t i g d e v c o r ou s o s

T i bl f ll e rr e a .

T h wolf r f rr d to i
e e e th first stroph i s M n
e n e e aa e

g rm ( th moon d vour r) of whom w h v m d

a e -
e e , e a e a e

noti c b for T h h g i th Ironwood i Ang rbod

e e e . e a n e s e a

(a ngu i sh bod-
i ng) w i th w
,
h om Lok b g t ch i ldr n Ev i l e e a e .

i s b i ng d v lop d
e e e Th egods b com through Lok
. e e e e
42 2 RA G N A RO K .

Lo u d ba r k s G a rm
’i<

At G n i pa -c a v e ;
T h e fett de rs a re se v e re ,

Th w lf ie t fo s se re e ,

V l k w th f t
a a no s e u ure .

M ored h oes s e see

O f th i t i g d
’
e v c o r ous o s

T i b l f ll
e rr e a .

F m th
ro t d i H ym e eas r ves r ,

B hi
e a rs h i ld b f shi m c e ore ;
J m or g d un w lt an er e e rs

I gin tfi an ; e r ce n e s s

Th w e th d ;aves un er

Th e
g l ea m e s c re a s,

R d en h s p w i th p l
t e cor ses a e

A d N gl f
n i l a h d ar s aunc e .

A h i p f m th
s t ro e eas n e a rs ,

Th h t e f M os s p l o us e

Co m e th e m a i n ,
’
o er

B u t Lo k e is pi l t o .

Al l g r i m g a un m ons
a nd t t e rs

Co n j oi n t
w i h th e w o f, l
A n d b e fo re th em all o
g se

T h e b ro h e r t of By l e i s t }
Fro m t h e sou th w en d s S ur t
W i th see th i ng fire ;
Th e s un of t h e w a r -g o d
S hi n e s i n h i s swor d;
Mou n t ains t oge th d er ash ,

An d fri g h t en th e g i a n tm -
a id s ;
He r o e s t d re a th e p th
a s to He l ,

An d h e a v e n i n tw ai n is re n t .

O ve r Hl i n f h e n t sh a ll c om e

t
An o h e r w o e ,
W h en O di n
g o e s fo r h t
T h e w o f to l co mba t ,

* He l ’
s dog . f Lo k e .
rO ne of F r i gg s
’
m ai d -
t
s e r v an s .
 RA G N A R O K . 42 3

An d h e *
w h o Be l le s ew
’
G ains t S ur t id r es ;
Th en wi ll Fr i gg
’
s

B l e ove d h usban d } f ll a .

Lo u d b a r k s G a rm

At G ni
p cave
a -
;
tt
T h e fe e rs a re s e v e re d ,

Th w l f i e o s s et fr e e ,
Vl k w a a no s t h e f u u re t .

M o re do e s sh e see

O f th e t g d v i c o ri o us o s
’

T i bl f ll
e rr e a .

T h V i d th g t
en a r, e re a son

O f Vi t y f th
’
c or s a er,

G f th t fi g h t
oes or o

W i th h f i tb t; e e ro c o u s eas

W i th fi m g p h i w d r ra s s s or

I th g i
n tb m t e an -
o rn on s e r s
’
h ea r t
D p h plee t e an s,

A d n g h i f t h
aven es s a er .

T h th f m en t e a ous se n

O f Hl o d y n § c om e s ;
O di n s
’
son c om e s

To fi gh t w i t h t h p t; e ser en

M idg d w d H
’
ar s ar

I w th l y th
n ra p t s a s e ser en .

N i p ne w y ac e s a a

G th
oe s f Fj g y ;
e son o or n

H t tt e w o dd e rs , oun e

By th fi e p t e rc e ser en .

Al l m e n
Ab a n d on th e ear th .

T he sun d k ar ens ,

The th i k
e ar s n s in t o the o ce an ;
The l id t
uc s a rs

Fr o m h e a v e n v ani sh

* F re y . t O di n .
t T ho r .
§ An o th e r n am e f o r F ri gg .
] D e fe n
I d er .
4 24 R A G N A RO K .

Fi re an d v a p or

Ra g e tw o ar dh e av e n ;
Hi g h fl m a es

I l th k i
nvo v e e s es .

L d b k G m
ou ar s ar

At G n i pa -c a v e

Th e f ett e rs a re s e v e re d ,

Th w l f i e t o s se fr e e ,
Vl k w ha a no s t e fu t u re .

M do re h oe s s e see

O f th i t i d ’
e v c or o us
go s

T i b l f ll
e rr e a .

Th s stroph s
e e t k n from V olusp a (th pro ph cy
e a re a e e e

of th v l ) ; d b si d s th s w lso h v
e a a an e f w e e e e a a e a e

stroph s of th l y of V fth d
e e a i t h Eld r Edd a ru n e r, n e e a,

f rr i ng to th fin l confl i ct
re e e a

V AF T H R U D N ER

T ll m
e e, G ag n raa d ,
*

S in ce on fl th e oor t h w i lt ou

P ro v e t hy p fi ro i
c enc y ,

Ho w th t pl i
a a n i s ll d
ca e ,

W h e re i figh t
n s h ll m t a ee

S ur t and th e g e n tl g d ? e o s

G A G N R AAD ( O D IN )
V i g ri th e d
ai n i s c a e pl ll d ,

W he re i n gh sh a m e e fi t ll t
t
S ur a n d th e g e n e g o s ; tl d
A h un d d re ra s ts it i s
O n y id ev er s e .

T h t pl i i
a a n s to th em d e c re e d .

An d i n the s e cond p a rt of th i s s am e poe m , in wh i ch

Od i n sks
a an d V afth r u d n e r a nsw rs e
:

O di n .
42 6 R AG N A R O K .

an d thos wh i ch h d d v lop d i th rth d i th

e a e e e n e ea an n e

s e a, d wh i c h no
an m i ght conq r From M as a -
c an ue . us

p l
e h i me com t h sons of M p l i h
e i n i ng rmor
e ; us e n S a

from M p l world c m ori gi n lly th sun moon d

us e
’
s a e a e , an

st rs It i fund m nt l l w i n tur th t ll th i ngs

a . s a a e a a n a e a a

d stroy th ms lv s ll thi ngs cont i n

e e i n h r nt forc
e e , a a an e e e

th t fin lly bri ngs ru i n ; th t i th m n i ng of p ri sh

a a a s e ea e

a bl n ss or corr pti on A s cond host cons i sts of th

e e u . e e

fr s t gi nts From th body f th old g i nt Ym r

o -
a . e o e a e

w as form d th rth th e th mount i ns th tr s

e ea , e sea, e a , e ee ,

t
e c ; . th g i nts m st
e th r for ss i s
a t i th d struct ui on e e e a n e e

of th i r own work Th th i rd hos t Lok

e d hi . e is e an s

ch i ldr n born i ti m
e ,
d th o ffspri ng f th t wh i ch
n e an e o a

w as cr t d Th y ea e th d struct i v . l m nts i th t e ar e e e e e e e n a

w hi ch w cr t d ; th oc n b com i ng fi rc s rp nt
as ea e e ea e a e e e e ,

an d th fi a d vour i ng wolf
e re Lok h i ms lf i th e . e e s e

volc n i c fi w hi ch th rth h prod c d w i th i n i t

a re e ea as u e s

bow ls ; d th n th r i ll th t i cow rdly p

e an e e e s a a s a re re

s nt d by th p l H l w i th h bloodl ss sh dows th
e e e a e e er e a , e

li f w h i ch h
e turn d i nto sh dowy d th All th s
as e a ea . e e

forc s ppos e ch oth r T h os who fo ght i li f

o e ea e . e u n e

mutu lly c nqu r ch oth r i d th Od i n whos

a o e ea e n ea .
, e

h v n i th sourc of ll l i f i l i n by th F nri s
ea e s e e a e, s S a e e

wolf th rthly fi wh i ch h brough t ll k i nds of

, e ea re, as a

a cti v i ti s i nto th l i f of m ; but th wolf ft r h

e e e an e , a e e

h as conqu r d f lls g i n t th h nds of V i d r th

e e , a a a a e a a ,
e

i mp ri sh bl i ncorrupt i bl forc of
e a e, tur In th i s du l e e na e . e

h v n d rth
ea e ng g d T h god of th clou d s
an ea are e a e . e e ,

Thor cont nds w i th th M i dg rd s rp nt — m ny

, e e a -
e e , a a

struggl th y h v h d tog th r ; now th clouds d

e e a e a e e e an

oc ean m tu lly d stroy ch o th r S i nc th d th of

u a e ea e . e e ea

B ld r Fr y i th most pur
a e , e d h i n i ng d i v i n i ty
s e e an S .

Hi pur s d nobl purpos

e d long i ng
an sti ll w i th i n
e e an a re

hi m but h i sword hi pow r i gon

, s H nc h i , s e , s e . e e e s
 RA G N A R O K . 42 7

stri ck n down by Surt th w rd r of Musp lh i m

e , e a e e e .

H i md l str tch d hi bri ll i nt r i nbow ov r th rth

e a e e s a a e e ea

Lok hi v ri g t d str m of fi w i t hi n th
e s a e rth ;
a e ea re e ea

th e procl i m i ng m rc i s d bl ss ings th oth r

on e a e e an e , e e

d structi on ; both p ri sh i R gn rok H l d h

e e n a a . e an er

p l host lso b t k th ms lv s to th fin l cont st

a e a e a e e e e e a e ,

but th Edd s y noth i ng bout th i r t k i ng p r t i th

e a sa a e a a n e

fight How . th y ? Th y noth i ng but m pti

c an e e are e

n ss th m r v n i ty of th h rt i wh i ch th r i no
e ,
e e e a e ea ,
n e e s

subst nc ; th y a but th d rkn ss wh i ch nwr p s th

e e a re e a e e a e

earth d ,
not c p bl of d ds
an ar e a a e ee .

Thus i R gn rok ! T h gr t nt gon i sm p rv d i ng

s a a e ea a a e a

th world i r mov d i
e fin l struggl i wh i ch th
s e e n a a e, n e

cont nd i ng pow rs mutu l ly d stroy ch oth r R g

e e a e ea e . a

na rok i outbr k of ll th ch oti c pow rs confl i c t

s an ea a e a e , a

b tw n th m d th st bl i sh d ord r of cr ti on
e ee e an e e a e e ea .

Fi r w t r d rkn ss d d th work tog th r to d stroy

e, a e ,
a e an ea e e e

th world
e Th gods d th i r n m i s m t i
. e i an e e e e ee n a un

v rs l world mbr c i ng wr stl

e a , d du l -
ed mutu lly a e e an e , an a

d stroy
e ch oth r T h fl m s of Surt th supr m
ea e . e a e , e e e

fire - god compl t th ov rthrow d th l st r mn nt

, e e e e , an e a e a

of th consum d rth s i nks i nto th oc n

e e ea e ea .
 C H A P TE R II .

R E G E N E RA T I O N .

UT wh n th h v s d th
e rth d th whol
e ea en an e ea an e e

world h v b n consum d
ia fl m s wh n th
e ee e n a e , e e

g ds d ll th i h j
o an a d ll m k i nd h v p
e e n er es an a an a e er

i h d
s wh t th n ? Is t m i mmort l ? A not
e , a e no an a re

all m to l i v i som world or oth r for v r ? Th

en e n e e e e e

v l looks g i n d
a a a a , an

S he sees a ri s e

The s e con d tim e,

F rom t h e s e a , t h e e ar h t
pl t ly
Co m e e g re en :

C d d
a s ca es o fa , ll
Th gle ea e s o a rs ,

F m l fty
ro o
"

m o un t s

P u rs u e s i ts p y re .

T he go d s co n v e n e

On Id pl i
a
’
s a ns,

A d t lk f t h p w
n a o e o e r fu l

M i d g rd ap t -
ser en

T h y ll t m i d
e ca o n

Th F e i w lf
en r s- o

A d th
n i t e anc en ru ne s

O f t h m i g h ty O d i
e n .

Th g i en a a n

Th w e d fl on er u

G ldo t bl t
en a e s

A re f d i th g
oun n e ra s s :
430 R E G E N ER A TI O N .

S ees a h al l ll dca e G im l e ;
It t hi
ou s n es th e s u n ,
O f g ld i t o s ro o f ;
It t d i s an s n he av e n
The th
v i r tu o u s e re

S ha ll l w y d w ll
a a s e ,

An d e v e rm o re

l t jy De i gh s en o .

Tow rd th north on th N i d mount i ns stands

a e e a- a a

l rg h ll of S h i n i ng gold wh i ch th r c of S i d
a e a , e a e n re,

th t i s th dw rfs occupy Th r i lso noth r h ll

a e a ,
. e e s a a e a

c ll d Bri m r wh i ch i lso i h v n i th r gi on
a e e , s a n ea e , n e e

O k l d th r
o n e r, a n ll who d l i ght i q u ffi g good dri nk
e e a e n a n

w i ll find pl nty i stor for th m Good d v i rtuous

e n e e . an

b i ngs i nh b i t ll th s h lls
e a a e e a .

But th r i lso pl c of p un i shm nt It i s c ll d

e e s a a a e e . a e

N t d ( str nd of d d bod i s )
a a s r an In N t d th r
a ea e . aas r a n e e

i
s a v st d t rri bl structur w i th doors th t f c to
a an e e e, a a e

th north
e It i bu i lt nti r ly of th b cks of s rp nts
. s e e e a e e ,

w ttl d tog th r l i k w i ck r work But ll th s rp nts

a e e e e e -
. a e e e
’

h ds
ea turn d tow rd th i nsi d of th h ll d con
ar e e a e e e a , an

t i u l ly vom i t forth floods of v nom i

n a wh i ch w d ll e ,
n a e a

thos who h v comm i tt d murd r p rjury or dult ry

e a e e e , e , a e .

Th v l e i th Eld r Edd
a a, n e e a,

S w h ll a a a

Fa r f ro m t h e s un ,

O n th e t
s ra n d f d d
o ea d
bo i e s ,
W i th d oo r s tw d h
o ar t e nor th .

V eno m d p ro s

Th I ph l
ro u g h th e oo o es ;
F m d i t h t h ll
or e s a a

O f w th d p tre a e ser en s .

Th w h
ere w d sa s e a e

T h gh h y t m
ro u e av s re a s,

P j e r u re r s

A d m
n d ur e r e rs
 RE G E N E R AT I O N . 43 1

An d d lt
a u e r e rs

Th e re N i dh ug kd s uc e

T he b di o es o f h d t d e ea

And t he w o l f t th m t p io re e o e ce s

t hi
.

Co n c e i v e y e t?
s or no

Th en c om e s th m i g h ty
e o ne *

T o th e g r e a u t j dg m t en ;
F
ro m h e a v e n h e com es,

He w ho g u i d es all th i n
gs :

J dg m t h tt ; u en s e u e rs

S t if h pp r es e a e as es ,

L w h di a s e or a ns

T fl ihf o ou r s o re v e r .

Or it
as st t d i Hy d l l y ft r sh h s
is a e n n a s
’
a , a e e a

scri b d H i md l th subl i m prot ctor of th p ri sh bl

e e a , e e e e e a e

world
Th m th en co es ano er

Y t m m i g h ty e o re ,

B t him d I t u are no

V t t m e n ure o na e ;
F w l k f th e f w d oo ur er or ar

T h t th t i m an o e e

Wh O di g en n oes

T m t th w l f o ee e o .

