MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
focus on the details (such as lines, values, colours and
LESSON 1: TEXT INFORMATION AND MEDIA
 “Text media and information provide a baseline to
make information dissemination more accurate and
more efficient and much faster to keep up with the
trend.”
VISUAL INFROMATION AND MEDIA
 Visual Media is information in the form of visual
representations
- Our brains tend to retain 90% more information when the
information is in the form of a visual as compared to information that
is simple text. This is one of the main reasons why visual media is on
the rise. According to one study, content with compelling images can
generate 94 percent more views on average than content without
images.
TYPES OF VISUAL MEDIA
DIGITAL
- Digital media is any communication media that operate in
conjunction with various encoded machine-readable data
formats. Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed,
modified, listened to, and preserved on a digital electronics
device
PRINTED IMAGES
- A text or graphics document that has been prepared for the
printer. Format codes for the required printer have been
embedded in the document at the appropriate places. With
text files, headers, footers and page numbers have been
created and inserted in every page
PHOTOGRAPHY
- Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating
durable images by recording light, either electronically by
means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a
light-sensitive material such as photographic film.
GRAPHIC DESIGN
- According to the American Institute of Graphic Arts
(AIGA), graphic design is defined as “the art and practice
of planning and projecting ideas and experiences with
visual and textual content.” In other terms, graphic design
communicates certain ideas or messages in a visual way.
VIDEOS
- Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying,
playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media
ANIMATION
- Animation is a method by which still figures are
manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional
animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on
transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and
exhibited on film. Today, many animations are made with
computer-generated imagery
PRINCIPLE AND ELEMENTS OF VISUAL DESIGN
Visual design is about creating and making the general aesthetics of
a product consistent. To create the aesthetic style of a website or app,
we work with fundamental elements of visual design, arranging them
according to principles of design. These elements and principles
together form the building blocks of visual design, and a firm
understanding of them is crucial in creating a visual design of any
product.
ELEMENT OF VISUAL DESIGN
LINE
- are strokes connecting two points, and the most basic
element of visual design. We can use them to create shapes,
and when we repeat them, we can form patterns that create
textures.
SHAPE
- We tend to identify objects by their basic shapes, and only
textures) on closer inspection. For this reason, shapes are
crucial elements that we designers use for quick and
effective communication.
VOLUME
- Volume applies to visuals that are three-dimensional and
have length, width and depth. We rarely use volume in
visual design, because most digital products end up being
viewed on a 2D screen, although some apps and websites
do use 3D models and graphics.
VALUE
- Value, quite simply, describes light and dark.
- A design with a high contrast of values (i.e., one which
makes use of light and dark values) creates a sense of
clarity, while a design with similar values creates a sense of
subtlety. We can also use value to simulate volume in 2D,
for instance, by using lighter values where the light hits the
object and darker values for shadows.
COLOR
- Colour is an element of light.
- We use colours in visual design to convey emotions in and
add variety and interest to our designs, separate distinct
areas of a page, and differentiate our work from the
competition.
TEXTURE
- Texture is the surface quality of an object.
- As a designer, you can work with two types of textures:
tactile textures, where you can feel the texture, and implied
textures, where you can only see— i.e., not feel — the
texture. Most visual designers will work with implied
textures, since screens (at least as far as the state of the art
had pushed them by the mid-2010s) are unable to produce
tactile textures.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
UNITY
- Unity has to do with creating a sense of harmony between
all elements in a page. A page with elements that are
visually or conceptually arranged together will likely create
a sense of unity
HEIRARCHY
- Hierarchy shows the difference in importance of the
elements in a design. Colour and size are the most common
ways we can create hierarchy — for instance, by
highlighting a primary button, or using larger fonts for
headings. Items that appear at the top of a page or app also
tend to be viewed as having a higher hierarchy than those
appearing below
BALANCE
- Balance is the principle governing how we distribute the
elements of a design evenly. Balanced designs tend to
appear calm, stable and natural, while imbalanced designs
make us feel uneasy
CONTRAST
- We use contrast to make an element stand out by
manipulating differences in colour, value, size and other
factors
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO UNDERSTAND VISUAL
MEDIA?
In education, we need to understand visual media and
information for this very reason: “The psychologist Jerome Bruner of
New York University has described studies that show that people
only remember 10% of what they hear and 20% of what they read,
but about 80 percent of what they see and do.
Visual media and information is also very important
because it caters visual learners, and visuals are very important since
it is known as one of the most used in the senses. Most studies show
that visual media is the most effective since it is available and can be
easily perceived.
Visual media is interpreted using what we, as people, see
visually instead of aural (hearing) or tactile (touch) media. It plays a
role in advertising, art, communication, education, business, and
engineering. Visual media is often used as a learning and teaching
aid, such as in presentations and training guides.
formats such as compact discs, recordable CD's rewritable CD;s
digital versatile discs, and mini discs). When you want to record
straight to the computer, you may use digital audio recorders
(Robert-Berlin, 2008)
TYPES OF AUDIOS
 Not all sound is pleasing.
 "NOISE". It is one randomly generated type where audible
vibrations are found at another time

