Paper 3 Essay Plan #1

“Using examples, explain the relationship between transport innovation and reduced
friction of distance.”

terms + definitions

explain = “set out purposes or reasons / make the relationships between things clear / say why
and/or how and support with relevant evidence” (-Cambridge)

relationship = the way in which 2 or more things are connected

transport innovation = improving development of transport

friction of distance = is based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort,
money, and/or energy to overcome. Because of this "friction," spatial interactions will tend to take
place more often over shorter distances; quantity of interaction will decline with distance.

aim

= highlight how transport innovation is related to the reduction of friction of distance

include

 Japan (Japan Railway group)  rapid connections across the entire country
 eTIR  easy and efficient border crossing (trade = more appealing)
 highspeed travel  revolutionized commute and economy

structure

positive-positive-positive (explain the relationship)

 positive = innovations are reducing the friction of distance

INTRODUCTION (BRIEF!)

 introduce the topic (what is transport innovation, friction of distance?)

 rephrase/-state the title
- “Using examples, explain the relationship between transport innovation and reduced
friction of distance.”
 give a basic outline of the essay
1. positive – JR Group is innovating Japan’s railways  improved connections
2. positive – eTIR make for easy and efficient boarder crossing  companies choose to
trade more with different countries
3. positive – highspeed travel  quicker commute and dispersal of products
4. augmented reality headshield displays
5. autonomous driving (GM, Tesla, Nissan)

1
BODY PARAGRAPHS (THEMATIC PLAN)

 paragraph #1
- example: Japan
 Japan Railway Group (JR Group)
 management of Japan’s public transportation system in 1987
 nationwide network of urban, regional, and interregional train lines
 construction of this Chuo Shinkansen began in 2014 and is expected to cost
at least $90 billion, with services to Nagoya beginning in 2027 and Osaka in
2045
- rapid connections across the entire country
- less friction of distance because transportation and travel between regions is very easy

 paragraph #2
- example: eTIR
 related to the international transit of goods, vehicles or containers
 faster border crossing
 reduced transport costs
- easier and efficient procedures make trade more comfortable
- increasing popularity to trade internationally
- reduced friction of distance because of easier process

 paragraph #3
- example: hyperloop (highspeed travel)
 transport links all around the world
 will revolutionize the way people commute between cities
 hyperloop will also be able to deliver high-priority and time-critical goods such as
medical supplies and food, which are highly important during crises and disasters
- countries have the option to set up highspeed connections between each other – quicker
connections and information passed – popular
- reduced friction of distance

CONCLUSION

 restate the title

 How did the essay answer the title?
 restate the main points (transport innovation has definitely reduced friction of distance)
- JR Group  rapid connections within the country  more open to further distances
- eTIR  easier transport process  international trade = easy and safe  better
connections
- hyperloop  quick connections and transport of urgent goods  less friction

2
https://www.iru.org/innovation (10.11.21)

https://www.nordicinnovationhouse.com/news-articles/12-trends-that-will-drive-the-future-of-
transport (10.11.21)

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiVzbaH8430AhXKm6QKH
WGDAkMQFnoECBAQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanstation.com%2Fshinkansen-high-speed-
train-network-in-japan%2F&usg=AOvVaw2G9tkJRhbOr0vrqQvD2_3u (10.11.21)

https://unece.org/about-etir (10.11.21)