A d wh n th v l
n e i V olusp a b gi nn i ng w i th th
e a a n , e e

pri m v l ti m h unv i l d i th most profound

e a e, as e e , n e se n

t th
e n c e s, whol eh i story of t
eh un i v rs — wh n h e e e, e s e

has gon thro u gh v ry p ri od of i t d v lopm nt down

e e e e s e e e

through R gn rok d th R g n r ti on t h followi ng

a a an e e e e a ,
e

i h
s l s t v i s i on
er a

Th m th d k er e c o es e ar

D g l fly i g ra on
‘
n

p t
,

Th hi i g e s n n ser en

F m th N i d m t i ro e a- ou n a n s

I th d p n e ee .

p m G The S d u re e od . 1 N i hug
'
.
432 R E G E N ER A TI O N .

O ver th e pl ain it fli es ;
De a d
bo i e s N i h ug d d
Drag s i n hi s w hi zz i n g pl um a e ,
g
t N i dh g i N ow m us u s n k .

Thus nds th v l s proph cy ( l p d ) S h h s

e e a a
’
e vo n s e a

r v l d th d cr s of th F th r of N t r ; h h
e ea e e e ee e a e a u e s e as

d scri b d th
e fl g ti
e d r nov t i on of th world
e c on a ra on an e a e ,

an d w pr cl i ms th f t of th good
no o d of th
a vil e a e e an e e .

T h world e d th t h i ngs i i t p r i sh but not t h

an e n e , e

forc s Som of th gods r pp r i th r g n r t d

e . e e ea ea n e e e e a e

ea rth wh i l som d not Th y who r pp r

,
e me o . e ea ea a re en

ti on e d i p i rs xc pti ng H n r wh i lon B ld r
n a , e e oe e , o s a e . a e

an d Hod r tog th r ; l i k wi s V i d r d V l
e are d e e e e a an a e, an

Mod ed M gn an N i th r Od i n a Thor nor th v ns

e . e e n or e a

app r Th y p r i sh d w i th th world for th y p

ea . e e e e , e re re

s nt d th d v lop i ng forc s of thi s world ; th y w r

e e e e e e e e e

d i v i n i ti s r pr s nti ng th t wh i ch c m i nto b i ng d
e e e e a a e e an

h d a x i st nc i i t On th oth r h nd B ld r d
e e e n . e e a , a e an

Hod r c m b ck from H l T h y r pr s nt l i ght d

e a e a e . e e e e an

d rkn ss ; but th y
a e l i k i thi s r sp c t th t th y e a re a e n e e , a e

ar e nothi ng subst ti l nothi ng r l th y only th an a , ea ,

e are e

condi ti on for som th i n g to b or w m i gh t y th y e e, e sa e are

th sp c e th fi m m
a e, t i wh i ch som th i ng m y x i st
e r a en ,
n e a e .

Th y e th two broth rs whos sons h ll i n h b i t th

are e e e S a a e

w i d W i nd h om
e Th s wh n h v n d rth h v
-
e . u e ea e an ea a e

p ss d w y th r i nothi ng r m i n i g but th w i d
a e a a e e s e a n e e

exp s of p c w i th l i ght d d rkn ss wh not only

an e S a e an a e ,
o

rul tog th r i p rf ct h rmony but lso p rm t ch

e e e n e e a ,
a e ea e ea

oth r d utr l i z ch oth r

e an ne a e ea e .

H n r com s b ck H w ori gi n lly

oe e e of th a . e as a on e e

tri n i ty w i th Od i n d Lod r ( Lok ) ; but th gods an e e e re

i d Njord
c e ve host g from th v ns d g v to
as a a e e a ,
an a e

th v ns i
e a r t rn H n r n s curi ty of fri ndsh i p
e u oe e , as a e e

b tw n th m T hi s un i on b tw n th s s d v n s
e ee e . e ee e a a an a
43 4 R EG E N E R A TI O N .

l m nts of fi
e e e d w t r T h E dd s not cl r on
re an a e . e a are ea

th i s po i nt but ffirm ti v , nsw r s ms t b sugg st d

an a a e a e ee o e e e

i t h f ct th t th b tt r p rt of v ry b i ng i pr s rv d
n e a a e e e a e e e s e e e .

T h good emo g m find th i r r w rd i G i ml ;a n en e e a n e

for h th t m d m g v hi m soul wh i ch sh ll l i
e a a e an a e a , a ve

an d n v r p r i sh though th body sh ll h v mould r d

e e e , e a a e e e

a w y or h v b n bur t to sh s ; d l l th t
a a e ee n a e an a a a re

r igh t o s sh ll dw ll w i th hi m i th pl c c ll d G i ml
e u a e n e a e a e e,

s ys th Young r Edd T h dw rfs h v th i r S i d

a e e a . e a a e e n re,

an d th i r gold n h ll on th N i d mount i ns ;
e e d th a e a- a an e

gi nt h hi shi n i ng dr i k i ng h ll Bri m r but i t i

a as s n a , e ,
s

s i tu t d i O k l
a e ( not cool
n
) wh r th r i no mor
o n er , e e e e s e

frost .

T h Eld r Edd e s ms to po i nt out two pl c s of

e a ee a e

p un i sh m nt for m e G i nts d dw rfs not pun en . a an a a re

i h d for th y
s e , t bl i n d ly th y h v no fr w i ll But
e ac ,
e a e ee .

th e w i ck d of m nki nd go to N t d d w d i
e a aa s r an an a e n

str ms of s rp nt v nom d th nc th y pp r to b
ea e e -
e , an e e e a ea e

w sh d down i nto H g l m th t horri bl old k ttl

a e ve r e e r, a e e e,

wh r th i r bod i s torn by N i dhug th dr gon of th

e e e e a re , e a e

utt rmost d rkn ss

e a e .

T h r i d y of judgment T h good d b d
e e s a a . e an a a re

se p r t d T h god whom th Edd d r not n m i

a a e . e ,
e a a e a e, s

th j dg
e u T h Young r Edd onc c lls h i m A l l f th
e . e e a e a a e r,

for h i to th w world w h t Odi n w to th old H

e s e ne a as e . e

w as b for th b gi nn i ng of t i m
e e d t the d of t i m
e e, a n a e en e

h e e nt rs upon hi t rn l r i gn
e s e e a e .

Th r w rd i e t rn l Is th pun i shm nt lso t r

e a s e e a . e e a e e

na l ? Wh n l ight d d rkn ss ( B ld r d Hod r )

e an a e a e an e c an

l i v p c bly tog th r wh n d rkn ss

e ea e a r solv i ts lf e e ,
e a e c an e e e

i nto l i ght c nnot th n t h v i l b di ssolv d i th

, a e e e e e n e

good ; c nnot th t rn l str ms of goodn ss w sh w y

a e e e a ea e a a a

th e v i l ? W th i nk so d th Edd s ms to j sti fy
e e ,
an e a ee u

us i th i s thought ; t l st th Eld r Edd s ms to

n a ea e e a ee
 R E G E N E RA TI O N . 435

v i w ofe th e subj ct L i st n g i n
e . e a a

th v l e a a

Th er e c om e s th e d ar k
D ra g o n flyi n
g,
Th e shi n i n g ser p t en

F rom th e N i d a -m o u n t ai ns

In t h e d p ee .

O ver th pl e ai n it fli es ;
Dea d b di o es N i h ug d
Dra g s i n h i s w h i z z i ng pl um ag e ,

N ew m u s t N i dhug si n h .
*

Wh n th r e nt rm d t st t e e tr ns t on
is an i e e ia e a e, a a i i , a

p ur i fic t i on purg
a tory t h n ,
t h i sa p r i fic t i on must a , e u a

soon r or l t r b ccompl i sh d ; d th t i th d y of
e a e e a e an a s e a

th gr t judgm nt wh
e ea N i dh g m t i k e d n v r
,
en u us s n , an e e

mor l i ft hi w i ngs lo d d w i th d d bodi s Th i s i d

e s a e ea e . ea

i b ut i f lly l bor t d i
s ea u Z d i t e aT h Edd h a e n en ao s a . e a as

it i si ngl l i n b t th m j ri ty of i t i nt rpr t rs
n a e e, u e a o s e e e

h v not compr h nd d i t W who

a e p rm t d by
e e e . e are e ea e

th tru Chri sti n sp i ri t w know how gr t joy t h r

e e a ,
e ea e e

i i s h v n ov r si nn r wh i conv rt d ; w know
n ea e e a e o s e e e

th God of m rcy who do s not d s i r

e e th rui n of
,
e e e e a

si ngl si nn r nd th God of omn i pot nc who w i th

e e , a e e e,

hi h nd is bl to p r ss th t rs of r p nt nc from
a s a e e e ea e e a e

th h rt though i t b h rd
e ea ,
st l ; w compr h nd e a as ee e e e

why h l ts N i dh ug s i n k down All d rkn ss h ll b

e e . a e S a e

cl r d up d b gi ld d by th h i n i ng l ight of h v n
ea e an e e e S ea e .

W p t th e re s en j t m M t
is vi e w o f t th e s ub ec fr o N Pe e rs e n , wh o s ugg e s s

th t d th p t th t
. .

a mm th e co on re a i ng of is as s a g e hon o ug h t o b e h a nn , a i s he, not

she O t In lt ur pp l d
r an s a l
i o n w e h av e su ie th e n o un N i d h ug , wh i e i f we h ad
ll d t t t ld d t
.

fo ow e the o her au h o ri i e s w e wo u h av e us e th e n o un va la Pe e rs e n

m k th t k( t l p pp l d
.

is
'

re ar s a ) th e w o r d sin s okkvas k a n a ur a ex re s s i o n wh e n a ie to
th e d k t
r ag o n , wh o dS in t l h pp l d
s in o th e a by s s , b ut f o r c e an d un n a u r a w en a ie
to the l H l va a t t p (
e a sol tl q uo h ld H
e s an o he r a s s ag e th e as i n e i n B ry n i s
’
el

d h h ld kt ( t d)
.

ri e w e re B ry n i ) s ays to t h e h a g : S i n h ou s hhhs tu ! o f gi a n k i n !
ld d d h h t d ll
.

fr om th e E er E a w ic c o rr o b o r a e s hi s vi e w A s th e re a er wi o b s e rv e ,

d pt d t t l
.

w h a ve e rs e n s v i e w e n i re y
’
e a o e Pe .
43 6 C O N CLUS IO N .

Such w th origi n th d v lopm nt th d t u

as e , e e e e , e es r c

ti on d r g n r ti on of th world A d now s ys th
an e e e a e . n , a e

You g r Edd n e i t clos s th d lud i ng of K i ng G ylf

a, a s e e e e,

if you h v y furth
a r qu
e st i ons
an to k I know not e e as ,

who nsw r you ; for I n v r h rd t ll of nyon

c an a e e e ea e a e

who coul d r l t wh t w i ll h pp n i th oth r g s of

e a e a a e n e e a e

th e world M k th r for th b s t u you

. a e of e e e e e se c an

wh t h b n i mp rt d to you
a as ee a e .

Upon th i s G gl h rd t rri bl no i s ll round an e re ea a e e e a a

hi m .H look d but could

e n i th r p l c nor ci ty
e , s ee e e a a e

a nywh r nor nyth i ng s v v st pl i n H th r for

e e, a a e a a a .
,
e e e e

se t out on hi r turn to h i k i ngdo m w h r h r l t d

s e s , e e e e a e

a l l th t h h d s n
a d h rd ;
e a d v r si nc th t
ee an ea an e e e a

t i m th s t i di ngs h v b n h nd d down from m to

e e e a e ee a e an

m an by or l tr d i ti on d w dd m y th str m f
a a , an e a , a e ea o

story n v r c s to flow ! M y th youth th v i gor ou

e e ea e a e ,
e s

m an , and th gr ndf th r w i th hi s i lv ry locks for v r

e a a e s e , e e

conti nu to r fr sh th i r m i nds by look i ng i nto d

e e e e an

dri nk i ng from th fount i n th t r fl cts th nci nt hi e a a e e e a e s

tory of th gr t Goth i c r c !
e ea a e

In clos i ng w would pr s nt th i s qu sti on Sh ll

, e e e .
e : a

w h v north rn
e a e t? W h v sou th rn t (H
e ar e a e e ar erc u

l
e s an d H b ) w h v or i nt l
e e , t (A d m e d E ) ad e e a ar a an ve ,
an

now w i ll som compl t th tri logy by ddi ng Lok

e on e e e e a e

an d S i gyn ? Ay l t us h v noth r Thorv lds n d

,
e a e a e a e ,
an

l t hi m d vot h i ms lf to
e e th e t Hr i w e n or er n ar . e e s a ne

an d untrodd n fi ld for th rti st Y Gothi c po ts d

e e e a . e e an

p i nt rs d sculptors ! why st nd y h r i dl ?
a e an a e e e e
 V O C A B U LA R Y

Z EG IR [A ng l o -S a x . ea g or , th e sea ] . T h e g od p re s i di ng ov e r th e

t
s o rm y sea . He en e r ai n s t t th e go d s ev e r y h a r ve s t ,
a nd

br e w s al e fo r th em . It t i ll s s u rv i v e s in p ro v i n c i a l En g i s h l
fo r t h e s e a -w a v e on ri v e rs . Ha v e a c a r e e r e i s th e , th ea g er

c om i ng l — ( Ca r lyl e He ro e s a n d He r o w o r s h i ) E g er p
’
s -
. .

AG N A R A son o f K i n g Hra u d u n g and fo s t e r-s o n o f F i g g Ag r . h ar .

d i k t G im
.

AG N AR . A son of Ki n
g G e i r ro d . He g i v e s a r n o r ner

( O di n ) . Agn a r
ALFR [An g o l -
S ax . a lf , m n n t ce lf en , - —f
sce e l en , wa d n -
el en , e t c
f .
; En g .

elf e lves , G e rm . a ll) and el en ,

f Er l i n E r lk O n i g (G oe th e ) i s,
a c co r di n pt f m f m th D i h E ll k g
g to G ri m m ,
a c o rr u or ro e an s e on e

l i k E l k g ; i th w t f I l d th w d i l p
e oer on e n e es o c e an e or s a so ro

n o un c e d alb ] A lf f i y ; l f b i g l i k th d w f
r . n e ,
a r a c ass o e n s e e ar s,

b tw e g d d
een m T h w
o f t wsk i d lan f en . ey e re o o n s : e ves o

l i g h t ( Lj dlf ) d l f d k (D hkdlf ) T h b d
’

os ar an e ves o ar ne ss o ar . e a o e

o f th l i Alf h m f i y l d d th i k i g i th g d
e e ves s ei r, a r -
an ,
an e r n s e o

F y E lf
re .

ALF OO R A Cor
[ F t h f l l ]
LF A T h m f
‘
O d i t
IR h a er o a . e na e o n as e

su p m g d It lre f
e t oth p m d k w
. a so re e rs o e su re e an un no n

god . A llfa ther .

ALF H E I M R [ f (i Z , e l f, and hei m r , h om e] . El f -

l and , fa i r yl d -
an .