RADIO
- transmission of audio signals through the air (broadcasting)

PODCAST
LESSON 2: AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA
- created by large media outlets and individuals alike,
SOUND ranging in topic from major news events to estoric special
- is an energy form that is propagated by vibrating objects. interest.
- the energy travels through a medium such as air
MUSIC RECORDING
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND - dominant format is MP3
There are four fundamental attributes of sound and these are:
FILM AND TELEVISION
AMPLITUDE - audio is integral to the sound design of movies and
- refers to how sound particles are displaced or scattered and television
produce a certain level or intensity of loudness. The unit of
“INTERNET ENABLES PEOPLE TO EASILY ACCESS
measurement of amplitude is decibels.
VARIOUS AUDIO MEDIA”
FREQUENCY
DIMENSIONS OF SOUND
- is measured by counting the number of vibrations of sound
particles in the path of a wave in a span of a second. You FILM SOUND
typically associate frequency with pitch which is measured - Sound has to match the aesthetic impact of an image; thus,
in Hertz (Hz) most films these days are aiming at using surround-sound
technology.
WAVE FORM
- referring to the actual shape of the sound wave. This LITERAL SOUND (diegetic sound)
commonly associated to the timbre or quality of sound. - Sound may be referential, which means it conveys a
specific literal meaning and describes the source of the
SPEED PROPAGATION
sound
- pertains to how quickly sound travel
NONLITERAL SOUND (nondiegetic sound)
"SOUND IS A POWERFUL TOOL OF EXPRESSION, BOTH
- May only evoke a visual image of the source of the source
ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH IMAGES." -Roberts-
of the sound. Its purpose is more symbolic and it
Breslin (2008)
accompanies a particular image to intensify the intent of
DO YOU THINK VISUAL MEDIA AND SOUND/AUDIO that image
MEDIA COMPLIMENT EACH OTHER?
 Diagetic means the sound comes from within the scene. The
YES! source of the sound does not need to be seen to be diagetic.
 Non-diagetic means sounds not created within the scene.
The aural sense appeals to a certain part of the human brain
that the visual media may not be able to trigger. WHY SOUND IS IMPORTANT IN MEDIA AND
If you consider visual information to greatly augment the INFORMATION?
informative capacity of the printed text, audio performs the same
Sound is integral component of film and television content
exact role for visual information.
because of its capacity to make pictures more authentic. Audio in
Various aural media enrich the visual experience in one
film and television often enhance the visuals of the story being
way or another
narrated. It enhances the audiences’ viewing experience
In other words, sound, according to Roberts-Berlin (2008):
HEARING VS LISTENING
ENCOURAGES YOU TO IMAGINE THE EXPERIENCE OF
VISUALS IN YOUR MINDS, CREATING A UNIQUE Hearing
EXPERIENCE FOR EACH LISTENER - is the act of perceiving sound by the ear.
ALLOWS YOU TO HEAR WHAT PEOPLE ARE TALKING Listening
ABOUT, AND HEARING THEIR VOICES, WHICH, AS - is something you consciously choose to do because it
OPPOSED TO READING THEIR WORDS, CAN GIVE YOU requires concentration so that your brain process meaning
INFORMATION ABOUT SPEAKER'S "ATTITUDE, MOOD, from the sound that you receive.
GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN, AND AGE.”
LESSON 3: MOTION INFORMATION AND MEDIA

SOUND IS ALSO CONTEXT DEPENDENT
Shouting or whispering the same message implies two
different emotions or intent. Printed text is more neutral than sound
because the inflection or emphasis during speech can suggest the
intent of the message and the speaker.
RECORDING FORMATS
MOTION PICTURE
- media based on moving images with audio and interaction
functions (Lee, et.al., 2010)
- aimed at communicating information in multiple ways
(Roblyer, 2006)
They use technologies in animation and or videos footage to produce
images that have an illusion of motion.

