Electrical Network Analysis

(EE2004)

Circuit Analysis in S-Domain

(Part-B)
Spring, 2022

Dr. Hassan Saif

Department of Electrical Engineering
FAST-NUCES Islamabad, Pakistan
e-mail: hassan.saif@nu.edu.pk
Dr. Hassan Saif 1
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If we define the impulse response as h(t), then the
output y(t) is related to the input x(t) via the
convolution integral:

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If x(t)=vi(t)=u(t)-u(t-1) and h(t)=2e-tu(t), then
by flip/slide/integrate, we find vo(t):

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Convolution in the time domain is multiplication in
the frequency domain:

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Determine the impulse response of the circuit, and
use this to compute the forced response vo(t) if the
input vin(t) = 6e−tu(t) V.
Solution:
The impulse response H(s)
is given by
𝑉𝑜
H(s) =
1
2 𝑠
Vo = 2 = = H(s)
2+ 𝑠+1
𝑠
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 2 𝑠
Vo = 2 = = H(s)
2+ 𝑠+1
𝑠
ℒ{Vin} = ℒ{6e−tu(t)}
6
ℒ{Vin} =
𝑠+1
Vo(s) = {Vin(s) . H(s)}
6 𝑠 6 6
Vo(s) = . = −
𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠+1 (s+1)2
Vo(t) =ℒ -1 {𝑉𝑜(𝑠)}
Vo(t) =6e−t(1-t)u(t)}

8
We can explore the properties of F(s) by graphing
|F(s)| on the s plane.

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 s2 s2
Z(s)  k 2 
s  2s  26 (s 1)  5
2 2

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Natural Response:
Output at input (Vs) = 0
System Net Response = Natural Response + Forced Response
i(t) = in(t) + if (t)

For Natural Response V(s) = 0

if(s) can be non-zero (Natural Respnse)
for H(s) = ∞ → (S+R/L = 0) → (S= -R/L) 13
When Vs=0, the output is the
natural response, and it can only be
non-zero at the pole s=−R/L.
Hence in(t)=Ae-Rt/L.

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For the source-free circuit, determine expressions for i1 and i2 for t > 0, given
the initial conditions i1(0) = i2(0) = 11 A.

11 = A + B
33/2 = 2A + B/6

A =8, B = 3
i1(t)= 8e-2t + 3e-t/6
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 Ideal Operation Amplifier (Op-Amp) Properties
 Zin = ∞ → Iin = 0 →
 Vin(-) = Vin (+)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 −0 0 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=
𝑍1 𝑍𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=-
𝑍1 𝑍𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑍𝑓
=−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍1

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 𝑍1 = 𝑅1
𝑅𝑓 /𝑠𝐶𝑓 𝑅𝑓 1/𝐶𝑓
Zf = Rf || Cf = = = 1
𝑅𝑓 +1/𝑠𝐶𝑓 1+ 𝑠𝑅𝑓𝐶𝑓 𝑠+( )
𝑅𝑓𝐶𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑍𝑓 1/𝐶𝑓
= − =− 1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍1 𝑅1[𝑠+ ]
𝑅𝑓𝐶𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1/𝑅1𝐶𝑓
=- 1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑠+
𝑅𝑓𝐶𝑓

A pole at Critical Frequency

s = -1/𝑹𝒇𝑪𝒇
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 1/𝐶1
𝑍1 = 𝑅1|| C1 = 1
𝑠+( )
𝑅1𝐶1

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑍𝑓 1
= − = − 𝑅𝑓𝐶1 [𝑠 + ]
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍1 𝑅1𝐶1

A Zero at Critical Frequency

s = -1/𝑹𝟏𝑪𝟏

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Synthesize a circuit that will yield the transfer
function H(s) =Vout/Vin =10(s+2)/(s+5).

Solution:
Divide in corresponding sub-pole, zero circuit and
design one by one

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First design Pole circuit (A)
Zero Frequency S =-5
Zero at Critical Frequency s = -1/𝑹𝒇𝑨𝑪𝒇𝑨
-5 = -1/𝑅𝑓𝐴𝐶𝑓𝐴
Let RfA = 100k Ω → CfA = 2 μF

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Now design Zero circuit (B)
Pole Frequency S =-2
pole at Critical Frequency s = -1/𝑹𝟏𝑩𝑪𝟏𝑩
-2 = -1/𝑅1𝐵𝐶1𝐵
Let R1B = 100 kΩ → C1B = 5 μF

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 𝑅𝑓𝑏 𝑠+2
H(S) = HA(s) . HB(S) = 2.5
𝑅1𝐴 𝑠+5

Let R1B = 100 kΩ → R1BA = 25 kΩ

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