F y d w ll i
re
’
s e ng , g i v e n hi m as a t th g i ft
oo -
. A lf he i m
pi d
.

ALS V ICR [ s oi ti r ( s oi n n r ) , ra , w i se] . All -w i s e . O ne of the h ors e s

of th e s un A lse i d
dw Th q ti
. .

A l se] T he a rf w ho
[
’
ALV i s s l w i -
. a n s w e rs or s ues on s in
th e l a y of A l vi s . A lvi s .

AM S V AR T N IR .
[ T h e e ty m l g y i d o o s o ubtf l ; p u e rh a p s fro m a ma , to
v ex ann o y ,
an
d s oa r tn i r ( soa r t ) bl k ]
r ,
ac The n am e of th e
l d it t d wh l
,

sea, i n w h i c h th e i s an w as s ua e e re t h e w o f Fe n r e r

w as chai n e d . A m se a r tn er .
44 0 V O CA B ULA R Y .

AN N AB E or O N ARR . Hu s ba n d o f n i gh t and fa h e r t of J o rd (j or O
'
‘

ea r th
) . A nna r .

AN D H R IM N I R
[ d n d , s ou l pi i t
, s r ,
br e a h , t and hr i m n i r hr i m An g l o

t p d
.
,

S a x hr i m . En g . r i m e, h o a r fro s -
hr i m n i r , t h e one ro u ci n g

t h e h e a r fr o s -
t] . Th e coo k in V a lh a l . A n dhr i m n er
d pd
.

AN D V AR I . Th e n am e of a g u rn a r
-
S ha e d w a r f ; th e own er of

th e f a tl a r i ng ca ll d A e n d e a r a n a n tr . A n d oa r e .

AN D V AR A F O R S . T h e fo r c e or wa t e r fa ll i n w h i ch th e dw arf An d
va re k pt e h i m s e f i n t h e fo r m l of a g u r n ar d (pik e ) . A n d va r e
For ce .

AN D V AR A N AU T R
[ on d , s pi i t ; r e arr , cau ti ou s ; n a n tr , G e rm .
g e -
n os se

( fr o m c e I l j t) . n o a ,
a d ] onor Th e f t l
a a ri ng g v e n b y An
i d va re

y pi i t)
.

(th e w a r s r . A n d e a r en a a t .

AN G A N T YR . He h a s a l ega l di p t s u e wi h O t tt ar He i m s k e , w ho i s
fa v o r e d by F yj re a . A n g a n tyr .

AN G E YJ A . O ne of He i m d a s n i n e m o h e r s Sa l ’
t . y s th e E ld er

E dd a i n th e La y o f Hyn d l a : N i n e g i a n m a i t d s gav e bi th
r

to th e g r a cious
g od, at th e w or ld ’
s m a rg i n . T hese a re ;

G j al p ,
G r e i p, E i s t l a , A n g e yj a , Ul fr u n , Ey r gj a fa , Im d , A tl a,

an d J a rn s a x a . A ng egj a .

AN G RBO OA [ An g u i s h bo d i n g
] -
. A gian t ess ; m o h er t of t h e Fe n r i s
w o f b y Lo l k e . A n g er bod a .

AR V A K R [Ea r ly aw a k e ] . The n am e of o ne of th e h o r s e s of th e
s un . A a r va k .

As s or AS ; pl u ra l ZES I B . T he a sa s , g o d s . Th e w o r d pp i a e a rs n

s uch En g i s h l n am e s as O sbo rn , O s wa ld ,
e tc . W i th it an n

i s fo u n d i n th e G e rm . A n s g a r ( An g l S O o- ax . s ca r ) It i
. l s a so

fo u n d in m an y S ca n di n avi an p p ro m er na es as A sbj O r n ,
’

As t idr , e tc . The t e rm ces i r is d t di t

u se o s i ngui sh O di n,

Th o r, etc ,
fro m t h e e ani r (v a n s ) . A sa .

k ll d t d i ti t d
.

AS A LO K I
-
. Lo e , so ca e o s ng u i sh him f ro m U gar
Lo k e, w ho i sgi t A Li a an . sa - o re .

AS A -
DO R E . A co mm m f Th on na e or or . A s a Thor -
.

AS G A R O R ‘
. The id re sf th g d en ce o e o s (a sa s) . A sg a r d .

AS K R [ A ng l o- S ax
'

ase , an a sh
] . The n am e of th e fi t rs m an
t d by O d i d
.

c re a e n, Hoe n e r and Lo er . A sh .

AS YN J A ; pl lA u ra S YN J U R . A go dd
e s s ; fe m i n i n e of Ass . A sg nj e .

AT LA . O ne of He i m dl a
’
s n i n e m o h e rs A tla t . .

A UDHU M LA ; a sol wr i tt en AUO H U M B LA .

[T h e e tym l g y o o of th i s

w or d is u n ce r ai n t . Fi nn M a g n us s o n d e ri ve s i t fro m a nO r ,
44 2 V O CA B ULA RY .

BR AG I .
[ Com p are An g l o -S ax . br eg o, p ri n c e p ] s . Th e god of p ty oe r .

A s on of O di H i th b n . e s e es t of s k ld a s . B r ag e .

BR E I EAB LI K [ Li t lly b d b
e ra l i k ro a - n , fro m br ei ti r , b r o a d ,
an d bli ka

(G e rm . bli c ken ; En g . t o bli n k) , t o g l e am , t w i kl n e

] . Ba ld er s
’

dw ll i e n
g . B r ei d a bli k .

BR IS I N G AM E N kl m t B ii gm
. F yj re a s
’
nec a ce or orn a en . r s n a en .

BUR L [ T h i w lly pl si d m i g t
orh di g
b i g s e n e ra ex a ne as e an n e ea r n ,

i f th ; b t w th i k t h t i t i th m th A gl
‘

. e . a er u e n a s e sa e as e n e

S bg
ax on d d t ff p i g W d t
’

r e, h w
son , e scen an ,
o s r n . e o no see o

it b
can i d ti p ti i pl f th
e b b
co n c e v e as an ac ve ar c e o e v er er a ,

t b i g f th
o r nS p 195 w h w h f ll w d K y ]
or . ee .
, e re e ave o o e e ser .

T h f th e f B H w
a p d d b y th w l i k i g
er o or . e as ro uce e co
’
s c n

th t e d w i th i m B
s on e s co v e re r e . a re .

BYG G V IR F y tt d t ; B yl h b d B yg
. re
’
s a en an e a s
’
us an . ver .

BY LE IP T R [Th fl m f th d w ll i g] T h b th f L k
e a e o e e n . e ro er o o e .

B yleip t .

D
DA G R [ D ay
] . S on of De ll i ng . D ag .

D AIN N . A har t th t a
g n a w s t h e b r a n c h e s o f Yg ra s i D aai n d l . .

D E LLI N GR [ g i ng er
d e l ( g
d a r ,
d a
y) a s r i n
g] T h e f a h e r, o f D dyp
a y . t .

D e lli n g .

Di s ; u ra plDIS IR A en an l
s i ri . tt d t p t or g ua r i a n d a ng e l . An y
fe m a l e m hi c b e i n g m ay be ca yt ll d e Di s D is . .

D R A UP N IR [d rj ap a En g d r ip ; G e rm tr a uf e n ; Dan n p e]
°
. . .
,

di It ld l pi l
.

p Ba S k i rn e r
’ ’
O n s ri n g . w as ut on er s f u n e ra -
e .

o ff e r e d i t to G er d . D r a up n er .

DR O M I . O ne of th e f e t e r s t b y w h i ch t h e F e n ri s - w o lf w a s fe t
t e re d . D r om e .

D UN E YR R , Ha r t th t
s a
g n a w t h e b ra n c h e s of Yg d ra s i l . D un
D U R AP R O R . l ey r ; D u r a thr or .

D UR I N N . The dw a r f, s e co n d in d eg re e . D a ri n .

DV A LI N N . A dw f ar . D o a li n .

DV E R G R [ An gl S o- ax . d we or g ; En g . d wa rf ; G e rm . zwer g ; S we d .

d wer g ] . A dw arf . In m o d e rn I l di l
c e an c ore dw a rfs di s ap
p e a r, but re m ai n in l l oca n am e s , as D v e r g a -s t e i n n ( com p a re

th e D w ar fie S t
tt P i t ) d i
on e lw d in S co
’
s ra e ,
an n s e v e ra or s

and ph ra s e s . F
m th b l i f t h t d w f l i
ro di k e e e a ar s ve n ro c s an

e ch o is ca ll d d w g m dl ( d w f t lk ) d d w g mdl m
e er -
ar - a ,
an er -
a e an s

to e ch o . Th dw f w e k i ll d i m t l w k i g
ar s ere s e n e a -
or n .
 V O CA B ULA R Y . 4 43

ED D A . Th e wor d m e an s a g re a tg -
ra n dm th Th o er . e n am e is
lly ppli d t th m yth l g i
u s ua a m di e o e o o ca l ll ti f p
co ec on O oe s s

d by B y j l f S i
c o v e re i l d by
r n o ve n s son n th y e 1 643 H ear . e, e

f
a if l d an c
gg t i ug t th b k whi h
an e rr o n e o u s su es on , av e o e oo c

h f e d th m S m d Edd Edd f S m d T h i
ou n e na e ae un ar a, a o ae un . s

i th s ll d E ld e E d d T h t h i th Y g
e s o -c a e r a . en e re s e ou n er

Ed d m ppl i d t w k w i tt by S
a, a na St l e a e o a or r en n o rr e ur e

d
son , a n t i i g ld m yth l g i l l d th
co n a n n ld ti o o o ca o re an e o ar

fi i l c al f m ki g Th
ru e s i t ppl i d th m o r v e rs e- a n . e an c e n s a e e na e

Ed d ly t th i w k f S
a on Th E ld Edd wo s or o n o rr e . e er a as

n ever ll d A d i t i l so t i w h th S
ca e . n s a so un cer a n e er n o rr e

him lf k w hi w k b y th m f Edd I th Ri g
se ne s or e na e o a . n e s

m al ( L y f Ri g ) E dd i th p g i t i f th
a o f a s e ro en r x o e ra ce o

th ll ra s .

EG O A g l t h t pp t R g k Eg d
‘
IR . n ea e a a ea rs a a n a ro . er .

EG I LL Th .f th f Thj l f ; gi t d w ll i g
e a th er o a e a an e n n ear e s ea .

T h l ft h i g t w i th h i m h i w y t th g i t Hym
or e s oa s on s a o e an er .

Eg i l .

EIK pYR N IR
[ ei k, o ak , and pg r n i r ,
a th orn ] . A har t th t t d a s an s

ov er O di n s
’
ha ll ( V alh al ) . F rom hi s an tl e rs d p i t th
ro s n o e

ab y ss wa t er fr o m w h i c h ri v e rs flo w . E i kthyr n er .

EI N H E R I ; u ra E I N H E R J AR pl l . The on ly ( i e n ) org r e a c ha m i o n s ; t p
t h e h e r o e s w h o h a v e fa ll en in b ttl
a e and be e n a m i e d tt d
in t o V a lhal . Ei n herj e .

EIR [T h e p ea c e c lem en cy ]
w or d
An a e n a n m e an s , tt d t of

l
.

M e n g l o d , a n d th e be s t o f a l l i n th e h e a i n g a rt E i r . .

EI S T LA O n e o f He i m a s n i n e m o h e r s
’
Ei s tla dl t . .

p d
.

ELD H R IM N IR
[ eld , fir e , and hr i m n i r , t h e on e ro u ci ng ri m e ] .

Th e k ttl e e i n w h i ch th e b e a r S wh r i m n e r i s c oo kd e in V al

ha l E l d hr i m n er
p d t
. .

ELD IB T h e fir e - ro u ce r ; a s e rva n of Pa g e r . E ld er .

p ld t th t
.

ELIV AG AR . Th e i c e -w a v e s ; o i sonou s co s re am s a flo w
out of N i flh e i m E li va g a r .

fi tw d d l l t
.

EM B LA Th e rs om an T h e g o s fo u n t w o i f e e s s r e e s , t h e
t y d
. .

a sk (a s h ) and th e em bla , o f t h e a sh he
:
m a e m a n , o f th e
em b a, l wo m a n It is a q ues ti on w ha t ki d f t n o ree th e em b a l
t t th
.

was ; s om e sugg e s a me a esi s , v iz . em la ,

f ro m a lm r (elm )
bu t th e c om p ou n d em bla -a s kr , in one of Eg i l
’
s p o em s , s e e m s
 V O CA B ULAR Y .

to show th t a t h e em bla w a s i n s o m e w a y r e a e ltd t o the a s h .

E mbla .

EYR G J A EA . O ne of He i m dl a
’
s ni ne m o h e rs t . Eg r gj af a .

F
FAFN IR . S on of Hre i m a r d
He i . k ll h i s fa h e r t o g e t
s oss e s t p
s i on of th e A n d v a re n a u t He . t
a f e r w a r s ch an g e s h i m s e f d l
in t o a d r ag o n and g u a r d s the t re a s u r e on G u i a -h e at th . He
is l
s ai n by S i g u r , a n d h i s h e a r i s d t roa s e td and e a en t . Faf n er .

FA LH O EN IR [ B a r r e -h o o f, h o l
o w -h o o f] ll . O ne of th e h o r s e s of th e

go d s . Fa lh of n er .

FA R B A U T I [ S h i p b e a - t e r, sh i pd t y -
e s ro er ] . T he fa h e r t of Lo k e .

F a r ba u te .

F E N R IR or FE N R IS ULF R . Th e m on st e r w o f -
l . He i s th e s on of

Lo k e . He b i t es th e h an d of T yr . The d
g o s pu t h i m i n
ch a i n s , w h e re h e r e m ai n s un ti l R a g n a ro k . In R a g n a ro he k
ge st l w ll w th oos e , s a o s e s un and c on q ue rs O i n , b ut i s d .

k i ll d by V i d F
e F ar . e n r er or e n r i s -wol f .

FE N S AL I R Th b d f F i gg
. F e a o e o r . en sa l .

FJ ALA R . A m i s n o m e r fo r S k r ym e r ,
i n w hose g l ov e Th t or oo k
S he lt er .
Ej a la r .

FJ A LAR dw f wh l w K
. A d mp ard f m hi o s e v a s e r, an co os e ro s

bl d t h p t
oo m d Hl e oe i c ea . a ar .

FJ A LA R A . k th t w t R g k Fj l co c a c ro s a a n a ro . a ar .

FI M AFE N [ fim q i k i m bl ] T h i m b l
GR t f Eg
r, u c , n e . e n e s e rv an o er .

H w e l i by th j l L k Fi m j g
as s a n e e a ous o e . a en
‘

p w d g ; B h m fim l;
.

FIM B UL [ C m
. G m fimm l oi are er . e , an ron e e o e o

S w d fi mm l td g t h h dl f l dg h m m i I l
.

e e -
s n e an e o a s e e- a er n ce
.
, ; .

ob l t
so e e, d ly d i f fi anmp d i ld
on use n our or ve co ou n s n o

p t y ] It m
oe r m i g hty g t I th m yt h l g y w h ean s r ea . n e o o e av e :

FI M B ULF AM B I A m i g h ty f l Ei m b lf m b . oo . u a e

Th m i g h ty g d g t h lp ( O d i ) F i m b ltg
.