Sound may be recorded analog (as in the case of audio

tapes) or digital (in the form of digital audiotape or disc-based
Typically, motion media is shown through electronic media Philippine Context: Commentaries about Marcos Regime
technology; however, they can also be created using manual
technology (e.g. stroboscope, flipbool, zoetrope)  Films of Lino Brocka about social issues
 Tinimbang ka Ngunit Kulang (1974)
MANUAL TECHNOLOGY:  Maynila sa Kuko ng Liwanag (1975)
 Insiang (1976)
STROBOSOPE
- instrument that provides intermittent illumination of a  Jaguar (1979)
rotating or vibrating object in order to study the motion of MOTION PICTURES ARE NOT NEUTRAL
the object or to determine its rotary speed or vibration
frequency You need to look at the narrative and the elements to know what
messages these movies are trying to convey
FLIPBOOK
- also known as flicker book or kineograph. 1900’s
- a booklet with a series of images that very gradually change
from one page to the next, so that when the pages are  1960’s
viewed in quick succession, the images appear to animate - Gerardo de Leon
by simulating motion or some other change.  1970’s and 1980’s
- Lino Brocka, Ishmael Berna, and Mike de Leon
ZOETROPE  1990’s
- one of several pre-film animation devices that produce the - Marilous Diaz-Abaya, Laurice Guillen, Jose Javier-Reyes,
illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or and Joel Lamangan
photographs showing progressive phases of that motion.
INDEPENDENT VS MAINSTREAM CINEMA

INDEPENDENT CINEMA or INDIE FILM

MOTION PICTURE, MOTION VIDEO, & ANIMATION
MOTION PICTURE
- recorded on celluloid film and are projected on screen in
cinema theatres.
Thomas Edison (Kinetoscope) & Lumiere Brothers (first practical
camera)
MOTION VIDEO
- represented as electrical signals as an output from video
devices. Transmitted as TV broadcast signals and recorded
on magnetic media and played back using VCD, DVD, or
USB
- Traditionally, the term “indie”, was created to refer to
movies made outside of the big studio system, an
exploitative and extremely structured system that controls
every aspect of production, distribution, and exhibition
(Cabagnot, 2008)
- They tackle more serious and controversial themes and
topics
MAINSTREAM CINEMA
- Produces commercial films that cost a huge amount of
money and there must be a box-office hit.
- To become hit, mainstream films rely on the actor’s star
power, familiar genres (romantic comedy and melodrama),
tried-and-tested formula of storytelling (boy-meets-girl),
and marketing strategies.

ANIMATION INDIE FILM MAINSTREAM CINEMA

- sequence of images that are drawn by artist using animation  Small budget film  Big budget for production
software or more traditional pen-and-paper technique  Little to no big actors  Box-office hit
(Parekh, 2006)  More “freedom” in genre  Known actors
 No marketing strategies  Familiar genres
WHAT ELEMENTS BRING MOTION PICTURES TO LIFE?
 No big producers and  Tried-and-tested formula
partnerships of story-telling and
 Actors
 Often shown in marketing strategies
 The way scenes are cut and put together (edit)
Cinemalaya, Cinema One  Big producers and
 Camera movements Originals, Cine Filipino, partnerships
 Camera angles and Festivals Abroad  Big Screens, MMFF
 Props
 Costume Design
 Hair and make-up MOTION VIDEO
 Special Effects - include the videos you watch on television, on your laptop
 Sound or computers, or on your cellphones.
 Musical Score - One of the most significant inventions of the twentieth
century.
MISE-EN-SCENE
- Creation of television in the 19th century
- arrangement of everything that appears in the framing - Paul Gottlieb Nipkow invented the first mechanical module
of TV
These elements are used to enhance the visual, aural, and narrative
constructions in the film. In many cases, these elements of motion
pictures are used to further interests in ideologies
 Interactive Videos
CONTRIBUTION OF MOTION PICTURES
- Online interactive videos that you can customize or modify
Used by powerful organizations and governments as powerful according to your preferences (adding clickable spot and
propaganda tools to support policies that curtail basic human rights, annotations)
and promote sexism, racism, and other oppressive ideologies.  Conventional Videos
- Enables you to interact with the video as if you are actually
FILMS THAT ARE CONSIDERED RACIST, SEXIST, ETC. having a face-to-face conversation with the person/s in the
video. (e.g Videophone and videoconferencing)
 Birth of Nation (Hollywood, 1915)
 The Wrath of God (Germany, 1972) ANIMATION
 The Godfather (Hollywood, 1972) - Any kind of image that moves. It combines the creative
 Apocalypse Now (Hollywood, 1979) elements of graphic design, film, and video. Its history is as
old as the history of cinema or moving pictures.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION MEDIA

 Communicate messages to different and unspecified audiences.

 Motion media are multisensory
 Can be used to modify behavior and attitude

MOTION MEDIA PRODUCTION PROCESS

1. Preproduction
- Planning
- Technicalities, creative aspects, locations, props, cast
members, costumes, special effects, and visual effects.
2. Production
- scenes are shot according to schedule and to the screenplay
- production must be done according to plan; otherwise, there
are no other opportunities to repeat the scenes that are
necessary.
3. Postproduction
- Editing the scenes that were shot happen during
postproduction. Trimming the scenes
- Final selection of footage, music graphics, menus, and
other elements.