FIM B ULT Y R . e o , re a e er n u r

[ t w i t ] Th g t d wf l wi t f
. .

FIM B ULV ETR ec r , n er . e re a an a u n er o

th y re e d t i p d i g th d f th w ld Elm
e ars
’
u ra on re c e n e en o e or .

bu l wi n ter
-
.

FI M B ULbU L . A heaven ly i r ver ( bu l , r o a ri n

g ) Fi m bu lthu l
t wi di
. .

FI M B U LDULR . Th e grea se m an (O n s
’
Hi g h s o n g -
, Fi m
bu lthu le r .

FJ O LN I R . A n am e of O di n . Fj oln er .
446 V O CAB ULA RY .

G
G ALAR . O ne of th e dw a r fs who k i ll e d Kv a s e r . Fj a l a r w a s th e
o th e r. G a la r .

G A G N R AO E
‘

. A n am e a s s um e d by O di n when he w en t to vi s i t
V a ft h r u d n e r G agn r a a d . .

G A N G LER I .
’
d
O n e o f O i n s n a m e s i n G r i m n e r s La y G a ng ler e
’
. .

G A N G LE R I . A n am e a s s um e b y K i n g G yl f e w h e n h e c a m e t o d
As g a r d . G a ng ler e .

G AR ISR O FA [F e n c e -b re a k er ] . Th e go dd ess G naa has ah o r s e by

n am e Ho fv a rpn e r . Th e s i re o f th i s h o rs e i s Ham s k e rpe r ,
and i ts m o her i s G t a rfiro fa . G a r dr o a j
‘

G AR M R A d o g h a b a r s a t R a g n ar o
. He i s c a t t k k . ll d th l
e e a rg e s t
an d be s am ong ogs G arm t d . .

G E FJ UN o r G E F J O N A go e ss S h e i s a m ai , . dd . d and a ll th ose

w ho d i e m ai d s b e co m e h e r m a i d -
s e rv a n s t . S he i s p re s e n t at

Z Eg e r
’
s fe a s t . O di n sa y s sh e k now s m en
’
s d ties ni es as we ll
as he d oes him s e lf .
‘

G efj un .

G E IR R O O R . A s on of Ki n g Hr a u d u n g and fo s t e r-s o n of O di n ;
h e b e c om e s ki ng and is vi si e td by O di n, who ca ll s hi m s e f l
G ri m n e r He i s k i ll d e by h i s own sw or d Th. e re is l
a so a

t i it d Th
.

g i an by n am e G e i rr o d , who wa s on c e v s e by or.

G ei r r od .

G E I R S K O G UL . A va lky ri e . G ei r skog u l .

G E I RV I M UL A h eaven ly ri v e r . G ei r e i mu l .

t t ly t
.

G ER O R . D a u gh er of G ym e r , a b e a u i fu o u ng i
g na e ss ; b e l ove d
by F y re . G er d .

G ER I [ g er r , g re e dy] O ne of O di n s
’
wo l v es . G er e .

tly th i yj
.

] Fre
’
A o S m O of
G ER S E M I [ n g l - ax .
g er s u a ,
a cos ng ne a s

d a u gh e r s t G er s em e .

y ll d; l
.

G J ALLAR B R U [gj a lla , to e , to r e s o un An g o -S ax .

gi ella n ] .

Th e b r i g e a c ro s s d th e ri v e r G jl o , n e ar He l h e i m . The
d
b r i g e b e w e e n th e t l d an of th e li v i ng and th e d d
ea . Gj a l
ta r br i dg e
-

dl ll b l k
.

G J A LLAR H O R N . He i m a
’
s h o r n , w h i ch h e w i ow at Ra g n a ro .

G j a lla r hor n .

G I LLI N G F th a er of S ut tu n g , w ho p os s e s s e d th e p ti
oe c m ea d .

li l
.

He was S a n b y Fj a l a r and G a ar . G i lli n g .

G IM LI [ g i m i l l , hi m i ll , hi mi n ,
h e av e n ] . The a bo d e of th e r i gh t
eous af e r t R a g n a ro k . G i m le .
 VO C A B U LA R Y . 447

G J ALP . O ne of He i m dl a
’
s ni n e m o h e rs t . G j a lp .

G IN N UN G A-G A P .
[ C o mp are An g l o -S a x gi n
. or gi n n , va s t , wi d e.

( T h e u n g a m a
y b e t h e a d v e rb i a l e n ing d dd d t gi i a e o nn , as n

ea ll-u ng a , a d v f r o m a ll , . T he g t y w i g g p th
re a a n n a ,
e

p m d re by th h un ane a ss , e c aos or f ml or id i w hi hess vo , n c

d w lt h p m pw bf
e t e su re e o e rs e o re th ti I th e crea on . n e

l th C t y th
e e ve n b tw en ur e sea e e en G l d d Vi l d
re e n an an n an

( Am i ) w ll d G i e r ca
g g p as ca e
'

nnu n a- a . G i n u ng a g ap .

G J O LL . Th e one of the ri v e rs El i v a g a r th t fl a owe d n e are s t th e

ga t e of He l ’
s a bo d e . G j ol .

C IS L [S un b e a m ] . O ne of th e h o r s e s t he g o s
of G i st d . .

G LAO R
‘

[C l e a r, b ri g h t] . O ne of th e h ors e s o f th e g o s d . G la d .

G LAO S H E I M R
‘

[ Hom e of b ri g h t n e ss or g ld a n ess ] . O di n s
’
d w ll e

ing . G la d s hei m .

G LA S IR . A g ro v e i n A s g a r G la s er d . .

G LE I P N IR The . as f e e r w i h w h i ch l t tt t th e wo f l Fe n r e r w a s
bo u n d . G leip n er .

G LE R [ T h e g a ss l y] . O ne of th e h o r s e s of t he g o s d . G ler .

G LIT N I R [T h e g i l tt e ri n g ] . F t g ld
ors e e s
’
o en ha ll . G li tn er .

G N A . S h e i s th e m e s s e n g e r th t F i g g a r s en d s int o th e v a ri o u s

w orld s on her e r ra n d s . S he h a s a h ors e ca ll d e Ho fv a rpn e r

th t th t
,

a can run ro u g h air and wa er . G naa .

G N IP A H E LLI R . The ca v e b e fo re w h i ch th e d og G a rm bar ks .

T he G u ip a -
ca oe .

G N IT A H E ITSR .
F a fn e r s
’
ab o d e, w h ere h e k e pt th e t re a s u r e c a ll d
e
An d v a r e n a u t . G n i ta hea th -

p t d d l
.

G O IN N . A ser en un er Yg rasi G oi n
lky i
. .

G O LL . A va r e . G ol .

G O M UL . A heav en ly ri v e r G omu l
lky i
. .

G ON DO L . A va r e . G on d u l
ly i
.

G O P UL . A heave n r ver . G op u l .

G R AB A K R [ G ra y b k] -
ac . O ne of th e s er p t en s un d er Yg d ra s i l .

G r a a ba k .

G R AO
‘

. A h eav e n ly ri v e r . G rad d .

G p t d d l
l
R A E V I T N IR , S er en s un er Yg ra s i . G r af s i tn er ; G r af .

G R AF V O I LU 6R .
°
. c ollu d .

G R EI F [ An g l o -S a x .
gr dp ‘
En g g r ip] O ne of Heim dl a
’
s n ine

t t
, . .

gi an m o h e rs . G r eip .

G R IM N IR [I l ce .
gr i m a ; An g l o -S a x g r i m a ; D a n gr i m e , a h o r s e
.

lt kin d d l pp p t
.

ha er ] . A of hoo or c ow co v e r i n g t h e u er ar of
44 8 V O CA B U L A RY .

th e fa c e . G ri m n er i s a n am e of O di n f ro m h i s t rav e li ng

in di g s uise . G r i m ner .

RO A [I l An g l
’

G ce .
g a
r o ; o S ax .
g r owa n ; E n g g r ow ; La t cr es cer e , . .

cr ee -
i] . Th e ’

gian e ss m o t th e r o f O r van d e l ho r w e n to . T t
h e r to hav e
”
h e r c h a r m t h e fl i n t -s t on e ou t of h i s fo re h e a d .

G r oa .

G ULLF A X I [ G o ld m a n e ] T h e g i an t Hr u n g n e r ’
-
. s ho rs e G ol df aa .

G ULLI N K A M B I [ G o ld c o m b] k th t k
.

-
. A coc a c ro w s at Ra g n a ro .

G u lli n ka m be o r G o l d c om b ,

G ULLT O PPR
[ Gld t p] H i m d l h
o G ld t p
-
o . e a
’
s ors e . o o .

G ULLV E IG [ G ld d i k g ld t hi t] A p
o -
i fi ti
r n f g ld ,
o -
rs . e rs o n ca on o o

pi d d th i b t d y t li
.

S he i s e rce G l ig
an r ce u rn . an e ve s . u ce .

G ULL I N B UR S T I
[ G ld b i tl ] Th m f F y
o h g en r s es . e na e o re
’
s o .

G u lli n bu r s te .

G UN G N IR [ D an .
g u ng r e, to t re m b e l v i o en l tly] . O di n s
’
S p e ar .

G u ng n er .

G UN N LO t
S ; g e n i i v e G U N N LA O A R [ c e g u n n r , w a r , b a
’
e ; An g o
‘
I l . ttl l
S a x g il d, O l d Hi g h G e r m g u n d i a ; a n d
.
’ ’

ce lif t? ( la ti a , t o . I l .
’

t tt
i n v i e ) , i n v i a i o n ; A n g l o S a x g ela O i a n , t o i n v i e ] O n e w ho -
. t .

inv it es w ar . S he w as d au
g h t er of th e g i a n tS u tt u n g , a n d had
c h a rg e of th e p ti oe c m ea d . O di n
g ot i t fr o m h e r . G u n la d .

G YLF I . A ki ng of S v i th o d ,
who v i si e td As g a r d un d er th e n am e

of G an
g l e r e . Th e fi tp t
rs ar of t h e Yo u n g e r E dd a is ca ll d e

G y l fa g i n n i n g , w h i c h m e a n s t h e D e u s i o n o f G y l f e G ylf e l . .

G YLLI R [ G o e n ] ld
O n e o f t h e h o r s e s o f th e g o s . G yller d . .

G YM IR A g i a n ; t h e fa h e r o f G e r , t h e b e o v e
. t of re t d l d F y .

G ym er .

G EM IR . An o h e r t n am e of th e o cean di vi n i ty ZEg e r . G ymer .

H
HALLI N S K IEI
V
. He i m a
An o h e r t
T h e po s n am e of th e g o d dl .

s e s s o r o f th e e a n i n g ( ha lla ) w a y ( s kei O ) l
Ha lli n ski d . .

d
HA M S K E RP IR [ Hi e h a r e n e r ] A h o r s e t h e s i r e o f Ho f v a r pn e r
-
d .
,

w h i ch w a s G n a a s h o r s e Ha m ske rp er ’
. .

l
HAR [An g o S a x hedh; E n g hi g h; U l fil a s ha uhs ] T h e Hi g h O n e
-
. .
,

ppl d d
.

a ie to O i n Ha a r .

d d
.

HAR B AR O R T h e n am e a s s um e
’
. b y O i n i n t h e La y o f Ha r
b ar d
Ha r ba r d. .

HE I O R U N R [ Bri g h r u n n i n g ] A g o a t h a s a n s o v e r V a l h al
‘
t -
. t t t d .

Hei d r u n .
450 V O CA B ULA RY .

HN os s [An g l o -S a x . h n oss i a n , t o h a mm e r ] . A co s tly t hi ng ; th e

n am e of one of F yj re a s
’
d a ug h e r s t . H n os .

HO D D M IM I S HO LI ’ ‘
. Ho d m i m e r
’
s ho lt or
g ro v e ,
w he re th e tw o
h um a n be i ng s Li f and Li f t h ra s e r w e r e p re s e r v e d d u ri n g

R a g n a ro k . Hod m i m er
’
s f or es t .

Ho tSR . T he s a ly er of Ba ld er . He i s b li d n , r e u rn s t to lif i e n

th e r e g e n e ra e td w or ld T h . e Ca i n of the N ors e m y th l gy o o .

Hod er .

HG B N IR . O ne of th e th re e cre a ti ng go d W i th O di
s . n and Lo d er

Hoe n e r c r ea e s t As k and Em b l a, th e fi th m pi rs u an a r . Hoen er

t Hi f t h
.

HO F V A R P N [ Ho o f h ro w e r ] G h i s Ha m
’
IR -
. naa s ors e . s a er

s k e r pe r and mo th er G a r d ro fa . Hof va rp n er .

HR ZE S V E LG R [Co r p s e -s w a ll ower
] A g
. i an t in a n e ag e s l ’
pl um a g e ,

w ho p d ro uc e s th e w i n d . Hr ces velg er .

HR A UEUN G R . G e i rro d s
’
fa th er . Hr a u d u ng .

HR E IO M AR R . F th a er of Re g i n and
'

Fa fn e r . He e x a c s t h e b o o t l d
fin e f ro m t h e g o d s fo r s a l yi ng O tt er . He i s s a i n by Fa fn e r l .

H r ei d m a r .

HR IM F AX I [ Ri m e m a n e ] T h e h o r s e o f N i g h R i m ef a cc -
. t . .

HR IM bUR S AR [An g o S a x hr i m ; En g r i m e h o a n f r o s t ] l -
. .
, . Ri m e
g i an t s or f ro s t gi t
- an s , w ho d w ll e un d er on e of Yg d ra s i l ’
s

ro o s t . G i a n ts .

HR o tSV IT N IR A w o f ; f a h e r o f t h e w o f Ha e
. Hr od vi tn er l t l t .

d
.

HB O P T R O n e o f O i n s n am e s
. E r ept
’
. .

HR UN G N IR A g i a n ; fri e n o f H m e r
. h o r fo u g h w i h h i m t d y . T t t
and s ewl hi m . Hr u ng n er .

HR IN G H O R N I T h e s h i u o n w h i ch Ba e r s b o
. p p ld ’
dy w a s b u rn e d .

Hr i nghor n .

HR o s s pJ O F R [ Ho r s e h i e f] A g i a n Hr os thj of -
t . t . .

HU G I N N [M i n ] O n e o f O i n s r a v e n s H ug i n d . d ’
. .

HV E R G E LM IR [T h e o l d e e] T he s ri ng i n k ttl . p th e mi ddl e of

N i flh e i m , w h e n c e fl w d tho e e ri v e rs Eli v a g a r . Th e N th or e rn

T t a r a ro s . Hver g elm er .

HYM IR . t t
A g i a n w i h w h om hor w e n sh i n g w h e n h e caug h T tfi t
t he d d p t
Mi g ar s e r e n Hi s w i fe w a s t h e m o h e r o f T y r
-
. t
d Th t p k ttl
.

'

Tyr an w or en to hi m to ro c ur e a e e fo r Z Eg e r .

Hym er .

HYN D LA . A va a l v i si td e by F yj w hre a, o c om e s t o h e r t o l e a rn
the g e ne a l gy
o of h e r fa v o r i t O tt e ar . Hyn d la .
 VO C A B ULA R Y . 45 1

I
I O AV
‘
O LLR . A pl i
d fi t a n m bl wh
w h e re th y th e go s rs asse e, e re e

es a t bl i h h s ly b d th i e r d wh th y m bl
e a ve n a o es, an e re e a sse e

a
g ia n ft R g k a T h erpl i af Id I d
n a rol d . e a ns o a . a vo .

IO UN N .D g h t f t h aud w f I ld
er; h o w w i f f B g e ar va s e as e o ra e,

an d h g dd t f e ly p i g S h p
o ess o j ti g ear s r n . e ossesses r e uv e n a n

a ppl f w h i h th g d p t k Id
es o c e o s ar a e . un .

IFI N G . A i whi h di i dr ver th gi t f m th g d Ifi g

c v es e an s ro e o s . n .

f H imd l i t m t h I m d
’
IM E . O ne i
o g e a s n ne an o e rs . .

IM B . A f th g is on t V fth d o 1m
e an a ru ner . .

IN G UN A R - F O f th
R E YR m . f F y I gne F y o e
“

na es o re . n an s
’
re .

IN N S T E IN N T h f th f O tt
. H i m k ; th f
e a it f F yj
er o ar e s e e av o r e o re a .

I n s tei n .

IV ALD I . A dw a rf . Hi s s on s c on s r u c t t th e shi p S k i dbl a d n e r .

Iva ld .

J A F N H AR q lly h i gh ] A m f O d i E high J f h
[ E ua . na e o n . o en . a n aar .

J ALK R . A m f O d i ( J k th G i
na e t k i ll ?) J lk
o n ac e an -
er a .

J AR N S AX A I[ h pp ] O f H imd l
ro n - c o i gi t m th er . ne o e a
’
s n ne an o e rs .

J a r n sa a a .

J AR N V IO R [I ro n -w o o d] A . w oo d e as t of Mi gar d d p pl d
,
eo e by
g i an t esses ca ll d J e a rn v i d s . T hi s w oo d ha d i l ro n e aves .

J a r n vi d .

J AR N V I O I UR
‘
. T he g i a n e s s e s i n th e t I r o n -w o o d . J a r n vi d s .

JO RD . W i fe of O d
in and m o her o f t Th or . Ea r h t . J or d .

JO TUN N l S t ] A gi
[ At T h g i w th
ng o- li ax . co en . an . e an s t e re e e ar

t
es t d b i g T h g d q t i th m i g d t
cre a e e n s . e o s ues on e n re ar o

B ld T h f q tly t d w i th t h m F m g i t
a er . or re uen c on e n s e . a ous an s

Ym
a re : Hy m H g O d l G ym S k ym
er, er, r un n er, rv a n e , e r, r er,

V a ft h r u d n e r an d T hj a s s e . G i ant .

JO T U N H E IM A R ( pl u ra l ) Th . e t
U gaa r d ; th e h om e of t h e g i a nt s
i n th e t
o u e rm o s tp t ar s of th e ear th J . otu n hei m .

K
K ER LAU G AR ( u r a ) pl
T w o r i v e rs w h i ch hor e v e r l d ay m us t
. T y
c ro s s K er la ug . .

KO R M T t
An o h e r r i v e r w h i c h h o r e v e r d a y m u s
. a s s K or m t T y tp . .

KV AS IR t
Th e h o s a g e g i v e n b y t h e v a n s t o t h e a s a s
. Hi s b oo , . l d
l
w h e n s a i n , w a s th e o e i c a m e a e by S u tt u n g E ra s er p t l d k pt . .
452 VO C A B U LA R Y .

L
LzE O IN G R . O ne O f t h e fe tt e rs t
w i h w h i ch t h e F e n r i s -w o lf w as
bo un d . La d i n g .

LE R A ISR [ F u rn i s h i n
g p t ti ro e c on
] . A t ree n e ar V a lh a l . Lcer a d .

LA N DV IDI
‘

.
[ A m o u n t ai n ra n
ge o v e rgr ow n wi h t t re e s is eiO i J
Vid ar s
’
abo d e . Th e p ri m e v a l fo r e s t s . La n d oi d e .

LAU F E Y [ Le af yi l s and ] . Lo k e s
’
m o her t . La uf ey
p p d
.

LE I F DR A S IR T he tw o Ho d m i m e r
}
’
e rs o n s re s erv e in s g r ov e

LIF . d uri ng S ur t ’
s c on fl a g ra t i o n in R a g n a ro k ; th e

l t as b e i n g s i n th e old a nd the fi t rs i n th e new w or ld Lif .

an d Lifthr a s er .

LET T FE T I t t] O f t h h [ Li g h f oo f th g d-
Li ghtf t . ne o e ors e s o e o s . oo .

L A d w f th t T h k i k d i t B ld f l p i l Li t ’
IT B . ar a or c e n o a er s u n e ra e . er .

L O DDF A A p té g é f O di
F N IR . L df f ro O n . o a n er .

L O
O [
UR R C m p G m ld o t flm] O are f th th er . o er n , o a e . ne o e re e

g d (O d i o H s d L d ) wh n, t A k d Em bl ee n e r an o er o c re a e s an a,

th fi t m e d w m
rs H i i d t i l w i th L k
an an L d o an . e s en ca o e . o er .

L K [ I l luk
O I t
ce d fi i h. L k i th a, d d o m en , n s ; o e s e en an con s u

m ti f
a d i i i ty] T h
on o il gi t g d f th N v n . e ev an -
o o e ors e

m yt h l g y H o ot th hi p N glf . i R g k H
e s e e rs e s a ar n a n a ro . e

b w F yj f th g b d
o rr o s re mp i T h t th
a s
’
ea e r- ar an a c co an e s or o e

g i t T h an
y m w h h t l Trh h m m ,
H i t h o as s o en or s
’
a er . e s e

f th a f S l ip er b t l o f th M i d g d
e p t f th
ner u a so o e aa r ser en ,
o e

F i w lf d f H l H
enr s -
o B ld an d th b o e . e ca u s e s a er s
’
ea ,
a us e s

g d t b t i pt d i F
,

th ZEg
’
i f u u re
‘

e o s n g er s e as , S ca n ra a n a n er

f d i b
orc e d by th g d L k
an s ou n e o s . o e .

L O P TR [ T h i l ] A t h e m f L
aer a k L pt . no er na e o o e . o er .

M
M A G N I [m egi n m i g h s r e n g h ] A s o n o f h o r M a g n e
, t t , t . T . .

M AN I [ U l fil a s m é n a ; A n g o S a x m dh a En g m oon ] Br o h e r
'
l -
. . . t of

S ol ( t h e s u n , fe m i n i n e ) , and b o h w e re t ch i ld re n of th e g i an t
M u n d i l fa r e M oon or Maane .

F yj
.

M AR D O LL o r M A R DO LL . O ne of th e n am e s o f re a . M a r d a lla r
g r d tr ( th e t e a rs of M ar d l) a , go ld . M a r da l .

M AN A G AR M R [ M oon s w a -
ll ow er ] . A wo f l of Lo k e s
’
o ffs p ri ng .

He d e v o urs th e m oo n . M a a n ega r m or M oong a r m .

M A N N H E IM A R ( u r a ) [ Ho m e s o f m a n ] pl l . O ur e ar th . M a n hei m .

M E ILI A s on o f O i n
. M ei le d . .
4 54 V O CA B U LA R Y .

M I S TILT E I N N [O l d Hi g h G e r m m i s ti l; G e r m m i s tel; An g o S ax . . l -
.

tl t
m i s tel o r m i s tel ta; E n g m i s tletoe] T h e m i s e o e o r m i s e
-
'
tl . .

t w i g t h f t l t w i g by w h i h B ld th w h i t
,
e a a
g d w c a er, e e s un - o ,
as

l i Aft t h d th f B ld R g k t i B ld
s a n . er e ea o a e r, a n a ro se n . a er s
’

d th w l y m b l i l f th i t y f d k
ea as a so s o ca o e v c or o ar ness o ve r

l i g h t w hi h m , yy c mi d wi t
co T h m i tl t
es ev e r ear at n er . e s e oe

i E gli h h
n n h ld t Ch i t m
s ti m i
ous e d bt oli s a r s as e s no ou a re c

f
o it a l t i th m t t h th d m f th fi g h t f
r e os n e re o es ea en o , or e o

light d d k an t m i dwi t w ar f h d wi g f h
n ess a n er as a ores a o n o t e

fi l na th w i R g k T h l g d d th w d
over ro n a n a ro . e e en an e or a re

comm t ll T
on t i p pl f l l g Jl[ tl t
o a e u on c eo es o a a es .
/
is e oa

M é d [C g ] A f Th M d
’
i o u ra e s on o or . o e .

T h d w f h i gh t i dg k Md g
.

MO O
'

S O G N IR . e ar es n e re e or ra n . o s o n er .

MO IN N A . p t d Yg d i l M iser en un er ra s . o n .

M U N D I LF A R I F th f th . d m a M di lfer o e s un an oo n . un are .

M UN I N N [ M m y ] O f eO d i or Ill
. i ne o n s
’
ra v e n s . un n .

MU S P E LL Th . m f b d e f fi na It i p pl d by
e o an a o e o re . s eo e

M d p ll lydi (t h m f M p l) h t f fi d wh
’
s e s r e en o uS e ,
a os o en s, o are

t opp a t R g ear ak d d t y t h w ld b y fi M a n a ro an e s ro e or re . us

p l e (S
. t w d)ee n ex or .

MU S P E LLS H E IM R Th b d f M p l . T hi i t ti g w d e a o e o us e . s n ere s n or

( M u p l l ) s w e t fi d t t h asN m
no yt h l g y b t c on ne o e ors e o o ,
u

pp
a t w i i th l d S
e a rs p m H l i d th
ce n (1 ) e o ax on oe e an ,
us :

m u tsp elli c u mi t on thi u s tr a n a h t, a l so thi of f er i t ( m u tsp elli

com e s in d ky i g h t us n ,
as a thi ef fa r e s ,— h a t t i s , Bu t t h e d a y
of th e L d w i ll
or m co e as a thi ef in th e n i g h ) , a n d (2 )t
m u tsp elli s m egi n oba r m a n f er i t ( t h e m a i n of m u tsp elli fa re s
ov e r m en) . A th i d r ins t an c e is an O l d Hi g h G e rm a n p oem

on t h e La s t Da y th, us : d dr ni m a c d en n e m a c a n d r em o he l an

oor a d em o m u sp i lle ( th e re no m an ca n he lp an o th er a
gai n s t
th e m u sp el d oom ) -
. In th ese ins t an c e s m u sp el s ant d s fo r t h e
day o f j u dg m e n t , the la s t d a y , an d a n s w e rs t o R a g n a ro k of

th e N o rs e m yth l y o o
g The e . ty m l g y o o is d oub tf l u ,
fo r sp ell

m a y b e t h e wei r d , d oom , La t .
f a tu m ; i t m a y b e s po i l ,
or

d es tr u c ti o n . T h e fo r m e r p t
ar , m us or m u od i s m o r e i f c u , d fi lt
to e x pl ain . The I l di ce an c m us i s an a s s i m i a e ltdf o rm . M us
p e lhei m .

M O K K U R K AL F I [m o kkr m e a n s a e n s e c o u ] A c d l d . ly
a
g i a n t in
th e m h of yt
h o r a n d Hr u n g n e r M okker ka lf e T . .
 V O CAB ULA RY . 455

N A G LFAR [ N ai l -
shi p] . A m yth i l ca shi p ma d e o f n ai lp
-
a ri ng s . It
a pp ea rs i n R a g n a ro k N a g lf a r
. . N a i ls hip .

N AL [ N ee dl e] Mo her
. t o f Lo e N k . aal .

N AN N A . Da ug h t er of N ep ( bud ) ; m o he r t of F o rs e e t and w i fe of

Ba d e r l . S he di es of g r i ef at th e d thea of Ba d e r l . N a n na .

N AR I o r N AR F I . S on of Lo k e . Lo k e w a s bo u n d b y th e i n t es

ti ne s of N a re . N a r e or N fe ar .

N AS T R O N D [ T h e sh o r e o f c o r p se s] A . pl ace of p un i sh m e n tf or th e
wic k d ft
e a er Ra g n a ro k . N a a s tr a n d .

N I O A F J O LL
‘

. T he N i d a -m o u n a i n s t t w d th o ar e nor th , w here th e re

is af er t Ra g n a r o k a
go ld en h ll f
a th or e ra c e of S i nd re ( t h e

dw a r fs ) . N i d af ell .

N IEH O G G R . A ser p t en of th e ne th er ld t h t t
w or ,
a e ars th e car

cases of th e d d ea He a s o
. l l a c e ra e s t Yg d i l ra s . N i d hug .

N I F LH E IM R [ ni fl; O l d Hi g h G e rm . n i bu l ; G e rm . n ebe l ; La t .

n ebu la ; G r . ve g bé /lr) , m i s t , fo g .
] Th e w o r ld of fo g or mis ; t
th e ne th e rm o s t of th e rim e w or ld s . The pl ace of p un i s h

m en t ( Ha d es ) . It w as vi si e td by O di n w hen he w en t to
in q ui re a ft er t h e fa t e of B lda er . N ifl hei m .

N JO B E
SR
’
. A v an , v an a
god . He was hu sba n d of S kd a e, and

fa h e rt F yj H d w ll i N t
of F y re and re a. e e s n oa un .
l or d .

N O AT U [P l f hi p ] N j d d w ll i g ; N j d ’
N ace o s s . or s e n or be ing a

d i i i ty f th w t
v n N o t e a er or sea . oa u n .

N OR O [ N
RI t h ] A d w f p i
ord i g t h t.h ar re s n over e n or e rn reg i on s .

N or d r e o r N or th .

N O TT . t d
N i gh ; au
g h t er of N o rv e . N i ght .

N O RN ; pl l N u ra O R N IR . Th e w e i r d t
s i s e rs ; th e th re e h e av e n ly
n o rn s ( pa r cce ,
fa t es ) Ur d ,
V e rd a n d e , a nd S k ld u (P a s t , Pre s en t ,

an d F t u u re ) ; t h y d w lt t t h
e e a e fo u n t ai n of Ur d ,
and ru e ld
th e f t a e of th w eld T h or . ree n o rn s
/ w e re ‘

al s o p re s en t at

th e b i th r of e ve r ym d t an an ca s t he w e i r d of hi s lif e . N or n .

O
CCIN N [An g l o -
S ax . Wod a n ; O l d Hi g h G e r m . Wod a n ] . S on of

Bo r and B e s tl a . He is t h e c h i e f o f th e g o d s .
‘

W i th Vil e an d

V e he p a r c e s o ut l Ym e r . W i th Hoe n e r a nd Lo d er he crea e s t
As k and Em b l a . He i s th e fo u n t i h d f wi d m
a n- ea o s o , th e

fo u n d er of cu lt ure , w ri i ng t and p t y th p g i t
oe r , e ro en or of
45 6 V O CA B U LA R Y .

k i ng s , the l dor of ba ttl e a nd v i c or t y . He q u a fis w i h S ag a

‘

t
i n S ok v a b e k . He h a s t w o r a v e n s t w o w o v e s ,
l and a s p ear

th l k
.

Hi s ron e is Hl i d s kj a lf fro m w h e r e h e o o s , o ut o ve r all

the w or ld s . In Ra g n a ro k he is d e v o ure d by th e F e n ri s

wo f l O di . n .

O ER . re a s F yj ’
h u s ba n d . O d er .

CCR CER IR [ T h e s pi r i t ~m o v e r ] . O ne of th e v e sse s l i n w h i ch t h e

b l d oo of Kv a s e r , th t a i s , th e p tioe c m e ad, w a s k e pt Th e
pi i t
.

i ns r ng n ec ar . O d r oer er .

O FN I R . A ser p t en un d er Yg d ra s i l . O f n er .

O K O LN IR [N ot cool ] A ft R g k t h g i t h
.
h ll er a n a ro e an s ave a a

( a l e - h a ll
) ca ll d B i m t O k l
e r er, a o ner .

O KU pO R R
-
S . o ca ll d f m th Fi i h th d g d Ukk f I
e ro e nn s un er - o o n c or

r e c tly con fo un d d wi th k t i d S p 298 A k th

e a a, o r e . ee . . e or .

O s k i [W i s h] . A m f O di
na G h Wi h e o n . s e . s

O T B [O T TE R ] . A f H i dm
s on ; i th f m f tt k i ll d
o re ar n e or o an o er e

b y Lo k e . O ter .

O TT AR R or O T TA R E HE IM S K I [ S t u p i d] . A s on of In s t e i n , pro a

teg e of F yj re a . He h a s a con es t t t
w i h Ang a n tyr . Hyn d l a
gi ves him a c up o f r e m e m bra n c e . O tta r .

R
RA G N AR O K [ r agn a , fro m r eg i n , g o d ; r ok m ay b e O l d Hi g h G e rm .

r a hha , s e n e n c e , j dg m t k t u en ,
a i n t o r ek a
j ; r bk, f ro m r ekj
'

a, is
th e wh l d l p m t f om o e eve o en r d i l ti d
c re a ti on to s so u on , an

w ou ld i th i w d d t t h
, n s or ,
eno e di d m d y f the s so u l ti on , oo s a , o e

d
g o s ; o r i t m a y b e fr o m bk ( ykk r m k ) t w i li g h t
'

r red r, s o e , ,
an

th e n th e w o r m e an s d th t w i l i gh t f t h g d ] T h l t
e o e o s e as

d a y ; th e di l ti sso u on o f th g d d t h w ld
e o R g s k an e or . a nar o .

RAN [ R o b ] . T h g dde f o ess o th e sea ; w i fe of Elg e r Ra n . .

RA T A I O ' ‘
S KR . A q i sl th t u rr e a r u ns up and d o w n t h e bra n c h e s O f
Yg d ra s i l . R a ta tos k .

RAT I d b y O di i b t i i g th p t i m d R t
An a ug e r u s e n n o a n n e oe c ea . a e .

f H i dm b th f F f d O t
.

B EG IN N S . on o R gi re ar ro er o a ne r an t er . e n .

R IN DR [ g
E i d t ] A p
n i fi t i f t h h d f
r n , c r us . e rs o n ca on o e ar ro z e n

t h M th f V l T h l f O di d Ri d
,

e ar . o er o a e . e oves o n an n re

sem b l th f Z d E
e p i G k l g d Ri d ose o eus an u ro a n re e e en s . n .

RO S KV A Th m . f th m i d f ll w f Th e Shna ym e o e a en o o er o or . e s

b li oth ip fi ld f h
ze s t R k e r e e s O arve s . os va .
45 8 VO C A B U LA R Y .

S KO G UL lky i S k g l
. A va r e . o u .

S LE IP N [ T h l
IRi pp ] T h m f O di e i gh t f t d t d
s er . e na e o n s
’
e - oo e s ee

H i b g tt b y L k w i th S
.

e s dilf
e o S l ip en o e va are . e n er .

SN O IRA
' ‘

[ N t ] Th m f f t h g dd
ea . S t e na e o one o e o esses no ra .

f th d p] t l i by O d i S k
.

S O KK M I M
[ m i M IR A gi er o e ee . an s a n n . o

m i m er ,

S C KK V A B E KK R . A m an s i o n wh e re O di n and S aga q u a ff f ro m
go ld en be a k e rs . S okva bek .

S O L [S un
] . D a ug h t er of M u n d i l fa r e . S he d ri v e s th e h o r s e s th at

d ra w th e car of th e s un . S ol .

SON E . O ne of th e vesse s l t con ai n in g th e p ti oe c m ea d . S on

[ S o u th] dw p i di th
.

S UD R I . A arf re s n
g over th e sou reg i on . S udr e .

S o u th .

S UR T R A fir e g i a n i n Ra g n a ro ; c o n e n
.
-
k t
t d w i th th g d th s e o s on e

pl
ai n of V d
i g ri ; g u a r s M u s e h e i m d pl S t . ur .

S UT T U N G R Th e g i a n os s es sor o f the
. tp p t i m d S tt g oe c ea . u un .

S V A O I LF A R I
‘
A h .
; th i f S l ip
o rs e S d i lf e s re o e n er . va are .

SV A F N IR . A p t d Yg d i l S f
ser en un er ra s . va n er .

S V A LI N N [ C l ] T
oo e r h h i ld pl d
. b f t h e S lis e a ce e ore e sun . va n .

S V AS U O R
’

[ D l i g h t f l
e ] T h m f ug i t ; .t h f t h f t h e na e o a an e a er o e

s un . S va s u d .

S YN . A m inor go dd ess . 8 317

T
T im ; g e n i i v e T Y S , t d tia ve and accu s a ti ve Ty .
[ Co m p are I l ce .

ti vi , g o d ; Twi s c o ( Ti vi s co) i n T it ac us
’
G er m a n i a . Fo r t h e
i d ti tyen of th i s w or d w i th S an sc r i t dy a us, d i va s , h e a v e n ; G r .

Z b; ( Auk
) La t d i vu s , M a x M ii l l e r s Lec tu r es on the
’ ’
e . see

S ci e n c e o f La ng u a g e , 2d s e ri e s , p . 42 5 ] P ro p ly th er
g e n e ri c
e

n am e t d i i i ty d of th e h i gh e s v n ,
an re m ai n s in m an com y
p d I th m yth l g y h i th
o un s . n e o o e s e o n e -a r m e d go d of war .

Th F i w l f bi te h d ff h i m
enr s- o one an o . He g o e s w i h ho r t T
t Hy m
o t b w k ttl f ZEg er o o r ro a e e or er . He i s s o n o f O i n d
by g i t Ty a an e s s . r .

1
) ( T H) .

bJ ALF I . The nam e of th e s e rv a n t and fo ll ow e r of Th or . The

w or d p p ly ro er m e an s a dl e v e r, di g g er (G e rm . d elber , d elben ,
to d i g) The . n am e s T hj a l fe and Ro s k v a i n i c a d t th t T h e a or

w a s t h e fr i e n d of t h e fa r m e r s and th e g o d f g i olt a r cu ur e .
 VO CA B ULA R Y . 4 59
"

pJ AZ I [ pJ A S S I] . A g i an ; t th f th e a er of N j d or
’
s w i fe , S kd a e .

Hi s d w ll i e ng was T h ym h i m ; r e he was l
s ain by Th or .

T hj a sse .

DO R E [ Ang l o -S a x .
bu n ar ; En g . thu n d er ; N or th En g . thu n n er ;
t l
.

Du ch d an d er ; O l d Hi g h G e r m d an a r ; G . e rm . d on n er ; He i
an d thu n a r ; Da n i s h tar , i n tar d e n ( c o m -
p a re La t . tan a and

)
ta n i tr u s t h f
The w o r f m d by b d
pt i ’

por r i s e re o r e or e a s or on

f t h m i ddl t ti f ld d i yll b i h
.

o e d e n, an c o n ra c on o an o ss a c on or

i t n o yll bl d i p ly S d i i f m h
on e s a e , an s a u re can na v an or ; e n ce

i nA gl S n h t o- d i pl m i t i
a x on c ig f
a r e rs or o as s a s u re S n o

f g y whor er m mp d d w i th b pp i d d
en na es co o un e ur a e ar n ee s

p t di g t b f t i m
re en n l i th th D i h i i
o e o a e ear er an e an s n v a s on

i th
n i th e t y lt h ug h i l t ti m th y b d
n n ce n ur ; a o n a er es e a o un .

Th E g l i h Th
e n d y i l t f m i w h i h th ph
s ur s a s a a er or , n c e o

t i l f th S d i i t g h b f ll w d ;
ne c ru e o e can n av an on ue as een o o e

b t p h pu it ier N th E g l i h f m ] Th g d f
a s s a or n s or . e o o

th d k p f th h m m t h
un e r, ee er fig h t i g l y
o f e a er, e e v e r- n S a er o

t ll d d t y f i l p i i t th f i d f m k i d
ro s an e s ro er o ev s r s, e r en o an n ,

th d f d f th
e e en th th h er o d th g d e f ear , e e av e n s an e o s ; or

w i th t Th ou d hi h m m th
or th w ld b m th
an s a er e ear ou e co e e

h lpl e p y f th g i t H w t h
ess re o t th e an s. e as e c o n s e cr a o r , e

h mm a b i g th er h ly i g
e n f th i t h th
e c ro s s o r o s n o e anc en ea en,

h th
ence p i ph e ex h th D
re s s v e i h i ras e on a ea en an s run c

t s one : p i gi b i ur r ( T h v t t h a ss !) r un ar or c on s e cra e ese run e s

Th w th or f O di
as d Fj g y e
( m th
son th ) ; h
o n an or n o er ear e

w bl
as t h t t m p d w i th t f d
un ,
o
g il
-
e f f w e re , ou rau or u e, o e

w d d dy t k — h w T h th f i t d i ty
or s an rea s ro e
‘

s uc as or, e av o r e e

f o f f th
o ur Th fi t l g d f t h YO g
o re a e rs . e ne s e en s o e un er

Edd d th
a b t l y
an f th Eld e Edd f
es t Th a s o e er a re er o or .

Hi h ll i Bi l k i
s a H l y T hj
s T h ym H
s rn e r g . e s a s asse ,
r ,
ru n n e r,

d
an t h g i t I R g k h l y th M i d g d
o er an s . n a n a ro e s a s .
e ar -
s er

p t b t f ll ft
en , u t ti g i p a s p i d by th
a er r e re a n n ne a ce s , o son e e

p t b t h Th
s er en
’
s re a . ar .

1 73 [ T h i d ] A
3 11 1 1 m
r f O di i. G yl f g i i g
na Th i d e o n n a nn n . r e .

p tS
R IJ
'

M
G EL Th g i IR t f th f B g l m
. e Th dg lm an a er o er e er . ru e er .

gi gOggfx i } T b d
or
h Th d h i m ; Th d
’
or sg a o e . ru e ru va n .

p U
R Th
R. m f g dd
e ; th na d gh t f T h
e o d S if
a o e ss e au er o or an .

T hr u d .

pR YM HE IMR . T hj a s s e
’
s and S k ad e
’
s d w ll i e ng . Thr ymh ei m . 0
46 0 VO C A B U LA R Y .

pR YM R . T he g i a n t w ho s o e t l Th or s
’
ham m e r and d em an dd e

F yj re a fo r i t . Thr ym .

bo x x The n am e of a g i an t ess ( su pp d tose o h a v e b e e n Lo k e in

di yth ld ld p
.

s g ui s e ) i n th e m of Ba er . S he w o u not wee fo r
hi s d th ea . Thok .

ULE R UN . O ne of He i m dl a
’
s nin e g i an m o h e rs t
Ulf r u n t . .

ULLR . The son of S if and s e tp s on o f h or Hi s f a h e r i s T . t n ot

n am e d . He d w ll e s i n Yd a l e r . Uller .

UR EA R B R UN N R . T he fo u nti a n of th e n o rn Ur d . The Ur d ar

fo u n t ai n . The w ei r d pi s r ng .

UR oR ’ ‘

[ A ng l o-S a x . wy r d ; E n g . w ei r d ; l d w th]He i a n ur . O ne of

the th r e e n o rn s . T h e n o rn of th e p t th t w hi h h
as ,
a c as be en .

Ur d .

UT G A B O AR [T h e o ut- y d] ar . Th e a bo d e of th e g i an t Ut g d L k ar - o e .

UT G A R ISA - LO K
Th e g i a n o f U g a r
I . t t d v i si e td by Th or . He ca ll s

him s e l f S k r ym e r Utg a r d Lake .

-
.

V
V A F pR UO N IR . A gian v i si t td e by O di n . Th y t y e r e a ch o th er in
q ues ti ons a n d a n s w e rs . The g i a n t i df td s e ea e a nd f o r fe i t s

his lif e . V af thr u d n er .

V A LA S K J ALF . O ne of O di n s
’
d w ll i e ng s . V a la sk a l j f .

V A LF O OR
‘

[ F t h a er of t h e s la i n ] . A n am e of O di n . V a lfa ther .

V A LG R I N D . A ga t e of V a lh a l . V a lg r i n d .

V A L H O LL
[ T h e h a ll of th e S l ai n . I l ce . va lr ; An g l o- S a x . wa l, th e
s ainl ] . T he h ll a t o w h i ch O di n i nvi t d th
e os e s ain l i n ba ttl e .

V a lha l .

V ALK YR J A [ Th e ch o o s e r of th e l
s ai n ] . A t p ro o of go esses, dd
han m ai d d ens of O di n Th y e s e rv e in V alhal, an d a re s e n t
di d
.

on O n s
’
e rr a n s . V a lky r i e .

V ALI . ld S l y H d w h
B ro h e r t ly of Ba er . a s o er en on one ni gh t
o ld R l w i th V i d
. ft R g
u es k Vl ar a er a n a ro . a e .

V A LI . A f L k Vl son o o e . a e .

V A fi ti t i m f O di f th V lt m
’
ALT A M R . c ou s na e o n s a er . a a .

V E . A b th f O di (O di
ro V il d V ) V er o n n, e an e . e .

V E G T AM R A m m d by O d i
. V gt m na e assu e n . e a .

V AN A H Th b d
E I M AR f th V h im . e a o e o e vans . a na e .
 IN D EX

-
d
A s a b r i g e 1 89 3 0 1 , ,

A a ch e n 92 A s a h e i m , 54 1 8 7 2 0 8
p pl
, . , , .

Aa g e 39 7 As a s ( a e o e ) , 232
d
. .
,

A a r v a k 1 5 9 1 77 , 1 7 8 , 259 As g a r , 3 5 , 3 6 3 8 , 4 0 , 1 0 1 1 2 3 ,
t p tl
, , . , ,

A c s o f t h e A o s e s , 25 1 2 6 1 8 2 , 1 8 5 2 17 , 2 2 1 ,
d 2 5 0 , 2 7 4—
.
, ,

A a m , 8 2 , 3 90 , 43 6 2 7 7 2 8 7 2 8 9 , 300 , 302
k
.
, ,

A d e l s t e n Ha o n , 1 1 0 3 03 308 , 3 23 3 3 2 , 33 7 , 392 , 429

d
. .
, , ,

A o n i s , 53 . As i a , 8 1 .

Al g e r , 3 9 40 9 8 , 1 1 0 , 123 , 247 , A s k , 8 2 1 0 0 1 83 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 6
tl
.
, , , ,

2 7 4 , 3 22 , 3 23 3 2 7 , 3 3 7 , 33 8 , A e , 3 7 7 39 6
— t
.
, ,

3 4 3 349 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 7 , 3 8 1 , 39 7 - 39 9 A h e n s 59 92 , , .

E s ch y l u s , 7 8 A n d 1 56 , 1 7 8
t d l
.
, .

A f e r n o o n , 18 0 A u h u m b a , 1 73 1 7 4 , 1 95
t
. .
,

A g d e r , 3 63 . Au g u s u s 7 1 89 , , .

Ag n a r 1 22 1 5 6 , , . A u r bo d a 3 52 , .

Ah ri m a n , 8 1 A u r g e l m e r 1 7 3 , 1 7 4 , 1 94
l d t
.
.
,

A e x a n e r 8 8, 9 6 , . A u s r e 1 83 , .

Al e 3 82 Av o n , 7 8
l
. .
,

A fh e i m , 1 8 6 , 348 .

Al l fa t h e r , 4 9 , 1 8 2 , 1 93 , 2 1 6 , 43 4
l
.

A l s v i n n 15 9 1 7 7 1 7 8 B ab e , 8 2 1 7 5
ld
. , .
, ,

Al s v i n , 25 9 Ba e r 2 9 39 49 53 54, 5 7 , 60 ,
l
.
, , , , ,

A v i s , 1 24 . 64 , 65 8 2 , 8 4, 90 , 9 6 , 9 8 , 1 06 ,
,

Am e r i c a , Am e r i c a n , e t c , 3 4, 5 2 , . 1 09 , 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 2 1 , 1 23 , 1 2 4 1 8 5 , , , ,

5 9 7 4 92 , 9 4, 96 1 1 3 , 1 2 8 , 20 8 1 86 1 8 9 , 19 3 2 08 , 222 2 2 9
2 37 —
, , , . , , , ,

23 9 24 1 , 243 2 44 , 2 7 0 2 7 2 ,
27 7—
, , ,

Am s v a rt n e r 3 84 , . 2 9 7 356 3 69 , 37 5 3 8 8 , 390 ,, , ,

An d u n s o n ( Th o rg e i r ) 2 02 3 9 1 , 39 4 4 0 9 , 4 1 5 , 42 5 ,
—
.
, ,

A n d h r i m n e r , 263 264 42 6 , 429 432 43 4

d ly J
. .
, ,

A n v a r e , 3 44 3 7 6 , 37 7 , 3 81 Ba r e c o r n ( o h n ) 3 5 1
J
. .
, ,

A n g a n t y r , 3 65 , 3 6 6 B a s c o m ( Dr o hn ) , 1 7 , 1 14

d
. . .

A n g e r b o a , 3 7 3 38 2 4 19 , 42 0 Ba u g e , 249
l l
. .
, ,

An g o S a x o n , 2 3 36 , 43 , 4 7 , 48
-
B e e , 3 45 , 354, 42 3
l
, , .

7 5 7 9 , 1 1 7 1 26 1 6 5 , 1 7 7 , B e o w u f , 36 4 3 47 , 1 2 6 1 3 1
B e r g e l m e r , 1 73 —
.
, , , , , ,

2 2 3 2 3 0 2 3 3 240 , 29 8 ,
, , , 1 7 5 , 19 4 .

347 , 3 7 3 Be r g h i l d , 2 10
l
. .

An n a r 1 7 8 23 7 Be r z e i u s , 2 8
p dt
, , . .

A h r o i e , 53 , 41 3 B e s t l a , 1 7 4, 2 54
p ll yl
. .

A o o , 40 Be a , 3 57 , 3 9 9
t
. .

A r a b 3 09 , . B i f r o s 9 8 1 0 1 , 18 1 , 1 8 6 , 1 89 , 2 7 2
, ,

Arg o s , 7 2 , 87 . 3 01 , 4 1 8 .
4 64 I N D Ex .

Bi l , 1 8 2 t
Ca o 8 8
ll l
. .
,

B i i n g , 2 42 . Ch a r e m a g n e , 42 .

Bi l s ki r n e r 1 8 6 2 98 , 300 Ch i c a g o 38 6
t
.
, , .
,

Bj a r k e m a a l 62 Ch r i s , 3 1 3 9 4 1 , 4 2 , 49 , 5 7 82
j t t ty
.
, , , , .

B or n s o n ( Bj O r n s tj e rn e ) 9 5 Ch r i s i a n , Ch r i s i a n i , e t c , 2 5 ,
’

l k l
.
,

B a c P a g u e 3 89 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 32 3 3 3 5 , 3 7 , 39 4 0 ,
l k
.
, , , ,

B a c S e a , 82 . 42 44 , 4 5 4 7 , 49 , 5 0 , 62 , 70 7 9 ,
, , ,

Bl e k i n g 2 26 , . 9 4, 9 5 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 1 2 8 1 63 , 2 0 1 ,
, , ,

Bl i c h s r 402 ,
. 20 5 , 265 , 30 8 , 335 , 3 36 , 394, 435 .

B l o d u g h a d d a 3 47 Ci c e ro , 8 9
l d p
. .
,

Bo c c a c c i o 1 2 6 C a re n on r e s s 7 2
d l y d
.
, , .

Bo n , 2 47 , 2 49 C e a s b ( Ri c h a r ) 7 2
l
. .
,

Bo l t h o r n , 174 254 Co fa x 3 63
l
. .
, ,

Bo l v e r k 1 49 249 252 Co o g n e , 9 2
t t pl
.
, , , .

Bo r 1 74—1 7 6 , 1 83 Co n s a n i n o e 65 9 2
t ll y
. .
, , ,

Bo s o n 3 8 6 , . Co r n w a ( Ba r r ) 28 , 2 73 .

Bo u s 24 4 Co rr e gg i o 2 9 4
j l j t t
Cr e a i o n 60 , 1 7 1—
, .
, .

Bo y e s e n ( H a m a r H o r h ) , 1 8 1 87
pd
.
,

C u i , 36 7 .

B ra a l u n d 2 1 0 , .

Br a g e , 9 0 9 6—9 8 , 12 3 1 2 6 1 5 9 D
k ld
, , , ,

1 8 5 22 0 , 240 ( t h e s a ) 2 47 , D a a i n , 1 9 0 , 2 55
2 5 9 2 7 0 27 3 —
, ,
.

27 8 , 3 69 , 3 9 8 , 3 9 9 D a n 1 05
d
, , .

d
.
,
B r a n , 3 63 D a n a i e s 64
d lk
.

k
.
,

Br e i a b i , 1 8 6 2 7 9 , .
Dan e , Dan i sh De nm ar e tc 3 4, , ,
B r i m e r 4 30 4 34 , , .

3 5 , 40 4 1 4 2 44, 45 4 7 , 6 0 , 7 2 ,
, , , ,
B r i s i n g a m e n 33 1 3 64, 3 7 4, 3 7 5 8 3 1 0 8 2 3 3 , 240 , 3 2 2 , 3 47
k
, , .

t
.
, ,
B r o , 1 06 22 0 , 22 1 D a n e 38 1
y ld
, .

.
,
Br n h i 4 8 , 1 1 8 2 00 377 , 3 8 1 ,
, , , D a n u b e , 69 .

3 8 8 , 43 5 .
Da r w i n , 1 9 9
t
.

B u g g e ( S O ph u s ) 1 1 6 D a s s n , 3 5 3 6 , 4 7 , 4 8 5 0, 5 1 , 7 2 ,
ll
, .

, ,
Bu ( e ) 96 , 2 0 2
O l , .

2 05 .

B u r e 174 D a y 1 7 8 , 1 79 2 3 7
t
, .

.
, ,
B u r n s ( Ro b e r ) 3 5 1 , .
D e c a m e ro n , 1 2 6
l t I dp d
.

B y g v e r , 3 5 0 , 3 51 .

D e c a r a i o n o f n e e n e n c e , 92 ,
By l e i s t , 3 7 4 37 5 422 , , .
1 29
ll
.

Byl gj a , 3 4 7 .

D e i n g 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 2 58
lp
.
,
By r g e r 1 8 2 D e h i 57
y t
, .

t
.
,
B z a n i u m , 2 44 .
D e m e e r 23 6 23 7 3 59
t
.
, , ,

Dem os hene s 7 7
C
l
.
,

D e u c a i o n , 56
d d
.

C a m b r i g e ( En g ) 7 2 D i o , 2 40
p t t
D o r o h e a 403 —
.
, .

Ca r e n e r ( D r S 17 , 75 40 7
t —
. . . .
,

Ca r h a g e 2 40 D r a u p n e r 1 06 2 1 7 , 2 20 223 , 238 ,
lyl
.
, , ,

Ca r e 2 7 37 , 47 , 5 4, 6 9 , 7 2 , 2 05
, , 2 8 8 2 89 2 9 9
, , .

2 6 6 , 33 6 D ro m e 3 8 3 3 8 4
p
. .
, ,

Ca s i a n S e a 8 2 , 2 3 2 D u n e y r , 1 90
tl t
.
, .

Ca s a i a n f o u n a i n 7 2 , 9 7 D u r a t h r o r 1 90
t l
.
, .
,

Ca h o i c c h u r c h , 3 1 , 43 , 49 , 2 05 D u ri n , 1 8 3 1 8 4
t
.
,

39 3 . D u c h , 43,
4 66 I N D Ex .

G e fu , 3 65 1 14 1 1 7 125 129 , 1 65 , 2 05 , 208 , -

—
.
,

G e i r ro d , 1 2 2 2 2 8 3 1 0 3 1 2 , 337 , ,
2 35 , 2 73 30 8 , 327 , 3 7 0 37 1 , 3 9 0,
, ,

37 4 3 75 , . 3 9 5 4 07 40 8 , 4 15 , 43 6
, , .

G e l gj a , 3 8 5 . G ra a b a k , 1 9 1 .

G e n e s i s , 5 5 89 2 7 2 G ra fv i t n e r 1 9 0
d
, , .
, .

G e r , 122 , 200 , 2 7 4 , 351 —36 0 , 4 1 4 G ra fv o l l u d 1 9 1 , .

G e r e , 2 19 , 2 20 G r a m , 1 55 3 7 7 , 3 7 8
y
. .
,

G e r m a n , G e r m a n , e t c 34 3 5 G r a n e 159 25 9 , 3 8 1
3 9 49 , 59 7 2— k
,

— —
.
.
, , , ,

-
7 5 , 7 9 , 1 1 8 1 19 G re e G r e e c e , e t c , 23 25 , 5 1 79 ,
8 1 8 7— 8 9 , 92 , 9 7 1 1 1—
, , , , .

1 2 6 1 9 6 2 03 , 2 3 3 , 2 7 0 , 27 7 2 9 8
, , , . ,
1 1 9 , 1 92 , ,

3 09 , 3 2 7 , 3 5 2 , 36 4 403 , . 1 93 , 1 9 8 , 2 3 7 , 240 , 245 , 2 53 , 2 54 ,

G e r s e m e 3 64 2 7 3 , 2 9 1 , 3 08 , 3 09 , 3 39 , 3 6 1 , 3 69 ,
t —
.
,

G i a n s , 2 9 , 36 3 8 40 , 56 , 6 0 , 84 3 7 0 413
l d
.
, ,

8 6 9 8 , 10 2 , 104 , 1 05 , 1 7 2 , 1 73 G r e e n a n , 65 , 92
lt
.
, .

G i br a a r , 69 G r e i p, 3 1 1
ll d
. .

G i i n g , 2 47 2 48 G r i , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 3 3 7 , 433
l
. .

G i m e , 5 4 1 0 1 1 2 8 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 7 2 69 G r i d a r v o l d , 3 10
t
.
, , ,

3 9 3 , 430 , 43 4 . G r i m m ( t h e b r o h e r s ) , 35 , 39 , 45 ,
i n u n g a g a p, 56 66 9 8 , 1 7 1 1 7 2 , , , 8 6 , 2 40 3 52 , .

17 5 1 8 8 G ri m n e r 9 0 1 2 2 1 7 6 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 1 ,
2 19 , 2 20 22 7 —
.
, , , ,

G i sl 1 89 23 1 , 2 6 1 , 2 72 , 27 9 ,
l
, .
,

G i s e S u r s o n , 3 61 2 9 6, 2 9 8 3 5 8 , 3 64
d G rj o t t u n g a r d 303 —
. .
,

G j a l l a r b r i g e 1 87 , 2 08 , 2 8 8 , 2 8 9
-
307
l —
. .
, ,

G j a l a r h o rn , 1 8 8 , 230 , 2 7 2 , 4 1 8
-
G ro a , 30 5 309 .

42 1 G r u n d t v i g 1 6 1 9 6 0 2 2 7 2 40
d
.
, , , , .

G j al p 3 1 1 G u r u n , 3 7 7 , 38 1
j l
. .
,

G o 1 7 2 , 1 8 7 288 3 85
, , . . G u l l i n b u rs t e , 1 0 6, 2 8 8 , 30 1 , 3 48 ,
G j u k e 3 80 3 63
ld G u n g n e r , 1 5 9 , 2 20—
. .
,

G a s h e i m , 9 8 , 1 8 2 , 2 3 1 , 26 1 , 2 62 2 2 4 2 59 4 18
l
.
. ,

G a s e r 2 62 , . G u n l a d 9 1 , 1 3 2 1 4 8 1 4 9 , 2 00 ,
, , ,

G l e i pn e r , 2 7 1 , 3 8 4 246—253
l
. .

G len e r 177 , . G u n n ar He m i n g , 3 62 , 3 88 .

G l i t n e r , 1 8 6 2 96 297 G yl fa g i n n i n g 1 26
l
.
, , ,

G o m m e n 1 03 G yl fe 12 6 , 233 , 2 34, 240 , 436

l G ym e r , 3 47 , 35 0—
.
, .
,

G u m 36 1 , 3 62 , . 35 9 .

G n a a 2 3 8 , 2 3 9 2 45
p
G u i a c a v e , 4 19—
.
, ,

-
42 5 H
p ll
.

G u i a h e e r , 3 87 -
Ha a r 9 1 1 94 1 9 5
p t d
.
, , , .

G ui a h e a h , 3 7 7 Ha g b a r 36 7
—
-

p k
. .
,

G o d ( t h e s u r e m e ) , 2 4 3 4 49 , 54, , Ha o n 2 67 —2 7 0 3 8 6 394, , , .

62 , 66 , 8 0 1 1 9 1 7 3 , 27 2, 29 4 Hak o n a r m al 392
ld l
, , , .

368 4 1 5 43 1 4 35 Ha f a n G a m e 3 65
t
, , , .
,
.

G o e h e 40 2 9 2 , , . Ha l l fr e d 44 , .

G o i n 1 90 Ha l l i n s ki d e 2 7 1
ld Ha m a r s h e i m t 1 1 0 32 8—
, .
,
.

G o e n Ag e 1 83 , . 33 6 , ,
.

G o l d fa x , 302 —3 0 9 Ha m d e r 6 2
lt
. .
,

G o l d t O p , 1 8 9 , 2 7 2 , 2 88 . Ha m e 7 8 ,
.

G o n d u l , 267 Ha m s k e r pe r 239
t — ld
. .
,

G o h i c 2 3 3 3 4 2 47 5 1 61 , 62 , Ha r a Ha a r d r a a d e 9 2
ld
, , , , , , .

7 1 , 73 , 7 4, 7 8 , 7 9 , 9 4 , 9 5 1 1 1 , Ha r a Ha a r fag e r S e e Fa i r fa x . .
 I N D EX . 467

Ha rba r 12 2 1 23 d Ho d m i m e r 42 9 43
t
, , .
, ,

Ha e Hro d v i t n e s o n 1 7 9 1 8 1 Hoe n e r 8 1 1 8 3 1 8 5 1 9 6 2 15 2 7 5
—
.
, , , , , , , , ,

Ha u c h 6 0 , . 3 42 3 7 5 3 9 1 , 42 9 43 3
. , .

Hzt v a m al 1 20 1 28 —1 55 1 6 3 2 41 Ho f u d , 27 2
’

, , , , , .

2 44, 2 50 , 25 1 Ho fv a r pn e r , 2 3 8 2 39
lt
. .
,

He be , 43 6 . Ho s e i n 8 3 2 33 , , .

He b r e w s , 7 6 , 7 7 , 8 9 Ho m e r 52 , 7 7 , 88 8 9 1 1 6 1 1 8
d k
.
, , , , ,

B e r i , 3 63 . 1 19 , 267 .

He fr i n g , 3 47 . Ho r n 3 65 , .

He i dd ra u pn e r , 15 9 Ho r s a 4 8 2 33
d ll y
.
, , .

He i r u n , 263 Ho w i tt s ( W i i a m a n d M a r ) , 80
dl
.
,

He i m a , 53 , 8 4, 9 3 , 10 1 , 1 02 , 1 7 1 , 118
1 8 5—
.

1 8 9 , 2 08 , 2 30 , 2 7 0 27 3 , 2 88 , -
Hr ae s v e l g e r 1 8 1 1 8 2 , 19 7
—
, , .

3 3 1 , 3 5 7 , 3 66 , 369 , 375 , 4 1 9 4 3 1 . Hr a p, 3 9 4 .

He i m s k r i n g l a , 50 8 2 , 1 2 5 , 2 3 2 Hr a u d u n g , 3 1 0
kl
. .
,

He a ( M t ) , 3 4, 1 00 .
Hr e i d m a r 3 75—3 7 7 ,

He l , He l h e i m , He l g a t e , e t c , 63 , . Hr i m fa x e , 1 7 8 ,
8 4, 1 2 4 , 1 2 8 1 72 , 1 87 , 200 , 2 0 5 , Hr i m n e r 2 44
2 80—
, , .

208 , 2 29 , 23 8 , 27 0 283 , ,
HrO pt 1 58 , 261 , 4 29 , .

2 8 7— 2 9 0 , 2 9 5 , 3 73 , 3 75 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 2 , Hr o pt a ty r 2 2 8 , 25 8
—
, .

3 87 —3 9 7 4 09 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 432 ,
. Hr o t t e 3 8 1 , .

He l bl i n d e , 3 7 4, 37 5 Hr u n g n e r , 9 1 , 1 99 200 , 3 0 1- 3 10 ,
l
.
,

He g e , 49 , 2 1 0 , 3 63 , 3 96 3 24
l l d
. .

He g o a n , 29 7 Hr y m 3 9 4 1 8 422
t
, , , .

He n g i s 48 , 2 33 , . Hv e rg e l m e r 1 7 2 , 1 8 7 , 1 88 , 1 9 0 , ,

He r a , 8 7 , 2 45 2 0 8 2 63 43 4
t Hu g e 3 1 7 —
.
, , .

He r b e r , 352 32 1
l
.
, .

He r c u e s , 6 5 , 7 8 , 9 2 1 1 9 , 436 , . Hu g i n 2 9 2 1 9 22 7 , , , .

He rm e s , 36 1 .
Hu l d e r , 20 1 .

He r m i o n , 57 Hu m b e r , 40
d d
.

He r m o 9 1 2 1 6 2 7 0 2 —
8 2 89
7 Hu n i n g 2 1 8 2 1 9
dt y
H m e r 39 1 01 , 1 2 3 1 99 3 22—
, , , , .
, , .

He r o o u s 7 7 , 8 8 32 8 ,
d
, .
, , , ,

He s i o , 1 1 8 3 44 397
j
. , .

Hi m i n b o r g , 1 8 6 , 27 2 . Hy n d l a 2 4 , 54, 1 2 4 2 1 5 3 65 , 3 66
, , , ,

Hi m i n b rj o t e r , 3 24 . 43 1 .

Hi m i n gl oe fa , 3 46 Hy r r o k e n , 2 8 7
d
. .

Hi n o o s , 23 , 53 8 1 , .

Hj a l m g u n n a r , 1 5 6
I b 95
.

Hj al t a l i n , 7 2 sen,
I l d 25 —
. .

Hj u k e , 1 8 2 ce an 34 5 0 6 5 7 2 , 7 5, 7 7
l
.
, , , ,

H e r , 3 47 8 1 9 2 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 1 2 6 1 29 , 2 2 7 ,
—
.
, , , ,

Hl i d s kj a l f, 1 8 5, 1 8 7 , 2 3 1 , 237 , 352 . 2 9 0 , 2 9 5 296 3 47 3 6 1 3 64 , 3 67 , , , ,

3 99 37 3 384
l l
.
l
, .

B i n 2 38 422 , 425 Id a s P a i n s , 428 , 429

’

Id a v o l d 1 8 2—
.
, , .

Hl o d yn , 23 6 , 2 3 7 , 423 18 7
Id —
.
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S iva, 81 . S v a s u d , 1 80 , 1 8 2 .

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S k a a n e , 22 6 . S v o l n e r , 3 06 .
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CO N E — T WO Y EA R S IN C A LIFO R N IA By M C O N E

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P ni l a d e lplzi a P r e s s .

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l e S a t u r d a y R e v i e w , Lo n d on .

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N i b e l u n g e n La y r e v e a l e d t o Lo ve rs o f R o m a n c e a n d
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“
T he s im pl i i c ty a n d di re c t n e s s o f t he a n c ie n t c h ro n c e i l a re a dmi ra b ly p re

s e rve d in t he v e rs o n i and t he w o r k fo r m s a un i q ue a dd i t io n t o o ur s to re o f
—N
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s te r li ng fic t i o n
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h
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, CH I C A G O .

M A T H EW S —G ET T IN G O N IN T HE WO R LD ; o r, Hi n t s
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p h i l p h y f l if p
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m o re t an hi n ts t he y ma e a re v e a t i o n
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l
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, Bo s t o n .

—
M A T HEWS T H E G RE A T
C O N V E R S ERS , a n d O t h e r
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li t e ra ry w o r k
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one of his e s s ays t h a n a re p ro b a b ly to be m e t w i t h in t he s a m e lim i d p te s ace

a n y w h e re e s e l in t he w h l
o e re a lm o f o ur li t e r a t u re .
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M A T HE W S — W O R D S T HE IR US E A N D A B US E By
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g u ag e . Th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e v i e w , N e w Yo r k .

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w ri t e r .
” —
N ew Yo r k T r i é une .

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t h i n k e r s a n d a c t o r s o f a ll a g e s , an d to av e in 5. co d i f m i ll ig en o us or n te ent

O p i n io n s on t h e ir li ve s and w o r k s , w i l fin d l h e re n i h l fd p
t e re s u t o ee re s e a r c h
an d s o un d re fle c t io n .
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JVIA T H E W S —MO N -
By C A S A I N T E - B E U V E
DA Y C HA T S
W i th I t t y l t
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an n r o d uc o r y E s s a o n his i fe a n d w r i i n g s by t h e
t ra n s a o r ,lt W I LL I A M M A T H E W S , L L D 1 2 m o , c o h , $ 2 . . lt .

T he t ra n s a t i o nl is h h
e xce ll ent t ro ug o ut
” -
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. .

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l p h ph l ph h pp i l y m bi d
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It i s not to o m uc to s ay tha t t he In t ro d u c t o ry Es s a y is o n e o f t he be s t
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ll b d l ig h
. .

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c h arm ing r e c re a t i o n ; to t he s tu d ent a m d l f o e o ta st e a n d c u t u re
”
l
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—
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, CH I C A G O .

M A T HE W S —O R A T O R Y A N D O R AT O R S By W I LL I A M
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M AT H EW S , LL D I v o l I z m o , c o h , $ 2
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Ill t t d p t l th
.

M I LL E R . us ra e 1 6m 0 , a pe r . c o v e rs, 50 c en s ; c o , $1 .

“
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any ot er w ay in w h hfi ic ft y c e n ts wi ll p u rc ha s e as m uc h s us

t ai n e d a n d he a lh l t fu a mus e me n t as is o ffe re d by t h i li l s tt e boo k w e s ho u ld be

gl d to kno w i t
"
—
7 h fo n H a é be r to n , i n t h e Ch r i s t i a n Un i o n
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d id We wi ll w a r ra n t t ha t n o o n e , yo un g o r o ld , wi ll la y i t d ow n un t il

h —
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re a d t r o ug h . N or t h e r n Ch r i s t i a n A d v oc a t e .

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RO —
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pi l l l
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ppl
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c ri t i c a l e x am ina tion . Fo r g e n e r a u s e a n d a l i c a t i o n , I re g a r d it t he
”
b e s t boo k e x tan t .
- Ho n .
ya m e s I
/
V H u s t e d , S pea k e r .
f
o th e N ew Yo r k S ta t e
L eg i s l a t u r e :
It i s j us t s uc h a g ui d e as is nee d d by
e a ll p id re s ing o ffic e r s . T he tab e l
o f ru e s l l
re a ti ng t o m o tio n s , and the c ro s s r e fe r e n c e s , w h ic h e nab e a ny o n e l to

fin d a lm os t i ns ta n t ly a ny t h i ng i n the bo ok, g i ve i t a lm ost ines ti m ab l e v a ue l .

”

N ew Yo r k Ch r i s t i a n A d v oca te .

S —
M l T H P AT M O S ; o r , T h e Ki n g d o m a n d t h e P a t i e nc e
dt lt
.

By J . A . S M IT H , D D , E i o r O f T he S ta n d a r d
. . C o h, .

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r e c e iv i n g a n e w p
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fa i t fu s e rv c e i in t he c a u s e o f C h ris t.
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’

A d v oc a t e .

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t W o r ld Whe e ls lt
. . .

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u s ra e .

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g i tte r w i t h al l t he l
c o o rs o f the

ra i n bo w and s p l a rk e w i th t h e l
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ll d l ig h h h
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im a g in a t ion a n d ta s te wi e t in th e s u bt e a c l l e m y w hi c t ra n s m u t e s g o ld
i n t o be a u ty , and c h ange s the fa c t s of c om mon l if e in to i d l ea v i si ons. Mr
h p p p
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th e d y h ig h w y
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h f p
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w it t he fl o w e rs o di ara se
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b l ph ph h
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“
A s e r ie s o f v e r a o t o gr a s of l
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di gly g ph i p n ra c, oe t ic a n d e n t e r ta in i n g P i c t u re s q ue and ro m a n t c i
l g h h l d l ph
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—Epi
.

in st yl y e et a to e t e r a c c u ra t e in h a y pa l R eg i s t e r P i a e
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Li l y ve l as a nov e and a c c ura t e a s a g ui d e boo k P h i l a d e lph i a P r e s s

. .
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, C H I CA G O .

T A Y LO R —IN C AM P AN D FIE LD By B E N J F T A Y LO R
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1 2 m o, c o ,

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h
. s

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pi
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T he d e s c ri t on of Ho o k e r ’
s ba t t l e a bo v e t he c o u l d s is o n e of t he g ra n d
est pi eces of wor dp - a i n ti ng i n the E n g i s h l l a ng uag e .
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T A Y LO R —O LD T IM E -
P IC T UR ES A N D S HE A V E S O F
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si c o h, ric e t h e s a m e , fu g i e d ge s a n d s i d e ,
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ago .
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T A Y LO R —T HE WO R LD O N W H EE LS a nd O th e r
F Ill t t d
,

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. L O R . . us ra e . 12 m0 , c lo .
,

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un g e n t a n d ri c h, s ll p p e cime n s of wit and

h um or e x ta n t
” —
N e w Yo r h I l l u s t r a t e d e e k ly W
h pl h
. .

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y ou m ay a e n to be
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h hl h p kli g h h
. .

t o uc es , and ex i a ra t e s w it h is s ar n umor, and s ub d ue s w it his sw e e t

p h a t os. His s e n te n c e s gli s te n lik e g e ms in t he s u n l ig h t .

” —
A lé a ny yo u r n a l .

T A Y LO R — S O F Y ES T E R D A Y
O N G S By B E N J F T A Y LO R
t lly l t t d t t ly t
. . . .

B e a u i fu i l u s ra e O c a v o , w i h h an d s o m e o rnam e n ed

l k l F ll l
.

c o v er in b ac and
g o d u g i t e d g e s , $ 3 ; m o r o c c o , $6 . .

T he l
m e i s m ag n i c e n t y g o tt e n up
vo u fi l T h e re is a s im pl i i c ty , a t e n

p h h
.

d e rn e s s and a a tho s , i n t e r m i ng e a ways w it ld l a q uie t u m o r, a bo u t his w ri t

i ngs w i c h h is in e x p re s s i b ly c h a rm ng . i S ome of hi s ear li per oe ms h ave be c o m e
l
c a s s ic , and m any of t h ose in t he pr e s e n t
r
' —
v o um e l a re d e s tine d to as wi d e a

ppl o u a r i ty a s Lo n g fe ll ow s
’
V i ll age B l ac ks m i t h or Whi t t ie r s ’
M au d M ii ll e r.
’

- B os t o n T r a nscr ipt .

—
W A LK E R P HILO S O P HY O F T HE P LA N O F S A LV A
T IO N By J B W A L K E R D D W i h a n n r o d u c o ry E s s a t I t t y
lt
. . . . .
,

by C A LV IN E S . TO W E, D D . . 1 2 m o , c o h,

We t h in k i t m ore l ik l y e to l dg o e an im p re s s o n i in t he h u m a n c o n s c i e n c e In

fa v o r of the di i
v ne aut h o r i ty o f C h r st an i i i ty t h an any o t h er wor k o f the mo d e rn

p re s s .
” —L on d o n E va ng e l i c a l M aga z i n e , Eng l d an .

—
WA LK E R T HE D O C T R IN E O F T H E HO LY S P IR IT
o r , P h i lo s o p h y o f t h e D i v i n e O pe r a t i o n i n t h e Re
el e m pt i o n o f M a n , b e i n g v o u m e s e c o n d o f
“
P h i o s o hy o f l l p
th e P a n o f S a v a i o nl By R e v JA M E S B W A L K E R , D D l t
lt
. . . . .

I zm o , c o h,
“
E v e ry m i n i s t e r a nd te a c h e r s h ou ld a r m h i m s e lf w i th s t r o ng w e a po n s b y
p e ru s i n g the a rg u m e n t s of t h is b o o k ” -
IlIe t h o d i s t R e c o r d e r , P i t t s b u rg
—N
. .

O f u n a n s w e ra b l e fo r c e a n d e x t ra o r di n a ry i n t e re s t .
”
ew Yor h E v a ng e l i s t .